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Constitution Daily Blog
National Constitution Center Homepage
About The Interactive Constitution
About the Constitution
Richard Beeman The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Revolution in Government
Steven G. Calabresi On Originalism in Constitutional Interpretation
Jeffrey Rosen & David Rubenstein The Declaration, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights
Robert Post & Reva Siegel Democratic Constitutionalism
Preamble We the People
Article I Legislative Branch
Article II Executive Branch
Article III Judicial Branch
Article IV States, Citizenship, New States
Article V Amendment Process
Article VI Debts, Supremacy, Oaths, Religious Tests
Article VII Ratification
Amendment I Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition
Amendment II Right to Bear Arms
Amendment III Quartering of Soldiers
Amendment IV Search and Seizure
Amendment V Grand Jury, Double Jeopardy, Self Incrimination, Due Process, Takings
Amendment VI Right to Speedy Trial by Jury, Witnesses, Counsel
Amendment VII Jury Trial in Civil Lawsuits
Amendment VIII Excessive Fines, Cruel and Unusual Punishment
Amendment IX Non-Enumerated Rights Retained by People
Amendment X Rights Reserved to States or People
Amendment XI Suits Against States
Amendment XII Election of President and Vice President
Amendment XIII Abolition of Slavery
Amendment XIV Citizenship Rights, Equal Protection, Apportionment, Civil War Debt
Amendment XV Right to Vote Not Denied by Race
Amendment XVI Income Tax
Amendment XVII Popular Election of Senators
Amendment XVIII Prohibition of Liquor
Amendment XIX Women's Right to Vote
Amendment XX Presidential Term and Succession, Assembly of Congress
Amendment XXI Repeal of Prohibition
Amendment XXII Two-Term Limit on Presidency
Amendment XXIII Presidential Vote for D.C.
Amendment XXIV Abolition of Poll Taxes
Amendment XXV Presidential Disability and Succession
Amendment XXVI Right to Vote at Age 18
Amendment XXVII Congressional Compensation
Signed in convention September 17, 1787. Ratified June 21, 1788
The Preamble
Matters of Debate
Giving Meaning to the Preamble By Erwin Chemerinsky
The Preamble's Significance for Constitutional Interpretation by Michael Stokes Paulsen
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Common Interpretation
By Erwin Chemerinsky and Michael Stokes Paulsen
The Preamble of the U.S. Constitution—the document's famous first fifty-two words— introduces everything that is to follow in the Constitution's seven articles and twenty-seven amendments. It proclaims who is adopting this Constitution: "We the People of the United States." It describes why it is being adopted—the purposes behind the enactment of America's charter of government. And it describes what is being adopted: "this Constitution"—a single authoritative written text to serve as fundamental law of the land. Written constitutionalism was a distinctively American innovation, and one that the framing generation considered the new nation's greatest contribution to the science of government.
The word "preamble," while accurate, does not quite capture the full importance of this provision. "Preamble" might be taken—we think wrongly—to imply that these words are merely an opening rhetorical flourish or frill without meaningful effect. To be sure, "preamble" usefully conveys the idea that this provision does not itself confer or delineate powers of government or rights of citizens. Those are set forth in the substantive articles and amendments that follow in the main body of the Constitution's text. It was well understood at the time of enactment that preambles in legal documents were not themselves substantive provisions and thus should not be read to contradict, expand, or contract the document's substantive terms.
But that does not mean the Constitution's Preamble lacks its own legal force. Quite the contrary, it is the provision of the document that declares the enactment of the provisions that follow. Indeed, the Preamble has sometimes been termed the "Enacting Clause" of the Constitution, in that it declares the fact of adoption of the Constitution (once sufficient states had ratified it): "We the People of the United States . . . do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."
Importantly, the Preamble declares who is enacting this Constitution—the people of "the United States." The document is the collective enactment of all U.S. citizens. The Constitution is "owned" (so to speak) by the people, not by the government or any branch thereof. We the People are the stewards of the U.S. Constitution and remain ultimately responsible for its continued existence and its faithful interpretation.
It is sometimes observed that the language "We the People of the United States" was inserted at the Constitutional Convention by the "Committee of Style," which chose those words—rather than "We the People of the States of . . .", followed by a listing of the thirteen states, for a simple practical reason: it was unclear how many states would actually ratify the proposed new constitution. (Article VII declared that the Constitution would come into effect once nine of thirteen states had ratified it; and as it happened two states, North Carolina and Rhode Island, did not ratify until after George Washington had been inaugurated as the first President under the Constitution.) The Committee of Style thus could not safely choose to list all of the states in the Preamble. So they settled on the language of both "We the People of the United States."
Nonetheless, the language was consciously chosen. Regardless of its origins in practical considerations or as a matter of "style," the language actually chosen has important substantive consequences. "We the People of the United States" strongly supports the idea that the Constitution is one for a unified nation, rather than a treaty of separate sovereign states. (This, of course, had been the arrangement under the Articles of Confederation, the document the Constitution was designed to replace.) The idea of nationhood is then confirmed by the first reason recited in the Preamble for adopting the new Constitution—"to form a more perfect Union." On the eve of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln invoked these words in support of the permanence of the Union under the Constitution and the unlawfulness of states attempting to secede from that union.
The other purposes for adopting the Constitution, recited by the Preamble— to "establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity"—embody the aspirations that We the People have for our Constitution, and that were expected to flow from the substantive provisions that follow. The stated goal is to create a government that will meet the needs of the people.
As noted, the Preamble's statements of purpose do not themselves grant powers or confer rights; the substantive provisions in the main body of the Constitution do that. There is not, for example, a general government power to do whatever it judges will "promote the general Welfare." The national government's powers are specified in Article I and other provisions of the Constitution, not the Preamble. Congress has never relied on the Preamble alone as the basis for a claimed power to enact a law, and the Supreme Court has never relied on the Preamble as the sole basis for any constitutional decision. Still, the declared purposes for the Constitution can assist in understanding, interpreting, and applying the specific powers listed in the articles, for the simple reason that the Constitution should be interpreted in a manner that is faithful to its purposes.
Finally, the Preamble declares that what the people have ordained and established is "this Constitution"—referring, obviously enough, to the written document that the Preamble introduces. That language is repeated in the Supremacy Clause of Article VI, which declares that "this Constitution" shall be the supreme law for the entire nation. The written nature of the Constitution as a single binding text matters and was important to the framing generation. The U.S. Constitution contrasts with the arrangement of nations like Great Britain, whose "constitution" is a looser collection of written and unwritten traditions constituting the established practice over time. America has a written constitution, not an unwritten one. The boundaries of what may be said and done in the name of the Constitution are marked by the words, phrases, and structure of the document itself. To be sure, there are disputes over what those words mean and how they are to be applied. But the enterprise of written constitutionalism is, at its core, the faithful interpretation and application of a written document adopted by the people as supreme law: "this Constitution for the United States of America."
Erwin Chemerinsky Dean and Distinguished Professor of Law, and Raymond Pryke Professor of First Amendment Law, University of California, Irvine School of Law Michael Stokes Paulsen Distinguished University Chair and Professor, University of St. Thomas School of Law
Erwin Chemerinsky Dean and Distinguished Professor of Law, and Raymond Pryke Professor of First Amendment Law, University of California, Irvine School of Law
The Preamble to the Constitution has been largely ignored by lawyers and courts through American history. Rarely has a Supreme Court decision relied on it, even as a guide in interpreting the Constitution.
Michael Stokes Paulsen Distinguished University Chair and Professor, University of St. Thomas School of Law
The Preamble—or "Enacting Clause"—of the Constitution is more than just a pitcher's long wind-up before delivering the pitch to home plate.
Giving Meaning to the Preamble
By Erwin Chemerinsky
The Preamble to the Constitution has been largely ignored by lawyers and courts through American history. Rarely has a Supreme Court decision relied on it, even as a guide in interpreting the Constitution. But long ago, in Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Court declared "it cannot be presumed that any clause in the constitution is intended to be without effect; and therefore such construction is inadmissible, unless the words require it." If the Preamble is read carefully and taken seriously, basic constitutional values can be found within it that should guide the interpretation of the Constitution.
The Court has rejected the relevance of the Preamble in constitutional decisions. In 1905, in Jacobson v. Massachusetts, the Supreme Court ruled that laws cannot be challenged or declared unconstitutional based on the Preamble. The Court declared: "Although that Preamble indicates the general purposes for which the people ordained and established the Constitution, it has never been regarded as the source of any substantive power conferred on the Government of the United States or on any of its Departments." In the few occasions over the last century in which the Preamble has been mentioned, the Court has summarily denied its relevance to constitutional law.
But the Preamble states basic values that should guide the understanding of the Constitution. First, it is created by "We the People." It is the people who are sovereign. This makes clear that the United States is to be a democracy, not a monarchy or a theocracy or a totalitarian government that were the dominant forms of government throughout world history. Early in American history, in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Chief Justice John Marshall stressed the importance of the government being created by the people. The State of Maryland claimed that it was the state governments who formed the United States and that therefore it is the states who are sovereign. The Court rejected this, quoting the Preamble and declaring: "The government proceeds directly from the people; is 'ordained and established,' in the name of the people."
Second, the Constitution exists to create effective governance for the nation. The Preamble states that the Constitution exists "to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, [and] promote the general Welfare." The emphasis on establishing a "Union" and a successful government for it is not surprising because the Constitution was created in response to the failures of the Articles of Confederation which was a compact among the states where there was a weak national government with little power. Throughout American history there have been battles over federalism and the authority of the federal government to take actions of unquestionable desirability: limiting slavery, banning child labor, prohibiting race discrimination, protecting the environment. The guidance of the Preamble has been overlooked: the Constitution exists to ensure that the national government has the authority to do all of these things which are part of a "more perfect Union" and "the general Welfare."
Another Perspective
This essay is part of a discussion about the Preamble with Michael Stokes Paulsen, Distinguished University Chair and Professor, University of St. Thomas School of Law. Read the full discussion here.
Third, the Constitution exists to provide "Justice." Long ago, the Magna Carta declared that justice requires both a fair process and fair results. In fact, even before that the Bible, in Deuteronomy 16:20, says, "Justice, justice shalt thou pursue." Commentators have suggested that the word "justice" is repeated twice to convey the importance of both procedural and substantive fairness. In American constitutional law, this means a requirement for both procedural due process (the government must follow adequate procedures when depriving a person of life, liberty, or property) and substantive due process (the government must have adequate reasons when taking away a person's life, liberty, or property).
Fourth, the Preamble states that the Constitution exists to "secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity." The Constitution is founded to protect individual freedom. It is a society where personal liberty, not a duty to the state, is central. Interestingly, despite this commitment, the Framers of the Constitution saw no need to provide a detailed statement of rights in the Constitution they drafted. In part, this is because they thought the structure of government they were creating would ensure liberty. Also, they were afraid that enumerating some rights inherently would be taken to deny the existence of other rights that were not mentioned. They wanted liberty to be broadly protected and not confined to specific aspects of freedom mentioned in the text of the Constitution.
Equality is not mentioned in the Preamble. This is not surprising for a Constitution that explicitly protected the institution of slavery and gave women no rights. But as the Supreme Court has explained for over a half century, equality is an implicit and inherent part of liberty.
The Preamble thus does much more than tell us that the document is to be called the "Constitution" and establish a government. The Preamble describes the core values that the Constitution exists to achieve: democratic government, effective governance, justice, freedom, and equality.
Common Interpretation Next Perspective
The Preamble's Significance for Constitutional Interpretation
By Michael Stokes Paulsen
The Preamble—or "Enacting Clause"—of the Constitution is more than just a pitcher's long wind-up before delivering the pitch to home plate. It is the provision that declares the enactment of "this Constitution" by "We the People of the United States." That declaration has important consequences for constitutional interpretation. While the Preamble does not itself confer powers and rights, it has significant implications both for how the Constitution is to be interpreted and applied and who has the power of constitutional interpretation—the two biggest overall questions of Constitutional Law.
Consider two big-picture ways that the Preamble affects how the Constitution is to be interpreted. First, the Preamble specifies that what is being enacted is "this Constitution"—a term that unmistakably refers to the written document itself. This is at once both obvious and hugely important. America has no "unwritten constitution." Ours is a system of written constitutionalism—of adherence to a single, binding, authoritative, written legal text as supreme law.
This defines the territory and boundaries of legitimate constitutional argument: the enterprise of constitutional interpretation is to seek to faithfully understand, within the context of the document (including the times and places in which it was written and adopted), the words, phrases, and structural implications of the written text.
The words of the Constitution are not optional. Nor are they mere springboards or points of departure for individual (or judicial) speculation or one's subjective preferences: where the provisions of the Constitution set forth a sufficiently clear rule for government, that rule constitutes the supreme law of the land and must be followed. By the same token, where the provisions of the Constitution do not set forth a rule—where they leave matters open—decision in such matters must remain open to the people, acting through the institutions of representative democracy. And finally, where the Constitution says nothing on a topic, it simply says nothing on the topic and cannot be used to strike down the decisions of representative government. It is not open for courts, legislatures, or any other government officials to "make up" new constitutional meanings that are not supported by the document itself.
Second, the Preamble, by stating the purposes for which the Constitution has been enacted, might well be thought to exert a very gentle interpretive "push" as to the direction in which a specific provision of the Constitution should be interpreted in a close case. The Preamble does not confer powers or rights, but the provisions that follow should be interpreted in a fashion consistent with the purposes for which they were enacted. As Justice Joseph Story put it in his treatise on the Constitution, published in 1833, using the example of the Preamble's phrase to "provide for the common defence":
No one can doubt, that this does not enlarge the powers of congress to pass any measures, which they may deem useful for the common defence. But suppose the terms of a given power admit of two constructions, the one more restrictive, the other more liberal, and each of them is consistent with the words . . . ; if one would promote, and the other defeat the common defence, ought not the former, upon the soundest principles of interpretation to be adopted? Are we at liberty, upon any principles of reason, or common sense, to adopt a restrictive meaning, which will defeat an avowed object of the constitution, when another equally natural and more appropriate to the object is before us? 2 Joseph Story, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States §462 at 445 (1833).
Finally, the Preamble has important implications for who has the ultimate power of constitutional interpretation. In modern times, it has become fashionable to identify the power of constitutional interpretation almost exclusively with the decisions of courts, and particularly the U.S. Supreme Court. And yet, while it is true that the courts legitimately possess the province of constitutional interpretation in cases that come before them, it is equally true that the other branches of the national government—and of state government, too—possess a like responsibility of faithful constitutional interpretation. None of these institutions of government, created or recognized by the Constitution, is superior to the Constitution itself. None is superior to the ultimate power of the people to adopt, amend, and interpret what is, after all, the Constitution ordained and established by "We the People of the United States."
This essay is part of a discussion about the Preamble with Erwin Chemerinsky, Dean and Distinguished Professor of Law, and Raymond Pryke Professor of First Amendment Law, University of California, Irvine School of Law. Read the full discussion here.
James Madison, one of the leading architects of the Constitution, put it best in The Federalist No. 49:
[T]he people are the only legitimate fountain of power, and it is from them that the constitutional charter, under which the several branches of government hold their power, is derived . . . . The several departments being perfectly coordinate by the terms of their common commission, neither of them, it is evident, can pretend to an exclusive or superior right of settling the boundaries between their respective powers; and how are the encroachments of the stronger to be prevented, or the wrongs of the weaker to be redressed, without an appeal to the people themselves, who, as the grantors of the commission, can alone declare its true meaning, and enforce its observance?
The Preamble thus may have much to say—quietly—about how the Constitution is to be interpreted and who possesses the ultimate power of constitutional interpretation. It enacts a written constitution, with all that that implies. It describes the purposes for which that document was adopted, which has implications for interpreting specific provisions. And it boldly declares that the document is the enactment of, and remains the property of, the people—not the government and not any branch thereof— with the clear implication that We the People remain ultimately responsible for the proper interpretation and application of what is, in the end, our Constitution.
Michael Stokes Paulsen & Luke Paulsen, The Constitution: An Introduction (2015) (Chapters 1 and 2).
Michael Stokes Paulsen, Does the Constitution Prescribe Rules for Its Own Interpretation?, 103 Nw. U. L. Rev. 857 (2009).
Michael Stokes Paulsen, The Irrepressible Myth of Marbury, 101 Mich. L. Rev. 2706 (2003).
Michael Stokes Paulsen, Captain James T. Kirk and the Enterprise of Constitutional Interpretation: Some Modest Proposals from the Twenty-Third Century, 59 Albany L. Rev. 671 (1995).
Michael Stokes Paulsen, The Most Dangerous Branch: Executive Power to Say What the Law Is, 83 Geo. L.J. 217 (1994).


The only people who think I do are those with something to lose.
Few would contend that this election is the most divisive in recent history. Never in my young life have I seen two candidates more radioactive to the opposing party. And never have I seen the rhetoric stronger that this election will spell certain doom for the country if the wrong person is chosen.
Everyone is scared. With such entrenched ideologies, there is little hope of swaying either candidate's supporters. So the war for hearts and minds is taking place among the undecided's--the skeptics and cynics such as myself who find support of either candidate at best dubious and wrought with conflict.
Even suggesting a non-vote on Facebook is bound to unleash hellfire. "There is so much at stake", they say. Or, "a non-vote is just a vote for Trump or Clinton anyway".
But it is entirely fallacious to equate a non-vote with a vote unless, of course, you assume that a non-vote would've been a vote for your favored candidate, not the opponent. And it only goes to demonstrate that we don't have a duty to vote.
No one will tell that you have duty to vote, period. They will tell you that you have a duty to vote... for the person they want to be president. The non-vote is a vote argument operates on that premise. The unfavorable outcome, more often than not, is that their candidate won't be elected.
For example, in a recent Fox News op-ed. evangelical pastor Robert Jeffress attempted to argue that not voting is not an option for Christians. His reasons were 1) voting is a God-given privilege and responsibility, 2) voting is a primary way for Christians to stop evil, 3) voting is about endorsing policies, not personalities.
His first point is typical circular reasoning: because we can vote, we have to vote. By the second point, he reveals his motive: Trump will appoint pro-life justices (though he never defends stopping evil as a moral imperative). Finally, his third point is a tepid call for grace towards imperfect, human leaders which manages to ignore the strict standards Scripture places on leadership.
Fox may have titled Jeffress' article "Why Christians Must Vote in this Election", but the honest title is "Why Christians Must Vote for Trump in this Election".
Anyone who tries to convince you that you have to vote is only doing so because they want to take that vote from you. They're not interested in you adding your voice or helping you be a responsible citizen; they're trying to ensure a win because they have something to lose.
For Americans, winning a policy battle is understandable. Their hope and faith rests solely in this country as does their concept of the future and quality of life. Conversely, Christians quarreling over the public policy of a temporal nation that is not our home nor the seat of our allegiance should be surprising.
However, American Christians have long forgotten their citizenship choosing instead to place their trust in the political process rather than the power of God. They'll contend that he uses the nations to accomplish his own purposes, thus, we're obligated to use our vote to support his will. But this both diminishes God's sovereignty and misunderstands the church's role in the world.
God doesn't need your vote. For thousands of years--long before representative governments existed--he was fully capable of leading the nations. It is not the church's job to make sure that the nations get in line and follow orders. Our job is to bear witness to the gospel in our communities by loving others.
Most Christians believe in the priority of the gospel, but most Christians also believe that the gospel will suffer under the wrong administration. Whether it's a loss of religious freedom or a racist foreign policy, they fear that disaster threatens our witness as Christians.
When Jesus entrusted his disciples with the good news, he did so in a time when national support was nonexistent. In fact, Jesus and his followers became the scapegoat for a corrupt government whose only interest was quelling insurrection.
Yet today, we can't fathom how the church could survive in such tyranny. We can't seem to imagine our faith apart from the privileges we have to worship freely and thrive economically. Worse still, we don't know what our witness is without the state.
The sad truth is many Christians don't know who they are without their party affiliation. And the reason they're so worried about non-voters is because they're afraid that this election will erase their identity and influence. Their faith is so intertwined with politics that they can't even express what loving others means without addressing abortion, marriage equality, or social justice.
Thankfully, Jesus never called us to be lawyers or policy makers. He called fishermen to be preachers and tax collectors to be martyrs. Christians are everyday people doing everyday things for the good of the kingdom.
We don't need Roe v. Wade repealed to adopt the child of a pregnant teenager. We don't need the government to ban stop and frisk to testify on behalf of our black brothers and sisters. Nothing can restrain our witness because our witness is empowered by the gospel of Jesus Christ, not the state.
I don't have a duty to vote, nor do I care to exercise one, because I have nothing to lose in this election. Neither a Trump or Clinton presidency affects my ability to live out my faith nor does it affect yours.
If you have something to lose, it's because you've put your faith in something that can be lost. Perhaps you're ok with depending on an election cycle, but I'd rather not have a vote then let it dictate my faith.


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Home » News » Studio Technologies Provides Remote Integration (REMI) Product Suite
Studio Technologies Provides Remote Integration (REMI) Product Suite
SKOKIE, IL, JANUARY 31, 2018 – Studio Technologies, manufacturer of high-quality audio, video, and fiber-optic solutions, has released enhanced firmware for its Model 5422 Dante Intercom Audio Engine, Model 216 Announcer's Console, and Model 44D Audio Interface products. The new firmware (embedded software) allows each unit to better meet the unique needs of creating IFB (interrupted foldback or talent cueing) for remote production applications. Whether referred to as REMI or At-Home, traditional matrix intercom or dedicated hardware simply isn't up to the task of providing IFB capability where the locations of on-air talent and production personnel are geographically diverse. While the fundamental goals remain the same, new technical challenges require new capabilities to support them. Studio Technologies has responded with a carefully implemented set of software-based resources that are not location dependent.
"We view these firmware updates as an opportunity to significantly improve the tools at our customers' disposal," says Gordon Kapes, President of Studio Technologies. "The importance of talent cueing is often overlooked, but it's really critical to a production's success. By integrating IFB-support functionality into these products, we can offer a suite of improved solutions that are ideal for REMI and At-Home applications."
The Model 5422 Dante Intercom Audio Engine is a high-performance and flexible solution for creating party-line (PL) intercom circuits when used with Dante and AES67-compatible products. With the latest firmware release, it is now also capable of creating up to 32 unique IFB signals or "feeds" or a mixture of PL intercom and IFB circuits. Unlike typical IFB implementations, the IFB audio signals, interrupt and program, can be sourced from wherever the application requires. This allows production personnel at one physical location to send professional-quality IFB signals to an offsite broadcast event via a fiber-based audio path.
The Model 5422's two IFB modes, voice-operated (VOX) and tone-operated (TOX), offer flexibility for a variety of REMI and At-Home applications. VOX IFB accurately detects voice-band interrupt signals that arrive by way of the digital audio input channels. When the Model 5422 recognizes a voice-band signal, the unit follows its configuration and acts on its associated program audio signal. TOX IFB can provide enhanced performance by recognizing an interrupt condition by detecting a high-frequency tone that's included with interrupt voice audio. The tone, recommended to be an 18-kHz sine-wave, is added to the voice audio signal to create the interrupt audio signal. With TOX IFB, the resultant talent cue signals will have the same excellent audio quality and characteristics as that of locally-originated IFB signals.
The Model 216 Announcer's Console was designed to serve as the audio control center for announcers, commentators, and production personnel. Until now, the Model 216's primary application has been for use by on-air talent associated with live events. With its new firmware, the unit can also serve as an excellent 4-channel IFB master station for remote production applications. Two Model 216 production modes, production with tone and production with dim and tone, are specifically included to support the Model 5422's TOX IFB function. These modes add an 18-kHz sine-wave signal to the talk audio, allowing direct activation of the Model 5422's TOX IFB function. A Model 216, located virtually anywhere in the workflow, can serve as a 4-channel IFB master station, while the Model 5422 at the event site can automatically switch between locally-provided program audio and Model 216-provided interrupt audio.
The Model 44D Interface was originally offered to provide a simple yet high-performance means of interfacing two channels of analog line-level audio to and from applications that rely on Dante or AES67 technology. New firmware for the Model 44D adds a tone generator mode for use in REMI or At-Home applications that use the Model 5422 Dante Intercom Audio Engine. When configured for the tone generator mode, an 18-kHz sine-wave audio signal is available in both the analog and digital domains. This tone is intended to be used by matrix intercom systems to assist in creating interrupt audio signals that are compatible with the Model 5422's TOX IFB function. An audio path from the matrix intercom system's interrupt audio output to inputs on a Model 5422 at the event site will allow broadcast-standard IFB signals to be created with no location restrictions.
The new firmware is currently shipping with all new Model 5422, 216, and 44D units. It's also available for download, free of charge, for installation in all previously shipped 5422, 216, and 44D units. "As live-event productions become more and more geographically disbursed, the need for high-quality remote integration solutions will continue to increase," adds Kapes. "But those changes and new requirements shouldn't impact the ability of on-air talent and production personnel to effectively perform their jobs. We hope that our firmware updates offer significant improvements in how IFB signals are created and look forward to adding additional features and real-world solutions to our growing product offerings."
About Studio Technologies, Inc.
Studio Technologies, Inc. provides tailored, high-performance video, audio and fiber optic products for the professional audio and broadcast markets. Founded in 1978, the company is committed to designing and manufacturing dependable, cost-effective, and creative solutions for broadcast studio, stadium and corporate environments. Known for "designing for the way professionals work," the company is recognized as an industry leader. Product categories include fiber-optic transport, intercom and IFB interfaces, announcer consoles, and loudspeaker monitor control systems. A growing line of Dante-enabled Audio-over-Ethernet products is receiving wide recognition. For more information, please visit the Studio Technologies website at www.studio-tech.com or call 847.676.9177.
D Pagan Communications
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3 Detroit Lions playing for their lives in preseason finale vs. Browns
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[tps_header]3 Detroit Lions playing for their lives in preseason finale vs. Browns[/tps_header]
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The preseason grind is nearly over!
On Thursday night, the Detroit Lions will square off against the Cleveland Browns in their final preseason game of 2019.
Though the fourth preseason game is generally the most boring to watch for the fans, it is extremely important to those players who are square on the roster bubble.
In my opinion, the Lions coaches and front office pretty much know what their 53-man roster will look like when it is released on Saturday but there are a few spots still up for grabs.
Here is a list of 3 Detroit Lions' players who are playing for their lives in the preseason finale vs. the Browns.
Kevin Strong
Teez Tabor
Travis Fulgham
Previous articleEx-Lakers player: It's Kobe's fault we lost to Pistons in 2004 Finals
Next articleNicholas Castellanos reveals Detroit Tigers' biggest mistake
Detroit Lions News Don Drysdale - January 17, 2020 0
Detroit Lions News Arnold Powell - January 17, 2020 0


LAMA SING: In the Earth realm, there is the sense of separateness between spirit, mind, and body, when in truth there is no such separateness.
When one believes that there is no separateness the eternal nature of your being comes to the forefront and then a sense of peacefulness that is all-pervading. In other words there is no place within or without your being that this Peace does not exist, and this then becomes the pathway upon which your service in prayer with God may follow a call and answer it.
In the answering of a prayer from such a nature of being where there is no separateness in your consciousness, in your mind, in your spirit, you see these all as merely aspects. Then that which is the beauty of God's Grace will flow through you to answer a call before you.
In your current time, the beauty of the Christ Spirit awakening across all the lands will make this path possible for you, each one, requiring only that it be chosen, claimed.


text:
Facebook Have Joined Up With the Trevor Project to Help Fight LGBTQ Suicide - Social Songbird
>> Web Summit 2019 <<
Home Facebook latest social media Facebook Have Joined Up With the Trevor Project to Help Fight LGBTQ Suicide
Facebook Have Joined Up With the Trevor Project to Help Fight LGBTQ Suicide
Thursday, May 18, 2017 Facebook, latest, social media
Among the younger community, especially that of the United States, the rates of suicide and suicide attempts are significantly higher in the LGBTQ community, and it's far from a coincidence. In fact, data suggests that cases of depression and drug use among LGBTs actually spikes following the passing of discriminatory laws, or equality bills failing to go through. Take a moment and really think about that.
In 1994, a short film about a suicidal gay 13-year-old called Trevor took the Oscar for best short film, and that became the catalyst for director Peggy Rajski, writer James Lecesne and producer Randy Stone to found The Trevor Project. The Trevor Project is a non-profit which houses the only 24/7 hotline for depressed and suicidal LGBT youths. The value of their work cannot be understated, and now they've made a move beyond the telephone and into the world of social media, with the help of Facebook.
Suicide prevention tools have been available on Facebook, Messenger and Instagram for some time now, and they've partnered with a few different groups to make the outreach as all-inclusive as it can be. With The Trevor Project, they're going to bring in tools which will allow the project's helpline operators to connect directly with depressed or suicidal users through the chat function.
Social media has provided many unique opportunities to help combat suicide. According to certain statistics, suicide is the second highest cause of death among 10-24 year olds in the US, and social media is nothing if not youth oriented. It could be argued, then, that social media platforms don't just have an ideal vantage to help reach out to young people experiencing suicidal thoughts, they have a responsibility.
One-to-one discussion is often the best method, and that's exactly what the Trevor Project specialise in. Facebook is already an important hub for many members of the LGBTQ community to discuss their issues and struggles, as are YouTube, Instagram, Tumblr and a number of other platforms, so this is a logical step. Hopefully it will set a precedent for certain other platforms to expand their reach as well.
Callum Davies
Callum is a film school graduate who is now making a name for himself as a journalist and content writer. His vices include flat whites and 90s hip-hop. Follow him @Songbird_Callum
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Kevin Calmes
Brian Kevin Calmes
Brian Kevin Calmes (March 28, 1956 - November 27, 2021)
Kevin was born and raised in Franklinton, Louisiana, the son of Mary Ella and N. B. Calmes, Jr. He graduated from Franklinton High School in 1974; from Copiah-Lincoln Community College in Wesson, Mississippi, where he studied music performance and composition; and Southeastern Louisiana University in Hammond, Louisiana, where he studied computer science and later served as the university's webmaster.
Growing up, Kevin taught himself guitar, playing in churches and other venues as a teenager. He and a friend formed their own band and recorded several original songs. He developed into a virtuoso guitarist, keyboardist, and an accomplished composer of original music. During his time as webmaster at Southeastern, he developed an enthusiasm for violin, took lessons, and was invited to play in the university orchestra. For 21 years, Kevin was also a ham radio operator, providing radio communications supporting local, state, and federal operation during disasters.
Earlier this year, he moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to be near his loving son Nicholas, an active professional musician. Kevin was fully vaccinated but recently contracted Covid-19 and expired late in the afternoon of November 27.
In addition to his son, Kevin is survived by brothers Michael (Boston, Massachusetts), Pat (Franklinton), and Kelly (Campbellsville, Kentucky). It was his wish that his ashes be interred next to his parents in the Fisher United Methodist Church cemetery in Richardson outside Franklinton. There will be a memorial service at a time to be determined.


text:
Weird Dinosaurs
The Strange New Fossils Challenging Everything We Thought We Knew
John Pickrell
From the outback of Australia to the Gobi Desert of Mongolia and the savanna of Madagascar, the award-winning science writer and dinosaur enthusiast John Pickrell embarks on a world tour of new finds, meeting the fossil hunters who work at the frontier of discovery. He reveals the dwarf dinosaurs unearthed by an eccentric Transylvanian baron; an aquatic, crocodile-snouted carnivore bigger than T. rex that once lurked in North African waterways; a Chinese dinosaur with wings like a bat; and a Patagonian sauropod so enormous it weighed more than two commercial jet airliners.
Other surprising discoveries hail from Alaska, Siberia, Canada, Burma, and South Africa. Why did dinosaurs grow so huge? How did they spread across the world? Did they all have feathers? What do sauropods have in common with 1950s vacuum cleaners? The stuff of adventure movies and scientific revolutions, Weird Dinosaurs examines the latest breakthroughs and new technologies that are radically transforming our understanding of the distant past. Pickrell opens a vivid portal to a brand-new age of fossil discovery, in which fossil hunters are routinely redefining what we know and how we think about prehistory's most iconic and fascinating creatures.
PUBLISHERS WEEKLY JAN 30, 2017
Pickrell (Flying Dinosaurs), editor of Australian Geographic, dishes more dirt on dinosaurs, focusing as much attention on the humans who scour the Earth in search of dinosaur fossils as he does on the fossils themselves. Some of his stories are fascinating, such as his account of how Transylvanian aristocrat Franz Baron Nopcsa von Felso -Szilv s moved between hunting for dinosaur bones in Romania and serving as a spy in Ottoman Albania while plotting to be named king of Albania, but others are somewhat pedestrian. Each of Pickrell's 11 chapters focuses on a geographical region and catalogues the specimens found there, with a majority of the attention paid to the latest discoveries. Readers learn of beautiful opalised dinosaur bones from Australia and a crested dinosaur found approximately 13,000 feet up Antarctica's Mt. Kirkpatrick, demonstrating that dinosaurs were widely distributed across the globe. Unlike his previous book, this one doesn't offer much insight into the evolution of behavior or anatomy, though he does touch on the evolution of feathers and extremely long necks in sauropods. Despite the title, the dinosaurs Pickrell discusses don't seem that weird, but given that the "rate of discovery has been increasing nearly exponentially," something more strange is bound to appear soon. Illus.
Perseus Books, LLC
More Books by John Pickrell
The Best Australian Science Writing 2018
Flying Dinosaurs


text:
TV ShowsStargate: Atlantis
The Wraith Are Proud
By: Wisteria666
A trip off world goes awry for Amelia and Keller, and a new ally is their only hope. Can mutual distrust be overcome long enough for them to survive?
Rated: Fiction T - English - Adventure/Sci-Fi - Jennifer K., Amelia B., Todd - Chapters: 14 - Words: 20,676 - Reviews: 42 - Favs: 33 - Follows: 47 - Updated: 7/2/2018 - Published: 4/23/2014 - id: 10294332
1. Chapter 12. Chapter 23. Chapter 34. Chapter 45. Chapter 56. Chapter 67. Chapter 78. Chapter 89. Chapter 910. Chapter 1011. Chapter 1112. Chapter 1213. Chapter 1314. Chapter 14
Amelia caught sight of a familiar figure out of the corner of her eye, and fixed her gaze firmly on the console in front of her. Want my attention Ronon? You're going to have to man up and talk to me.
"How's it going with you two?" Chuck whispered.
"Wierd," she whispered back. "Ever since we returned to Pegasus. One day we'll be sparring and laughing, the next he's ducking down side corridors to avoid running into me. I don't know what his problem is, but I don't have the patience for games."
"I heard a rumor that Dr. Keller friendzoned him pretty hard in favor of Dr. McKay."
"Wow," Amelia said, surprised.
"I know."
"I didn't realize Dr. Keller is insane."
"Who knew, right?"
They burst out laughing. Ronon, hearing them, caught Amelia's eye and smiled. Against her better judgement, she smiled back.
"Captain on deck," Chuck hissed. Amelia turned her attention back to her console as Richard Woolsey approached them.
"Hello, Amelia, Chet. How are you today?" he said, fiddling absently with his perfectly pressed uniform jacket. Far more at home in Savile Row suits, Woolsey was still adjusting to the SGC issued attire. It was an ongoing struggle.
"Fine, sir, thank you," Amelia replied. Chuck's eye twitched.
"Amelia, will you still be going with the medical team to the Athosian settlement tomorrow?" Woolsey asked.
"Yes, sir. I'm looking forward to it. I have several friends there I haven't seen since we returned."
"Good, good," Woosley said, rubbing his hands. "That's just what I like to see, my staff- Oh, dear."
"Colonel Sheppard, I really must protest!" Jennifer Keller's voice rang out across the command center. They craned their necks to watch Sheppard stride into the room, followed closely by a distressed Keller.
"She only calls him 'Colonel Sheppard' when she's irritated with him," Woolsey said. "I wonder what he's done now."
They didn't have long to wait. Keller skipped in front of Sheppard, blocking his way.
"Colonel, Todd is an invaluable source of information," she said. "We can't just let him go yet. I have a series of tests lined up that would advance our research into the Wraith exponentially. I just need more time!"
"Has Todd agreed to undergo your tests?" Sheppard asked, his eyebrows raising in surprise.
"Not yet," she admitted. "But you could compel him to coöperate!"
"No, I can't." He crossed his arms and looked down at the young doctor sternly. "The IOA has deemed Todd an ally, and he has been given the same rights and privileges as any of our other off-world allies. So, no, I can't compel him to do a damn thing."
"John..."
"You can talk to him yourself, but that's it." He turned away from Keller, and nodded at Ronon. "We ready?"
"Lorne's downstairs, waiting for us at the gate," Ronon said, taking his cue from Sheppard and ignoring Keller.
"Good. Then let's go check out this address Todd gave us. If we're going to release him back into the wild, I'd rather it not be at the edge of a defenseless village."
Keller watched them leave, visibly frustrated. She turned to storm out, when she spotted Woolsey, who was slowly inching away, hoping not to be noticed.
"Mr. Woolsey," she called, breaking into a jog. Woolsey sighed, and Amelia gave him a sympathetic grimace.
"I'm afraid there's nothing I can do," he told Keller. "You heard Colonel Sheppard. My hands are tied."
"But the research-"
"Will have to continue some other way," Woolsey said firmly. He nodded to Amelia and Chuck, and walked quickly away. Keller sighed.
"Amelia, where is Todd now?" she asked, a new determination suffusing her pretty face. Amelia checked Todd's locator.
"He's in Lab 2, with doctors McKay and Zelenka."
"I almost feel sorry for Todd," CHuck said, as they watched Keller rush toward the nearest transporter.
"THink she'll convince him?" Amelia asked, pulling her hair out of its tight bun. She ran her hands through her hair, massaging her aching scalp.
"Nah," CHuck said, leaning back in his chair. "The Wraith seems pretty tough. I imagine he could withstand even Dr. Keller."
Looks like Chuck is right. He is tough.
Amelia looked up from her book as Todd, Keller, and McKay spilled out onto the outdoor mess deck, followed discreetly by armed personnel. Todd's unshackled hands rested calmly across his stomach, but Amelia could see tense, determined set of his jaw.
"Your proposals, while not feasible at this time, are interesting, Dr. Keller," Todd said genially. "Perhaps we may discuss them further. Once I am aboard my ship, I'd so love to have you for dinner." Keller drew back in alarm, and Todd chuckled. "Just my little joke."
Amelia grinned, and Todd's gaze landed on her. His smile widened, exposing clear, sharp teeth, and he headed for her table. "May I join you?"
Amelia kicked a chair out for him, and he sat, carefully adjusting his leathers around him. McKay glared at her.
"What?" she said. "It was funny."
"Don't encourage him!" McKay said in exasperation. "I have to work with him. His 'little jokes' give me a panic attack each time he makes one!"
"Dr. McKay is simply too high strung." He looked over Amelia's tray curiously. "May I?"
At Amelia's nod, he plucked a grape from the tray, and studied it carefully. After a moment, he popped it in his mouth, and chewed gingerly. His eyes closed in bliss.
"What is this called?" he asked.
"A grape," Keller said, impatiently. McKay eyed Amelia's tray, and she pushed it toward him.
"Thanks!" he said, pulling up a chair between Amelia and Todd. "I didn't get a chance to eat lunch yet."
"Rodney," Keller sighed.
"Yeah, yeah, dinner at eight," he said absently, picking up an untouched biscuit.
"I have work I need to get back to," Keller said, defeated for the moment. "But we will discuss this again before you leave."
"Talk all you'd like," Todd said, liberating another grape from under McKay's fingers. "It will not change anything. I have no interest in your tests."
"If you don't mind," Amelia said hesitantly, as Keller stalked off. "I wasn't aware Wraith could eat physical food."
"It gives only the pleasure of the taste itself," he replied, spearing a cherry tomato with a claw. "It affords no real sustenance." He popped the cherry tomato into his mouth and made a face. "Not a grape."
"It seems you have a sweet tooth," Amelia laughed. She leaned forward conspiratorially. "Has anyone introduced you to chocolate?"
"I'm intrigued," he replied, his yellow eyes sparkling with delight.
"Oh, god," Rodney moaned around a mouthful of salad. "They're bonding. Ronon is not going to like this!"


Saying I love you is fantastic. It feels good we all like to hear it. It's even better if your spouse's love language is words of affirmations. Still love is a verb. You need to be constantly doing something to show your love!
I know with working in or out of the home and children it makes it hard to focus on your spouse. We are humans and we need rest. We get tired. I have definitely been guilty of allowing my spouse to get whatever is left. Which, in my profession and having two children is not always a lot (enter as much shame as possible here).
This is not ok. We have to be intentional with our love. We are married, so we need to constantly show him we love him. Even when we are tired, and he has worked our last good nerve, we must go the extra mile. So I am leaving you five easy ways to show him love today. Enjoy!!
See that list is very short and easy. Thank me later lovely!
Tell me how you show your husband love?


Scroll down to explore all 25 images uploded under Noc Engineer Cover Letter's gallery and find brilliant inspirations and ideas. Enjoy!
this post was published by mb4h under cover letter on Friday, September 15th, 2017 and tagged with noc engineer.


text:
Stark's magnificent seven head to state high school tennis tournament
Jim Thomas
Colin Bernier was looking for a change this postseason.
After finishing fourth in doubles at the boys tennis state tournament last year, the Central Catholic High School sophomore tried his hand at singles.
Change is good for Bernier, the area's lone singles qualifier who joins three doubles teams at the state tournament Friday in Columbus. Central teammates Seth Laubacher and Mark Marginean play alongside Bernier in Division II. Hoover's Chase Pucci and Nick Fockler and Jackson's Matt Sloan and Louie Thomas are making the trip to Ohio State University's Stickney Tennis Center to compete in Division I.
It's been a long road for Pucci, who worked his way up from being the No. 7 player on the Vikings junior varsity team as a freshman.
"Last year, he stepped up to No. 2 singles and struggled," Hoover coach Ryan Shaffer said of Pucci, "but this year, he was 26-11, a huge step up.
"I have a tremendous amount of pride (in what) he's accomplished."
Pucci, Laubacher and Sloan are seniors. Sloan qualified last year with Ryan Mellion, who has since graduated. The duo lost their first match to the eventual state runners-up.
"Matt's preseason goal was to get back to state and to win at least one match," Jackson coach Keith Kohmann said.
Sloan and Thomas got a good draw to do that. As runners-up from the Oberlin district, the No. 2 seed enables them to be on the opposite side of the bracket from St. Xavier, Toledo St. John's and the Diaz brothers, Philip and Chris, the defending Division I state champions from Columbus Watterson.
"That's good, but it's still a crapshoot," Kohmann said. "They didn't play lights out in the (regional) finals. They'll have to be on their game."
Pucci and Fockler, a sophomore, open against St. Xavier's No. 1 doubles team. They've got nothing to lose going against one of the state's top tandems.
"We're just happy to be there," Shaffer said.
Central Catholic coach Basil Violand thinks his team's draws are difficult as well.
Bernier faces fellow sophomore Ian Wagner of Columbus Wellington, a district champion.
Laubacher and Marginean also face district champions in Andrew Enslen and Joey Frank of Columbus Academy, the No. 1-ranked team that qualified all seven varsity members to state.
"We're definitely the underdog in both matches, but I think our kids can play with those guys," Violand said.
Bernier is coming off a back injury, adding to the challenge.
"Colin said his back is feeling better," Violand said. "He said if he plays good, he's got a chance. Seth and Mark are a really solid team. It's doubles. If they play well, anything's possible."
REPOSITORY SCOTT HECKEL
n Central Catholic High School sophomore Colin Bernier is the area's only singles qualifier to the boys tennis state tournament this weekend in Columbus. Bernier finished fourth in Ohio last year as part of a Crusaders doubles team but will try his hand going alone this time around.
STATE BOYS TENNIS TOURNAMENT
WHEN Friday and Saturday.
WHERE Stickney Tennis Center, Ohio State University.
WHO Area qualifiers are Collin Bernier, Seth Laubacher and Mark Marginean of Central Catholic; Matt Sloan and Louie Thomas from Jackson; and Hoover's Nick Fockler and Chase Pucci. Only Bernier is playing singles.
SCHEDULE Friday is the first two rounds of singles and doubles. Play starts at 9 a.m. for singles, followed by doubles. Division I starts at 9 a.m., followed by Division II.
ADMISSION $8 per person per day.


Alan Miles provided us with objective and reasoned consulting advice when in 2008 we prepared and issued our Invitation to Tender for hardware and applications software systems.
His detailed analysis and recommendation of the winning tender (or, more accurately, a creative hybrid of the 2 best tenders) has clearly proved in retrospect to be the right choice for our company.
Since then, Alan has guided us through a wide range of tasks to achieve the implementation of our systems and hardware network.
These include the creation of a branch network, detailed work on one of our websites, and the mapping of operational procedures for a critical element of our assembly business as a necessary element towards our goal of achieving ISO 9000 quality certification.
The writer would be pleased to assist with a telephone reference for Alan, should prospective clients or employers be interested in calling me for that purpose.


text:
First to Fight
Author: David Sherman
Dan Cragg
Publisher: Del Rey, 1997
Series: Starfist: Book 1
1. First to Fight
2. School of Fire
3. Steel Gauntlet
4. Blood Contact
5. Technokill
6. Hangfire
7. Kingdom's Swords
8. Kingdom's Fury
9. Lazarus Rising
10. A World of Hurt
11. Flashfire
12. Firestorm
13. Wings of Hell
14. Double Jeopardy
Genre: Science-Fiction
Baen Reader's List of Recommended Military SF
(4 reads / 2 ratings)
striker2550
Hneite
"Marines, we have just become a low-tech deep recon patrol . . ."
Stranded in a hellish alien desert, stripped of their strategic systems, quick reaction force, and supporting arms, and carrying only a day's water ration, Marine Staff Sergeant Charlie Bass and his seven-man team faced a grim future seventy-five light-years from home. The only thing between his Marines and safety was eighty-five miles of uncharted, waterless terrain and two thousand bloodthirsty savages with state-of-the-art weapons in their hands and murder on their minds.
But the enemy didn't reckon on the warrior cunning of Marines' Marine Charlie Bass and the courage of the few good men who would follow him anywhere--even to death. . .
Excerpt: Chapter 23
It's a military truism that no intelligence system, no matter how good or how thorough, ever provides enough information to the people who need it the most--the fighting men. Marine, navy, and Confederation intelligence on Elneal failed to provide a couple of vital bits of information to Ensign Baccacio. Of course, if the intelligence establishment had had those two bits of information, all of the Marines on Elneal would have been operating in a different manner to begin with.
One missing bit of intelligence was Shebeli's Raptors. They were a well-kept secret, though many people had been involved in that deal and there had been plenty of time to ferret out the information. But no one ever considered that such weapon systems might have been imported for the use of people as primitive as the Siad. The other thing the Marines didn't know was that Shebeli had adopted the method of movement developed by the thirteenth century Mongol horsemen.
The way Ensign Baccacio saw it, Captain Conorado was "micromanaging" when he'd ordered him to put out security during the daily all-hands. Today, with the company commander off "micromanaging" one of the other platoons that didn't need his meddling, and with Staff Sergeant Bass, who Baccacio was convinced was incompetent, away on his totally unnecessary field test of the UPUD, Baccacio found himself free to run his platoon in what he thought was the right way, without interference. Third platoon adhered to the routine that he knew could only build the morale and self-confidence of the people of Tulak Yar and the surrounding area. At sixteen hours, the few security watches on the village's perimeter were called in for the daily all-hands meeting. Even if the Siad had any hostile action in mind, Baccacio knew that as of yesterday they were two days' ride away. Even if the Siad came, the goatherds and crow-chasers would be able to give more than adequate warning.
That's what Ensign Baccacio believed to the core of his being.
Six-year-old Mhumar was one of the crow-chasers in the fields below Tulak Yar. He knew that he had the extra duty of watching for Siad raiders and giving warning to the Marines if any appeared. He was very proud of that responsibility. The Marines who came to save his village were the greatest and bestest men he'd ever seen. Life had changed quickly for young Mhumar and his friends since then. Now he couldn't wait for each morning, to get out and watch the Marines at their routines. Life in Tulak Yar was a lot of fun again for a six-year-old crow-chaser.
And they were nice to him, not like the Siad, who hit him when he came too close or when he tried to admire one of their horses or look at their sharp knives.
Mhumar would do anything he could to help his friend "Maknee Al" and the other Marines. When he grew up, he wanted to be just like them. Maybe, if he did a really good job of warning them if the Siad came, when he grew up they would let him be one of them. After all, old Mas Fardeed had gone off when young and fought bravely in many battles, and the Marines all respected him, so why not him?
The thought of becoming a Marine swelled Mhumar's tiny chest with pride, and he promised himself he would be good enough that they would let him join them. He remembered something that Maknee Al had told him. "A Marine is always ready for anything," Maknee Al had said. "Everytime he goes someplace, he is always looking around to see where the enemy might be, where they might come from, where he can find cover, how he can fight to win. A Marine always plans for whatever might happen."
It was a difficult thing to understand. There was very much that a Marine had to do all the time and everyplace. It was harder to understand because Maknee Al spoke a language that even now, a whole week after the Marines came to Tulak Yar, Mhumar hardly understood at all. What Maknee Al told him was translated for him into Afghan by old Mas Fardeed. Mas Fardeed nodded his head sagely and added in Afghan that the dark-skinned Marine was a man of surpassing military wisdom. Someday soon, Mhumar would have to make the old man tell him what "surpassing" meant.
But one thing Mhumar did understand very well: "A Marine always plans for whatever might happen." So Mhumar had made his plans for what he would do if the Siad came.
When the Siad came to Tulak Yar, mostly they came from the mountains to the northwest. But sometimes they came through the fields here where he was chasing crows from the crops. Once in a while they even came from the other side of the Bekhar River, but only when the water level was very low, but it wasn't low now. When they came from the west, they rode tall and proud on their horses and trampled their way through the crops. If they came that way, he would be able to see them a long way off.
Mhumar looked a long way off to the west. He didn't see any Siad riding their horses through the crops. Then he looked to the east, where the road ran up to the top of the bluff. He was a lot closer to the road up the bluffs than he was to a long way to the west. Yes, he would have time to run to the road and run up it if he saw the Siad a long way to the west. Before he reached the top of the road, he would start yelling for the Marines, to tell them the Siad were coming. But what if he was chasing a crow and the Siad were not all of that long way off before he saw them? He looked at the bluff, and behind the row of trees that shaded its base he saw the crease in its face that he and the other children used to climb to the bluff's top when the adults couldn't see them. None of the mothers in the village wanted the children to use that crease in the bluff. They said it was dangerous. But Mhumar and the other children could climb the bluff faster on that crease than they could running up the road. Besides, climbing up the crease was more fun than using the road.
Satisfied that he had planned for everything, and that he would be able to give warning if the Siad came this way, Mhumar looked around to see if any crows were sneaking in while he was making his plans to help the Marines. There was one! He ran at it, waving his arms and yelling. The crow twisted its head around on its scaly neck to glare at him, then ran and flapped its wings until it got off the ground. As it flew away, Mhumar looked around for more. He didn't see any others in the crops, though he did see many flying in the sky. He watched them for a few minutes, wondering why so many crows were flying and so few of them were landing in the crops to eat the food that the people of Tulak Yar were growing for themselves. Then he decided that the ways of crows were mysterious and he shouldn't question them. If he did, the crows, might all decide to eat the crops at the same time and he would have to run around a lot to chase them off and he would get very tired. He decided to go over to the bluff, where he had left his water bag in the deep shade of the trees to keep cool. Halfway there he froze. He thought he saw something in the shadows behind the trees. Something that shouldn't be there. His heart started fluttering in his chest and his entire body began to tremble. What he thought he saw wasn't possible.
Unwilling to approach, but needing to know, he resumed moving toward the bluffs, but angled toward the road to the top. Then what he thought he saw moved and he knew.
A mounted Siad warrior eased his horse into a walk from between the trees and the base of the bluffs, on a course to intercept Mhumar. All the strength suddenly went out of Mhumar's legs and a frigid wave of nausea swept over him. Involuntarily, the boy's bowels emptied. Now the boy could see a column of Siad advancing behind the lead warrior, all nearly hidden in the deep shadow behind the row of shade trees. Far in the back of his mind, where he was barely aware of it, Mhumar realized that there was more to understand about the things a Marine did than he knew. It had never occurred to him that the Siad might come in a way other than the ways they always had.
The lead warrior didn't seem to be looking at him. Mhumar had only one chance, run as fast as he could and hope he got far enough before he was spotted. And so he ran, faster than he had ever run before.
But the Siad warrior did see him. His sun-darkened face split into a grin, revealing a mouth full of broken teeth. Casually, effortlessly, as a man born to ride, he heeled his steed into a trot and then a gallop. As fast as Mhumar ran, the horse was far faster. Its hooves kicked up clods of rich dirt and thundered over the ground, echoing eerily behind the trees. Mhumar's voice shrilled thinly as he tried to call out a warning, but he was too small, and his voice couldn't carry to the top of the bluffs. The Siad pulled his horse out from behind the line of trees and galloped through the crops, trampling them in his wake. The horse's nostrils flared wildly as his rider spurred him on. Standing in the stirrups, the warrior rose and leaned forward against his mount's neck, extending an arm. The bayonet on his rifle glinted harshly in the sunlight just before it slammed into Mhumar's back and drove on all the way through his chest in one swift motion.
The Siad reined his horse to a stop in a swirling cloud of mud and shredded crops. He stifled the war cry he wanted to shout out, and instead victoriously thrust his rifle arm skyward, Mhumar's still wriggling body impaled on its bayonet. He looked back toward the trees, where the line of warriors followed, and grinned. The boy's warm blood gushed wetly down the warrior's arm and dripped onto his saddle. Not much of a prize, the man thought, but first blood was first blood. Then he thrust his arm forward and down, flinging the tiny corpse onto the ground. Raising the back of his hand to his mouth, he tasted the blood there in the age-old Siad ritual of the kill.
The Siad were not detected again until, screaming war cries, they swarmed over the l...
Copyright © 1997 by David Sherman
Copyright © 1997 by Dan Cragg


text:
Mandela, Adversity and the Coming Year
The summer is about over for me as I get back to work on bringing a winning team to St. Louis, but before we get down to business, I want to give you fans a closer look at what I did while I was away.
I spent two weeks earlier this summer in Southern Africa and I saw four different countries: South Africa, Botswana, Namibia and Zambia. All four countries offer something different. They're all unique. It was a very amazing experience and life-changing travel for me. The countries and the continent have so much history there.
South Africa, just talking about apartheid and being able to see Robben Island and see where Nelson Mandela was held there was pretty amazing. It was remarkable to see someone who sacrificed so much, pretty much the majority of his life, for other people to have their own freedom of speech and be able to have their own dreams. That was pretty amazing.
I'd read the autobiography of Nelson Mandela, "A Long Walk to Freedom" and I also read the book "Mandela's Way – Fifteen Lessons on Life, Love and Courage," and gained an interest in him. His life is so interesting because you have these people that pretty much sacrifice their lives for the greater good of man or their race and in all actuality they were just looking for equality more than anything.
So I read the autobiography of Nelson Mandela to start educating myself on what he was going through and what the countrymen there in South Africa were going through. It allowed me to, when I was reading it, kind of try to put myself in his shoes as if I was a leader. If I were going through all these times, would I join some of the movements that were going on? It was more or less a way to try to broaden my mind and my way of thinking about life and how I go about things.
Sometimes I think we're naïve as people to think that Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela, some of these great leaders, we feel like they had a plan laid out. But we don't realize that they were just acting out of bravery. They didn't allow fear to paralyze them but there was no clear-cut plan. They were just standing up and believing in something that they felt is right. As they were going through the process and seeing where things were taking them, that's when they found their mission and the way they were going to accomplish it.
I think a lot of times, at least for me, I assumed that they had this grand plan that they were following step-by-step, but that really wasn't the case. They contradicted themselves at times and their plans might not have worked out a certain way so they had to readjust themselves. It was more about being a leader and being someone that was faced with adversity and how to handle it.
I was reading it and I just fell in love with his story and admired this man so much that I really wanted to be in South Africa. I wanted to go and see Robben Island and see some of the hardships that he went through and what he fought for.
Also while I was in South Africa I saw three amazing World Cup games.
I saw the USA versus Slovenia, that great 2-2 game. I also saw Portugal win 7-0 over North Korea and I saw South Africa beat France. All three were amazing games, all very exciting to be in the crowd and hear the different chants and hear the vuvuzelas going loud. It was nonstop competitiveness and the flow of the game of soccer is pretty cool because it just keeps going.
There's stoppage in a lot of American sports, not only in football, but in basketball and baseball, we have a lot of stoppage because of commercials or the way the games are set up there. Whereas in soccer, it's nonstop movement, nonstop game play. It's 45 minutes straight then a half and another 45 minutes. That's 90 minutes of mostly fluid activity. It's amazing. You don't see that a lot.
Watching the soccer players was great. One, they run for 90 minutes sprinting. They're not out there jogging. They're in a dead sprint a lot of the time. To be able to control with such footwork and such finesse, passing the ball and moving around the defenders while controlling a round objects, it's very tough.
I tried to do it. I tried my hand at playing the sport with some young African orphans and it's very difficult. I'm sitting here playing with kids that are maybe 12, 13 at the oldest and I pride myself on being a professional athlete, But that sport it's just so foreign to me that it's difficult. So I gained some respect for soccer players as well on my trip. It may not be the most physical game and it may not be a game with a lot of strategy but it's definitely a game that you have to be agile, athletic and strike quickly. It definitely helps to be able to have, I guess, foot-eye coordination.
Among my missions in Africa while I was there, I wanted to just go to an orphanage and see a school. It was important to me to be able to speak with some of the locals and hear some of their stories. I visited an orphanage that housed children in Zambia whose parents were dying of AIDS. They ranged from first grade to seventh grade kids. I just wanted to go there and interact with them, bring some type of sunshine into their lives, even if just for a day. I don't want to forget about what they were going through. I took a lot from that and it was really special.
The African people were very friendly and welcoming to all the visitors, not just myself but to everyone. They wanted you to enjoy yourself while you were in their country and on their continent. They wanted to make sure that once you left, they left a mark on you that you would want to come back. They're very hospitable people. They believe in getting up before the sun and they also believe in sharing. They will give whatever their last is to you to make sure that you are appeased and know that they enjoy every second.
Food wise, I tried a lot of different dishes. I can't really remember a lot of the traditional names but I tried wildebeest, crocodile and ostrich. I tried a game called kudu, which is like an antelope, a form of deer in the savanna. As well as kudu, I also tried springbok. Springbok is kind of like a beef jerky they have at bars. It's a substitute for what we use peanuts for. They eat kudu and springbok and drink beer. It was really cool trying all these different meats and getting to see what locals ate, hanging out with them and sharing their dishes. It was really interesting.
The wildebeest was my favorite. It kind of reminds you of steak and they prepared it just as if it was steak. It wasn't bad. If I didn't know I was eating a wildebeest, I couldn't even have told you what I was eating.
The environment was fun there. I went to a lot of bars and restaurants to watch some of the World Cup games that I didn't attend. They played a lot of American music. A lot of hip-hop and house dance music. I was more caught off guard to see so much of our culture as Americans and our music that they were not far behind. They actually were listening to a lot of the same stuff that we were currently in the States. With the people I came into contact with, it seemed like they watched us from afar, and they admired us.
I was surprised that I was recognized a lot over there, not only by Americans but by people that live in America that are from other countries. A woman from Estonia who lives in San Francisco recognized me and had a little eight-year-old girl that lives in Indianapolis recognized me too. I was recognized quite a bit and it kind of blew my mind because here I am, across the globe, and people were still able to recognize me and put my face and name together.
We just started training camp here in St. Louis and the mood is that everybody is working to be a contender in the NFC West.
We all believe that we have a lot of good young talent and we've all bought into the philosophies that have been taught to us over the last few years. We're a lot more comfortable with the schemes that we're in and there are a lot of guys out here, running around, making plays. It's going to be really hard for our general manager and coaches to make a talent decision on the roster.
"I know that one day all this hard work that we've put in on the Rams will pay off."
I try to help out the young guys if they come to me. I'll talk to whoever chooses to talk to me or ask me different questions about what's going on. But I kind of buckle down myself in camp and I go out each and every practice and each and every year as if I'm fighting for a job because I really truly believe I am. If I'm not fighting for a job this year, I'm fighting for one in the future.
I want to try to impress the decision makers of the organization in knowing that the position at running back is secure. That will allow them to look other places to furnish the roster and build the team up. I go at each and every training camp and each and every practice as if I'm a guy on the bubble.
DEFINED BY ADVERSITY
I feel like a lot of people that aren't NFL players, that aren't making millions of dollars, they go through hardship all the time. A lot of people put in hard work and they don't ever feel they reap the benefits of their hard work. I kind of use that as my motivation.
Sometimes, when you put in the hard work, the seeds that you plant, you don't necessarily get to see them come to fruition right away. But I'm trusting and believing and that's just the faith in me, I guess. I know that one day all this hard work that we've put in on the Rams will pay off. That's what motivates me. That's what keeps me in St. Louis and that's what keeps me running and playing hard.
I've worked hard over the last 3-4 months and rehabbed my back. I'm fully recovered from the surgery and I'm looking to not only play at a high level but go out there and not be afraid to play at a high level. A lot of people might be wondering if in the back of my mind am I nervous about playing. I'm not. I'm anxiously waiting for this season to start.
I actually got hit pretty hard yesterday from Fred Robbins, our D-Lineman. If I can take a big smack from a 300-pounder, I think I may be OK.
I want a winning season and I'm willing to do whatever it takes to help the team get to a season that's notable as a winning one, at least 9-7. I continue to have my own personal goals but I want the team to play on a high level. I think more importantly I have to set an example for my teammates on how to prepare yourself week in and week out and how to play hard through adversity.
Adversity defines a man. You can either give into it or you can take hold of the situation and turn it around for what's best in your view. We are so young as a team and a lot of people haven't been around the organization so I'm just going out there and showing these young guys that the only people are going to turn this franchise around is us, the 53 men that are going to make this roster that are in this room.
The coaches will prepare us throughout the week but on Sunday we have to gel as a team and we have to go out there and sell out for one another. I'm just trying to go through it throughout the season, selling out continuously and hopefully that becomes contagious with my teammates.
Our new quarterback Sam is doing well so far. You can clearly see his potential as a talented quarterback. If you just come to practice and watch, you can see that this kid is a heck of a talent.
He has all the physical attributes. But what's going to have to happen over time is, in those situations where adversity does arise, where a team is bringing a lot of pressure and some of the guys around him are not making plays, it's about how are you going to rally the troops? That's what's going to define Sam Bradford.
I just don't want the pressure of the money to get to him and make him feel like he has to come out and be a Hall of Famer right away. It's just the steady progression of him and learning the offense, building chemistry with his teammates that I think is going to allow for him to be a great player.
Right now, he's fine. He's moving at a great pace and he's not someone who feels like he's entitled to be a starter. He's very humble and he's a hard worker. That's only going to make him a better football player.
A LITTLE REALITY
I'm working on some great stuff for you guys and you're going to be seeing a lot more of me very soon.
We're looking to expand on working with Athlete Interactive to expand upon the documentary we shot last offseason, spreading my view on life as a football player, as a father and as a leader.
Hopefully I can be an inspiration to other people who want to live out a dream, no matter what it is, it doesn't have to be athletic. We have so much negativity around the world that sometimes it's hard to really feel like there is some good out there.
We just want to show another side of professional football that the majority of the public doesn't get to see. To see all the hard work that goes in each and every week to being prepared for Sunday or dealing with some of the day-to-day problems that we all have. We sometimes forget that athletes or entertainers are regular people.
I had a documentary film crew with me the last three days of my trip to Africa when I was in Zambia. They filmed me playing soccer with the kids at the orphanage. They filmed me doing a micro flight over Victoria Falls and we just had a heart-to-heart about my trip to Africa, summing it up.
They've been here at training camp, following me around St. Louis getting ready for the season and you'll see a lot of the interaction with my family.
Honestly, it's kind of nerve-wracking to allow yourself to open up in front of the camera and allow some people to see some things that you normally don't want everyone to see. But if I can positively affect one young person, I think that will be rewarding enough to know that maybe my life has helped this person to turn theirs around or encouraged them to keep going in the right direction.
By Steven Jackson|2016-12-07T21:15:25-08:00August 4th, 2010|Blog|1 Comment
Steven Jackson Fan August 6, 2010 at 4:16 pm
Thank you Steven for all that you do and for being a true leader.


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By the early nineteenth century, slaves had begun to change their strategies for resistance. Overt violent resistance such as rebellions and mass escapes declined, instead they increased their efforts to establish and maintain institutions that would ensure their individual and collective survival. In contrast to earlier generations of slaves, their tactics were multi-pronged: to create viable families, to foster a sustaining faith, and to nurture the strength and wherewithal to withstand the physical and excruciating psychological demands of a cruel institution. However one measures the contest between enslaver and enslaved, during the most hopeless days of slavery and even in some of its most brutalizing locations, enslaved African Americans, always more patient and resilient than their owners, scored some notable victories.
My current project presents the enslaved as patient, hardworking subversives who were able to shape their world as they prepared themselves for freedom. It looks at the work environment, family life, and religious and health practices of the slaves as each of these areas was important to them because they provided the enslaved with the cultural tools with which to ensure more than mere survival of an awful system of human exploitation.
"To Have and to Hold": Slave Work and Family Life in Antebellum South Carolina (University of Georgia Press, 1997).
"'All that Cash': Work and Status in the Slave Quarters" in Working Toward Freedom: Slave Society and Domestic Economy in the American South (Rochester: University of Rochester Press, 1994), edited by Larry E. Hudson, Jr.


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