text:
Q: Running a remote script I want to run script B on machine B by a call from script A on machine A that is run by crontab on regular interval. I'm not a unix user myself and after looking at similar questions, couple things are confusing to me.

*

*Are single quotes necessary because I see they're sometimes used but sometimes not used.
ssh user@host './path/foo.sh'
ssh user@host foo.sh

*If I want to use variables will this work:A.sh:
path="some/path"
ssh user@host @path/foo.sh

or do I need to put them in single quotes?

*Is password always needed? The answers at how to run a script file remotely using ssh had no mention of passwords at all, so I was wondering if there are types of scripts that require password and those that don't. Since my script will have to run on schedule, I would need to automate the authentication process. I found several solutions that involve expect scripts, key-pair authentication. But some answers that have no mention of passwords have me questioning whether if they're necessary at all.

A: *

*Single quotes are only necessary if the string contains special characters, most notably spaces. Almost anything inside single quotes is interpreted literally by the shell.

*Variables are expanded using $, not @, but you cannot use it inside single quotes, so you are better off using double quotes for that. Those still protect against spaces, but allow for $ expansion:
path="some/path"
ssh user@host "$path/foo.sh"

*To ssh to a remote machine, you typically use either a password or a keypair. For automation, a keypair is pretty much your only option, because you don't want to store the password in plain text anywhere and ssh makes it difficult to input it from a file anyway.


text:
S. Bartholomew; Newcastle upon Tyne
Newcastle little upon little Tyne
1086 or earlier, but one source attributes the foundation to as late as the 1140's.
Possibly linked with hospital. King David I of Scotland endowed the nuns with some land.
There were 20 nuns in 1322. The house was preserved from suppression in 1536-7, but fell on January 3, 1540 when it contained the prioress, the retired prioress, and 9 nuns (Medieval Religious Houses in England and Wales, 215).
Dependent Communities:
The hospital of S. Edmund Conf. at Gateshead was dependent on the priory (Medieval Religious Houses in England and Wales, 215).
In 1535 the community's net income was valued at over 36 pounds.
linked to hospital?
The confirmation given by Earl Henry, son of King David of Scotland, of a grant to the nunnery consisting of all the holdings and buildings of a certain burgess, named Aslach (Women Religious: The Founding of English Nunneries After the Norman Conquest43).
Durham Episcopal Charters, 1071-1152, 131-2, no. 33.
Nunnery of St. Bartholomew at Newcastle upon Tyne
A descriptive and historical account of the town and county of Newcastle upon Tyne : including the Borough of Gateshead /, 118-123
The house was preserved from suppression in 1536-7, but fell on January 3, 1540 when it contained the prioress, the retired prioress, and 9 nuns (Knowles and Hadcock, 215).
mad 7/16
Marilyn Oliva

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


April 5, 2018 -- An important article in the March 31, edition of Modern Healthcare, by author, Rachel Z. Arndt, was entitled, "Building the best HIPAA contingency plan." According to Arndt, "As the plague of cyberattacks on health systems continues, HHS' Office for Civil Rights wants healthcare organizations to establish contingency plans to keep patient data secure. In fact, the HIPAA security rule mandates that covered entities and business associates have such plans."
The article went on to describe that OCR is urging "healthcare organizations to figure out which IT systems are critical, to understand how to function in a disaster, and to back up protected health information so it can be retrieved if the original data are lost or taken offline."
The HIPAA contingency plan recommended by experts polled by Modern Healthcare can be found in the article on the website, principally that, "There should be an integrated contingency plan about more than just HIPAA..." A proactive, holistic, best-practices approach is strongly advocated by all of the healthcare leaders surveyed.
Please contact the Derive Healthcare team to request a HIPAA systems healthcheck. You can reach us by calling (212) 363-1111 [New York], (201) 299-9132 [New Jersey] or TOLL-FREE at (844) 363-1110, or by completing the form on this page (please include "HIPAA healthcheck" in the form's comments).


Rubber tree is cultivated in mainly Southeast Asia and is by far the most significant source of natural rubber production worldwide. However, the genetic architecture underlying the primary agronomic traits of this crop has not been widely characterized. This study aimed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with growth and latex production using a biparental population established in suboptimal growth conditions in Brazil.
A full-sib population composed of 251 individuals was developed from crossing two high-producing Asiatic rubber tree cultivars, PR 255 and PB 217. This mapping population was genotyped with microsatellite markers from enriched genomic libraries or transcriptome datasets and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, leading to construction of a saturated multipoint integrated genetic map containing 354 microsatellite and 151 SNP markers. Height and circumference measurements repeated over a six-year period and registration of cumulative latex production during six consecutive months on the same individuals allowed in-depth characterization of the genetic values of several growth traits and precocious latex production. Growth traits, circumference and height, were overall positively correlated, whereas latex production was not correlated or even negatively correlated with growth traits. A total of 86 distinct QTLs were identified, most of which were detected for only one trait. Among these QTLs, 15 were linked to more than one phenotypic trait (up to 4 traits simultaneously). Latex production and circumference increments during the last wintering period were associated with the highest numbers of identified QTLs (eleven and nine, respectively), jointly explaining the most significantly observed phenotypic variances (44.1% and 44.4%, respectively). The most important QTL for latex production, located on linkage group 16, had an additive effect of the male parent PB 217 and corresponded to a QTL at the same position detected in a previous study carried out in Thailand for the biparental population RRIM 600 x PB 217.
Our results identified a set of significant QTLs for rubber tree, showing that the performance of modern Asiatic cultivars can still be improved and paving the way for further marker-assisted selection, which could accelerate breeding programs.
Although originating from South America, rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) is grown in mainly Southeast Asia and West Africa, wherein optimal edaphoclimatic conditions are reached to provide high rubber production. However, rubber tree may also be cultivated under suboptimal climate conditions when competing with essential food crops or when a disease threatens its durability in more favorable areas. The latter occurs in Brazil with South American leaf blight (SALB) disease, caused by the fungus Microcyclus ulei that is prevalent throughout most of the country. SALB has led rubber tree growers to concentrate their production in the State of São Paulo, a southeastern region of Brazil, where climatic conditions are less favorable for the epidemic development of SALB .
Rubber tree is cultivated mainly for the production of natural rubber, an indispensable commodity in all the aspects of modern daily life, mainly in the tire industry. Latex is regularly harvested by tapping the bark and is then transformed into standardized rubber after coagulation and various industrial processes, including cleaning, drying and pressing .
Compared with most food crops, the domestication history of rubber tree is very recent, initiating approximately 140 years ago. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, latex was collected only from wild rubber trees in the Amazonian forest and rudimentarily processed to produce balls of rubber , most of which were exported to Great Britain. In 1876, approximately 70,000 rubber seeds were collected in the Brazilian State of Pará by Henry Wickham and shipped to the Kew Botanic Gardens . Because of a very low germination rate, only a few plantlets were dispatched from Kew Botanic Gardens to the Colombo Botanic Gardens in Sri Lanka and Singapore, where they were grown into adults, further multiplied and disseminated by seeds, giving rise to the genetic basis of rubber tree breeding. The first large-scale rubber tree plantations were established in Southeast Asia only a century ago  and originated from the few "Wickham" trees.
Initial rubber breeding strategies aimed at crossing the most vigorous and best latex yielding trees to produce selected seedlings for fast-growing areas on rubber tree plantations. When budding techniques were widely adopted in the 1920s , mass selection over many trees allowed the identification and multiplication of the first elite clones, which were also used as progenitors in future breeding programs, allowing noticeable progress in latex production . Until now, this process has continued at a slow pace due to the lengthy period required to assess the genetic value of the breeding units. For that reason, modern rubber tree cultivars (clones propagated by budding) are distant from the first "Wickham trees" by only a few generations, probably no more than four or five in most cases . Consequently, a small number of recombination/selection events should have occurred after introduction of the wild Wickham genotypes, and modern cultivars thus continue to carry unfavorable alleles at major genes encoding agronomic traits of interest that have not yet been eliminated via the selection process . Genetic progress should therefore continue to be significant for an extended period by progressively alleviating this genetic load, and marker-assisted selection (MAS) should greatly improve the pace of genetic breeding and reduce the time required to develop new varieties .
To date, various genetic mapping studies have been performed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) useful for MAS in rubber tree that are essentially focused on disease resistance. The first QTLs detected for rubber tree were associated with resistance to SALB after inoculation of the fungus M. ulei onto their leaves under controlled conditions . Afterwards, this study was completed by others on the same genetic background but in different infestation conditions [9, 10] and was used to characterize QTLs arising from other resistant genotypes [11, 12]. All these results provide an overview of the genetic diversity associated with SALB resistance and the genomic complexity of rubber tree regarding the number of genetic factors and interactions with fungus isolates.
QTLs for other important agronomic traits, such as growth and latex production, were also identified in rubber tree. Rattanawong et al.  developed a full-sib population (196 individuals) derived from a cross between two "Wickham" clones (RRIM 600 x PB 217) and identified QTLs that explained high proportions (31 and 66%) of the observed phenotypic variances (R2) for both traits, respectively. Souza et al.  identified QTLs for two growth traits (height and circumference) in rubber tree based on a full-sib population (PR 255 x PB 217) evaluated in a Brazilian suboptimal climatic condition (hot and wet summer and an extended dry and relatively cold winter) for three consecutive years. The authors evaluated phenotypic data, separating data into summer and winter seasons, and mapped QTLs for each season and both seasons simultaneously. A total of 11 and 7 QTLs were detected for height and circumference growth traits, respectively. A lower proportion of observed phenotypic variance was observed for height (from 2.7 to 8.1%) and circumference (from 2.8 to 9.0%) compared to the estimated proportion of 31% previously detected by Rattanawong et al. . Therefore, better understanding the genetic architecture of growth traits in different climatic conditions is necessary.
Confirming whether QTLs detected in Thailand for a specific population, cultivated under optimal climatic conditions , are the same as those identified in Brazil for another population under sub-optimal climatic conditions was of interest . Although both studies used different segregating populations, they shared a parental clone (PB 217), which could be used for this confirmation. Comparative mapping between the studies by Rattanawong et al.  and Souza et al.  should be performed for only growth traits because the latter did not map QTLs for latex production in rubber tree. However, more recently, a high density SNP-based genetic map allowed the identification of 17 QTLs involved in the control of dry latex production .
Our objectives in the present study were the mapping of QTLs related to growth and latex production traits on rubber tree cultivated under the sub-optimal climatic conditions of Southeast Brazil. We have used for this purpose an experimental design that has already been described in a previous study , but without latex production until now because the trees were too young. We extended the previous multipoint genetic linkage map to include novel simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. We used a linear mixed model approach to analyze a new growth (height and circumference) and latex production dataset. With two more years of growth data registration, most trees in the experimental field had reached a sufficient circumference to be tapped, providing latex production data. Finally, QTL analyses of growth and latex production traits were performed, advancing our understanding of their genetic architecture in rubber tree.
Of the 364 SSRs initially available, 112 (30.8%) were polymorphic for the parent PR 255, 72 (19.8%) were polymorphic for the parent PB 217, and 178 (48.9%) were polymorphic for both parents. For the latter, 145 (81.5%) and 33 (18.5%) presented segregation ratios of 1:1:1:1 (fully informative) and 1:2:1, respectively.
From the 12 (2.2%) molecular markers that deviated from Mendelian segregation, following the Bonferroni correction for multiple tests, 10 (83.3%) comprised SSRs. Of these, five SSRs (50.0%, A2746, t283, a268, TA2158 and HBE64), one (10.0%, HB152), and four (40.0%, A2481, TAs2196, TAs2746 and A2387) deviated from the expected 1:1:1:1, 1:2:1 and 1:1 segregations, respectively.
A total of 243 SNPs previously detected by Mantello et al.  and Silva et al.  were genotyped by Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX technology in the segregating population. Of these, 54 (22.2%) failed to amplify, 83 (34.2%) were monomorphic, and 106 (39.6%) were polymorphic for at least one parent (PR 255 or PB 217), enabling their use in genetic mapping (Table 1). However, one of the polymorphic SNPs (Hb_seq_50) presented an incompatible segregation pattern to an F1 population  and was excluded from the Sequenom SNP dataset, resulting in 105 (39.18%) useful SNPs. One SNP (Hb_seq_38_2) presented deviation from the expected segregation at 1:2:1.
In addition, a total of 96 SNPs (74 and 22, named sHbCIR and sHbUNI, respectively) were used to genotype the segregating population with Fluidigm® technology. From these, seven (7.3%, 6 sHbCIR and 1 sHbUNI) did not amplify, and three (3.1%, sHbCIR) were monomorphic, which led to their exclusion from the total dataset. Moreover, one additional SNP (sHbUNI0351_S) was excluded because it presented incompatible segregation . Therefore, a total of 85 (88.5%) SNPs, 65 (76.5%) with the initial sHbCIR and 20 (23.5%) with the initial sHbUNI, were available. Only the SNP sHbUNI0515_S deviated from the 1:2:1 segregation pattern.
By combining data from all the genotyping techniques, 555 markers, 364 SSRs and 191 SNPs, were used to construct the integrated genetic linkage map. From these, 354 SSRs and 151 SNPs were positioned into the final genetic linkage map (Fig. 1 and Additional file 1: Table S1). A total of 505 molecular markers were positioned on 23 linkage groups.
The largest of these 23 linkage groups was LG10 with a total of 47 (9.3%) molecular markers (35 SSRs and 12 SNPs) and an extension of more than 300 centiMorgan (cM) (8.6%). The smallest groups were LG19, LG20 and LG21 with no more than three (0.6%) SNP markers and 5 cM of extension. Two linkage groups, LG12B and LG18B, were considered part of LG12 and LG18, respectively, according to graphical analysis performed for each linkage group.
In general, the 151 SNP markers, which were developed and mapped for the first time in the present F1 population, were distributed to all the linkage groups except LG18B. The linkage groups comprising the most SNPs were LG14 (14 SNPs), LG6 (13 SNPs), LG10 (12 SNPs), LG1 (11 SNPs), and LG5 (10 SNPs) and LG11 (10 SNPs).
Several variance-covariance structures for the genetic and residual matrices investigated and compared via Akaike information criteria (AIC) are summarized in Additional file 1: Tables S2 and S3, respectively. The selected models (Additional file 1: Table S4) indicated heterogeneity of genetic variance for height (SH2, WH1, WH2, and TWH), circumference (SC1, SC4, SC5, WC2, WC3, and WC4), and total latex production (TLP) with the structures DIAG, FA, and AR1Het. Genetic correlations were also observed for growth traits and latex production with the models FA and AR1Het. Moreover, heterogeneity of residual variance (SH1, TSH, TWH, TSWH, SC1, SC4, SC5, WC1, WC2, WC3, WC4, and TLP) and presence of residual or spatial correlation (TSH, WH1, SC1, SC3, SC4, SC5, TSC, WC3, WC4, TWC, TSWC, and TLP) were detected with the models DIAG, AR1, and AR1Het.
Table 2 and Fig. 2 show the main features and distributions of the 20 variables that were analyzed from height, circumference, and latex production measurements. Comparing the predicted genotypic values of the mapping population parents, PR 255 was slightly superior to PB 217 for all growth variables and markedly superior for TLP. Moreover, the predicted genotypic values of the two parents regarding height and circumference for both summer and winter seasons increased over time. The predicted genotypic values of the mapping population were always higher for the summer season than the winter season, and this superiority was evident for both height and circumference traits (Table 2 and Fig. 2).
Broad-sense heritabilities ranged from 0.15 to 0.41 for height traits, from 0.00 to 0.52 for circumference traits, and reached 0.71 for TLP (Table 2). Therefore, higher participation of the detected QTLs was expected for the observed phenotypic variance for latex production than that for circumference and even more than for height.
Genetic correlations between growth traits, both height and circumference, were overall positive and statistically significant at 0.1, 1, and 5% (Table 3). TLP was not correlated with most growth traits, and when correlations were observed, they were always negative with weak (SH1), moderate (WH1, TWH, TSWH, WC1), and high (SC5) Pearson's coefficients. Interestingly, Pearson's correlation coefficients varied within the circumference measurements. Genetic correlation decay over time is possible, showing that genotypic values from near measurements are more correlated than those from more distant measurements. For example, SC1 was more genetically correlated with SC2 (0.61) than SC3 (0.46), SC4 (0.28), and SC5 (− 0.06). The same growth trait evidence was observed for the winter season, as WC1 was more genetically correlated with WC2 (0.53) than WC3 (0.23) and WC4 (0.15).
Unlike the previous study performed with the same F1 segregating population , in this work, QTLs were mapped for growth traits computed for all time intervals between the first and last measurements and for TLP. All genomic positions with LOD scores detected with composite interval mapping (CIM) methodology  that were superior to thresholds determined by permutation tests [20, 21] were considered possibly significant QTLs (Additional file 1: Table S5). Considering all 20 phenotypic traits, a total of 111 putative QTLs were detected based on LOD score thresholds obtained by the method established by Chen and Storey . When a statistically significant locus appeared near another (distance smaller than 5 cM) for a different trait, we considered these loci a unique QTL. We were thus able to merge 47 of 111 LOD score peaks into 19 QTLs because of their genetic proximity on the genetic map, consolidating the number of QTLs to 83 (Additional file 1: Table S5).
The genetic architecture of the evaluated traits was dissected in depth for the rubber tree population (Additional file 1: Table S5), containing the number of QTLs and the theoretical participation of genetic factors to the observed phenotypic variance (R2) for all traits. Surprisingly, the growth QTLs detected in cumulative seasonal periods (TSH, TWH, TSC, and TWC) were different from those detected at seasonal intervals for the same trait, showing the importance of the strategy adopted in this work. However, some exceptions were observed, such as LG02–40 (SC2, SC3, SC4, and TSC), LG03–96/93 (SC3 and SC4), LG03–116 (WC1 and TWC), LG03–184 (SC3 and TSC), LG08–60 (WC3, WC4, and TWC), LG08–219 (SC2 and SC3), LG16–4 (SC2 and TSC), LG16–45 (SC3 and SC4), and LG15–100 (WC2 and TWC). According to the criterion of requiring a genetic distance less than 5 cM to declare a QTL unique, all of these cases represent unique QTLs for rubber tree circumference expressed over time.
Table 4 and Fig. 3 list what we considered the 10 (11.6%) most important QTLs in the present study either because of their implication in several traits or because of their high contribution to the phenotypic variances of these traits. Out of these ten selected QTLs, four deserve to be highlighted.
LG02–40 represents a QTL detected for circumference increments during the summer season on two intervals of measurement (SC2 and SC3) and the total circumference increment (TSC), with a maximum contribution to phenotypic variance (R2) of 14.4%. This QTL was due to the significant additive effect of the female parent PR 255 and the significant dominance effect from the interaction between the alleles of both parents for the three mentioned traits.
QTL LG05–87 contributed to the circumference increment during the fourth winter season (WC4). This QTL explained 8.5% of the phenotypic variation, also mainly due to the significant additive effect of the PR 255 parent, although the additive effect of the male parent PB 217 was also significant and contributed to the circumference increment.
LG16–4 is an important QTL detected for TLP, which contributed to 9.2% of the phenotypic variance. This QTL was also implicated in the SC2 and TSC traits and was very conditioned by the significant additive effect of the male parent PB 217 for the three traits. Moreover, a significant dominance effect from interaction between the PR 255 and PB 217 alleles was observed for SC2 and TLP.
LG04–97 is a QTL that also largely influenced TLP, as it contributed to 8.7% of the phenotypic variance due to significant additive effects of both parents. The segregations of this QTL and the other three described above were all 1:1:1:1.
The two primary objectives of any rubber tree breeding program are generally to (1) develop cultivars that grow rapidly and (2) produce high quantities of dry rubber. Therefore, identification of genetic factors that could help breeders reach these goals is of great importance, but few studies have focused on this topic. The field experimental design previously studied by Souza et al.  was performed ideally for the acquisition of growth (height and circumference) and production data as well as for the detection of QTLs. The recently acquired data from new growth measurements and from latex production through tapping provided an opportunity to follow the expression of growth-related QTLs over time and identify latex production-related QTLs in rubber trees cultivated under southeast Brazilian conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first report to map QTLs for growth and latex production traits in such conditions by exploring data collected over seven consecutive years.
One of two significant steps in the present QTL study was the establishment of an updated genetic linkage map previously constructed by Souza et al. . In addition to SSR markers used in that work and novel SSR markers, the new genetic linkage map encompasses 151 SNP markers identified based on cDNA libraries obtained under varied conditions of identified tissues [16, 17, 22]. These SNP markers are derived from annotated sequences of various types of expressed genes and could thus be very useful in identifying possible genes underlying QTLs. Furthermore, these mapped SNPs will undoubtedly contribute to anchoring the recently released rubber tree genomes [23–25] to a genetic map, providing important advances for better representing the genome.
The high number of markers used to construct the new genetic linkage map contributed to both reducing the average interval between two adjacent markers (7.4 cM versus 9.9 cM)  and to increasing the total map length (3525 cM versus 2838 cM) . Compared to other genetic linkage maps already published for rubber tree, the total lengths of both maps are higher, as the total lengths obtained on other populations were smaller (2144 cM , 2075 cM , 2441 cM , and 2094 cM ). Comparison of length for each linkage group was only possible with previous studies which have SSR markers in common with our work [11, 26, 27]. They show an overall good coherence in the relative lengths of their linkage groups. Conversely, comparisons were not possible with genetic maps constructed without any common marker with other studies . The fact that the number of linkage groups in our study is superior to the haploid number of chromosomes (n = 18) in the rubber tree genome is probably because we have linkage groups with a small number of markers in some genomic regions, which will be linked with the others as we add more markers. However, the incorporation of more markers and their effective use for constructing an updated genetic linkage map will specifically depend on the genomic region and its recombination rate variation.
The breakdown of growth traits in elementary time interval increments facilitated the understanding of growth evolution during young stages (Table 2). Height growth was faster during the summer season than in winter and remained constant over the two summer intervals evaluated in time. The higher coefficient of variation for height in winter than in summer may be explained by the fact that the terminal apex was more subjected to biotic (pests) as well as abiotic (chilling temperatures) stresses during winter, which could heavily disrupt height growth and increase residual errors. This phenomenon may also affect the heritability and power to detect QTLs.
Circumference increments during summer increased from the first to the fourth interval but did not increase during the winter, instead remaining at a very low level. Consequently, the total circumference increment was highly correlated to the summer increment and its elementary intervals and less intensively correlated with the increment during winter. The circumference increment during the last summer interval of measurement (SC5) showed somewhat different behavior because it corresponded to the increment during latex production. Competition should exist for allocating photoassimilates between vegetative growth and regeneration of rubber particles in latex , which explains the very low level and reduced genetic variability of SC5 and its absence of correlation with most other growth traits. For this same reason, TLP was significantly negatively correlated with SC5 and showed no positive correlation with other growth traits.
A temporal decay of genetic correlation was observed for circumference in both summer and winter seasons (Table 3). This behavior is expected in semi-perennial or perennial crops repeatedly evaluated over time, such as sugarcane [29, 30], rubber tree (in the present study), eucalyptus , and pinus , and occurs because near measurements tend to be more genetically correlated than distant measurements. In rubber tree, measurements performed in the first years usually present lower circumferences compared to those carried out in subsequent years. Thus, genetic correlation between the first two measurements will naturally be higher than that between any of the more advanced measurements.
A total of 83 different QTLs were identified herein, and the genetic architecture of the traits was established based on the theoretical values of genetic participation in the phenotypic variance, the estimated effects, and the segregation of these QTLs (Additional file 1: Table S5). Most of the growth trait-related QTLs were detected only once in a specific elementary time interval, which indicates that they corresponded to specifically expressed genes or genetic factors during a determined period of development. Furthermore, with rare exceptions, QTLs detected in total periods did not correspond to those detected during the time intervals for the same traits. In other words, we could establish a distinction between "temporary QTLs" with a sufficient influence on growth traits in a limited period but without a long-term effect and "permanent QTLs" with a possible detectable effect on time intervals and significant cumulative effects when considering variation across several intervals. Finally, few QTLs were common for the same growth trait during both the summer and winter seasons or for height and circumference increments simultaneously. Only one QTL detected for TLP was also observed for circumference traits (SC2 and TSC).
Complex agronomic traits, such as growth, are usually controlled by many genes, which may explain the high number of QTLs associated with these traits that are usually detected in perennial plants. More than 60 different QTLs were found by Segura et al.  for the architecture of branching in apple trees. In a Populus interspecific family, a total of 82 QTLs were identified for growth based on genotype-environment (G x E) interactions . In Eucalyptus globulus, 98 QTLs were identified for wood properties and growth .
However, if the identification of numerous QTLs helps to understand the genetic architecture of these important traits, they cannot all be used by breeders. Three major constraints shape the breeding schemes of rubber tree: (1) low rate of female fertility, which hampers the achievement of crosses with numerous genotypes; (2) long duration required to assess phenotypic performances (currently from 12 to 15 years to have an acceptable evaluation of rubber production); and (3) long duration of the biological cycle, a minimum of 6 years between one seed and the seed of the next generation. For these reasons, trying to gather favorable alleles for all QTLs by multiplying the generations is not reasonable. Furthermore, being a recently domesticated plant, rubber tree can still be greatly improved by QTLs of large effects. In that way, QTL LG16–4, whose position is between 0 and 6 cM on LG16, explains 9.2% of TLP phenotypic variance (and is also involved in SC2 and TSC), is an excellent MAS program candidate for rubber tree. The effect of this QTL is predominantly due to the additive effect of the male parent PB 217 (Table 4 and Additional file 1: Table S5) and corresponds precisely to the QTL identified by Rattanawong et al.  located on the same linkage group 16 at 5.8 cM, with R2 varying from 20 to 59%. In this latter case, the effect is due to the additive effects of both Asiatic parents (RRIM 600 and PB 217). Our work thus confirms the importance of this QTL identified in Thailand and its efficiency in different cultivation conditions.
Furthermore, the marker HBE64, mapped at 4.0 cM from this QTL, and the only marker mapped in this interval, had the best blast hit with the sieve element occlusion protein. Recent studies in rubber tree revealed that this protein causes laticifer plugging, as it may assist in the aggregation of rubber particles. Moreover, abundances of both the sieve element occlusion protein and its mRNA were reduced after etephon treatment, which facilitated and may have a direct relationship with latex flow . Although different versions of the rubber tree genome have recently been published [23–25], a genome annotation is not publicly available. Thus, this does not allow an accurate investigation of genes in this region to more precisely delimitate the region that controls production. These results also show that although RRIM 600 and PR 255 are half-sib genotypes (the former from the cross TJIR 1 × PB 86 and the latter from the cross TJIR 1 × PR 107), they do not share the same favorable latex production allele.
In addition to LG16–4, an efficient MAS based on the family studied here (PR 255 × PB 217), should consider the QTL LG04–97, which also presents significant additive effects from PB 217 and PR 255 on latex production. The marker sHbCIR0057, mapped to these QTLs, had the best blast hit with sucrose synthase 4 (HbSus4). The activity of sucrose synthase was reportedly reduced due to treatment of the bark with Ethrel (2–chloroethylphosponic acid, an ethylene releaser) . Previous studies on rubber tree demonstrated significant repression of HbSus4 under Ethrel treatment, which is consistent with the weakened enzymatic activity of Sus proteins in latex after Ethrel treatment . These two candidate genes – sieve element occlusion protein and sucrose synthase – were not identified in the recent study of Xia et al. , and can therefore be added to the list of genes whose polymorphism can partially explain variations of latex production. Furthermore, the QTL LG02–40 seems to have a determinant influence on circumference increments with a significant additive effect from the parent PR 255 and a significant dominance effect between the alleles of both parents (Table 4 and Additional file 1: Table S5).
These findings are very interesting because they demonstrate that even if the genetic basis of Asiatic rubber clones is narrow due to their common origin from the first Wickham introduction, many favorable alleles for important agronomic traits are not yet fixed by selection in the "Wickham" population or shared by all rubber tree cultivars. Therefore, an opportunity still exists for further genetically improving the "Wickham" population by trying to concentrate favorable additive effects in the same genotypes.
In conclusion, the rapid changes in genotyping technologies provide an excellent opportunity to improve the efficiency of MAS even for specifically difficult plants, such as rubber tree. Genotyping by sequencing should efficiently and quickly provide numerous SNP markers on every biparental population used in breeding schemes and on every unstructured population containing accessions from germplasms constructed to assess genetic diversity. These potentially numerous markers combined with rather good heritabilities for the most important traits (0.50 for TSWC and 0.70 for TLP) and limited numbers of QTLs for those same traits (8 QTLs for TSC and 11 for TLP) should be favorable for genome-wide selection (GWS) for the former population and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for the latter population. In the first case, simulations carried out by Combs and Bernardo  showed that the accuracy of GWS under these conditions should be sufficient to shorten the duration of one breeding cycle by avoiding systematic phenotypic observations. As already demonstrated on oil palm, another perennial crop , we can hypothesize that an accurate estimation of genomic breeding value, carried out by simultaneous phenotyping and genotyping a training population, would allow a more efficient preselection in a large population of candidate genotypes and eventually a greater genetic gain per time unit on key agronomic traits like growth or latex production.
An F1 (full-sib) segregating population was obtained by crossing the clone PR 255 (TJIR 1 x PR 107), the female parent, and the clone PB 217 (PB 5/51 x PB 6/9), the male parent, generating a total of 270 individuals (progenies). The seedlings obtained under controlled pollination were grown in a plastic bag nursery and then moved to the field before being clonally propagated by budding onto rootstocks.
Because both parental clones are modern Asiatic rubber tree cultivars, the clones originated from the first "Wickham trees". PR 255 is a vigorous and high-yielding quick-starter clone  and was recommended for planting in Malaysia during the 1980–1994 period . Under the edaphoclimatic conditions of southeast of Brazil, PR 255 is a rather good clone for growth and latex production stability . PB 217 is a slow-growing cultivar during the early stages of its development and a slow-starter latex producer, meaning that its latex production increases progressively during the first years. However, this cultivar is well appreciated by rubber producers for its exceptional yield potential over a long-term period. This feature is mainly due to the high sucrose content of its latex, allowing intense hormonal stimulation and tapping , and this clone was also recommended in Malaysia from 1980 to 1994.
The two parental clones originated from Indonesia (PR255) and Malaysia (PB217) but were largely widespread throughout all rubber tree cultivating countries many years before the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992). For that reason, they can be freely planted for commercial purposes, and used as progenitors in breeding and research programs. Controlled pollinations were carried out on the Edouard Michelin Plantation (Brazil), a Company that has been recognized as plant breeder by the Brazilian Ministry of Environment (CGEN, Decision n° 415, February 18th 2014). Michelin Company is therefore authorized to create new plant material by crossing and to study it for breeding purposes.
Progeny individuals of the F1 segregating population were multiplied by grafting onto rootstocks and planted in a field trial in Itiquira, Mato Grosso State, Brazil (17°24′03" S and 54°44′53" W) from March 2006 to March 2007. The climatic conditions of this region, characterized by a hot and wet summer and an exhaustively dry and relatively cold winter, are similar to those of southeast Brazil, which is the central Brazilian region for rubber tree cultivation. The experimental design comprised a randomized complete block design with four replicates and four grafted trees of the same individual per elementary plot. Therefore, each block consisted of 272 elementary plots, one plot for each of the 270 F1 individuals and one plot for each of the parental clones PR 255 and PB 217.
On rubber plantations, trees are considered "young" or "immature" as long as they are not tapped for latex production, which occurs between six and 9 years old according to climatic conditions. The "adult" producing stage may last until the trees are 25 to 30 years old. All phenotypic measurements in the present experiment were carried out between 6 months and 7 years after planting, i.e., during the "young" stage and at the beginning of the "adult" stage.
For the first 6 years, only growth traits were periodically measured on all living trees of the field trial, namely the (i) height of trees taken at the insertion of the highest leaf on the trunk, and the (ii) circumference of the trunk measured 1 m above the soil level. In the seventh year after planting, all trees with a circumference equal or superior to 25 cm were tapped once every 3 days for six consecutive months. The cumulative production of coagulated latex was assessed three times during this tapping period.
Height and circumference increments were defined as the difference between measurements obtained in October of year N and April of year N + 1 (season summer – S) and April of year N and October of year N (season winter – W) as described by Souza et al. . Overall, twenty traits were obtained and used for phenotypic analyses (see Fig. 4): height increments during summer (SH1, SH2 and TSH), winter (WH1, WH2 and TWH), and total height increment (TSWH); circumference increments during summer (SC1, SC2, SC3, SC4, SC5 and TSC), winter (WC1, WC2, WC3, WC4 and TWC) and total circumference increment (TSWC); and TLP. The six consecutive months of tapping for assessing latex production totally corresponded to the period during which SC5 was estimated; SC5 should be considered the circumference increment under tapping conditions.
where yijklw is the phenotypic observation (height or circumference) related to block i, line j, column k, genotype l and planting date w; yijklm is the phenotypic observation (latex production) related to block i, line j, column k, genotype l and circumference m; μ is the average; bi is the effect of block i; lj is the effect of line j; ck is the effect of column k; pw is the effect of planting date w; am is the effect of co-variable circumference m; gl is the effect of genotype l; and εijklw and εijklm are both residual terms. Except gl, all effects and residuals were considered fixed.
For growth traits (height and circumference), different variance-covariance structures were investigated for the genetic effects matrix accounting for interactions of individuals (clones) along the experimental blocks (G = GB ⊗ I). For latex production, different structures were tested for the genetic effects matrix accounting for repeated measures over time (G = GE ⊗ I). These structures were identity (ID), diagonal (DIAG), heterogeneous compound symmetry (CSHet), factor analytic (FA), and unstructured (UNST), which are detailed by Pastina . Given the best model for the genetic effects matrix, the structures ID, DIAG, auto-regressive of order 1 (AR), and heterogeneous auto-regressive of order 1 (ARHet) were investigated for residual effects matrices related to lines and columns (RL ⊗ RC) of the experiment. The use of lines and columns as co-variables in models (1) and (2) as well as the incorporation of their tested residual matrices provided additional variation control. Components of genetic and residual variances and covariances for the described structures were estimated using the restricted maximum likelihood method (REML) . Models were compared via AIC , and all analyses were performed using the R version of ASReml software .
SSR markers were obtained mainly from enriched genomic libraries or expressed sequence tag (EST) libraries (Table 1). A few markers came from suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) cDNA libraries  or were directly identified in the GenBank Nucleotide public database [50, 51]. Amplifications by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed as described in Table 1. Most of the SSR amplicons generated by PCR were separated by migration on denaturing acrylamide gels and visualized by two alternative techniques, silver staining  or fluorescence, using a LICOR 4300 DNA analyzer as previously described . A few SSR markers were characterized with an Advance FS96 dsDNA Fragment Analysis instrument (Advanced Analytical Technologies Inc., USA) or by capillary electrophoresis on an ABI 3500xL (Applied Biosystem) instrument .
SNPs developed and presented in previous rubber tree studies [16, 17, 22] were evaluated for polymorphisms in the parental clones PR 255 and PB 217 and selected as molecular markers. A subset of putative SNPs identified from de novo transcriptome assemblies [16, 22] and EST full-length libraries  for rubber tree was used to develop novel molecular markers (Additional file 2: Table S6). Two different genotyping technologies were used: (1) the Sequenom MassARRAY® platform (AgenaBio, San Diego, CA), based on mass spectrometry genotyping, and (2) the Fluidigm® platform (South San Francisco, CA), based on KASP™ chemistry.
A total of 243 targeted SNPs from 226 sequences (Additional file 3: Table S7), 29 previously validated SNPs [16, 17] and 214 SNPs predicted from de novo transcriptome assembly  and full-length ESTs , were submitted to the MassARRAY Assay Design program (Agena Bioscience®, San Diego, CA). This program designs capture primers (PCR reaction), which amplify the targeted region, and the extension primer, which binds immediately adjacent to the SNP. Primer design was performed using the following parameters: (1) high plex preset with a multiplex level = 24; (2) amplicon length varying from 80 to 200 bp, and (3) number of iterations = 10. Genotyping reactions were performed following the manufacturer's instructions with DNA input concentrations varying from 1 to 3 ng/μl. These SNPs are listed in Additional file 2.
This technology is based on PCR with competitive allele-specific forward primers and enables the visualization of SNP sites in either homozygous or heterozygous states. Polymorphic SNPs on parental clones of the F1 population were screened on a LightCycler® 480 instrument with KASP™ chemistry. Genotyping of 192 progeny individuals of the F1 population was performed on a Fluidigm® instrument with the same chemistry with 96 SNPs using a nanofluidic 96.96 Dynamic Array IFC instrument (Integrated Fluidic Circuit, Fluidigm Corp.).
A total of 251 individuals (of 270 initially obtained) of the PR 255 x PB 217 population and 555 molecular markers, 364 SSRs and 191 SNPs (Table 1), were used for construction of the integrated genetic linkage map. Marker segregation was assessed using a Chi-square test and Bonferroni correction for multiple tests. The integrated genetic linkage map was constructed using a multipoint approach based on hidden Markov models (HMM) , which are implemented in the freely available OneMap package  within R statistical software . Initially, recombination fractions and linkage phases were simultaneously estimated for each pair of markers, and linkage groups (LGs) were obtained based on a maximum recombination fraction of 0.35 and a minimum LOD score of 4.50. A multipoint approach was used to order markers and re-estimate the recombination fractions into each LG [57, 58] using OneMap's graphics to check for inconsistencies. Genetic distances were obtained using the Kosambi mapping function . Final visualization of the map was obtained using MapChart software .
An extension of composite interval mapping (CIM)  for an outcrossing population was performed  using the integrated (multipoint) genetic linkage map and the predicted genotypic values of the traits obtained via ASReml. Initially, the genetic linkage map was scanned, and QTL searches were performed every 1 cM. In each position, the QTL model was fitted using the effects of molecular markers outside the mapping interval as cofactors, selected via stepwise regression. A window size of 15 cM was used, and 1000 permutations were performed based on two different approaches to declare significance [20, 21]. All genomic positions with LOD scores superior to the threshold with a significance level of 0.05 suggested the presence of a QTL. For these positions, three effects were marginally tested following a previously suggested approach : (i) additive for the parent PR 255 (αp), (ii) additive for the parent PB 217 (αq), and (iii) dominance involving additive alleles from both parents (δpq). The segregation pattern of the QTL and its linkage phase were estimated following the procedure developed by Gazaffi et al. .
João Ricardo Bachega Feijó Rosa and Camila Campos Mantello contributed equally to this work.
This work was made in the frame of the platform in partnership: International Consortium for Advanced Biology in Brazil (CIBA, https://www.ciba-network.org).
This work was supported in Brazil by grants awarded to APS from FAPESP (2012/50491–8), CNPq (478701/2012–8; 402954/2012–2), and CAPES (Computational Biology Program and CAPES Agropolis Program) and doctoral fellowships from FAPESP awarded to CCM, CaCS and LMS (2011/50188–0, 2009/52975, and 2009/14068–0, respectively). AAFG and APS are the recipients of a research fellowship from CNPq. GTS received a postdoctoral fellowship from FAPESP (2013/20447–0) and CAPES/Agropolis (6087-14-0). JRBFR received a doctoral fellowship from CNPq and CAPES/Agropolis (3243/15–0). This study was also supported by a grant from a French funding agency through the "Investissements d'avenir" program (ANR-10-LABX-001-01 Labex Agro) coordinated by the Agropolis Foundation under the reference 1102–008.
Part of data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its Additional files].Other datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Conceived and designed the experiment: DG, VLG. Maintained the field experiment and performed phenotypic measurements: CiCS and DG. Developed markers: CaCS, CCM, DG, LMS, and PC. Genotyped the population: CaCS, CCM, LMS, GTS, and VLG. Analyzed the data: CCM, DG, GTS, JRBFR, RG, LMS, AAFG, APS, and VLG. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: AAFG, APS, JRBFR, and VLG. Wrote the manuscript: CCM, JRBFR, and VLG.
Dijkman MJ. Hevea. Thirty years of research in the Far East.: University of Miami Press; 1951. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/116/3005/128.1.
R: A language and environment for statistical computing. [http://www.r-project.org]. 26 June 2018, date last accessed.


Clear Ears Holdings PL established "Course in Aural Care" in 2011 to ensure Clear Ears nurses receive unparalleled training in Aural Care including micro suction and curettage techniques. Adapted to Australian standards with assistance from ENT Surgeons and Audiologists, Course in Aural Care is based on the UK Aural Care Certificate with permission from the Department of Otolaryngology, Stoke Mandeville Hospital.
Course in Aural Care was the first accredited course recognised nationally for micro suction and curettage technique for ear wax removal in Australia.
Clear Ears Course in Aural Care is suitable for GP's, Medical Students, Audiologists and Registered Nurses with an interest in Aural Care.
Clear Ears have recently worked with world leading blended and digital learning experts at Deakin University to develop Course in Aural Care into an online Learning Hub. To learn more about this cutting edge course and take a tour of the portal visit clearearslearning.com.


text:
Oxygen lands in Gibraltar
On 20 December 2017 Oxygen was officially incorporated in Gibraltar, a British Overseas Territory, under the name Oxygen Trade Limited. Gibraltar is positioning itself as a jurisdiction that aims to combine comprehensive regulation and facilitation of technological innovations.
In December 2017 Gibraltar announced its licence for companies working with Decentralized Ledger Technology (DLT). The license formally recognizes the use of blockchain records as an accepted mechanism for transmitting payments, paving the way for broader adoption of blockchain technology. New laws also extended regulatory protection and now cover crypto assets.
Through its compliance with Gibraltar legislation, Oxygen is strengthening corporate governance and ethical behaviour requirements to ensure KYC transparency and other consumer protection measures. Also, operating under a government that supports technological innovation development lowers the risk of radical changes in future government regulations in the region.
Alex Grebnev speaks at the Markit Annual Securities Financial Forum
Oxygen CEO, Alex Grebnev, was one of the key speakers on the 2018 Markit Annual Securities Financial Forum, which took place in London on 21 March. This year, the forum was dedicated to the key drivers and trends shaping the securities finance industry.
Oxygen is rolling out the platform prototype
Oxygen has unveiled its interactive prototype, which displays how the platform is going to function and demonstrates the user flows and the platform design.
Oxygen applies for regulation in Gibraltar
On the 31st March Oxygen has applied to be authorised under the the Gibraltar DLT regulation which came into effect on the 1st January 2018. With the help of PWC and the Gibraltar law firm Isolas, Oxygen has submitted the complete application form which provides the details about the business, risks and controls implemented by the business.
Be among the first to test Oxygen platform
Stay tuned, we'll come back to you soon.
Consider me for pre-sale White List
In the coming weeks, we will be sending out a special invitation to a limited number of people to join our pre-sale white list. You need to be on the list to be considered for a closed pre-sale of OXG tokens.
Would you like to be on that list? If so, we will need to learn a little bit more about yourself.
Copyright © 2023 Oxygen Trade Limited
8a Pitmans Alley, Main Street, Gibraltar, GX11 1AA. Registration N: 116676


I'm so pleased to announce that the book reviews section is now live on the site, rabble.ca/reviews. I'm interested to hear what people think. It's a weekly section that will appear every Thursday with three reviews, a longer featured review and two short-but-sweets on notable books. Got a book you'd like to see us review? Post it here or let me know by email at lisa@rabble.ca. Looking forward to lots of booky discussions.
I received notice you are accepting suggestions for reviews, so here is one.
I have just started Masanobu Fukuoka's fascinating "The One-Straw Revolution: An Introduction to Natural Farming" (Other India Press, Mapusa, Goa, India, 2004; originally pub'd by Rodale Press in 1978)and would really like to see this reviewed. As Green Revolution techniques run out of gas (literally as well as figuratively) this zero-tilling form of farming needs not just a closer look, but a wider audience.
choice was theirs. This muted most of them.
foolish newcomer to the community obstinate.
kinds of things nature revealed to us.
nutritiion from the soil without competition from weeds.
the earth is dug up and exposed to rain, sun and wind it begins to erode.
we stop cultivation weeds become redundant and lose vigour.
feed and clover seed has a good market.
before rice harvesting time, we would plant clover in the standing paddy.
cowdung back to the soil.
Thanks very much. I'll check it out!


text:
The Portfolios of Retired Investors
When financial advisors consider the potential of investors as valuable clients, they think about the growth that exists in the income of working investors as they move through the professional ranks of their careers.
But it is important for advisors to remember that while retired investors have reached their economic potential from an income standpoint, they are holding on to a great deal of investable assets that can be used to create greater financial security, not only for the retiree but for that investor's family as well.
Sometimes, the important numbers are not the ones in the future, but the ones in the present.
Spectrem's annual study on portfolio holdings of investors once again shows the vast wealth that exists among investors who are no longer working. Much of Spectrem's research examines the percentages of investors invested in one product or another, but Asset Allocation, Portfolios and the Perception of Providers reminds advisors of the sheer amount of dollars retired investors have already placed in investment products over time.
For example, investable assets as a percentage of an investor's total assets is a great place to start. Among working investors, investable assets are 57 percent of their total assets, in part because they are still paying off mortgages and college educations and have other liabilities which retired investors do not have. That's why retired investors on average list 71 percent of their total assets as investable assets.
The amount of funds retired investors have in Individual Retirement Accounts and 401(k) accounts is much higher than the amount of funds in those accounts for working investors, who are still making contributions to those accounts. On average, retired investors have $743,000 in rollover IRAs, and still have $570,000 in employer-sponsored defined contribution plans.
On the other side of the ledger is the liabilities that exist among retired investors, and a comparison with working investors demonstrates the flexibility that exists for retired investors to possibly adjust their investment allocations. On average among retired investors with a net worth between $100,000 and $25 million, only 23 percent are still paying off a first mortgage (compared to 48 percent of working investors), only 18 percent are still paying off cars (compared to 24 percent of working investors), and only 22 percent have notable credit card debt (compared to 31 percent of working investors).
There are dozens of examples in the study of the sizable sums retired investors have in investment accounts, sums which advisors should look at to determine if they can be reallocated to provide greater income or security. Real estate holdings, for example, are an area where retired investors have dedicated a great deal of investable assets, including rental residential property ($615,000 mean value among retired investors), and almost half a million on average in commercial real estate.
One recurring theme among retired investors is the concern that they are an afterthought among financial advisors because their growth potential has stopped. But retired investors have sizable portfolios that require a regular examination to determine if those investable assets are being utilized toward the best possible outcome.
©2019 Spectrem Group


COMMISSIONER RUFUS B. RODRIGUEZ and ASSOCIATE COMMISSIONER ALAN ROULLO YAP of the Bureau of Immigration, Petitioners, v. SAMUEL A. JARDIN,1 Respondent.
This Petition for Review on Certiorari 2 seeks to set aside the decision of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-G.R. SP No. 544653 and its resolution denying reconsideration.
In the evening of May 8, 1999, Edgardo D. Cabrrera, Gerardo R. Gorrospe and Dorotea T. Hiyas, intelligence agents of the Bureau of Immigration (BI), saw respondent Samuel A. Jardin, chief of the BI's Law and Intelligence Division, with three unidentified male companions, including a Japanese national who arrived on board a flight from Osaka, Japan, at the arrival area of the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA). Cabrrera noticed that the Japanese national's fifth finger on the left hand was missing. This aroused his suspicion, mutilation being a common practice among members of the Yakuza.4 Hence, the BI agents closely watched respondent and his companions.
The following day, the BI agents filed a spot report7 (relating the previous night's incident) with the chief of intelligence of the BI stationed in NAIA. Acting immigration officer Jude C. Hinolan, in his memorandum,8 confirmed the spot report and relayed the service of the exclusion order on the airline and the consequent deportation of Ryoichiro.
Despite serious misgivings, we agree with respondent but purely on technicality.
4. notice of the application to the other party.
Here, petitioner Rodriguez's successor categorically expressed her lack of interest in pursuing this appeal, hence, the failure to effect a substitution.
1 The records also refer to respondent as Samuel A.M. Jardin.
2 Under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court.
3 Penned by Associate Justice Artemio G. Tuquero (retired) and concurred in by Associate Justices Eubolo G. Verzola (deceased) and Elvi John S. Asuncion (dismissed from service) of the Eleventh Division of the Court of Appeals, dated November 19, 1999. Rollo, pp. 28-36.
5 Id., pp. 39-40, 42-43.
6 BI exclusion order dated May 8, 1999. Id., p. 41.
11 Memorandum of Samuel A.M. Jardin and the supporting affidavit of Godofredo C. Cabello. Id., pp. 46-50.
12 Id., pp. 30, 46.
16 BI Personnel Order No. 303 dated June 3, 1999. Commissioner Rodriguez designated associate commissioner Ylagan-Cortez as acting commissioner on June 4 to 5, 1999. Id., p. 51.
17 Order dated June 4, 1999 and amended June 5, 1999. Id., pp. 52-59.
19 Motion to suspend proceedings dated July 16, 1999. Id., pp. 76-77.
21 Petition for review (filed before the Secretary of Justice). Id., pp. 60-72.
25 Under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court. Id., p. 25.
28 Id., pp. 104, 129-130.
29 Roque, et al. v. Delgado, et al., 95 Phil. 723, 726 (1954). See also Heirs of Mayor Galvez v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 119193, 29 March 1996, 255 SCRA 672, 686-687.


text:
Plangkrongan is een bestuurslaag in het regentschap Magetan van de provincie Oost-Java, Indonesië. Plangkrongan telt 4683 inwoners (volkstelling 2010).

Plaats in Oost-Java

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Yukon short sleeve ladies polo. Mens 2 button placket, Ladies 3 button placket. 1x1 rib collar and cuffs. Pick-Stitch details. Droptail. Side slits. Tonal logo print at back. Halfmoon. Satin neck tape. Single Piqué of 60% Cotton and 40% Polyester. 210 g/m².


text:
Refugee Congress Recognizes Anniversary of USCIS Mission Statement Change
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: February 22, 2020
WASHINGTON—Two years ago, United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) changed its mission statement to remove a passage identifying the U.S. as a "nation of immigrants."
On this anniversary, Refugee Congress recognizes this country's long tradition as a nation of immigrants and will continue to amplify the important role immigrants have played and continue to play in building vibrant, thriving and engaged communities.
"Immigrants of all types are the core foundation of our nation," said Nili Yossinger, National Director of Refugee Congress. "Their important role in our identity — past, present and future — is irreplaceable. We need to continue and build upon our long tradition as a country of welcome, particularly for those fleeing violence and persecution."
The current Administration's actions have placed discriminatory bans on immigration, endangered asylum seekers and sought to dismantle the popular refugee resettlement program through reduced admissions caps, allowing states and localities to block refugee resettlement and other actions.
"Refugees bring a spirit of gratitude to this country," said Biar Atem, a Refugee Congress Board member and Delegate from Nevada who is a resettled refugee from South Sudan. "Sometimes those people who are fortunate to be born here the country for granted."
Refugee Congress is a nonpartisan national advocacy organization built and led by former refugees, asylum-seekers and other vulnerable migrants to promote the well-being, integration and dignity of all vulnerable migrants. With delegates across all 50 states and the District of Columbia, we use our voices and experiences to inform and influence decision-makers on critical domestic and international issues that affect our communities. www.refugeecongress.org.
Kacy Kostiuk
kacy.kostiuk@refugeecongress.org


We are newbies and we booked last week, we are very excited about it and looking forward to meeting people. Deck 10 with balcony. I used the promo code for the discount.
We're on the 9th.... wanted a deck between us and the foot stomping at the pool and restaurants.
We paid around $ 1900 all fees included for an interior room on deck 9 and that is with the CHINOS20 discount. We really debated paying more for a balcony but figured that it would be like every stay at TTR for us in that we really use the room very little. It was going to be very much like a Trendy Garden View TTR room in that as long as the room was clean and cozy we would be good to go with the cheaper room. No problem! But the price is scheduled to rise on the 18th and this was told to us by Chinos last Friday night. I am curious if it does not book close to capacity if there will then be another sale at some point. It's our first cruise as well, and this seemed like a great opportunity to experience one that is sure to be a good time. Very excited about it!
So all in all... it's pretty much a 5 day trip to TTR but with the possibility of meeting up with people that go other times of the year... I've been watching who's going and thinking about asking Steve is we can do a Cruise Roll Call. That might be over the top but there are several couples that I would like to meet in person after talking to for years that are looking to be on the cruise.. would hate to be in the same place for 5 days and never find them.
@Jen&Kyle I agree with @Jamie - you will find that the rooms do not feel nearly as small as they look. But there is a warning - when you first walk in the room you will think I was full of crap - it takes about 12 hours to get over the small size. And - the bathroom will feel small (because it is) the entire trip . My comment is based in having stayed in exteriors cabins - no experience with an interior room. All advice IMHO.
We have cruised several times in the past and keep going back and forth between cruises and all-inclusives. You are right, Len, about the room. Not much time spent there. We enjoy a balcony room because at night you can open the door and fall asleep to the sounds of the ocean. Also it is nice to wake up and walk out to a whole new view everyday.
The biggest pro or con, depending on how you look at it, is on a cruise you are always looking at the time. They hand out an itinerary for the day and you find yourself wanting to do things at different times of the day. Bring a watch.
Since we live in Clearwater, we have take advantage of the fact that they are bring Temptation to us. Jump on board! It will be a blast from the past with Chinos doing the activities on board. Great chance for the post Chinos newbies to get an idea of what Temptation was.


All client pictures on this site are copyright of Permanent Makeup by Shanan. They are pictures of my actual work. They are NOT stock photos and they are not re- touched, they are simply cropped for privacy of my clients. Rest assured; this is my actual work. Many of the local area technicians pictures are not of their original work, they are stock photos. Please look at the pictures to see they have been airbrushed and are purchased from a pigment company. I am happy to offer more actual client photos during your consultation.
Ashlee Thank you all!!! I'd like to take a moment to thank my glam squad. Your comments wouldn't have happened without the help of Jesus, my Creator, and Shanan who has perfected my permanent makeup 💄Bronzer. Mascara. Lips & GO!!!
I LOVE mine! i work early early early...its wonderful waking up and pulling up my hair throwing on clothes and heading to work at the gym and having a face on! my treatment didn't hurt...the swelling wasn't unbearable....my lips felt sunburned so it was tolerable! I am so glad i had the procedure and Shanan is absolutely amazing and treats her customers with such love and care! Its well worth the investment! -Kelli F. December 2012.
I love love love mine!!! and I really didnt have much swelling at all! And very little pain! and all well worth it!!!-Vickie S. December 2012.
Shanan did my eyeliner and I love it!! She did a terrific job and they look great!
What a difference, even with all my makeup off, you can still see I have a face!!!
I am so glad to have had you do my full lip color today. I will rave about you for a long time.
I just wanted to drop you a line and let you know very much I LOVE my eyeliner!!! It is great. I hope this finds you doing well. Thanks again.
Before you did my permanent makeup, I would have never gone out of the house without applying makeup and now I do all the time and feel comfortable!
This makeup makes me feel like me again! Enjoy your day!!!
I had my eyeliner done by Shanan and absolutely love it. I never thought in a million years that I would ever consider doing something like this, but I am so glad I did! It takes someone with a special talent to have such a steady hand in applying make-up in such a tender area such as the eye and Shanan did a great job. You also have to completely trust your make-up artist because of the work that they are doing is permanent. Shanan did an exceptional job and I would recommend her to anyone that is interested in permanent make-up. I have no regrets!
Shanan is wonderful! I had such a great time getting my permanent make-up done and love it so much! I have had two sessions with her and I'm looking forward to having more done in the future. I walked in very nervous, because afterall, this is permanent...however Shanan took time to explain in detail the procedure and patiently listened and answered all of my questions and never once did I feel pressured. I ended up getting my eyebrows, eyeliner & lips done and LOVE IT!!! I highly recommend her to anyone even remotely thinking about having this done. Shanan is very professional and extremely skilled at this art. I feel like I not only gained confidence in my appearance, but I also gained a new friend! I would not trust my face to anyone else!!!
I would recommend Shanan to anyone out there considering permanent make up. There is basically no pain, she uses a topical ointment only, no needles for numbing! She is very careful to make sure everything is sterile. And she is great about making sure that you are not over done! She takes time to figure out what you want & what will look good on you! And that is exactly what she does! She did my eyeliner & brow & I love it! everyone is always shocked when I tell them it is permanent make up! I will be getting my lips done soon! It just makes life more simple! so if your thinking about it, quit thinking & go for it! You'll be glad you did! One last thing I might add is....you don't have to be wealthy to do this for yourself, Shanan is very reasonable, so check her out!


Tutorial to help you configure your own DNS-over-TLS server (DoT).
This is useful if you're using an Android 9 (Pie) smartphone.
This article describes in great details the operation of 2 DNS-over-HTTPS servers.
How they are setup and on which providers.
It also contains the different information needed to use them.


I may live my life with plane and train tickets stashed in the old Moroccan bowl I use as my In-Tray (I go into withdrawals if I don't have a ticket to somewhere lurking in there), but as much as I love to travel both for work and pleasure, I love to come home. There is nothing like having your own comfortable nest, a place that's all about you.
Well, this is me. Almost everything comes from flea markets, ebay, Morocco, new artists, and hand-me-downs from friends and family. I can remember the story behind every find and purchase: the 1960s Lloyd Loom chair my ex-boyfriend and I carried back on the train from Norfolk, the Moroccan rugs I squashed into my suitcase in Marrakech, the Art Deco dog sculpture that the young French guy I bought it from at a London antiques fair lugged over from Paris (it weighs a ton) and I lugged from Battersea to Balham by foot, bus and train. The pair of late 19th century photographs of geishas in their original hand-lacquered frames I found, coated in dust, at the back of an antiques barn. The enormous original 1920s print of the dancer Lydia Fedowa I saw on the wall of the Battersea Art Fair and immediately fell in love with, arranging to pay for her in installments over a 6-month period. All of these possessions are part of my story. My home is small, eclectic and a bit cluttered (I admit). It is my place to manifest my loves, as odd and disparate as they may be. And in my home, as in your home, that is as it should be.
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Patrick Jackson is an ELT author interested in the use of songs, stories and real world connections to motivate learners. He believes that the classroom should be an enjoyable, happy and stimulating place for students as well as teachers. Passionate about Linked Language Learning, he is fascinated by the way technology, and especially social media, has the power to transform the teaching and learning experience. He is also interested in the ways in which we can help our students develop creativity and real confidence. Patrick spent 13 years in Japan teaching learners of all ages but is now based in Dublin, Ireland. He is the author of Potato Pals, Stars and Everybody Up and blogs at patjack67.com.


text:
Ostracion nasus es una especie de peces de la familia  Ostraciidae en el orden de los Tetraodontiformes.

Morfología
• Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 30 cm de longitud total.

Hábitat
Es un pez de mar de clima tropical y asociado a los  arrecifes de coral que vive entre m de profundidad.

Distribución geográfica
Se encuentra desde Sri Lanka y Sumatra hasta Fiyi, las Filipinas, Palacio y Chuuk.

Observaciones
No se puede comer ya que es  venenoso para los humanos.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Eschmeyer, William N., ed. 1998. Catalog of Fishes. Special Publication of the Center for Biodiversity Research and Information, núm. 1, vol. 1-3. California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco, California, Estados Unidos. 2905. ISBN 0-940228-47-5.
 Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos : T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
 Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos , 1997.
 Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a. edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
 Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a. edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
 Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a. edición, Londres: Macdonald. Año 1985.

Enlaces externos

   AQUATAB
 World Register of Marine Species (en inglés)
 ITIS (en inglés)
 NCBI (en inglés)

nasus


text:
The form Encyclopedia represents a specific category or genre of resources found in University of Missouri-St. Louis Libraries.
The Resource Encyclopedia
315 Items that are about the Form Encyclopedia
Encyclopedia of photography, ICP, International Center of Photography
Encyclopedia of psychology, editors, H. J. Eysenck, W. Arnold, and R. Meili
Encyclopedia of psychotherapy, editors-in-chief Michel Hersen, William Sledge
Encyclopedia of public health, edited by Lester Breslow, (electronic resource)
Encyclopedia of research design, edited by Neil J. Salkind
Encyclopedia of science, technology, and ethics, Carl Mitcham, ed, (electronic resource)
Encyclopedia of sediments & sedimentary rocks, edited by Gerard V. Middleton, with associate editors, Michael J. Church ... [et al.], (electronic resource)
Encyclopedia of sleep and dreaming, Mary A. Carskadon, editor in chief
Encyclopedia of smoking and tobacco, Arlene B. Hirschfelder
Encyclopedia of sociology
Encyclopedia of sociology, Edgar F. Borgatta, editor-in-chief, Marie L. Borgatta, managing editor
Encyclopedia of special education : a reference for the education of the handicapped and other exceptional children and adults, editors, Cecil R. Reynolds, Lester Mann
Encyclopedia of spectroscopy and spectrometry, editor-in-chief, John C. Lindon ; editors, George E. Tranter, John L. Holmes
Encyclopedia of sports medicine, edited by Lyle J. Micheli, (electronic resource)
Encyclopedia of statistical sciences, editors-in-chief, Samuel Kotz, Norman L. Johnson ; associate editor, Campbell B. Read
Encyclopedia of stem cell research, general editors, Clive N. Svendsen and Allison D. Ebert
Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, & recovery, Gary L. Fisher, Nancy A. Roget, editors, (electronic resource)
Encyclopedia of terrorism, Harvey W. Kushner
Encyclopedia of the eye, editor-in-chief, Darlene Dartt ; editors, Joseph C. Besharse, Reza Dana
Encyclopedia of trauma : an interdisciplinary guide, editor, Charles R. Figley
Encyclopædia Britannica, a new survey of universal knowledge | [Walter Yust, editor in chief]
Environmental health in the 21st century : from air pollution to zoonotic diseases, Richard Crume, editor
Epilepsy A to Z : a concise encyclopedia, William O. Tatum IV, Peter W. Kaplan, Pierre Jallon
Famous first facts : a record of first happenings, discoveries and inventions in the United States
Famous first facts : a record of first happenings, discoveries, and inventions in American history, Joseph Nathan Kane, Steven Anzovin & Janet Podell
Fifty key thinkers in psychology, Noel Sheehy
Foods & nutrition encyclopedia, Audrey H. Ensminger [and others]
Foods & nutrition encyclopedia, Ensminger [and others]
Gale encyclopedia of mental disorders, Ellen Thackery and Madeline Harris, editors
Genetics manual : current theory, concepts, terms, George P. Rédei
Girlhood in America : an encyclopedia, Miriam Forman-Brunell, editor ; foreword by Susan J. Douglas
Grabb's encyclopedia of flaps, Volume 1, Head and neck, editors, Berish Strauch, Luis O. Vasconez, Charles K. Herman, Bernard T. Lee
Grabb's encyclopedia of flaps, Volume 2, Upper extremities, torso, pelvis, and lower extremities, editors, Berish Strauch, Luis O. Vasconez, Charles K. Herman, Bernard T. Lee
Grzimek's Animal life encyclopedia, Bernhard Grzimek, editor-in-chief
Health care policy and politics A to Z, Julie Rovner
Health care policy and politics A to Z, Julie Rovner, (electronic resource)
Historical and multicultural encyclopedia of women's reproductive rights in the United States, edited by Judith A. Baer
Historical encyclopedia of nursing, Mary Ellen Snodgrass
History of physical anthropology, edited by Frank Spencer
Homelessness : a sourcebook, Rick Fantasia and Maurice Isserman
Infectious diseases & conditions, editor, H. Bradford Hawley
International bibliography of dictionaries : Fachwörterbücher und Lexika : ein internationales Verzeichnis, [Editorial direction: Helga Lengenfelder]. -
International encyclopedia of population, editor in chief, John A. Ross (Center for Population and Family Health, International Institute for the Study of Human Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Columbia University
International encyclopedia of psychiatry, psychology, psychoanalysis & neurology, Benjamin B. Wolman, editor
International encyclopedia of psychiatry, psychology, psychoanalysis & neurology, Progress volume, Benjamin B. Wolman, editor
International encyclopedia of statistics, edited by William H. Kruskal and Judith M. Tanur
International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences, editors-in-chief, Neil J. Smelser, Paul B. Baltes
Key words in multicultural interventions : a dictionary, edited by Jeffrey Scott Mio [and others]
Kirk-Othmer concise encyclopedia of chemical technology
Magill's medical guide
Magill's medical guide, medical editors, Brandon P. Brown [and others]
Mayo Clinic family health book, David E. Larson, editor-in-chief
Mayo Clinic family health book, Scott C. Litin, editor-in-chief
Mayo Clinic family health book, Scott C. Litin, editor-in-chief, (electronic resource)
McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union, editor: Michael T. Florinsky; consultants: Harry Schwartz [and others]
McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of environmental science
McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of food, agriculture & nutrition, Daniel N. Lapedes, editor in chief
McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science & technology
McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science & technology : an international reference work in fifteen volumes including an index
McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science & technology : an international reference work in twenty volumes including an index
McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science & technology, an international reference work in twenty volumes including an index
McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science and technology : an international reference work
McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of science and technology : an international reference work in fifteen volumes including an index
Medical encyclopedia, A.D.A.M., Inc, (electronic resource)
Memory from A to Z : keywords, concepts, and beyond, Yadin Dudai
Mendelian inheritance in man : a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders, Victor A. McKusick ; with the assistance of Stylianos E. Antonarakis [and others]
Mendelian inheritance in man : catalogs of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked phenotypes, Victor A. McKusick
Mendelian inheritance in man : catalogs of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked phenotypes, Victor A. McKusick ; computerization, David R. Bolling
Mendelian inheritance in man : catalogs of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked phenotypes, [by] Victor A. McKusick
Mendelian inheritance in man ; : catalogs of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked phenotypes, [by] Victor A. McKusick
Molecular biology and biotechnology : a comprehensive desk reference, edited by Robert A. Meyers
New Catholic encyclopedia
New Catholic encyclopedia, (electronic resource)
New Catholic encyclopedia, prepared by an editorial staff at the Catholic University of America
Nucleic acids from A to Z : a concise encyclopedia, edited by Sabine Müller
Nursing leadership : a concise encyclopedia, editor-in-chief, Harriet R. Feldman ; associate editors, Marilyn Jaffe-Ruiz [and others]
Nursing leadership : a concise encyclopedia, editor-in-chief: Harriet R. Feldman
Nutrition and health encyclopedia, David F. Tver, Percy Russell
Older Americans almanac : a reference work on seniors in the United States, Ronald J. Manheimer, editor ; with North Carolina Center for Creative Retirement, University of North Carolina at Asheville
Optometry A-Z, edited by Nathan Efron
Philosophy of science A-Z, Stathis Psillos
Reader's guide to the history of science, edited by Arne Hessenbruch
Research institutions and learned societies, editor-in-chief, Joseph C. Kiger
Science and technology desk reference : 1,500 answers to frequently-asked or difficult-to-answer questions, the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh Science and Technology Department
Smart medicine for healthier living : [a practical A-to-Z reference to natural and conventional treatments for adults], Janet Zand, Allan N. Spreen, James B. LaValle
Social work year book
The A-Z of school health, Adrian Brooke and Steve Welton
The American Medical Association encyclopedia of medicine, medical editor, Charles B. Clayman
The Cambridge encyclopedia of child development, edited by Brian Hopkins ; associate editors, Ronald G. Barr, George F. Michel, Philippe Rochat
The Cambridge encyclopedia of human evolution, edited by Steve Jones, Robert Martin, and David Pilbeam ; executive editor, Sarah Bunney ; foreword by Richard Dawkins
Context of Encyclopedia
Encyclopedia of homosexuality
Encyclopedia of human behavior
Encyclopedia of human biology
Encyclopedia of human emotions
Encyclopedia of human evolution and prehistory
Encyclopedia of human intelligence
Encyclopedia of human nutrition
Encyclopedia of human rights
Encyclopedia of immunology
Encyclopedia of infant and early childhood development
Encyclopedia of information science and technology
Encyclopedia of learning and memory
Encyclopedia of medical decision making
Encyclopedia of medical history
Encyclopedia of microbiology
Encyclopedia of multicultural psychology
Encyclopedia of neuropsychological disorders
Encyclopedia of neuroscience
Encyclopedia of nursing education
Encyclopedia of nursing research
Encyclopedia of occultism & parapsychology
Encyclopedia of occultism & parapsychology : a compendium of information on the occult sciences, magic, demonology, superstitions, spiritism, mysticism, metaphysics, psychical science, and parapsychology, with biographical and bibliographical notes and comprehensive indexes. Supplement
Encyclopedia of photography
Encyclopedia of plague and pestilence : from ancient times to the present
Encyclopedia of psychoanalysis
Encyclopedia of psychological assessment
Encyclopedia of psychology
Encyclopedia of psychotherapy
Encyclopedia of public health
Encyclopedia of research design
Encyclopedia of science, technology, and ethics
Encyclopedia of sediments & sedimentary rocks
Encyclopedia of sleep and dreaming
Encyclopedia of smoking and tobacco
Encyclopedia of special education : a reference for the education of the handicapped and other exceptional children and adults
Encyclopedia of spectroscopy and spectrometry
Encyclopedia of sports medicine
Encyclopedia of statistical sciences
Encyclopedia of stem cell research
Encyclopedia of substance abuse prevention, treatment, & recovery
Encyclopedia of terrorism
Encyclopedia of the eye
Encyclopedia of trauma : an interdisciplinary guide
Environmental health in the 21st century : from air pollution to zoonotic diseases
Epilepsy A to Z : a concise encyclopedia
Famous first facts : a record of first happenings, discoveries, and inventions in American history
Fifty key thinkers in psychology
Foods & nutrition encyclopedia
Gale encyclopedia of mental disorders
Genetics manual : current theory, concepts, terms
Girlhood in America : an encyclopedia
Grabb's encyclopedia of flaps, Volume 1, Head and neck
Grabb's encyclopedia of flaps, Volume 2, Upper extremities, torso, pelvis, and lower extremities
Grzimek's Animal life encyclopedia
Health care policy and politics A to Z
Historical and multicultural encyclopedia of women's reproductive rights in the United States
Historical encyclopedia of nursing
History of physical anthropology
Homelessness : a sourcebook
Infectious diseases & conditions
International bibliography of dictionaries : Fachwörterbücher und Lexika : ein internationales Verzeichnis
International encyclopedia of population
International encyclopedia of psychiatry, psychology, psychoanalysis & neurology
International encyclopedia of psychiatry, psychology, psychoanalysis & neurology, Progress volume
International encyclopedia of statistics
International encyclopedia of the social & behavioral sciences
Key words in multicultural interventions : a dictionary
Mayo Clinic family health book
McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of Russia and the Soviet Union
McGraw-Hill encyclopedia of food, agriculture & nutrition
Memory from A to Z : keywords, concepts, and beyond
Mendelian inheritance in man : a catalog of human genes and genetic disorders
Mendelian inheritance in man : catalogs of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked phenotypes
Mendelian inheritance in man ; : catalogs of autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, and X-linked phenotypes
Molecular biology and biotechnology : a comprehensive desk reference
Nucleic acids from A to Z : a concise encyclopedia
Nursing leadership : a concise encyclopedia
Nutrition and health encyclopedia
Older Americans almanac : a reference work on seniors in the United States
Optometry A-Z
Philosophy of science A-Z
Reader's guide to the history of science
Research institutions and learned societies
Science and technology desk reference : 1,500 answers to frequently-asked or difficult-to-answer questions
Smart medicine for healthier living : [a practical A-to-Z reference to natural and conventional treatments for adults]
The A-Z of school health
The American Medical Association encyclopedia of medicine
The Cambridge encyclopedia of child development
The Cambridge encyclopedia of human evolution
The Cambridge encyclopedia of human growth and development
The Columbia encyclopedia
The Continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality, updated, with more countries
The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology
The Corsini encyclopedia of psychology and behavioral science
The Dictionary of developmental and educational psychology
The Encyclopaedia of Islam
The Encyclopedia Americana
The Encyclopedia of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse
The Encyclopedia of aquatic life
The Encyclopedia of chemistry
The Encyclopedia of child care and guidance
The Encyclopedia of education
The Encyclopedia of ethics
The Encyclopedia of mental health
The Encyclopedia of philosophy
The Encyclopedia of spectroscopy
The Encyclopedic dictionary of psychology
The Far East and Australasia
The Freud encyclopedia : theory, therapy, and culture
The Gale encyclopedia of cancer : a guide to cancer and its treatments
The Gale encyclopedia of childhood and adolescence
The Gale encyclopedia of nursing & allied health
The Gale encyclopedia of psychology
The Harper encyclopedia of science
The International encyclopedia of sexuality
The Jewish encyclopedia : a descriptive record of the history, religion, literature, and customs of the Jewish people from the earliest times to the present day
The MIT encyclopedia of communication disorders
The MIT encyclopedia of the cognitive sciences
The Merck index : an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals
The New Encyclopædia Britannica
The New York Public Library desk reference
The New encyclopedia of child care and guidance
The Oxford book of death
The Oxford companion to emotion and the affective sciences
The Oxford companion to medicine
The Oxford companion to philosophy
The Oxford companion to the book
The Oxford illustrated companion to medicine
The Oxford medical companion
The autism encyclopedia
The book of health : a medical encyclopedia for everyone
The brain encyclopedia
The browser's book of beginnings : origins of everything under (and including) the sun
The concise Corsini encyclopedia of psychology and behavioral science
The desk encyclopedia of microbiology
The encyclopaedia of Islam three
The encyclopedia of Civil War medicine
The encyclopedia of HIV and AIDS
The encyclopedia of X-rays and gamma rays
The encyclopedia of aging : a comprehensive resource in gerontology and geriatrics
The encyclopedia of alcoholism
The encyclopedia of biochemistry
The encyclopedia of blindness and vision impairment
The encyclopedia of community : from the village to the virtual world
The encyclopedia of drug abuse
The encyclopedia of elder care : the comprehensive resource on geriatric and social care
The encyclopedia of elder care : the comprehensive resource on geriatric health and social care
The encyclopedia of genetic disorders and birth defects
The encyclopedia of human behavior : psychology, psychiatry, and mental health
The encyclopedia of marine resources
The encyclopedia of microscopy and microtechnique
The encyclopedia of nutrition & good health
The encyclopedia of obesity and eating disorders
The encyclopedia of philosophy, Supplement
The encyclopedia of schizophrenia and the psychotic disorders
The encyclopedia of senior health and well-being
The encyclopedia of sports medicine
The encyclopedia of suicide
The encyclopedia of the biological sciences
The encyclopedia of the unexplained : magic, occultism, and parapsychology
The essential guide to aging in the twenty-first century : mind, body, and behavior
The family mental health encyclopedia
The graying of America : an encyclopedia of aging, health, mind, and behavior
The handbook of brain theory and neural networks
The standard cyclopedia of horticulture : a discussion for the amateur, and the professional and commercial grower, of the kinds, characteristics and methods of cultivation of the species of plants grown in the regions of the United States and Canada for ornament, for fancy, for fruit and for vegetables; with keys to the natural families and genera, descriptions of the horticultural capabilities of the states and provinces and dependent islands, and sketches of eminent horticulturists
Ukraine : a concise encyclopaedia.
Van Nostrand Reinhold encyclopedia of chemistry
Van Nostrand's encyclopedia of chemistry
Van Nostrand's scientific encyclopedia
Van Nostrand's scientific encyclopedia : aeronautics, astronomy, biochemistry, botany, chemical engineering, chemistry, civil engineering, computer technology, electrical engineering, electronics, geology, guided missiles, mathematics, mechanical engineering, medicine, metallurgy, meteorology, mineralogy, navigation, nuclear science and engineering, photoelectronics, photography, physics, planetary exploration, radio and television, rocketry, space travel, statistics, zoology
Women's studies encyclopedia
Worldmark encyclopedia of the nations
A Historical guide to the U.S. government
A dictionary of psychotherapy
ALA world encyclopedia of library and information services
Africa year book and who's who
African Americans in science, math, and invention
Aging in America A to Z
Alphabet kids from ADD to Zellweger syndrome : a guide to developmental, neurobiological and psychological disorders for parents and professionals
Alphabetical guide to motion picture, television, and videotape production
American Medical Association complete medical encyclopedia
American women in science : a biographical dictionary
An encyclopedia of world history : ancient, medieval, and modern, chronologically arranged
Baker encyclopedia of psychology
Bolʹshai︠a︡ sovetskai︠a︡ en︠t︡siklopedi︠ia︡
Botanical dermatology : plants and plant products injurious to the skin
Britannica book of the year
Companion encyclopedia of psychology
Condensed computer encyclopedia
Contact lenses A-Z
Dictionary of medical ethics
Dictionary of the history of science
Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety
Encyclopaedia of the social sciences
Encyclopedia of AIDS : a social, political, cultural, and scientific record of the HIV epidemic
Encyclopedia of Alzheimer's disease : with directories of research, treatment and care facilities
Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology
Encyclopedia of abortion in the United States
Encyclopedia of adolescence
Encyclopedia of adult development
Encyclopedia of ageism
Encyclopedia of aging
Encyclopedia of aging and public health
Encyclopedia of animal rights and animal welfare
Encyclopedia of applied ethics
Encyclopedia of applied psychology
Encyclopedia of artificial intelligence
Encyclopedia of birth control
Encyclopedia of chemical technology
Encyclopedia of childbearing : critical perspectives
Encyclopedia of complementary health practice
Encyclopedia of computational neuroscience
Encyclopedia of computer science
Encyclopedia of death
Encyclopedia of disability
Encyclopedia of disability and rehabilitation
Encyclopedia of domestic violence
Encyclopedia of drugs and alcohol
Encyclopedia of educational research : a project of the American Educational Research Association
Encyclopedia of epidemiology
Encyclopedia of ethics
Encyclopedia of evolution
Encyclopedia of family health
Encyclopedia of financial gerontology
Encyclopedia of food and culture
Encyclopedia of forensic science
Encyclopedia of genetics
Encyclopedia of genetics research
Encyclopedia of gerontology
Encyclopedia of gerontology : age, aging, and the aged
Encyclopedia of health & aging
Encyclopedia of health and behavior
Encyclopedia of health care management
Encyclopedia of health communication
Encyclopedia of health services research
Encyclopedia of heart diseases
Encyclopedia of herbs & their uses
Encyclopedia of home care for the elderly
Sediments (Geology) -- Encyclopedia
Sedimentary rocks -- Encyclopedia
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Data Citation of the Form Encyclopedia


text:
De Clié (gestileerd als CLIÉ) is een serie zakcomputers van de Japanse firma Sony die in 2000 werd geïntroduceerd.

Beschrijving

De naam CLIÉ staat volgens Sony voor creativity, lifestyle, innovation, emotion (Nederlands: creativiteit, levensstijl, innovatie, emotie). De zakcomputers draaien op Palm OS, een besturingssysteem voor mobiele apparaten, en introduceerden nieuwe functies voor PDA's, zoals een draaiwiel, hogeresolutiebeeldscherm en ATRAC, een door Sony ontwikkelde audiocompressietechnologie.

De serie richtte zich op multimediafuncties, zoals het weergeven van foto's, video en muziek, ruim voordat deze functies ook in andere PDA's verschenen.

Aanvankelijk hadden de CLIÉ's een Dragonball-processor, vanaf 2002 werden de PDA's uitgevoerd met een ARM-chip.

Sony maakte bekend productie van de serie te beëindigen in 2005. Het laatst geproduceerde model is de PEG-VZ90, die draait op Palm OS 5 met een oled-scherm en uitsluitend in Japan verkrijgbaar was.

Modellen
 S series (2000–2002)
 T series (2001–2003)
 N series (2001–2002)
 NR series (2002)
 SL/SJ series (2002–2003)
 NX series (2002–2004)
 NZ series (2003–2004)
 TG series (2003–2004)
 UX series (2003–2004)
 TJ series (2003–2004)
 TH series (2004)
 VZ series (2004–2005) (alleen uitgebracht in Japan)

Zie ook
 IPAQ
 Psion
 Zaurus

Clie
Personal digital assistant