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Porsche Motorsport Junior Programme
Porsche Centar Skopje
Како до нас
Барање за услуга
Креирај го своето Porsche
The future of motorsports begins with our talented youngsters. A principle Porsche has adhered to since 1997. A like-minded partner from the very start was UPS - where speed, precision and dependability are valued no less than at Porsche itself. Result of the cooperation: the establishment of the UPS Porsche Junior Team.
The sports success was one thing. On the other hand, the Junior Team rapidly developed into an important young talent school for Porsche works drivers. Or, more precisely: for credible brand ambassadors of one of the world's most successful sports car builders. With names such as Timo Bernhard, Marc Lieb, Patrick Long, Michael Christensen or, more recently, Earl Bamber. All of them onetime Porsche Junior alums who made it to works driver status. Even the all-time greats of motorsport Dirk Müller, Lucas Luhr and Mike Rockenfeller started their careers in the Junior Team.
Porsche Juniors
The new Porsche Junior Jaxon Evans from New Zealand tackled 2019 season's Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup. In a selection process, the 22-year-old beat ten other international candidates and is now ready to take the next step in his career. For Julien Andlauer (France), 2019 marked his second year as a Porsche Junior and won the Porsche Carrera Cup Deutschland Championship.
The success of the Porsche Junior Programme is also reflected in the 2018 24 Hours of Le Mans. Michael Christensen was one of the trio that won the Pro class in a Porsche 911 RSR. The Dane was supported as a Porsche Junior in 2012 and 2013. After impressive performances in the Porsche Carrera Cup Deutschland and the Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup, Christensen stepped up to become a Porsche works driver in 2014.
Two up-and-coming drivers, the Porsche Young Professional Matt Campbell and the Porsche Junior Julien Andlauer, also celebrated victories in Le Mans. Both youngsters won the GTE Am class. Aged only 18, Andlauer became the youngest ever class winner in Le Mans.
Three young pilots were supported as a Porsche Junior in 2017: Dennis Olsen competed in the Porsche Carrera Cup Deutschland in 2016 before moving up to the Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup in 2017. After overcoming eight other candidates in a screening and testing process, the Australian Matt Campbell was one of the drivers that contested the international Brand Cup.
Thomas Preining impressed in a screening and absolved a two-stage selection process. Racing as a Porsche Junior, the Austrian competed in his first season in the Porsche Carrera Cup Deutschland in 2017.
Porsche intensified the support of talented youngsters in motorsport. In the 2016 season, four young drivers have been trained as professional racing drivers in the Porsche one-make race series. Two of the juniors were only chosen as part of an extensive selection process.
Joining the junior contingent for the 2016 season was the Norwegian Dennis Olsen (19) as well as Frenchman Mathieu Jaminet (21). Italy's Matteo Cairoli (19) and Sven Müller (23) from Germany continued to receive support for another year.
There are days and moments in the life of a race driver that will never be forgotten. For Earl Bamber that day was June 14th, 2015, and the moment was the award ceremony after the Le Mans 24 Hours. Standing on the podium high above the pit lane alongside his teammates Nick Tandy (Great Britain) and Nico Hülkenberg (Germany) after just winning the world's most famous endurance race in the Porsche 919 Hybrid, he revelled in the exuberant cheering of ecstatic fans.
The sensational victory on the Circuit des 24 Heures marks the pinnacle of his meteoric career from Porsche Junior to works driver and celebrated Le Mans winner – all in just over a year.
Porsche supported three talented young race drivers as Porsche Juniors in the 2015 racing season: Connor de Phillippi, Sven Müller and Matteo Cairoli tackled the Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup and the Porsche Carrera Cup Deutschland for their respective teams.
In addition to the new junior, Sven Mueller (Germany), who tackled his first season in the Porsche Carrera Cup Deutschland in 2014, the current Porsche juniors continued to receive support. Austria's Klaus Bachler (22) contested his second season in the Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup, with Alex Riberas from Spain and American Connor de Phillippi returned to compete in the Porsche Carrera Cup Deutschland.
Earl Bamber was the second very talented driver chosen from Porsche's brand trophy series worldwide to receive funding of 200,000 Euro for the step up into the Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup.
Michael Christensen from Denmark joined Porsche's works squad for the 2014 season. After spending the last two years as a Porsche junior, where he paved the way for greater tasks with his strong performances in the Porsche Carrera Cup Deutschland and in the Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup, Porsche gave the 23-year-old race driver the chance to take the next step in his career.
The Porsche Juniors Michael Christensen and Klaus Bachler have made it: After a strong performance in the Porsche Carrera Cup Deutschland in 2012, the two climb to the next rung of the career ladder and contest the 2013 season of the international Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup run as support to Formula 1.
Two new Porsche Juniors contest the Carrera Cup Deutschland in 2013: Alex Riberas (Spain) and Connor de Phillippi (USA). The pair came out on top after a two-tiered selection process in Potsdam and Vallelunga against young talent from around the world.
At track tests in Vallelunga (Italy) in February 2012 six finalists aged from 18 to 21 years excelled with outstanding lap times and showed impressive progress over the two days. Klaus Bachler (20, A), Tom Blomqvist (18, GB), Michael Christensen (21, DK), Mario Farnbacher (19, D), Ramon Pineiro (21, E) and Dennis Trebing (20, USA) had earlier come out on top at a rigorous selection process against other talented youngsters from around the globe. Afterwards Porsche Motorsport evaluated the data from all the test laps and compared these with the comprehensive sports medicine results.
Season 2019Season 2018Season 2017Season 2016Season 2015Season 2014Season 2013Season 2012
© 2021 Porsche Centar Skopje. Сите права задржани ©. Privacy Policy. Cookie Policy.
* Data determined in accordance with the measurement method required by law. Since 1 September 2017 certain new cars have been type approved in accordance with the Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicles Test Procedure (WLTP), a more realistic test procedure to measure fuel/electricity consumption and CO₂ emissions. As of 1 September 2018 the WLTP replaced the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Due to the more realistic test conditions, the fuel/electricity consumption and CO₂ emission values determined in accordance with the WLTP will, in many cases, be higher than those determined in accordance with the NEDC. This may lead to corresponding changes in vehicle taxation from 1 September 2018. You can find more information on the difference between WLTP and NEDC at www.porsche.com/wltp.
Currently, we are still obliged to provide the NEDC values, regardless of the type approval process used. The additional reporting of the WLTP values is voluntary until their obligatory use. As far as new cars (which are type approved in accordance with the WLTP) are concerned, the NEDC values will, therefore, be derived from the WLTP values during the transition period. To the extent that NEDC values are given as ranges, these do not relate to a single, individual car and do not constitute part of the offer. They are intended solely as a means of comparing different types of vehicle. Extra features and accessories (attachments, tyre formats, etc.) can change relevant vehicle parameters such as weight, rolling resistance and aerodynamics and, in addition to weather and traffic conditions, as well as individual handling, can affect the fuel/electricity consumption, CO₂ emissions and performance values of a car.
** Important information about the all-electric Porsche models can be found here.


text:
set -o noclobber

# Update window size after every command
shopt -s checkwinsize

# Automatically trim long paths in the prompt (requires Bash 4.x)
PROMPT_DIRTRIM=2

## SMARTER TAB-COMPLETION (Readline bindings) ##

# Perform file completion in a case insensitive fashion
bind "set completion-ignore-case on"

# Treat hyphens and underscores as equivalent
bind "set completion-map-case on"

# Display matches for ambiguous patterns at first tab press
bind "set show-all-if-ambiguous on"

## SANE HISTORY DEFAULTS ##

# Append to the history file, don't overwrite it
shopt -s histappend

# Save multi-line commands as one command
shopt -s cmdhist

# Record each line as it gets issued
PROMPT_COMMAND='history -a'

# Huge history. Doesn't appear to slow things down, so why not?
HISTSIZE=500000
HISTFILESIZE=100000

# Avoid duplicate entries
HISTCONTROL="erasedups:ignoreboth"

# Don't record some commands
export HISTIGNORE="&:[ ]*:exit:ls:bg:fg:history:clear"

# Useful timestamp format
HISTTIMEFORMAT='%F %T '

# Enable incremental history search with up/down arrows (also Readline goodness)
# Learn more about this here: http://codeinthehole.com/writing/the-most-important-command-line-tip-incremental-history-searching-with-inputrc/
bind '"\e[A": history-search-backward'
bind '"\e[B": history-search-forward'
bind '"\e[C": forward-char'
bind '"\e[D": backward-char'

## BETTER DIRECTORY NAVIGATION ##

# Prepend cd to directory names automatically
shopt -s autocd 2> /dev/null
# Correct spelling errors during tab-completion
# shopt -s dirspell
# Correct spelling errors in arguments supplied to cd
# shopt -s cdspell 2> /dev/null

# This defines where cd looks for targets
# Add the directories you want to have fast access to, separated by colon
# Ex: CDPATH=".:~:~/projects" will look for targets in the current working directory, in home and in the ~/projects folder
CDPATH="."

# This allows you to bookmark your favorite places across the file system
# Define a variable containing a path and you will be able to cd into it regardless of the directory you're in
shopt -s cdable_vars

# Examples:
# export dotfiles="$HOME/dotfiles"
# export projects="$HOME/projects"
# export documents="$HOME/Documents"
# export dropbox="$HOME/Dropbox"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


It has operations in more than 30 countries worth around $9 billion. And now the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development is searching for its next leader. This week's podcast puts the same questions to both candidates for easy comparison.


"Spirit & Associates provides interventon, mediation, training and counseling services for addiction, emotional distress, domestic violence, abuse and trauma issues. We assist and prepare family, friends, and employers to conduct a professional intervention on their loved one and/or employee. The goal of the intervention is to help the identified client be willing to receive the help they need. Spirit & Associates believes in the team approach to intervention and mediation. We provide two qualified and experienced professionals to facilitate the intervention or mediation. Our intervention team brings a combined experience in excess of 40 years. We provide intervention, mediation and training servcies throught the U.S. and Canada."
"That even the seemingly most hopeless of addicts, alcoholics can, in the majority of cases, be helped through the process of intervention - even when they are adamant about not wanting help. Don't give up! We urge you to attend Al-Anon and a family program."
"Spirit & Associates provides intervention, mediation and training servcies throughout the U.S., Europe and Canada."
"Johnson Institute, Systemic Model-Certified Clinical Case Supervisor and Addictions Counselor."
Arrangement possible for insurance coverage: Yes, will assist with locating facilities that accept client insurance.


Affiliation: Turning Point Program, The is a "Nonsectarian" school.
Type: Turning Point Program, The is a "Alternative School".
Level: Turning Point Program, The is classified as a "Middle Middle".
Library: Turning Point Program, The does not have a library.
Gender: Turning Point Program, The is a Coed School.


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New guide on securing intelligent buildings available
SILVER SPRING, Md.—The Security Industry Association (SIA), in partnership with the ASIS Foundation and the Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA) International, jointly released guidance for practitioners in the security and building management fields. Intelligent Building Management Systems: Guidance for Protecting Organizations provides a framework to help decision makers assign a risk-based criticality or impact to their building and asks relevant security questions to develop appropriate mitigation strategies. It also serves to establish a common language between the many intelligent building stakeholders.
The guidance is based on original research, Building Automation & Control Systems: An Investigation into Vulnerabilities, Current Practice and Security Management Best Practice, by David J. Brooks, Michael Coole and Paul Haskell-Dowland of Edith Cowan University in Perth, Australia. The research provides an exhaustive overview of identified intelligent building critical vulnerabilities and mitigation strategies.
"The ASIS Foundation is delighted to work with our partners BOMA and SIA to support such critical research in a rapidly developing but insufficiently understood field," Sandra Cowie, CPP, director, global security and business continuity, principal, and 2018 ASIS Foundation president, said in the joint announcement. "Building automation invokes cutting-edge issues and technology such as the Internet of Things and advanced video analytics, as well as traditional concerns such as physical access control and proper procedures. The integrated whole undoubtedly poses challenges that are still emerging. This research is indispensable to helping our members get a handle on both the challenges and the opportunities of this fast-growing market."
According to the report, the intelligent building market is growing 31 percent per year and is expected to exceed $59 billion by 2023. These systems are increasingly embedded into the contemporary built environment due to the demand for reduced operating costs, government regulation, and greater monitoring, control and operability. However, this growth comes with a substantial set of security vulnerabilities that many security and facility professionals have not accounted for. Importantly, the research finds a significant disconnect between security and facility professionals' perceived understanding of intelligent building threats and risks versus actual dangers. In addition, the report revealed that a lack of common terminology and practices can result in misunderstandings and siloed views of associated security risks.
The report findings emphasize the need to:
• Take a multidisciplinary proactive management approach to intelligent building vulnerability mitigation
• Fuse multidisciplinary participants into an intelligent building security team
Additional findings include the recognition of intelligent building integrators and cybersecurity experts as partners who can help organizations better understand threats and risks and more effectively achieve intelligent building security.
"The research developed by the ASIS Foundation provides insights that should be leveraged by our members and the industry to better understand and identify vulnerabilities within intelligent building systems," Don Erickson, chief executive officer, SIA, said in a prepared statement. "An essential outcome from this project is the recommended guidance and checklist that will help security practitioners and security technology solutions providers work together to implement strategies to mitigate against potential risks."
Commercial and Systems Integrators
ASIS Foundation,
BOMA,
Intelligent Buildings,

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
COVID crisis fund helps deliver 'life-saving' support for LGBT+ people
Hundreds of LGBT+ people across London will benefit from funding aimed at addressing soaring levels of mental ill health as a result of coronavirus.
Almost £1 million from the latest wave of funding from the London Community Response Fund (LCRF) – set up to help charities cope with the impact of the pandemic – has gone to LGBT+-led projects.
Organisations to benefit include those offering mentoring and social activities for young transgender people and online support to black, Asian and minority ethnic gay, bisexual and trans men.
Since it launched in March, the fund, administered by City Bridge Trust – the City of London Corporation's charity funder – has given out around £25 million, working in partnership with The National Lottery Community Fund, which has committed £7 million to the fund, made possible thanks to National Lottery players.
Dhruv Patel, Chairman of the City of London Corporation's City Bridge Trust Committee, said:
"COVID-19 has changed everyone's lives but LGBT+ people have been particularly affected, often as a result of vital social or support networks being reduced or stopped altogether since the pandemic began.
"Many of them have endured enforced lockdown with family members who may be unsupportive, or even hostile, leaving them feeling vulnerable and at increased risk of issues such as depression, anxiety or suicidal feelings.
"The work that LGBT+ charities do is needed now more than ever, and this funding – thanks to the generosity of all those companies and organisations which have donated to the LCRF – is helping them continue to provide what is in many cases life-saving practical and emotional support."
In the latest wave of LCRF funding, a total of £940,999 was allocated to LGBT+ led projects, of which £465,871 went to projects specifically targeting LGBT+ communities.
Among those organisations to benefit are Brixton-based LGBT HERO, which received a grant of £16,835 to offer online individual and group support sessions to gay, bisexual and transgender men from BAME communities.
Earlier this year, a survey of 2,333 LGBT+ people carried out by the organisation found 79% said their mental health had been negatively impacted by lockdown, while rates of depression and anxiety almost doubled.
Ian Howley, LGBT HERO chief executive, said:
"Even before coronavirus, LGBT+ people were more likely to experience mental health issues, and within minority groups those rates are even higher. The pandemic and the lockdown have just amplified a lot of the issues that were already there.
"Often people from BAME backgrounds can't be open about their sexuality at home, they may have family who are homophobic and in some cases we've seen people who have been trapped in a domestic violence situations.
"Having a safe space where people can come and talk about what they're going through, and to feel comfortable in being themselves, is absolutely vital."
King's Cross-based Gendered Intelligence received a grant of £20,000 from the LCRF, which it has used for mentoring young transgender people and for an online 'digi-residential' programme to replace camping trips which fell victim to COVID.
Dr Jay Stewart, Gendered Intelligence CEO, said:
"Many of our young people experience mental health issues which seem to have worsened in recent years. Gender-diverse young people sometimes have challenging family relationships, which can be even more difficult when everyone's at home more.
"People often feel isolated or alone with their feelings, but what we try to do is reduce isolation, help them build social networks and feel like they're part of a community and foster an increased sense of pride in their gender identity."
Case study: 'Black gay and bisexual men are often overlooked'
Health and wellbeing activist, Phil Samba, who got involved with LGBT HERO to make a difference in his community, said:
"Over the last several years I have seen first-hand how LGBT HERO has been incredible for black gay and bisexual men. I benefited from their support where they gave me an opportunity to co-develop campaigns leading to me building a platform to make a huge difference within my community.
"Black gay and bisexual men are often overlooked in health promotion, especially within sexual health campaigns and messaging, but LGBT HERO stepped up at a time when we needed them most, bringing different kinds of men together to support one another in creating projects and spaces where black gay and bisexual men can thrive and make an impact.
"I have seen how many of the men who began their journey with me have grown and become role models within our community. I'm really thankful for all the work that LGBT HERO does."
More information on the London Community Response Fund is at https://londoncommunityresponsefund.org.uk while LGBT Hero is at www.lgbthero.org.uk and Gendered Intelligence at www.genderedintelligence.co.uk
The City of London Corporation is the governing body of the Square Mile dedicated to a vibrant and thriving City, supporting a diverse and sustainable London within a globally-successful UK – www.cityoflondon.gov.uk
About the London Community Response Fund
The London Community Response Fund has been established by City Bridge Trust, the City of London Corporation's charity funder, as part of the wider London Community Response that is being co-ordinated by the membership network, London Funders.
It is working in partnership with The National Lottery Community Fund to distribute nearly £7 million in grants to support organisations to keep providing vital services to London communities through the pandemic.
London Community Response Fund is one of eight expert partnerships, funded by The National Lottery Community Fund, to ensure almost £59m of National Lottery funding reaches communities most vulnerable to the impact of COVID-19. The move is part of The National Lottery Community Fund's COVID-19 emergency response and means it will benefit from the partnerships' collective expertise and networks to ensure funding is distributed to even more communities.
The partnerships will focus on supporting organisations that work with those communities that have been disproportionately impacted by COVID-19.
About The National Lottery Community Fund
We are the largest funder of community activity in the UK – we're proud to award money raised by National Lottery players to communities across England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Since June 2004, we have made over 200,000 grants and awarded over £9 billion to projects that have benefited millions of people.
We are passionate about funding great ideas that matter to communities and make a difference to people's lives. At the heart of everything we do is the belief that when people are in the lead, communities thrive. Thanks to the support of National Lottery players, our funding is open to everyone. We're privileged to be able to work with the smallest of local groups right up to UK-wide charities, enabling people and communities to bring their ambitions to life.
Website │Twitter │Facebook │Instagram


text:
4589 McDowell este un asteroid din centura principală, descoperit pe 24 iulie 1933 de Karl Reinmuth.

Legături externe

 4589 McDowell în JPL Small-Body Database
 4589 McDowell în baza de date a Minor Planet Center
 Diagrama orbitei asteroidului 4589 McDowell (JPL)

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1933
Centura de asteroizi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Serving Australia for over 20 years in Air Charter, Tours and Training.
JFC is an Australian family owned company which started operations in 1996 with one aircraft as a husband and wife team conducting tours and charter from Jandakot and Perth. In 1998 a flight school with maintenance facilities and offices at Jandakot was purchased. Since then JFC has grown to include a fleet of Single and Twin Engine piston and turbine aircraft with bases in Perth and Darwin. Since then, we've developed a broad client base, servicing mining companies and suppliers, international and local agents, freight forwarders, government departments and ministers, as well as a variety of local and international businesses.


text:
Official Notice: colloquies (May 2016)
APRIL DURKIN, Itasca, Ill., and CAITLIN REICHERT, Springfield, Ill., have completed the Teacher Colloquy Program of The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod and are eligible to receive a call. — Mark A. Waldron, director of Synodical Placement and Colloquy, Concordia University Chicago, River Forest, Ill.
KELLIE L. PLAYTER, Lakewood, Calif., has completed the Teacher Colloquy Program of The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod and is eligible to receive a call. — Dr. Becky Peters, director, Colloquy Program Concordia University, Irvine, Calif.
SARA IPATENCO, Westminster, Colo., has completed the Teacher Colloquy Program of The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod and is eligible to receive a call. — Brian L. Friedrich, president and CEO, Concordia University, Nebraska, Seward
SHARI BROWN, Frazee, Minn., has completed the Teacher Colloquy Program of The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod and is eligible to receive a call. — Mark Schuler, chairperson, department of Technology and Ministry, Concordia University, St. Paul, Minn.
MELINDA FINKEL, Clinton Township, Mich.; ANDREA J. DENT, Jackson, Mich.; ALYSSA K. TESCHENDORF, Collinsville, Ill.; JENNIFER A. DALE, Hilton, N.Y.; and JOSHUA J. KOROTKA, Manawa, Wis., have submitted their applications for the Teacher Colloquy Program of The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod through Concordia University Education Network, Bend, Ore.
GIRMA BEYENE ALEMU, Holly Springs, N.C.; DANIEL J. LEWIS, Redlands, Calif.; YOSEPH GEMTA, Reynoldsburg, Ohio; ANGEL M. RAMOS, Clewiston, Fla.; ANDREW H. PRIN, Champlin, Minn.; and ANDRES REINA, Georgetown, Texas, have submitted their applications for the Pastoral Colloquy Program of The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod.
DANIEL B. TRUESDELL, Ewa Beach, Hawaii, has completed the Pastoral Colloquy Program of The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod and is, therefore, eligible for a call.
JIN YUB SONG, Westminster, Calif., and SUNG JOON HONG, Irvine, Calif., have completed the Korean Colloquy Program of The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod and are, therefore, eligible for a call.
AMARECH G. ABATE, Irvine, Calif., has submitted her application for the Deaconess Colloquy Program of The Lutheran Church—Missouri Synod through Concordia University Chicago, River Forest, Ill.
Correspondence regarding their applications should be directed within four weeks after publication of this notice to Rev. Dr. Herbert C. Mueller Jr., Chairman, Colloquy Committee, 1333 S. Kirkwood Road, St. Louis, MO 63122-7295.
Tags colloquies
Official Notice: updates from LCMS districts (May 2016)
Official Notice: requests for reinstatement (May 2016)


Luke 6:25 "Woe to you who are well-fed now, for you shall be hungry. Woe to you who laugh now, for you shall mourn and weep.
Luke 6:26 "Woe to you when all men speak well of you, for their fathers used to treat the false prophets in the same way.
Matt. 5:13 "You are the salt of the earth; but if the salt has become tasteless, how can it be made salty again? It is no longer good for anything, except to be thrown out and trampled under foot by men.
Matt. 5:15 nor does anyone light a lamp and put it under a basket, but on the lampstand, and it gives light to all who are in the house.
Likewise, as light illuminates and exposes things hidden in darkness, so are we called to bring truth to the world, etc.
By the Spirit working in us, we may demonstrate some degree of mercy, humility, purity, peacemaking, etc.
Jesus asks, what good is salt when it is no longer salty?
But first, we need to ask how does salt cease to be salty, how does it become ineffective as a preservative?
Isn't that the interpretation we've all heard?
But if you, as a Christian, fail to be salt when you combine with the world, what good are you then?
And what good is that to God?
Or helping little old ladies across the street, etc.
Matt. 23:13 "But woe to you, scribes and Pharisees, hypocrites, because you shut off the kingdom of heaven from people; for you do not enter in yourselves, nor do you allow those who are entering to go in.
And that's a much harder work, isn't it?
The prospect of serving in soup kitchens seems pretty easy compared to demonstrating mercy and gentleness on a consistent basis, doesn't it?
How many Christians do you suppose have driven downtown to serve in a soup kitchen and cursed out other drivers along the way? Or cut them off in traffic? Or driven faster than the speed limit?
How many people do that on their way to church?


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Home / Cryptocoin
The price of bitcoin and other top cryptocurrencies turned towards the green zone on Wednesday morning trading, August 24, 2022
Navigasi - The price of bitcoin and other top cryptocurrencies turned towards the green zone on Wednesday morning trading, August 24, 2022. The majority of the top cryptocurrencies rose from what was previously sluggish.
Citing Coinmarketcap data, Wednesday (24/8/2022), the crypto with the largest market capitalization, bitcoin (BTC) rose 1.38 percent in the last 24 hours. During the week, the price of bitcoin slashed 9.8 percent. Now, the price of bitcoin is in the position of USD 21,516.71 or around Rp. 319.47 million (assuming an exchange rate of Rp. 14,848 per US dollar).
The price of ethereum is also in the green zone. The price of ethereum (ETH) rose 4.2 percent in the last 24 hours. Meanwhile, during the week, the price of ethereum shrank 11.61 percent. Currently, the price of ethereum is in the position of USD 1,654.16 or around Rp. 24.56 million.
Then the price of binance coin (BNB) is in the red zone. BNB prices have weakened 0.65 percent in the last 24 hours. In the past week, BNB prices fell 5.38 percent. Now, the price of BNB is in the position of USD 299.13 or around Rp. 4.43 million.
Meanwhile, the price of cardano (ADA) rose 1.36 percent in the last 24 hours. However, during the week, the price of ADA fell 17.24 percent. Currently, the price of ADA is traded at USD 0.4628.
XRP price also rose 1.37 percent in 24 hours. However, over the past week, the price of XRP traded at USD 0.3464.
The strengthening was also followed by the price of solana (SOL). Solana prices rose 1.64 percent over 24 hours. However, the price of solana was cut 17.53 percent in a week. Now, the price of solana is in the position of USD 35.51.
The price of dogecoin (DOGE) climbed 1.12 percent in the last 24 hours. However, over the past week, the price of Dogecoin fell 20.75 percent. Currently, the price of dogecoin is trading at USD 0.06853.
On the other hand, stablecoins such as tether (USDT) have moved in the green in the last 24 hours. During the week, tether prices edged down 0.02 percent. Currently, the price of tether is in the position of USD 1.00.
The price of Binance USD (BUSD) is down 0.06 percent in the last 24 hours. Over the past week, the price of BUSD fell 0.04 percent. Currently, the Binance USD price is at USD 0.9997.
Meanwhile, the price of USD Coin (USDC) has been in the red in the last 24 hours. In the past week, the price of USDC edged up 0.01 percent. Now, the price of USD Coin is traded at the position of USD 1.00.
Previously, bitcoin remained firmly above USD 21,000 or around Rp. 313.6 million as of Monday (23/8/2022) morning, as investors continued their anxiety over the upcoming statement by US Fed Chair Jerome Powell.
Investors are also still concerned about the same macroeconomic uncertainties that have plagued markets on all fronts for nearly a year.
The largest cryptocurrency in market value has recently traded around USD 21,100. BTC has fallen 10 percent over the past five days following the release of the July Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting that suggested the bank would keep its current interest rate at 75 basis points, a rate hike.
Powell is widely expected to signal the central bank's intentions in a speech at the Fed's annual Economic Symposium in Jackson Hole, Wyoming later this week. So investors are still waiting for a speech from Powell.
Oanda senior market analyst Edward Moya said Bitcoin's upward momentum is starting to dim as risk assets weaken ahead of the Jackson Hole Symposium.
"This is a sign that investors are not ready to see prices retest June lows," Moya said as quoted by CoinDesk, Tuesday (23/8/2022).
Moya noted bitcoin could drop below the USD 20,000 support if the dollar continues to strengthen.
"Bitcoin may hold the $20,000 level, but it may be difficult to maintain that level if the dollar continues to appreciate ahead of Fed Chair Powell's speech at the Jackson Hole Symposium," he said.
Other altcoins were mostly in the red as Ethereum changed hands below $1,600, a drop of more than 2 percent. Then SOL and SAND were recently down more than 6 percent and 5 percent, respectively.
Stock Market Depressed
Equity markets which are mostly correlated with crypto prices have also suffered throughout the day from the same concerns plaguing the crypto market. The tech-focused Nasdaq and S&P 500 both sank more than 2 percent.
The company, the world's largest stablecoin, based on Tether said on Friday, August 19, 2022 they had reserves worth USD 66.4 billion or around Rp. 989.8 trillion at the end of June. That asset reserve fell from $82.4 billion at the end of March.
This backup statement is provided by Tether on the website. It also said it had turned to Italian accounting firm BDO to certify its reserves and would aim to release monthly reports by the end of the year.
Even though its asset reserves fell to USD 66.4 billion, it still exceeds its liabilities which must have asset reserves of USD 66.2 billion, BDO Italia said in a statement.
Report Looks Positive
Investment partner at Securitize Capital, Joseph Edwards, said that Tether's asset reserve report is still positive.
"The report itself looks positive for Tether and reinforces there may not have been a large enough bank run event to relegate them to the questionable portion of their treasury," Edwards said.
In July 2022, Tether disclosed that it had cut its securities holdings as part of a plan to reduce its exposure to riskier assets as reserve assets.
Stablecoin Becomes Regulatory Spotlight
A stablecoin is a type of cryptocurrency designed to maintain a constant value, like a 1:1 US dollar peg. They are widely used in cryptocurrency trading to move funds between different cryptocurrencies or into plain cash.
Tether says its coins maintain their value by holding reserves denominated in dollars to match or exceed the value of Tether coins in circulation.
Financial regulators around the world have warned stablecoins could pose a risk to broader financial stability, with the UK among the major economies looking to regulate the sector.
The case of the algorithmic stablecoin Terra USD (UST) which lost its dollar stake has made regulators around the world tighten their scrutiny on stablecoin crypto assets.
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This book provides an introduction to nutrition and dietetics from a health care perspective. It goes beyond what can be found in general nursing texts while remaining at a level suitable for the pre-registration student.
The text comprehensively covers the whole area of dietetics and nutrition with the topics divided into three sections:-The science of nutrition, Community Nutrition and Therapeutic nutrition and dietetics. It is therefore useful as a reference text for those already working in the field of patient care.
It has been revised completely to include the latest government guidelines on nutrition.


Operating Agreement for Single Member Llc Template – free single member llc operating agreement template operating agreement template for a single member managed llc please enjoy our free single member llc operating agreement template the fact is that in almost every state llc statute there is specific language that states if the members and managers of an llc do not maintain the formalities of having an llc that the court may not pierce the corporate veil on that point alone .
We hope you can find what you need here. We always effort to show a picture with HD resolution or at least with perfect images. Operating Agreement for Single Member Llc Template for Agreement Template Llc Operating Louisiana Fantastic Illinois can be beneficial inspiration for those who seek an image according specific categories; you can find it in this site. Finally all pictures we have been displayed in this site will inspire you all..


A big thankyou to everyone who came along to the inaugural Victorian backcountry festival.
It was a huge weekend, with almost 20 sessions, clinics, talks and skillshares.
Based on initial feedback, people want to see this become an annual event.
Everyone who registered will shortly receive a link to an online survey so we can get feedback and start planning for 2019.
In the meantime, I hope you've all had a safe journey home. It was great to see/ meet a big chunk of the backcountry tribe.
There are images on the facebook event page – please feel free to share your own. Or use the #VICbackcountryfestival hashtag – and check out the images that are already up, mostly on instagram (tagged images are here).


Spread some retro fun with a set of 4 tropical themed spreaders each topped with a pink flamingo handle. Decorate your beach, surfer, Florida, ocean and pink flamingo themed appetizers and spreads with this set of 4 matching knives, featuring detailed pink flamingos standing in green marsh grass as handles.
Use unique spreaders as creative accents for cheese, hummus, and other spreads; condiments for sandwiches and burgers; or butter at a pink flamingo dinner party.
Spread some fun with a set of four spreader knives each with a Pink Flamingo as the handle.
Featuring a pink flamingo standing in march grass with one leg slightly raised.
Spreader: 5" tall, 2-1/2" stainless steel blade, 2-1/2" pink flamingo handle; 6 oz set weight; 4 count.
Pink Flamingo spreaders are a fun and clever way to decorate your food & appetizer offerings at a retro or tropical beach party.
Use spreaders with cheese, hummus, and other spreads; condiments for sandwiches and burgers; or butter for bread.
I have ordered the pink flamingo cheese spreaders on two occasions. Product is very good, looks exactly as shown on website. I tried to order a third time and they were out of stock. I found phone number, called and was very pleased to get a return call. Unfortunatelly they were not going to be in stock until after Christmas.. The return call was a big "plus" for ordering from them in the future. Also, I found the exact same product on Amazon but they were charging $5.00 dollars more!!! Happy with my dealings with PartySwizzle.


text:
require 'rollbar/rails'

Rollbar.configure do |config|
  config.access_token = ENV['ROLLBAR_TOKEN']

  if Rails.env.test? || Rails.env.development?
    config.enabled = false
  end

end


text:
HomeFirst TeamMatch Preview: Manchester United vs Tottenham Hotspur
Match Preview: Manchester United vs Tottenham Hotspur
25 August, 2018 Kevin T First Team, News, NewsNow, Preview 0
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Manchester United welcome Tottenham Hotspur to Old Trafford on Monday evening hoping for a response after a disastrous result against Brighton & Hove Albion. Last Sunday's 3-2 defeat on the south coast was particularly damaging for Jose Mourinho, with the majority of his players looking incapable of raising their game in the second half when 3-1 down, and given Manchester City's strong start to the campaign, United's deficiencies were thrown into even sharper relief.
Alexis Sanchez, Nemanja Matic and Antonio Valencia have all returned to training, with the former having missed the Brighton game and his teammates hoping to take part in their first game this season.
Should the Ecuadorian not be deemed fit to start, Paul Pogba will likely hold onto the captain's armband. The Frenchman admitted that his attitude was 'wrong' during last weekend's defeat, and will be expected to show the kind of form that earned him Man of the Match award against Leicester City in the season opener.
David de Gea will be hoping for a sturdier performance from Eric Bailly and Victor Lindelof in the centre of defence, should the duo be selected on Monday. The Spaniard has shipped four goals so far this term in an uncharacteristically porous start, and both the Swede and Ivorian will need to offer far less error-strewn performances if they start Monday's game.
Elsewhere, Jesse Lingard could make his first start to the season after featuring in the second half of last weekend's game. Romelu Lukaku will almost certainly start up front, likely flanked by Marcus Rashford with Sanchez presumably unable to return in time for Spurs' visit.
Jose Mourinho will also need to decide if Fred and Andreas Pereira can be trusted in midfield alongside Pogba after struggling against Brighton's pressing last Sunday.
Potential starting XI: De Gea; Shaw, Lindelof, Bailly, Darmian; Matic, Fred, Pogba; Rashford, Lingard, Lukaku
About Kevin T 479 Articles
Kevin Thatcher is a freelance journalist who's work has featured in various national and international publications, including Mail Online & The Mirror. Kevin has been a Manchester United season ticket holder in South Stand for many years, and writes for RedMancunian to combine both his love for writing, and club.
Mourinho: "We cannot make mistakes against Spurs"
Are Manchester United fans priced out the replica kit market?
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Our nationwide dealer network has been busy installing a wide range of Pacific AV supplied solutions and we proudly present some excellent installation case studies from around New Zealand. Please contact us for more information or your own system design from our team.
Bob Scott Retirement Village – WellingtonA surprising amount of PA gear goes into creating a successful Rest Home installation. It requires the right combination of functionality and ambience. Sound & Vision Connection of Tauranga ensured their client's needs were met.
Whanganui District Council – WhanganuiWhen searching for a new wireless conferencing system, the Whanganui District Council chose the BOSCH Dicentis system for it's sound quality and ease of use.
Ormiston Junior College – AucklandOrmiston Junior College is part of the new breed of schools, looking to integrate as much of the infrastructure as possible. This is why they chose the FrontRow audio-over-IP Paging and Bells system to enable them to utilise the LAN cabling structure already being put in.
Auckland Theatre Company – Wynyard QuarterThe new Theatre for the Auckland Theatre Company was never going to be a simple design and it's proved to be quite a showcase for more than just the artists. The combination of Bosch and Univox helps to get the performance across to the audience.
ECAN Environment Canterbury – ChristchurchWhen ECAN moved into their amazing new building, they went looking for a conferencing system for their new boardroom and settled on the BOSCH Dicentis wireless conferencing system, complete with a BOSCH PTZ Camera option.
Les Mills Extreme – WellingtonWhen Les Mills Extreme went looking to upgrade the old sound system in the main Group Fitness Gym in central Wellington, they knew any replacement system would need to be clean, clear, offer great coverage and be loud! They contacted Stu Clark from Sound Services in Wellington to come up with a solution.
Waikato Regional Council – HamiltonWhen the Waikato Regional Council went looking to replace their ageing wireless Conferencing system they ended up finding what they were looking for with the BOSCH Dicentis Wireless Conferencing System.
North West Mall – West AucklandThe new North West Mall is set to be one of the largest shopping complexes in the country. The first phase of the Mall is now up and running and, is a complete Pacific AV solution.


Princeton University has posted the 56 works they've selected for their 2006 Art of Science exhibition. These are pieces "produced in the course of research or incorporating tools and concepts from science." Electrical Engineering grad student Qiangfei Xia's "Easter Bonnet" won third prize in the competition and I think it's stunning.
A laser pulse melted a tiny piece of metal on a silicon chip, resulting in an unexpected shape that looks like a very, very small Easter bonnet. An unintended dust particle serves as a decorative flower on its top. The size of the bonnet in this photo, measured from left to right, is about 45 micrometers, half the diameter of a human hair.


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Weeki Wachee Mermaids return to Newport Aquarium Sept. 25-Oct. 12
Posted on September 1, 2015 by NewportAquarium
Special engagement extended to 18 days for 2015 due to popular demand
NEWPORT, Ky. — The world-famous Mermaids from Weeki Wachee Springs (Fla.) State Park will return to Greater Cincinnati this fall to enchant Newport Aquarium guests Sept. 25 through Oct. 12.
"The Weeki Wachee Mermaids tremendously enjoyed their visit to Newport Aquarium in 2014," said John Athanason, spokesperson for Weeki Wachee Springs State Park. "Because of the overwhelmingly positive response we received last year from the Greater Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky community, we have extended the Weeki Wachee Mermaids' visit to 18 days this year, allowing them to engage with even more folks from the region."
Included with admission to Newport Aquarium, guests will be able to see real-life mermaids clad in colorful fishtailed costumes gracefully glide through the aquarium's 60,000-gallon Coral Reef tank, which that features nearly 200 aquatic animals and more than 50 species of fish, including a newly added zebra shark, from 11 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. daily*.
Newport Aquarium guests will also have the opportunity to personally meet a mermaid, as well as have their pictures taken in the aquarium's Shark Ray Bay Theater from 10:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. and 1:30-3:30 p.m. daily*.
An exclusive event added to the Weeki Wachee Mermaids' visit to Newport Aquarium is the Mermaid & Pirate Family Ball, an after-hours family-friendly costume party on Sept. 25 that includes appetizers and refreshments, a treasure hunt, dancing and a special mermaid meet-and-greet. Newport Aquarium is giving away a four-pack of tickets to the Mermaid & Pirate Family Ball to one lucky fan who enters its Facebook sweepstakes, which runs Sept. 7-14.
Also new for 2015, Newport Aquarium is offering a combo ticket with BB Riverboats, allowing the public to enjoy a full day of mermaids and pirates for one low price. The Meet the Mermaids, Cruise with the Pirates ticket is for Oct. 9 and includes admission to Newport Aquarium and the Pirates of the Ohio Cruise on the Belle of Cincinnati fleet, as well as a picnic-style buffet lunch in the Aquarium's award-winning Riverside Room.
Additional mermaid encounters at Newport Aquarium during the Weeki Wachee Mermaids' 18-day engagement include Breakfast with a Mermaid on Oct. 4 and Oct. 11.
Tickets are limited for Mermaid & Pirate Family Ball, the Meet the Mermaids, Cruise with the Pirates combo, and Breakfast with a Mermaid are available for purchase at NewportAquarium.com.
The return of the Weeki Wachee Mermaids comes on the heels of their popular 10-day visit to Newport Aquarium in October 2014, which was the 67-year-old institution's first visit to the Midwest.
The mermaids are travelling from Weeki Wachee Springs State Park, a freshwater spring north of Tampa, Fla., home of underwater mermaid appearances and performances since 1947.
For more information on Newport Aquarium, visit NewportAquarium.com or call toll free 800-406-FISH (3474).
*Mermaid dive and meet-and-greet times are subject to change. Check website for schedule.
Newport Aquarium has showcased thousands of animals from around the world in a million gallons of water since May 15, 1999. Named one of the best aquariums in the U.S. by Travel Channel and USA Today, Newport Aquarium is a Herschend Family Entertainment company and an accredited member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. The Greater Cincinnati and Northern Kentucky jewel attraction is home to: The world's first and only Shark Bridge; the world's first Shark Ray Breeding Program; Mighty Mike – the biggest and baddest American alligator outside the state of Florida; the largest and most diverse collection of sharks in the Midwest; and one of the world's largest and most diverse penguin exhibits. Newport Aquarium is open to the public 365 days a year and is located across the Ohio River from downtown Cincinnati at Newport on the Levee.
Stay Hooked In: Facebook | Twitter | Instagram | Google+ | YouTube
One Aquarium Way | Newport, KY 41071 | 859-261-7444
www.newportaquarium.com
This entry was posted in Mermaids and tagged Cincinnati, Florida, Kentucky, mermaids, newport aquarium, Weeki Wachee Mermaids, Weeki Wachee Springs State Park by NewportAquarium. Bookmark the permalink.


Portable power distribution for hazardous areas.
The ATEX Extension Reel is yet another high quality power distribution product from the SA stable. The unit has been designed and certified to withstand the worst working conditions.
This ATEX Extension Reel will give long service whatever is thrown at it. The reel has been designed for simplicity of use and ease of maintenance. The ATEX Extension Reel is available with a wide variety of plug/socket types, cable types and voltages.


The shoemaking tradition in Kirchanschöring dates back to 1683, when Petrus Meindl worked as the first shoemaker of the Meindl family in Kirchanschöring.
Lukas Meindl began independently shoemaking and started the company.
Lukas bought a stitching machine and started the production of clothing. At this time only two shoemakers were working in the company.
One of Lukas Meindl's sons, Alfons Meindl, started working in the company. At this point 10 People worked for Meindl.
Mr. Alfons Meindl visited a shoe fair in Munich for the first time, where he exhibited his handmade shoes.
Hannes Meindl, Alfons Meindl's brother started work in the company.
Now he runs the clothing company.
After the death of Lukas Meindl, Alfons and Hannes Meindl ran the company together.
Meindl started working in neighbouring countries, as there were not enough qualified people in Kirchanschöring. The idea of product categories was introduced and the first Meindl Outdoor booklet was published.
Meindl´s shoemakers won the German Footwear Championships.
Hubert Hillmayer conquered Mt. Everest using Meindl-boots.
Development of the first Meindl Multigriff-sole. This is still a key component in many Meindl shoes and boots.
Meindl pioneered development of the trekking boot segment.
Meindl was one of the first companies in Europe to work with Gore-Tex and also developed the Meindl Air-Active Technology.
Contract agreed for cross-country skiing boots using Salomon for the SNS-System.
Lukas Meindl joined his father's company. Now the eleventh generation of Meindl shoemakers is working in Kirchanschöring.
Construction of a recycling-system for old boots together with DGW, D-Hannover.
Production of the first "Lightwalker" models.
The new shoe production building in Kirchanschöring is completed.
Lars Meindl joined the company. Alfons Meindl now runs the company with his two sons.
Meindl "Island" model won the "European Outdoor" press award.
Shoe and boot production reached 750,000 pairs a year.
A new range of shoes was created called Multi Terrain Hiker.
First issue of the Meindl magazine, "Movements" was published.
The new SOFTLINE product group was introduced.
Half a million pairs of Meindl's most successful model, the Island Pro are sold in 10 years.
The readers of the German "Outdoor" magazine voted the Meindl ISLAND the best trekking boot.
Meindl won three awards from British "Trail" magazine.
The first trekking boot with GORE-Skin technology was produced under the name ComfortDry. The Multi Terrain Hiking (MTH) group is very popular with consumers. The Perfekt model continues in production having hardly changed in twenty years. The MTH group was the forerunner to the current popular Magic range.
New groups like Air Revolution and the Magic Line are launched. The group Air Revolution wins the ISPO Outdoor award. "European Outdoor Award" is also awarded to the AIR REVOLUTION. The readers of the German "Outdoor" magazine voted the Meindl ISLAND again their favourite boot. This year also saw the construction of the Relaxed Fit System together with Dr. Oliver Schröer. This was the forerunner to the current Comfort Fit System.
A new production area was added in the facility in Kirchanschöring adding an extra 30 % capacity in the lasting and finishing department.
The 750,000th pair of Island Pros were sold in this year.
Meindl received more awards including Best Hiking and Mountaineering boots in Panorama magazine.
A new warehouse was built raising the logistics capacity of Meindl in order to meet increasing demand.
Development and presentation of the new line of MFS Vakuum and Light Hiker models.
Magic line extended with new models.
Gear of the Year 2006 Award for the Island Pro MFS, Air Revolution 3.1 and Aruba GTX from "Outdoor" magazine.
Meindl presents its shoes at the start event of the Tour de Ski in Munich.
Award of the Bavarian State Medal 2006 for merit earned in the field of environmental protection and health on March 16, 2007 at "Residenz" in Munich.
Training, was once again the motto for this year: Numerous specialist dealers and consultants were invited to MEINDL in Kirchanschöring, where they learnt all about the elaborate and complex business of producing shoes. Seminars were held for sports dealers where they learnt how to produce shoes of their own.
Numerous Nordic Walking events were organised this year. Master trainer Anke Faller trained many end users wearing Meindl shoes.
The first Meindl shops in Prague and China were opened this year, both of which proved highly successful.
Meindl shoes were ranked top by leading specialist German outdoor and mountaineering magazines, such as "Bergsteiger", Outdoor Magazine and Alpine.
This year saw the establishment of the Alfons Meindl Foundation. At the beginning of the year, the foundation was recognised by the state. The purpose of the foundation is the promotion and/or support of people who suffer hardship through no fault of their own and who do not receive sufficient support from other sources such as official authorities or social aid institutions. With this foundation, Lukas and Lars Meindl are continuing their father's work.
"Jäger" magazine awards the "Golden Keiler 2008" award to the ISLAND PRO MFS in the category "stalking boots".
The editors of ""Outdoor" magazine award the Outdoor Innovations Award to the ISLAND PRO MFS, calling it "a milestone in outdoor equipment".
The Timberking model, a special model for the forestry sector, received the Forest Engineering Award.
During the Outdoor trade show in Friedrichshafen, Meindl & W.L. GORE celebrate 25 years of partnership. Alfons Meindl was one of the first shoe-makers to use a GORE-TEX membrane to line a boot.
During the Outdoor trade show in Friedrichshafen, a jury consisting of outdoor equipment dealers, journalists and product designers awarded Meindl the Outdoor Industry Award 2009 for the ISLAND MFS ACTIVE model.
Meindl shoes and boots won awards in many national and international tests. The readers of Outdoor magazine once again rate Meindl shoes as "products of the year".
The AIR REVOLUTION 3.1 took first place in the hiking boot category. First place also went to the VAKUUM GTX in the trekking boot category, and the MAGIC 5.0 XCR came third in the multifunctional category!
No other trekking boot has won more awards during the last 20 years than the Meindl "Island". The newest version, the "Island Active MFS" continued this tradition. The jury of the Outdoor Magazine Awards gave the Outdoor Editors' Choice Award to the new Island model.
In October, the Outdoor magazine "Outdoor" voted the "Alpine Trek" model as test winner with the result "outstanding".
The Comfort fit range continues to grow and there are now 10 different styles of shoe and 7 styles of boots in the range. Meindl are seen as the leaders in this field.
Meindl have the first boot to travel faster than the speed of sound, 767 mph. Felix Baumgartner used a pair of Meindl boots in his "Jump from Space". He jumped from a space capsule which was at a height of 39045 meters.
Extreem lichte, waterdichte lage schoen in leder. Atletisch en torsievrij, gebruiksgemak van een sportschoen. Uiterst wendbaar bij het sprinten, ook in kleine steegjes en moeilijk toegankelijke ruimtes.


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Home » Mobiles » The First Android One Smartphones Are Coming In Early September
The First Android One Smartphones Are Coming In Early September
Expect the devices to be priced between Rs 7,000 and Rs 10,000, which is higher than the planned $100 price tag.
Alnoor M Peermohamed
10:59 26th Aug, 2014
Follow @alnrMpeermohd
Android One is Google's take on what affordable smartphones should be, and starting early next month the first wave of these devices should make their way to the market. According to the Economic Times, the devices will be priced between Rs 7,000 and Rs 10,000, which is slightly above the target price of $100 (approx Rs 6,000).
Google's partners – Micromax, Karbonn and Spice – will each launch at least one device initially, providing users an experience similar to that of mid-to-high-end smartphones. In an essence, Android One is a minimum hardware standard which the three Indian manufacturers have to follow.
The devices will be powered by quad-core processors, which will most likely be supplied by MediaTek, following news of Google tying up with the chip making giant. The devices will come equipped with 1GB of RAM, little internal storage, but will offer users the capability to expand memory.
Apart from this, smartphones being launched under the Android One umbrella will come with screen sizes ranging from 4.3-inch to 4.5-inch at first. The devices will run on Android 4.4.4 KitKat, but will receive the Android L update sometime in October, which is mighty close to the expected launch date of Google's new software.
[Also read: Google To Spend Rs 100 Crore To Publicise Android One In India]
Great performance and timely updates directly from Google is what should set Android One devices apart from the rest. The concept which the company is adopting is mighty similar to what has made Motorola so successful, especially in the low and mid-range smartphone markets.
The report adds that Google might roll out the Android One program in other emerging markets following its debut in India. The company chose the market as its first due to the fast paced growth, and an incredible demand for low and mid-range devices.
Android One may seem like a superficial term for a set of hardware standards for manufacturers, but Google will take it much further with other activities. The Internet giant made a mention that it would tie up with operators to provide cheap data packs for users of these devices, and will also spend Rs 100 crore on marketing activities.
[Also read: Google To Tie Up With MediaTek For Android One]
Google is putting such a great amount of focus to make sure Android One will be successful, which in turn rewards it with a large number of users of its services. The move also future-proofs the dominance of Android, with many first-time smartphone users being inducted into the Google ecosystem.
TAGS: Google, Android One, Micromax, Karbonn, Spice, budget smartphone, Android L


The election of Yehya Sinwar to lead Hamas in Gaza represents the completion of a lengthy takeover by the terror movement's military wing at the expense of the political wing, and it could signal a more imminent confrontational path with Israel than previously thought.
The Izzadin Al-Kassam Brigades gradually have been pushing aside Hamas's political wing, seeing it as an impediment to its jihadist war efforts against Israel.
Sinwar and his military wing comrades want to reestablish their alliance with Iran and boost a tactical partnership with ISIS in the Sinai Peninsula.
His rise likely means that Hamas and Iran will grow close once again, after years of turmoil over their opposing stances on the Syrian war.
In fact, Sinwar's rise to power is being described by veteran analyst Pinhas Inbari as Iran's taking back the reigns to Gaza, which stemmed from Iranian concerns over a more hardline policy from the United States after President Donald Trump's election.
Inbari does not believe Sinwar's appointment was even based on elections, saying the results came from pressure by Hamas's military wing on the political wing, and that the development is "Iran's way of conveying a message before the Trump-Netanyahu talks" that took place Wednesday.
Sinwar, who served 22 years in an Israeli prison for murdering Palestinians he accused of being Israeli collaborators, is a trigger-happy senior Hamas member who does not hesitate to shoot dead Gazans he perceives as being disloyal.
He was released from prison during the 2011 Schalit prisoner swap with Israel, and quickly rejoined his comrades in the military wing, under the command of Muhammad Def, who were feverishly preparing rocket attacks, and tunneling into Israel.
Sinwar ordered the execution a year ago of a Gaza City Hamas battalion commander, Mahmoud Eshtwi, who was seen as being too open and critical towards his superiors.
According to a recent report by Israel's Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories, Sinwar and his brutal track record are associated with an end to the "ijma" (consensus) manner in which Hamas once made strategic decisions, and the beginning of an internal Hamas dictatorship.
That could spell trouble for the Palestinian Authority, which Sinwar views as a foe, and which Hamas continuously seeks to topple in the West Bank. It could spell problems for Hamas's other neighbors as well, like Egypt and Jordan, both of which have their own domestic Islamist and jihadist problems.
Brutal murders of any who fail to toe the party line under Sinwar could turn into a violent routine throughout the Gaza Strip, the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories report said.
Traditionally, Hamas's Shura Council included the military and political wings as well as the Hamas overseas politburo. Ismael Haniyeh – Sinwar's predecessor – moves into this position formerly held by Khaled Mashaal.
One of his key goals is to apply the idea that the military wing spent too much time listening to the political wing, leading to a failure in achievements against Israel.
Sinwar did not consult with the political wing before having the Gaza City battalion commander murdered and he will likely not consult with it when he moves to establish closer bonds with Tehran.
And yet, even an extreme a figure as Sinwar will have to take reality into account when it comes to his options against Israel.
Since the end of the 2014 conflict with Israel, it seems reasonable to assume that the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) may be working on a new combat doctrine together with the Shin Bet domestic intelligence agency against the terrorist regime in Gaza.
If such a change has occurred in the Israeli defense establishment, in the event of a new conflict, Israel could seek to destroy the military wing. That would be a dramatic shift from the older goals of containment and deterrence.
This potential change in doctrine may have been hinted at in comments made on occasion by Defense Minister Avigdor Liberman, who said, for example, last year, that Israel would destroy Hamas "completely" in the next war, though Jerusalem would not be the one to initiate hostilities.
The old rules, by which Hamas could initiate controlled escalations, and was free to deescalate when it accomplished its goals, appear to be gone, and it's reasonable to assume Sinwar is aware of the risks to his regime.
Israel's recent breakthroughs in tunnel detection capabilities, precision air power, and revamping of the Armored Corps, together with enhanced ground forces combat training, all mean that a mistake by Sinwar could prove to be the most costly to date for Hamas in Gaza.
Yaakov Lappin is a military and strategic affairs correspondent. He also conducts research and analysis for defense think tanks, and is the Israel correspondent for IHS Jane's Defense Weekly. His book, The Virtual Caliphate, explores the online jihadist presence.


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text:
Supreme Court Opinions > United States v. Albertini
ALBERTINI
Decided June 24, 1985
Topic: First Amendment* Court vote: 6–3
Joining O'Connor opinion: Justice BLACKMUN Chief Justice BURGER Justice POWELL Justice REHNQUIST Justice WHITE
Citation: 472 U.S. 675 Docket: 83–1624 Audio: Listen to this case's oral arguments at Oyez
The question presented is whether respondent may be convicted for violating 18 U.S.C. § 1382, which makes it unlawful to reenter a military base after having been barred by the commanding officer. Respondent attended an open house at a military base some nine years after the commanding officer ordered him not to reenter without written permission. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that respondent could not be convicted for violating § 1382 because he had a First Amendment right to enter the military base during the open house. 710 F.2d 1410 (1983). We granted certiorari, 469 U.S. 1071 (1984), and we now reverse.
The events underlying this case date from 1972, when respondent and a companion entered Hickam Air Force Base (Hickam) in Hawaii ostensibly to present a letter to the commanding officer. Instead, they obtained access to secret Air Force documents and destroyed the documents by pouring animal blood on them. For these acts, respondent was convicted of conspiracy to injure Government property in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 371, 1361. Respondent also received a "bar letter" from the Commander of Hickam informing him that he was forbidden to
reenter the confines of this installation without the written permission of the Commander or an officer designated by him to issue a permit of reentry.
App. 43; cf. Greer v. Spock, 424 U. S. 828, 424 U. S. 838 (1976). The bar letter directed respondent to 18 U.S.C. § 1382 and quoted the statute, which provides:
Whoever, within the jurisdiction of the United States, goes upon any military, naval, or Coast Guard Reservation, post, fort, arsenal, yard, station, or installation, for any purpose prohibited by law or lawful regulation; or Whoever reenters or is found within any such reservation, post, fort, arsenal, yard, station, or installation,after having been removed therefrom or ordered not to reenter by any officer in command or charge thereof - Shall be fined not more than $500 or imprisoned not more than six months, or both.
In subsequent years, respondent, according to his own testimony, received bar letters from a number of military bases in Hawaii. App. 30. In March, 1981, he and eight companions improperly entered the Nuclear War Policy and Plans Office at Camp Smith in Hawaii and defaced Government property. Ibid. Respondent testified that he was not prosecuted for what he termed his "rather serious clear-cut case" of civil disobedience at Camp Smith, ibid., and that the 1972 bar letter was the only one he had ever received for Hickam. Id. at 28, 30.
Respondent entered Hickam again on May 16, 1981, during the base's annual open house for Armed Forces Day. On that day, members of the public, who ordinarily can enter Hickam only with permission, are allowed to enter portions of the base to view displays of aircraft and other military equipment and to enjoy entertainment provided by military and nonmilitary performers. Press releases issued by the base declared that,
[w]hile Hickam is normally a closed base, the gates will be open to the public for this 32nd Annual Armed Forces Day Open House.
Id. at 45. Radio announcements similarly proclaimed that "the public is invited, and it's all free." Id. at 48.
With four friends, respondent attended the open house in order to engage in a peaceful demonstration criticizing the nuclear arms race. Id. at 27-28. His companions gathered in front of a B-52 bomber display, unfurled a banner reading "Carnival of Death," and passed out leaflets. Respondent took photographs of the displays, and did not disrupt the activities of the open house. The Commander of Hickam summoned Major Jones, the Chief of Security Police at the base, and told him to have the individuals cease their demonstration. Id. at 9. Before respondent was approached by military police, the Commander further informed Major Jones that he believed one of the individuals involved in the demonstration had been barred from Hickam. Id. at 9-10, 13-14. Respondent and his companions were apprehended and escorted off the base.
An information filed on July 1, 1981, charged respondent with violating § 1382 because, on May 16, 1981, he "unlawfully and knowingly" reentered Hickam Air Force Base "after [he] had previously been ordered not to reenter by an officer in command." Id. at 3. Respondent was convicted after a bench trial and sentenced to three months' imprisonment. Id. at 1. On appeal, respondent challenged his conviction on three grounds. 710 F.2d at 1413. First, he argued that he had written permission to reenter based on the advertisements inviting the public to attend the open house. Second, respondent contended that the 9-year-old bar letter was ineffective, because it violated due process. Finally, he argued that his presence at Hickam during the open house was protected by the First Amendment. The Court of Appeals rejected respondent's first argument and found it unnecessary to consider the due process arguments. Id. at 1413, 1417. The conviction must be reversed, the Court of Appeals held, because Hickam had been transformed into a temporary public forum during the open house, and the military could not exclude respondent from such a forum. Id. at 1417.
In the order granting certiorari, this Court asked the parties to address the additional question
[w]hether the respondent's attendance at the 'open house' at Hickam Air Force Base on May 16, 1981, was the kind of reentry that Congress intended to prohibit in 18 U.S.C. § 1382.
469 U.S. at 1071. Although this issue was not raised by the parties or passed upon by the Court of Appeals, we address it to
'ascertain whether a construction of the statute is fairly possible by which the [constitutional] question may be avoided.'
United States v. Grace, 461 U. S. 171, 461 U. S. 175 -176 (1983), quoting Crowell v. Benson, 285 U. S. 22, 285 U. S. 62 (1932).
Courts in applying criminal laws generally must follow the plain and unambiguous meaning of the statutory language. Garcia v. United States, 469 U. S. 70, 469 U. S. 75 (1984); United States v. Turkette, 452 U. S. 576, 452 U. S. 580 (1981). "[O]nly the most extraordinary showing of contrary intentions" in the legislative history will justify a departure from that language. Garcia, supra, at 469 U. S. 75. This proposition is not altered simply because application of a statute is challenged on constitutional grounds. Statutes should be construed to avoid constitutional questions, but this interpretative canon is not a license for the judiciary to rewrite language enacted by the legislature. Heckler v. Mathews, 465 U. S. 728, 465 U. S. 741 -742 (1984). Any other conclusion, while purporting to be an exercise in judicial restraint, would trench upon the legislative powers vested in Congress by Art. I, § 1, of the Constitution. United States v. Locke, 471 U. S. 84, 471 U. S. 95 -96 (1985). Proper respect for those powers implies that
[s]tatutory construction must begin with the language employed by Congress and the assumption that the ordinary meaning of that language accurately expresses the legislative purpose.
Park 'N Fly v. Dollar Park and Fly, Inc., 469 U. S. 189, 469 U. S. 194 (1985).
Turning to the statute involved here, we conclude that § 1382 applies to respondent's conduct. The relevant portion of the statute makes it unlawful for a person to reenter a military base after having been ordered not to do so by the commanding officer. Unless the statutory language is to be emptied of its ordinary meaning, respondent violated the terms of § 1382 when he reentered Hickam in 1981 contrary to the bar letter. Respondent, however, argues that § 1382 does not apply to his attendance at the open house for three reasons. First, he contends that § 1382 does not allow indefinite exclusion from a military base, but instead applies only when a person has reentered "within a reasonable period of time after being ejected." Brief for Respondent 10. Second, respondent maintains that Congress did not intend § 1382 to apply when a military base is opened to the general public for purposes of attending an open house. Respondent finally argues that reentry is unlawful under § 1382 only if a person knows that his conduct violates an extant order not to return. None of these arguments is persuasive.
The legislative history of § 1382, although sparse, fully supports application of the statute to respondent. The statute was enacted in virtually its present form as part of a general revision and codification of the federal penal laws. Act of Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 321, § 45, 35 Stat. 1097. Both the War Department and the Department of Justice supported the statute as an extension of existing prohibitions on sabotage. The congressional Reports explained:
[I]t... is designed to punish persons who, having been ejected from a fort, reservation, etc., return for the purpose of obtaining information respecting the strength, etc., of the fort, etc., or for the purpose of inducing the men to visit saloons, dives, and similar places. Such persons may now go upon forts and reservations repeatedly for such purposes, and there is no law to punish them.
S.Rep. No. 10, 60th Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 1, p. 16 (1908); H.R.Rep. No. 2, 60th Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 1, p. 16 (1908).
The congressional Reports, as well as the floor debates, 42 Cong.Rec. 689 (1908) (remarks of Reps. Moon and Williams), indicate that the primary purpose of § 1382 was to punish spies and panderers for repeated entry into military installations. Nonetheless, § 1382, by its terms, is not limited to such persons, and such a restrictive reading of the statute would frustrate its more general purpose of "protect[ing] the property of the Government so far as it relates to the national defense." 42 Cong.Rec. 689 (1908) (remarks of Reps. Moon and Payne). One need hardly strain to conclude that this purpose is furthered by applying § 1382 to respondent, who has repeatedly entered military installations unlawfully and engaged in vandalism against Government property.
We find no merit to the reasons respondent offers for concluding he did not violate § 1382. First, nothing in the statute or its history supports the assertion that § 1382 applies only to reentry that occurs within some "reasonable" period of time. Respondent argues that most prosecutions for violating the second paragraph of § 1382 have involved reentry within a year after issuance of a bar order, and further asserts that recent bar letters for Hickam have been limited to a 1or 2-year period. We agree that prosecution under § 1382 would be impermissible if based on an invalid bar order. But even assuming the accuracy of respondent's description of prosecutorial and military policy, we do not believe that it justifies engrafting onto § 1382 a judicially defined time limit. Although due process or military regulations might limit the effective lifetime of a bar order, § 1382, by its own terms, does not limit the period for which a commanding officer may exclude a civilian from a military installation.
Section 1382, we further conclude, applies during an open house. Of course, Congress in 1909 very likely gave little thought to open houses on military bases. The pertinent question, however, is whether § 1382 applies to a base that is open to the general public. The language of the statute does not limit § 1382 to military bases where access is restricted. Moreover, the legislative intent to punish panderers and others who repeatedly enter military facilities suggests that Congress was concerned with bases that are to some extent open to nonmilitary personnel. Finally, limiting the prohibition on reentry to closed military bases would make the second paragraph of § 1382 almost superfluous, because the first paragraph of the statute already makes it unlawful for a person to go upon a military installation "for any purpose prohibited by law or lawful regulation." 18 U.S.C. § 1382. Cf. Heckler v. Chaney, 470 U. S. 821, 470 U. S. 829 (1985) (noting common-sense principle that a statute is to be read to give effect to each of its clauses).
The final statutory argument advanced by respondent is that he did not violate § 1382 because he did not subjectively believe that his attendance at the open house was contrary to a valid order barring reentry. This argument misperceives the knowledge required for a violation of the statute. Cf. United States v. Parrilla Bonilla, 648 F.2d 1373, 1377 (CA1 1981) (specific intent to violate particular regulation not required for violation of first paragraph of § 1382). The second paragraph of § 1382 does not contain the word "knowingly" or otherwise refer to the defendant's state of mind, and there is no requirement that the Government prove improper motive or intent. Holdridge v. United States, 282 F.2d 302, 310-311 (CA8 1960). Respondent does not dispute that he received the bar letter in 1972 and deliberately and knowingly reentered the base to which the letter applied. Nothing in the language of § 1382 or in previous judicial decisions supports the rather remarkable proposition that, merely because respondent thought the bar order was no longer effective, he was thereby immunized from prosecution. Cf. United States v. International Minerals & Chemical Corp., 402 U. S. 558, 402 U. S. 563 (1971).
We also reject the suggestion, made in the dissenting opinion, that § 1382 does not apply because the circumstances did not reasonably indicate to respondent that his reentry during the open house was prohibited. Post at 472 U. S. 696 -697, 472 U. S. 701. The assertion that respondent lacked notice that his entry was prohibited is implausible. The bar letter in no way indicated that it applied only when public access to Hickam was restricted. Any uncertainty respondent had in this regard might have been eliminated had he sought, in accord with the bar letter, permission to reenter from the base commander. There is no contention that respondent ever asked to have the bar letter rescinded or otherwise requested permission to reenter the base. Moreover, the dissenting opinion exaggerates the implications of our holding. We have no occasion to decide in what circumstances, if any, § 1382 can be applied where anyone other than the base commander has validly ordered a person not to reenter a military base. Nor do we decide or suggest that the statute can apply where a person unknowingly or unwillingly reenters a military installation. Finally, we note that respondent has not disputed that he entered a portion of Hickam that was a "military reservation, army post fort, or arsenal" within the meaning of § 1382.
The Court of Appeals held that the First Amendment bars respondent's conviction for violating § 1382. A military base, the court acknowledged, is ordinarily not a public forum for First Amendment purposes even if it is open to the public. See Greer v. Spock, 424 U. S. 828 (1976). Nonetheless, the court relied on Flower v. United States, 407 U. S. 197 (1972) (per curiam), to conclude that portions of Hickam constituted at least a temporary public forum because the military had opened those areas to the public for purposes related to expression. 710 F.2d at 1414-1417. Having found that the public had a First Amendment right to hold signs and to distribute leaflets at Hickam on Armed Forces Day, the Court of Appeals then considered whether the military could rely on the bar letter to exclude respondent from the base. Id. at 1417. The court, again relying on Flower, held that the military lacks power to exclude persons from a military base that has become a public forum. 710 F.2d at 1417.
In holding that § 1382 cannot be applied during an open house, the Court of Appeals misapprehended the significance of Flower. As this Court later observed in Greer, the decision in Flower must be viewed as an application of established First Amendment doctrine concerning expressive activity that takes place in a municipality's open streets, sidewalks, and parks. 424 U.S. at 424 U. S. 835 -836. Flower did not adopt any novel First Amendment principles relating to military bases, but instead concluded that the area in question was appropriately considered a public street. There is "no generalized constitutional right to make political speeches or distribute leaflets," id. at 424 U. S. 838, on military bases, even if they are generally open to the public. Id. at 424 U. S. 830, 424 U. S. 838, and n. 10. Greer clarified that the significance of the per curiam opinion in Flower is limited by the unusual facts underlying the earlier decision. 424 U.S. at 424 U. S. 837.
The Court in Flower summarily reversed a conviction under § 1382 of a civilian who entered a military reservation after receiving a bar letter. At the time of his arrest, the civilian was "quietly distributing leaflets on New Braunfels Avenue at a point within the limits of Fort Sam Houston" in San Antonio, Texas. 407 U.S. at 407 U. S. 197. No sentry was posted anywhere along the street, which was open to unrestricted civilian traffic 24 hours a day. Id. at 407 U. S. 198. The Court determined that New Braunfels Avenue was a public thoroughfare no different than other streets in the city, and that the military had abandoned not only the right to exclude civilian traffic from the avenue, but also any right to exclude leafleteers. Greer v. Spock, supra, at 424 U. S. 835. The defendant in Flower received a bar letter because he participated in an attempt to distribute unauthorized publications on the open military base. 407 U.S. at 407 U. S. 197 ; United States v. Flower, 452 F.2d 80, 82, 87 (CA5 1971). This was the very activity that Flower held protected by the First Amendment.
Flower cannot plausibly be read to hold that regardless of the events leading to issuance of a bar letter, a person may not subsequently be excluded from a military facility that is temporarily open to the public. Instead, Flower establishes that where a portion of a military base constitutes a public forum because the military has abandoned any right to exclude civilian traffic and any claim of special interest in regulating expression, see Greer v. Spock, supra, at 424 U. S. 836 -838, a person may not be excluded from that area on the basis of activity that is itself protected by the First Amendment. Properly construed, Flower is simply inapplicable to this case. There is no suggestion that respondent's acts of vandalism in 1972, which resulted in the issuance of the bar letter, were activities protected by the First Amendment. The observation made by the Court of Appeals, 710 F.2d at 1417, that enforcement of the bar letter was precipitated by respondent's "peaceful expressive activity" misses the point. Respondent was prosecuted not for demonstrating at the open house, but for reentering the base after he had been ordered not to do so.
Respondent argues that, because Hickam was temporarily transformed into a public forum, the exercise of standardless discretion by the base commander to exclude him from the base violates the First Amendment. Cf. Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham, 394 U. S. 147, 394 U. S. 150 -151 (1969). The conclusion of the Court of Appeals that Hickam was ever a public forum is dubious. Military bases generally are not public fora, and Greer expressly rejected the suggestion that
whenever members of the public are permitted freely to visit a place owned or operated by the Government, then that place becomes a 'public forum' for purposes of the First Amendment.
424 U.S. at 424 U. S. 836. See also United States v. Grace, 461 U.S. at 461 U. S. 177. Nor did Hickam become a public forum merely because the base was used to communicate ideas or information during the open house. United States Postal Service v. Greenburgh Civic Assns., 453 U. S. 114, 453 U. S. 130, n. 6 (1981). The District Court did not make express findings on the nature of public access to Hickam during the open house, and the record does not suggest that the military so completely abandoned control that the base became indistinguishable from a public street as in Flower.
Whether or not Hickam constituted a public forum on the day of the open house, the exclusion of respondent did not violate the First Amendment. Respondent concedes that the commander of Hickam could exclude him from the closed base, but contends this power was extinguished when the public was invited to enter on Armed Forces Day. We do not agree that "the historically unquestioned power of a commanding officer to exclude civilians from the area of his command," Cafeteria Workers v. McElroy, 367 U. S. 886, 367 U. S. 893 (1961), should be analyzed in the same manner as government regulation of a traditional public forum simply because an open house was held at Hickam. See Greer v. Spock, 424 U.S. at 424 U. S. 838, n. 10 (fact that speakers previously allowed on base "did not leave the authorities powerless thereafter to prevent any civilian from entering... to speak on any subject whatever"). The fact that respondent had previously received a valid bar letter distinguished him from the general public and provided a reasonable grounds for excluding him from the base. That justification did not become less weighty when other persons were allowed to enter. Indeed, given the large number of people present during an open house, the need to preserve security by excluding those who have previously received bar letters could become even more important, because the military may be unable to monitor closely who comes and goes. Where a bar letter is issued on valid grounds, a person may not claim immunity from its prohibition on entry merely because the military has temporarily opened a military facility to the public.
Section 1382 is content-neutral and serves a significant Government interest by barring entry to a military base by persons whose previous conduct demonstrates that they are a threat to security. Application of a facially neutral regulation that incidentally burdens speech satisfies the First Amendment if it
furthers an important or substantial governmental interest; if the governmental interest is unrelated to the suppression of free expression; and if the incidental restriction on alleged First Amendment freedoms is no greater than is essential to the furtherance of that interest.
United States v. O'Brien, 391 U. S. 367, 391 U. S. 377 (1968). Respondent argues that even if O'Brien applies here, the general exclusion of recipients of bar letters from military open houses fails under the First Amendment because it is greater than is essential to the furtherance of Government interests in the security of military installations.
Respondent maintains that enforcing bar letters is not essential to security because reported cases concerning § 1382 have not involved vandalism or other misconduct during open houses. Moreover, respondent asserts that persons holding bar letters have been allowed to attend open houses on bases other than Hickam. Finally, respondent contends that the Government interests were adequately served by the security measures taken during the open house and by statutes that punish any misconduct occurring at such events. Cf. 710 F.2d at 1417 (noting that "sensitive areas of Hickam were cordoned off and protected by guards"). Respondent's arguments in this regard misapprehend the third element of the O'Brien standard. We acknowledge that barring respondent from Hickam was not "essential" in any absolute sense to security at the military base. The military presumably could have provided him with a military police chaperone during the open house. This observation, however, provides an answer to the wrong question by focusing on whether there were conceivable alternatives to enforcing the bar letter in this case.
The First Amendment does not bar application of a neutral regulation that incidentally burdens speech merely because a party contends that allowing an exception in the particular case will not threaten important government interests. See Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468 U. S. 288, 468 U. S. 296 -297 (1984) ("the validity of this regulation need not be judged solely by reference to the demonstration at hand"). Regulations that burden speech incidentally or control the time, place, and manner of expression, see id. at 468 U. S. 298 -299, and n. 8, must be evaluated in terms of their general effect. Nor are such regulations invalid simply because there is some imaginable alternative that might be less burdensome on speech. Id. at 468 U. S. 299. Instead, an incidental burden on speech is no greater than is essential, and therefore is permissible under O'Brien, so long as the neutral regulation promotes a substantial government interest that would be achieved less effectively absent the regulation. Cf. 468 U.S. at 468 U. S. 297 ("if the parks would be more exposed to harm without the sleeping prohibition than with it, the ban is safe from invalidation under the First Amendment"). The validity of such regulations does not turn on a judge's agreement with the responsible decisionmaker concerning the most appropriate method for promoting significant government interests. Id. at 468 U. S. 299.
We are persuaded that exclusion of holders of bar letters during military open houses will promote an important Government interest in assuring the security of military installations. Nothing in the First Amendment requires military commanders to wait until persons subject to a valid bar order have entered a military base to see if they will conduct themselves properly during an open house. Cf. Perry Ed. Assn. v. Perry Local Educators' Assn., 460 U. S. 37, 460 U. S. 52, and n. 12 (1983). In Community for Creative Non-Violence, we observed that O'Brien does not
assign to the judiciary the authority to replace the Park Service as the manager of the Nation's parks or endow the judiciary with the competence to judge how much protection of park lands is wise and how that level of conservation is to be attained.
468 U.S. at 468 U. S. 299 (footnote omitted). We are even less disposed to conclude that O'Brien assigns to the judiciary the authority to manage military facilities throughout the Nation.
As a final First Amendment challenge to his conviction, respondent asserts that the Government apprehended and prosecuted him because it opposed the demonstration against nuclear war. This argument lacks evidentiary support. The demonstration did attract the attention of military officials to respondent and his companions, and the base Commander ordered military police to stop them from displaying their banner and distributing leaflets. Nonetheless, Major Jones testified that respondent was not approached or apprehended until he was identified as the possible holder of a bar letter. App. 9-11, 13-14. The trial judge found that this testimony was accurate, Tr. 98, and we see no reason to disturb that finding on appeal. Inasmuch as respondent contends that his prosecution was impermissibly motivated, he did not raise below, and the record does not support, a claim that he was selectively prosecuted for engaging in activities protected by the First Amendment. Cf. Wayte v. United States, 470 U. S. 598, 470 U. S. 608 -610 (1985).
Before the District Court and the Court of Appeals, respondent argued that his prosecution based on the 1972 bar letter violated due process. Respondent has made similar arguments to this Court. Brief for Respondent 19, 20, 26-27, n. 38. Although a commanding officer has broad discretion to exclude civilians from a military base, this power cannot be exercised in a manner that is patently arbitrary or discriminatory. Cafeteria Workers v. McElroy, 367 U.S. at 367 U. S. 898. Respondent, however, has not shown that the 1972 bar letter is inconsistent with any statutory or regulatory limits on the power of military officials to exclude civilians from military bases. Nor do we think that it is inherently unreasonable for a commanding officer to issue a bar order of indefinite duration requiring a civilian to obtain written permission before reentering a military base. The Court of Appeals did not address whether, on the facts of this case, application of the 1972 bar letter to respondent was so patently arbitrary as to violate due process, and we therefore do not decide that issue.
For the reasons stated, the judgment of the Court of Appeals is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.