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Masters Thesis1,462
Learning Object29
Student Research27
Humboldt[remove]1,522
Wildlife101
Environment and Community94
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1. Feasibility study for Vashon Island composting facility
Brundle, Shannon M.
This master's project investigates the feasibility of establishing a composting facility for greenwaste diversion on Vashon Island, WA. The composting facility would serve to compliment waste reduction efforts already in place on the island. The benefits from this project would include reducing greenhouse gas emissions, costs savings and creating a local product. I conducted a survey of the public schools and local restaurants to determine potential feedstock for the composting facility. In addition to the survey, results from a statewide waste characterization study were used as a guide for estimating the potential greenwaste available from residential households. The analysis indicates that approximately 3,100 tons of greenwaste are potentially available for diversion annually, largely from residential and landscaping debris sources. The survey results suggest that there is little interest in participating in a composting project by schools and restaurants, but that these organizations do not generate significant quantities of divertable greenwaste. Overall $25,620 could be saved in annual ferry and fuel expenses if 100% of the food waste and green debris currently going to the landfill were diverted to an on island composting facility. This number is likely to increase in time as nearby landfill options decrease and waste hauling costs increase. Currently, King County is reviewing the results from their island wide survey administered last spring to island residents regarding interest in a residential curbside pickup program for greenwaste. Once the results have been considered, King County will offer a public comment event on Vashon to hear directly from the citizenry. The analysis in this master's project will inform the decision making process; it suggests that greenwaste diversion may be feasible provided that residential greenwaste diversion rates are sufficiently high and the facility can be constructed at the existing transfer station at a reasonable cost.
Campus Tesim:
Environmental Systems
2. Annie Smith Peck : Pan-Americanist
Houle, Caroline Louise
Annie Smith Peck, a scholar, explorer and Pan-Americanist, educated the general public and businessmen about geography, especially Latin American geography. Peck wrote and lectured to Americans about tourist sights, archeology, exploration, mountaineering, and Latin America- including travel, industry, and trade. Peck also educated Latin Americans about the United States. This was significant because, as is the case today, the American public was geographically illiterate. The Pan-American movement, the idea of peace between North and South America, was in full force at the time, and thus Peck was one of the movers and shakers in the movement. Peck believed education was the most important means of freedom for the impoverished- in both North and South America. Methodologies include: letters to the editor by Peck, newspaper articles about her, and correspondence between her and other explorers and diplomats. I also read Pecks writings, including her four books and many of her newspaper and magazine articles. I reviewed numerous articles and books about South American politics and diplomacy in the early 1900s. Historical organizations, corporations, colleges, and other groups she had contact with, such as the Wisconsin State Historical Society, and Smith College, provided materials about Peck. Information about other explorers of her time, Pecks friends, and diplomatic acquaintances also yielded much primary biographical knowledge. I conclude that Peck contributed to the geographic education of North and South Americans as a mover and shaker in the Pan-American movement. In doing so, she attempted to promote peace and understanding between the Americas.
3. An exploratory study of cyberbullying among Native American students at Humboldt State University
Samulski, Emerson T.
This study explores the prevalence and the relationship of cyberbullying among Native American students at Humboldt State University. Cyberbullying defined in brief is the repetitive use of technology to harm an individual. Cyberbullying is a widely studied issue that has gained International media attention with the tragic deaths of several youths and students resulting from having been cyberbullied. A host of debatable issues have emerged from the International research involving cyberbullying including age-specificity of the term, applicability, overlapping, and competing legislation of non-cyber crimes with the expanding cyber-issues, problems associated with varied instruments and inconsistent operationalization and measurement of constructs, and as school budgets are increasingly restricted debate about how best to use funds in the crafting of bullying prevention policies for schools. Trends in cyberbullying research also emerging from the literature include age, gender, ethnicity and cultural effects on prevalence rates, types of forums and technologies used, and the affect and motivations of victims and perpetrators. The present study used a modified version of an 81 item instrument but whose current convenience sample included 272 University students, with an overrepresentation of Native American students (n=58) at 21% of the sample representing 23 US Federally recognized tribes, anonymously surveyed in the Spring and Fall of the 2013-2014 academic year. The exploratory study produced robust data including demographic distinctions for comparison of gender, ethnicity, and adherence to tribal traditions for Native American respondents. Also reported on are, the identity of the perpetrator -addressing the role of anonymity, the frequency of daily Internet and cell phone use, for cyberbullying victimization and perpetration the frequency of occurrence and type of forums used and the resulting affect of victimization and motivation of perpetration. The major research question centered on the potential effect adherence to tribal traditions had for Native American respondents on the rates of perpetration and victimization. Major results include significantly higher rates of cyberbullying victimization and perpetration for Native American respondents that adhered to their tribal traditions and values relating to bullying compared to respondents not Native American. Also statistically significant was the finding of relational aggression as the primary motivation for cyberbullying perpetration among Native American respondents adhering to their tribal traditions compared to respondents not Native American, and Native American respondents that reported not adhereing to their tribal traditions. Relational Aggression is defined here as aggressive behavior with the intent to attack relationships and was operationalized by two questions addressing weakness and exclusion of the victim. Conclusions include the validity in considering effects for gender, ethnicity, and culture on rates of cyberbullying perpetration and victimization when prevention policy is being created, and as response by future research to the current dearth addressing these potential effects in the literature. Cyberharassment is the intentional use of information and communication technologies to distress an individual, and it is occasionally used interchangeably in the literature with cyberbullying. Cyberharassment is distinguishable in some State legislation from cyberbullying in that the victim of technology-based harassment is often categorized as an adult, whereas in cyberbullying legislation the victim is often distinguished as children and adolescence. Cyberstalking is generally used to describe computer-mediated acts or communications deemed as being associated with either an implied or a credible threat of violence to an undistinguished aged victim.
4. Analysis of field data and spatial methods for the parametrization of a spatial duff consumption model
Gill, William
Field data collected from the consumption of organic forest soil (duff) by smoldering combustion are analyzed to determine the spatial patterns as input for a smoldering combustion model. Moisture, organic, and inorganic contents were measured at longleaf pines to detect patterns that could be used to explain the spatial patterns in post-burn consumption. The model takes these environmental predictors as input values and then outputs spatial consumption patterns. Methods are also developed to describe the two-dimensional spatial patterns of consumption created by the smoldering combustion. The spatial patterns revealed that smoldering combustion occurs most often at the base of a tree stem at the reintroduction of wildland fire in long-unburned forest. The data from the organic soil pa- rameters were unable to completely predict this behavior, indicating that other factors might be involved. Duff depth was noted as being significantly higher at the areas of smoldering initiation indicating that understanding the soil characteristics of these deep duff mounds at the tree base will help predict smoldering patterns, and therefore deserve further research.
5. Temporal genetic analysis of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) reveals hatchery-induced drift in captivity
Reneski, Melissa R.
The primary evolutionary goal of many hatchery supplementation programs is to minimize genetic change and fitness loss associated with captive breeding. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic stability of a hatchery steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) population from the Mad River (California, USA) over 35 years of captive breeding. The genetic population structure of historical (1974-1975) and contemporary (2000-2010) hatchery and wild stocks were compared using 14 microsatellite loci. Contributions from four non-indigenous populations transplanted to the Mad River were also assessed. The founding steelhead population artificially propagated at Mad River Hatchery was resolved as genetically similar to wild steelhead from natural areas in the Mad River and those from the Eel River. From this starting point, the captive population diverged over 35 years while the wild population retained the historical condition but was also highly admixed (17-44%) with the newly formed hatchery population. Analyses indicated that contributions from non-local populations were not responsible for divergence of the hatchery population. Instead a lower effective population size in the hatchery (Ne=246-285) in comparison to the wild (Ne=1,935-4,356) and closure of the hatchery population to immigration from the wild suggests drift in isolation is responsible for divergence. The small number of spawners used in many years at the hatchery along with variance in reproductive success likely explains the observed level of drift. The evolutionary potential of both hatchery and wild populations may be constrained unless efforts are implemented to reduce divergence among them and mitigate for the deleterious effects of genetic drift in the hatchery population.
6. Childhood trauma and intergenerational transmission of family violence in a court-ordered batterer intervention program
Banks, Eric
Studies that examine family violence assert that many abusive behaviors are transmitted intergenerationally. Investigations of intergenerational transmissions of family violence it is important to acknowledge that childhood traumatization has a significant role. This study surveyed clients of a court-ordered Batterer Intervention Program to investigate whether these clients had witnessed or experienced family violence in during childhood. The survey collected information on whether the clients' abuse was part of an intergenerational cycle, whether clients' children were exposed to abuse, and the effects of abuse behaviors witnessed and/or experienced as children on the abuse perpetrated as adults. Half of the clients surveyed indicated that they had been abused as children. Additionally, strong relationships were found between experiencing and witnessing abuse as children and the perpetration of abuse as adults. Intergenerational cycles were determined to be a factor among that affect men's and women's perpetration of family violence.
7. Meaning between the words
Hill, Margaret A.
A sample of sixteen homicides occurring in Humboldt County, California was used to compare the Times-Standard's treatment of homicides in 1982, 1995, and 2009. The sample examined eight homicide cases involving a Native American victim or suspect and eight cases which did not involve a Native American victim or suspect. Through the use of the qualitative research method, ethnographic content analysis, three protocols were developed for the process of analyzing the sample. Protocol I found articles without Native American Identifier (NAI) had more pictures than articles with NAI. Protocol II focused on use of kill words in the articles. The word killer was most frequently applied to articles without NAI. Protocol III looked at descriptions of victims and suspects through the lens of victimized, eulogized, criticized, authorized, and criminalized language in the Times-Standard. Victims without NAI were more frequently eulogized and less likely to be criticized or criminalized. Victims with NAI were more frequently criticized, authorized, or criminalized for their deaths. Suspects with and without NAI were equally criminalized and criticized. When a homicide involved a victim with NAI and a suspect without, it was more common for the suspect to be authorized for their actions, than when the victim and suspect did not have NAI. Suspects with NAI were less likely to be victimized compared to suspects without NAI.
8. The effectiveness of using Typha latifolia (broadleaf cattail) for phytoremediation of increased levels of lead-contamination in soil
Succuro, Jerry S.
In this study, two ways of accumulating Pb were investigated: natural accumulation and chemically enhanced accumulation with the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Young cattails (Typha latifolia) were removed from the Arcata Community Pond in Northern California and transplanted into two-quart mason jars containing four different levels of Pb contamination: 0, 2000, 4000, and 6000 mg Pb/kg soil. Three cattails per jar were grown for a three-week period with half of the plants receiving 10 mmol EDTA on the 15th day of the experiment and allowed to continue growth for the remaining 6 days of treatment. Cattails were harvested, separated into shoots, rhizomes and roots, and then analyzed for Pb concentration in these tissues using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). For the natural accumulation of Pb, no significant differences among the 2000, 4000, and 6000 mg Pb/kg groups for shoots (p = 0.1063), rhizomes (p = 0.1096) or roots (p = 0.2526) were detected. When EDTA was added to the soil, there was a significant difference among the various levels of soil contamination (p = 0.0002). In this particular case, the largest accumulation of Pb occurred at the 4000 mg Pb/kg soil contamination level with shoots accumulating a combined average of 4744.03 mg Pb/kg. These results show that three cattails can remove Pb from the environment in larger quantities if a chelating agent is present in a short period of time. In addition, it appears that the 6000 mg Pb/kg soil contamination is a threshold of toxicity as all aspects of the experiment showed a decrease in the health, natural accumulation of Pb, and the accumulation of Pb with the addition of EDTA. Typha latifolia has a wide tolerance to many different environments and produces a large amount of biomass, which make it a good candidate for use in phytoremediation. Further research should consider increasing the quantity of cattails to optimize Pb removal from the soil.
9. An examination of positive mental health outcomes in former recipients of foster care
Mertz, Karly Quinn
The purpose of this study was to examine mental health factors including substance use, depression, caretaker bonding, and social self-efficacy in individuals who were previously placed in foster care. This study sought to compare outcomes in those former foster care recipients who experienced relative and non-relative adoption. A total of 185 former foster care recipients participated in the current study. Results indicated that individuals who experienced adoption out of foster care by a relative have lower depression levels and higher ratings of social self-efficacy than those who were adopted by a non-relative and those who were never adopted out of care. The present study found results in low levels of substance use which were relatively equal among these three groups. Additionally, this study found the highest levels of female caretaker bonding in those foster care recipients who had been adopted by a relative as compared to individuals who were adopted by a non-relative and those who were never adopted, however no significant difference was found in the ratings of male caretaker bonding between groups. Data were collected through the use of The Substance Use Inventory, the Hamilton Depression Inventory, the Parental Bonding Instrument-Foster Care, the Social Self-Efficacy Subscale of the Sherer's perceived Self-Efficacy Scale, and a brief demographic questionnaire.
10. Sage grouse nesting habitat in northeastern California
Popham, Gail P.
I studied sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) nesting habitat from mid-March through mid-August of 1998-2000 in eastern Lassen County, California. I located nest sites of forty-five radio-marked hens. To evaluate habitat selection I measured vegetation at each nest site and at random sites. Sage grouse avoided low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula) cover type for nesting. They used big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) cover type and mixed shrub cover type in proportion to their availability. In addition, grouse used diverse sites for nesting as indicated by among nest site variation being similar to variation between nest and random site variables. Likewise, there were habitat differences between successful nests and unsuccessful nests. Mean nest-lek distance was greater for successful nests (x̄=3588 m, SE=811, n=20, P=0.06) than the nest-lek distance for unsuccessful nests (x̄=1964 m, SE=386, n=20). Rock cover was greater at successful nests (x̄=27.67%, SE=4.6%, P=0.04) than at unsuccessful nests (x̄=14.49%, SE=3.04%). Total shrub height was greater at successful nests (x̄=65.5 cm, SE=4.7, P<0.01) than unsuccessful nests (x̄=49.2 cm, SE=1.7). The height of visual obstruction was greater at successful nests (x̄=40.2 cm, SE=2.6, P=0.02) than at unsuccessful nests (x̄=32.5 cm, SE=2.0). Greater distance from the lek, total shrub height, rock cover, and visual obstruction appeared to characterize successful nests compared to unsuccessful nests. My results suggest that rangeland managers should strive for both landscape and microsite heterogeneity.
11. The American political party system : a historiography
Filippini, David.
This project addresses the origins and effectiveness of the political party system in America. The major themes of the scholarly research included in this historiography are that political parties are and have been controversial, that political parties created a dilemma for the founders in terms of weighing faction against liberty, and that a continuing debate exists over the effectiveness of the modern political party system in America. The resulting literature review unearthed a wide array of conflicting interpretations about the efficacy of both the historical and modern political party system. It is clear that author bias and inconsistent research techniques may have influenced the development of the controversy. This project also includes a unit plan for teaching about the political party system within the larger context of American history. The lesson plan will focus on the early development of our Constitution and what part the issue of political parties took in its evolution.
Social Science and Teaching American History
12. Using Q methodology to examine socioecological dimensions of conflict in the Trinity Alps Wilderness, California
Lundberg, Emma
For over a century, salmonids have been stocked in historically fishless, montane lakes for the sole purpose of creating recreational fishing opportunities. Salmonid introductions have had transformative impacts on historically fishless systems where native biological communities had previously been isolated and evolved without the presence of fish. While certain communities consider fishing for stocked trout a traditional and important use of wilderness, others are concerned with the impacts of introduced salmonids on the region's biological integrity. As management shifts from continued stocking practices toward a focus on ecological restoration, communities with differing ecological values and priorities must compromise on management of high-elevation ecosystems by utilizing a socioecological approach. This research addresses the need for human dimensions research to understand social conflict among stakeholder communities. The recreation-biodiversity conflict surrounding the revaluation of high-elevation stocking programs has arisen in part due to diverging valuations of wilderness, a lack of substantial educational outreach, and a lack of mutual trust between stakeholders. This research uses Q methodology, a qualiquantilogical method, to examine stakeholder opinions on fish stocking and the use of fish removals as ecosystem restoration. Through an inverted factor analysis, Q method has clustered participants by perspective into four factors—1) Pro-Restoration, 2) Collaborators, 3) Legacy, and 4) Extreme Pro-Restoration. Q method facilitates discovery of collective agreement, while also revealing key differences among perspectives, which are integral to delineating conflict and developing solutions for environmental concerns. This research is a call-to-action for stakeholders to develop mutual trust through transparent communication and inclusive engagement.
Environment and Community
13. Expanding your horizons : a study of girls participation in math and science
Cortez-Regan, Lori Ann
The purpose of my project is to provide both a report of the 2005 Expanding Your Horizons (EYH) conference and a longitudinal evaluation of the effects that past EYH Conferences have had for middle school girls in Northern California. The goal of each conference is to get girls to take more math and science in high school so they have more options later on in life. The 2005 report will examine both the demographics of the participants and their evaluations of the conference. The longitudinal portion will assist the local AAUW branch in determining how to best allocate their resources by examining whether or not past EYH attendees did take more math and science in high school compared to girls who never attended a conference. This information will aid in the future planning of conferences to ensure that AAUW's goal of encouraging girls to explore and pursue careers in math and science.
14. Middle school students' perceptions toward learning Spanish
Glueck, Jennifer
The majority of world language programs in the United States are offered to students beginning in high school, an earlier start in middle school gives students the opportunity to lengthen their course of study, and attain higher proficiency in a world language. This qualitative study investigates the perceptions of middle school students who attend a small, rural K-8 school, toward the learning of Spanish. Student responses to open ended questions from focus groups are used to inform the research. Themes include attitudes toward learning Spanish, students' perceived purpose and learning objectives, preferential instructional activities and formats, and affective factors such as motivation and frustration. Results indicate that these middle school students desire an instructional format that is communicative-based and parallels the Natural Approach to second language learning.
15. A one-dimensional model of dense snow avalanches using mass and momentum balances
Oremus, Richard Michael
A one-dimensional dense snow avalanche model has been developed to predict avalanche runout distances, flow velocity and flow height over general terrain.
16. Forest floor characteristics and moisture dynamics in Jeffrey pine-white fir forests of the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA
Banwell, Erin M.
In temperate coniferous forests, forest floor fuels have been linked to variation in important effects of fire, most notably mineral soil heating and post-fire tree mortality. To improve the understanding of fire effects, I collected forest floor fuels in long-unburned Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) - white fir (Abies concolor) forests of the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA. Fuels from each forest floor horizon (litter, fermentation, and humus), as well as other important woody fuels (1-hour fuel, 10-hour fuel, and cones), were collected around the bases of large (> 50 cm diameter) Jeffrey pine and white fir. To isolate the effects of spatial position, I quantified fuel loading, depth, and bulk density at the base of each tree, beneath the crown drip line, and beyond the crown in open "gaps". Seasonal fuel moisture trends were measured during the 2009 and 2010 fire seasons. To understand the structure of the litter horizon, both spatially and between species, litter composition was examined, and mineral ash contents of each forest floor horizon were measured. Little variation was detected in forest floor bulk densities, depths, and moisture contents between the two conifers. There was also little variability in forest floor moisture across the Lake Tahoe Basin, but isolated rainfall events significantly altered forest floor moisture patterns. Duff (the fermentation and humus) moisture varied spatially throughout stands, whereas other important forest floor components did not. Results from the interannual moisture study revealed that moisture of the forest floor horizons differed between years while woody fuel moisture did not. The variability in field results underscore the importance of measuring duff moisture content, as well as 10-hour woody fuel moisture, prior to prescribed fire. Forest floor bulk density and depth did not differ between Jeffrey pine and white fir. However, Jeffrey pine forest floors were more flammable than white fir forest floors in the laboratory, where samples of forest floor litter were burned under controlled conditions. Forest floor fires beneath Jeffrey pines could potentially burn at greater intensities and smolder longer than white fir forest floors due to differences in burning characteristics. In the Tahoe Basin, a better understanding of the complexity of forest fuels will help land managers manage and restore these fire-prone forests. More broadly, these results help inform the understanding of fuels dynamics in other temperate coniferous forests.
17. Understanding the roles and responsibilities of court appointed special advocates: a training for community professionals
Mitchell, Tristan Tyler
This project sought to lay the groundwork for an outreach effort by CASA of Humboldt to better communicate with community professionals (care providers, teachers and school staff, medical and mental health providers, social workers, probation officers, and other court personnel.) Through a community survey it was discovered that both electronic training materials such as a YouTube video and the option of in person trainings were preferred by community professionals. Additionally the survey revealed that community professionals did not fully understand the role of a CASA advocate and were not fully comfortable working with a CASA advocate. This project makes recommendations to CASA of Humboldt to improve their outreach to community professionals and makes recommendations to future MSW students who may want to continue working on this issue.
18. A spatial modeling tool for community health risk assessment: a case study of type 2 diabetes patient nonadherence in Humboldt County, California
Michaelis, Janene
A Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to build the Health Risk Tool, a decision support tool to model objective health risk. The model was developed using Esri ArcGIS 10.0 and Python 2.6. The tool allows users to customize and implement a dynamic health risk analysis model as a toolbox within the ArcGIS software environment. Users may specify the weights for each risk factor contributing to the model. The tool provides a scientifically-based model using consistent methodology to generate geospatially-explicit results and visualizations. These model outputs are useful to healthcare researchers, planners, and other professionals for prioritization of community health risk (in this case study, for the prioritization of type 2 diabetes patient nonadherence risk in Humboldt County).
Natural Resources Planning and Interpretation
19. Examining the presence of alexithymic characteristics on an individual's willingness to seek mental health counseling
Gonzalez Bobadilla, Carlos R.
The purpose of this study was to understand how alexithymic characteristics relate to help seeking behavior. Additionally, this study sought to measure the levels of alexithymic characteristics between men and women and how they related to help seeking behavior in relation to mental health services. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was used to measure alexithymic characteristics and the Inventory of Attitudes toward Seeking Mental Health Services (IASMHS) was used to measure help seeking behavior in relation to mental health services. For this study, 65 individuals (15 men and 50 women) participated. The results show that higher alexithymic characteristics relate to lower scores in help seeking behavior. In this study, no statistically significant difference was found between men and women in their IASMHS scores. Additionally, no significant interaction was found between gender and alexithymic characteristics on the IASMHS. In sum, this means that when people report higher alexithymic scores, they have a lower likelihood of seeking mental health services. This study tries to provide information to counselors as to what might be one of the resons people with alexithymic chaeacteristics do not seek counseling or stay in counseling.
20. Quality communication quality assurance in Kenya's off-grid lighting market
Turman-Bryant, Phillip Nicholas
This investigation attempts to characterize the flow of quality assurance information in Kenya's off-grid lighting market in order to identify key opportunities for improving access to product information throughout the supply chain. While traditional energy access strategies have focused primarily on rural electrification, distributed generation strategies through solar lanterns, solar home systems, and micro-grids are gaining more visibility and consideration as viable alternatives to their fossil-fueled analogs. However, there is a recognized need for greater institutional support to avoid market spoilage and encourage adoption of these nascent technologies in virgin markets. In response to this need, Lighting Global has created a quality assurance framework to monitor the quality of solar products in off-grid markets and communicate this information to market stakeholders. Distributors, wholesale traders, retailers, customers, and other stakeholders were interviewed to better understand how buyers make purchasing decisions and how access to quality assurance information could be improved through mechanisms like product testing reports, on-the-box labeling, or illustrated flip-books. This research finds that solar products are now a dominant presence in off-grid markets in Kenya, capturing iii approximately 80% of the market share by sales revenue in the towns that were surveyed. A variety of information signals were observed in the market, including brandrecognition, word-of-mouth referrals, and on-the-box product performance claims. Simplified product specification sheets and illustrated flip books were identified as the mediums preferred by retailers for learning more about solar products and educating customers. While many of the observed signals reduce uncertainty for end-users, quality signals like warranties, quality seals, or consumer financing were determined to play unique roles in reducing risk for potential solar customers. With increased digital literacy and mobile coverage in Kenya, mobile-friendly websites and social media applications were highlighted as opportunities for engaging and sharing quality assurance information with retailers and end-users further down the supply chain.
21. Maximum entropy modeling of giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) populations
MacQueen, Sarah A.
Maximum entropy estimation is a non-parametric method of determining probability distributions from limited information. In the field of ecology, maximum entropy estimation has seen use in the last 10 to 15 years as a method for developing macroecoogical models. Some macroecoogical metrics, such as the intraspecific spatial abundance distribution and the range-area relationship, and methods, such as setting out a grid and counting individuals, are much more easily applied to plants than animals. However, some animal species do lend themselves to this technique, making it possible to determine these metrics. The giant kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ingens) is one such species, with large burrows that are easily identifiable from aerial photography. This provides an opportunity to test out the applicability of the maximum entropy model for the spatial abundance distribution and the range-area relationship, and compare it to the earlier Coleman random placement model. Scale is found to have a significant effect in the applicability of the maximum entropy model, while the Coleman random placement model fits well across a greater range of scales. In addition, it is shown that the Coleman random placement model can be used to estimate the total number of burrows in an area from limited data, with varying accuracy depending on scale.
22. The floral and faunal recovery of a restored coastal wetland : Kunz Marsh, South Slough, Coos Bay, OR
Fritz, Gisela B.
Improved understanding of the importance of estuarine wetlands to the function of coastal ecosystems has lead to increased restoration efforts of degraded wetlands. The South Slough National Estuarine Research Reserve (SSNERR) in Coos Bay, Oregon, has taken active steps to restore previously diked tidal wetlands. In addition, they have established monitoring programs that focus on the faunal and floral recovery of restored sites within Kunz Marsh. The overall objective of the present study was to determine the degree of community recovery in restored salt marsh sites relative to control sites. Vascular plants, diatoms, invertebrates, and fish were sampled in spring, summer, and fall of 1998 and 1999. Vegetation cover decreased from high to low elevations, was higher in control than restored sites, and increased between 1998 and 1999. Diatom abundances showed seasonality in most sites and were higher in the restored than the control sites. Relative abundance of invertebrates in the first year was higher in control than in restored sites. More of these animals were found in vegetated than open areas. Fish abundance increased with decreasing elevation and Kunz Marsh sites showed a species composition similar to the adjoining Winchester Creek. In general, community recovery, particularly for plants and invertebrates, occurred more quickly in the higher restored sites. This may be due to the aggressive restoration method used, as well as successional processes that are known to occur more rapidly in the high marsh.
23. Variation in diet and activity of river otters (Lontra canadensis) by season and aquatic community
Cosby, Hilary A.
Keystone predators can impact many prey species, including those that are endangered. In order to assess the impact predators have on different prey populations, it is essential to identify the species being consumed in different types of aquatic communities, while accounting for possible seasonal variation in consumption. Here I use analysis of river otter (Lontra canadensis) scat to assess the impact otters have on prey populations, particularly endangered salmonids and migrating birds. I analyzed the prey composition of 1,411 river otter scats collected from 10 sites in Humboldt County, California, between 2011 and 2012. Analysis of prey items in scat divided study sites into four distinct clusters based on diet. Fish, particularly from the families Gasterosteidae (sticklebacks), Cottidae (sculpins), and Pholidae (gunnels), formed the main prey component, but crustaceans, birds (Anas sp. and Fulica sp.), amphibians, and insects were also main components of otter diet. Salmonids formed less than 5% of overall diet, but otters consumed the largest percentage of salmon during salmon spawning season at the inland cluster where salmonids spawn. Scat marking intensity varied between latrine sites, clusters, and seasons, with the most scats collected in the fall and the fewest in the winter/spring, except at the inland cluster where marking activity was reversed. Otters may be responding to seasonal migrations of endangered and threatened salmonids. Birds comprised 21% of diet and were eaten most frequently during the winter migration season, and no endangered bird species were found. Diet surveys of this type are useful for monitoring resource use by top predators in wetlands and other aquatic ecosystems.
24. Latrine site selection and seasonal habitat use of a coastal river otter population
Torgerson, Ted J.
Scent-marking, the deposition of a scent-containing excretion as a means of intraspecific olfactory communication, is common among mammals. For the North American river otter (Lontra canadensis) the latrine serves as a primary area for scent-marking where they regularly deposit scat, urine, and anal sac secretions. Latrine sites provide an efficient means for the indirect study of river otter ecology. This study was conducted on the river otter population located in the Humboldt Bay region of northern California. There were two main areas of focus: the evaluation of otter latrine site selection and examining trends in scent mark deposition at latrines. Paired logistic regression was used to compare models of habitat characteristics present at latrine sites to those at nonlatrine sites, identifying features selected for by river otters in the establishment of latrines. River otters selected for the presence of fallen logs as well as greater water depths and shore heights for the establishment of latrines across the study area. In more forested habitats, greater canopy cover was also selected for latrine establishment. The number of otter scent marks occurring at latrines located in different habitat types was recorded biweekly over the course of a year. Latrine use was compared among habitats using Poisson regression in a mixed model approach, testing the hypothesis that seasonal patterns of habitat use by river otters existed within the study area. Overall trends in seasonal scent mark deposition by river otters at latrines were similar to those found in previous studies, with peaks occurring in the spring and fall. Results suggested that seasonal fluctuations of several prey species influenced the use of habitats by river otters. Information gained through this study may benefit future research efforts by speeding the process of locating river otter latrines, allowing search efforts to focus on areas containing habitat features selected by otters. Seasonal peaks in scent-mark deposition at latrines may also provide optimal times for locating latrine sites and collecting scent marks for use in diet or demography studies. Evidence of seasonal habitat use by river otters provides insight into otter ecology and may also aid future research and land management activities.
25. Demographic statistics and annual molting probabilities of the adult female Dungeness crab (Cancer magister) in northern California
Diamond, Nancy
Adult female Dungeness crabs (Cancer magister) can be inseminated only while in a soft-shell condition immediately after molting. Population modelers have therefore assumed that all adult female Dungeness crabs undergo an annual molt. Based on this assumption, a tag-recovery project was initiated in northern California to determine demographic statistics of the adult female stock. Of 12,037 adult female crabs tagged and released, recoveries of 492 crabs in the commercial fishery showed that a large proportion of adult female Dungeness crabs fail to molt annually and that extrusion of viable eggs does not require annual molting and mating. A size-specific annual molting probability estimator was developed which accounts for commercial gear selection biases. Estimates using this technique showed that annual molting probabilities decline with increasing adult female size and become zero above 155 mm. Therefore, size and age are weakly correlated. Size-related population statistics are probably more meaningful than age-related statistics because molt increments and molting probabilities appear to be more dependent on size than age. Width frequency distribution separation failed to allow year class strength extraction and size-specific survival rate estimation. However, comparisons of width frequency histograms across years show apparent variation in year class strength. Tag-recoveries provided an annual survival rate estimate of 0.2 for crabs fully vulnerable to the commercial gear (> 155 mm). Truncation of width frequency distributions over larger female sizes suggests that survival rates for smaller female crabs are greater. The extremely low survival rate and the cessation of molting for large adult females imply that adult female Dungeness crabs may become senescent after reaching a terminal size.
26. Effects of concussion history on neurocognitive performance in high school and collegiate athletes after an athletic season
Sinnott, Aaron M.
Potential long term neurocognitive (NC) and psychological effects from exposure to concussive and subconcussive forces are of growing international concern. Athletes with a history of prior concussions exhibit lower objective performances and higher symptom reporting when compared to those with fewer injuries. Due to this observation, researchers have hypothesized a dose-response relationship between concussion history and decrements in NC function. For this study, we hypothesized an association between a history of multiple concussions and NC deficits in current soccer and football participants. Those with three or more concussions were predicted to perform worse than those with no prior injuries before an athletic season and experience NC decrements after a season. Athletes (n=101) from 5 high schools and one NCAA Division II university in Humboldt and Del Norte Counties were administered a computerized neurocognitive test with related demographics (ImPACT) and asked to self-report symptoms (PCSS) immediately before and after a competitive athletic season, and were administered an additional survey related to concussion history postseason. A FOUR (concussion history-0, 1, 2, 3 or more) X TWO (time- preseason, postseason) MANOVA was used to analyze ImPACT composite and PCSS scores between the concussion groups and between preseason vs. postseason. Athletes with three or more concussions (n=13) did not obtain lower preseason (baseline) scores than athletes without a history of concussion (n=53) and there were no significant changes from preseason to postseason composite scores across any concussion group. While findings from this study did not show significant changes in NC scores after a single competitive soccer or football season, there were observed trends that shed light on the importance of comprehensive large scale longitudinal studies.
27. Reproductive isolation in five hybridizing species of western gooseberries (Ribes: Grossulariaceae)
Kalt, Jennifer L.
Five species of western gooseberries (Ribes: Grossulariaceae) hybridize to varying degrees in northwestern California and southwestern Oregon. Pollinator surveys and hand-pollination experiments were conducted to identify reproductive barriers between the species pairs. I found little evidence of isolation due to pollinator behavior, since the five species tended to attract the same pollinators. My attempts to assess the level of post-pollination isolation were hindered by high rates of fruit abortion. Nevertheless, it appears that R. roezlii and R. menziesii are fully interfertile, and that unilateral barriers operate when R. lobbii, which has the longest styles of the set, is the maternal parent in crosses with the other species. Since the level of post-pollination isolation is not correlated with the observed frequency of hybridization in the field, ecological and/or geographical differences may play the most important role in isolating the species.
28. Displaying the past: representation and interpretation of Native American cultures in several California museums
Gilles, Mary Anne
Interviews were conducted at thirteen Northern California museums, which were selected because of their Native American collections and programming. The purpose of the field research was to determine the philosophies of the museums in connection with two questions: "Who owns Native American Artifacts" and "Are Native Americans involved in museum programming?" The introduction discusses the current political controversy concerning museum policies of holding artifacts which may have been wrongly taken from other cultures. It was found as a result of the field research that only one of the Northern California museum administrators interviewed felt that the artifacts belonged to the originating culture, and six out of the thirteen museums visited had involved Native American leaders in their interactive programs in the last few years. Various interactive programs are described which show great creativity in the involvement of Native American presenters-- artists, story-tellers, writers, weavers, historians, dancers, and spiritual leaders. The field researcher found an unexpected relationship between the association of museums with colleges or universities and an increased use of Native Americans in high quality museum programming. This relationship can be explored in further research. Recommendations are made to educate museum professionals in the area of political sensitivity to Native American leadership and ownership of artifacts.
29. Hans Richter's conducting career in England, 1877-1911
Cummings, Paul
The subject of this work is the life and career of Hans Richter (1843-1916), an eminent Austro-Hungarian conductor who specialized in interpretations of German Romantic music written during the second half of the nineteenth century. Primary focus will be on the first ten years (1877-86) of his thirty-five-year career as a conductor in England. The Richter Concerts, his series of London orchestral performances between 1879 and 1902, receive the most detailed coverage, while his activities as conductor of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra (1875-98) are only covered where relevant. Among the areas discussed are the repertoire performed at his concerts, its reception by music critics and the public, and the similarities between Richter's London and Vienna repertoire. Richter's efforts on behalf of British music will also be considered, in terms of his direct support for native composers and his contribution to the elevation of performance standards at English concerts. His relationships with composers will be explored as they relate to performances of their music.
30. Soil profile development models using geographic information system and satellite image analyses in Mendocino County, California
Howell, David W.
Point data that are collected during a soil survey are aggregated into conceptual map units and portrayed on maps. There is no extensive geographic method to provide information about the relationships between soil-forming factors and soil properties. These relationships are developed and used intuitively by soil scientists during a soil survey to guide map creation. This project tested the use of statistical modeling techniques and point soil data collected in a National Cooperative Soil Survey project to estimate the functional relationships between soil-forming factors and soil properties. These relationships could help increase efficiency and reduce cost of sampling in adjacent soil survey projects. Point soil data and generalized linear models were used to estimate these relationships. A geographic information system was used to algebraically combine classified soil-forming factor data layers. The resulting maps are a continuous estimation of the probability of the presence of three different soil properties. The probability maps were combined with mapped soils to compare the probabilities to mapped likelihoods of soil properties. One of the models appeared to provide reliable insights into relationships. The other two did not. Additional soil-forming factor data are needed.
31. Long-term effects of alternative hatchery mating practices and size selective fishing on age and sex composition of Chinook salmon populations returning to hatcheries
Chen, Yaming
Experimental matings of hatchery Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ) demonstrate that age at maturity is an inherited trait: generally, older aged parents produce progeny that mature at older ages than those produced by younger aged parents. On natural spawning grounds, larger and older males generally dominate in behavioral contests with younger and smaller males and females prefer mates that at least match their body size. I therefore hypothesized that completely random mating of Chinook salmon at hatcheries, often recommended as a strategy to maximize genetic diversity, should lead to unintended long-term selection for younger age at maturity. Using an age- and sex-structured model incorporating matrices of age- and sex-specific maturation probabilities for each possible mating type, I explored the theoretical long-term consequences of alternative hatchery mating strategies. Model results showed that completely random mating does indeed result in long-term selection for younger age at maturity, even when jacks are excluded as spawners. If instead females are mated only with males that exceed their size, then long-term selection for young age at maturity can be greatly reduced. Using the same age- and sex-structured model, I calculated approximate equilibrium age and sex structures for wild population models that incorporated male competition as well as female choice. A wild population model incorporating size-dependent mating success produced an equilibrium age and sex composition close to the wild Chinook salmon population upon which it was based. The size-dependent mating strategy very crudely mimics the natural spawning behaviors of Chinook salmon and could be feasibly implemented at large-scale production facilities. The importance of adopting such a mating strategy is heightened by continuing size-selective ocean fisheries that shift the age structure of spawning populations toward younger ages, contributing to additional long-term selection for younger age at maturity.
32. A kinematic analysis and comparison of a martial arts standing spin kicks and jumping spin kicks
Perez, Daniel R.
The study examined the martial arts spin kick when performed with a vertical jump and without a vertical jump. Seven black belt martial artists each participated in one 2-hour testing session that included performing six kicking trials consisting of three standing spin kicks and three jump spin kicks. Each participant's standing spin kick trial and jump spin kick trial which had the greatest heel marker linear velocity at target impact was used for statistical analysis. Standing spin kick and jump spin trials were digitally recorded using 8 MX3+ Vicon motion capture cameras. The height and linear velocity of the kicking leg heel marker, and the joint angular velocity of the kicking leg hip, knee, and ankle markers were measured at target impact and compared using a repeated measures MANOVA (α = .05) in order to determine what differences, if any, exist between the two variations of the kick. The MANOVA statistical analysis reported no significant difference in heel marker height or linear velocity between standing and jumping spin kicks at target impact. There was no significant difference in joint angular velocity for the hip, knee, and ankle markers at target impact between the standing and jumping kicks.
33. Concurrent revolutions : rock & roll and the civil rights movement
Baer, Cheryl LS
Rock & Roll burst upon the scene at the same time the Civil Rights Movement picked up momentum in the 1950s. While one might claim this was just a happy coincidence, it was actually a logical progression in music influenced by the same factors pushing the Civil Rights Movement forward. World War II, technology, migration of workers to urban centers, prosperity, and social anxiety of a changing society all affected the development of Rock & Roll and Civil Rights. Philip Ennis, author of The Seventh Stream: The Emergence of Rocknroll, Alan Dundes, in his book, Interpreting Folklore, and Reebee Garofalo, author of "Popular Music and the Civil Rights Movement" all present arguments that music both reflects and influences the social interactions and social movements of a period. Rock & Roll in the 1950s and 1960s expresses the social anxieties of the Civil Rights Movement. Ennis theorizes that Rock & Roll was the natural consequence of World War II and its aftermath as technology forged ahead impacting the arts, economics and politics of post-war America. Popular music actually provides important socio-political indicators of any social phenomenon as it gains national recognition. According to Garofalo, the trajectory of the Civil Rights Movement can be traced through an analysis of trends in popular music from the 1950s through the early 1970s. Changes in musical form, tone, instrumentation, production style, personnel and eventually changes in lyric content reflected social political changes. Rock & Roll is the derivative of musical forms that originated in the African-American culture and struggle for equality. African American music through the years reflects the institutionalized racial slavery, segregation and discrimination and the struggle for equality. Spirituals, blues, jazz, gospel, rhythm & blues, and country all contribute to Rock & Roll. David Szatmary, author of A Time to Rock: A Social History of Rock 'n' Roll, ties the development of rock music to the civil rights struggle. The Civil Rights Movement gained strength as coalitions were formed between black churches and secular organizations like the NAACP and CORE. This paralleled the joining of Gospel with Rhythm & Blues to create Rock & Roll. As the Civil Rights movement matured from gaining legal civil rights in the South, through a period seeking a color-blind society and then into Black Power, Rock & Roll was a social barometer to the movement. In Anti-Rock: The Opposition to Rock 'n Roll, Linda Martin and Kerry Segrave identify the sources of both racial and sexual anxiety as expressed in Rock & Roll. Arnold Shaw, in his book, Black Popular Music in America, furthers the connection of African Americans to Rock & Roll as they gain economic, political and civil rights in the 1950s and 1960s. In Flowers in the Dustbin, Jim Miller delineates conflicts engendered by cultural stereotypes and collective self-expression with freedom as the prize. The threat integration posed to white Americans by the Civil Rights Movement was magnified as Rock & Roll gained popularity with white teenagers. Identifying correlations between the evolving musical style of Rock & Roll and the societal changes, attitudes and expectations engendered through the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s is be the focus of this thesis project. The second part of this thesis project presents curriculum designed to build empathetic understanding of historical events among incarcerated teens. Teenagers isolated from political, economic and social power, find a sense of group membership and understanding in popular music. The thrust of curriculum development in this project will build on those strengths to engender an empathetic understanding of the struggles, transitions and accomplishments of the Civil Rights Movement with the evolution of Rock & Roll. Building an understanding of the Civil Rights Movement is an important part of the National History Standards and California State History Standards.
Teaching American History and Social Science
34. Bat activity across the vertical gradient of an old-growth redwood forest
Kennedy, Jean-Paul
Throughout their global distribution, bats vary in their use of microhabitats along the vertical strata of forests. Ground-based detection techniques typically cannot sample canopy strata in taller forests as it falls beyond detection and netting range. High-flying bats, those that exploit the canopy and above-canopy edge, may avoid capture or be under-represented in assessments using these methods. To improve our understanding of how bats use forests, I assessed bat activity and species stratification along the vertical gradient near Bull Creek in Humboldt Redwoods State Park, Humboldt County, northern California. Humboldt Redwoods State Park is the tallest forest in the world, containing 70 percent of known trees over 107 m. Two coast redwood, Sequoia sempervirens, trees were equipped with full spectrum automated bat detector units at treetop (108 m), middle crown (50 m), and ground level (5 m) from April 2008 to November 2009, excluding December and January. I sampled 1,365 detector nights and recorded 3,796 echolocation sequences containing one or more calls. I identified the presence of 12 species: Corynorhinus townsendii, Eptesicus fuscus, Lasionycteris noctivagans, Lasiurus blossevillii, L. cinereus, Myotis californicus, M. evotis, M. lucifugus, M. volans, M. thysanodes, M. yumanensis, and Tadarida brasiliensis. Two species, L. blossevillii, and T. brasiliensis, were undocumented in previously published surveys from redwood forests. I recorded the highest amount of activity at the treetop and least at the middle crown for both trees (65% and 43% at treetop, 7% and 23% at middle crown and 28% and 33% at ground level). I observed a greater number of species present at ground level compared to middle crown and treetop detectors at both trees. However, the data revealed a difference in the species composition of calls recorded at each level. Non-Myotis species composed 95% of the calls at the treetop, 87.5% at middle crown, and 21% at ground level. Calls from all Myotis species averaged 71% of all calls recorded from the ground level compared to less than 4% at both middle crown and treetop detectors. There was a marked decline, but not an absence of activity, during late fall through early spring. The combination of a temperate climate and observations of larger, migratory species during November, February, and March suggests the potential for resident populations or inland migrants overwintering in these forests. My findings illustrate the need to consider the full vertical habitat when designing bat habitat use studies, as species composition varies across the vertical gradient in forests.
35. Impacts of social trails around old-growth redwood trees in Redwood National and State Parks
Voigt, Claudia
Old-growth coastal redwood stands and the habitat they provide are the conservation target of Redwood National and State Parks (RNSP) in northern California. In recent years there has been greater access to location information about record-sized trees, and visitors have created networks of social trails in redwood groves, including one grove that has no formal access. Coupled with increasing visitor numbers, this has caused an alarming increase in recreational impacts in redwood groves. By providing visitors access to groves, managers accept that there will be ecosystem impacts, but data is needed to evaluate the degree of impact on trees, soil and understory vegetation. I assessed impacts of social trails around old-growth redwood trees in three alluvial flat groves with different use intensities in RNSP. In 2015 I mapped old-growth redwood trees and social trail networks around these trees. I randomly sampled 20 to 30 trees per site and collected baseline data on the spatial extent of disturbance and selected vegetation and soil indicators. Tree size (measured as diameter) proved to be significantly positively related with trampling disturbance around trees in two of the sites, while in the highest-use site, distance from the formal trail was most strongly related with disturbed area. The findings of this study will serve as initial baseline conditions for recreational impacts in these stands. RNSP can use the study design developed for this thesis to monitor changes in trail-related visitor impacts in old-growth redwood stands of management concern.
36. Narratives of sexual assault: military and civilian online resources
Gray, Tabitha Kay
This thesis is based on a content analysis of military and civilian websites providing sexual assault prevention and response resources. In 2014 I downloaded a purposive sample of 130 webpages and coded the narratives using ATLAS.ti qualitative data analysis software. Adopting a theoretical lens informed by the literature on master and collective action frames, I compared military and civilian resource narratives. I found that while a duty-oriented master frame was most common in the military online sexual resources, civilian organization websites were more likely to adopt a multicultural feminist frame. In my analysis I discuss the contradictions inherent as a military hypermasculinized institution deploys frames that align with its given structure and culture, while through a multicultural feminist lens these very systems are inculpated. To this extent, this frame analysis suggests issues that must be addressed in future discussions and decisions on military–produced resources for sexual assault prevention and response resources.
37. Bridging youth relationships from clubhouse to teen center: a curriculum for youth led peer-orientation program
Lymos, William Thomas III
Bridging the gap between youth populations, served through a community focused non-profit organization, can enhance the development of leadership skills in youth. This project was structured around a theoretical framework for positive youth development, which allows the teens to use skills that they already contain to solve problems that they may face (Damon, 2004, p.13). The goal of this project was to create a three-week curriculum that facilitates stronger connections between members at the Clubhouse and the Teen Center. The objective of the curriculum was to increase attendance by reinforcing the transition from the Clubhouse to the Teen Center, as well as fostering a sense of community between the facilities and the populations. Also included in the transition program is an orientation that focuses on four key points: facility collaboration, youth input for programming, outreach, and tour of the new site. At the end of the project, the Teen Center members created an Orientation for members transitioning from the Clubhouse to the Teen Center.
38. The effect of ankle prophylactic bracing on lower body kinematics when landing from a vertical jump
Rayburn, Joshua Paul
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the ASO ankle brace and the closed Gibney ankle taping method on kinematics of the lower body when landing from a vertical jump. By observing lower limb joint angular kinematics during landing this study may help to identify if ankle prophylactic bracing may increase the potential risk of injury to the more proximal unstabilized knee and hip joints. For this study, 10 females (age: 18-24 years), were randomly selected from a group (N= 24) of well-trained intercollegiate athletes, who had been competitive for at least 4 years in a jumping sport.Following a 10 minute warm up on an exercise bike, subjects were asked to perform three maximal vertical jumps with their ankles taped, braced or no stabilization. Lower body kinematic data was collected using 3D high-speed digital motion capture (120 fields/s, MX-3 Vicon, Centennial, CO) and reflective markers. Our research study has demonstrated that the external ankle stabilization method of the semi-rigid ASO lace-up brace and the Closed Gibney ankle taping method with figure of eights and heel locks have no significant effect on ankle, knee or hip joint ROM when landing from a vertical jump. However, the data showed a trend of reduction in ankle plantarflexion in both stabilization groups when compared to the control (p=.013).
39. Effects of rotational beef cattle grazing on microbial parameters in Elk River, Humboldt County, CA
Harrison, Justin
The addition of nutrients and fecal coliforms from grazing activities to stream systems has been of great concern to farmers, cattlemen, environmental agencies and advocates, and local citizens. The North Coast Regional Water Quality Board is in the process of developing Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) for the Elk River (Humboldt County, California), primarily focused on sediments, however, fecal coliforms may derive from rural septic systems, wildlife sources, and/or livestock grazing. Water samples were collected upstream, downstream, and at a stream crossing of the Westfall Mazzucchi Ranch, a rotational beef cattle grazing operation, over a period of 16 months. Particular attention was paid to wet and dry seasons and the presence or absence of cattle. An additional experiment was performed to characterize the attenuation of fecal coliforms and Salmonella in grazed paddock soils and bovine fecal pats over a period of about one month. An ANOVA revealed that there was no significant difference in fecal coliform concentrations in Elk River as a function of sampling location (p = 0.84). There was a significant difference in concentrations with regards to cattle presence or absence (p = 0.0007). The maximum colony forming unts (CFUs) per 100 mL (occurring June 10th, 2010) were 200, 213, and 285 at upstream, crossing, and downstream sampling sites, respectively. It was inferred that fecal coliform values were higher at the same time that cattle were present on the ranch and not that cattle were the sole contributors of bacteria, as this was an observational study. The maximum value per dry gram of bovine feces was 6.95 x 10 CFUs. Additional ANOVAs showed that there was a significant difference in fecal coliform values found within cowpats as a function of moisture content (p = 1.0 x 10-6). However, there was no statistical difference in fecal coliform concentrations of soils as a function of moisture content (p = 0.1248) or sampling location (p = 0.5036). It was concluded that the Westfall Mazzucchi Ranch utilizes management practices that reduce and/or eliminate microbial contributions made by cattle. However, further investigations would be needed to identify the magnitude of these contributions within the watershed as a whole and other possible sources of contamination.
Rangeland Resources
40. No compromise behind the Redwood Curtain: Earth First! and the timber wars in the California redwoods
Fulton, Colin
41. Economic analysis of a conservation easement in the Jacoby Creek watershed
Pearson, Erik J.
One of the greatest threats to forestland today is the increasing presence of people and houses creating potentially incompatible adjacent land uses — forestry and residential. Keeping large tracts of forest intact is beneficial for water quality, wildlife, aesthetics, general ecosystem health, and sustainable timber harvesting. A conservation easement is one tool available to landowners to ensure the perpetuation of forestland, open space, or other agricultural land. A conservation easement is a long term estate planning and land conservation tool whereby a landowner can voluntarily donate or sell the development rights associated with a particular piece of property. My study attempts to determine the economic benefits and costs resulting from the establishment of a conservation easement. Four alternatives are outlined and a cash flow diagram is constructed over a 10 year period for each option. A net present value is also calculated for each alternative. Land management options range from maintaining the current situation to maximizing profit from the land through timber harvesting and subdividing the land. A 50 acre piece of property in the Jacoby Creek watershed in Humboldt County, California is used as a case study for the four hypothetical situations. For the subject property and its owners, benefits such as income tax and estate tax savings are not great enough to make the creation of a conservation easement financially attractive. Perhaps if the property were larger and (or) more valuable, or if the owners had a larger annual income, the net present value for the easement alternatives would be greater.
42. A radio telemetric study of the movement patterns of adult northern red-legged frogs (Rana aurora aurora) at Freshwater Lagoon, Humboldt County, California
Haggard, Judy Ann Ganz
The movement ecology of the adult northern red-legged frog (Rana aurora aurora) is essentially unknown throughout its range. Systematic studies, particularly those that investigate terrestrial movements of these animals, are urgently needed since this species has been listed federally and by the state of California as a Species of Special Concern. I conducted a radio-telemetry study to determine the extent of the terrestrial movements and habitat use of 12 adult R. a. aurora, 11 females and 1 male, at Freshwater Lagoon, Humboldt County, California, from March through July 1999. The beaded-chain belt method of attaching radio transmitters was tested to evaluate its efficacy on adult R. a. aurora. There was considerable variability in the movements and movement patterns of the frogs. A majority of the frogs moved away from the periphery of the lagoon, the assumed breeding site, some to considerable distances (range of furthest distances = 30-270 m). Most of the distances moved per day were 5 m or less (range = 0-87.5 m). Observed range length (the map distance between the two relocation points farthest from each other in an individual's observed range) varied from 5 to 221 m. Those frogs who made long-distance moves did not, for the most part, do so synchronously, and there was no apparent pattern to these movements on a seasonal basis or in response to daily weather conditions. The frogs, except for one individual, were detected on land during 90% of the survey period, and they tended to stay 5 m or less from water (lagoon, stream, ditch, or seep). Overall distances from water did not appear to decrease as precipitation and soil moisture decreased. Although there was considerable individual variability, the frogs were found much more often in the closed canopy thicket/forest habitat than in the other habitat types, which, in descending order of use, were forb patch, emergent vegetation, grassland, and man-made objects. Sword ferns may be important at the microhabitat level in providing cover for R. aurora. Six of the frogs appeared to use intermittent streams, especially those upslope from the lagoon, within the study area as corridors for at least part of their travels. Conservation efforts should take into consideration that R. a. aurora uses upland habitats. Any terrestrial buffer zones should maintain key vegetative components such as dense patches of shrub and herbaceous vegetation. Movement surveys of R. aurora should be conducted year-round and for subsequent years. The beaded-chain belt method of attaching transmitters proved to be a relatively safe and effective technique for use on large adult R. a. aurora.
43. Experimental determination of pre-eruptive storage conditions and continuous decompression of rhyodacite magma erupted from Chaos Crags, Lassen Volcanic Center, California
Quinn, Erin Todd
A series of hydrothermal (high-temperature and -pressure) phase equilibrium experiments were performed on a natural rhyodacite pumice from the 1,050 calibrated years B.P. pyroclastic flow from the Chaos Crags, Lassen Volcanic Center, California. The pumice (LQ13-01, collected at the same location as LC84-417 by M.A. Clynne) is from the lower pyroclastic flow member of the group 1 lavas, the most silicic products known of Chaos Crags. Group 1 lavas are homogeneous (bulk rock containing 69-70 wt. % SiO2), petrographically and compositionally similar with rare to sparse mafic inclusions, and comprise the earliest emplaced units of Chaos Crags, the lower, middle, and upper pyroclastic flows, and domes A and B. Group 2 lavas are comparatively heterogeneous (bulk rock containing 67-69 wt. % SiO2), with increasing abundance (10-15%) of mafic inclusions throughout the emplacement sequence, and comprise domes C through F. The phase assemblage in the natural sample used as experimental starting material comprises phenocrysts of quartz, plagioclase feldspar with rims of ~An35, biotite, hornblende, and Fe-Ti oxides in a vesiculated glassy matrix. Trace mafic enclaves are also present, but were removed from experimental starting material. All experiments were performed in cold-seal furnaces at the Smithsonian Institution, under H2O-saturated conditions at pressures of 75 MPa to 200 MPa and temperatures of 750°C to 900°C, at oxygen fugacity (ƒO2) NNO+1 (±0.5-log-units), for 93 to 142 hours. SEM analyses of experimental products show quartz is stable at ≤200 MPa at 750°C to <175 MPa at 775°C and at 75 MPa at 800°C, and is not stable at temperatures ≥825°C, within the investigated pressure range. Amphibole is stable at >75 MPa at 750°C to >100 MPa at 775°C and at 200 MPa at 825°C, and is not stable at 75 MPa or ≥850°C. Biotite is stable at all investigated pressures at 750°C, stable >125 MPa at 800°C, and is not stable for any pressure at ≥850°C. Pyroxene, not present in the starting material is stable at 200 MPa at ≥800°C and all investigated pressures at ≥825°C. EPMA analyses of 16 anomagnetiteilmenite touching pairs have equilibrium temperatures of 760-775°C and fO2 of ~NNO+1.35 (model of Ghiorso and Evans, 2008). FTIR analysis of 34 quartz-hosted melt inclusions contain 3.99±0.40 to 6.48±0.65 wt.% (the bulk of analyses cluster between 3.99±0.40 and 5.42±0.54 wt. %) and up to 361±36 ppm CO2, suggesting saturation pressures of 92-297 MPa (model of Papale et al., 2006). EPMA analyses of amphibole rims show chemical equilibrium (model of Ridolfi et al., 2010) occurred at lower H2Omelt concentrations, lower pressure (71-89 MPa), slightly higher temperature (772-810°C), and more oxidizing (NNO+2.0 to NNO+2.6 log-units) conditions than melt inclusions and titanomagnetite-ilmenite pairs suggest. Comparison of the natural samples with experimental run products suggests H2O-saturated pre-eruptive pressure-temperature storage conditions of 145±25 MPa and 770±10°C. Continuous decompression experiments were conducted using experimental run product CCPb-34, equilibrated at 120 MPa and 775°C, with sufficient H2O to ensure H2O-saturated conditions, as a starting material. Decompression rates ranged from 8.5 MPa/hr to 0.35 MPa/hr, corresponding to total decompression times of 16 hours to 54 days. SEM and EPMA textural and geochemical comparisons between continuous decompression experimental run products and natural samples indicate that decompression and ascent of magma producing group 1 lavas was relatively quick, >2.6 MPa/hr (corresponding to minimum ascent velocity of 100 m/hr and total decompression times of <48 hrs), whereas magma that produced group 2 lavas (domes C-F) decompressed and ascended relatively slowly, <2.6 MPa/hr (corresponding to ascent velocity of <100 m/hr and total decompression times >48 hrs).
44. Analyzing interventions for increasing bicycle commuting
Conway, Michael
Bicycle commuting decreases traffic congestion, decreases dependency on oil consumption, and mitigates critical health conditions like heart disease and obesity. Yet, it is a challenge for non-profits, governmental and community organizations to increase bicycle commuting. I analyzed and reviewed several interventions (e.g. bike lanes, bike parking, education programs, traffic calming, etc.) presented in research for increasing bicycle commuting. I also employed an ethnographic research method from an emic account by conducting interviews of various commuter types in Eureka and Arcata CA and Corvallis and Portland OR. I identified the interventions they perceived as the most ineffective or effective for increasing bicycle commuting. I answered the question: What are bicycle commuters' perceptions of the interventions presented in research literature? Answering this question led me to develop a model for dealing with how to approach the implementation of interventions. This model may help determine which interventions are perceived by bicycle commuters as the most likely to increase bicycle commuting, and assist planners in developing appropriate interventions for their community.
45. Endothelial cells and blood flow: a mathematical model of early mechanical and electrophysiological reponses to shear stress
Pace, Jonathan R.
Atherosclerosis, hardening of the arteries, is a leading cause of death in America. Endothelial cells line the arteries and exhibit different morphology (shape) and different physiological properties in areas where atherosclerosis tends to develop. A better understanding of endothelial cell behavior will lead to a better understanding of this disease. This thesis outlines a model of early mechanical and electrophysiological responses following the onset of or change in blood flow. The model describes deformation of actin filaments and the cellular membrane under different blood flow conditions. We hypothesize that Kir ion channels are activated by the actin filament deformations and Cl– ion channels are activated by the membrane deformations. The deformations activate the channels by changing channel conductance. The sensitivity of these channels to different blood flow conditions allow them to act as flow sensors. Activation of the ion channels initiates biochemical signaling involving Ca²+, IP[subscript 3], K+, CL–, and Na+ with the changing ion concentrations leading to fluctuation of the membrane potential. We tested our model against experimentally observed Kir and Cl– currents, cytosolic calcium concentration, and membrane potentials measured before, during, on after the onset of flow. Our model failed to capture the cellular behavior observed in experiment, but it may serve as the basis of improved models of the coupling of mechanical and electrophysiological signals in ECs.
46. Fluvial strath terrace formation and soil development with tectonic implications along Cache Creek, California
Gaines, Jeffrey M.
The tectonic and climatic history of the Cache Creek watershed has been recorded by fluvial strath terraces from the late Pleistocene to the present. A total of nine terrace elevations at Wilson Valley and nine terrace elevations at Buck Island were mapped in detail. In lieu of numerical age control, the study of soil properties and soil development on these fluvial terraces has demonstrated that soils develop systematically with elevation and age. From this data a soil chronosequence has been established in Wilson Valley and at Buck Island. Using derived equations from soil properties and corresponding numerical ages (Harden and Taylor, 1983), age estimates have been calculated for each chronosequence. The estimated terrace ages for both study sites, based on the Ventura chronosequence data of Harden and Taylor range from 9 ka to 38 ka. The calculated uplift rates from these soil ages range from 0.26 to 0.36 mm/yr for the lower terraces and 1.25 to 2.0 mm/yr for the higher terraces. These uplift rate estimates suggest that the tectonic uplift/ incision rate in the upper Cache Creek drainage has not been constant during the late Pleistocene and have since decreased. The average estimated uplift rate calculated in this study of 1.1 mm/yr is thought to be higher than the estimates for the surrounding region. Terrace ages based on a constant average uplift rate of 1.1 mm/yr in Wilson Valley range from 3 ka for Qt2 and 67 ka for Qt9. Terraces ages at Buck Island based on the same rate range from 4 ka for Qt2 to 64 ka for Qt9. The difference in uplift rates between the upper Cache Creek drainage and surrounding region can be reasonably explained by a positive flower structure developing within a contractional duplex. Although this is a simple tectonic model trying to explain a complex system of strike-slip faults, it does agree with field observations, known fault geometry and calculations used in this study.
47. Longshore and seasonal variations in beach sand, Humboldt County, California : Implications for bulk longshore transport direction
Bodin, Paul
Subaerial beach sediments were sampled at 80 stations along 62 kilometers of the central Humboldt County shoreline. Samples were taken during winter and summer to represent both the fully eroded and fully accreted conditions of the beach. Beach samples were analyzed for the grain size distribution parameters of mode, mean, standard deviation, and skewness. The 1.75 phi to 2.75 phi size fractions were recombined and analyzed for both heavy mineral to light mineral ratios and for heavy mineralogy. Three samples each from the Mad and Eel Rivers, which are the chief sediment contributors to the study area, were subjected to a similar petrographic analysis. Results of the grain size analyses and of the analyses of the ratio of heavy minerals to light minerals indicate that the net annual longshore drift is generally northward, and that the Eel River is the chief source of sediment in the study area. The entrance channel to Humboldt Bay appears to be selectively trapping coarse particles (>500 microns) as sediments are passed through the channel system by longshore drift. Heavy/light ratios along the beach show strong seasonal differences probably related to selective sorting associated with cross-shore sand movements. Heavy mineral comparisons indicate that river sediments undergo a selective sorting in transport to the beach which obscures the provenance of beach materials.
48. Ephraim Willard Burr: a California pioneer
Hakenen, Ilza M.
This thesis is a culmination of my research regarding one of California's early pioneers. He was a gold-seeker, a financier, a politician and a doting husband. Ephraim Willard Burr arrived in San Francisco in 1849 clad in New England virtuosity and an ambition that would help shape the developing west. Toward the closing of his life he thankfully left a cryptic account of his life dictated by himself to a clerk, and this and a few other documents were later deposited for safekeeping in the Bancroft Library. It is this retelling along with 18 boxes of family letters and ephemera housed in the California Historical Society that create the first part of this thesis. The second segment of this project will focus on the creation of historical fiction in the classroom. Educational materials relating to the national, local and personal historical frameworks during Ephraim Willard Burr's life will serve as an introduction for the process of writing historical fiction. This unit is designed to build upon research and documentation skills learned through the history and social science curriculum. Using letters, diaries, newspaper accounts and standard historical texts, students will explore the art of weaving fact and fiction. Students will fill the silences and spaces of history with their own imaginations and in doing so will learn to cherish that which is fact and that which is commentary.
49. The social construction of mild mental retardation: a characterological response to poverty
Abrams, Nancy C.
The relationship between poverty and mental retardation as a social pathology is demonstrated in this thesis. It attempts to explore the relationship be-tween growing up in chronic poverty and the development of a "characterological response". Pertinent literature on mental retardation brings together the findings of different theorists that address the relationship between the culture of poverty and what is termed "mild", "borderline", or "familial mental retardation". Retardation may be a "symptom" of a predictable response to particular environmental circumstances. The adaption to the experience of growing up in cultural poverty may develop into dysfunction or maladjustment that would be identified as mental retardation. The intense and prolonged frustration that evolves from the experience of chronic poverty may create a particular characterological response. This response may become institutionalized through cultural norms and transmitted across generations through such things as communication and parenting styles.
50. An evaluation of the effectiveness of an unsupervised classification of Landsat imagery
Norman, Ruth A.
An unsupervised classification of Landsat data covering the Warner Mountain Ranger District of the Modoc National Forest, California was analyzed. Field data were in the form of Timber Stand Improvement (TSI) and Compartment Inventory Analysis (CIA) records. General stand descriptions were determined for four of the six conifer classes using mean values for stand characteristics from these timber stand examinations and spectral signatures of the classes. Discriminant analysis was applied to the average timber stand composition information paired with the six classes, from the Landsat data, identified as "conifer" by the California Department of Forestry (CDF). High standard deviations in each of the measured stand variables and poor assignments of plots to classes (41.2 to 65.2 percent) in the discriminant analysis limited the detail of the class descriptions. The results of this study indicated that unsupervised classification was not adequate for conventional timber type mapping in the study area.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Cortex-massage in progress over here at Cosmicleaf Records, with Germind's fourth installment of the exquisite Antimatter series. Deep basslines, simple and elegant. Gently evolving pads and hopeful melodies. Once again, a well balanced super-chilled collection of tracks with plenty of ethereal ambiance. Instantaneous relaxation.


Meet the new multiplayer io online game Begods.online. While planet Earth peacefully live its life, in the depth of space dozens of aliens war with each other for the right to become the strongest and fastest. If you like Star Wars, if you want a space powers – gather the wreckage of destroyed planets in space to build your own solar system and protect it from the enemy.
Attack others and receive bonuses for development of your own base! You play as an alien and you control the space ship. Create electric planets to not get tired quickly during the flight, do not lose your bonuses and increase the range of your radar; The more Earth planet you will have – the more health you will get; To increase the power of attack you will need fire planets, and to increase the size of deflector shields of your spacecraft you can with help of blue planets; Pink planets will increase your speed of moving in space. Use black holes to slip through the space, collect trophies scattered in space and use to hide from enemy radars, hyper jumps on your own base and health restore during the flight. Remember, that the bigger your solar system will be – then more powerful you will be and then you will have more chances to win!


Announcing our new Murfie iOS App!
Just kidding! We know there are many Murfie members out there who are Apple peeps.
our Murfie iOS App is here!
That's right, now you can stream your Murfie collection from your iPhone, iPad, or any iOS device, using our new, super specially-designed streaming application!
Soon you'll be streaming like a pro! Yes, we are encouraging you to go nuts here. This is our first app, specifically for streaming your Murfie collection, and we have big plans for more features.
YAY! But Please please please create a search function.
When you're at the TOP of an album list, scroll down and the search bar appears. Should we add a button too?
Hope folks enjoy the app! It's a "version one" and we plan to add more cool stuff to it. Please do let us know what you think and what you'd like to see in it, feature-wise. Drop us an email to info@murfie.com and spill yer guts! Thx!


The item The mummy : complete legacy collection, Universal Pictures represents a specific, individual, material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Salisbury Public Library.
Schayer, Richard E., (Richard Ernest), 1882-1956.
Feitshans, Fred R., Jr., 1909-1987.


Engaging your customers in a way that makes them feel welcome has always been a good way for small businesses to build a loyal following. Before big-box retailers and business-to-consumer websites existed, people frequented local businesses, where the owners were their neighbors and part of the community. They not only bought products, they developed social relationships with business owners.
Fast-forward to the current way business is conducted, and you will see more and more small businesses developing a strong presence on the Internet. Whether you have a small Internet-based business or operate a brick-and-mortar store in the middle of your town, you need to be online and use social media to stay competitive.
No longer is social media just a place for kids to hang out online with their friends. After the 2012 U.S. presidential election, the Pew Research Center conducted a survey about Internet usage. The survey revealed that in December, 67 percent of all adults who go online use social networking sites. With literally billions of people around the world using Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest and numerous other social sites, businesses need to incorporate social media into their marketing plans.
You may already have a website where customers and potential customers can go to find out about your company and the products or services you offer. As every Internet marketing guru will tell you, your website must always be fluid. If you want people to come back, you need to add fresh content, and blogging is a great way to do that. Once you have some good content, you can link to it on social media sites and drive traffic to your website.
Not everyone is comfortable venturing into new territory, so if you're unsure about how to promote your business online, get help creating your social media marketing campaign.
One of the mistakes that you can make when getting started with a social media campaign is to try and be all things to everybody. That is impossible. Even a huge company like Disney knows that its focus must be on families with young children – why waste time marketing to people who are not interested in what you're selling?
Do some demographic research to find out where your target audience hangs out online. Then develop content that will appeal to that audience, and start building a following.
Everyone wants to feel like they are important, so find a way to interact with the public. Stimulate conversation by posting a quiz about a service or product you provide. Use surveys and allow people to post their comments and opinions. It is important that you have someone continue the conversation and post results of surveys. Customers are usually happy to offer feedback, and they're even happier when they know you're listening to what they have to say.
Make sure that you connect your website to your social media channels with links in both directions. Social media allows you to reach a large number of people with very little expense. With practice, you will discover what works best for you and build a following of people who are likely to become customers.
July 3, 2013 admin Comments Off on What Questions You Should Ask A Supplier Before You Buy Printers For Your Business?


text:
William Galvin
Practice Management>Regulation & Compliance
Galvin Signs Off on Massachusetts Fiduciary Rule
Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth William Galvin originally sought public comments on a proposed fiduciary standard in June as a response to the SEC's passage of Regulation Best Interest.
Patrick Donachie | Dec 02, 2019
Massachusetts is moving forward on a proposal to enact a fiduciary standard that would apply to both broker/dealers and investment advisors, according to an announcement from Secretary of the Commonwealth William Galvin, who signed off on the new regulations Friday.
In a statement, Galvin said the regulations were in direct response to the Securities and Exchange Commission's Regulation Best Interest rule, which will be implemented next June. Galvin said the SEC had "failed to provide investors with the protections they need against conflicts of interest in the financial industry."
"My office has seen firsthand the serious financial harm that investors and savers have suffered as a result of conflicted financial advice," he said. "Investors must come first."
The proposed rule would pertain to all broker/dealers and advisors, mandating they offer advice based on what is best for customers without regard for their own interest. According to Galvin, the proposed rule would be "based on the common law fiduciary duties of care and loyalty," and would apply to advisors' interactions with individual investors, municipalities and pension plans.
On June 14, only several weeks after SEC commissioners voted 3-1 to adopt Reg BI, Galvin announced he was seeking public comments for a proposed fiduciary standard for the Bay State. While Galvin enjoyed support from state Attorney General Maura Healey and the Public Investors Advocate Bar Association, the proposal faced considerable oppositions from facets of Boston's business community. In a June 24 letter about the proposed regulation, Greater Boston Chamber of Commerce President and CEO James E. Rooney wrote that a fiduciary rule for Massachusetts would be "overwhelmingly negative" for broker/dealers and retail investors alike.
"The cost of doing business will increase for broker/dealers, while the menu of services they are able to offer clients will decrease," the letter stated. "Long-term, this will pose a risk to average investors' ability to build savings and wealth."
Massachusetts has not been alone in proposing more robust fiduciary standards in response to the SEC's passage of Reg BI. New Jersey is in the midst of a public comment period for a potential fiduciary rule from the state's Securities Bureau, with other states (including Nevada and Maryland) proposing their own legislation or regulation with varying levels of success. These moves by states to enact stronger fiduciary protections will presumably lead to court challenges by opponents arguing that a uniform federal standard is more appropriate.
According to Galvin's office, the next step in the process is a hearing on the regulations, which will be announced at a later date.
TAGS: Industry