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Human Sacrifice Pt 1: What Is It? Who Did It? And Why Does the Definition Matter?
by Jax on Oct 18, 2011 • 6:23 am 12 Comments
(*This should go without saying, but for any newcomers who found this page via the Google-y Oracle and have even the slightest doubt, MODERN PAGANS DON'T DO HUMAN SACRIFICE. We think it's a BAD thing. Are we all clear on that? Good. Let's proceed.*)
Terror Tales October 1934
Last March I promised commentor TK I'd do a post (or two) on sacrifice – the bloody kind – for Halloween. Well, TK, I haven't forgotten. It starts today: a modern Pagan's take on religion's sordid past of death and dismemberment in the name of a god. This post's not so gruesome (yet!), but I promise to get to the juicy stuff (pun intended) in Part 2.
To start off, however, we need a clear definition of what human sacrifice means.
Human sacrifice is the [lowercase] pagan practice of ritually killing people in a superstitious desire to appease their barbaric and bloodthirsty gods.
Hmm… Something doesn't sit well with me about this definition, although it sure sounds like the one I've heard most of my life. What could be wrong with it??
Oh wait. It defines human sacrifice as something only Pagans do. *sigh* Royal readers, the sordid truth is that that ain't the case. So let's get rid of that definition.
Wikipedia (purveyor of all knowledge) offers a different definition:
Human sacrifice is the act of killing one or more human beings as part of a religious ritual (ritual killing).
Hmm… I like this one better; there's no specific mention of Pagans as the human sacrificers. However, I still disagree – even though this has been provided for us by the mighty wikipedia. I argue that this definition still unfairly makes human sacrifice a "Pagan" thing to the exclusion of other religions – it just does it more subtly. Bear with me for a moment here; it's funny how a couple words make a big difference in perception. Compare these examples with the definition above:
1) According to ancient sources like Tacitus's Germania (a first century Roman account of the Germanic tribes) and Caesar's Gallic War (Julius Caesar's first hand account of his war to defeat the Gauls), in Germanic and Celtic culture priests were often in charge of doling out punishment to convicted criminals. When a crime called for capital punishment, they made a religious ritual out of the execution by offering the condemned to the gods before hanging them (or whatever form of execution the crime called for; hanging was one of the more common).
This, according to the Wikipedia definition, counts as human sacrifice. It is a religious ritual in which people are dedicated to a god or gods and then killed. The fact that they were legally condemned criminals who were going to die anyway doesn't change that it fulfills the definition.
2) There is currently an ongoing investigation in Peru regarding fourteen shamans who have been murdered ("shot, stabbed, or hacked with machetes") over the past year and a half. Evidence has led the investigation towards two men who belong to a church that believes "the shamans are people possessed by demons, so they have to be killed."
Should the men be convicted, this would not, according to the wikipedia definition, count as human sacrifice because while the murders were religiously motivated, the shamans were not killed as part of a religious ritual.
For another example of this kind of religiously motivated killing, see GG's article on the murdering of witches in sub-Saharan Africa. This sickening practice is still happening around the globe.
3) Before battle, Vikings were known to ritually throw a spear over the battlefield, hallowing the ground and dedicating all who died on the field to Odin (and possibly helping them attain a place in Valhalla).
This could be argued as human sacrifice by the wikipedia definition because there was a formal ritual that made the fight a sacred event and dedicated the soon-to-be-dead to a god.
4) On 9/11 Islamists crashed four planes, killing nearly 3,000 people because of a man's fatwa and the belief that Islam should take over the world. Maybe the terrorists considered flying the planes to be a ritual, but I haven't read anything that leads me to believe that.
Nearly 3,000 people died in the name of a religion, and yet this is not human sacrifice.
Now, I'm not denying there are examples of gory, macabre, still-beating-heart-ripped-out human sacrifice done in the past by "pagans" (I will get to those next time!). I am saying, however, that the way we define words can help create and sustain prejudice. I have provided examples in which capital punishment and war are considered human sacrifice, but hacking a man to death with a machete or using technology to murder thousands, both in the name of religion, are not. Not that war and capital punishment are happy things (and the crimes for which most ancient societies issued capital punishment are ludicrous by modern standards), but I hope you will agree with me that the accepted definition of "human sacrifice" needs some adjustment.
I propose a better definition:
Human sacrifice is the act of killing one or more human beings in honor of, in propitiation to, or under the (assumed) instruction of a divine power.
I don't believe formalized ritual is what makes the act a human sacrifice. If a person died because somebody thought a god wanted it to happen, what else would you call that? (Besides tragically misguided.) If a religious organization condoned or aided an adherent in committing murder, does it make a significant difference whether or not the killers cast a circle or shook a rattle? Readers, what say you to this more encompassing definition?
In two weeks,* on El Dia de Los Muertos, I will use my definition as we proceed to the blood and guts.
*Next week is the DC40 campaign's Texas day, and I'll be using the opportunity to write about religious freedom (at least of the kind that doesn't involve human sacrifice). I hope all of you will stop by! I'd love to see comments from as many people as we can get celebrating diversity and freedom!
+ Featured Image: Abraham's Sacrifice (based on the Biblical story of Abraham (almost) sacrificing his son Isaac to Jehovah)
++ I apologize for the magazine cover. I couldn't help myself.
Tags: Halloween
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T.K. says:
Thank you for rembering.
Yeah but, your definition still relates human sacrifice to the honor of, propitiation to, or assumed instructions of a divine power.
There are many ways human life/lives are sacrificed that have nothing to do with divine power. I guess I'm suggesting there are several definitions of human sacrifice, your suggestion is certainly one of them.
And yes, GG looks extremely classy as a cultist human sacrifice.
Do/did they always sacrifice the classiest damsels?
Waiting for the juicy part 🙂
Aw, thanks, T.K. (and Jax)! I try to look my best even when I'm under the knife. *tee hee*
You raise an interesting academic point about disposing of human life in the absence of divine intention. Is there such a thing as human sacrifice outside the context of a religious offering? If yes, how so? Can you provide us with an example?
Last we chatted, Jax and I agreed that killing people (which is uber bad in any context) outside of a religious context is just plain ole murder — a la Dexter, if you will. It's not a sacrifice.
TK (and GG) y'all bring up good points. The way I see it, sacrifice comes from the Latin "sacer" + "facere" (holy + to make). While now we sacrifice our deserts to our diets, the original meaning of the word was specific to a religious purpose.
I don't deny that today "sacrifice" by itself has a much broader definition. However, I would argue that sometimes two words put together mean more than the sum of their parts. I can be in an office that has a way to post mail, but that doesn't make it a "post office." A gift card is a card with monetary credit on it, but it's not a "credit card" (and it's not always a gift). To me, "human sacrifice" falls into this category. Human life can be sacrificed without it necessarily being a "human sacrifice."
To tell a really sad example, my grandfather fought in WWII. When he was in the back of a truck, a grenade was thrown in and his best friend jumped on it. He sacrificed himself for everyone in the truck, saving my grandfather (and allowing me to be born – may his soul be most literally blessed). He was a human who sacrificed his life, but I wouldn't call that a "human sacrifice." To me, when you stick the word "human" in front of "sacrifice, the "sacred" meaning of sacrifice is relevant again.
Although I have heard people say things to the effect of, "The Iraq War is a mass human sacrifice to the god of oil" I think that type of usage is using literary license and not sticking with the purer definition of the word.
Obviously I'm not the word authority of planet Earth, so you will find differences of opinion!
GG, I would like to point out that in the same paragraph in which you say killing people "is uber bad in any context" you bring up Dexter, who saves lives by killing people. Is it uber-bad to kill somebody if it's to save somebody else? Just thought I'd toss that out there as an ethical quandary. 🙂
Good point, Jax. Killing for the purpose of saving (or defending) others is acceptable. For example, Osama Bin Laden — that MF had to go.
Interestingly, though, his death — and the death of others who fall in battle against the U.S. — are deaths that are publicly vetted. That is, though a declaration of war, federal funding of warfare and public participation in the military, we sanction military action — and the death of our "enemies" — at a social level.
I dig Dexter, but he remains a murderer. His killings are absent public consent. Not that I wouldn't consent, given the opportunity and given his intentions. But the opportunity is NOT given. And so, Dexter the Cool Cat is Dexter the Cold Killer.
I am open to argument on this!
Etta says:
Good to find an expert who knows what he's tailnkg about!
GG – the examples I would site would be similar to JAX's grandfather's best friend. Be it a soldier, a fireman, a policeman (the xxxman not intended to be sexist) or just some average person who is a human sacrificing their life for someone else. Not to call that a human sacrifice just seems….empty to me.
JAX – word authority or not, you're always factual and interesting. The main point I will take from this post is that NO, MODERN PAGANS DON'T DO HUMAN SACRIFICES.
TK, you got the most important part! haahhahahaa
Although you do bring up another really interesting point. I'm looking at hs from a modern Pagan perspective in which I get asked the question: "But didn't they do… HUMAN SACRIFICE?????" like I've got a ritual knife in my closet ready to kidnap some innocent victim. But from what I read, a lot of the times ancient cultures didn't look at it as something that they were doing to people, but a gift that someone was giving for the tribe. There was one tribe (which I wrote about, but I didn't write this particular story) who would select a sacrifice a year ahead of time. He would be crowned King for a year and treated as the incarnation of a god. He lived in a palace, people showered him with gifts, he had four women living with him, and then at the end of the year he gave his life up for his people and, they believed, went to live with the sun in glory for his selfless act.
From an ancient pagan perspective, human sacrifice meant giving your life up for the good of others. Which would be exactly in line with what you're talking about. I guess since, like other modern Pagans, I don't see human sacrifice (or animal sacrifice) as something asked of us by the gods, I see their actions as misguided and a waste of life. Whereas men and women who selflessly give their life for others as members of the military or firemen or policemen etc (no offense taken at the XXXmen 😉 ) is not misguided or wasteful, but amazing and heroic.
From the perspective of the one sacrificing his or her life, they are coming from a similar psychological place. From the perspective of the one holding the knife, they aren't. A definition of HS, however, that was about self-sacrifice for bettering the community, however, would no longer include definitions of murder in the name of a god – such as the witch and shaman murders or 9/11 or even the Satanic Panic ritual cult murder fictions that I grew up hearing.
Hmm…. interesting and much to think about. Thanks TK!
k! says:
I haven't put a lot of thought into this before typing which could get me into trouble, so bear with me. But… "sacrifice," to me, has one critical component that hasn't be discussed yet. In the context of honoring your gods, it represents the killing of something (or someone, to be more to the point) that has *value* to you as a person, as a community, as a culture, as a religion.
So by that definition, no, 9/11 is NOT human sacrifice. Nor is the killing of prisoners, who have no perceived societal value. To me, it's only sacrifice if you're giving up something you care about. Your warriors. Your horses. Your livestock. Your maidens. Your children. Your slaves.
The pagans I know today "sacrifice" along this same philosophical arc. Giving up something that has meaning to you personally. Tithing is the same concept, from my (Christian) point of view.
Just to muddy the waters a little more. 🙂
This is a good point, K! I have discussed this with Pagans who say exactly the same thing you just did. But I think the idea of sacrifice as giving up something (or someone) of personal value is a modern one. For example, animal sacrifice was performed by most cultures back in the day, including the Jewish ancestors of modern Christianity. They did kill the literal fatted calf… then they ate it. It wasn't giving it up in the sense of going without. It was eating a nice meal (often a nicer one than people normally ate – the opposite of going without) in community and in honor of the gods. "To make sacred" (the Latin breakdown of sacrifice) was not about giving up, but dedicating.
There's an asceticism in the post-Conversion faiths, like Buddhism and Christianity, that I don't think was present in the pre-Conversion faiths. I wonder if this has to do with life getting more abundant. In an ancient society in which a community is just scraping by, the idea of giving up things of value isn't holy, it's wasteful precious resources and could kill you. A god would be pretty vicious to ask those who have the bare minimum for survival to give up what they have. But today when we have more than we need, letting go of things we care about is emotionally difficult, but actually makes our lives better without the clutter and attachment to unnecessary things. Maybe I have a too generous view of the gods, but I don't think they ask things of us for the sake of asking. I don't think we have to prove anything to them just for the sake of proving. St. John in the desert with his hair shirt and locust dinner has always left me non-plussed. I don't get what good his "sacrifice" of all human comforts does for him, his G/god, or anybody else.
The Aztecs (who I'm posting about this week; they were seriously crazy) sacrificed prisoners of war on their altars. They didn't have an attachment to these people; they weren't even members of their community. But to the Aztec mindset, this still satisfied their gods' demand for blood sacrifice. It even had the extra-added benefit to them of terrifying the neighboring communities into leaving the Aztecs alone – even though the Aztecs were a small population compared to the tribes surrounding them and could have easily been overwhelmed. That was human sacrifice with bloody flint knives and carved altars and chanting priests, but it was in no way giving up something they cared about.
Somewhere along the way we changed our minds about what sacrifice meant and it became about giving up, but personally I don't look at it exactly that way. I make charitable donations because I think it's important to support my community. But the donations are not sacred to me in any way, so it's not a true sacrifice (even though sometimes I miss the money!). Whereas donating blood last year (the one I wrote about) was more of a sacrifice – not because that pint was of such great value to me (my body remade it in, what, a couple days?), but because I offered it up with spiritual purpose. While sacrifice as giving up is definitely a definition of the term now, I think it is a new way of looking at the word and not a necessary part of the definition. Just my opinion. 🙂
Brad Sullivan says:
Loved the post and discussions – adding on a different perspective on "St. John in the desert with his hair shirt and locust dinner." (love the description) While the wardrobe and meal put him in line with some prophets, and while he definitely had to sacrifice some comforts to live that way, I don't know that it was done to please God. The ascetic life, at its core, is a practice seeking simplification in order clear away distractions and know God through prayer and contemplation – similar benefits to what you mentioned above, "letting go of things we care about…[making] our lives better without the clutter and attachment to unnecessary things." I think that's what he and other ascetic communities were / are going for.
Interesting, Brad. I hadn't thought about it that way. So St. John was not trying to please God with his asceticism, but was, like a shaman who uses a smoke lodge to go on a vision quest, forcing an altered mindset to bring him closer to the divine? (But on a long term scale instead of the shorter but more intense vision quest.) Not because Jehovah wanted him to, but because he believed there's a closeness to the divine attained through mind-altering activities? I mean, there's asceticism, and then there's wearing a camel shirt – which is taking ascetic one further and purposefully causing continual discomfort and pain. Extreme asceticism? The marathon version of a shaman's divine sprint?
Granted, I think I'm being ascetic when I only drink one coffee in the morning, so what do I know about the lifestyle. 🙂
cyp says:
you are so full of self righreous bs. Human sacrifice was widely practice by all pagans. And they did not kill only person condemned to death (although even so, condemning someone to die because they broke a branch froma tree or killed an animal is in no way justifiable). Usually pagan sacrifices were usually person considered as pure, young people and most of times children. Most pagan religions believed that a good crop could be accomplished by killing a few people once or twice a year. Usually they killed animals, but if the crops were really bad they usually made human sacrifice. And is not prejudice or stereotype against pagans, it is historical truth. And it can be proven without a doubt. And although you try to put christianity and jewdaism in the same bowl with pagan religions, you should remember that the law of the true God is against murder. Each human being is made in the image of God so killing one is an offence to God himself. That is suicide is a sin.
DIY Debunking: Plants Don't Always Heal Jun 23, 2014 Paying a Debt is a Deed, Part II Jun 13, 2014 Retro-Pagan Living: Patience, Young Padawan* Jun 10, 2014 Paying a Debt is a Deed, Part I Jun 6, 2014 Nine Noble Virtues: Perseverance Jun 4, 2014
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Claire Fox, The Brexit Party, Full Brexit, the RCP, and Northern Ireland
A recent Twitter thread by me on the Revolutionary Communist Party, aka Spiked, now the main force in the Full Brexit pressure group and standing candidates for Nigel Farage's far right Brexit Party in the Euro elections in May. Scroll to the end for a correction about "the Workers' Bomb". After the thread, a couple more links.
More stuff like this: Brexit, RCPWatch
Left nationalism and Brexit Bolshevism
I haven't managed to keep up with the flood of sewage coming out of the nationalist left this past month. The cast of characters: a weird amalgam of Arron Banks-funded trade unionists (Paul Embery), Blue Labour's Third Way centrists (Lord Maurice Glasman), old Etonian man of the people David Goodhart, the formerly Trotskyist libertarian contrarians of Spiked (Frank Furedi, Clare Fox, etc), media professors like Matt Goodwin, and old school tankie Stalinists at the Morning Star, young Stalinists shit-posting on social media, SWP splinter sects like Counterfire, and hipster leftists at Novara and in the machinery of Young Labour, and even a few ex-anarchists. None of these currents would be particularly significant alone,although some of them are increasingly called upon pundits on daytime TV sofas and Question Time debates. But the alignment of these different formations has become an increasingly toxic force on the left. This toxic force pulls the Labour Party away from internationalist, anti-racist and pro-migrant positions (e.g. promoting pro-Brexit positions and sacrificing our right to freedom of movement). And it is toxic in terms of the culture of our movements too, driving better people away from the left.
Here, just five brief comments from me, then lower down links to some other reading.
1. Anti-fascism: However stalwart you might be in scrapping with the far right on the street or turning up to anti-fascist demos, if you can't recognise the range of forms that racism and fascism take today (including the versions of antisemitism that circulate in the anti-Zionist movement, and the forms of war on terror Islamophobia that have been promoted by Assadists and their fellow travellers in relation to Syria), then your "anti-fascism" is insufficient.
2. The working class: If you think only what you call "the traditional working class" is the proper constituency of the left, and "the working class" is defined by a cockney or northern English accent, a Fred Perry shirt or a flat cap, or that "the working class" is something forever separate from "ethnic minorities", then you're no kind of Marxist and no kind of radical. The working class has always been mobile, global, multi-racial, diverse.
3. The left and the working class: It is true that the left has evacuated many of the communities of the "traditional" and less traditional working class, and that the vacuum created has often been filled by the far right right. But the answer to that is not to amplify far right ideas in the hope that people buy our fake version of the far right product; it is to return to those communities with a positive, radical agenda based on solidarity.
4. Ultra-left reaction: If you say that the fact that EU free movement objectively discriminates against free movement from beyond Europe, and therefore we should abolish it, either you're living in a fantasy world (because abolishing borders, however, desirable, is not on the political table in the near future, and will be even more off the table if we Brexit, with xenophobes ascendant and emboldened) or you're dishonest. We need to defend the rights we already have, even as we demand new rights too. To advocate reactionary positions (strong UK borders) because existing democratic politics (free movement in the EU) fails to meet utopian standards is to be objectively reactionary, especially in a political conjuncture dominated by post-imperial nostalgia and far right bigotry.
5. Stalinism: Stalinism's legacy includes economic nationalism and an (anti-Marxist and anachronistic) idea of the working class as white, male, national and industrial. Stalinism should have died off decades ago, but it exerts a persistent influence, including via the Morning Star and some of Corbyn's key advisors, who play a major role in distorting Labour's Brexit position. And it has had a resurgence in social media meme culture, in a way that has spilled into Labour Party internal politics, to deadly effect.
The rest of this post is basically just a reading list of some of the critiques and commentaries that have come out about this.
Coatesy: Morning Star Tries Failed Left Populist Rhetoric against the "Political Caste" to Back Brexit (21 March, on the Morning Star, SWP and other Brexit Bolsheviks)
Jim Denham: After the giant march: where now for the anti-Brexit left? (25 March)
Sabrina Huck: Beware, Lexiteers, you could be paving the way for Blue Corbynism (26 March, on the British jobs for British workers ideas David Goodhart and friends promote in the Lexit scene)
Coatesy: Pro-Brexit Left Goes the Full Blue Labour (26 March, on Spiked, Blue Labour's Glasman and Red London's Eddie Dempsey coming together to promote national socialism)
Labour for a Socialist Europe: Open Letter to Costas Lapavitsas and Grace Blakeley (27 March, reposted at Shiraz Socialist)
Alex Fernandez: Why we joined the anti-Brexit march (27 March, a reply to Young Labour's Lara McNeill and her attack on the People's Vote march, reposted at Shiraz Socialist)
Paul Mason: To defeat an insurgent far-right, Labour must resist Brexit with all its force (27 March, sharp response to Lexit idiocy, with stats)
Coatesy: John Rees (Counterfire/People's Assembly/Stop the War Coalition) Compares anti-Brexit March to "mild (as yet)" "mass fascist or populist right wing" movement (27 March)
Coatesy: As Farage and Far-Right Moblise for Hard Brexit 'Left Wing' Full Brexiters Go for Collaboration with "Brexit Right" (29 March, on Tim Pendry, Paul Embery and other left/right crossover activists)
Coatesy: Pro-Brexit Rallies, Political Confusionism, from Tory Right, National Populist Left, to Anti-Semites (30 March, on Kate Hoey, Clare Fox and Paul Embery marching alongside fascists and antisemites for Brexit)
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More stuff like this: Brexit, Left nationalism, Lexit
Four weeks of antisemitism
Anti-Nazis United has been hosting a new series of weekly round-ups of antisemitism, by Adrian Booth, Morgan Lopez and Arthur Pablo, published every Sunday. Here are a few extracts, but read the whole lot if you have the stomach.
More stuff like this: Jew-haters
Claire Fox, The Brexit Party, Full Brexit, the RCP...

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using System.Xml.Linq;

namespace PrtgAPI.Request
{
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        bool LazyInitialized { get; set; }

        object LazyLock { get; }
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Discussion in 'Meet ups & Events' started by Jeffrey, Sep 30, 2018.
I'll be in the area between Bishop and Lee Vining, CA from Oct 7 to 11th. Jim is hoping to be there that weekend as are a couple of others here. We're thinking of a dinner meet and greet that Sunday. Could be at the Pizza Factory in Bishop or the Whoa Nellie Deli in LV or in between. If you are interested, please reply to this thread. Oh, and we can photograph the fall colors, too!
Oh, man! I wish I could be there! My trip west won't happen until January. Dammit!!
Barry, We'll do it again then!
Fantastic!! I'll be up for that!
Put me on the maybe list. I'm going to try to make it but I need a few things to break my way.
Thanks for starting this Jeffrey.
I will be up there the 6th and 7th, so I am up for eating. Either Bishop, Mammoth or Lee Vining is fine for me, I might lean towards Bishop. I don't know that I care about Who Nellie Diner for meeting, their sitting area isn't real conducive to a larger group. But what ever we all decide is fine.
7th works for me. I'll be staying in Mammoth but flexible to go to either LV or Bishop. I'll just plan my late afternoon/evening shot locale accordingly.
7th also works for me. I will also be in Mammoth, so north or south are fine for me. Mammoth itself has some decent food as well.
What are some good options in Mammoth? Since they closed Whisky Creek years ago I haven't found any good places to eat there.
I never go to Mammoth. I don't know anything there.
I've been to Giovanni's Pizza a few times and it's been good. Mammoth Brewing Company had pretty good beer and reasonable food though my only data point was after a four day hike.
I am waiting to hear if Doug will be able to make it, but I am leaning towards 3pm at Schat's BBQ in Bishop. They have good food, and it's a nice relaxed atmosphere. From there we can all go shoot somewhere around Bishop for Sunset?
Sorry, I can't do bbq.
Any suggestions? Where do you eat in Bishop?
Whisky Creek is great and has a variety but is too formal I think.
I'm going to suggest the Mountain Rambler Brewery, 186 S Main St, Bishop, CA. It's in the rear of the parking lot to the right of the building that once was the Mountain Light Gallery. Not far from the Line Ave intersection. Great brews made on site and interesting foods. Easy parking and it's across the street from the 395 store, if anyone cares.
I'm in June lake until Thursday if anybody is in the area.


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Warlords and Coalition Politics in Post-Soviet States
Cited by 71
This Book has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by Crossref.
van der Maat, Eelco 2015. Genocidal Consolidation: Final Solutions to Elite Rivalry. SSRN Electronic Journal,
Driscoll, Jesse and Maliniak, Daniel 2016. Did Georgian Voters Desire Military Escalation in 2008? Experiments and Observations. The Journal of Politics, Vol. 78, Issue. 1, p. 265.
Driscoll, Jesse Berglund, Christofer and Blauvelt, Timothy 2016. Language hierarchies in Georgia: an experimental approach. Caucasus Survey, Vol. 4, Issue. 1, p. 44.
Montgomery, David W. Heathershaw, John Khalid, Adeeb Lemon, Edward and Epkenhans, Tim 2016. Researching Islam, Security, and the State in Central Asia: A Round Table Discussion. Review of Middle East Studies, Vol. 50, Issue. 1, p. 3.
SHESTERININA, ANASTASIA 2016. Collective Threat Framing and Mobilization in Civil War. American Political Science Review, Vol. 110, Issue. 3, p. 411.
2016. Rebelocracy. p. 403.
Malejacq, Romain and Mukhopadhyay, Dipali 2016. The 'Tribal Politics' of Field Research: A Reflection on Power and Partiality in 21st-Century Warzones. Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 14, Issue. 4, p. 1011.
Albrecht, Holger and Ohl, Dorothy 2016. Exit, Resistance, Loyalty: Military Behavior during Unrest in Authoritarian Regimes. Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 14, Issue. 1, p. 38.
Dell'Aguzzo, Loretta 2017. Modes of transition and the timing of separatist war onset: a comparative analysis of South Ossetia and Kosovo. Nationalities Papers, Vol. 45, Issue. 5, p. 928.
2017. Forbearance as Redistribution. p. 381.
Siroky, David S. and Hale, Christopher W. 2017. Inside Irredentism: A Global Empirical Analysis. American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 61, Issue. 1, p. 117.
Gledhill, John 2017. When state capacity dissolves: Explaining variation in violent conflict and conflict moderation. European Journal of International Security, Vol. 2, Issue. 2, p. 153.
2017. Conservative Parties and the Birth of Modern Democracy in Europe. p. 428.
Sambanis, Nicholas Skaperdas, Stergios and Wohlforth, William C. 2017. External Intervention, Identity, and Civil War. SSRN Electronic Journal ,
Lewis, David Heathershaw, John and Megoran, Nick 2018. Illiberal peace? Authoritarian modes of conflict management. Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 53, Issue. 4, p. 486.
Mosinger, Eric S 2018. Brothers or others in arms? Civilian constituencies and rebel fragmentation in civil war. Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 55, Issue. 1, p. 62.
Schulhofer-Wohl, Jonah 2018. Syria, Productive Antinomy, and the Study of Civil War. Perspectives on Politics, Vol. 16, Issue. 4, p. 1085.
Hale, Henry E. 2018. Timing is everything: a quantitative study of presidentialist regime dynamics in Eurasia, 1992–2016. Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 34, Issue. 5, p. 267.
Epkenhans, Tim 2018. Author Response on the Book Review Roundtable. Civil Wars, Vol. 20, Issue. 3, p. 451.
Heathershaw, John 2018. The Afghan-Central Asian borderland: the state and local leaders. Central Asian Survey, Vol. 37, Issue. 3, p. 484.
Jesse Driscoll, University of California, San Diego
Online publication date: July 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107478046
Series: Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics
Subjects: Russian and East European Government, Politics and Policy, Politics and International Relations, Comparative Politics
Jesse Driscoll
Book DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107478046
The break-up of the USSR was unexpected and unexpectedly peaceful. Though a third of the new states fell prey to violent civil conflict, anarchy on the post-Soviet periphery, when it occurred, was quickly cauterized. This book argues that this outcome had nothing to do with security guarantees by Russia or the United Nations and everything to do with local innovation by ruthless warlords, who competed and colluded in a high-risk coalition formation game. Drawing on a structured comparison of Georgian and Tajik militia members, the book combines rich comparative data with formal modeling, treating the post-Soviet space as an extraordinary laboratory to observe the limits of great powers' efforts to shape domestic institutions in weak states.
'Warlords and Coalition Politics in Post-Soviet States offers both a rethinking of the origins of the contemporary state in Eurasia and a reexamination of the relationships among secession, violence, terrorism, and political institutions. This is state-of-the-art political science - a book about real people grappling with matters of life and death, whose experiences we strain to understand using both abstract models and savvy ethnography. Jesse Driscoll helps us see how post-Soviet politics sometimes emerged as the continuation of war by other means.'
Charles King - Georgetown University, Washington DC
'Combining rigorous deductive logic with stunning fieldwork, Jesse Driscoll produces analytic narratives from post-communist cases that serve to challenge conventional thinking about anarchy, state building, and other fundamental concepts of political science.'
Roger Petersen - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
'Taking a deep look at the fighting that took place in Georgia and Tajikistan in the early 1990s after the Soviet Union disbanded, Driscoll questions many of the core assumptions scholars make in the literature on international peacekeeping. He knows this academic field well and is fluent in its key arguments, but he also spent two years in the places where these wars occurred and among those who fought them. This kind of firsthand research gives his analysis real heft. In both cases, it was not the eventual triumph of state authority, the clear defeat of one side, the disarming of the warring parties, or the arbitration of international mediators that allowed the conflict to end, as many theorists would assume. Rather, he argues, it was the deals that opposing warlords worked out among themselves, based on the bounty they could share, in a system that tolerated or even exploited their avarice - not least because they frequently came to constitute the state.'
Robert Legvold Source: Foreign Affairs
'His book makes a number of important insights that contribute to our body knowledge on civil war … the book presents an interesting argument.'
Christopher A. Stevens Source: The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review
Select Frontmatter
pp i-vi
Select Epigraph
Epigraph
pp vii-viii
pp ix-x
Select Acknowledgments
pp xi-xiv
Select 1 - Revisionist History
1 - Revisionist History
pp 1-29
Select 2 - Predator Collusion: A High-Stakes Game
2 - Predator Collusion: A High-Stakes Game
Select 3 - Kto Kogo?
3 - Kto Kogo?
Select 4 - Warlord Coalitions and Militia Politics
4 - Warlord Coalitions and Militia Politics
Select 5 - Coup-Proofing
5 - Coup-Proofing
Select 6 - Implications
6 - Implications
Select Appendix A - Case Selection and External Validity
Appendix A - Case Selection and External Validity
Select Appendix B - Mathematical Proofs
Appendix B - Mathematical Proofs
Select Appendix C - Ninety-Seven Anonymous Warlords
Appendix C - Ninety-Seven Anonymous Warlords
Select References
Select Other Books in the Series


text:
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text:
require 'shipitron'
require 'shipitron/ecs_client'

module Shipitron
  module Server
    module EcsTaskDefs
      class UpdateInPlace
        include Metaractor
        include EcsClient

        required :region
        required :docker_image
        required :ecs_task_defs

        def call
          ecs_task_defs.each do |ecs_task_def|
            next if ecs_task_def.params != nil

            existing_task = ecs_client(region: region).describe_task_definition(
              task_definition: ecs_task_def.name
            ).task_definition

            updated_image = false
            existing_task.container_definitions.each do |container_def|
              container_def.image.match(/([^:]+)(?::.+)?/) do |m|
                if m[1] == docker_image.name
                  container_def.image = docker_image.name_with_tag
                  updated_image = true
                end
              end
            end

            unless updated_image
              fail_with_error!(
                message: "Unable to update ECS task definition; #{docker_image.name} not found in task family #{ecs_task_def.name}."
              )
            end

            existing_task = existing_task.to_h

            ecs_task_def.revision = ecs_client(region: region).register_task_definition(
              [
                :family,
                :container_definitions,
                :volumes
              ].each_with_object({}) { |k, hash| hash[k] = existing_task[k] if existing_task.has_key?(k) }
            ).task_definition.revision

            Logger.info "Created task definition #{ecs_task_def}"
          end
        rescue Aws::ECS::Errors::ServiceError => e
          fail_with_errors!(messages: [
            "Error: #{e.message}",
            e.backtrace.join("\n")
          ])
        end

        private
        def region
          context.region
        end

        def docker_image
          context.docker_image
        end

        def ecs_task_defs
          context.ecs_task_defs
        end
      end
    end
  end
end


text:
Interview with Bethany Hegedus & Kekla Magoon, New Co-Editors of Hunger Mountain's Children's & YA Section
Hello Imaginary Readers!
We are in for a treat. Today we are interviewing Bethany Hegedus & Kekla Magoon, YA novelists and co-editors of the literary magazine Hunger Mountain's Children and YA section.
(Bethany left, Kekla right)
Lynn: Hi Bethany and Kekla. Please tell me a little about Hunger Mountain and how you got involved.
BH:
Hunger Mountain is the well-established and respected literary journal that is affiliated with Vermont College of the Fine Arts. Recently, the decision was made to bring Hunger Mountain online and with it to add a Children's and YA section to the journal. Miciah Bay Gault, Managing Editor of HM invited alumni to send in a resume or CV for the editor position. I responded quickly but knew the job would be large and that if I took it on I would want to partner with someone. Kekla and I have been doing joint school visit presentations and we have a good working relationship balancing each other's strengths and weaknesses (in this case two minds and four eyes are better than one!). We each sent in our materials, expressing a desire to work together and the HM board met and went over all the applicants and surprise, surprise selected us! We were thrilled and excited and are now glassy-eyed. Or at least I am!
I'm excited, too! Like Bethany I was intrigued by the position announcement, but worried about the volume of work it would be for just one person. Our partnership enables us to share tasks, problem-solve jointly, and generate more and better ideas. I knew I wanted to be involved in the new children's and YA section because I realized it could be a fresh and unique resource for the children's writing community. Writing and editing are such solitary activities, and it's easy to become isolated, so another part of the appeal of working on HM is the opportunity for me to engage with a larger community of writers. So far it has been a neat process.
Lynn: As editors, what kinds of content are you looking for?
Content! The meat of the magazine! What we are doing is something new in literary journals and for our field, and we are excited about this. The intended audience for the Children's and YA portion of Hunger Mountain is adults and not children. It is lovers of our craft, industry professionals, working authors and illustrators as well as teachers, librarians, and anyone who admires the work that those in the children's field produce.
Since our content is aimed at adults and not children, children's writers are encouraged to be experimental; find a place for their "odder" and "edgier" work. However, it isn't all about being "odd" or "edgy." Those in the kid lit community know and respect craftsmanship both inside and outside the box.
Basically, for me, I want to publish work by up-and-comers, as well as established writers who take creative risks, create and demonstrate the range of adolescent emotion from PB age to YA. Also we will be publishing a number of craft-related essays and industry interviews and we see HM as adding to the content and scholarship that is published by Horn Book, SLJ and other journals that cover children's literature. However, the fact that we publish fiction and creative-non fiction, not reviews, sets us apart.
Our vision for HM is to be a point of information and connection for YA and children's writers online. As editors, we hope to create a space where writers can experiment, share ideas, and be inspired. We will publish short fiction, including novel excerpts, poetry, and short non-fiction pieces. Even though the journal's audience is adults, the fiction that we publish will still be of a style and quality that would appeal to children and teens. Like Bethany said, this places us in a rather unique position, where authors can test out their material on a knowledgeable adult audience. As a writer, the opportunity to submit short fiction to HM would appeal to me because, as it stands, there are a limited number of places where short fiction for children and teens can be submitted. We are open to an unlimited variety of material and subject matter for new fiction, poetry and creative non-fiction, as long as it represents your best work. In addition to highly-polished new pieces, we'd love to see deleted scenes from published books, the short story that launched a novel, or samples from a picture book artist's sketchbook.
On the article side of our publication, we're also launching something unique. We'll seek personal essays, objective/journalistic articles and opinion articles. We'll include pieces on basic craft issues, the writing life, and children's publishing, but we'll also explore opposing points-of-view on industry trends and even controversial topics related to writing. As a reader, the journal would appeal to me because it fills a need for a public space in which to explore these craft and industry issues. Many writing advice and craft books exist that deal with these issues, but it can be hard to engage other people in conversation about hard-copy writings. There are also many blogs and websites out there for YA and children's writers that promote discussion, but blogs are a more informal medium than what we are trying to create. HM will offer published articles and fiction PLUS the opportunity for reader feedback and discussion, which will enable us to spark dynamic conversations about hot-button issues and trends in our field.
Lynn: What's the payment for selected work? And what rights are you buying?
HM believes in paying authors and illustrators for their work. Our payment range varies between $25-75 and often well-known contributors volunteer their pieces. The major payment is in contributing to the literary community and being affiliated with such a quality journal. We buy first time world wide serial rights only; and upon publication rights revert back to the author.
Soon the submissions will be open to all. HM will be using an online submission manager, so fiction, poetry, and creative nonfiction can be sent in online.
Lynn: I hear Hunger Mountain is also launching the Katherine Paterson Writing contest. Can you tell us a little more about that?
Newbery winner Katherine Paterson has long been affiliated with VCFA and sits on the board of the institution but in her own words she is not a teacher. Which may be true; she isn't on faculty but teach and inspire she does with her novels and characters from Gilly Hopkins to Rosa, from Bread and Roses.
As a local Vermonter, when HM was looking to create the contest and give it a name, the Bridge to Terabithia author was the first that came to mind. Katherine Paterson kindly agreed and now we have The Katherine Paterson Prize. Ask me, it has as nice a ring to it as Pulitzer!
Here is the official announcement and contest rules.
Lynn: I know you both have new novels. Please tell us about your books.
In my debut novel, Between Us Baxters (WestSide Books/09) Polly Baxter has always been friends with Timbre Ann Biggs. It may matter to everyone else that their skins are different colors, but they don't mind being the only "salt and pepper" friends in town. Or at least Polly doesn't. Raised firmly with her mother's belief that "you can't pick your family but you can pick your friends" Polly clings to her friendship with Timbre Ann. After all, it is Timbre Ann who quizzes her on her vocabulary words and whose hand-me-downs she wears. It is also Timbre Ann who Polly begins to keep secrets from, including her daddy's drinking. However, Timbre Ann has a way of knowing things about the Baxter's, even when it isn't Polly who shares them with her. When black-owned businesses begin to burn to the ground, Polly struggles to cope with the implications that her family may be involved and to understand the true meaning of friendship.
My novel, The Rock and the River, is set in 1968 Chicago. The civil rights movement is in full swing. Sam Childs (age 13) has been raised in the movement, as his father is a well known civil rights activist in their community. But Sam's older brother, Stick, grows frustrated with the slow pace of change, as many young people did at that time. When Dr. King is killed, Stick leaves home and joins the Black Panther Party. Sam finds himself torn between the ideals of his father and his brother. He wants to believe in his father, to believe that non-violent protest will lead to the change he desires – but it gets harder for Sam to stand by as his community is being ravaged by police brutality and poverty. He begins to explore the Panthers with Stick, though he still struggles to decide what is right. Will Sam follow his father or his brother? His mind or his heart? The rock or the river?
Lynn: How do you juggle your time creating new work, promoting your published work and now editing your section of Hunger Mountain?
I just try to focus on the work at hand: whether that may be an upcoming school visit, a novel deadline, a check-in call with my agent, work with Kekla on Hunger Mountain, a revision of a picture book or working on my website or other promotional materials. I tend to rely on instinct in terms of my daily priorities. Somehow, some way it all gets done! (My laundry, now that's another thing!) And, my writer's group keeps me honest and keeps me producing new work weekly. That is key!
It's a very big struggle for me to prioritize. Lately I've been using a series of to-do lists to help me organize my activities. I write the tasks right into my calendar each week. My writers' group sits down every January to outline goals for the year, which I find really useful in targeting my long-term goals. On my own, I then break down the goals by month, and each month I break them down by week. This is not to say it that it all gets done! But it has helped me understand my work pace and process better, when I can look back and compare my intentions vs. my accomplishments. It has helped me understand what I can realistically accomplish in a day/week/month, which in turn has helped me stop putting pressure on myself to accomplish too much in too short a time. I've become better at saying NO to outside activities that will draw me away from my writing and professional goals. The hardest thing for me lately is to focus on producing new writing, since book promotion and editing are new and exciting adventures for me. But my writers' groups definitely help me keep on task with my latest draft!
Lynn: Do you do school visits, too?
Yes! We each do school visits on our own book, but we also developed a joint presentation. It's another area of our partnership that works really well. Since our books are set in 1959 and 1968, we are uniquely positioned to provide students with an in-depth presentation about the beginning and end of the civil rights era.
Our presentation is called "The Movement: Civil Rights in America 1959-1968." It's subtitled: "Two Books. Two Authors. One Powerful Presentation." We lay out a timeline of civil rights movement, beginning with Bethany's Between Us Baxters, which occurs at a time when segregation was still in effect in the South. She discusses Jim Crow laws, Brown vs. Board of Education, the Klan and the Citizen's Councils, and the kinds of events that occurred that ultimately drove the black community to organize and launch the civil rights movement. Using a photo montage, we fast-forward through the parts of the movement that students more typically study in school, until we reach 1968 and the assassination of Dr. King. I talk about the effect that Dr. King's death had on black communities around the country, and the new militancy and community organizing efforts that rose up in the wake of his murder. It's a topic students don't normally get to study, but is an area that needs more attention if we ever hope to understand the civil rights era as it truly happened.
Our presentation is fun and interactive, using audience participation and readers' theater to engage students in the material. There's a lot about our books that make them complement each other. Together, we cover the gamut of civil rights issues: Polly's a white working class girl in a Southern rural setting, early in the movement. Sam's a black middle class boy in a Northern, urban setting, late in the movement. The divergent perspectives and settings give us a means to examine the civil rights era from two fresh angles. We provide teachers' guides and classroom material as a follow-up to our presentation.
We also both do interactive writing workshops for smaller groups.
It is wonderful to partner with Kekla on the school visits, as well. We brainstorm, work on promotional materials, rehearse with one another and keep each other laughing throughout the process of whatever is thrown our way.
Lynn: Do you have any tips for authors in the time management juggle?
Give up television! I am serious! I no longer have a TV! But I do catch episodes of my faves online (gotta see Lost and Damages!) but truly cutting back on the television has given me a lot more time than I once did. Now instead of watching American Idol I just hop over to facebook and follow editor Elizabeth Law's witty banter and takes on the performances. I am caught up in five minutes.
Ha. Bethany's quite right. But I love my TV, so that solution doesn't entirely work for me. (Though, I will say that having DVR makes a big difference…) My suggestion is to include your writing activities in your calendar or schedule in advance, as if they are fixed events, with a date and time attached. Lately I have been managing my time this way, especially since I work from home full-time, which to the outside world often reads as if I'm not working. People have no qualms about calling me to do things in the middle of the day, as if I don't have anything better to do. I find it easier to say no when I can open my calendar, see my writing plans, and decide if the other activity is actually more important to me.
Lynn: Since this is an imaginary blog, can you please tell us in what ways your writing and now editing career is different than you originally imagined?
Hmmm…I originally imagined writing someday would cease to be work, and I mean work with a capital W. It continues to be and though I wish the process was easier some days; and that the brick walls didn't always appear when I least expect them (or even when I do expect them); but I have come to like the brick walls. I do my best to breathe deep and craft-wise dismantle the walls knowing it will take time, energy and careful thought (and emptying the mind, too!) In my own emotional life, my brick walls didn't get as high as they were overnight and they didn't come down overnight either. And I know this is the same for my characters. I have to show their emotional brick walls being built brick-by-brick and then see how they break through them or live inside them. Either way it takes time and plenty of patience.
Enough with the bricks before you throw them at me! Editing, on the other hand, is new to me although critiquing is not. Studying for my MFA at VCFA we were trained in providing valuable feedback to fellow authors. I rely heavily on that training and also the work I have done in my writer's group over the last ten years. And, I trust Kekla! We think differently; and have different opinions and the discourse between us is invaluable.
Well, depending on how far I look back, the fact that I'm a writer/editor at all is something different from what I imagined my life would be like. As a child/teen I imagined myself as a doctor or teacher – all my varying career interests were much more "traditional" than the creative life I've patched together for myself in reality. Even looking back just to the time I started writing seriously, which was about eight years ago, I couldn't have imagined myself making a full-time living this way. My previous professional jobs were very disappointing to me, and I quickly came to believe that any job I ever had would be messy and stressful and painful. As my writing life has evolved, I've learned that it doesn't have to be that way. Although writing bears its own messes and stresses and pains, that energy now feeds my work instead of detracting from it. I feel lucky these days to be doing something I love.
Lynn: Thank you Bethany and Kekla. Congratulations on your novels and best of luck on your new venture as co-editors of Hunger Mountain's children's and YA section.
Imaginary Readers, you can find out more about Bethany Hegedus and Kekla Magoon by visiting their websites:
www.keklamagoon.com
www.bethanyhegedus.com
Posted by Lynn E. Hazen at 2:58 PM
Labels: Bethany Hegedus, Hunger Mountain, Katherine Paterson, Kekla Magoon
Lyn Miller-Lachmann said...
This is so cool! There are so few venues for YA short stories--an anthology or two each year, but that's it. Nothing like what adult fans of short stories have to choose from. I expect you'll get a lot of great submissions from unknown writers (since most of the anthologies solicit work from the already established) and draw in new readers for HM. I'll make sure to get the word out where I can, including the pages of MultiCultural Review.
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text:
The Role of Education in Social Integration
Foreign Student Population
Foreign Students' School Results
Conclusions: Integration Through School
Educational Attainment and Integration of Foreign Students in Spain
Sergio Andres CabelloSergio Andres CabelloUniversidad de la Rioja
and Joaquín Giró MirandaJoaquín Giró MirandaUniversidad de la Rioja
https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.805
Education is one of the pillars of the welfare state in Spain, and one of the main ways of reducing inequalities and, potentially, integrating members of the immigrant population. Schools serve to promote social and cultural integration of foreign students and their families. Spain, although its history as a country of immigration has been short, has been quite efficient in integrating the emigrant population, especially at school. It is important to bear in mind that schools and the school environment are the main point of encounter between families of different cultures. There were significant difficulties incorporating foreign students in schools in the first decade of this century. The importance of integration in the process of normalizing relations between immigrant families and schools has been indisputable. However, one of the main difficulties with this integration has been the poorer performance and academic achievement of foreign students in the Spanish education system. Foreign students' performance is significantly different. For example, they achieve significantly lower grades in the different standardized tests (Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA)), e.g., and higher rates of dropout, academic failure, and grade repetition. However, it is also true that these differences are significantly smaller for second-generation students born in Spain of immigrant parents. Faced with these facts, there have been numerous theoretical analyses and research projects that have tried to determine which variables affect this situation and which of them can be attributed to immigration, excluding any other socioeconomic factors.
The results and the academic attainment of foreign- and immigrant-origin students in the Spanish education system are associated with some factors attributed to immigration. One of the most important is school segregation processes and their consequences for the educational and social integration of this group. Likewise, the financial crisis that has affected public policy and the Spanish welfare system, with the resulting budget cuts in education, has conditioned compensatory measures and attention to diversity.
educational performance
grade repetition
school dropout rate
academic failure


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text:
Arab Gulf States Agree to Involve Iran In Security Plans
By Kathleen Evans Special to The Christian Science Monitor
A FOUR-DAY summit meeting of Persian Gulf kings, emirs, and ruling sheikhs has ended with a clear signal that Iran should be included in any new regional security arrangement once Kuwait has been liberated. The summit of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) in Doha, Qatar, brought together rulers of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Kuwait. The council was set up during the Iran-Iraq war, when Iran was a threat to the region and Iraq its great protector.
Gulf leaders refused to spell out their thinking on a future regional defense arrangement, but said in their final statement that they were seeking an arrangement with Tehran. Qatari Foreign Minister Mubarak al-Khater, the summit spokesman, said the nature of security arrangements would depend on the military situation after the liberation of Kuwait.
Tehran opposes the stationing of foreign forces in the region, and has suggested that troops from the GCC together with Iran, Turkey, and Pakistan form a new pan-Islamic defense force to protect a liberated Kuwait. It is unlikely, conference observers said, that Gulf states would allow Iranian troops to be stationed in the Arab Gulf. But summit sources said they believe Tehran would eventually modify its position if properly consulted throughout the process. Regional observers, though, have expressed concern that the presence of United States-dominated forces would provide ammunition to the hard-line faction in Iran, thereby undermining President Hashemi Rafsanjani's liberal reform movement.
States in the region would still opt for Western forces as the best form of long-term defense, say Western diplomats in the Gulf. ``They may talk regional, think regional, but the truth is that they only have faith in Western forces,'' says a Western diplomat in Doha. ``But first we have to be invited, and second they have put up the tab.''
Although Islamic groups have already expressed opposition to a long-term US presence, conservatives argue that Western forces are necessary to fill the regional power vacuum in the event of the destruction of the Iraqi military machine.
``It is no longer a sin for Western troops to be here. There is a lot of talk in Tehran from the hard-liners, but we don't think it reflects official thinking,'' says Ahmed Jarallah, editor of al-Siyassah, a Kuwaiti newspaper. Mr. Jarallah says Western forces should stay five years in the area and he urged that a strategic defense alliance should be signed between Western governments and Kuwait for the state's long-term protection.
Although such arrangements appeared to dominate summit discussions, debate continued over the need for further efforts to secure a peaceful settlement. In a carefully worded statement, King Fahd of Saudi Arabia, the council's most powerful member, signaled that the region was willing to go to war if Iraqi troops were not withdrawn from Kuwait within 20 days.
``We wish the man whom we once looked upon as a friend and brother ally to know that the curtain has not yet been drawn on the scene of a scorching war,'' Fahd declared. It is still possible, he added, for President Saddam Hussein to spare his regime and his people the horrors of war and to pursue reconciliation.
The last minute appeal followed expressions of concern within the GCC that not every avenue had been pursued for a peaceful solution.
Oman is the only Gulf state that has continued contacts with Baghdad. Just two weeks ago, Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz visited Muscat, Oman's capital. Oman has also encouraged the mediation effort of Algerian President Chadli Benjedid, despite the Saudis cold shoulder to it.
The Algerian mission is trying to arrange parallel negotiations on the Arab-Israel conflict with the start of Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait. The Saudis, however, are said to be unwilling to endorse linkage to the Palestinian issue because it would allow Saddam to emerge as a hero of the Arab world after leaving Kuwait.
First Look Kuwait seeks Gulf crisis resolution as nearby Arab states sever ties with Qatar
Focus Why Gulf states seek status quo from Iran nuclear negotiations
Arab League infighting blunts action on Syria, Egypt


text:
A mocsári zsurló (Equisetum palustre) a zsurlók (Equisetopsida) osztályának valódi zsurlók (Equisetales) rendjébe, ezen belül a zsurlófélék (Equisetaceae) családjába tartozó faj.

Előfordulása
A mocsári zsurló mindenütt gyakori. Az előfordulása Európában, Izlandtól és Portugáliától a Kaukázusig terjed, a mérsékelt övi Ázsiában pedig, Törökországtól egészen Japánig lelhető fel. Észak-Amerikában is őshonos.

Veszélyes legelőgyom, mivel a szarvasmarhának (Bos taurus) bélgyulladást okoz.

Megjelenése
Ennek a mocsári növénynek a szára élesen barázdált. A csomóknál található levélhüvelyek fogainak száma 10-nél kevesebb. A szár zöld színű, többnyire elágazó, 20-60 centiméter magas, vastagsága 3 milliméter. Végén hosszúkás, tompa csúcsú spóratermő füzér fejlődik. A meddő szár is zöld, teljesen hasonló a termőhöz. A spóraképzés ideje júniustól szeptemberig tart.

Életmódja
A mocsári zsurló vízpartokon, nedves réteken, mocsarakban, lápokon, különösen nitrogénben gazdag talajokon él.

Képek

Források

Equisetum palustre L. The Plant List
https://web.archive.org/web/20140718002656/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?409915 USDA GRIN

Harasztok
Növényfajok
Magyarországon őshonos növények
Európa növényvilága
Franciaország növényvilága
Olaszország növényvilága
Ázsia növényvilága
Japán növényvilága
Kaukázus növényvilága
Kína növényvilága
Törökország növényvilága
Kanada növényvilága
Az Amerikai Egyesült Államok növényvilága
Mocsári növények

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


An international team, including scientists from our OSE team, has not only designed a reduced-format acoustic lens, but also developed models to design these structures and optical sensing method to validate these systems. This work, published in Physical Review B, could help produce acoustic metamaterials that can deflect or muffle noise.
To manipulate a wave, the size of the elements depends on its wavelength. Thus, a lens shaped for a high-energy laser may be tiny, while an acoustic wave may require an equivalent in meters. However, a group of researchers has developed systems to manufacture much smaller acoustic lenses. They reproduce the three-dimensional image of a sound source emitting at 10.6 kHz, thanks to a custom-made crystal about fifteen centimetres high and wide, for six in thickness. This lens was assembled from four hundred polymer resin spheres, realized by a 3D printer. The size of the spheres and their spacing were determined by simulations that simplified wave propagation, emulated here by a mass-spring system. The assembly behaves like a phononic crystal, with properties that do not exist in continuous media.
By monitoring the pressure changes produced by acoustic waves, an interferometric sensor by optical reinjection into a laser diode makes it possible to verify that this phononic crystal behaves as a functional lens. This offers a new opportunity for the design of acoustic metamaterials, with applications to the design of MRI devices, for example, to make them quieter. This would soothe patients, who would then move less, improving imaging and allow a claustrophobic public or young children to be diagnosed without general anesthesia.


text:
Stylonurina ist eine der zwei Unterordnungen aus der Ordnung der Seeskorpione (Eurypterida). Sie gelten als die basalen (ursprünglichen) Eurypteriden. Aus ihr stammen sowohl der älteste (Brachyopterus stubblefieldi aus dem frühen Oberordovizium (Sandbium) von Wales) als auch der jüngste (Hibbertopterus permianus aus dem oberen Perm (Wuchiapingium) von Russland) bekannte Vertreter der Eurypterida.

Merkmale
Stylonurina besaßen Quernähte auf den ventralen Platten und hatten kein modifiziertes Podomere 7a an dem prosomalen Gliedmaße VI.

Fundorte
Vertreter der Unterordnung Stylonurina wurden auf allen Kontinenten, mit Ausnahme der Antarktis, gefunden.

Systematik
Die Unterordnung wurde 1924 von Karl Diener aufgestellt. Sie beinhaltet nach Lamsdell, Braddy & Tetlie 2010 folgende Überfamilien und eine Gattung incertae sedis:

 Hibbertopteroidea
 Kokomopteroidea
 Rhenopteroidea
 Stylonuroidea
 Stylonuroides

Quellen

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Seeskorpione
Eurypterida
Ausgestorbener Gliederfüßer


Physician assistants are some of the most commonly visited medical professionals around the country, making them incredibly versatile for patients in need. Despite this versatility, there are still specializations a PA can pursue to give their medical practice a more narrowed, focused approach. Let's review five common specializations for physician assistants and a few of their benefits as noted by About.com.
Urgent Care – Working as a PA in an urgent care center is not only lucrative (UCC PAs have an average salary exceeding $130,000) but it also keeps your medical training sharp and top of mind. Urgent care centers are springing up across the country, with thousands added yearly to serve the millions of patients who don't need to be seen by emergency room doctors.
Primary Care – From family medicine to pediatrics and women's health, a primary care PA will cover a wide range of specializations. They are becoming more and more demanded as their peers move on into specialized fields such as some of the ones listed here. While not as lucrative as other specializations from an income standpoint, the primary care field still pays in the high $90,000 range and, much like UCC PAs, offers a chance to keep your skills sharp across a range of procedures.
Emergency Room – ER visits will always offer a unique experience from day to day. While this field can bring with it some high-risk patients, your common patients will be more stable and simply seeking treatment for minor ailments. The heavy patient load carries with it a more rewarding salary exceeding $115,000 on average. You can learn more about ER tasks in our hospitalist procedures CME course.
Dermatology – The increased risk of skin cancer and the increased popularity of cosmetic procedures make the dermatological field both competitive and financially rewarding for PAs. With cosmetic procedures being covered on an out-of-pocket basis, it can reduce the impact of lengthy delays in insurance reimbursements and put cash flow right into the practice. A dermatology PA earns on average upwards of $127,000. Find out more about dermatology and its potential applications with our dermatology CME course!
Surgery – A surgical PA could apply to any number of surgery specializations such as neurosurgery, cardiothoracic surgery or orthopedic surgery. With an aging population of patients, preventive surgical procedures are becoming more commonplace. Taking on one of these specializations puts you on dedicated surgery teams with six figure incomes usually exceeding $110,000.
Aside from doctoral practices, PA fields offer some of the best paying and most varied job opportunities for medical professionals. Whether focusing on a specialization or broad field, you're assured a dynamic, well-paying and gratifying job experience. Review some of our continuing medical education courses to see how you can get the most out of your PA career.


Making use of our Marketing Tools, you can quickly focus on your web site's worldwide recognition from your own Online Control Panel. From the Sitemap Generator you will get a comprehensive sitemap for your site within minutes. You can publish the sitemap to major search engines so they can index your site as quickly as possible. Additionally, via the RSS News publishing instrument, you're able to use frequently refreshed information on your site, which is a promise for greater rating positions with the search engines. DataTide.com - Web Hosting's GeoIP redirection tool will help you to route website visitors from a certain country towards a specified language variation of your website for more accurate marketing end results.
The simplest way of getting your newly launched web site indexed in the search engines will be to send a sitemap. The sitemap offers the whole set of web pages on your web site and by publishing it to a particular search engine, you inform it that you like those pages to get listed as soon as possible. Sitemaps are often made by 3rd party applications. However, with DataTide.com - Web Hosting, it is not necessary to move from the Online Control Panel. Our in–house made Sitemap Generator is bundled within the Advanced Tools area and will generate a sitemap on your behalf in a mouse click.
All you should do is pick the maximum number of pages you prefer to be scanned, the range of the listed URLs and also the format of the sitemap file.
DataTide.com - Web Hosting provides you with a great way to reroute your users on the basis of their location. With the GeoIP redirection application, you're able to re–direct all of the customers who come from a specific area to a native language variant of your site. For example, if you've got an Italian translation of your website, you can easily forward all the website visitors from Italy to that particular page instead of asking them to switch to Italian as soon as they open the English variant. This will help you present website visitors with a user–friendly on–site stay from the beginning.
It is not necessary for any special skills or computer knowledge to employ the GeoIP redirection application. It's all configured with only a click.
The RSS News module is fully customizable with regards to HTML and CSS. You can easily modify the number of publication items that will be displayed, exactly how they will appear like, exactly how they will be ordered, etcetera.


Welcome to the second edition of CrAMmed, our 3D printing news digest based on the latest academic additive manufacturing research.
Today, CrAMmed presents research from Wageningen University and Research (WUR), who 3D printed the color changing Lycurgus Cup; the University of British Columbia (UBC), where an additively manufactured artificial nose has been produced for gas leaks; and the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria , where 4D bioprinting is explored for advanced implants.
Researchers from Wageningen University and Research (WUR) in the Netherlands have incorporated dichroic (color changing) nanoparticles in PVA filament to 3D print the Lycurgus cup. This unique material was developed to replicate the 4th-century Roman glass cage cup which was made of dichroic glass.
The Lycurgus was revered for its ability to change color depending on the light passing through it.
"Plastic Embedded Gold Nanoparticles as 3D Printing Dichroic Nanocomposite Material" is published in ChemRxiv. Vittorio Saggiomo, an Assistant Professor in BioNanoTechnology at WUR, led this study.
The 3D printed dichroic Lycurgus cup. Clip via WUR.
The detectors comprise of 3D printed microchannels and a metal oxide semiconductor and can be connected to a sampling chamber. There are two channels with different coatings in the detectors. The internal coatings direct the gases to the appropriate sensor where the gas is analyzed.
"Selective detection of volatile organic compounds in microfluidic gas detectors based on 'like dissolves like'" is published in Nature. Doctoral student Mohammad Paknahad, is one of the lead researchers in the project.
The schematics of the 3D printed gas detectors. Image via UBC.
Researchers from the Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) have used gray-tone lithography to 3D print microstructures that can change shape under the influence of temperature or light. According to the study, Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM), a temperature-responsive polymer, is used to create complex actuation patterns.
"For many applications, particularly in biology and biomedicine, it would be desirable not only to produce rigid structures but also active systems that are still movable after the printing process, e.g., that can change their shapes by an external signal," explained Professor Martin Bastmeyer from KIT's Zoological Institute and Institute of Functional Interfaces.
The 3D printed microstructures could be used, for example, in microfluidic systems, and additional applications in biological research, i.e., the targeted mechanical manipulation of individual cells.
"Controlling the shape of 3D microstructures by temperature and light" is also published in Nature.
3D printed microstructures are still movable even after printing and can be stimulated by a change in temperature. Image via KIT.
Katie Kilcoyne, a BE graduate in chemical and bioprocess engineering from the University College Dublin (UCD), tested three 3D printers for the fast and cost-effective production of microfluidic devices.
This experimentation was done to demonstrate the potential of creating lab-on-a-chip (LOC) and pharmaceuticals which are typically produced via large-scale, equipment-intensive, multi-stage, batch processes.
The Ultimaker 2 (FFF), the Objet Eden 260V (Polyjet), and the Form 2 (SLA) were used in this experimentation. Kilcoyne found that the Objet Eden 260V showed the most promise for closed microfluidic structures (> 100 μm), despite the hurdles of clearing support material from smaller channels.
"3D printing of microfluidic devices: An experimental evaluation of selected printers" is published in Engineers Journal.
Microchips incorporating classic microfluidic features, designed using Fusion 360 software: (a) full-block enclosed channels with sharp bends, (b) full-block, enclosed, rectangular channels which change in dimension as fluid moves through them, and Y-channels (c) half-block straight rectangular channels and Y-channels. Image via UCD.
In an international research article, scientists 3D printed articular cartilage and subchondral bone, a layer of bone below the cartilage in a joint, into osteochondral defects in mini-pigs.
An osteochondral injury disrupts the smooth surface on the end of bones. This can cause a small crack to a piece of the bone breaking off inside the joint. The 3D printed cartilage composed of mesenchymal stem cells derived from fat tissue.
The study notes that the 3D constructs aided in the regeneration of the subchondral bone in a non-load bearing site of a large animal stifle joint.
"Osteochondral regeneration using constructs of mesenchymal stem cells made by bio three‐dimensional printing in mini‐pigs" is published in Wiley. Atsushi Yamasaki is the first author of this article.
3D bioprinted cross sections of a small tubular construct stained with hematoxylin and eosin (A), elastica masson (B), Safranin O (C), and immunohistochemistry for collagen type I (D), collagen type II (E), TUNEL (F), and high-magnification of TUNEL (G). Image via Kagoshima University.
A team from the Centre for Rapid and Sustainable Product Development (CRSPD) of the Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Portugal, has reviewed the possible mechanisms that support 4D bioprinting. This is intended to lead to 3D printed constructs that are responsive to preplanned stimuli.
"Four-Dimensional Bioprinting for Regenerative Medicine: Mechanisms to Induce Shape Variation and Potential Applications" is published in ResearchGate. Pedro Morouço and João Gil of CRSPD co-authored this review.
Illustrative representation of the transformation from 3D to 4D bioprinting, which can be triggered by different types of stimuli. Image via CRSPD.
It's not too late, nominate an academic or research team for the upcoming 3D Printing Industry Awards 2019.
Featured image shows the CrAMmed logo over the 3D printed dichroic Lycurgus cup. Image via WUR.


Registration for C++Now 2013 Opens Today!
Registration for the seventh annual C++Now Conference (formerly BoostCon) opens today, and if you're looking for a great C++ conference to attend this year, you should definitely consider C++Now. I attended last year's conference and it was terrific: in addition to a splendid program of sessions about a wide variety of subjects related to C++, it was an unparalleled opportunity to be able to meet and learn from many C++ experts and to chat with other C++ enthusiasts and learn how others use the C++ language.
The seventh annual C++Now Conference (formerly BoostCon) will be held at the Aspen Center for Physics in Aspen, Colorado, May 12th to 17th, 2013.


Samsung has published its Gear S3 compatibility list. With the Gear S3 being the first smartwatch to provide this Gear S3 compatibility. Yes, Samsung's Gear S3 compatibility sheet makes sense.Gear S3 compatibility list smartwatch by investigative the compatibility matrix below.
The Gear S3 Frontier and Gear S3 typical are cross-platform, allowing non-Samsung, Android-powered smartphones and now, iPhone, to be matching with them.
With the Gear S3 being the first smartwatch to provide this Gear S3 compatibility, it is reasonable that iPhone users and non-Samsung Android users exchange a Samsung smartwatch for the first time would want to know what features they can suppose out of their Gear S3 when opposite with their smartphone.
Samsung has published its Gear S3 compatibility list, showing just what users can expect and what will disappoint.
Unfortunately, Gear S3 users moving a non-Samsung Android smartphone won't get full functionality for their devices, though they can expect limited functionality in emails, calls, and messaging, with full compatibility and functionality in notifications, apps, Samsung Pay, S Health, and watch face.
As for iPhone users, they have limited messaging, apps, S Health, and watch face with a Bluetooth-connected iPhone that pairs with the Gear S3.
There are few standalone capabilities when the Gear S3 is paired with an iPhone but stands alone. As for Samsung Galaxy smartphone owners, they can expect everything to work as designed.
Yes, Samsung's Gear S3 compatibility sheet makes sense. After all, Samsung has never been one to hide behind the fact that it prizes its smartphones and mobile devices over others.
Samsung desires that everyone buy a "Galaxy", but it has considered the flexible purchases of customers who want to mix devices by different OEMs.
You can check your smartphone compatibility with your Gear S3 compatibility list smartwatch by investigative the compatibility matrix below.
Samsung's Gear S3 is the third-generation smartwatch in Samsung's Gear S series that began in 2014. Prior to the Fall of 2014, Samsung released the Galaxy Gear, Gear 2, and Gear 2 Neo back in 2013 through early 2014.
And, even before that, Samsung had created its first smartwatch, the SPH-WP10, in 1999 and the 1.8-inch LCD-screened Samsung S9110 back in 2009.
The Gear S3 Frontier and Gear S3 Classic are the elegant result of the Korean giant's veteran status in the wearable market.
If you have connected your Samsung Gear s3 with iPhone via BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) then the data loading and app download speed on the Gear device may be slow.
In case of unstable connection to Gear s3 with iPhone 65 or 65+ running iOS 10 and later, access the Bluetooth menu in Settings and unpair all connected Bluetooth devices but do not unpair the Gear s3 LE connection.
Availability of features may change without prior notice when improvements are made to Gear s3 and iphone connection performance.
Well, some Samsung Gear s3 restrictions may apply on hardware, software and ios version, as well as ios based restriction; see below for further details.
Find my phone feature unavailable.
Samsung device only feature unavailable.
Call forwarding feature unavailable on Gear s2 3G, Gear s3 LTE models.
Gear music manager must be used to send music files to the Gear device for playback on the Gear music Player.
Only free apps and Gear specific apps can be downloaded from the Gear app store.
Accessibility of app downloaded may also vary by app developer, os, and software version and service region.
Gear s3 pairs with smartphones running Android 4.4 and higher with over 1.5GB RAM, iOS 9.0 and later, and Smartphone's iPhone 5 and newer.
For iPhone 6S and 6s+ running iOS 10 and later, connection to Gear may be unstable.
Gear s3 is not compatible with tablet PCs.
Compatible Smartphone's and available features may vary by region, carrier and device.
Well, these are all capability which required accessing Samsung Gear s3 smartwatch with non- Samsung Android smartphones and iOS devices.
If you don't have any idea about your Android smartphone is capable to pair with Samsung Gear s3 smartwatch then here is full list of all capable Android smartphone for Samsung Gear s3 smartwatch.


text:
WE'RE NOT FOOLED: Scottish Lib Dem leader EXPOSES Sturgeon's independence backtrack
NICOLA Sturgeon is "taking Scots for fools" by claiming the General Election has nothing to do with independence, the leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats has claimed.
By Vincent Wood
Mrs Sturgeon has claimed the election "won't decide whether or not Scotland becomes independent" and suggested the party already has a mandate for independence from last year's Scottish parliament elections.
But the Lib Dem's Willie Rennie has hit out at the relentless nationalist, revealing it is not the first time she has claimed a vote would not give her the mandate to push yet again to divide the United Kingdom.
Mr Rennie said: "Nicola Sturgeon is taking Scots for fools if she thinks we'll believe her codswallop on the purpose of the election. She has spent weeks demanding an independence referendum but now wants us to forget all about it.
"Just last week she claimed a win for the SNP in the election would be a mandate for another independence referendum. This week she claims the opposite.
The Lib Dem's Willie Rennie has hit out at the relentless nationalist
Sturgeon grins with Clinton as she heaps praise on Hillary and Merkel
Nicola Sturgeon's 'divisive' referendum leaving Scots 'spitting mad'
"At the last general election she claimed her MPs would not argue for independence.
"Yet their MPs put independence at the top of their priorities at Westminster."
It comes as the SNP face losing seats to the Conservatives in a dramatic shift away from Scotland's political landscape as a left wing heartland.
Scotland has not sent more than a single conservative MP to the House of Commons for twenty years.
Nicola Sturgeon's most outrageous quotes
Sun, April 9, 2017
The nationalist chief always has plenty to say
'Men - the colour of their tie is the most difficult decision they have to make every day'
He said it is not the first time she has claimed a vote would not give her an independence mandate
But despite two decades of the vote being split between Labour, the SNP and the Liberal Democrats, the Conservatives are looking to pick up more than two seats north of the border thanks to their strong stance against independence.
Mr Rennie added: "It's a pretty transparent attempt to grip on to the votes of people who are turning their backs on the SNP.
"For the SNP it's all about independence and that has been exposed for us all to see over 10 years in power."
It comes as the nationalists struggle to overcome the surge of Conservative support that looks set to wipe out Labour in the upcoming elections.
It comes as the nationalists struggle to overcome the surge of Conservative support
The SNP faces losing up to 11 of the 56 seats it won in 2015
The SNP faces losing up to 11 of the 56 seats it won in 2015, as growing numbers of pro-Union supporters fear a vote for the Nationalists would be used by Ms Sturgeon to push another referendum.
Yesterday Mrs Sturgeon said: "People who want to make sure Scotland has got strong voices against the Conservatives in this election need to vote for the SNP because that's what this election above all else is about.
"The election won't decide whether or not Scotland becomes independent. We got a mandate for a referendum in the election last year so this is about Scotland's voice is heard and Scotland's interests are protected."
But Scottish Tory MSP Miles Briggs said: "There is one cast-iron rule about the SNP: whenever it says something has got nothing to do with independence, it's a sure fire way of knowing it has everything to do with independence.
"Just like she did in the after the Brexit vote last year, Nicola Sturgeon wants to try to use this election to boost her flagging case for a referendum. Everybody knows that."
SNP slammed for health and education failures after budget backlash
Question Time: Rees-Mogg brands SNP the BRUSSELS nationalist party
Progressive alliance 'would NOT overthrow May in General election'
Nicola Sturgeon Election 2017