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Feasibility Study of Google's Teachable Machine in Diagnosis of Tooth-Marked Tongue
J Dent Hyg Sci 2020;20:206-12
Published online December 31, 2020; https://doi.org/10.17135/jdhs.2020.20.4.206
© 2020 Korean Society of Dental Hygiene Science.
Hyunja Jeong†
Department of Dental Hygiene, Daegu Health College, Daegu 41453, Korea
Correspondence to: † Hyunja Jeong, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0540-1893
Department of Dental Hygiene, Daegu Health College, 15 Youngsong-ro, Buk-ku, Daegu 41453, Korea
Tel: +82-53-320-1332, Fax: +82-53-320-1340, E-mail: ywb2014@hanmail.net
Received October 6, 2020; Revised October 25, 2020; Accepted November 5, 2020.
Abstract Other SectionsAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionConflict of interestEthical approvalAuthor contributionsReference
Background: A Teachable Machine is a kind of machine learning web-based tool for general persons. In this paper, the feasibility of Google's Teachable Machine (ver. 2.0) was studied in the diagnosis of the tooth-marked tongue.
Methods: For machine learning of tooth-marked tongue diagnosis, a total of 1,250 tongue images were used on Kaggle's web site. Ninety percent of the images were used for the training data set, and the remaining 10% were used for the test data set. Using Google's Teachable Machine (ver. 2.0), machine learning was performed using separated images. To optimize the machine learning parameters, I measured the diagnosis accuracies according to the value of epoch, batch size, and learning rate. After hyper-parameter tuning, the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) analysis method determined the sensitivity (true positive rate, TPR) and specificity (false positive rate, FPR) of the machine learning model to diagnose the tooth-marked tongue.
Results: To evaluate the usefulness of the Teachable Machine in clinical application, I used 634 tooth-marked tongue images and 491 no-marked tongue images for machine learning. When the epoch, batch size, and learning rate as hyper-parameters were 75, 0.0001, and 128, respectively, the accuracy of the tooth-marked tongue's diagnosis was best. The accuracies for the tooth-marked tongue and the no-marked tongue were 92.1% and 72.6%, respectively. And, the sensitivity (TPR) and specificity (FPR) were 0.92 and 0.28, respectively.
Conclusion: These results are more accurate than Li's experimental results calculated with convolution neural network. Google's Teachable Machines show good performance by hyper-parameters tuning in the diagnosis of the tooth-marked tongue. We confirmed that the tool is useful for several clinical applications.
Keywords : Hyper-parameter tuning, Machine learning, Oral health, Teachable Machine, Tooth-marked-tongue
Introduction Other SectionsAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionConflict of interestEthical approvalAuthor contributionsReference
The term of machine learning was first used by Arther Samuel (1959) in the late 1950s. As AlphaGo was developed by Google (DeepMind Technologies Limited) in 2014, the interest of the general public in artificial intelligence increased rapidly. Artificial intelligence is currently affecting our lives and is widely used in industries and surrounding environments and in medical fields for diagnosis, treatment, and dentistry1-3). Moreover, platforms with various artificial intelligence libraries such as TensorFlow, Keras, and Pytorch, etc. have been made available, allowing easier implementation of artificial intelligence4). However, artificial intelligence is still a challenging subject to access for ordinary people and beginners. Recently, Google started a web-based artificial intelligence tool service called Teachable Machine for the general public5), and version 2.0 is currently available. The Teachable Machine is thought to be insufficient to derive optimal training results due to limited learning parameters that can be adjusted. However, it is thought that meaningful results could be derived from hyper-parameter tuning. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the Teachable Machine web-based artificial intelligence tool in the diagnosis of tooth-marked tongue, in which teeth traces appear on the tongue, among many various findings observed in the oral cavity.
The oral cavity is the first gateway to the digestive system, and it carries out functions such as food intake and mastication. It plays an important role in vocalization, taste, saliva secretion, and auxiliary functions of digestion6). Moreover, oral health status is known to be closely related to systemic health. In the past, the relationship between oral disease and systemic health was regarded only as a result of infection by specific bacteria that adhere to the oral cavity7). However, nowadays, oral health status is known to have large effects on whole-body health and is used as an index to measure the state of whole-body health8,9). Among them, oriental medicine diagnoses the whole body's health status by the state of the tongue. An example is tooth-marked tongue. Tooth-marked tongue is a phenomenon in which tooth marks are visible along the edge of the tongue. It is usually accompanied by macroglossia that increases the tongue due to stagnation of recovery (Fig. 1, indicated by the arrows). Macroglossia causes the tongue to press on the teeth, which leads to tooth marks on the tongue after a prolonged period of time10). In oriental medicine, tooth-marked tongue is thought to be related to spleen abnormalities, and most diagnosis is made by microscopic observations based on experience11).
Fig. 1. Photograph of tooth-marked (arrow) tongue.
In this study, we investigated the effects of learning frequency, batch size, and learning rate, which are machine learning variables of the Teachable Machine provided by Google, on the diagnostic accuracy for a tooth-marked tongue. In addition, we evaluated the feasibility of the artificial model trained under the optimal condition showing the highest diagnostic accuracy for tooth- markedtongue.
Materials and Methods Other SectionsAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionConflict of interestEthical approvalAuthor contributionsReference
1.Teachable Machine
Google's Teachable Machine is a web-based artificial intelligence development tool that can build simple artificial intelligence learning models without expertise5). It was first introduced in 2017 and has been updated to version 2.0. Artificial intelligence learning model projects related to video, audio, and posture can be performed via the machine.
As shown in Fig. 2, the user interface of the Teachable Machine largely consists of data input, learning, and preview. The trained model can be registered and used on the web through the export function. Training data and test data can be entered through webcam or upload of data files, and multiple classifications of data can be performed by adding classes based on binary classification. It is necessary to adjust various variables according to the video's type and quality during video learning. The artificial intelligence learning model's accuracy can be improved in the advanced learning mode by adjusting three hyper-parameters: epoch, batch size, and learning rate. In the preview mode, the webcam classified results or entered file is displayed by applying the learned model. Diagnostic accuracy of the learned tooth-marked tongue diagnosis artificial intelligence learning model was evaluated by entering test data with known answers. In the export mode, one can output the trained model as a Tensorflow.js model that can be used in a web browsing environment, a Tensorflow model that can be coded using Keras in Python, and a TensorflowLite model that can be used on Android-based mobile.
Fig. 2. The graphical user interface of Google's Teachable Machine.
In this study, machine learning was performed by classifying the training data set into two classes, tooth- marked tongue, and no-marked tongue, to evaluate the feasibility of applying tooth-marked tongue machine learning.
2.Data set
In this study, the feasibility of the Teachable Machine for diagnosis of the tooth-marked tongue was evaluated by using Hanhui's tooth-marked tongue and no-marked tongue data published on the Kaggle site as an example of binary classification12). Kaggle is a predictive model and analysis competition platform established in 2010. It is currently being used as a learning platform for data analysis and machine learning13). The data consisted of 1,250 tongue images with 704 abnormal images of the tooth-marked tongue and 546 normal images of the no-marked tongue. Ninety percent of all images randomly selected for machine learning were used as the training data set. The remaining 10% was used as the test data set to evaluate the accuracy of the training results. The Teachable Machine did not provide a verification function. Thus, a separate set of verification data was not assigned (Table 1).
Data Configuration (n=1,250)
No-marked tongue
Tooth-marked tongue
3.Hyper-parameter tuning
All image data, including medical images, have their own characteristics depending on the imaging environment, application field, and nature of the acquisition device. Therefore, to appropriately extract each image's characteristics during machine learning, variables that affect the training results must be set in the optimal condition. The process of increasing the learning accuracy by adjusting variables according to the image data's characteristics of the image data to be learned is called hyper-parameter tuning. It sets the optimal variables to obtain the best learning effects in a learning machine.
The Teachable Machine has three learning parameters, which are epoch, batch size, and learning rate, and machine learning is performed by adjusting these parameters. An increased number of learnings improve accuracy. However, if the number of learnings is set too high, the model is over-optimized for only the training data due to overstaffing. This increases the accuracy of the training data, but it also decreases the data's accuracy. The learning rate is a variable that determines the step size for calculating the loss function. If it is set too high, learning is not performed. If the rate is set too low, a great amount of learning time is consumed, and the model may be trapped at the local minima in the gradient descent method, which is a learning algorithm of machine learning. This may cause a decrease in diagnostic accuracy. In this study, the tooth-marked tongue diagnosis model was calculated by changing the three parameters of an epoch, batch size, and learning rate that affect the learning model's accuracy. Then, test data was entered into the trained model, and the learning accuracy was evaluated to determine the optimal parameter condition. The learning accuracy was determined as the number n of cases accurately judged for N test data with already known correct answers. The number of wrong answers was calculated as (N−n).
% o f c o r r e c t a n s w e r s = n N × 100 %
4.Receiver operating characteristic (ROC)
ROC is a method used to measure sensitivity and specificity in binary classification and is commonly used to measure model performance in machine learning14). The analysis results were classified as true-positive (TP), true-negative (TN), false-positive (FP), and false-negative (FN). Then, sensitivity (true positive rate, TPR) and specificity (false positive rate, FPR) were calculated. Test data was entered into the trained model under optimal conditions to measure the accuracy, sensitivity (TPR), and specificity (FPR) and evaluate the model's clinical feasibility.
Results Other SectionsAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionConflict of interestEthical approvalAuthor contributionsReference
1.Optimization of hyper-parameters tuning in Teachable Machine
1) Epoch
Artificial intelligence solves overfitting resulting from an excessive number of learning through machine learning on training data and accuracy calculation on verification data at the same time. However, there is no calculation and verification procedure in the Teachable Machine. Thus, the epoch was determined with the test data's diagnostic accuracy while changing the learning number.
Fig. 3 shows the test data's diagnostic accuracy evaluated by the trained model while changing the epoch from 20 to 200. At 50 times or less, where the epoch was insufficient, the accuracy was high and statistical fluctuations were large. At 75 times, the tooth-marked tongue's diagnostic accuracy was 88%, which was the highest. Subsequently, as the epoch increased, the diagnostic decreased due to overfitting, resulting in 82% accuracy at 200 times. On the other hand, at 50 times, the diagnostic accuracy was 82%, which was the highest, and it decreased subsequently due to overfitting. At 200 times, the diagnostic accuracy was 70%. The diagnostic accuracy for abnormality is clinically more meaningful than the diagnostic accuracy for normality. Thus, the epoch was optimized to 75.
Fig. 3. Diagnostic accuracy of tooth-marked and no-marked tongues as a function of learning rate in Teachable Machine learning.
2) Learning rate
Fig. 4 shows the test data's diagnostic accuracy evaluated by the trained model while increasing the learning rate by 3-fold from 0.00001 to 0.01. When the learning rate was 0.01 or higher, normal learning for both tooth-marked tongue and no marked tongue could not be performed, resulting in no training results. The tooth- marked tongue's diagnostic accuracy was the highest at 92% when the learning rate was 0.0001. The diagnostic accuracy was the highest at 78% for no marked tongue when the learning rate was 0.003. In consideration of clinical significance, 0.0001, which showed the highest accuracy for the tooth-marked tongue, was determined as the optimal learning rate.
Fig. 4. Diagnostic accuracy of tooth-marked and no-marked tongues as a function of epoch in Teachable Machine learning.
3) Batch size
In machine learning, training is performed by dividing the training data into data sets of a certain size. The divided data set is called the batch size, and the process of learning by dividing the training data set into small batches is called mini-batch gradient descent. Compared to a full batch, which involves learning the entire training data, mini-batch shows a faster computational speed and faster updating of the computed data.
Fig. 5 shows the diagnostic accuracy of the test data evaluated by the trained model while increasing the batch size by 2-fold from 16 to 256. When the batch size was less than 64, the statistical fluctuation of accuracy was large. At the batch size of 128, the diagnostic accuracy for the tooth-marked tongue was 92%, which was the highest. For no-marked tongue, the diagnostic accuracy was the highest at 78% when the batch size was 256. Considering that the accuracy of abnormality has a higher clinical significance, the optimal batch size was determined as 128, at which the highest accuracy for the tooth-marked tongue was observed.
Fig. 5. Diagnostic accuracy of tooth-marked and no-marked tongues as a function of batch size in Teachable Machine learning.
2.Optimized results of hyper-parameters in Teachable Machine
Fig. 6 shows the screen of the Teachable Machine optimized through hyper-parameter tuning. The epoch, learning rate, and batch size were set as 75, 0.0001, and 128, respectively, and the classes were classified into two types: tooth-marked tongue and no-marked tongue. The training results were 92.1% and 72.6% for tooth-marked tongue and no-marked tongue. Sensitivity (TPR) was 0.92, and specificity (FPR) was 0.28.
Fig. 6. The studied machine learning model after hyper-parameters tuning using Teachable Machine.
Discussion Other SectionsAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionConflict of interestEthical approvalAuthor contributionsReference
The oral cavity is the first gateway to the digestive system, and it carries out functions such as food intake and mastication. It plays an important role in vocalization, taste, saliva secretion, and auxiliary functions of digestion6). In the oral cavity, the tongue is a muscular organ that plays important roles in pronunciation, mastication, swallowing, and taste. Taste receptors are present in the tongue, and the tongue's state reflects the human body's state. During oral examination in the dental treatment processes, the dorsum in the anterior part of the tongue, tongue root at the posterior end, both sides of the tongue, and the tip of the tongue are rested close to the palate to examine or palpate the lower tongue and floor of the oral cavity. In oriental medicine, various diagnoses and prescriptions are performed by referring to the state and color of the tongue and teeth' shapes. In modern medicine, tooth marks are considered as an index to assess whether the pressure balance is well established in the living tissues. In particular, tooth marks appear particularly sensitively in patients with cardiovascular disease, kidney disease, liver disease, and other electrolyte changes15). Tooth marks result from the excessive amounts of water in the body and hypoproteinemia caused by a lack of nutrition. These lead to enlargement and swelling of the tongue, pressing the tongue against the teeth16). Furthermore, when the immune function is abnormal in chronic nephritis, thyroiditis, and mammary cancer, macro-glossia, and tooth-marked tongue are observed15).
As various clinical information can be collected from the tongue's state, various studies related to tongue diagnosis using artificial intelligence have been performed. Ma et al.17) proposed a new high-level recognition classification method to assess the complex association between disease and tongue characteristics by performing deep learning on tongue images. Furthermore, Tania et al.18) demonstrated the possibility of non-invasive auxiliary diagnosis by implementing an automatic tongue diagnosis function using machine learning. Li et al.11) performed artificial intelligence on the tooth-marked tongue using a convolutional neural network for 97 and 344 images of the tooth-marked tongue and no-marked tongue, respectively. The accuracy of TP and TN were 69.1% and 76.2%, respectively.
This study's limitations are that the number of tongue image data was limited to 1,250 and that all data were obtained from foreigners. Nonetheless, with an epoch of 75, batch size of 128, and learning rate of 0.0001 for set-up parameters of the Teachable Machine, the diagnostic accuracy for tooth-marked tongue and no-marked tongue was 92.1% and 72.6%, respectively. Sensitivity (TPR) was 0.92, and specificity (FPR) was 0.28. The accuracy of TP that correctly diagnosed the tooth-marked tongue was approximately 23% higher than that in Li et al.'s study11) on the diagnosis of tooth-marked tongue using a convolution artificial intelligence network. Also, the accuracy of TN that was correctly diagnosed with no- marked tongue was similar. In conclusion, it was observed that the Teachable Machine used for diagnosis of the tooth-marked tongue could learn an artificial intelligence model with sufficient clinical significance. In deep learning artificial intelligence training, it is essential to secure sufficient data. Therefore, it is thought that more quality data would need to be collected to obtain clinically meaningful diagnosis results.
In this study, the following results were obtained for diagnosing tooth-marked tongue through hyper-parameter tuning using the Teachable Machine as a web-based artificial intelligence model learning tool. The optimal conditions for artificial intelligence learning in the Teachable Machine were the epoch of 75, the batch size of 128, and the learning rate of 0.0001. At this time, the diagnostic accuracy of tooth-marked tongue and no-markedtongue was 92.1% and 72.6%, respectively, and the sensitivity (TPR) and specificity (FPR) were 0.92 and 0.28, respectively. Compared to the artificial intelligence learning model for diagnosing tooth-marked tongue trained by the convolution artificial network, the Teachable Machine's learning results were better, confirming the possibility of using the Teachable Machine in dental clinics. To diagnose various cases with artificial intelligence in dental clinics, above all, sufficient clinical data must be secured for each case. If sufficient data can be obtained, it can also be used as an educational tool for Dental Hygiene students.
Conflict of interest Other SectionsAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionConflict of interestEthical approvalAuthor contributionsReference
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Ethical approval Other SectionsAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionConflict of interestEthical approvalAuthor contributionsReference
This study's clinical data already public information on the web and does not include personal information, so IRB is not required.
Author contributions Other SectionsAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionConflict of interestEthical approvalAuthor contributionsReference
Conceptualization, Data acquisition, Formal analysis, Funding, Supervision, Writing-original draft, Writing-review & editing: Hyunja Jeong.
References Other SectionsAbstractIntroductionMaterials and MethodsResultsDiscussionConflict of interestEthical approvalAuthor contributionsReference
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https://doi.org/10.1109/TCYB.2017.2772289.
Tooth-marked-tongue: Dataset. Retrieved September 30, 2020, from https://www.kaggle.com/clearhanhui/biyesheji#.
Kaggle: Tour machine learning and data science community. etrieved September 30, 2020, https://www.kaggle.com# Google(2010, April 1).
Omar L, Ivrissimtzis I: Using theoretical ROC curves for analysing machine learning binary classifiers. Pattern Recognit Lett 128: 447-451, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2019.10.004.
Cho KH, Kim JS, Hong JP, Eo GS: Tongue diagnosis for clinicians: integrating oriental and western medicines. Koonja, Seoul, pp.4-49, 2007.
Im YG: Atlas of clinical diagnosis 2: tongue diagnosis. Jungdam, Seoul, pp.74-76, 2003.
Ma J, Wen G, Wang C, Jiang L: Complexity perception classification method for tongue constitution recognition. Artif Intell Med 96: 123-133, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2019.03.008.
Tania MH, Lwin K, Hossain MA: Advances in automated tongue diagnosis techniques. Integr Med Res 8: 42-56, 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2018.03.001.
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Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science,	533 Sanseong-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13135, Korea.
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text:
require "yaml"
module Armory
	class Job < ActiveRecord::Base
		MAX_RUN_TIME = 60
		JOB_RANDOM_LIMIT = 30
		set_table_name :armory_jobs

		def delete_all
			destroy_all()
		end

		def self.clear_locks!(worker_name)
			update_all("locked_by = null, locked_at = null", ["locked_by = ?", worker_name])
		end

		def self.queue_position(conditions)
			# Find the record we want the queue position of so we have the initial info
			queue = Armory::Job.find(:first, :conditions => conditions, :order => "created_at DESC")
			return 0 if queue.nil?

			# Found all the records at our priority level created before us, or those that have a higher priority
			return Armory::Job.count(:all, :conditions => ["(priority = ? and created_at <= ?) or (priority > ?)", queue.priority, queue.created_at, queue.priority])
		end

		def unlock
			begin
				self.class.update(self.id, :locked_by => nil, :locked_at => nil, :priority => self.priority, :retries => self.retries)
			rescue ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound
			end
		end

		def bump_priority
			# Don't let them get bumped below 2
			self.priority -= 1 if self.priority > 2
			self.unlock
		end

		def lock_exclusively!(worker_name)
			# Reduce the chance for conflict errors by indicating we are working on a record
			return nil if Rails.cache.read("worker/#{self.id}", :raw => true, :expires_in => 3.seconds)
			Rails.cache.write("worker/#{self.id}", "1", :raw => true, :expires_in => 3.seconds)

			now = self.class.db_time_now
			# We don't own the job, so lock it that we do, provided it's unlocked or it timed out on another worker
			affected_rows = if self.locked_by != worker_name
				self.class.update_all(["locked_at = ?, locked_by = ?", now, worker_name], ["id = ? and (locked_at is null or locked_at < ?)", self.id, now - MAX_RUN_TIME])
			# We own the job already, but it must have crashed. Refresh our lock
			else
				self.class.update_all(["locked_at = ?", now], ["id = ? and locked_by = ?", self.id, worker_name])
			end

			# We secured the lock, so lock it to us
			if affected_rows == 1
				self.locked_at = now
				self.locked_by = worker_name
				return true
			end

			Rails.cache.delete("worker/#{self.id}")
			return nil
		end

		def aquire_lock?(worker_name)
			#logger.info "#{worker_name}: aquiring lock on #{self.class_name} ##{self.id}"

			# Make sure we got the lock
			unless lock_exclusively!(worker_name)
				logger.warn "#{worker_name}: failed to aquire exclusive lock for #{self.class_name} ##{self.id}"
				return nil
			end

			return true
		end

		def self.enqueue(klass, args)
			raise NoClassError.new("Jobs must be given a class.") if klass.to_s.empty?
			if args[:priority].nil?
				Notifier.deliver_alert("Nil job priority", "Class: #{klass.to_s}\n\nJob: #{args.to_json}")
			end

			create(:region => args[:passed_args] && args[:passed_args][:region], :class_name => klass.to_s, :yaml_args => args[:passed_args].to_yaml, :priority => args[:priority], :job_type => args[:job_type], :name_hash => args[:name_hash], :guild_hash => args[:guild_hash], :numerical_id => args[:numerical_id], :local_only => args[:local_only].nil? ? false : true, :retries => 0)
		end

		def self.find_job(node, region)
			text = "(locked_at is null or locked_at < :locked_at)"
			matches = {:locked_at => self.db_time_now - MAX_RUN_TIME}

			if !node.remote.blank? && node.trusted.blank?
				text += " and local_only = :local"
				matches[:local] = false
			end

			if !region.blank?
				text += " and (region is null or region != :region)"
				matches[:region] = region
			end

			records = find(:all, :conditions => [text, matches] , :order => "priority DESC, created_at ASC", :limit => JOB_RANDOM_LIMIT)

			# If we can randomize results to reduce conflicts, will do it. But we can only do it if all the results we have are on the same priority scale
			# For the time being, disable the auto unrandomizer
			priority = -1
			records.each do |record|
				if record[:priority] != priority
					if priority >= 0
						return records
					end

					priority = record[:priority]
				end
			end

			records.sort {|a, b| a.priority <=> b.priority}
			#return records.sort_by{ rand() }
		end

		def inspect
			return "(Job{%s} %s | %s | %s)" % [self.class_name, self.name_hash, self.guild_hash, self.yaml_args.inspect]
		end

		def self.db_time_now
			(ActiveRecord::Base.default_timezone == :utc) ? Time.now.utc : Time.zone.now
	    end
	end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


 Bricklaces; necklace-like vines draped on a brick wall.
Pastel painting of a lacy green vine clinging to a stark red brick wall in downtown Wilmington, NC by Rose Ganucheau.
A brick wall wears a lacy necklace of delicate vines in this pastel painting of a scene I came upon in downtown Wilmington, NC. The fallen leaves and cast shadows add interest to the composition. Sometimes we find beauty in the most un-likely places.


text:
Garrotte
A mannequin is in the garrote to show the position of a human in the device
A garrotte is a weapon, usually a handheld length of chain, rope, scarf, wire or fishing line used to strangle a person.[1] Garotte is normal British English spelling, with single 'r' as an alternate.[2] Garrote with a single 't' is US English spelling. A Spanish version is garrote vil.
Assassination weapon[change | change source]
The garrote has been used for centuries for silent assassination.[1] It was widely used in 17th and 18th century India by the Thuggee cult.[1] A garrote can be made out of many materials, including slik scarves, ropes, cable ties, fishing lines, nylon, and even guitar strings, telephone cord and piano wire.[1][3][4] The Indian version of the garrote often had a knot at the center to crush the larynx while applying pressure to the victim's back, usually by means of a foot or knee.
A stick may be used to tighten the garrotte (the Spanish word actually refers to the stick itself). In Spanish, the term may also refer to a rope and stick used to constrict a limb as a torture device.[1][5]
Since World War II the garrotte has been regularly used as a weapon by soldiers as a silent means of eliminating (taking out) sentries and other enemy personnel.[3][4] Instruction in the use of garrottes is in the training of many elite military units and special forces.[4] A typical military garrote consists of two wooden handles attached to a length of flexible wire; the wire is looped over a sentry's head and pulled taut in one motion.[3][4] Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion used a particular type of double-loop garrotte (referred to as la loupe), where a double coil of rope or cord is dropped around a victim's neck and then pulled taut. Even if the victim pulls on one of the coils, he only succeeds in tightening the other.[4]
Execution device[change | change source]
A 1901 execution at the old Bilibid Prison, Manila, Philippines
In this 15th-century depiction of the burning of Albigensians after an auto de fe, the condemned had been garrotted previously. It is one of the first depictions of a garrote. Pedro Berruguete, Saint Dominic Presiding over an Auto-da-fe.
A Spanish priest garroted by Napoleon's forces for carrying a pocket knife. This is a painting by Francisco de Goya.
The garrote was the main device used for capital punishment in Spain for hundreds of years. Originally, it was an execution where the convict was killed by hitting him with a club (garrote in Spanish). This later developed into a strangulation device, where the condemned was tied to a wooden stake, with a loop of rope placed around his neck. A wooden stick was placed in the loop, and by rotating the stick, the rope was tightened until the condemned person was strangled to death. As time went on, the execution method was modified in the form of a wooden chair to which the condemned was bound, while the executioner tightened a metal band around his/her neck with a crank or a wheel until asphyxiation of the condemned person was accomplished.
Other versions of this device incorporated a fixed metal blade or spike directed at the spinal cord to cause the breaking of the neck. Such a device can be seen in the James Bond film The World Is Not Enough, the Coppola classic The Godfather, and the Banderas/Jolie film, Original Sin. The spiked version, called the Catalan garrotte, was used as late as 1940. American authorities kept the garrotte for a time in the Philippines after that Spanish colony was captured in 1898. Its use was abolished in 1902 (Act No. 451, passed 2 September 1902).
American military authorities in Puerto Rico used the garrotte to execute at least five convicted murderers in 1900. In a report to Congress, the American military governor said "that execution by the garrotte is far less inhumane and revolting than execution by hanging".[6] However, the method was replaced by hanging. Since 1929, capital punishment has not existed under Puerto Rican law.
In the Ottoman Empire, execution by strangulation was reserved for very high officials and members of the ruling family. Unlike the Spanish version, a bowstring was used instead of a tightening collar.[7]
The garrotte (Latin: laqueus) is known to have been used in the first century BC in Rome. It is referred to in accounts of the Second Catiline Conspiracy, where conspirators were strangled with a laqueus. The implement is shown in some early reliefs, e.g., Répertoire de Reliefs grecs et romains, tome I, p. 341 (1919).[8] It was also used in the Middle Ages in Spain and Portugal. It was employed during the conquista of the Americas, notably in the execution of the Inca emperor Atahualpa.
During the Peninsular War of 1808–1814, French forces regularly used the garrotte to execute Spanish guerrilleros, priests, and other opponents to Napoleonic rule. Around 1810 the earliest known metallic garrotte appeared in Spain, and on 28 April 1828, the garrotte was declared the sole method of executing civilians in that country.
In May 1897, the last public garrotting in Spain was performed in Barcelona. After that, all executions were performed inside prisons. In 1935 in Spain the legislature adopted a law prohibiting any member of the armed forces from being a Freemason. As a result of this edict, 80 Freemasons were garrotted to death in Málaga.[9] This was one of the many issues that led to unrest that became the Spanish Civil War.
The last civilian executions in Spain by garrotting were in March 1974. Two men both convicted of killing police officers: they were the last state-sanctioned garrotings in Spain. In Spain, the garrote was abolished in 1978 along with the death penalty after adoption of a new constitution.
In 1990, Andorra became the last country to officially abolish the death penalty by garroting, though this method had not been used there since the late 19th century.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Garrote.
↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Newquist H.P. and Maloof Rich 2009. This will kill you: a guide to the ways in which we go. New York: St. Martin's Press, 133-6. ISBN 978-0-312-54062-3
↑ Concise Oxford English Dictionary 11th ed.
↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Whittaker, Wayne 1943. Tough guys. Popular Mechanics, (February) 79 #2, pp. 44
↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Steele, David E. 1986. Silent sentry removal. Black Belt Magazine, (August) 24 #8, pp. 48-49
↑ garrote, 7th sense, Diccionario de la Real Academia Española.
↑ S. Doc. 360, 56th Cong., 1st sess., p. 3.
↑ Inalcik, Halil. The Ottoman Empire: the classical ... - Google Books. ISBN 978-1-84212-442-0. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
↑ "Laqueus". Mediterranees.net. Retrieved 2009-09-16.
↑ Scottish Rite News Bureau bulletin,15 February 1937, in the files at the Scottish Rite House of the Temple in Washington, DC.
Retrieved from "https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garrotte&oldid=7626911"
Articles containing Latin-language text
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


State Employees' Credit Union offers members the opportunity to earn interest on their savings at a higher rate with share term certificates. Members have the option to open regular share term certificates or laddered share term certificates.
Laddered STCs provide a more stable flow of interest income while taking advantage of the higher rates traditionally offered on longer-term STCs. To "ladder" your STCs, buy them with staggered maturity dates. In year one, divide the total sum you wish to invest into five equal parts. Invest in a 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5-year Laddered STC. One certificate will automatically renew each year as a five year certificate. At the end of five years, you will own five certificates which all had five year terms when they were purchased, and which renew at staggered future intervals of one to five years.


Friday Sunny. Winds E/SE 20 to 30 km/h.
Saturday Mostly sunny. Winds E/SE 20 to 30 km/h.
Sunday Mostly sunny morning. The chance of a shower or thunderstorm in the afternoon and evening. Winds E/SE 20 to 30 km/h becoming light during the evening.
Monday Partly cloudy. Slight chance of a shower or thunderstorm, most likely in the north in the afternoon and evening. Winds E 15 to 25 km/h becoming light during the day.


text:
Dissolution of marriage attorneys Orange CA
How to Find A Mediator?
Why Choose Mediation?
Divorce is often discussed in the media or in our close family circles. This issue is often a stressful matter for families. If you are in a marriage and have children this is a challenging decision to make. It is important that you consider your child's best interests.
If you decide to file for divorce issues such as custody, child support, and spousal support will need to be determined. Before hiring an attorney it is helpful to interview several to ensure that you are finding an attorney best suited for your need and the needs of your family.
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View all posts by: Bettina Yanez
How an Uncontested divorce works in Orange County, CA
Information for High Net Worth Divorce in Orange County, CA
What is a Contested Divorce in Orange County, CA
Divorce attorney in Orange County California
How Can a Grandparent Obtain Visitation Rights in Orange County, California? ¿Cómo funciona el caso de terminación de los derechos de los padres en el Condado de Orange? Mi nombre es Bettina Yáñez, de Yanez Y Associados. Soy especialista certificada en derecho familiar de California.…
Como funciona un caso de terminacion de los derechos de los padres en el condado de Orange Understanding Grandparents' Rights in Orange County, CA Guide on Grandparent Visitation Rights in Orange County, California? Learn about Visitation Rights in Orange County if you have a special…
How Can a Grandparent Obtain Visitation Rights in Orange County, California? 14 Reasons Why You Should Find a Local Family Attorney in Orange County Need help Understanding Grandparents' Rights in Orange County, CA Important information on: Grandparents' Rights in Orange County The relationship between grandparents…
Understanding Grandparents' Rights in Orange County, CA Tips on How to Get Custody in Orange County, CA Goods Reasons Why You Should Find a Local Family Attorney in Orange County FAQ: Why Find a local family attorney? Family court cases are never simple. Nothing is…
14 Reasons Why You Should Find a Local Family Attorney in Orange County How to Find the Best Child Custody Attorneys in Orange County, CA Good Tips on How to Get Custody in Orange County Most likely you are reading this page because you wish…


About 40 Dutch-Moroccans had the chance to demand compensation from Geert Wilders in court on Monday as the hate speech trial against the PVV leader continued. According to the aggrieved parties, Wilders is responsible for the acceptance of discrimination in the Netherlands, AD reports.
Lawyer Geert-Jan Knoops will continue defending Geert Wilders in the hate speech trial against the PVV leader centered around statements he made about wanting "fewer Moroccans" in the Netherlands while campaigning in The Hague in 2014. The lawyer made his intentions to stay on the trial clear in a press release on Thursday, NOS reports.
American news agencies are projecting that Donald Trump won the United States election. If correct, he will succeed current President Barack Obama in the White House. The inauguration is scheduled for January 20th, 2017. While PVV leader Geert Wilders is already waving the victory flags, left-wing politicians in The Hague are shocked.
"CONGRATULATIONS Donald Trump!! Your victory is historic and for all of us!" Wilders tweeted. "And we Dutch will also conquer our country back!"
PVV leader Geert Wilders is elated by the increasing chances of Donald Trump to win the United States election. "The people are taking their country back", he wrote on Twitter. "So will we."
Earlier this year Wilders compared himself to Trump, saying that they are very much the same. Both owe their popularity to disgruntled voters who feel unreperesented, Wilders said in an interview with CNN.
Judge Elianne van Rens will remain on the hate speech trial against PVV leader Geert Wilders. On Friday the court rejected the recusal request Wilders' lawyer Geert-Jan Knoops filed against her, the Volkskrant reports.
Judge Elianne van Rens was rude and biased towards expert witness for the defense Paul Cliteur on Thursday in the hate speech trial against Geert Wilders, the PVV leaders' lawyer Gert-Jan Knoops said on Friday. She therefore has to be removed from the case, the lawyer defended his recusal request, the Volkskrant reports.
At the request of Geert Wilders, lawyer Geert-Jan Knoops announced a recusal request against one of the judges in the hate speech trial against the PVV leader. In court on Thursday Knoops announced that they want judge Elianne van Rens removed from the case because Wilders believes her biased, the Volkskrant reports.
Expert: Wilders' fewer Moroccans statements a "proposal for immigration restriction"
PVV leader Geert Wilders' statements calling for "fewer Moroccans" while campaigning in The Hague in 2014, were not incitement to discrimination, but a "proposal for immigration restriction", Pau Cliteur said as expert witness for the defense in court on Wednesday, NOS reports.
PVV leader Geert Wilders is pressing charges of sedition and threats against former board member fo the PvdA in Valkenburg Jack Kicken, L1 reports.
On Monday, during the first day of the hate speech trial against Wilders, Kicken tweeted: "Just hang Wilders, then we're easily rid of that guy." He apologized for the tweet a few hours later, saying that it was only "symbolic".
A total of 6,474 people pressed charges against PVV leader Geert Wilders after he made statements about "fewer Moroccans" while campaigning in The Hague in 2014, was revealed in the high security court at Schiphol on Monday. This is the first day of the 12-day long hate-speech trial against the PVV leader.
The criminal trial against PVV leader Geert Wilders starts in the high security court at Schiphol today. Wilders is facing various forms of hate speech charges over statements he made about Moroccans while campaigning in The Hague in 2014. The PVV leader already announced that he will not be attending the trial, calling it a "political process" that should be held in parliament not in court.
Wilders won't attend trial "against freedom of speech"
PVV leader Geert Wilders will not be attending the hate speech trial against him for statements he made about "fewer Moroccans" in the Netherlands in 2014. In an open letter in Dutch newspaper AD, he called the trial a "process against freedom of speech". "I refuse to cooperate with that." he wrote.
The trial against PVV leader Geert Wilders will continue, the court in the Hague ruled on Friday. Wilders is facing four variants of two hate speech charges because of statements he made about "fewer Moroccans" in the Hague in 2014.


Kanda poha – one of the popular north indian breakfast recipe. Poha means rice flakes, kanda means onion. Poha in telugu known as attukulu. This is maharashtrian poha recipe. We can prepare so many dishes with poha or attukulu like oats and poha laddu, poha dosa, poha kheer.
In Andhra, we call this kanda poha as attukulu upma. In poha we can add potatoes, capsicum like some veggies to get more taste.
To prepare vegetable poha recipe add more veggies like capsicum, potatoes, carrot. In poha recipe, added only onions.
As we are adding lemon juice in the kanda poha it will digest easily. Added groundnuts and chana dal in the dish, you can add cashew nuts if you desire.
in my childhood, my mom used to prepare attukulu upma in snack time. have poha in breakfast time or snack time. We used to have breakfast like punugulu, dosa, pulihora, rava dosa, carrot dosa, semiya upma, rice flour upma, moongdal upma.
Wash poha in colander for few seconds gently.
Now add sprinkle like 4 tbsps of water on poha.
Mix gently with the spoon.
chop onions, green chillies into very small fine pieces.
Break on red chilli into 2 pieces.
Heat a kadai add oil.
fry for few seconds until seeds splutter.
now Add ½ tbsp. of jeera.
fry until they get little brown color.
now keep turmeric powder, groundnuts and chana dal fry for 2 minutes on medium flame.
Add green chillies, red chilli, fry for 1 minute.
now add finely chopped onions, salt and fry for 2 minutes.
then keep poha and mix nicely.
Cover with lid and cook on low flame for 2 minutes.
Stir in between to avoid sticking it to the pan.
Add 1 tbsp of lemon juice and mix nicely.
Leave poha with lid for 5 minutes.
Serve hot along with tea for morning breakfast or evening snack time.


text:
Home Diversen Customers baffled that P.E.I. does not allow low-alcohol beer in grocery stores
Customers baffled that P.E.I. does not allow low-alcohol beer in grocery stores
In the age of legal marijuana, fans of low-alcohol beer are baffled by P.E.I. legislation that prevents it from being sold in local grocery stores. "I think it's kind of silly," said Hannah Brown, who is originally from P.E.I. but now lives in Halifax, where low-alcohol beer is easily bought in grocery stores. P.E.I and Nunavut don't allow it in retail stores. Brown said she and her husband enjoy non-alcoholic or low-alcohol beer almost daily.


A land-surveyor, known only as K., arrives at a small village permanently covered in snow and dominated by a castle to which access seems permanently denied. K.'s attempts to discover why he has been called constantly run up against the peasant villagers, who are in thrall to the absurd bureaucracy that keeps the castle shut, and the rigid hierarchy of power among the self-serving bureaucrats themselves. But in this strange wilderness, there is passion, tenderness and considerable humour. Darkly bizarre, this complex book was the last novel by one of the 20th century's greatest and most influential writers.
Allan Corduner's distinguished acting career spans more than thirty years. He is currently filming Defiance with Daniel Craig, directed by Edward Zwick. His theatre work includes the critically acclaimed Two Thousand Years at the National Theatre, The Comedians at the Acorn Theatre in New York, F*cking Games at the Royal Court, and Caryl Churchill's Serious Money at the Royal Court, which later transferred to Broadway. Radio credits include Insignificance, Dr Freud Will See You Now, The Irresistible Rise of Arturo Ui (all for BBC Radio 4) and The Night Listener by Armistead Maupin.
This novel-length parable by the brilliant master of existential angst Franz Kafka was published posthumously in 1926. Our hero, K. (pronounced 'Kah' in this recording), enters a small village ready to assume duties as municipal surveyor. He finds that the mysterious, bureaucratic, and wilful denizens of the nearby castle exercise absolute and self-serving rule over the precincts, and choose to throw obstacle after obstacle in his path. At times humorous and always nightmarish, this unfinished existential parable, while already powerful on the page, gains additional potency from British actor-director Allan Corduner's spot-on narration. He treats the shocking and bizarre with matter-of-fact cool while breathing life into the dramatis personae. Through his efforts we feel K's humiliation and alienation, and it makes us shiver.
Franz Kafka was born in Prague in 1883, the son of a Jewish merchant. Having studied at the university there, he worked for an insurance company until retiring in 1922 because of tuberculosis; two years later he died. Short and outwardly uneventful as his life was – he never married, and essentially stayed in his native city throughout his life – he did publish a few short stories. He had instructed his friend Max Brod to burn those works left unpublished when he died. Brod chose to ignore the request: three novels, The Trial, The Castle, and America subsequently appeared, in 1925, 1926 and 1927 respectively.
There are evident similarities between The Trial and The Castle but there are also major differences in the way the two were intended to end. Although Kafka never completed The Castle, he did indicate to Brod the ending he envisaged. In it, K., 'the alleged land-surveyor', receives at least partial satisfaction. He does not give up his struggle, but dies of exhaustion. The villagers gather round his death bed, and a decision finally comes down from the castle that while K. has no legal claim to reside in the village, he is, taking certain secondary factors into account, allowed to live and work there. It was no doubt in part this proposed ending that led Brod to see The Trial and The Castle as mutually complementary works, dealing with the themes of divine justice and grace respectively.
The narrative leading up to this ending of The Castle is clear in outline. A land-surveyor, known only as K., comes to a village, in the belief that the castle that dominates it has summoned him to work in the area. His many attempts to have his appointment confirmed and validated, notably by a senior official called Klamm, are repeatedly frustrated.
The pattern of this plot is echoed in the experience of other characters in the novel. Many of the people K. meets seem anxious to find favour with the castle. The father of Barnabas, the messenger appointed to serve K., is desperate to make his peace with the authorities after his daughter has evidently slighted one of its officials; the landlady of the Brückenhof Inn, having, over twenty years before, been Klamm's lover, would clearly still like the relationship to be revived; Pepi, a girl working at another inn in the village, is keen to remain its bar-maid, and needs to attract Klamm there. None is successful: Barnabas's father achieves nothing and is left a broken man; the landlady, instead of a relationship with Klamm, has a crumpled, faded photograph of the messenger he once sent to summon her; Pepi fails in her attempts, and is obliged to return to her life as a chambermaid.
However, it is not just oddities that blur the apparently sharp outline of the novel. It contains many elements that are unclear, or not what they seem. Most important of these is the castle itself. It 'appears' in the novel's first paragraph as a structure hidden by fog and darkness. When he does see it the following day, K. is disappointed, for far from being an impressive edifice, as he had expected, it is in fact a 'pretty wretched little town', made up of modest, unimposing buildings. The administrative machine it represents is depicted in similarly contradictory fashion. Despite several claims made for the castle administration, we see instances of ludicrously inefficient bureaucracy: letters go astray, only to be answered years later; one official's office is characterised by the sound of columns of files continually crashing down; the distribution of dossiers to officials is shown to be hopelessly confused. For all the respect in which the castle is held by the villagers, its representatives seem completely unreliable: servants go wild once released from its immediate authority, while its functionaries cannot be trusted to attend official events. Presiding over all this there is the figure of the senior castle official Klamm. Klamm (if the figure we see is indeed Klamm – even Barnabas is not sure) is a womaniser, a man reluctant to hear or read what is reported to him, and clearly quite out of touch with K.'s problems.
In short there are doubts – not least in the mind of the teacher who urges K. not to mention the castle's owner in front of his young pupils – about how positive a force the castle is. In spite of that, K. and several others are, as mentioned, anxious to find favour with it. So how is one to interpret it? Does it represent the source of divine grace, the means to K.'s salvation, as some critics have suggested, or rather, as others would have it, an obstacle to his spiritual striving?
The ambiguities of the novel emerge all the more clearly because of Kafka's style which is essentially straightforward (Kafka shunned the linguistic ostentation of fellow German writers in Prague), and allows the questions raised to emerge clearly. In translating the text I have very occasionally felt it desirable, bearing in mind the particular needs of someone listening to, rather than reading, the novel, to break up a sentence, replace a pronoun with a noun, make implied direct speech explicit or even, in one instance, to add a short (four word!) sentence as a 'signpost'. Otherwise I have tried throughout to render the text as faithfully as possible. The Castle is a richly rewarding work; I hope this translation shows that.


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text:
Perspectives juridiques/Communiqués/Sommaire Lloyd's : Perspectives juridiques canadiennes/1er avril 2017/Lloyd's Review – Deslaurier Custom Cabinets Inc. v 1728106 Ontario Inc. 2016 ONCA 246
Lloyd's Review – Deslaurier Custom Cabinets Inc. v 1728106 Ontario Inc. 2016 ONCA 246
1er avril 2017 | Philip A. Carson
This case deals with cross-indemnity obligations under a commercial lease following a fire that destroyed both the Landlord's premises and the business of the Tenant.
The plaintiff was the Tenant of space in a light industrial building. The lease required the Tenant to maintain fire insurance for loss of its own property and business interruption insurance. The Lease also required the Tenant's insurance policies include the Landlord as a named, additional insured. While the Tenant had appropriate coverage for the identified perils, the Tenant failed to obtain insurance that named the Landlord as an additional insured.
Under the Lease, the Landlord agreed to indemnify the Tenant for any losses caused by the Landlord or its contractors (the « Indemnity Provision »). However, the Lease also excluded the Landlord from liability for any of the Tenant's losses caused by fire (the « Immunity Provision »).
A fire caused by the Landlord's contractor destroyed the building and damaged the Tenant's business. The Tenant made partial recovery under its own policy and sued the Landlord and the contractor for the shortfall. The Landlord and the Tenant agreed to proceed for a summary determination as to the operation of the Indemnity Provision and the Immunity Provision. In particular, the Court was asked to determine whether the failure of the Tenant to maintain the Landlord as an additional insured barred the Tenant from making any claim at all.
At the lower level of court, the judge ruled in favour of the Tenant on all issues. On appeal, the Court of Appeal ruled that because the Landlord was intended to be an additional insured, there was an intention in the Lease that a subrogated claim by the Tenant (or its insurer) would be barred, as a subrogation claim cannot be made against an additional insured. The Tenant could not rely on its own breach of the Lease as an opening for a claim against the Landlord. Further, a contractual obligation that the Tenant obtain insurance for a specific peril meant that the Tenant had assumed all risk for that peril. Only those risks that the Tenant was not obligated to insure fall within the Indemnity Provision.
In summary, Tenants and brokers should carefully review the insuring provisions of a lease to ensure that the Tenant maintains the required insurance. Insurers should take note that a lease may define which party has assumed the risk of certain perils.
As a further note, contractual interpretation in Canadian law has, in recent years, become presumptively a mixed question of fact and law. As such, extrinsic evidence may inform contractual interpretation and a lower court decision is entitled to significant deference upon appeal. However, in this case, the Court of Appeal also ruled that the interpretation of the insurance provision in the Lease was a purely legal question for which the lower court was entitled to no deference.


text:
The Harvester World: Volume 6, number 3, March 1915
GRAND FORKS CONCENTRATION MEETING
A blockmen's meeting was held at the Grand Forks, North Dakota, office recently which was very success¬ ful as a producer of good spirit and hopefulness.
In the evening the blockmen were entertained at a banquet. The work for the coming year was gone into very thoroughly and interesting talks were given by Mr. McManus, general agent; Mr. Swisher, assistant general agent; and J. J. Haney, superintendent of the International demonstration farm at Grand Forks. Mr. Haney's talk was along the line of better farming, and all three speeches were enthusiastically received. Responses from the men showed stimulated interest and a desire to make 1915 a big year.
A. J. Lindsay has been given a block. Mr. Lindsay was formerly a salesman.
C. B. Smith has been given a block, taking the place of B. L. Wilson, who resigned. Mr. Smith was form¬ erly tractor salesman at the Toledo general agency.
E. D. Burgess has been given an Osborne block at this agency. Mr. Burgess was formerly blockman for the Osborne division at Lansing.
F. J. McCartney has taken a position as Osborne blockman at this agency. Mr. McCartney was trans¬ ferred from the Osborne division at Lansing.
Louis Houser has taken a position as property man. Mr. Houser held the same position at the Osborne division, Lansing.
V. R. Payn, who was formerly credit clerk at Lan¬ sing, has taken the same position at Saginaw, which was made vacant by the promotion of S. H. Green¬ wood.
A. M. BuUis, formerly repairman at Lansing, has been transferred to this office as assistant repairman.
C. J. Maynard, formerly salesman for the Osborne division at Lansing, lias begn transferred to this office.
S. H. Greenwood, credit man at this agency for the last two years, has been promoted to a position in the Chicago office.
®       ®
Chris Riedl, former shipping clerk, has been trans¬ ferred to the field force on sales.
The position of bill clerk has now been filled by Clarence Quirk, who is a new beginner with the Du¬ buque general agency.
Our repair department has supplied a traveler on sales for 1915 in the person of E. Carlin.
N. A. Westhoff, of our credit department, has been transferred to a position on the sales force.
Ed Bugee has accepted the position of credit clerk, and also is a new employe of the Dubuque general agency.
A. C. Elver was married on Christmas eve to Miss Emma Kadlets. Mr. Elver is now one of our experts, having formerly occupied a position in the repair de¬ partment.
Roy Asman of the Council Bluffs repair service has been appointed as a salesman.
DEATH OF CHAS. V. MARKER, GENERAL AGENT AT EAST ST. LOUIS
On Thursday morning, February 18th, occurred the death of Chas. V. Marker, general agent at East St. Louis. Mr. Marker had been seriously ill since the 3rd of January, diabetes being the cause of his death.
In 1904 Mr. Marker was a blockman at Rockford. In the same year he was transferred to Aurora in the same capacity. In 1905 he was made general agent at Terre Haute, where he remained until he took charge of the general agency at Grand Rapids in 1907. He was general agent at Rockford from 1909 until he took charge at East St. Louis in December, 1912.
DEATH OF E. N. LEVERICH
E. N. Leverich, for many years an employe at the Elmira general agency, died on Thursday, February 11, 1915. On the Sunday following the Elmira employes met at the office and attended the funeral in a body.
KANKAKEE   MEETS
On the occasion of the exchange of general agents at the Kankakee office, when W. D. Adams left for Knoxville and L. E. Richey arrived from Richmond, a meeting of the entire organization was held, presided over by district manager, J. H. McLaiie. The meeting, aside from being full of business pointers and ideas, took an interesting turn toward good fellowship. Mr. Adams had been at the Kankakee agency for ten years, first as assistant general agent, and later as general agent.
RICHMOND   HOLDS A GENERATOR
Each member of the Richmond, Va., sales organi¬ zation is like a huge storage battery when it comes to the ability to store up enthusiasm. Every once in a while Richmond holds what it calls a "Generator," which is, in fact, a great conference. They all get full of feeling, arguments, and information, and then they simply overrun the surrounding territory, sweeping everything before them.
Published on another page is a picture of Richmond's last "Generator." It includes every person who was on the Richmond payroll at that time, and several who were not, namely: John Quinn, exponent of Meadows Mills; auditor Hinsdale, and his assistant auditor, Mr. Buschbaum.
General agent Tipton, assistant to general agent Winans, wagon salesman Harris, spreader salesman Clarke, expert Hohman, separator salesman Doyle, credit authority Timberlake, motor truck salesman Crutchfield, and advertising man Jamieson all con¬ tributed to the oratorical excitement of the occasion.
The Richmond jilan is to get together for inspiration, and then go forth to conquer.
^'iLuL '.. '      .   .1
Title The Harvester World: Volume 6, number 3, March 1915
Physical Description 7.25 x 9.5 inches
Source The Harvester World, March 1915
Full Text GRAND FORKS CONCENTRATION MEETING
A blockmen's meeting was held at the Grand Forks, North Dakota, office recently which was very success¬ ful as a producer of good spirit and hopefulness. In the evening the blockmen were entertained at a banquet. The work for the coming year was gone into very thoroughly and interesting talks were given by Mr. McManus, general agent; Mr. Swisher, assistant general agent; and J. J. Haney, superintendent of the International demonstration farm at Grand Forks. Mr. Haney's talk was along the line of better farming, and all three speeches were enthusiastically received. Responses from the men showed stimulated interest and a desire to make 1915 a big year. SAGINAW, MICHIGAN A. J. Lindsay has been given a block. Mr. Lindsay was formerly a salesman. C. B. Smith has been given a block, taking the place of B. L. Wilson, who resigned. Mr. Smith was form¬ erly tractor salesman at the Toledo general agency. E. D. Burgess has been given an Osborne block at this agency. Mr. Burgess was formerly blockman for the Osborne division at Lansing. F. J. McCartney has taken a position as Osborne blockman at this agency. Mr. McCartney was trans¬ ferred from the Osborne division at Lansing. Louis Houser has taken a position as property man. Mr. Houser held the same position at the Osborne division, Lansing. V. R. Payn, who was formerly credit clerk at Lan¬ sing, has taken the same position at Saginaw, which was made vacant by the promotion of S. H. Green¬ wood. A. M. BuUis, formerly repairman at Lansing, has been transferred to this office as assistant repairman. C. J. Maynard, formerly salesman for the Osborne division at Lansing, lias begn transferred to this office. S. H. Greenwood, credit man at this agency for the last two years, has been promoted to a position in the Chicago office. ® ® DUBUQUE, IOWA Chris Riedl, former shipping clerk, has been trans¬ ferred to the field force on sales. The position of bill clerk has now been filled by Clarence Quirk, who is a new beginner with the Du¬ buque general agency. Our repair department has supplied a traveler on sales for 1915 in the person of E. Carlin. N. A. Westhoff, of our credit department, has been transferred to a position on the sales force. Ed Bugee has accepted the position of credit clerk, and also is a new employe of the Dubuque general agency. A. C. Elver was married on Christmas eve to Miss Emma Kadlets. Mr. Elver is now one of our experts, having formerly occupied a position in the repair de¬ partment. Roy Asman of the Council Bluffs repair service has been appointed as a salesman. DEATH OF CHAS. V. MARKER, GENERAL AGENT AT EAST ST. LOUIS On Thursday morning, February 18th, occurred the death of Chas. V. Marker, general agent at East St. Louis. Mr. Marker had been seriously ill since the 3rd of January, diabetes being the cause of his death. In 1904 Mr. Marker was a blockman at Rockford. In the same year he was transferred to Aurora in the same capacity. In 1905 he was made general agent at Terre Haute, where he remained until he took charge of the general agency at Grand Rapids in 1907. He was general agent at Rockford from 1909 until he took charge at East St. Louis in December, 1912. DEATH OF E. N. LEVERICH E. N. Leverich, for many years an employe at the Elmira general agency, died on Thursday, February 11, 1915. On the Sunday following the Elmira employes met at the office and attended the funeral in a body. KANKAKEE MEETS On the occasion of the exchange of general agents at the Kankakee office, when W. D. Adams left for Knoxville and L. E. Richey arrived from Richmond, a meeting of the entire organization was held, presided over by district manager, J. H. McLaiie. The meeting, aside from being full of business pointers and ideas, took an interesting turn toward good fellowship. Mr. Adams had been at the Kankakee agency for ten years, first as assistant general agent, and later as general agent. RICHMOND HOLDS A GENERATOR Each member of the Richmond, Va., sales organi¬ zation is like a huge storage battery when it comes to the ability to store up enthusiasm. Every once in a while Richmond holds what it calls a "Generator" which is, in fact, a great conference. They all get full of feeling, arguments, and information, and then they simply overrun the surrounding territory, sweeping everything before them. Published on another page is a picture of Richmond's last "Generator." It includes every person who was on the Richmond payroll at that time, and several who were not, namely: John Quinn, exponent of Meadows Mills; auditor Hinsdale, and his assistant auditor, Mr. Buschbaum. General agent Tipton, assistant to general agent Winans, wagon salesman Harris, spreader salesman Clarke, expert Hohman, separator salesman Doyle, credit authority Timberlake, motor truck salesman Crutchfield, and advertising man Jamieson all con¬ tributed to the oratorical excitement of the occasion. The Richmond jilan is to get together for inspiration, and then go forth to conquer. ^'iLuL '.. ' . .1


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Digital dashboards and staffing
Clinical TopicsHealthcare & TechnologyPractice MattersProfessional Development
Many healthcare organizations use digital "dashboards" to provide employees with real-time data collected from various sources, helping to guide decisions and improve the quality of care. Increasingly, dashboards also are being used to support effective staffing decisions.
Whether part of a software program or a stand-alone product, a digital dashboard provides a visual way to manage large amounts of data by bringing together and displaying selected data elements related to a specific need. Dashboards organize information in meaningful ways, making the data more useful and promoting better communication and decision making. Various types of displays, such as charts and graphs, make large amounts of data easier to interpret.
Staffing, data, and decision making
Staffing plays an important role in the operational and financial performance of a healthcare organization. Staffing levels can be linked to labor costs, patient safety, quality of care, length of stay, readmissions, throughput, turnover, and staff satisfaction. Thus, staffing decisions can broadly affect an organization's performance. Yet staffing has become more complex, so dashboards that improve communication and staffing decisions are imperative.
Although most of us understand the implications of staffing decisions, many facilities still use antiquated staffing strategies, designs, and operations that are paper-based and driven by opinion and tradition. This situation has inspired many nursing professionals to rethink staffing strategies; create new staffing models based on evidence; revisit staffing practices, policies, and procedures; and redesign technology solutions to better serve the foundational aspects of a successful healthcare organization.
What data are needed?
The data needed to make informed staffing decisions fall into three categories: patients, care team, and organization.
Patient data. Healthcare providers obviously need to understand patients' care requirements, such as level of care, stability of condition, procedures needed, educational background, level of cooperation, family situation, and related issues (such as language barriers and belief system).
Care-team data. Required information includes staff availability, role, role and skill competencies, hours worked, fatigue level, minimum commitment compliance (for example, per diem commitment), schedule (for continuity and fatigue considerations), and costs (which may include base salary, overtime implications, incentive use, and impact on budget).
Organizational data. Required information includes admissions, discharges, policies and procedures, legislation (such as staffing ratios, which are defined by law in California), and labor contract requirements.
Making data available
Making data available is perhaps the single greatest challenge. The types of data identified above may reside in the information systems of various departments, such as finance, human resources, payroll, and admission/
discharge/transfer, as well as in various acuity or patient classification
systems or clinical documentation systems. These systems may be electronic, paper-based, or a combination. Few of them share data easily; even when they do, the timing of data entry and availability and consistency of the data may be problematic. For instance, if the data needed to make daily staffing decisions are available only weekly or monthly, they aren't terribly useful. Challenges also may stem from inconsistent or poorly understood data definitions, which can raise doubts about data validity and make it difficult to effectively analyze and compare data sets. (See Using a digital staffing dashboard by clicking on the pdf icon above.)
Dashboard design and usability
Dashboards provide access to the disparate data sources needed to support excellent staffing practices. Whether you develop your own dashboard, work with a company that specializes in developing them, or use a dashboard provided by your current staffing system provider, be aware of the design considerations that can yield maximum benefit. For instance, choosing which data to display can be challenging. Remember—the more complicated the dashboard, the less usable it becomes.
Stay focused on the specific needs the dashboard is meant to address. Gaining a deep understanding of the situation the dashboard is supporting will help reveal the most critical data elements.
Use of color and display options, such as charts and graphs, can increase a dashboard's usability. Ideally, these elements should be user-configurable, as people differ in how they like to view information. To see the range of personalization options in a popular web-based application, visit www.iGoogle.com. This page allows you to create your own customized homepage from a menu of options in about 30 seconds.
When designed well, dashboards simplify complex data, making them more useful. Dashboard designs that emphasize simplicity and usability while supporting user configurability are more likely to be used successfully. User-centered design and design flexibility are crucial.
Getting the data required for effective, evidence-driven staffing poses challenges—and in some cases, it might even be easier to avoid using critical data when making staffing decisions. But the era of making these decisions based on tradition or budgets alone must give way to a process grounded in an evidence-based model based on meaningful use of data.
If dashboards are to be all they can be, organizations must demand that vendors cooperate and collaborate in defining and using data, as well as in transferring data from one system to another to meet organizational requirements. Organizations also need to find ways to make data more consistent—not just for their own employees but to support national benchmarking efforts and identify best practices.
Ciesielski S, Daily B, Levine WC. Patient Safety and Quality Healthcare. A dashboard for the PACU. September/October 2008. www.psqh.com/sepoct08/pacu.html. Accessed March 24, 2010.
Douglas K, Kerfoot K. Applying a systems thinking model for effective staffing. Nurse Leader. 2008;6(5):52-55.
Hughes NJ. Clinical dashboards and open kimonos. BMJ. 2008;337:a787.
Hyun S, Bakken S, Douglas K, Stone P. Evidence-based staffing: potential roles for informatics. Nurs Econ. 2008;26(3):151-158, 173.
Srinivasan A, Abellera JP, Danos S, McNabb S. Improving awareness in message exchanging platform—a knowledge driven approach. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2007 Oct 11:1122.
St. Joseph Mercy Hospital to install LiveData OR-Dashboard. Business Wire. June 26, 2007.
Wolpin S. An exploratory study of an intranet dashboard in a multi-state healthcare system. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2006;122:75-79.
Kathy Douglas is president of the Institute for Staffing Excellence and Innovation in Sedona, Arizona and former chief nursing officer at Concerro, Inc. in San Diego, California, a firm that specializes in scheduling and shift-management systems.


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Stand With Trans Share The Love Event. Courtesy Photo.
Stand With Trans Celebrates Valentine's Day With Annual Share the Love Event
By Eve Kucharski|2020-02-05T14:47:42-05:00February 5th, 2020|Michigan, News|
Valentine's Day is often seen as an exclusively romantic holiday, but love can be about familial or community connection as well. Local nonprofit Stand With Trans is taking exactly that approach with its upcoming Share the Love event on Friday, Feb. 14, at the Orchard United Methodist Church in Farmington Hills. An annual part of the organization's schedule, this family oriented evening directed toward kids 5 and up changes slightly each year. In 2020, attendees are encouraged to wear red, pink or rainbow colors while learning about taking care of oneself and connecting over food and music.
"Every year it looks a little different in order to create a sense of community for families and provide a space where kids can connect with one another while celebrating their identities as well as showing them that they are loved for who they are," said Stand With Trans Program Manager Dakota Ball. "This event also begins to mark Stand with Trans' fifth year in working with the community, particularly those youth and their families who are transgender, gender non-conforming, and/or nonbinary."
Roz Keith is the executive director of SWT. She said that one of the centerpieces of the day's schedule is the life skills program that will debut at Share the Love.
"Stand with Trans is launching a new program for trans/enby youth called How to do life. This is a skill-building series that will cover topics such as self-care, financial literacy, social skills in a digital world and more," Keith said. "The first opportunity for youth to participate in it is at the Share the Love event."
The inspiration for the day's schedule, Ball said, was "all about love and how that doesn't always need to involve other people." The program includes a session about yoga and mindfulness as well as a discussion and information about access to support resources for those in transition.
"Self-care is an important part of showing yourself love and loving yourself no matter who or what you identify or don't identify as," he said. "This includes love for your body — hence the yoga aspect — especially for those youth who may have a difficult relationship with their body due to gender-related issues such as gender dysphoria, on top of the generally difficult relationship with one's body that can come along with puberty. It also includes love for your mind, and the mindfulness aspect is what comes into play here. Love for the self is really at the core of those pieces."
Ball said that before coming, attendees should know that the space is an affirming one for transgender, gender non-conforming and nonbinary youth. Because of this, Ball said there is a special emphasis on remembering everyone's names and pronouns and avoiding assumptions about gender for people of all ages.
Additionally, Keith added that each youth who attends will receive a $25 stipend and a certificate of completion.
"There are 10 spaces available in each workshop and youth can register for as many workshops as they'd like," she said. "The series is funded in part by the DTE Energy Foundation, PNC and individual donations."
Find out more about Stand With Trans online at standwithtrans.org or register online at bit.ly/37FOZei.
About the Author: Eve Kucharski
As news and feature editor at Between The Lines, Eve Kucharski's work has spanned the realms of current events and entertainment. She's chatted with stars like Wanda Sykes, Margaret Cho and Tyler Oakley as well as political figures like Gloria Steinem, Gov. Gretchen Whitmer and Attorney General Dana Nessel. Her coverage of the November 2018 elections was also featured in a NowThis News report.


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You are here: Home / Dewan Rakyat (MPs) / Abdul Rahman bin Bakri
Abdul Rahman bin Bakri
by Suzanne TeySzeChze — last modified Sep 08, 2012 01:55 PM
An ex-member of the State Assembly of Selangor, who is now the representative for Sabak Bernam, Selangor.
Y.B. Datuk
Tingkat Atas Bangunan UMNO, Bahagian Sabak Bernam, Jalan Raja Chulan, 45200 Sabak Bernam, Selangor.
UMNO, 2008-present
Member of the State Assembly of Selangor, representing the seat of Sungai Air Tawar, 2008
Charged with 8 counts of misappropriating public funds, 1 March 2012
(source: www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Bakri_(Selangor_politician))
Court sentenced to 6 years' jail and fined a total of RM400,000 but allowed a stay of sentence pending an appeal. Thus, Abdul Rahman still a Member of Parliament pending for the outcome of his appeal. (source: 2 March 2012, reported by the New Straits Times, at www.nst.com.my/latest/rahman-bakri-loses-post-in-party-najib-1.54652)
Salak Bernam, P092
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Bakri_(Selangor_politician)
http://www.facebook.com/abd.r.bakri
https://twitter.com/abd_rahman38; https://twitter.com/RahmanBakri


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Zdobycie Skały w Sogdianie – starcie zbrojne, które miało miejsce w roku 327 p.n.e.

Kontekst
W roku 327 p.n.e. w Sogdianie Aleksandrowi przeciwstawił się Oksjartes, którego obóz znajdował się na trudno dostępnej górze Aornos. Pomimo że pozycja wydawała się praktycznie niemożliwa do zdobycia, wśród Macedończyków znalazło się 300 ochotników, którzy za odpowiednim wynagrodzeniem zobowiązali się zdobyć górę. Miejsce do wspinaczki wybrał sam Aleksander podczas rekonesansu.

Przebieg
Do wspinaczki doszło nocą w całkowitej ciszy. W trakcie tej ekstremalnej wyprawy śmierć poniosło około 30 ludzi, którzy spadli z dużej wysokości. Po dotarciu na szczyt góry Macedończycy ukryli się przed wzrokiem przeciwnika, oczekując poranku. Rankiem, gdy większość obrońców jeszcze spała, wojownicy Aleksandra ustawili się w szyk, wznosząc głośne okrzyki. Równocześnie przy bramie głównej stanął Aleksander na czele swojej armii. Przerażeni obecnością Macedończyków na swoich tyłach, obrońcy Sogdiany rozpoczęli pertraktacje. Macedończycy bez walki przejęli Sogdianę.

Bibliografia

Sogdiana

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Sharieh-ye Omm-e Teman (, also Romanized as Sharīʿeh-ye Omm-e Teman) is a village in Gharb-e Karun Rural District, in the Central District of Khorramshahr County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 182, in 29 families.

References

Populated places in Khorramshahr County


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Instructor or Lecturer, Film and Mass Media
The Nicholson School of Communication and Media (NSCM) in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida (UCF) invites applications for two instructor or lecturer positions in the Film and Mass Media program. These are nine-month, non-tenure-track appointments. These positions are anticipated to begin in August 2023.
Each successful candidate will contribute to the Film and Mass Media program's mission by teaching undergraduate at-level courses and, depending on the highest degree attained, may also teach at the graduate level. Graduate-level activities (if appropriate) will also include supporting the MFA degree by providing critiques, mentoring, and serving on graduate thesis committees. The teaching load for each position will be four courses per semester, as well as participation in school and university service, including committee work.
A master's degree (for an instructor) or a terminal degree (for a lecturer) in Film Production or a related field (e.g., Film Production, Screenwriting, Film Arts, Mass Communication, etc.) from an accredited institution by the start of employment. Candidates who hold a bachelor's degree will be considered only if they can document ten years or more of professional experience within the film industry. Applicants must have professional accomplishments and demonstrate a working familiarity with film production technologies and processes.
Applicants must also have excellent communication and organizational skills and the ability to work effectively in a collaborative educational environment with faculty, students, and administrators.
Preference will be given to candidates with at least one year of college-level teaching experience in one or more of the following: cinematography and lighting (position 1) or film production management (position 2).
Professional experience and demonstrated fluency involving cinematography, lighting and grip, editing and post- production workflows, post-sound design, color grading, or mixing is desired for position 1. Professional experience and demonstrated fluency involving film production management, budgeting, scheduling, accounting, and risk management is desired for position 2. Strong candidates will have demonstrated support for diversity, equity, and inclusion.
NSCM is especially interested in hiring faculty members who can contribute through their teaching and service to the diversity and excellence of our academic community and foster an environment in which faculty, staff, and students from a variety of backgrounds, cultures and personal experiences are welcomed and can thrive. NSCM is a student-centered school with a collegial and friendly faculty and staff. Students are active in internships and organizations on and off campus. The Film and Mass Media program offers BFA and BA degrees in Film and an MFA in Feature Film Production. In addition to the Film degree, the Film and Mass Media program includes journalism and radio-television degrees. For more information about the school and its programs, visit https://communication.ucf.edu/.
The College of Sciences (COS) houses most of the university's natural, computational, and social sciences in eight departments, two schools, and several centers. The college's programs play a key role in advancing UCF as a national research university that is determined to help students from all backgrounds achieve success. For more information, visit https://sciences.ucf.edu/.
The University of Central Florida (UCF), located in Orlando, is a public research university invested in unleashing the potential within every individual; enriching the human experience through inclusion, discovery, and innovation; and propelling broad-based prosperity for the many communities we serve. UCF is classified as a Very High Research Activity university by the Carnegie Foundation. At UCF, we solve tomorrow's greatest challenges through a commitment to academic, inclusive and operational excellence. Leveraging innovative learning, discovery and partnerships, we foster social mobility while developing the skilled talent needed to advance industry for our region, state and beyond. A Hispanic Serving Institution, UCF is home to a diverse student population of over 70,000 students, almost 2,000 faculty, and more than 4,700 staff. UCF is invested in identifying candidates who will contribute to its mission through equity-minded practice and culturally responsive pedagogy. For more information, visit https://www.ucf.edu.
Additional Application Materials Required:
UCF requires all applications and supporting documents to be submitted electronically through the Human Resources employment opportunities website, https://www.ucf.edu/jobs/. In addition to the online application, interested candidates should upload the following:
A letter of application outlining how you are prepared to join the faculty at UCF, highlighting teaching experience and other qualifications of the position.
A curriculum vitae.
A two-page statement (no more than 1000 words) outlining your teaching, your ability to teach using different modes of delivery, and addressing how you are prepared to instruct and mentor students in one of the most diverse universities in Florida and the U.S.
A reference list of three academic or professional names and contact information, not reference letters.
NOTE: Please have all documents ready when applying so they can be attached at that time. Once the online submission process is finalized, the system does not allow applicants to submit additional documents later.
Review of applications will begin January 19, 2023, and continue until the position is filled.
Questions regarding the position should be directed to Dr. Lisa Mills, professor and assistant director of Film and Mass Media, lisa.mills@ucf.edu.
As an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer, UCF encourages all qualified applicants to apply, including women, veterans, individuals with disabilities, and members of traditionally underrepresented populations.
UCF's Equal Opportunity Statement can be viewed at: https://www.oie.ucf.edu/documents/PresidentsStatement.pdf.
As a Florida public university, UCF makes all application materials and selection procedures available to the public upon request.
The University of Central Florida is proud to be a smoke-free campus and an E-Verify employer.


Remember the uproar when Facebook launched the Timeline in 2011? Half the world declared they hated it and were going to quit Facebook forever. Fast forward to 2014. Facebook is still the largest social media platform in the world and has nearly as many users as the population of India or China.
Anybody who has been a user has seen the platform grow and evolve, usually for the better. 2013 and now 2014 has seen a number of changes to Facebook's layout, its algorithm and its advertising model.
Here's a quick reality check for marketers who want to keep up on Facebook's latest changes.
You can pester every single friend you have on your personal Facebook page to like your brand page, but that will still get you just a few hundred fans. Plus, there is no guarantee that all those people are actually interested in your product/service. They might just like your page to avoid offending you!
The latest changes to Facebook's algorithms have resulted in more crowded news feeds than ever. A number of brands have also seen their organic reach dropping ever since the changes were implemented.
Unfortunately, as social media matures and more and more social media platforms get listed on the public markets, the pressure to show profits gets enormous. This means the days of free visibility on Facebook are numbered. In fact, just as organic reach has been dropping, Facebook has been getting creative in the different ways brands can spend money on its platform in order to get visibility. The new and improved Facebook Insights and the Facebook Ad Server are just two examples of this shift in focus.
Generating sales is one of the biggest challenges marketers continue to face when it comes to social media. The advantage Facebook advertising has over other online channels is that it enables very precise demographic targeting, which is why you'll never run out of options here.
In March 2014, Facebook introduced Premium Video Ads. These 15-second auto play ads will play without sound as a user scrolls past them. Clicking on the video leads to a full screen ad with sound. The ads can be bought based on GRPs like television spots and delivery will be measured independently by Nielsen Online Campaign Ratings. This means you only get charged when a customer actually clicks and watches the video with full sound.
This brings the most important benefits that television had into Facebook and combines those benefits with the inherent strengths that Facebook already has. With audio visual communication possible and clear ROI measurement available, this is one boat you should not miss.
While you're being relevant, don't be afraid to be fun or silly. Share inspiring images (that will likely get shared), funny videos and Pinterest style quotes with images. Facebook's algorithms have become more and more sophisticated over the years and they pick up only posts that are relevant and deemed important by your fans.
Another change that's happening is the importance to timing of your posts. According to Brandon McCormick, Facebook's Communications Director, the relevance of your post to the time of day it has been posted will make a big difference in whether it shows up organically in news feeds or not. For example, a post about a great coffee-making hack will do well in the morning hours but won't work so great around dinner time.
A hashtag is like a barcode. The way a barcode scanner identifies a product with its pricing, brand name, etc. in one scan. Hashtags identify the topic you're looking for anywhere on the platform, irrespective of where it originated, and surfaces the most important, popular and relevant content.
Hashtags on Facebook perform a similar function as they do on Twitter. They allow fans to discover content that is relevant to them. If you want people who are genuinely interested in what you're selling to be able to see your page and your updates, make sure you use hashtags. Remember, the hashtag needs to be relevant to your business; at the same time, it shouldn't be something like #YourBrandName.
Don't worry about over-posting on Facebook. With the new changes that Facebook has brought in, a large majority of your posts will not be visible to your audience anyway. Only about 5-10% of all your fans will be exposed to an average post at any given time.
So what do you do to maximize your reach? You increase your frequency! Post every few hours to ensure you stay on top of your fans' news feeds. If you can't dedicate hours to post stuff on Facebook regularly on an everyday basis, schedule your posts using cool tools like HootSuite, PostCron or PostPlanner.
Understand that your Facebook brand page is like a community of people who like your brand. A great way to make your fans feel good and to increase their engagement is to highlight to the entire community, the great stuff that they share with you.
When you repost your fans' posts to your brand page, not only do you increase your visibility among that particular fan's friends (a great way to win more fans, by the way), you're also letting your other fans know that they too have a chance to be featured and be semi-famous.
A smart "I scratch your back, you scratch mine" strategy, tagging can increase your reach substantially, if done correctly.
In your next post, tag the brand page of a business that has synergies with yours. Going back to the previous example, if you run a health club, you could tag the page of a nutrition supplements company in a manner that says something nice about their product. Since you were complimentary about them, chances are they will repost your original post on their own page. This will get you instant visibility on the news feeds of their fans – a brand new audience!
Good images are hugely shareworthy and can spark social conversations like nothing else. The rise and growth of images-based social media like Instagram and Pinterest is proof of their popularity among users.
In each subsequent layout change, Facebook has made image sizes larger and given more importance to high quality pictures. According to KISSmetrics, photos get 53% more likes, 104% more comments and 84% more click-through than text-based posts.
Harness the power of images to engage more and sell better. You don't need to necessarily have a store on Facebook to sell through Facebook (though, that is an option you can try). You can begin by posting gorgeous images of your products with pricing information and a link to your website.
Want to squeeze more juice out of your email database? Target them with Facebook ads.
Yes, with the option of Custom Audiences, Facebook allows you to create targeted communication for your email database subscribers on Facebook. The list of subscribers can be uploaded directly into Facebook in the form of a CSV file; you can choose to exclude your existing fans including those who overlap into your email database, and the rest of your ad roll out process remains the same as before.
With Custom Audiences, you can target them to become fans of your brand page, run promotions specifically for email subscribers, make important announcements directly via Facebook and so much more.
These are interesting times for social media platforms as well as marketers. The mediums are constantly evolving and today's grand change might become history the day after. This makes it imperative for us as marketers to stay on our toes and track each of these changes closely, check how they affect our marketing efforts and make course corrections to stay on top of our games.
Rohan Ayyar is a serial blogger and digital strategy consultant at E2M Solutions. He also helps startups develop remarkable user experiences at OnlyDesign. You should follow him at @searchrook on Twitter.


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