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Daly City, CA, USA
Academy Award winner Sam Rockwell has established himself as one of the most versatile actors of his generation with an array of emotionally searing and complex roles defining his body of work. Rockwell won the Academy Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, Golden Globe, BAFTA, Critics Choice, and ... (read complete bio)
Latest News on Sam Rockwell:
Atlantic Theater Extends CORNELIA STREET Starring George Abud, Norbert Leo Butz, Mary Beth Peil, and More
Aya Cash, Brian D. Coats & More to Star in THE BEST WE COULD World Premiere at Manhattan Theatre Club
George Abud, Norbert Leo Butz, Mary Beth Peil & More to Star in CORNELIA STREET World Premiere
(Dec 16, 2022)
Date of Birth: November 05, 1968 (54)
Birth Place: Daly City, CA, USA
Latest News on Sam Rockwell
Jeffrey Richards, Sam Rockwell, Neil Pepe and Spencer Ross
From: Photos: 2022 Tony Awards Nominees Meet the Press- Part 2
Sam Rockwell, Patti LuPone and Neil Pepe
Sam Rockwell and Neil Pepe
From: Photos: Meet the 2022 Tony Awards Nominees!
From: Photos: AMERICAN BUFFALO Company Takes Opening Night Bows
Darren Criss, Laurence Fishburne and Sam Rockwell
From: Photos: First Look at Laurence Fishburne, Sam Rockwell & Darren Criss in AMERICAN BUFFALO
Laurence Fishburne, Darren Criss, Sam Rockwell
Sam Rockwell, Laurence Fishburne
Sam Rockwell, Darren Criss, Laurence Fishburne
From: Photos: Meet the Cast of AMERICAN BUFFALO
Sam Rockwell, Darren Criss and Laurence Fishburne
Sam Rockwell, Laurence Fishburne, Darren Criss
From: Photo Coverage: Meet the Cast of AMERICAN BUFFALO on Broadway!
Sam Rockwell, Laurence Fishburne, Darren Criss, Neil Pepe
Laurence Fishburne, Sam Rockwell, Darren Criss
From: Photo Flash: First Look at Laurence Fishburne, Sam Rockwell and Darren Criss in AMERICAN BUFFALO
Sam Rockwell, Leslie Bibb, Chris Messina, and Rebecca Naomi Jones
From: Photo Flash: Sam Rockwell Stops By OKLAHOMA! On Broadway
Sam Rockwell, Leslie Bibb, Chris Messina and the cast and musicians of Oklahoma!
From: Photo Flash: See Neil Simon, Paddy Chayefsky in This Week's FOSSE/VERDON
Norbert Leo Butz, Sam Rockwell, Nate Corddry
Sam Rockwell, Michelle Williams
Sam Rockwell, Tyler Hanes, Michelle Williams
Michelle Williams as Gwen Verdon, Sam Rockwell as Bob Fosse
From: Photo Flash: Get a First Look at Episode Six of FOSSE/VERDON
Michael Genet as doctor, Sam Rockwell as Bob Fosse, Michelle Williams as Gwen Verdon
Sam Rockwell as Bob Fosse, Michelle Williams as Gwen Verdon
Sam Rockwell as Bob Fosse, Michelle Williams as Gwen Verdon, Bianca Marroquin as Chita Rivera, Heather Lang as Sandy
Heather Lang as Sandy, Michelle Williams as Gwen Verdon, Bianca Marroquin as Chita Rivera, Sam Rockwell as Bob Fosse
Sam Rockwell as Bob Fosse
From: Photo Coverage: Get a First Look at Episode Four of FOSSE/VERDON
Sam Rockwell, Nicole Fosse and Michelle Williams
From: Photo Flash: Isn't it Grand? See the Creators and Stars of FOSSE/VERDON on the Red Carpet
From: PHOTO FLASH: Primeras imágenes de FOSSE/VERDON
Michelle Williams, Sam Rockwell
Michelle Williams, Sam Rockwell, Kelli Barrett
Kelli Barrett, Michelle Williams, Sam Rockwell
From: Photo Flash: Bob & Gwen Create CABARET in Premiere Episode of FOSSE/VERDON
From: Photo Coverage: On the Red Carpet at Opening Night of LOBBY HERO
75th ANNUAL GOLDEN GLOBE AWARDS -- Pictured: (l-r) Sam Rockwell, "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri", winner Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in Any Motion Picture at the 75th Annual Golden Globe Awards held at the Beverly Hilto
From: Photo Flash: Barbra Streisand, Oprah & More at 75th Annual GOLDEN GOLD AWARDS
From: Photo Coverage: Frances McDormand & More Attend 'THREE BILLBOARDS ' Press Photo Call at TIFF
Martin McDonagh, Frances McDormand and Sam Rockwell
From: Photo Coverage: Second Stage Celebrates Opening Night of MAN FROM NEBRASKA
Yul Vazquez, Sam Rockwell and Josh Hamilton
Seth Herzog, Yul Vazquez, Michael Panes, David Bar Katz, Sam Rockwell and Josh Charles
From: Photo Flash: Clare Barron and Sarah DeLappe Receive American Playwriting Foundation's 2015 Relentless Awards
From: Photo Flash: First Look at Nina Arianda & Sam Rockwell in Broadway's Steamiest New Play FOOL FOR LOVE
Sam Rockwell, Nina Arianda
From: In the Spotlight Series: Company of Broadway's FOOL FOR LOVE
From: Photo Coverage: Inside Opening Night Arrivals for THIS IS OUR YOUTH
From: Photo Flash: First Look at Sam Rockwell and Nina Arianda in Williamstown Theatre Festival's FOOL FOR LOVE
Sam Rockwell and Gordon Joseph Weiss
Sam Rockwell and Nina Arinada
Sam Rockwell and Nina Arianda
Sam Rockwell and Billy Crudup
From: Photo Coverage: HBO's THE LEFTOVERS Premieres in New York City!
Amber Tamblyn, Sam Rockwell
From: Photo Coverage: Inside HOLLER IF YA HEAR ME's Opening Night Theatre Arrivals
Sam Rockwell, Vince Vaughn
Josh Hamilton, Callie Thorne, Sam Rockwell
From: Photo Coverage: PICNIC's Opening Night Theatre Arrivals
Josh Hamilton, Sam Rockwell
From: Photo Coverage: Inside Opening Night of Public Theater's UNDER THE RADAR Festival
Sam Rockwell, JB Smoove, and Sean Patrick Doyle
From: Photo Flash: First Look at Sean Parick Doyle in THE SITTER!
From: Photo Coverage: THE MOUNTAINTOP Theatre Arrivals & After Party
Sam Rockwell and Ana Reeder. Photo Credit: T. Charles Erickson
From: THIS WEEK IN PICTURES: June 25- July 1
From: Photo Flash: Rockwell & Hecht in Williamstown's A STREETCAR NAMED DESIRE
Sam Rockwell and Jessica Hecht
Sam Rockwell and Ana Reeder
Ana Reeder and Sam Rockwell
Jessica Hecht as Blanche Dubois, Daniel Stewart Sherman as Harold Mitchell (Mitch), Sam Rockwell as Stanley Kowalski and Lou Sumrall
Josh Hamilton & Sam Rockwell attending the Off-Broadway Opening Night Party for The New Group Revival of Wallace Shawn's 'Marie And Bruce' in New York City.
From: Photo Coverage: MARIE & BRUCE Opening Night Party
From: Photo Coverage: The 16th Annual Critics Choice Awards
Leslie Bibb and Sam Rockwell
Christopher Walken, Sam Rockwell, Zoe Kazan & Anthony Mackie - "A Behanding in Spokane" at the Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre in New York City. March 4, 2010
From: Photo Coverage: 2010 Curtain Call Highlights - Part One
From: Photo Coverage: Bibb, Rockwell et al. Team Up for 'Celebrity Charades Fight Night'
Rachel Dratch and Sam Rockwell
From: Photo Coverage: ELLING Red Carpet Arrivals
Elijah Wood, Alicia Witt, Diane Neal, Anthony Mackie, Sam Rockwell, Kathy Najimy
From: Photo Coverage: The 10th Annual 24 HOUR PLAYS on Broadway!
Elijah Wood, Alicia Witt, Diane Neal, Anthony Mackie, Sam Rockwell, Kathy Najimy & Saffron Burrows
Leslie Bibb & Sam Rockwell
Ensemble cast including Elijah Wood, Julie White, Sam Rockwell, Rosie Perez, Kathy Najimy, Saffron Burrows, Nia Vardalos, Gloria Estefan, Leslie Bibb
From: Photo Coverage: CONVICTION Press Conference at the Toronto International Film Festival
Sam Rockwell and Hilary Swank
Betty Anne Waters, actress Melissa Leo, actress Juliette Lewis, actress Minnie Driver, actor Sam Rockwell, actress Hilary Swank, writer Pamela Gray and director Tony Goldwyn
Zoe Kazan, Anthony Mackie, Sam Rockwell and Christopher Walken
From: Photo Coverage: Sardi's Honors Christopher Walken with Portrait
Sam Rockwell and Christopher Walken
Anthony Mackie, Sam Rockwell and Christopher Walken
From: Photo Coverage: LEND ME A TENOR Red Carpet Part 1
Anthony Mackie, John Crowley, Zoe Kazan, Martin McDonagh, Sam Rockwell & Christopher Walken
From: Photo Coverage: A BEHANDING IN SPOKANE - After Party
Christopher Walken, Zoe Kazan, Sam Rockwell & Anthony Mackie
Zoe Kazan, Sam Rockwell & Anthony Mackie
Martin McDonagh, Anthony Mackie, Zoe Kazan, Christopher Walken, Sam Rockwell & John Crowley
Christopher Walken, Sam Rockwell, Zoe Kazan & Anthony Mackie
From: Photo Coverage: A BEHANDING IN SPOKANE - Curtain Call
Christopher Walken and Sam Rockwell
Sam Rockwell, Anthony Mackie and Zoe Kazan
From: Photo Flash: Christopher Walken, Sam Rockwell, Anthony Mackie & Zoe Kazan in A BEHANDING IN SPOKANE
Anthony Mackie, Zoe Kazan, Sam Rockwell, and Christopher Walken
From: Photo Coverage: A BEHANDING IN SPOKANE Meets the Press; Opens March 4
Martin McDonagh, Zoe Kazan, Anthony Mackie, Sam Rockwell, Christopher Walken, and John Crowley
From: Photo Coverage: Celebrity Charades 2009 Benefit!
Sam Rockwell, John Krasinski and Billy Crudup
Claudie Blakley, Michael Ealy, Leslie Bibb and Sam Rockwell
From: Photo Coverage: 'THE 24 HOUR PLAYS ON BROADWAY' - All-Star Curtain Call
Tracie Thoms, Claudie Blakley, Michael Ealy, Leslie Bibb, Sam Rockwell and Billy Crudup
Leslie Bibb, Sam Rockwell and Billy Crudup
Liev Schreiber, Naomi Watts, Emmy Rossum, Tracie Thoms, Claudie Blakley, Michael Ealy, Leslie Bibb, Sam Rockwell and Billy Crudup
From: Photo Coverage: 'Julie & Julia' Holds New York Premiere
From: Photo Flash: FROST / NIXON Opens Nationwide 12/25
Michael Sheen, Sam Rockwell, Gabriel Jarret and Oliver Platt
Sam Rockwell Photo Coverage: Opening Night on Broadway for 'The Seagull'
From: Photo Coverage: Opening Night on Broadway for 'The Seagull'
Photo Coverage: Opening Night on Broadway for 'The Seagull' Sam Rockwell
Sam Rockwell and Callie Thorne
From: Photo Coverage: 'The Homecoming' Opening Night Arrivals
From: Rockwell, Jones, Macfadyen Join Frost/Nixon Film
From: Photo Coverage: A Moon for the Misbegotten Opening Night
From: Buscemi, Quinn, Sigler, Etc. Set for Studio Dante Benefit
Piper Perabo and Sam Rockwell
From: Photo Coverage: King Lear Opening Night
From: Photo Coverage: Opening Night at Three Days of Rain
From: Photo Coverage: Glengarry Glen Ross Opening Night Red Carpet Part 2
Manhattan Theatre Club Broadway Revival, 2015
A Behanding In Spokane
Special Benefit Production, 2006
Man A
The Last Days of Judas Iscariot
Goose-pimples
Unidentified Human Remains and the True Nature of Love
Sam Rockwell Biography
Academy Award winner Sam Rockwell has established himself as one of the most versatile actors of his generation with an array of emotionally searing and complex roles defining his body of work. Rockwell won the Academy Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, Golden Globe, BAFTA, Critics Choice, and Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as Officer Dixon in Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri, opposite Frances McDormand. This year, he was nominated for an Academy Award, Golden Globe and BAFTA Award for his performance as George W. Bush in Adam McKay's Vice, starring opposite Christian Bale and Amy Adams.
Most recently, Rockwell received an Emmy Award nomination for his work as Bob Fosse in FX's "Fosse/Verdon" opposite Michelle Williams. He recently appeared in the film Jojo Rabbit and in Clint Eastwood's The Ballad of Richard Jewell alongside Jon Hamm, Olivia Wilde, Kathy Bates and Paul Walter Hauser. Off the screen, Rockwell has appeared on stage in a number of theatrical productions, including his most recent performance in Sam Shepherd's Broadway play Fool for Love alongside Nina Arianda.
Additional stage credits include Martin McDonagh's critically acclaimed Broadway production of A Behanding in Spokane opposite Christopher Walken; the world premiere of Stephen Adly Guirgis' The Last Days of Judas Iscariot directed by Philip Seymour Hoffman; and the off-Broadway production of Mike Leigh's fiercely comic Goose-Pimples. Rockwell is known for his standout performances in an array of noteworthy films, including George Clooney's Confessions of a Dangerous Mind; Ridley Scott's Matchstick Men; Martin McDonagh's Seven Psychopaths; Jon Favreau's Cowboys & Aliens; Tony Goldwyn's Conviction; Kirk Jones' Everybody's Fine; Garth Jennings's Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy; the Russo Brothers' Welcome to Collinwood; David Mamet's Heist; Dean Parisot's Galaxy Quest; Michael Hoffman's A Midsummer Night's Dream; John Duigan's Lawn Dogs; and his feature film debut in Victor Salva's slasher, Clownhouse.
Sam Rockwell Awards and Nominations
Outer Critics Circle Awards - 2022 - Outstanding Actor in a Play
Sam Rockwell, American Buffalo
Tony Awards - 2022 - Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Play
Drama League Awards - 2016 - Distinguished Performance Award
Sam Rockwell, Fool for Love
Sam Rockwell News
by Blair Ingenthron - Jan 18, 2023
Atlantic Theater Company (Neil Pepe, Artistic Director; Jeffory Lawson, Managing Director) has announced an extension for the world premiere musical Cornelia Street. The production, which will begin performances this Friday, January 20th and open on Tuesday, February 14th, will now play through Sunday, March 5th, Off-Broadway at Atlantic Stage 2.
The full cast has been announced for Manhattan Theatre Club's upcoming world premiere, The Best We Could (a family tragedy), written by Emily Feldman and directed by Daniel Aukin. See performance dates, how to purchase tickets and more!
by Chloe Rabinowitz - Dec 16, 2022
Atlantic Theater Company has announced casting for the world premiere musical Cornelia Street, with a book by Tony Award winner Simon Stephens. Find out who is joining the cast, the performance schedule and how to get tickets.
DARREN CRISS - A VERY DARREN CRISSMAS Comes to the Ridgefield Playhouse This Month
by Stephi Wild - Dec 8, 2022
Glee's Darren Criss is set to make his Ridgefield Playhouse debut, just in time to get audiences in the holiday spirit! His tour "A Very Darren Crissmas" takes its title from his album of the same name, his first-ever full-length musical project.
Since bursting onto the pop-culture landscape over a decade ago, Darren Criss has made his unique mark in the entertainment industry - across stage and screen, for music and acting. His first-ever full-length musical project, the album A Very Darren Crissmas, includes a wildly eclectic collection of songs from big band Christmas classics to novelty tunes to modern-day folk-pop ballads.
Emmy-Winner Darren Criss Makes His Ridgefield Playhouse Debut With A VERY DARREN CRISSMAS
by A.A. Cristi - Nov 17, 2022
Emmy and Golden Globe winning actor, singer and Glee favorite, Darren Criss, will make his Ridgefield Playhouse debut to celebrate the holiday season! He'll bring "A Very Darren Crissmas" to Ridgefield for his only Connecticut performance on Friday, December 16 at 8pm, as part of the Teed & Brown Broadway & Cabaret Series.
HBO to Debut Marc Maron Stand-Up Comedy Special In 2023
HBO has announced a new stand-up comedy special featuring Marc Maron. The special, which will feature new material, will be taped in front of a live audience at New York City's Town Hall. Marc Maron has four stand-up specials including "More Later" (2015) on Epix, and "Thinky Pain" (2013), "Marc Maron: Too Real" (2017) and "End Times Fun" (2020)
SEE HOW THEY RUN Starring Sam Rockwell & Saoirse Ronan Sets Digital Release
by Michael Major - Oct 17, 2022
Searchlight Pictures presents the witty whodunnit murder mystery, See How They Run from BAFTA-winning director Tom George and screenwriter Mark Chappell. Join the dynamic ensemble cast, led by Sam Rockwell and Saoirse Ronan, in a suspenseful and comedic journey, described by critics as "a tongue-in-cheek murder mystery" (Tom Gliatto, People).
Comedian Paul Reiser is Coming to The Bushnell in November
Emmy-winning actor-comedian Paul Reiser is heading to The Bushnell's intimate Belding Theatre on Saturday, November 12 at 8:00pm. From standup to Stranger Things, Paul Reiser is one of Hollywood's most prolific talents.
First UK Live Recording Of Podcast WTF With Marc Maron Podcast Set For Next Month In London
It was announced that, alongside two already sold out stand-up dates in London this October, Marc Maron will welcome fellow comedian, writer and film-maker, David Baddiel for the first ever UK live recording of his hit podcast, WTF with Marc Maron on Wednesday 19th October at London's Bloomsbury Theatre.
Sam Rockwell Videos
VIDEO: CBS MORNINGS Spotlights Paul Newman & Joanne Woodward Ahead of THE LAST MOVIE STARS Series
by Michael Major - Jul 18, 2022
A new CBS Mornings segment explored the lives of Paul Newman and Joanne Woodward, whose lives are the subject of a new docu-series, the Last Movie Stars. The segment featured interviews with Ethan Hawke, the series director, and Clea Newman, the couple's daughter. Watch the new clip now!
VIDEO: Sam Rockwell & Saoirse Ronan Investigate a West End Murder in the SEE HOW THEY RUN Trailer
by Michael Major - Jun 29, 2022
Watch the trailer for the new West End murder mystery film See How They Run, starring Sam Rockwell and Saoirse Ronan. The film takes place in the West End of 1950s London, as plans for a movie version of a smash-hit play come to an abrupt halt after the film's Hollywood director is murdered.
Meet the 2022 Tony Nominees: AMERICAN BUFFALO's Sam Rockwell
by BroadwayWorld TV - Jun 9, 2022
Leading up to the 75th Annual Tony Awards, BroadwayWorld is getting up close and personal with the nominees. Today we're studying up on Sam Rockwell! 'This is a win for the whole play,' said Sam. 'We're up for Best Revival! It's already a win for Laurence [Fishburne] and Darren [Criss] and Neil [Pepe] and I.'
VIDEO: Sam Rockwell Talks AMERICAN BUFFALO Tony Nomination on LATE NIGHT
by Michael Major - May 11, 2022
Sam Rockwell sat down with Seth Meyers on Late Night last night to discuss how he celebrated his recent Tony nomination for American Buffalo. Rockwell also discussed the extra pressure of performing with a Tony nomination, his theatrical background, and the recent audience disruptions at American Buffalo.
VIDEO: Anthony Ramos Talks Recording BAD GUYS Voiceovers From His Apartment on CORDEN
by Michael Major - Apr 20, 2022
Anthony Ramos sat down with James Corden on the Late Late Show to discuss his new film, Bad Guys, revealing that a portion of his voiceover recording process was done in his apartment. Ramos also discusses his warm-ups, his hype-man brother, and more in the new interview. Watch the new video now!
VIDEO: Sam Rockwell Talks Rehearsing AMERICAN BUFFALO Throughout the Pandemic on the TONIGHT SHOW
Sam Rockwell appeared on the Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon last night to discuss his new role in American Buffalo on Broadway. Rockwell discussed growing his mustache for the role, performing in front of his famous friends in the audience, and how he and Laurence Fishburne rehearsed the play throughout the pandemic.
VIDEO: Go Inside Opening Night of AMERICAN BUFFALO
by Opening Night - Apr 15, 2022
Just last night, David Mamet's American Buffalo opened on Broadway at Circle in the Square Theatre (235 W 50th Street), exactly two years after it was originally scheduled to open, starring Emmy & Tony Award winner Laurence Fishburne, Academy Award & Golden Globe winner Sam Rockwell and Emmy Award & Golden Globe winner Darren Criss.
VIDEO: Laurence Fishburne, Sam Rockwell & Darren Criss Talk AMERICAN BUFFALO
by BroadwayWorld TV - Mar 22, 2022
Emmy & Tony Award winner Laurence Fishburne, Academy Award & Golden Globe winner Sam Rockwell and Emmy Award & Golden Globe winner Darren Criss will star in the Broadway revival of David Mamet's American Buffalo, directed by Neil Pepe (Speed-the-Plow, A Life in the Theatre). Performances for American Buffalo will begin today, March 22, 2022.
BWW TV: Darren Criss, Laurence Fishburne and Sam Rockwell Talk AMERICAN BUFFALO on Broadway!
by TV - Press Previews - Feb 27, 2020
Rehearsals are underway for the Broadway revival of David Mamet's American Buffalo, which begins previews on March 24, 2020 with an official opening on April 14, 2020 at the Circle in the Square Theatre (235 W 50th Street). This is a 16-week limited engagement through July 12, 2020. 'It's a great play,' says star, Sam Rockwell. 'It's like a filet mignon. It's got no fat on it. It's lean and mean!'
VIDEO: Sam Rockwell Reveals The Key to Playing Bob Fosse on THE LATE LATE SHOW
by Stage Tube - Dec 13, 2019
Late Late Show guest host Jeff Goldblum welcomes his guests Camila Morrone and Sam Rockwell, and turns his attention to Sam's portrayal of Bob Fosse in 'Fosse/Verdon' -- including Sam flexing his dancing ability, and showing off his legs thanks to lots of scenes wearing shorts.
Sam Rockwell Frequently Asked Questions
What is Sam Rockwell next theatre project?
Sam Rockwell's next show will be American Buffalo which opens on 4/14/2022 on Broadway.
How many Broadway shows has Sam Rockwell been in?
Sam Rockwell has appeared on Broadway in 6 shows.
How many West End shows has Sam Rockwell been in?
Sam Rockwell has not appeared in the West End
What awards has Sam Rockwell been nominated for?
Outstanding Actor in a Play (Outer Critics Circle Awards) for American Buffalo Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Play (Tony Awards) for American Buffalo and Distinguished Performance Award (Drama League Awards) for Fool for Love .
VIDEO: Nathan Lane Talks His PICTURES FROM HOME Wig on COLBERT


How we'll make change, Why are we here?
The recent UK election was the latest in a series of surprising electoral results around it the world in the last few years. Green Agenda spoke to UK activist and commentator, Adam Ramsay, about what is going in UK politics, the Corbyn phenomenon and the ongoing role of green politics.
Clare Ozich: Green Agenda is talking with Adam Ramsey, UK activist and political commentator. Adam is the co-editor of OpenDemocracy and also works with Bright Green, two political websites worth checking out.
Adam, it has been quite an interesting time in UK politics. You've had Brexit, a new Prime Minister, an early election, the rise and rise of Corbynism and the Labour Party. What's your take on what's been going on?
Adam Ramsay: I think there's a whole range of ways to understand all of it. I say ways because you went back a couple of years there and you're right to do so. You can't see any of it without the context of the rest of it. And because you went back a long way I think maybe I'm going to go back to 1945 to answer your question. I think what's going on in Britain really is the death of an Empire. My dad was born in 1945. He is still alive and thriving. There is whole generation of people who witnessed Britain going from, what was still in 1945, just, still the biggest Empire in human history, to being three quarters of an archipelago in the North Atlantic. That's an astonishing process and the most astonishing thing about it is that no-one here ever says that. When I ask my friends, "When was it that the first African countries gained independence from Britain?" Or in fact from any western country. They tend to imagine this happened in the 1920's or 30s. Not that it actually happened in 1960, more recently than the first Beatles album.
That process is played out in a whole range of complicated ways over the 72 years since it began. But it really is the story that we're talking about, we're talking about a new phase in that history, and I think it's always important to remember that context. And the second thing we've seen, the second key date is 2008, which of course is globally important, and is the playing out of the long financial crisis. In the first few years I think people responded as though this was a normal recession, we have one every 10 or 15 years, most people were used to that. And they've gradually realised, as wages in Britain have fallen – British wages over the last 10 years have fallen by 10.4%, by more than any other European countries, apart from Greece – that this is a longer term problem and that has left a massive lack of trust in the establishment, a massive lack of trust in the structure of British politics and so on. I think that's what we're seeing playing out in a whole range of ways in the last 10 years, the last 5 years, the last couple of years, in particular as we've seen with Brexit, as we've seen with the recent election. You also saw it in the Scottish Independence Referendum in 2014 and so on. Some of it is very positive and some are negative, but they're all dramatic.
Clare Ozich: You talked there about this lack of trust in the establishment and the structures of British politics. I think that's something that we're seeing in various parts of the world at the moment, and I guess in some ways for similar reasons in relation to that 2008 financial crisis and in the other ways that the failures of the current political system have been demonstrated. In Australia we're seeing, not quite a dramatic fall in wages, but we've certainly seen wages stagnate in a way that we haven't seen for some time. This notion that things aren't working and that the disruption is coming in different ways. Just in the last couple of years in Britain, you've seen it with Brexit, but at the same time you've seen it with the rise of Corbyn and this Labour party revival. What can we make of the fact that it can come from the right, it can come from the left, it can come from the centre, as long as someone's taking on politics as usual?
Adam Ramsay: Just going to that point first. It's worth noting that, you look at the responses to this. In Britain you've had Brexit, which was usually seen as a win of the right wing movement. In American you've had Trump, which is clearly a right wing phenomenon. But in France you've had Emmanuel Macron, who's an outsider, seems outside the system but in a way coming entirely from the system, he's a former banker, and very much a liberal centrist in a way, almost a reassertion of neoliberalism. As you say these things, as long as they're not seen as being tied to the old regime, the processes, huge challenges to the system can come from anywhere.
In Britain, you say what to make of it? Well, I think what that tells us is that the institutions, which formerly helped shaped people's ideology, have so collapsed that people are willing to latch on to a whole range of different things. For example, in Britain trade union membership has roughly halved since 1990. What that means is that the places people would go to to get their political education, where they'd sit round and read about Marx by candlelight, as people in Glasgow used to do, as workers in Glasgow used to do etc have collapsed. People are getting their political lessons, ideology, from a much more fractured environment. That is very fertile context for people with a lot of money to buy access to it. What we see with Trump, what we see with Brexit, is essentially elite projects to replace the establishment with something worse. You might call that fascism, you might call it something new. In a way I'm not interested in debating those old labels. But there's something that the smashing of the establishment leaves the door open to two different kinds, or many different kinds, of organisational form sweeping in.
And it's very easy for the left to make the mistake of thinking it's definitely going to be us. But actually they are also the people who've made an absolutely fortune in the last few years, who are working very hard to buy politics and have access to very impressive tools to do so. And also there are the old right wing narratives that there have always been. People are still racist, of course they are. People are still sexist, of course they are. They can play on those tropes, just as the left can persuade people that actually once you replace the establishment, the way to do that is with something more progressive.
Clare Ozich: The UK election and the success of Labour's campaign, and the impact of Jeremy Corbyn, to an extent shows that there can be a way forward with a positive leftist approach. I've read some analysis of the UK election that suggests that one of the key determining factors was age; that age is now the new political divide in politics and I wondered if you had any thoughts on that.
Adam Ramsay: First thing is that it's important to remember that this is not the case everywhere. We didn't see that in France. In France the vote for Le Pen and Macron was not, you can look at differences by age, but there is not a clear clean line in the graph like there is in Britain. If something's happened in Britain, that doesn't mean it's inevitable that it's going to happen everywhere. I think there are a number of specific reasons for that, that relate to the way that things have played out in Britain in recent years. One is that the way that the Conservatives, in particular, but also actually the Blair Labour government before that, decided to roll back the welfare state. Rather than taking things off people who already had them, they'd just not give them to people as they ended up out of it.
It's much easier to tell a 21 year old, or an 18 year old going to university for the first time – you mostly only go to university once – that this one time they're not going to get their fees paid than to say to a pensioner that your pension is going to be cut. And then they say the same about the housing benefit, they increased the age at which you can get housing benefits and so on. What they did, and you see that particularly since 2010, although also before then, was roll back the welfare state for a particular generation. Every time you got to a certain age you discovered that you no longer got what the person at that age 10 years ago used to get. Because most of benefits on the whole applied generationally, at different stage in life you need different kinds of benefits. Obviously that is different for every individual, but as a generation you roughly enter a new cohort together. What's happened is that the age of the people who had this rolled back in front of them, they are now up into the 30s and arguably even the early 40s, so it's now a big enough cohort that it's a major part of the electorate. What that tells you is that yes, generation is partly how people have been attacked by the Tories, so it's not surprising that people have responded differently by generation.
There's something else going on, which is much more cultural and comes back to the first thing I said about Empire, which is, if you look at the ways that Jeremy Corbyn was attacked, right at the beginning when he was first elected Labour leader two years ago, the first criticism of him was that he wears a white poppy. And I don't know how much it's the same in Australia, but in Britain there's this, every year for Armistice Day, 11th November marking the end of the First World War, people wear a red poppy. This is a tradition started by, specifically it was started by the wife of Field Marshall Haig, the General, Field Marshall who'd sent troops out to die at the Somme in their tens of thousands, partly I think in order to cover up crimes. And as a result a lot of the left recoiled against it and wears a white poppy for peace, rather than a red poppy, which is only commemorating people on our side and so on. He was attacked for this as if it was totally offensive, and so on. He was attacked for supposedly not bowing to the Queen at the first Armistice Day.
He was attacked during the election campaign for having historically opposed Trident, nuclear missiles. He was the Chair of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament in the UK. And that sort of thing. A set of issues which I call British Empire pitch. What's fascinating about that is the generational difference in attitude towards those things. For me, what that's about is whether or not you're old enough to have some kind of deep subconscious yearning for the imperial age. For the time when Britain could claim to be great in the world, that I by dint of being a white British person could quietly believe that I'm just better than other people simply because of that.
And that for a younger generation those sorts of attacks just seemed absurd. Whether you're in favour of or against Trident, if you are 25 you probably don't care that much, you don't remember the cold war. The other thing that was happening was the IRA. Again, this is exactly about the history of British Empire. Whatever you think about the horrific violence of the IRA, and it was horrific, a) it ended in 1997 and b) the refusal to talk about the fact that there was violence on both sides of that conflict among that generation was about which side you were on. The Tories and British Unionists are very happy to condemn the IRA, they're very quiet about the UVF (Ulster Volunteer Force) violence, which is the equivalent terrorism the other side, which was equally horrific. And that's because they were very clearly on the side of the British Empire.
For me, one of the generation dynamics is just about what you remember and what it is that helped shape your identity and who you are.
Whereas for most people of younger generation, that's just an absurd, ancient history and you talk to people, my age or younger and they find this whole set of, this constellation of politics, very confusing. For me, one of the generation dynamics is just about what you remember and what it is that helped shape your identity and who you are. In Britain, because you had this accelerating collapse of an Empire, and this gradual emergency, but not quite yet of a country. England itself, it's still the Imperial hinterland London, rather than a proper country. The kind of psychological impact of that on a generation is normal, for younger people it's just absurd. That attack just didn't land with people under the age of about 45, whereas if you're old enough to remember the cold war, remember the IRA and to have that broader sense of British greatness, then these are very important issues to you.
Clare Ozich: Looking at Jeremy Corbyn and what Labour represented in the election. Corbynism has now become a bit of a catch phrase, but often with these shortcuts we don't always share the meaning. I wondered what your definition of it is, or what your understanding of what Corbynism is and what Jeremy Corbyn and the Labour Party is now representing in British politics?
Adam Ramsay: I think that with these questions, the important thing is it is always the movement not the man. The question is, what do people around Jeremy Corbyn think and what's the phenomenon? I think it's very hard to separate the phenomenon of Corbynism from, for example, the phenomenon of the Green surge we saw in Britain 2015, which is a set of social movement activists and you see this arguably from the Iraq war onwards. That is people in Britain getting involved in, particularly those people, get involved in a series of mass protests. There's a sense that the establishment has totally lost the plot and a more and more organised group of people who are identifying very much as against that establishment, from the left. As the million people who marched against the Iraq war, who wouldn't always see themselves in that group. But at that point it's very clearly that the British people as a whole are more sensible than the regime.
Then you had 2008 and throughout that protest you has the climate camps, which is much smaller but have a very similar group of people in them. The point is that, what is Corbyn? Corbyn is the product of that movement coming into party politics and saying, actually there is now a candidate for Labour leader as he was that those people can support and rally behind. That then was able to mobilise. It turned out a significant portion of the British population. The important thing to remember is that only a few weeks before the election, Corbyn was more than 20% behind in the polls. What this movement was able to do was reach and convince a phenomenal number of people in the country over the course of a few weeks of the election. I think that's part of the phenomenon, although you can't separate that from the ideology. Because in a sense what you're talking about for the first time is Labour beginning to become a social movement party in the way it's never been before.
Which is a phenomenon that, interestingly Ed Miliband the former Labour leader's dad, Ralph Miliband, first identified in the 1970s when he as a famous Marxist theorist, wrote about the potential of a social movement party. So what is Corbynism? Corbynism is the arrival of left central movements in the labour party, I think.
Clare Ozich: You've mentioned the Iraq war. What makes up these social movements? What kind of elements are in them, what do people being attracted to, what do they out on the streets for when they're becoming a part of this movement and wanting to be engaged?
Adam Ramsay: I suppose ideologically what we're talking about is, and the reason I haven't listed policies, is that you can't say here is an obviously Corbynist manifesto. Because in a way it's the broad, what was seen as the radical left has now become mainstream in the UK, it's now the opposition party. But it's the broad forces of people, ranging from people who are in a way quite centralising, you think the solution is to nationalise everything, which I'm not entirely against, but there's more to politics than that. For example, many of them have no understanding, nothing to say about democracy in the broader sense and the Constitution and what's wrong with Britain in that kind of way. Through to people with a more developed sense of radical democracy and almost anarchist. I know people who are both involved in, essentially what were Trotskyist groups who are now active in the Labour party. I also know anarchist who are now active in the Labour Party, because they all see this as a clear challenge to the establishment, from obviously the left.
You'll talk to these people and they will have very intelligent criticisms of Corbyn himself under the manifesto he produced and so on. But they feel that clearly there is a movement here that's got control of the Labour Party and is capable of seriously challenging the British establishment and as such they see it as a key moment to do so. It is ideologically very broad, it is pluralist, it includes all those people.
Clare Ozich: I think that's a sense of what's going on that we don't necessarily get over here. That's not really the sense that we read about in the more mainstream or accessible media outlets, or however we get our information. Certainly not something I've read in terms of broader commentary, or analysis of what was going on in the election. It was a mixture of 'here was this manifesto' and 'here was this organising going on in the streets, through Momentum'. The strategy and the manifesto coming together, but less of that overarching picture that you've just painted about social movements coming in the Labour Party, which is going to be interesting then to follow in the future.
I think one of the other interesting things is that it was a close election and the Tories at the moment look like they will form government, or at least Theresa May is still the Prime Minister. But Jeremy Corbyn, the Labour Party aren't stepping back and just accepting that, they seem to be continuing to apply pressure and taking advantage of things that are happening. That's not something that the non-conservative parties have often done in the past. There has often been an acceptance of convention as opposed to being prepared to break some of those conventions.
Adam Ramsay: We're in quite unchartered territory already, in constitutional terms. It's worth remembering that, as we speak, and it might change any moment, but there isn't a formal deal with the Conservatives and the Democratic Unionist Party to get a majority [Teresa May has now finalised a deal with the DUP]. Just for those who are not following this closely, the Conservatives didn't get a majority in this election, they fell just short. Now they're currently in conversation with the Democratic Unionist Party in Northern Ireland, about their support to form a government. The DUP is a party, which has largely been ignored by the British press for a very long time. In fact, I used to, during the Scottish Independence Referendum, I live in Scotland, and when journalists came up here from London to write about the referendum, I'd often ask them various questions about British politics and it was quite obvious that maybe they needed to learn more before they took up an opinion of the subject.
And one of the questions I'd ask is, what's the fourth biggest party at Westminster? Which at the time was the DUP, and they never knew that. When I told them it was the DUP, they wouldn't be able to tell me the difference between the DUP and other Northern Ireland parties. This is a party that's entirely misunderstood and ignored by the British press historically and have been fascinating to watch them learn very fast about who these people are. But it is a fairly far right party. They opposed the Good Friday Agreement, which is what brought peace to Northern Ireland 20 years ago, and then were gradually brought on board with it. They're so extreme, that John Major, the British Prime Minister who in the 1992 election got a very small majority and gradually lost that through by-elections. But John Major refused to work with them at the time, even though that was potentially the end of his Prime Ministership, because they're so extreme.
The fact that Theresa May's potentially going to deal with them is very serious, and very concerning for Northern Irish politics and for peace there. The fact that Labour is still putting pressure on the Tories saying, a) you really shouldn't be doing a deal with the DUP, this is a far right party and Brexit has already endangered peace in Northern Ireland. Already because they are actually an entirely different set of things, the Northern Irish Executive has collapsed, which is the kind of government there. This means that Northern Ireland's being ruled directly from Westminster. And the idea that a party who represented one half of the community in Northern Ireland be involved in that government, but not the other half of the community, is very worrying. Labour's absolutely right to challenge that and constitutionally right to challenge that. They haven't got the Queen's Speech through yet, so the government is very precarious.
This is, in the context, for those who maybe been following it, the horrific fire in London in a tower block, which we don't know how many people have died yet, but, looking like at the very least it was 70 and lots of talk of many more than 100 deaths, where the government looks entirely out of control. Theresa May showed up and failed to talk to any of the survivors and was chased away with people shouting, "coward", at her. Absolutely Corbyn is right to be saying, look, Brexit negotiations begin today as we speak, and the government hasn't got a majority in Parliament, hasn't actually pieced together a deal. It's had to postpone the Queen's Speech, which is how the government's programme is normally announced. Absolutely we're in an unprecedented period of chaos as Britain enters its negotiations over Brexit.
Clare Ozich: I think it's a good thing that Labour's continuing to press the case. I guess I'm just a bit used to the kind of standard social democratic parties not being all that up for taking advantage of crisis when they occur. As has been our history for the last 30 or 40 years.
Adam Ramsay: Yeah. I suppose, as you say, again what you see is, Corbyn more willing to challenge the established order of things. And because Britain doesn't have a written constitution there is no roadmap. So he's saying, well why should we do things like this, in a sense why should we just accept that you're in charge when you've not got a majority in Parliament, which he's right to do.
Clare Ozich: The Greens did not have a great election. Carolyn Lucas got re-elected, but the nationwide vote was pretty low, though the Greens took a position to stand aside from a number of seats as part of this progressive alliance approach that they were pushing. This kind of revival of the Labour Party is resulting in some introspection within the Greens, about the continuing role of Greens politics. What are your thoughts on the future relationship between green politics and this new left politics in Britain?
Adam Ramsay: It's a very difficult question. To be honest I don't yet entirely know what I think the way forward is. I suppose to sketch out some of the things that have happened. It's worth saying that this was the second highest vote the Greens have ever got in the UK in an election. It was quite a fall from 2015, which was the highest ever, but it's still more than 2010 when Caroline was first elected, and much more than any election before then. In that sense it wasn't a disaster. It was a disaster in that with the first-past-the-post system what people hoped for in this election was to come out with either potentially a second MP, and that looked possible a month before the election, at the point when Labour were doing very badly, and the second seat would have been Bristol West. It looked like if the Labour vote were to collapse, some of that could easily have come to the Greens in Bristol West. But then what happened is the Corbyn surge meant that that electorate all went out and voted Labour. In fact the Green vote halved in that seat.
And also there seemed to be a hope of getting second place in the Isle of Wight, which was in 2015 a surprise success for the Greens, but then has consolidated as one of the targets nationwide. Instead, what happened is that, previously the Greens have come third, but interestingly the second party was UKIP. So it was Conservative, then UKIP, then Green. What happened in this election was that Labour overtook. So you ended up in a position where there's no obvious seat other than Brighton Pavilion, which is Caroline Lucas' seat, in which there's a clear second place. And at the same time a lot of Greens looked, quite rightly, at Corbyn's manifesto and said, this is roughly what we stood on in 2015. This has got more in common with Green manifesto 2015 than has with the Labour manifesto of 2015.
A lot of people in the Greens were saying well, Corbyn now looks like a viable Prime Minister, he didn't before this election. The assumption for most Greens was that Corbyn would be a bit of a flash in the pan and when the snap elections were called it looked like he might well be gone within a month of the election. He's now clearly not going to be and most people in the Greens think well, obviously we can't stand against a potential Corbyn Prime Minister. Someone who's been on protests with us for 40 years, he's been one of the few MPs that most Greens like, other than Caroline. That does leave the party in a difficult position. How do you, in a first-past-the-post system actively support the leader of another party, who is mostly opposed by, or was historically opposed before this election, by his parliamentary group, but supported by the current massive new members. Lots of whom, in practise, are people who the Green Party recruited into party politics through the Green surge in 2015, who then went and joined Labour. I have friends who very actively politically who said they'd never joined a political party and then joined two in the course of year, in 2015; some joined three, they joined the SNP and Greens and then Labour within 12 months.
The problem for Greens is, on the one hand obviously most people want Corbyn to be elected. On the other hand the issue, which is likely to define a lot of the next two years of British politics, which is the Brexit negotiations….Greens and Labour do have a significantly different position on that one question.
For the party in England, at least, that's a big question. It's worth saying there are also very significant differences on basically two key issues, which are the EU and what I'd call the British States, based around constitutional issues, where Corbyn has accepted Brexit and probably in retrospect he had to do so, in order to get this election result and for him strategically, that was the right call. But there is already a significant proportion of the electorate, and there is now most recent poll shows a majority, who in fact now do want a second referendum on Brexit at the end of the negotiation process, on whether or not to accept the deal that's been done. And the Greens are in favour of that and Labour so far have been against that.
The problem for Greens is, on the one hand obviously most people want Corbyn to be elected. On the other hand the issue, which is likely to define a lot of the next two years of British politics, which is the Brexit negotiations – it is worth remembering this election happened before Brexit had even really begun. Greens and Labour do have a significantly different position on that one question. How to push that position and articulate it, while at the same time being clear that of course this Conservative government needs to be sacked and of course we can no longer pretend that, or claim that, Labour isn't significantly different. What Labour is offering is significantly different from the Tories.
That's the context. It's not the same everywhere. I'm in Scotland where politics are very different, the Labour Party is very different and there's also another constitutional question, which is independence, which is being supported. There's no question about aligning with Labour in that sense. Wales and Northern Ireland again is very different. But in England, huge numbers of old party activists have joined Labour in the last week or so. And they don't see that as a change in their politics, they just seen that as, and they're not angry with the Greens even. People who see that the Greens behave pretty well, but think, well in the next five years it is obvious we need to get Jeremy Corbyn elected Prime Minister and why would I not be in Labour to do that and a lot of people who haven't done so have been asking serious questions about where next. I don't know the answer. It's a good question.
Clare Ozich: It's an ongoing question and I think it's an interesting one for Greens around the world in the sense that, if what we are seeing is this disintegration of the centre left parties and there is scope for a revival within them, then it's going to be a challenge for Greens parties in other places too. Although, obviously voting systems do help a great deal in terms of having a presence in the Parliament. But at that kind of broader political space it's an interesting question. I guess in some ways if we go back to your answer about, your discussion about social movements coming into Labour, that's basically a big experiment. If Corbyn does become the Prime Minister, how that actually works and the extent to which and how change then happens. And then the role of greens politics and its stances on a number of things including participatory democracy, as well as the obvious challenges of climate change and the environment, it is going to be interesting times.
Adam Ramsay: Yeah, absolutely. And this is my worry about the Labour manifesto in this election, it felt to me it wasn't radical enough. It was obviously much better, not just than the Conservatives, but than what Labour has produced in a very long time, possible ever. If they'd been elected and in the position to be deliver it I'd be delighted. But, I think that if you think about it, why social democracies had real problems in the past, and you think about the state of the challenges in the modern world then I think that there are lots of other things as well, that we're lacking to an extent from it. I think most of the things in it I'm in favour of. I think we do in Britain need to re-nationalize a whole swathe of industry and increase tax in the top rate and so on. But as you say, we also need radical de-centralisation of our democracy and we need participatory democracy.
We need to think about climate change more broadly than simply a few targets and a couple of other measures. And absolutely nationalising the energy industry is a part of that, and setting up energy co-ops locally and so on is a part of that. But there's a whole set of thinking that needs to be done about the whole future of the economy in Britain, which they haven't done yet. I don't think they're incapable of that, and if you look at the people around Corbyn, the direct advisers, in the sense you have two groups. You have the older left and literally often older people from the left, who, they remember the miner's strike and they're quite keen on things like the coal industry and so on. Then there's younger people and people who just been involved in more new left for longer, who've got more of a sense the solution to the problems of the world is not opening coal mines, and how that plays out is going to be very interesting.
And the role of Greens in pushing those ideas is going to be very interesting in a first-past-the-post- system. The Greens are right about those things and still have a key place to push those ideas somehow. It's just that there is a serious question about in the first-past-the-post system, and in the context where it's clear, which side you're on, while you're standing against that side.
Clare Ozich: Thanks Adam, that was a really great conversation.
Adam Ramsay: Well, lovely to chat.
Clare Ozich: Maybe we could do it again next time there's an event in the UK politics, which might not be that far away.
← Previous Article International climate agreements: useful or useless?


text:
'use strict';

import chai from 'chai';
import chaiAsPromised from 'chai-as-promised';
let expect = chai.use(chaiAsPromised).expect;

import {LocalFileReader} from './FileReaders';
import * as Ref from '../features/ReferenceGenome';
import TabixIndexedFile from './TabixIndexedFile';
import VCFSource from './VCFSource';

describe('VCFSource', function() {
    function getTestSourceFull(vcfPath: string, reference: Ref.ReferenceGenome) {
        var idxPath = vcfPath + '.tbi';
        return new VCFSource(new TabixIndexedFile(new LocalFileReader(vcfPath), new LocalFileReader(idxPath)), reference);
    }

    function getTestSource(vcfPath: string = './test-data/single_sample.vcf.gz') {
        return getTestSourceFull(vcfPath, Ref.hg19Reference);
    }

    it('should load tabix VCF', function() {
        var source = getTestSource();
        expect(source).to.exist;
    });

    // TODO: Test sites-only VCF

    it('should extract the samples from the header', function() {
        var source = getTestSource();
        return source._samples.then(samples => {
            expect(samples).to.deep.equal(['NA12878'])
        });
    });

    it('should return requested variants', function() {
        var source = getTestSource();
        return source.variants('chr1', 1, 200).then(variants => {
            expect(variants).to.have.lengthOf(1);

            var variant = variants[0];
            expect(variant._line).to.equal('chr1\t100\trs1\tA\tT\t100.0\tPASS\tAC=1;AN=2\tGT\t0/1');
            expect(variant.isSynth).to.be.false;

            expect(variant.toString()).to.equal("chr1:100A>T");

            expect(variant.contig).to.equal("chr1");
            expect(variant.position).to.equal(100);
            expect(variant.ref).to.equal("A");
            expect(variant.alt).to.deep.equal(["T"]);
            expect(variant.genotype("NA12878")).to.equal("A/T");

            // We can also get the first genotype
            expect(variant.genotype()).to.equal("A/T");
        });
    });

    it('should return requested variants with alternative contig name', function() {
        var source = getTestSource();
        return source.variants('1', 1, 200).then(variants => {
            expect(variants).to.have.lengthOf(1);
        });
    });

    it('should return zero length array for empty region', function() {
        var source = getTestSource();
        return source.variants('chr1', 102, 102).then(variants => {
            expect(variants).to.have.lengthOf(0);
        });
    });

    it('should return empty query if contig in reference but not index', function() {
      var source = getTestSource();
      return source.variants('7', 141672604, 141672604).then(variants => {
        expect(variants).to.have.lengthOf(0);
      });
    });

    it('should reject if contig not in reference and index', function() {
      var source = getTestSource();
      expect(source.variants('junk', 141672604, 141672604)).to.be.rejected;
    });

    it ('should return variant with matching alleles', function() {
      var source = getTestSource();
      return source.variant('chr1',100,"A","T").then(variant => {
        expect(variant).to.not.be.undefined;
      })
    });

    it('should filter variants with mismatching alleles', function() {
      var source = getTestSource();
      return source.variant('chr1',100,"A","G").then(variant => {
        expect(variant).to.be.undefined;
      })
    });

    it('should infer reference genome from reference key in VCF header', function() {
      var source = getTestSourceFull('./test-data/single_sample_with_reference.vcf.gz', undefined);
      return source._reference.then(ref => {
        expect(ref).to.equal(Ref.b37Reference);
      });
    });

    it('should infer reference genome from contigs in VCF header', function() {
      var source = getTestSourceFull('./test-data/single_sample_with_contigs.vcf.gz', undefined);
      return source._reference.then(ref => {
        expect(ref).to.equal(Ref.b37Reference);
      });
    });

    it('should generate REF/REF genotype if requested and variant not found', function() {
      var source = getTestSource();
      return source.variant('chr1',100,"A","G", true).then(variant => {
        expect(variant).to.not.be.undefined;
        expect(variant.isSynth).to.be.true;
        expect(variant.toString()).to.equal("chr1:100A>G");
        expect(variant.genotype("NA12878")).to.equal("A/A");
      });
    });

    it('should return undefined in variant not found even if contig not in index', function() {
      var source = getTestSource();
      return source.variant('7', 141672604, 'T', 'C').then(variant => {
        expect(variant).to.be.undefined;
      });
    });

    it('should return synthetic variant if contig not in index and ref/ref requested', function() {
      var source = getTestSource();
      return source.variant('7', 141672604, 'T', 'C', true).then(variant => {
        expect(variant).to.not.be.undefined;
        expect(variant.isSynth).to.be.true;
        expect(variant.toString()).to.equal("chr7:141672604T>C");
      });
    });

});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
All County, All the Time Since 2010 MAKE THIS YOUR PRINCE EDWARD COUNTY HOME...PAGE! Monday, January 17th, 2022
Many Happy Returns to County's hospital
In the lobby of Prince Edward County Memorial Hospital are Briar Boyce, communications co-ordinator with the PECMH Foundation, David Hepburn and Leo Finnegan, chair of the Foundation. – David Mackay photo
The Prince Edward County Memorial Hospital Foundation was the happy recipient this week of $100 from David Hepburn and his Many Happy Returns initiative.
David, a worker with the Community Living program, regularly collects beer and liquor bottles from various Prince Edward County homes, returns them to the Beer Store and donates the money he collects.
His aim is to make a $100 donation each month to a worthy cause in the County. This week's gift is the fourth $100 deposit to a charity David has spearheaded, with the first being to Community Living, then 99.3 County FM, followed by the Food Bank. He said January's effort will go toward the PEC Syria fund.
David's parents, Noreen Vader and David Mackay thank all of David's bottle/can donors for their continued support. Many Happy Returns keeps returnable containers out of the landfills and contributes to local charities.
David also reminds County residents he is available to pick up bottles after Christmas and New Year's parties. Call Many Happy Returns at 613-698-0181 or e-mail him at hep.david@gmail.com. Or you can contact him through his Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/Many-Happy-Returns-440910052771604/?fref=ts ). This is where future donations will also be announced.
FULL STORY BELOW:
David pays it forward with Many Happy Returns
DEC. 4 – Starting a small business is always a daunting and challenging task. It is even more so if the business owner has intellectual challenges. Nevertheless, with the help of family and friends, David Hepburn, a resident of a Community Living group home in Picton , has started an innovative project called 'Many Happy Returns'.
Three times a week David and an assistant travel throughout the County picking up returnable bottles that would ordinarily go to landfill sites. But what makes this project unique is that the money raised is donated to local charities.
The concept grew out of David's exceptionalities, which include an obsession with sorting, organizing and counting. During his weekly visits home to his parents, Noreen Vader and David Mackay, he demonstrated a keen interest in organizing beer and wine bottles and returning them to the Beer Store for what he called " winning money".
It was a wonderful social outing for him as well as the staff always greeted him with a welcome reminiscent of a "Cheers" episode. An opportunity to expand this weekly ritual presented itself through an article in a local paper that described the extensive cost to taxpayers of returnable bottles that were put in the recyle bins or thrown out.
With the help of friends and family David began to travel about the County picking up bottles. The project began to gain momentum when he used the first $100 of his business as a donation to an innovative housing project sponsored by Community Living. He has also presented $100 to 99.3 FM, to the Food Bank. The hospital is next on his list. Each month he hopes to make a similar donation to a different charity.
Various local businesses rallied behind the idea and a van has been purchased and logos designed so that he could get his message out.
"It is truly another example of how the people of Prince Edward County will always support a worthwhile cause, said his mom. "The concept is simple but will have many benefits for the community and for David as he sets out to pay it forward to the community that has been so good to him."
Those interested in this service can contact Many Happy Returns at 613 968 0181 or through David Hepburn's Facebook page, where future donations will also be announced.
As well, if residents have an idea for a local charity that could benefit from this service suggestions are welcome.
Susan Treverton CEO of Community Living Prince Edward, David Hepburn and Beer Store manager in the Province Ryan Wiersma.
Fran Renoy says:
Friday, December 4th, 2015 at 6:32 pm
I wish you every success with your new business venture David. Thank you for giving back to our community.
Theresa Durning says:
Bless his heart! He is a kind and generous man. I am grateful for people, like David, who pay it forward in this community.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Creating social change, Divestment from fossil fuels, Economic Resilience
Name and Shame
We are continuing our series on the 7 Aspects of Divestment from Fossil Fuels, a powerful tool to combat global warming.
The Carbon Underground 200 is a list of the 200 worst offenders – the top 100 public coal companies globally and the top 100 public oil and gas companies globally, ranked by the potential carbon emissions content of their reported reserves.
"The reserves of these companies total 555 gigatons (Gt) of potential CO2 emissions, almost five times more than can be burned for the world to have an 80% chance of limiting global temperature rise to 2°C (3.6° F)." (i)
One of the first steps in divestment action is to learn what you own. Whether your organization intended to or not, it likely holds investments in fossil fuel companies. For example, 8 cents of every dollar invested in the S&P 500 goes to companies on the list of the 200 largest holders of fossil fuel reserves. Many mutual funds and portfolios invest in energy, materials, or utility companies on this list. (ii)
Name: Your organization should direct its investment advisors to examine its investment portfolio to determine what investments it holds in the top 200 listed coal, oil and gas companies, and any mutual funds and portfolios which invest in energy, materials, or utility companies on this list.
Your organization should create a timeline (between now and 2021) over which it will sell its investments in the top 200 listed coal, oil and gas companies, and phase out any mutual funds and portfolios which invest in energy, materials, or utility companies on this list.
Shame: Simultaneously, your organization should publicize what it is doing and why it is doing this. The public relations aspect of Divestment cannot be overlooked nor underestimated; it is every bit an integral part of the moral stand that your organization is taking.
The goal is to stigmatize the Carbon Underground companies, to render them pariahs, untouchables, outcasts. We are both casting them out of our organizations' portfolios and joining the effort to cast them out of government discourse.
Back to 7 Aspects of Divest and Reinvest or Divestment from Fossil Fuels: Tips for Activists
(i) from http://fossilfreeindexes.com/research/the-carbon-underground/ emphasis added
(ii) Paraphrased from Trillium Investments http://www.trilliuminvest.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ExtractingFossilFuels.pdf
A Review of the book Drawdown, edited by Paul Hawken
What's wrong with bottled water?
Move Your Money
Summer Solstice Open House - Jun 20


Here's the deal when you file bankruptcy. You tell the truth. You disclose everything. You keep what is exempt. The trustee takes everything else and distributes that among your creditors. In exchange you get a fresh start.
The idea of bankruptcy is to get a discharge of all your debts so you get a fresh start.
But you must keep your part of the bargain!
When you sign your bankruptcy papers, you swear, under oath, that you have told the truth. You swear, under oath, that you have listed all your assets. And you swear, under oath, that you have told all about your financial affairs.
Not only that, but when you testify to the trustee during your meeting of creditors, you'll be sworn under oath too. You'll be asked to tell the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth.
Very bad things can happen if you don't tell the truth. This includes things you omit as will as things you might even fib about.
Transfers you've made to anyone, particularly for less than the asset is worth.
In bankruptcy, remember the deal. An honest debtor gets a fresh start. A dishonest debtor may face serious consequences.


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Kerberos is a protocol for verifying the identity of principals (e.g., a workstation user or a network server) on an open network. The Kerberos protocol provides a facility called pre-authentication. Pre-authentication mechanisms can use this facility to extend the Kerberos protocol and prove the identity of a principal.
This document describes a more formal model for this facility. The model describes what state in the Kerberos request a pre-authentication mechanism is likely to change. It also describes how multiple pre-authentication mechanisms used in the same request will interact.