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Dick Tibboel Director of Research
Sophia Children's Hospital
Dick Tibboel
Prof. Dr. D. Tibboel followed his training in Pediatrics during the period 1980-1984 at the Sophia Children's Hospital. In 1984 he became head of the Pediatric Surgical Intensive Care Unit and in January 1993, Sophia Foundation Professor of Experimental Pediatric Surgery. In August 2005 he was appointed full professor (Research Intensive Care in Childhood). In 2008 he became the director of the ICU at the Sophia Children's Hospital. He is (co)-author of over 578 international peer reviewed articles. He is a member of several Editorial Boards, chairman of the scientific committee of the European Society for Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care (ESPNIC) and member of the American Thoracic Society(ATS). In 2002 he was awarded the Edgar Doncker prize from the Dutch Pediatric Association for his outstanding contributions in the field of major congenital anomalies. In total, over 90 PhD students wrote their thesis under his guidance.
In 2013 he was appointed Director of Research, Sophia Children's Hospital.
Rita P Verma Director of Research
Nassau University Medical Center
Rita P Verma
Rita P. Verma, MD is a practicing Pediatrician in Richmond Hill, NY. Dr. Verma graduated from Lalitnarayan Mithila University in 1973 and has been in practice for 45 years. She completed a residency at Suny Upstate. Dr. Verma also specializes in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. She currently practices at Best Medical Care and is affiliated with Nassau University Medical Center. Dr. Verma accepts multiple insurance plans including MVP Health Plan, Medicare and Humana. Dr. Verma is board certified in Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. Dr. Verma also practices at Nassau University Medical Center in East Meadow, NY. In addition to English, Dr. Verma's practice supports in Spanish language.
Carmelo Romeo Head of Pediatric Surgery
University of Messina
Carmelo Romeo
Carmelo Romeo is a Full Professor of Pediatric Surgery at the University of Messina and Director of the Operative Unit of Pediatric Surgery, Policlinico G. Martino Messina from July 2009. He completed Post Graduation in Rhode Island Hospital Pediatric Surgery (USA) and Pediatric Surgery University of Bologna from 1987 - 1989. He has been in practice for 28 years. He is the author of 266 scientific publications: 150 in extension national and international journals; 4 monographs, 12 chapters of books, 100 abstracts and 7 videos presented at National and International Congresses. He is an editorial member of many international scientific journals like Case Reports in Pediatrics (Hindawi Publishing), Journal of Pediatrics and Neonatal disorders (Annex Publishers), Journal of Pediatric Surgery and Journal of Pediatric Nephrology Research (ACT Publishing).
Zora Raboteg-Saric Professor
Ivo Pilar Institute of Social Sciences
Zora Raboteg-Saric
Professor Zora Raboteg-Saric is a research advisor at the Ivo Pilar Institute of Social Sciences in Zagreb and the head of its Centre for Child, Youth and Family Studies. She received her Ph.D. in psychology at the University of Zagreb in 1993. She was the head of several research projects funded by the Croatian Ministry of Science, Croatian government offices and international organizations that focus on child and adolescent socio-emotional development and subjective well-being, peer relations, parenting and vulnerable social groups. She worked as Adjunct Professor at the Croatian Studies of the University of Zagreb, where she taught several courses in the areas of developmental psychology for many years. At the national level, she served as a member of the Council for Youth of the Croatian government and a member of the National Scientific Council. Professor Raboteg-Saric has published over 60 original papers and reviews, authored a book on the psychology of altruism, co-authored books on single-parent families, quality of life of youth in war-affected areas, trafficking in women and children, and co-edited a book on war and traumatic psychology.
Antonio Ruggiero Associate professor
Antonio Ruggiero
Prof. Ruggiero is currently an associate professor in the Department of Pediatrics at the Catholic University of Rome where he is responsible for teaching Pediatrics and Pediatric Hematology and Oncology. He received his medical degree from the Catholic University in Rome in 1992. He holds Board of Pediatrics in 1996 and Board of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology in 1998 at the Catholic University of Rome. His research interests focus on pediatric clinical trials, clinical pharmacology of antineoplastic drugs, pain therapy and pediatric drugs. He is one of the winners of the 2013 edition of prize awarded to the Lucanians who have distinguished themselves in national and international social life. Carrying a regular patient load as consultant in pediatric hemato-oncology allows him to maintain his clinical skills and to promote improvements in safety and quality of healthcare.
Intikhab Zafurallah PIC/Kids Consultant
Intikhab Zafurallah
Gunnar Naulaers Professor
UZ Leuven Hospitals
Gunnar Naulaers
Prof Gunnar Naulaers graduated as MD at Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL) in 1990. He specialized in pediatrics and later in neonatology at the University Hospitals Leuven. He started as a staff member at the NICU University Hospitals Leuven in 1997 and became head of the NICU in 2007. He received a Clinical Doctoral Grant from the Fund of Scientific Research, Flanders and graduated as PhD in 2003 with the manuscript Non-invasive measurement of the cerebral and splanchnic circulation by near-infrared spectroscopy. As member of the European Neonatal Brain Club he further specialised in neonatal neurology. He currently President of the College Mother-child, section neonates and member of the board of BVN (Belgian society of Neonatology), VVK (Flemish society of pediatrics) and SPE (Study center perinatal epidemiology)
John Lennyn Velasquez Pediatrics Specialist
UPI Pediatric Integral SAS
John Lennyn Velasquez
Doctor, specialist in Pediatrics graduated from the Metropolitan University of Barranquilla (2011 - 2014). He works in the areas of Intensive Care Unit, Pediatric Prenatal Consultation and External Consultation, providing comprehensive care to the child in their different ages of life, from birth to adolescence, with extensive knowledge and efficiency. Presently is the President of the Colombian Society of Pediatric Nari�o Regional and Active member of the Nari�o Childcare Program. Research Interests: Pulmonary hypertension of newborn lung development
Got any questions? Please get in touch!
Renee Beatriz
contact@pediatrics2019.org
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Copyright © 2017 Pediatrics & Child Care 2019 All rights reserved


Gowdy URL for Get Update: Данная база VID\ PID USB- устройств от. Driver printer canon e510 windows 7. Apr 13, · Source the tutorial Reset Methods for All Brother Printer Models article is from Indoreset Yahoo Group other instruction is this method you need to go to maintenance. Mar 17 ・ 光学10倍ズーム以上; \ 37, · ・ 高感度1600 800 - 710万画素/ 10倍/ xd/ 2.
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What makes some people more prone to wedded bliss or sorrow than others? Researchers at UC Berkeley and Northwestern University have found a major clue in our DNA. A gene involved in the regulation of serotonin can predict how much our emotions affect our relationships, according to a new study that may be the first to link genetics, emotions, and marital satisfaction. The study was conducted at UC Berkeley.
Specifically, researchers found a link between relationship fulfillment and a gene variant, or "allele," known as 5-HTTLPR. All humans inherit a copy of this gene variant from each parent. Study participants with two short 5-HTTLPR alleles were found to be most unhappy in their marriages when there was a lot of negative emotion, such as anger and contempt, and most happy when there was positive emotion, such as humor and affection. By contrast, those with one or two long alleles were far less bothered by the emotional tenor of their marriages.
"We are always trying to understand the recipe for a good relationship, and emotion keeps coming up as an important ingredient," said Levenson, who heads up a longitudinal study that has tracked over 150 married couples for more than 20 years.
The new findings don't mean that couples with different variations of 5-HTTLPR are incompatible, the researchers note. Instead, it suggests that those with two short alleles are likelier to thrive in a good relationship and suffer in a bad one. The results of the study, which looked at the genotypes of more than 100 spouses and observed how they interacted with their partners over time, bore this out, they said.
Participants in the study belong to a group of 156 middle-aged and older couples whose relationships Levenson and fellow researchers have followed since 1989. Every five years, the couples have come to UC Berkeley to report on their marital satisfaction and interact with one another in a lab setting while researchers code their conversations based on facial expressions, body language, tone of voice and topic of discussion.
More recently, 125 of the study participants provided DNA samples, and researchers matched their genotypes with their levels of marital satisfaction and the emotional tenor of their interactions in the lab setting.
The link between genes, emotion and marital satisfaction was particularly pronounced for older adults. "One explanation for this latter finding is that in late life – just as in early childhood – we are maximally susceptible to the influences of our genes," Levenson said.


text:
All of our school Houses are named in honour of a saint that is associated with our school patron, Jesus' mother, St. Mary.
Pupils are assigned to one of the four houses on entrance to the school in Reception Class where they remain until the end of Year 6; younger siblings become a member of the same house. Each member of staff is also attached to a house.
Feast day: 26th July
Patron saint of Mothers
St. Anne was the mother of Mary and the grandmother of Jesus.
The name Anne derives from the Hebrew name 'Hannah' which means 'grace'. Anne was married to Joachim and they lived in Nazareth.
An angel appeared to Anne and said that she would have a child who she was to name Mary and dedicate to God.
Feast day: 16th April
Patron saint of Bodily illness
Bernadette Soubirous was a young girl who lived in the town of Lourdes in France. She received several visions of the Virgin Mary and soon word spread about the cave in which she had found healing springs of water.
Lourdes has become a pilgrimage site for worshippers from around the world.
She died on April 16th 1879.
Feast: 29th September
Patron saint of Messengers
Saint Gabriel, the Archangel, appeared to both Zechariah and Mary foretelling the birth of John the Baptist and Jesus.
Gabriel means "God is my strength".
St. Gabriel was a messenger from God and told Mary that she was to have a son and to name him Jesus.
Jesus would be the son of the most high.
Feast day:19th March
Patron saint of Workers.
Joseph was the husband of Mary, Jesus' mother.
St. Joseph was a man of faith, obedient to God in every way.
He took full responsibility for the care of Jesus.
St. Joseph raised the Lord Jesus, loved Him and cared for His safety.
St. Joseph supported himself and his family by his work as a carpenter.
Our Class Saints
Nursery: Saint Elizabeth
Reception: Saint Patrick
Year 1: Saint John the Baptist
Year 2: Saint Bernadette
Year 3: Saint Clare
Year 4: Saint Bartholomew
Year 5: Saints Thomas More & John Fisher
Year 6: Saint Mary Magdalene

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
import { Component, OnInit } from '@angular/core';
import { AuthService } from '@auth0/auth0-angular';

@Component({
  selector: 'app-user-profile',
  templateUrl: './user-profile.component.html',
  styleUrls: ['./user-profile.component.css']
})
export class UserProfileComponent implements OnInit {

  constructor(public auth: AuthService) { }

  ngOnInit(): void {
  }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
New 'Sonos Roam' Portable Speaker Photos Leaked, Set to Release in April
Usman Qureshi
The folks over at The Verge have just shared the very first images of the upcoming new 'Sonos Roam' portable speaker in black and white colours. Set to release in April for $169 in the U.S., the Sonos Roam is significantly smaller than the Sonos Move Bluetooth speaker.
Citing a source with direct knowledge of the Roam, the report notes that the speaker measures 6.5 x 2.5 x 2.5 inches and weighs around a pound. It will come with a USB charging cable, and a wireless charging dock will be sold separately for $49.
Roam's Battery life is expected to be around 10 hours on a full charge, and it is fully waterproof, which will help it compete against the similarly-rugged competition.
The Sonos Roam will be able to play audio over both Wi-Fi and Bluetooth on the go. On Wi-Fi, the Roam will function like any recent Sonos speaker as part of a multi-room system. It runs on the company's S2 platform that rolled out last year.
There are built-in mics for hands-free voice commands for either Amazon Alexa or Google Assistant, and AirPlay 2 is supported as well. Two Roams can be stereo paired when in Wi-Fi mode.
The new speaker first popped up in a Federal Communications Commission filing. Since then, Sonos has confirmed it will announce a new product sometime on March 9th.
Other articles in the category: News
Apple Making Tools to Let People Easily Build AR Apps–with Siri? [Report]
Apple reportedly wants an easy way for people to build augmented reality apps, that might even be assisted by the company's Siri voice assistant, reports The Information. Unnamed sources say Apple plans to let Siri build an AR app when asked through its upcoming mixed-reality headset. These apps would then be able to submit to […]
Apple Using Tencent's Blacklist to Block Websites in Hong Kong
According to a report by The Intercept, Apple is using Chinese company Tencent's blacklist to block access to certain websites via Safari in Hong Kong. Last month, Apple users in Hong Kong trying to access the code-sharing website GitLab were presented with a warning that says the website is being blocked for their own safety. Safari's "safe...
How to Use Video Effects with Continuity Camera with iPhone on Mac
Apple has shared a handy video on its YouTube support channel, explaining how you can add video effects when using Continuity Camera with iPhone on a Mac. If you're using Continuity Camera with a virtual conference app or FaceTime on your Mac, you can add these video effects from Control Center while you chat. Center Stage...


The disease of civilization is not tools, citizen.
Ignorance might be closer to it.
Above all, I have no case against human nature.
Whatever that is, I like it.
After you've kissed your wife and gone to sleep?
I like everything but important people being important.
And academic people being academic.
Interest receivable, payment due, balance on hand.
And columns of soldiers marching.
Posted in Ideas and tagged Academics, Civilization, John Ciardi, Money, War. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Q: parallel::mclapply() adds or removes bindings to the global environment. Which ones? Why this matters
For drake, I want users to be able to execute mclapply() calls within a locked global environment. The environment is locked for the sake of reproducibility. Without locking, data analysis pipelines could invalidate themselves.
Evidence that mclapply() adds or removes global bindings
set.seed(0)
a <- 1

# Works as expected.
rnorm(1)
#> [1] 1.262954
tmp <- parallel::mclapply(1:2, identity, mc.cores = 2)

# No new bindings allowed.
lockEnvironment(globalenv())

# With a locked environment
a <- 2 # Existing bindings are not locked.
b <- 2 # As expected, we cannot create new bindings.
#> Error in eval(expr, envir, enclos): cannot add bindings to a locked environment
tmp <- parallel::mclapply(1:2, identity, mc.cores = 2) # Unexpected error.
#> Warning in parallel::mclapply(1:2, identity, mc.cores = 2): all scheduled
#> cores encountered errors in user code

Created on 2019-01-16 by the reprex package (v0.2.1)
EDIT
For the original motivating problem, see https://github.com/ropensci/drake/issues/675 and https://ropenscilabs.github.io/drake-manual/hpc.html#parallel-computing-within-targets.

A: I think parallel:::mc.set.stream() has the answer. Apparently, mclapply() tries to remove .Random.seed from the global environment by default. Since the default RNG algorithm is Mersenne Twister, we dive into the else block below.
> parallel:::mc.set.stream
function ()
{
    if (RNGkind()[1L] == "L'Ecuyer-CMRG") {
        assign(".Random.seed", get("LEcuyer.seed", envir = RNGenv),
            envir = .GlobalEnv)
    }
    else {
        if (exists(".Random.seed", envir = .GlobalEnv, inherits = FALSE))
            rm(".Random.seed", envir = .GlobalEnv, inherits = FALSE)
    }
}
<bytecode: 0x4709808>
<environment: namespace:parallel>

We can use mc.set.seed = FALSE to make the following code work, but this is probably not a good idea in practice.
set.seed(0)
lockEnvironment(globalenv())
parallel::mclapply(1:2, identity, mc.cores = 2, mc.set.seed = FALSE)

I wonder if there is a way to lock the environment while still allowing us to remove .Random.seed.

A: You can remove the .Random.seed yourself before you lock the environment. Also you need to load the library (or use the function before) and assign tmp to something.
library(parallel)
tmp <- NULL
rm(".Random.seed", envir = .GlobalEnv, inherits = FALSE)
lockEnvironment(globalenv())
tmp <- parallel::mclapply(1:2, identity, mc.cores = 2)

Of course this will not allow functions that need .Random.seed like rnorm to work.
A workaround is to to change the RNG kind to "L'Ecuyer-CMRG", see also here ?nextRNGStream:
library(parallel)
tmp <- NULL
RNGkind("L'Ecuyer-CMRG")
lockEnvironment(globalenv())
tmp <- parallel::mclapply(1:2, rnorm, mc.cores = 2)

EDIT
I thought of another solution to your problem and I think this will work with any RNG (did not test much). You can override the function that removes .Random.seed with one that just sets it to NULL
library(parallel)
mc.set.stream <- function () {
  if (RNGkind()[1L] == "L'Ecuyer-CMRG") {
    assign(".Random.seed", get("LEcuyer.seed", envir = RNGenv),
           envir = .GlobalEnv)
  } else {
    if (exists(".Random.seed", envir = .GlobalEnv, inherits = FALSE)) {
      assign(".Random.seed", NULL, envir = .GlobalEnv)
    }
  }
}

assignInNamespace("mc.set.stream", mc.set.stream, asNamespace("parallel"))
tmp <- NULL
set.seed(0)
lockEnvironment(globalenv())
tmp <- parallel::mclapply(1:2, rnorm, mc.cores = 2)

One final thought: you can create a new environment containing all things you don't want to be changed, lock it and work in there.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
A magnitude 5.9 earthquake struck Tanzania  east northeast of Nsunga, Kagera Region on September 10 at a depth of . The shock had a maximum intensity of VII (Very strong). Nineteen people were killed and 253 injured in Tanzania, while four people were killed in Kamuli and seven others were injured in the Rakai District of neighbouring Uganda.

Tectonic setting
The 5.9 magnitude earthquake near the west shore of Lake Victoria in northern Tanzania occurred as the result of shallow oblique faulting within the lithosphere of the African plate. The focal mechanism solution for the earthquake indicates rupture occurred on a moderately dipping fault striking either northeast–southwest (right-lateral slip) or east–west (left-lateral slip).

The location of the earthquake broadly places it in the East African Rift System, a 3,000-km-long Cenozoic age continental rift extending from the Afar Triple Junction (between the horn of Africa and the Middle East), to Mozambique. In this context, this earthquake is some 200 km or more to the east of the West Branch of the Rift System, which runs along the border between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and both Uganda (in the north) and Tanzania (to the south). The East Branch of the Rift System runs north-to-south through Kenya and Tanzania, several hundred kilometers to the east of the earthquake. The Victoria microplate lies between these two branches of the rift, and helps to accommodate the dominantly divergent (extensional) tectonics of the Rift System, where rift segments are connected by dominantly strike-slip transform faults. The earthquake is consistent with this mixed divergent and strike slip setting, and occurred somewhat centrally within that microplate, in an area with little to no recorded earthquakes over the past century.

Historically, seismicity in the East African Rift is mainly concentrated along the branches of the rift system (i.e., at the edges of the Victoria microplate, and along the main rift running through Ethiopia in the north, and Malawi and Mozambique in the south). Over the preceding century, only one other earthquake has been recorded within 100 km of the earthquake – a M 4.3 event in Lake Victoria in December 2013. Further afield, 22 M6+ events have occurred within 500 km of the earthquake over the preceding century, most on the Western Branch of the Rift System to the west of this earthquake. These include a M 6.6 earthquake in March 1966 near Lake Edward on the Uganda-DRC border. Tanzania's largest historic earthquake over this time period was a M 7.2 event in July 1919, near Lake Tanganyika in the west of the country. A M 6.8 earthquake near the center of Lake Tanganyika in December 2005 resulted in half a dozen or more fatalities.

Earthquake
The 5.9  earthquake was located in the Tanzania-Uganda border, and was felt as far away as Rwanda and Burundi. It was the largest earthquake in Tanzania since 2000, and is one of the deadliest.

Casualties and damage
At least 19 people were killed and 253 others injured in Tanzania, with most of the casualties occurring in the town of Bukoba, which suffered widespread damage. In the immediate aftermath of the quake, the main hospital was reported to be stretched beyond its capacity and running low on stocks of medicine, while electricity and telecommunication services were disrupted. On September 12, the Tanzanian Prime Minister Kassim Majaliwa's office reported at least 840 houses were destroyed by the quake, with another 1,264 seriously damaged, rendering thousands of people homeless.

In Uganda, the most affected area was the Kyebe sub-county near Kakuuto, where about 78 houses collapsed at Minziiro, and more than 40 others at Kannabulemu, including a police post. At least four people were killed and seven others were injured across the country.

The tremor was also felt in Burundi, DRC, Kenya and Rwanda.

Response

Members of the Tanzanian Red Cross took part in relief and rescue operations after the quake, aided by volunteers from across the country, as well as from neighbouring Uganda and Kenya.

The President of Tanzania John Magufuli postponed a visit to Zambia to take charge of the government's relief efforts, while his Kenyan counterpart Uhuru Kenyatta expressed solidarity with the people of Tanzania and ordered the Kenya Defence Forces to airlift iron sheets, blankets and mattresses in response to the disaster.

See also

 List of earthquakes in 2016
 List of earthquakes in Tanzania
 1966 Toro earthquake
 2005 Lake Tanganyika earthquake

References

External links
Testimonies collected by the EMSC

2016 earthquakes
2016 in Tanzania
2016 in Rwanda
Earthquakes in Tanzania
Earthquakes in Rwanda
September 2016 events in Africa
2016 disasters in Tanzania

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The renewal cycle for the Certified in Healthcare Human Resources (CHHR) credential is three years, with expiration on the last day of the month in which certification expires. Renewal may be achieved by completing eligible professional development activities or retaking and passing the CHHR Examination. The issued CHHR certificate indicates the date certification was earned and expires.
The CHHR Renewal Application describes provisions for certification renewal and criteria for acceptable continuing professional education.
To assist in tracking your continuing education, ASHHRA has created the Continuing Education Tracker for CHHR.


text:
Lutein & Zeaxanthin ('90s, '00- '08, '16): Macular Degeneration
Learn more about the macula.
Scientists have established that macular pigments are located in the retina. Lutein (in the periphery of the macula) and zeaxanthin (in the central area of the macula) make up these carotenoid macular pigments discussed in the following studies.
This study focused on the role of macular pigment in which lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin are highly concentrated and where they work to do a number of tasks in addition to filtering blue light. Lutein is the primary carotenoid in the periphery of the macula, zeaxanthin more toward the center, and meso-zeasanthin in the very center of the macula.
These carotenoids help vision in several ways.
Many studies have demonstrated that the three carotenoids improve recovery from macular degeneration, especially protecting against onset of late or advanced macular degeneration (wet AMD), and reducing risk for those who are genetically pre-disposed towards the condition.
Lutein and zeaxanthin reduce glare discomfort and glare recovery time.
They improve the functioning of the macula through comprising the pigment layer which filters blue light.
They positively impact the speed at which the optic nerve transmits information to the rest of the brain.
Lutein levels have been found to improve vision adaption from light to dark and from dark to light.
Research also shows promising results between higher levels of the carotenoids and lower risk of diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity.
There have been mixed results concerning the relationship of the carotenoids and cataracts.
Researchers: Veronica Castro Lima, et al.
Published: Macular pigment in retinal health and disease, International Journal of Retina and Vitreous, August, 2016.
A longitudinal study substantiated earlier conclusions.
Over 10 years researchers evaluated the diets and antioxidant supplementation and the long-term risk of age-related macular degeneration in over 2400 patients.
Subjects with greater levels of lutein and zeaxanthin intake had a reduced risk of the advanced form of wet macular degeneration, and those patients with intake levels above the median level had a lower risk of soft drusen, the fatty deposits that are characteristic of AMD.
The researchers reported that high consumption of these nutrients through diet and/or supplementation significantly reduced the risk of developing macular degeneration. It also confirmed findings about other nutrients from the first AREDS study.
Researchers: J.S.L. Tan, J.J. Wang, V. Flood, E. Rochtchina, W. Smith, P. Mitchell, Centre for Vision Research, University of Sidney, Australia
Published: Dietary Antioxidants and the Long-term Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Blue Mountains Eye Study, Ophthalmology, February 2008
A longitudinal study of women aged 50-79 in Iowa, Wisconsin and Oregon evaluated the relationship between lutein and zeaxanthin in their diet and macular degeneration incidence.
Four to seven years later the same women were included in the Carotenoids in Age-Related Eye Disease Study and the incidence of AMD was determined in almost 1800 women by means of retinal photographs.
Although the incidence of AMD was not greatly different for the groups with high and low levels of carotenoids in their diet, the researchers found that when they evaluated only those younger women (<75) who also had a stable consumption of the two carotenoids, and who also had no other history of the kind of diseases related to diet, it was found that the AMD risk was markedly reduced.
Researchers: Suzen M. Moeller, PhD, et al, CAREDS Research Study Group
Published: Archives of Opthalmology, 2006
The paper summaries understandings about lutein and zeaxanthin to date.
Both lutein and zeaxanthin are carotenoids given yellow color by the pigment lutea, meaning yellow. They are found in the periphery and center of the macula respectively. Other major carotenoids such as lycopene or beta-carotene are not found in macular tissue. Researchers understand that these macular pigments probably protect the retina against damage from light and that studies demonstrate evidence that increasing intake of these carotenoids lowers the risk of developing macular degeneration by protecting the eye against oxidative damage. They acts as filters to damaging blue light and they block certain oxidative actions.
Published: Developments in Ophthalmology, 2005
Researchers: E. J. Johnson, et al
Published: Relation among serum and tissue concentrations of lutein and zeaxanthin and macular pigment density, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, June, 2000.
In this study researchers evaluated the connection between blood plasma levels of lutein and zeaxanthin and AMD in 380 UK men and women aged 66 to 75 years old. They used the Wisconsin Age-Related Maculopathy Grading System to compare early and late macular degeneration and blood samples.
They found that the risk of both early or late starting age-related macular degeneration was higher in patients with lower blood plasma concentrations of zeaxanthin. Compared with those in the highest 1/3, people whose plasma concentration was in the lowest 1/3 had 2 times higher odds for risk of age-related macular degeneration.
Researchers: Catharine R. Gale, et al., Medical Research Council Environmental Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
Published: Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2003
This understanding, that these important carotenoid antioxidants are important for macular health, further developed in later research in which seven subjects again consumed spinach and corn in their daily diets for another nearly 4 months. In this study at the beginning of the study period and at 4, 8 and 15 weeks, and 2 months after the study's end, blood samples, cells from the inside of cheeks and fat tissue were assessed, as well as measuring macular pigment density.
Zeaxanthin was greater after 4 weeks than after the beginning, but did not peak further than that level. Lutein peaked at 8 weeks. There were differences in the relationship of these carotenoid levels in the different types of tissue - with negative correlations for women and positive correlations for men - indicating that sex differenes in lutein metabolism may be important in considering tissue interactions and pigment density.
Zeaxanthin comprises up to 75% of the total carotenoids in the center of the macula. Lutein comprises 67% or more of the peripheral area of the macula. Concentrations of these carotenoids in other tissues of the body are much lower. It has been determined that these pigments increase in both tissue and blood by way of diet and supplementation. Evidence points to a correlation between macular pigment density and a reduction in the risk for age-related macular degeneration.
Researchers: John T. Landrum, et al
Published: Analysis of Zeaxanthin Distribution within Individual Human Retinas, Methods In Enzymology, 1999.
Researchers investigated the amount and condition of macular pigment in 13 patients who were on a diet including daily spinach and corn for up to almost 4 months. The pigments in the macula are responsible for protection against damaging UV radiation from the sun which is a contributing factor in macular degeneration.
The daily servings of corn and spinach add 11.2mg lutein and .6mg zeaxanthin to the daily diet - which compared to a 'normal' diet, was 3x (lutein) and 4x (zeaxanthin) the nutrient amounts the patients would have received otherwise. They found in 80% of the patients who followed the diet an average increase in pigment density of 19% - with the minimum increase being 13%.
Researchers: Hammond, et al
Published: Dietary modification of human macular pigment density, Investigations in Ophthalogy and Visual Science, August, 1997.
Researchers analyzed lab data for different antioxidant carotenoids which help protect the eye from oxidative damage due to blue light. They found that lutein and zeaxanthin, which form the macular pigment have the strongest protecting effects.
Researchers: D.M. Snodderly, et al.
Published: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, December, 1995
Researchers noted that lutein and zeaxanthin, which come from dark leafy greens are tied to reduced macular degeneration risk. Patients with the highest levels of these carotenoids in their diet had a 43% lower risk of developing AMD. These pigments filter blue light from the retina and protect it from oxidative damage.
Researchers: Seddon, et al.
Published: Journal of the American Medical Association, November, 1994


text:
Interview with a High-Fashion Model Who Is Also Transgender
By jia.tolentino September 9, 2013
Arisce Wanzer lives in New York and is signed to the BMG Agency. Right now Fashion Week is putting her to work.
Let's start from the beginning. Tell me about your childhood?
I'm from Northern Virginia, which is a wonderful place to grow up. My family was very supportive, and everything was really normal. I had a brother, and he played with his G.I. Joes, and I played with my Barbies, and I had two sisters too, and we were just all different and it was fine.
Any struggle that I had growing up was always internal rather than external. Once I got to school, I didn't know why certain qualities about me were suddenly different — I always had friends, and people always thought I was funny, but everyone would always call out my differences.
Differences that weren't interpellated at home.
Yeah. I think people are just really used to black-and-white, cut-and-paste. But, you know, we're all different. Someone's going to be an accountant if they're good at math, and the thing that I've always been best at is being a girl.
Did you identify as a girl starting as a really young kid?
Well, I didn't have any real examples, so not really. I saw Shanaynay on Martin, and RuPaul, and I recognized something there — like, "Okay, so that's a thing" — but I didn't identify with them, because what they do is fabulous, but it's like clowning, almost.
I just thought I was really feminine and super gay.
How old were you when you started to think you were gay?
Really young. 4 or 5. As soon as I found out what gay was. For a while, it was totally neutral. I'd talk to my girlfriends in the neighborhood about how we thought Tyler or whoever was cute, and it wasn't till we got older that people started to really make these divisions, and it sucked.
Did your sense of who you were attracted to shift over time?
No, I've always been boy crazy! I just love boys. I think they're so cute, and also so awful, they're just the worst for you. The nice guy is so hard to find and he's usually married. But I'll always love boys, all of them. I date everyone under the sun. If you're a boy and you're cute and you're nice to me, I'll totally give you the time of day. I go on three or four dates a week. I write a dating column!
It's cool to hear that you're enthusiastic about dating — that's sort of rare to hear in general.
Yeah, dating is awesome! I mean, that's one of the biggest things I want to be about — that transgender people have lives like anyone else. I had such a good support system growing up, I went to college, I've never gotten into trouble, and my dating life is totally normal. People are always like, "Oh, you're going to be a hooker because you're a tranny." I'm like, "Ahh, I don't want to be a hooker!"
Did you come out as gay when you were growing up?
I came out as gay when I was 17, and I moved to Miami, which was an interesting thing to do. I was this super queeny gay guy who had long hair and wore lots of mascara, and I was going to gay clubs and just no dating life materialized for me. These guys were just like, "Listen, I date queens, but you're actually a girl."
I said "No way!" But then I started hanging out with other trans girls, and they were like, "Are you going to go through the rest?"
I was like, "The rest of what?"
They were like, "You're trans. You just don't know it yet."
So I decided to do some reading. I checked a bunch of books out of the library. I immediately identified with some things, but I wondered about others. Like, I didn't feel like I was trapped in the wrong body.
Yeah, not at all. I have the body I want, like, very consciously — I'm very careful to maintain it, especially now, because of what I do for a living. I go to the gym a lot, and don't do any weight lifting because I don't need any help getting a man body, hello!
What about hormones?
I don't take any hormones. I don't like anything that alters your body chemistry other than alcohol. Hormones really change everything, I've seen so many of my friends, and their mood swings — it's playing with fire.
Which isn't to say I'm opposed to them! If you want hormones, awesome. Live and let live. You go smoke crack on the corner if you want. I'll be over here watching Sex and the City on my couch with a bowl of oatmeal.
What was the turning point for you to define yourself as trans?
I went to a therapist. I had already come out as gay once — I didn't want to come out as the wrong thing again! As soon as she met me and asked me a few questions, she was like, "Okay, I'm going to go ahead and pre-diagnose you as trans, but let's get these questions answered." I went to her every week for about three months, and then I was like, "Yep. I'm definitely transgender. Thanks so much for your time."
I called my mom. She was like, "What's transgender?" and so I explained. She said, "That sounds about right." She asked me if I was happy and healthy and if I was going to finish school. I said yes. She was like, "Okay, that's all that matters."
That's great. When and how did you start modeling?
I actually started as a boy. The first trip I took to New York to visit the big agencies, I got a lot of nos, but not firm nos. Like "You're not right for us right now." So I knew I had a shot, and back in Miami, it was easy for me to get work, because I was in fashion school and people just always needed models. I did a lot of work for free, which is fine. If you love it, you'll do it for free.
How did you present as a model back then?
I couldn't possibly come off as masculine on camera, so I just tried to be very androgynous. Even now I like a sort of androgynous, mixed look — I'll wear a boy's T-shirt with short-shorts and pumps. I promised myself early on that I would never extend certain social hang-ups to the way I dressed. I never want to be that tranny that's afraid to be seen out of a dress.
You don't shy away from the word tranny. Do you feel like it's fine for other people to use it when they talk about you?
Oh, words are just words. I've been bashed on websites for using the word. I understand. But I think no one can use a word against you if you're already using it in your own way. Someone yells at me, like, "You're a hot tranny mess," and I'm like, "Yep!"
There's a lot of appearance-based stuff in the queer community that I don't like. For example, people will be very quick to bash a sloppy tranny on the street, a guy in a wig who looks like he came out late in life. Or you'll be out and someone will be like, "Will you just look at that queen in the baby tee, high on molly and blowing bubbles in the club." I'm like, LET THE BITCH BE HIGH! We can't only support people that have a well-executed look. I mean, I'm a model and I don't execute my look well all the time. Everyone's gonna have a laundry day. We're all just the pot calling the kettle black. Everyone is hated by someone.
Preach. So, what made you transition sort of officially into modeling as a girl?
Things really took off when I got my boobs.
Did you always want boobs?
Oh, I have always wanted boobs. One of my biggest role models is Victoria Beckham. She's just a G. Out there, doing it all. She's stunning. I modeled my boobs after her. My doctor was like, "It's not gonna look natural," and I said, "I don't care!"
Yeah, I mean — her boobs don't look natural, and they look great. What's your cup size?
I'm a 32 A/B. I didn't want big boobs, I didn't want guys to see me and be like, tig ol' bitties. I didn't want to get new clothes either — that would have been expensive!
How long ago did you get them?
Four years ago, almost exactly. Their birthday is August 24th.
How'd you decide to get them?
I was in my shower, listening to a Lily Allen song, "The Fear," and I had an epiphany.
I should say — it's not like I'd been unhappy, but I knew that modeling projects would open up to me if I had boobs, and I felt like I was just really close to looking like the person I felt like. This was the one part of me that I did feel nervous about, dating guys and always being like, "Ugh, I feel like a fucking boy." I was tall, skinny, lanky. I was just feeling raggedy, like I lacked finesse.
Then that song came on, those lyrics like "What are you waiting for," and I got out of the shower mid-shampoo, Googled "plastic surgery doctors for transgender people Miami," and made my appointment for the next day. Then I got back in the shower and finished washing my hair. And two weeks later I had boobs.
What was it like to have them so quickly?
I woke up and it was as if they'd always been there.
Cool. So I'm sure you face a decent amount of resistance in the fashion industry, but I wonder what that feels like specifically, and what you attribute it to.
I think in general the fashion industry is just fickle. They just don't give a fuck. If it's not trendy right now, it's dead to them. And so often, they're like, "We already have a tranny. We already have a black girl."
You feel like there's a lot of tokenism.
Yeah. They're like, "It's going to be hard to force another one of you in there." But that just tells me they're lazy and I don't want to work with them. If they don't see my potential, then that's just sad. I mean, you have to be a good model if you get here and you weren't even born regular!
Who were your favorite models growing up?
Naomi Campbell, Cindy Crawford, all the supers. They were such vixens! They made getting paid to be beautiful seem like such a great idea. Except of course that's not what the job is, really — modeling is a lot of work.
What do people not know about model life?
It's really repetitive. You're constantly on the move, you're getting measured over and over, people are just sort of mindlessly asking you to take off your top and tell them your inseam even though your measurements are right there on the card. Just, yeah, lots of measuring.
How hard do you have to work to make sure your body doesn't change from those measurements?
HARD. Today I had pine nuts, a handful of raisins, and a bowl of mixed fruit, and that's just… what I'm going to eat today, because I have to be naked tomorrow in front of 100 people. On a diet like this it can take all of your energy just not to be a bitch! Sometimes I'm like, "I wish I was good at something else besides modeling so I could just EAT."
Is that sort of heavily restricted eating what you find that most models do?
Oh yeah. If anyone says otherwise, they're either lying or they're 15 years old. Me, I'm 26 and I have to watch that shit. I also save some calories for going out, just for casual drinks at the bar. I'm much more a bar girl than a club girl. In the club I can't even hear myself and people are just like "I HAVE A ROLLS ROYCE" and I'm like, "Don't you even want to ask my name?"
Anyway, it's a lot of work. No cheese ever. It's okay for now — my body is my rent. One day I'll be able to eat cheese. If I last in this industry I plan to pull a Tyra and just look however I want.
How much is your transgender identity part of your model identity?
I definitely see myself as a female model — I think I take great pictures as a real, just, woman. At the same time I'm so open about being transgender, I'll tell a stranger on the street. And I get typecast a lot. They'll suggest me for club-kid things, crazy rave shoots. I'm like, "I grew up in northern Virginia listening to Dave Matthews, and I watch Sleeping Beauty on Saturday mornings, and I've never been to a fucking rave."
I mean, I'll do it. But it sort of jades me. The same group of us ends up at these castings over and over. We aren't the girls who get Chanel and Christian Dior. And when it's all transgender girls, we're not even in the same visual paradigm. Some are short, some have blue eyes, some are curvy. I know I'm getting taken seriously as a model when I'm in a line of girls that just look like me: mixed-looking, short hair, skinny. THAT's a competition.
What in your portfolio are you the most proud of?
I did an Opening Ceremony commercial, a campaign for Selima Optique — I just did a spread in Purple Magazine with Andrej Pejic, shot by Mario Sorrenti and Mel Ottenberg. Andrej and I often end up at the same castings. The tranny elite! I also shot with Patrick Demarchelier a long time ago, and I did a thing for Candy Magazine that I was really proud of. I also did a commercial for Chrysalis Lingerie, which is specifically for transgender people and women who've gotten surgery for cancer. They've got pockets in the bras — it's a great training bra for young transgender girls who can't do hormones or surgery.
Let's talk about dating. How much ignorance do you encounter in your dating life?
Well, it's listed on my profile, but in general I do get a lot of backhanded compliments. I get a lot of "I can't believe you're trans, it's too bad, you're so beautiful." I'm like, "I'll take it, but I'm sad that you think this is such a problem."
Do the guys you date mostly date transgender girls?
There are some tranny-chasers, and there's nothing wrong with that, but some of them do have these ideas about what we're going to be like, and of course we're all so different. These guys want to pigeonhole us to be porn stars, and I am so not that. Like, I talk to my mom on the phone every day. I'm not going to do this freaky thing you saw on the Internet.
How often are you the first trans girl a guy's dated?
It happens. They'll ask questions, which is natural, but after a few I politely let them know that I'm not their teacher. I'm like, "Please ask me questions about my dreams and aspirations rather than this sexual part of me that is not relevant at this point in our conversation." I don't want to be mean about it, but I'm really not a teacher.
It's also like, why would you claim you're into this and not do some reading? Google will teach you anything they need to know. Ignorance is a choice these days. I think a lot of men have a hesitation to own that they might be into transgender women in a real way.
Do you have any tips for non-models on how to look good in front of the camera?
Confidence is key! I cannot stress that enough. Confidence reads on camera and it reads in the room — you can tell when everyone's beaming, and you are working it because it's your job. If you're not comfortable, a shoot just turns into an awkward train wreck, with the photographer just staring at the model and being like, "Can you just give me something here?"
You have to just lift your chin up and be silly and refuse to be afraid or embarrassed. No one's making you do this; you're here because you wanted to fight for it. Train yourself in front of the mirror, find out what angles work best for you. Learn to be ugly on purpose! And have fun. It's supposed to be fun.
What's the best part of your job?
I like seeing my pictures just like anyone would. But you know what I really love? Seeing girls that I taught to walk. Like, I'm so old, they've always got me teaching these bitches to walk during Fashion Week — they're like, "Can you please take this 15-year-old girl who can't speak English and teach her how to walk down a runway?" And I'm like, "Fine." And then I see the girl go out there and do it, and start booking tons of jobs, and I'm so, so happy.
Fashion Week's got to be a trip, right?
Oh, honey. I carry a flask.
Arisce Wanzer is on Twitter, Instagram and Tumblr.
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text:
\section{Introduction}\label{sec:Introduction}

Recently, various
physical phenomena originating from topological metallic states at the boundary \cite{Kane05a,Moore07,Fu07,Hasan10} have been studied.
In a topological insulator (TI) the bulk is gapped, while there are gapless states in its boundary.
The gapless surface states are topologically protected by time-reversal symmetry (TRS),
and typically show massless Dirac cones, as has been observed
experimentally in Bi$_2$Se$_3$ and Bi$_2$Te$_3$
 \cite{Xia09,Hsieh09a,Hsieh09b,Chen09}.
They are characterized by $Z_2$ topological numbers.
In addition, there are also
other topological phases protected by spatial crystallographic symmetries.
In particular, the mirror Chern number \cite{Teo08}
characterizes topological phases in
mirror-symmetric systems, and leads to gapless surface states
\cite{Teo08,THsieh12} and interface states
\cite{Takahashi11}.
We predicted that gapless interface states appear when
two TIs with opposite signs of the Dirac-cone chiralities are attached together \cite{Takahashi11}.
These gapless states originate from the difference of the mirror Chern numbers between the two TIs \cite{Takahashi11}.
The resulting interface states are trivial in terms of the $Z_2$ topological number, but protected by mirror symmetry.

In this paper,
we propose interfacial symmetries and show resulting peculiar gapless interface states by
these symmetries. For illustration, it is demonstrated
for the Fu-Kane-Mele (FKM) tight-binding model \cite{Fu07},
with
 an interface between two regions with opposite mirror Chern numbers,
i.e. opposite signs of the spin-orbit coupling (SOC).
In the absence of interfacial symmetry, the gapless interface states
due to the mirror Chern number
consist of Dirac cones.
On the other hand, when the SOC parameters in the two regions have the same magnitude
with opposite signs,
the whole system has particle-hole symmetry (PHS) at the interface, and
anomalous gapless interface states appear. In these gapless states, the gap closes along a loop (``Fermi loop") in two-dimensional (2D) $k$ space, which is totally unexpected for
lattice models without any continuous rotational symmetry.
This Fermi loop appears in general interface systems, consisting of two regions related to each other by the PHS, even when the two regions are gapped.
We call this interfacial symmetry {\it interfacial particle-hole symmetry (IPHS)}.
In the presence of this new symmetry, the degeneracy is shown to occur along a loop.
Similar discussion for {\it interfacial time-reversal symmetry (ITRS)} is also given.
Finally, we show the Fermi loops in the $\pi$-junction interface between the two Rashba systems as another example of the IPHS.

The FKM tight-binding Hamiltonian on the diamond lattice is represented as
\begin{eqnarray}
H&=&\sum_{\langle ij\rangle}t_{ij}c^{\dagger}_{i}c_{j}
+
\frac{8\lambda i}{a}\sum_{\langle \langle ij\rangle\rangle}
c^{\dagger}_{i}\mathbf{s}\cdot(\mathbf{d}_{ij}^{1}\times\mathbf{d}_{ij}^{2})c_{j}.\label{eq:FKMH}
\end{eqnarray}
$c_{i}$ ($c^{\dagger}_{i}$) is the annihilation (creation) operator of an electron at $i$-th site.
$t_{ij}$, $\lambda$ are real constants and $a$ is the lattice spacing.
The first term describes the nearest-neighbor hopping, which is independent of spin. The second term is the next-nearest-neighbor hopping term, which represents the SOC. $\mathbf{s}$ is the Pauli matrices for spins, and $\mathbf{d}_{ij}^{1,2}$ are two vectors constituting the next-nearest bond from the site $i$ to $j$.
We define the nearest-neighbor bond vectors $\boldsymbol{\tau}_{i=1-4}$ as
$\boldsymbol{\tau}_{1}=\frac{1}{4}(1,1,1)$,$\boldsymbol{\tau}_{2}=\frac{1}{4}(-1,1,-1)$,
$\boldsymbol{\tau}_{3}=\frac{1}{4}(-1,-1,1)$, and $\boldsymbol{\tau}_{4}=\frac{1}{4}(1,-1,-1)$.

In the FKM model we consider a (111) interface between two regions of the
FKM model, which have different signs of the SOC.
We impose a mirror symmetry with respect to the $(1\bar{1}0)$ plane perpendicular to the interface, by setting two of the four nearest-neighbor hoppings to be identical: $t_{\boldsymbol{\tau}_{2}}=t_{\boldsymbol{\tau}_{4}}=t_{0}$, $t_{\boldsymbol{\tau}_{1}}=t_{1}$, $t_{\boldsymbol{\tau}_{3}}=t_{2}$ where $t_{ij}=t_{\boldsymbol{\tau}_{\alpha}}$ with $\boldsymbol{\tau}_{\alpha}$ being the vector from $j$-th site to $i$-th site.
Topological classification based on mirror symmetry is possible by the mirror Chern number \cite{Teo08}, defined as
$n_{\cal M}=(n_{+i}-n_{-i})/2$.
Here $n_{\pm i}$ are the Chern numbers \cite{Thouless1982} within the subspace labeled with the mirror eigenvalues $\pm i$ in the mirror plane,
and this Chern number corresponds to the number of chiral
gapless modes within each subspace.
Because of the TRS, the mirror Chern number
can also be written as $n_{\cal M}=n_{+i}=-n_{-i}$

If the wavevector is restricted to be within the mirror plane, $k_{x}=k_{y}=q$,
the mirror operator $\mathcal{M}$ can be diagonalized
by a unitary operator $V=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{pmatrix}
-\mathrm{e}^{i\frac{\pi}{4}}&\mathrm{e}^{i\frac{\pi}{4}}\\
1&1
\end{pmatrix}$ acting on a spin space.
With the same matrix $V$, the model Hamiltonian (\ref{eq:FKMH}) can be transformed into a block-diagonal form
 $H_{\mathcal{M}}=\mathrm{diag}(H_{+i},H_{-i})$,
where the Hamiltonian
in the subspace $\mathcal{M}=\pm i$ is given by
\begin{eqnarray}
H_{\eta i }&=&
\begin{pmatrix}
-2\sqrt{2}\eta\lambda f_{1}&f_{0}\\
f_{0}^{*}&2\sqrt{2}\eta\lambda f_{1}
\end{pmatrix}, \ \eta=\pm
\label{eq:etaHamiltonian},
\end{eqnarray}
where $
f_{0}(\mathbf{k})=t_{2}+2t_{0}\exp\left( -i\frac{q-k_z}{2}\right)+t_{1}\mathrm{e}^{-i q}
$ and $f_1(\mathbf{k})
=\sin \left( \frac{q+k_z}{2}\right)-\sin q+\sin \left( \frac{q-k_z}{2}\right)$.
Because $H_{ +i}(\lambda)=H_{-i}(-\lambda)$, the sign of $\lambda$ corresponds to the mirror Chern number $n_{\cal M}$.
Indeed, the mirror Chern number is calculated to be nontrivial, $n_{\mathcal{M}}=-{\rm sgn}(\lambda)$, when the system is in the TI phase \cite{Fu07}; namely, surface states of the
model in the TI phase are protected not only by the
TRS but also by the mirror symmetry\cite{Takahashi11,Rauch14}.

By making an interface between two regions $\alpha$, $\beta$ with the
SOC parameters $\lambda_{\alpha }$ and $\lambda_{\beta }$ of opposite signs (Fig.~\ref{fig:Einterface}(a)),
gapless interface states are expected from the difference of the mirror Chern numbers.
The resulting interface states are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:Einterface}(b-1,b-2) for $(\lambda_{\alpha }, \lambda_{\beta })=(0.15,-0.1)t_0$, (b-1) $(t_1,t_2)=(1,1.4)t_0$, and (b-2) $(t_1,t_2)=(1.4,1)t_0$.
In both of the results,
two of the Dirac points are located on the mirror plane ($M_2$-$\Gamma$-$M_2$ line) in the 2D Brillouin Zone (BZ). This agrees with an argument of the mirror Chern number; the difference of $n_{\mathcal{M}}$ between the two regions is
$1-(-1)=+2$, implying that there are two right-going modes with ${\mathcal{M}}=+i$ and two
left-going modes with ${\mathcal{M}}=-i$.
In (b-2), due to the C$_3$ symmetry around
[111], there are six Dirac cones, which
is in accordance with the low-energy model with $C_{3}$ warping terms \cite{Takahashi11}.

\begin{figure}[h]
 \begin{center}
 \includegraphics[width=80mm]{ISCDIS2.eps}
 \caption{(a) Schematic illustration
of the interface between two regions ($\alpha $ and $\beta $) of the FKM model .
(b-1,b-2) Interface energy bands near the Fermi energy ($E=0$) in the interface BZ for $\lambda_{\alpha }=0.15t_0$, and $\lambda_{\beta }=- 0.1t_0$.
 (b-1) For $t_1=t_0$ and $t_2=1.4t_0$, the system does not have the rotational symmetry. There are two Dirac cones. (b-2) For $t_2=t_0$, $t_1=1.4t_0$, there are six Dirac cones due to C$_{3}$ symmetry.
}
\label{fig:Einterface}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

Next, we show that when $\lambda_\alpha=-\lambda_\beta$, a novel dispersion of interface states appears near the Fermi energy ($E=0$), as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:PHSf},
which is in contrast with Fig.~\ref{fig:Einterface}.
The parameters of the SOC are $\lambda_\alpha=-\lambda_\beta = 0.125t_{0}$ for all the results, and $(t_1,t_2)$ is given as \ref{fig:PHSf}(a-1) $(1.4, 1)t_{0}$,
and \ref{fig:PHSf}(b-1)$(1, 0.6)t_{0}$.
Figure~\ref{fig:PHSf}(a-1) belongs to the TI phase, and \ref{fig:PHSf}(b-1) is in the non-TI phase.
 In all the cases, the gap closes at $E=0$, with its degeneracy forming loops in the interface BZ.
The dispersion is linear in the direction perpendicular to the loop.
Remarkably, this loop is not on a high-symmetry line.
This kind of degeneracy along a line is unexpected in general lattice models, because there is no symmetry which protects
degeneracy between the valence and conduction bands along a loop.
Therefore,
new theoretical description is required.
\begin{figure}[htbp]
 \begin{center}
 \includegraphics[width=85mm]{FourIS5.eps}
 \caption{ (a-1, b-1) Dispersion and the Fermi surface for the interface states with IPHS.
Thickness of each region $\alpha$, $\beta$ is 24 unit cells along the [111] axis.
The parameters are
 (a) $(t_1, t_2) = (1.4, 1)t_{0}$, (b)$(t_1, t_2)=(1, 0.6)t_{0}$, and $\lambda_\alpha=-\lambda_\beta=0.125t_{0}$ for (a) and (b).
In the BZ in each panel, the Fermi surfaces at $E = 0$ are shown as blue curves.
 (a-2, b-2) Sign of the Pfaffian $\mathrm{sgn(pf}(\Tilde{U}H))$ in the interface BZ.
The shaded regions and white regions represent the negative and positive signs,
respectively.
Schematic illustrations of the Fermi loops of a closed orbit (a-3) and and
open orbits (b-3)
are shown on the torus of the interface BZ.
}
\label{fig:PHSf}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

For the sake of explaining this peculiar dispersion, we consider a transformation of the FKM Hamiltonian as
\begin{eqnarray}
UH_{\lambda,\mathbf{k}}U^{-1}=-H^{t}_{-\lambda,-\mathbf{k}},\label{eq:lamrelation}
\label{eq:UHU}
\end{eqnarray}
where $U=i\tau_{z}s_{y}$.
The Hamiltonian also has an inversion symmetry: $PH_{\lambda,\mathbf{k}}
P^{-1}=H_{\lambda,-\mathbf{k}},\ P=\tau_x$. An operator $UK=i\tau_z s_yK$ corresponds to
the following sublattice-dependent PH transformation:
$\Tilde{c}^{\dagger}_{\alpha i \pm}=\pm c_{\alpha i\mp}$,
$\Tilde{c}^{\dagger}_{\beta i\pm}=\mp c_{\beta i\mp}$,
which leaves the spin operator invariant: $c_{i}^{\dagger}\mathbf{s} c_{i}=\Tilde{c}_{i}^{\dagger}\mathbf{s}\Tilde{c}_{i}$.
The respective regions $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are not invariant under the PH transformation, but they are transformed to each other
by this PH transformation because $\lambda_\alpha=-\lambda_\beta$. Therefore, by making the $\alpha$-$\beta$ interface,
the PHS is restored as shown in the following.

The existence of the anomalous interface states forming a Fermi loop is explained as
follows.
First we note that for a Hamiltonian $H^{\rm{2D}}_{\lambda ,\mathbf{k}_{\|} }$ describing a
2D slab with finite thickness,
we have
$UH^{\rm{2D}}_{\lambda ,\mathbf{k}_{\|} }U^{-1}= -
(H^{\rm{2D}}_{-\lambda ,-\mathbf{k}_{\|} })^{t}$
from Eq.~(\ref{eq:UHU}), where $\mathbf{k}_{\|}$ is a 2D wavevector parallel to the interface.
Then the junction of two regions $\alpha, \beta$ (Fig.~\ref{fig:Einterface}(a)),
with their SOI parameters given by $\lambda_\alpha=-\lambda_\beta=\lambda$ is described by the Hamiltonian
 \begin{eqnarray}
 H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}=
 \begin{pmatrix}
 H^{\rm{2D}}_{\lambda ,\mathbf{k}_{\|} }&V_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}\\
 V^{\dagger}_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}&H^{\rm{2D}}_{-\lambda,\mathbf{k}_{\|}}
 \end{pmatrix},
\end{eqnarray}
where $V$ is the hybridization between the regions $\alpha$ and $\beta$.
We have the following relation,
 \begin{eqnarray}
 U
 H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}
 U^{-1}
&=& \begin{pmatrix}
-(H^{\rm{2D}}_{-\lambda,-\mathbf{k}_{\|} })^{t}&U V_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}U^{-1}\\
 UV_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}^{\dagger} U^{-1}& -(H^{\rm{2D}}_{\lambda ,-\mathbf{k}_{\|} })^{t}
 \end{pmatrix}.
\end{eqnarray}
Therefore, the SOC parameter $\lambda$ changes sign, and
the regions $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are exchanged.
When the two regions $\alpha$, $\beta $ have the same thickness,
we can exchange the regions again by the space inversion. The space inversion is
given by $PP'\Sigma_x$, where
$P'$ is an operator for inversion of the stacking direction of layers within each region
and $\Sigma_{x }$ is the Pauli matrix acting to the region degrees of freedom, $\alpha$ and $\beta$.
When each region $\alpha$ and $\beta$ have $N$ AB pairs along the stacking direction, $P'$ is given as $P'_{ij}=\delta_{i,N+1-j}\tau_{0}s_{0}$, where
$i$ and $j$ denote the indices for the sublattice pair from the top, and $\tau_{0}$ and $s_{0}$ are the identity operators for the sublattice and spin spaces.
Therefore when the hybridization $V$ satisfies
 \begin{eqnarray}
P P'UV_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}} (PP'U)^{-1}=-V^{t}_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}},
\label{eq:Vcondition}
\end{eqnarray}
two regions $\alpha$ and $\beta$ are exchanged by the space inversion,
and the PHS is restored:
 \begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{U}H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}} \tilde{U}^{-1}=-H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}^{t} \label{eq:PHUK},
\end{eqnarray}
where
$\Tilde{U}=Q\Sigma_{x}$ and $Q=PP'U$.
Thus, although each Hamiltonian is not invariant under a combined transformation of $U$ and the inversion, by making
a junction consisting of two regions $\alpha $, $\beta $, the system restores a symmetry under a PH transformation $U$ and the spatial inversion,
which we call {\it the interfacial particle-hole symmetry (IPHS)}.
Thus the energy eigenvalues of the whole system are symmetric with respect to $E=0$.

This new symmetry gives rise to emergence of the Fermi loop in the interface states, as we show in the following.
From Eq.~(\ref{eq:PHUK}), $\Tilde{U} H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}$ is a skew symmetric matrix,
 \begin{eqnarray}
[\Tilde{U} H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}]^{t}&=& H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}^{t}\Tilde{U}^{t}= -\Tilde{U}H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}} \Tilde{U}^{-1} \Tilde{U}^{t}=-\Tilde{U}H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}},
\end{eqnarray}
and furthermore its Pfaffian is real:
\begin{eqnarray}
\mathrm{pf}[\Tilde{U} H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}]&=&\mathrm{pf}[-H^{t}_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}\Tilde{U}^{t} ]=
\mathrm{det}(\tilde{U})\mathrm{pf}[\Tilde{U}^{-1}H^{t}_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}} ]
\nonumber\\
&=&\mathrm{pf}[\Tilde{U}H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}} ]^{*}.
\end{eqnarray}
To derive these relations, we used the fact that the matrix $\tilde{U}$ is unitary and symmetric, and the fact that the size of the matrix is an integer multiple of four.
The reality condition of $\mathrm{pf}[\Tilde{U} H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}]$ gives a strong constraint for the Fermi surface.
Suppose the sign of $\mathrm{pf}(\Tilde{U} H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}})$ changes at some $\mathbf{k}_{\|}$;
it then means $\mathrm{pf}(\Tilde{U} H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}})=0$, i.e. $\mathrm{det}\Tilde{U}
\det H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}=0$ and $\mathrm{det}H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}=0$. Therefore, the
Hamiltonian $H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}$ has zero eigenvalues and the gap closes at this wavevector $\mathbf{k}_{\|}$, because of the PH symmetry.
Because the wavevector $\mathbf{k}_{\|}$ where the sign of $\mathrm{pf}(\Tilde{U} H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}})$ changes forms a loop in the 2D BZ, this loop
is nothing but the Fermi loop where the gap is closed.
We note that we have set the thickness of the two regions $\alpha$ and $\beta$ to
be the same. This can be relaxed
as long as the
slab thickness is much larger than the decay length of the interface states.

To confirm that the Fermi loop shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:PHSf} is due to this scenario,
we calculate the Pfaffian $\mathrm{pf}(\Tilde{U} H)$ in this model by using PFAPACK \cite{Wimmer12}.
The results are shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:PHSf}(a-2) and \ref{fig:PHSf}(b-2) by using the same parameters for \ref{fig:PHSf}(a-1) and \ref{fig:PHSf}(b-1).
Here the shaded and white regions represent
$\mathrm{sgn(pf}(\Tilde{U}H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}))=-1$, and $\mathrm{sgn(pf}(\Tilde{U}H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}))=1$,
respectively. Hence the wavevectors $\mathbf{k}$ for the sign change of
 $\mathrm{pf}(\Tilde{U} H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}})$ agree with the
interface Fermi loops shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:PHSf}.
In addition, the Fermi loops in (a-2) form closed orbits, while those in (b-2) do open orbits.
These behaviors are similar to the form of the Fermi surface without the SOC \cite{Takahashi13}.
Due to the reality of $\mathrm{pf}(\Tilde{U} H)$, the Fermi loops are classified into two types: closed orbits and open orbits (Fig.~\ref{fig:PHSf}(a-3) and (b-3)).
Because of the nontrivial winding number for the open orbits,
it is not possible for the open-orbit Fermi loops to disappear without transition to closed loops.

To realize gapless topological
interface states due to the mirror Chern number experimentally, two TIs with opposite chiralities are necessary and mirror symmetry normal to the interface is required in common.
In a recent experiment,
 a natural superlattice, Bi$_4$Se$_{2.6}$S$_{0.4}$ is reported to have
a surface Dirac cone with the chirality opposite from the conventional one
 \cite{Valla12}, although it is not a TI but a semimetal.
Furthermore, it might be interesting to search for interface Fermi loops between two insulators from this scenario.

Our theory on topological Fermi loops can be generalized. We construct a system
 with two regions $\alpha, \beta$ (Fig.~\ref{fig:Einterface}(a)),
and they are assumed to be related to each other by an operator $U$:
$H_{\alpha(\beta),\mathbf{k}_{\|}} = \varepsilon_{C}UH^{t}_{\beta(\alpha),-\mathbf{k}_{\|}}U^{-1}$, where
$\varepsilon_{C}=\pm1$. We can classify the operator $U$ as PHS-like for $\varepsilon_{C}=-1$ or TRS-like for $\varepsilon_{C}=1$.
As is similar to the FKM model, if the hybridization $V$ between the two regions satisfies the condition,
$\tilde{P}UV_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}} (\tilde{P}U)^{-1}=\varepsilon_{C}V^{t}_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}
$, where $\tilde{P}$ stands for the space inversion
for a finite-thickness slab, the Hamiltonian satisfies a relation
 \begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{U}H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}} \tilde{U}^{-1}=\varepsilon_{C}H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}^{t},\
\tilde{U}\equiv \tilde{P}U\Sigma_x.
\end{eqnarray}
Thus, by making
a junction between the regions $\alpha $ and $\beta$, the system restores a symmetry under a combined transformation of $U$ and inversion.
 We call this symmetry IPHS for $\varepsilon_{C}=-1$ as mentioned previously, and {\it interfacial time-reversal symmetry (ITRS)} for $\varepsilon_{C}=1$.
These new symmetries are classified by $\tilde{U}=\eta_{U}\tilde{U}^{t},\ \eta_U=\pm1$.
Because
$[\Tilde{U} H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}]^{t}= H_{\mathbf{k}}^{t}\Tilde{U}^{t}= \varepsilon_{C}\eta_{U}\Tilde{U}H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}$,
$\Tilde{U} H_{\mathbf{k}}$ is a skew symmetric matrix only for $\varepsilon_{C}\eta_{U}=-1$, i.e. $(\varepsilon_{C}, \eta_{U})=(\mp 1,\pm 1)$. Then, the Pfaffian $\mathrm{pf}(\Tilde{U} H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}})$
is defined and is real as before.

The reality of the Pfaffian $\mathrm{pf}(\Tilde{U} H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}})$
is reflected in the dispersions of interface states in a different way between
the IPHS and the ITRS.
For junction systems with the IPHS ($(\varepsilon_{C}, \eta_{U})=(-1,1)$) between two insulating regions, the gap between the valence and conduction bands closes along a Fermi loop, as we saw in the FKM model.
In this case, the two regions are related by the TRS, and have different bulk band structure.
It is usually unlikely for the gap to close at an interface between two insulators, and it is even more unlikely to close the gap along a loop. Nevertheless, for the present cases with the IPHS, if the gap of the interface states
is closed somewhere,
the gap should close not at an isolated point but along a loop due to the reality of the Pfaffian.
In the example of the FKM model, there is a reason for the gap to close; namely the difference of the mirror Chern number between the two regions results in the presence of
gap-closing points
along the mirror plane. Together with the reality of the Pfaffian, the gap closes along a loop.

In fact the appearance of Fermi loops in the IPHS class is not limited to cases with topological interfacial states (from the mirror Chern number), but can be found in general junction systems with IPHS, as long as
the hybridization at the interface is stronger than the gap.
To show this, we consider a junction system with weak hybridization $V_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}}$ between
two regions $\alpha$ and $\beta$.
We diagonalize the Hamiltonian for the
$\alpha$-region, $H_{\alpha ,\mathbf{k} _{\|}}$, by a unitary matrix $W_{\mathbf{k} _{\|}}$ as $W_{\mathbf{k} _{\|}}^{\dagger}H_{\alpha ,\mathbf{k} _{\|}}W_{\mathbf{k} _{\|}}=\mathrm{diag}(E_{1\mathbf{k}_{\|}},E_{2\mathbf{k}_{\|}},...,E_{\bar{N}\mathbf{k}_{\|}})$ with $E_{i\mathbf{k}_{\|}}<E_{i+1\mathbf{k}_{\|}}$ for $i=1,2,...,\bar{N}-1$, and $\bar{N}$ is
the size of the matrix.
The two regions are band insulators, and the Fermi energy $E_{F}(=0)$ is assumed to be between $E_{m\mathbf{k}_{\|}}$ and $E_{m+1\mathbf{k}_{\|}}$. By the interface transformation, the Hamiltonian for the $\beta$-region
$H_{\beta ,\mathbf{k}_{\|} }$ is diagonalized by

 $W'_{\mathbf{k} _{\|}}\equiv U^{*}W_{-\mathbf{k}_{\|}}^{*}$ as $W_{\mathbf{k} _{\|}}^{\prime\dagger}H_{\beta,\mathbf{k} _{\|}}W'_{\mathbf{k} _{\|}}=\mathrm{diag}
(-E_{1,-\mathbf{k}_{\|}},-E_{2,-\mathbf{k}_{\|}},...,-E_{\bar{N},-\mathbf{k}_{\|}})$.
By assuming
$|E_{m\mathbf{k}_{\|}}|,|E_{m+1\mathbf{k}_{\|}}| \ll |E_{i\mathbf{k}_{\|}}|$ for $i\not=m,m+1$,
leading-order terms of the Pfaffian expanded in terms of $V'$ are given as
 \begin{eqnarray}
\mathrm{pf}(\Tilde{U}H_{\mathbf{k}_{\|}})\sim Z_{\bar{N}}\left[1+\frac{|V'_{m,m+1,-\mathbf{k}_{\|}}|^2 }{E_{m,-\mathbf{k}_{\|}}E_{m+1,-\mathbf{k}_{\|}}}\right],
\end{eqnarray}
where $Z_{\bar{N}} = \prod_{i=1}^{\bar{N}}E_{i,-\mathbf{k}_{\|}}$.
Since each region is assumed to be gapped for the entire BZ, the sign of $Z_{\bar{N}} $ is fixed. Thus, the condition for the Fermi loop is given as
 \begin{eqnarray}
E_{m\mathbf{k}_{\|}}E_{m+1\mathbf{k}_{\|}} =-|V'_{m,m+1,\mathbf{k}_{\|}}|^2 \label{eq:FLcond}.
\end{eqnarray}
It means that the Fermi loop appears when
the hybridization becomes comparable to the gap for the IPHS.
For example, when the chemical potential to be the middle of the gap ($-E_{m+1,\mathbf{k}_{\|}}=
E_{m,\mathbf{k}_{\|}}$), the Fermi loop appears at
$E_{m+1,\mathbf{k}_{\|}}
= |V'_{m,m+1,\mathbf{k}_{\|}}|$.

On the other hand, for the ITRS class $(\varepsilon_{C}, \eta_{U})=(1,-1)$,
it results in double degeneracy for every eigenstate,
because the eigenequation becomes a perfect square: $\mathrm{Det}(H-E)=\mathrm{Det}(\tilde{U}(H-E))=(\mathrm{pf}(\tilde{U}(H-E)))^2$. Here we used the fact that $\tilde{U}$ is
skew symmetric for the ITRS class. Therefore, although within each region the TRS symmetry is broken, the ITRS gives rise to a ``Kramers-like'' degeneracy for every state.

In general, it might be difficult to realize interfaces with the IPHS.
On the other hand, it is easier for superconductors, because their energy bands have the PHS by themselves.
Here we show another example of the Fermi loop at the $\pi$-junction interface between two 2D Rashba
systems.
We consider 2D bilayer systems with the Rashba SOC on the square lattice \cite{Bernardes07,Akabori12},
and assume that s-wave superconductivity is induced by a proximity effect.
In the case with the monolayer Rashba system, the Bogoliubov-de Gennes Hamiltonian is written as
 \begin{eqnarray}
 H_{\Delta}(\mathbf{k})&=&
 \begin{pmatrix}
 h_{0}(\mathbf{k})&is_{y}\Delta\\
 -is_{y}\Delta& -h_{0}^{t}(-\mathbf{k})
 \end{pmatrix},\\
 h_{0}(\mathbf{k})&=&\xi(\mathbf{k})+\alpha(s_{x}\sin k_{y}-s_{y}\sin k_{x}),
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Delta$ is the superconducting order parameter and is assumed to be a real constant, $\xi(\mathbf{k})$ ($=\xi(-\mathbf{k})$) is the kinetic energy from the chemical potential $\mu$, and $\alpha$ is the strength of the SOC.
The eigenvalues are $E_{\Delta}=\pm\sqrt{ \left(\xi(\mathbf{k})\pm\alpha\sqrt{\sin^2 k_{x}+\sin^2 k_{y}}\right)^2+\Delta^2 }$, and the system is gapped for the entire BZ.
Because the Hamiltonian satisfies the equations
$ \tau_{y}H_{\Delta} (\mathbf{k})\tau_{y}=-H_{-\Delta}^{t} (-\mathbf{k})$, and
$ \tau_{z}s_{z}H_{\Delta} (\mathbf{k})\tau_{z}s_{z}=H_{\Delta} (-\mathbf{k})$, we can see that
the Hamiltonians $H_{\pm\Delta}(\mathbf{k})$ are related by the PHS with $(\varepsilon_{C},\eta_{U})=(-1,1)$.
Therefore,
a $\pi$-junction interface between two 2D Rashba systems with $+\Delta$ and $-\Delta$ has the IPHS, and its Hamiltonian is given by
 \begin{eqnarray}
 H(\mathbf{k})&=&
 \begin{pmatrix}
 H_{\Delta} (\mathbf{k})&t\tau_{z}\\
 t\tau_{z}& H_{-\Delta} (\mathbf{k})
 \end{pmatrix},
\end{eqnarray}
where $t$ is the hybridization across the junction, and $\tau_{z}$ is the Pauli matrix for Nambu space.
At the band edge, we approximate the kinetic energy as $\xi(\mathbf{k})=\frac{k^2}{2m_{e}}-\mu$, where $m_{e}$ is the electron mass,
and $\sin k_i\sim k_i$. We, then, obtain the energy eigenvalues
$E_{\Delta}=\pm t\pm\sqrt{ [\frac{k^2}{2m_{e}}-\mu\pm\alpha k]^2+\Delta^2 }$.
Therefore,
the Fermi loops appear when the hybridization is larger than the gap ($|t|>|\Delta|$).
It can be satisfied even if the junction is weak,
because the hybridization $t$ can be maximally $\sim 10^{-1}$ eV, and the gap $\Delta$ is typically
 $\Delta \sim 10^{-4}$eV.

In conclusion,
we found new symmetries called interfacial symmetries, IPHS and ITRS, in junction systems, and these symmetries appear as novel dispersions of
interface gapless states.
Here the respective regions on either side of the junction are not invariant under a particular transformation, but the
whole junction system is invariant.
The interface Fermi loop is guaranteed by the reality of the Pfaffian of a skew-symmetric matrix: $\mathrm{pf}(\Tilde{U} H)$ where $\Tilde{U}$ consists of the space inversion and the PH transformation. We found that the Fermi loop is a boundary between the positive and negative regions of
$\mathrm{pf}(\Tilde{U} H)$.
This presence of the Fermi loop is shown for general systems with the IPHS. On the other hand, the ITRS leads to double degeneracy for every state in junction systems.

This work is partially supported by the Global Center of Excellence Program by MEXT, Japan through the ``Nanoscience and Quantum Physics" Project of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Grant-in-Aid from MEXT, Japan (No. 21000004 and 26287062), JSPS Re- search Fellowships for Young Scientists, Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows No. 25-9798, and Tokodai Institute for Element Strategy (TIES) funded by MEXT Elements Strategy Initiative to Form Core Research Center.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Background: The global epidemiology of ECC demonstrated the prevalence of caries in pre-school children in both developed and developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the dental caries prevalence among Belarusian infants and toddlers and the most significant risk factors of the disease.
Methods: A total of 800 children at the age of 6-36 months in randomly selected pediatric clinics in Minsk were surveyed by one dentist to assess dental caries, using d1-4mft index. Parents were suggested to fill in the questionnaires about children oral hygiene and feeding practice. Logistic regression was used to reveal the strongest ECC predictors and create the model of prediction. For this purpose 74 risk factors were analized. Ethical approval was obtained.
Results: Among the examined children 383 (47.9%) were girls and 417 (52.1%) boys. 249 children had dental caries (31.1%). The prevalence increased from 6.7% in 1 year olds to 63.5% in 3 year olds. Index d1-4mft was 1.7 (2.9), d1-4mfs was 2.72 (5.27). The mean d1 was 0.42 (1.17), d2 - 0.33 (1.02), d3 – 0.85 (1.38), d4 – 0.04 (0.34), m – 0.04 (0.36), f – 0.02 (0.28). The dentin caries was diagnosed more often and almost all caries lesions in infants and toddlers were untreated. Caries lesions were diagnosed more often on central upper incisors (33.6%), lateral upper incisors (37.6%) and first upper molars (29.3%). The mother's educational level had influence on the prevalence of ECC (χ2 =19.8, р<0.001). The strongest predictors of ECC were frequency of night feeding during 2-3 last months (p<0.000), night bottle feeding (p=0.003) and visible plaque on teeth (p=0.0006).
Conclusion: ECC is a major problem from a population health perspective but it is predictable and preventable. The rational feeding and early beginning of oral hygiene are the main preventive measures for young children.


text:
madhattersimc.org
Mergers and Acquisitions in Media
Online Video Games: Who is Playing and What!
HarryPosted on 10/14/2019 12/25/2019
Video games have always been very popular from the moment they appeared. As technology improved, video games were developed and their popularity has constantly increased ever since. The games which appeared online enabled gamers to play games anywhere and anytime and, most importantly, online games gave gamers the opportunity to play with people all around the globe. For that reason, online video games seem to be the most popular among gamers, just like online betting with Bet9ja promotion code is popular with sports fans. But what do the statistics say? In the following paragraphs, we will take a look at the statistics of online video games and we will present some interesting facts.
FACT NUMBER ONE: THE AGE OF GAMERS
Statistics show that the average age of gamers is 35 and the average age of game purchasers is 38. It may seem surprising because we always imagine that it's teenagers who are playing games. What can be the reason for people playing games at 35? Among other things, this is a great way to relax after work. In addition, people who work can afford to buy any game they want or buy a license to play these games online.
FACT NUMBER TWO: THE DEVICES GAMERS USE
Statistics say that 56% of players play games on PC. When it comes to a dedicated game console, 53% play games on a dedicated game console, while 36% use a smartphone to play their games. 31% of gamers use a wireless device and 17% use a dedicated handheld system. What do these numbers show us? They show that the PC remains the most popular device for playing games and we believe that the situation will remain the same in the years to come.
FACT NUMBER THREE: WHO ARE THE GAMERS PLAYING THE GAMES WITH?
Statistics show that 48% of people play social video games online. Around 54% play with the other gamers, and around 53% play games with their friends. Gamers say that, this way, they feel connected to the people who share their love and passion for video games. Furthermore, some gamers play games with their family, around 42% of them. They say that playing games helps them spend quality time with their family members.
FACT NUMBER FOUR: HOW MANY HOURS DO GAMERS SPEND ON PLAYING GAMES?
Gamers who love playing video games online tend to use every opportunity they have to play games. Around 6.5 hours per week is spent on playing games online with their friends. It may seem a lot, but this is time spent to relax with your friends or family or on your own. When you think about it in this manner, 6 hours does not seem a lot anymore.
Online video games are becoming more and more popular. And we believe that in the future the numbers will become bigger and more and more people will be playing video games online.
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Ellsworth's Hunter Curtis possesses the ball against Winslow's Jason Reynolds during a boys' basketball playoff game Feb. 14 at the Cross Insurance Center in Bangor. The upcoming basketball season will look different as coaches and athletes deal with mask mandates during competition, spectator bans and the likely cancellation of the state tournament in February. FILE PHOTO
Coaches, athletes brace for unusual winter sports season
November 18, 2020	by Mike Mandell on Basketball, Cheering, Sports, Swimming, Track, Wrestling
ELLSWORTH — Hancock County just experienced the strangest high school sports season in recent memory. Now, things are about to get even weirder.
Although a framework has been set in place for a winter sports season, there are no concrete details just yet as to what kinds of games and meets will be taking place come January. After all, nothing can be etched in stone during a pandemic, especially one that's worsening both nationally and statewide.
No, all that can be certain this winter is that a chaotic, unusual season lies ahead. With countable contests delayed until January, masks mandated during competition and the likely casualty of the acclaimed state basketball tournament, the upcoming campaign will require coaches and players alike to be even more flexible and resilient than ever.
"We know it's not going to be what we've had in the past," said Andy Pooler, head coach of the Ellsworth girls' basketball team. "We still don't know for sure what's going to happen, which is kind of the way the world is with everything right now."
The stage for a winter season was set Nov. 6 as state agencies, in coordination with the Maine Principals' Association, announced a timeline for high school athletics to take place in the coming months. The decision came 10 days after the MPA elected to delay winter sports, which had been slated to begin Monday.
Ellsworth's Lillian Frank competes in the 200-yard freestyle during a 2019 high school swim meet at the Down East Family YMCA. Changes to swim meets this year include the possibility of virtual competitions and a ban on relay races to keep swimmers from congregating near the podiums. FILE PHOTO
The current community sports guidelines separate winter athletic activities into six different tiers based on risk levels. Those tiers range from the lowest-risk activities at Level 1 (home conditioning and skill development) to the highest-risk activities at Level 6 (competition against teams from other states).
Under the guidelines, teams may begin Level 1 activities Dec. 7, Level 2 and Level 3 activities (practices and intra-squad scrimmages) Dec. 14 and Level 4 activities (games against regional opponents) Jan. 11. To date, future clearance has not been given for Level 5 (statewide) or Level 6 activities.
As was the case in the buildup to fall sports, though, those dates provide only a rough outline as to how high school sports might unfold this winter. With the state reaching record COVID-19 case numbers and the first potential games and meets still almost two months away, schools are a long way off from finalizing times and dates for competitions.
"I don't feel we're on any sort of schedule right now," said Mount Desert Island head swim coach David Blaney. "There are no final dates nailed down or anything like that, so for me, it's still a mindset of seeing what happens and hopefully getting into the pool when we can."
If athletes and coaches are able to meet up for practices, scrimmages and games, they'll do so wearing masks or face coverings at all times, even during competition. That mandate is in place after community leaders expressed concerns over differences in guidelines relating to in-class activities and community sports.
The ruling on masks represents a shift from the fall sports season, during which athletes were not required to wear masks or face coverings while competing. Although competing while masked is certainly an added challenge, it's also something athletes are coming to accept as a reality this winter.
"I don't think anyone is too happy about it, but that's the way it is, and we have to do it," said Hunter Curtis, a junior on the Ellsworth boys' basketball team. "I'm going to get started on some workouts with masks on so that I can get used to it."
Sports such as swimming and indoor track will face challenges related to the use of facilities. Local track teams compete at the University of Maine's New Balance Fieldhouse, currently closed, and many swim teams compete at YMCA or other recreational facilities that must also accommodate other members.
"It's been good for us because the [MDI YMCA] has been really willing to work with the program, but there are still a lot of questions that need to be answered," Blaney said. "In a normal year, I'll have all 48 kids in the shallow end of the pool. That's obviously not something that can happen this year."
Members of the Bucksport cheer team perform their routine during the Maine Cheer Coaches Association Showcase on Jan. 4 at Ellsworth High School. Cheer teams will be unable to perform verbal cheers and pyramids this season. FILE PHOTO
No sport finds itself in a worse position than wrestling, the lone "high-risk" winter activity under community sports guidelines and the only winter sport not to be cleared for competition. Restricted to individual workouts and physically distanced team activities, local wrestlers know their sport is in a uniquely disadvantageous position.
"It's not a nice feeling; it's like something has been ripped away from you," said Ellsworth wrestling's Noah Hughes. "For a lot of us seniors, we were holding out hope that we could have a season and put our names on the banner. It's been very tough."
Should competitions take place this winter, they will occur without spectators in the bleachers. That would provide for significantly less joyous atmospheres at basketball games, swim competitions and cheer meets, all of which are known for raucous crowd environments.
Most surreal, perhaps, is the near-certain loss of the high school basketball tournament in February. As a Level 5 event under the current community sports guidelines, the tourney, a rite of passage that brings together communities of all kinds over a two-week period that captivates the entire state, would be unable to go forward.
"Playing in that tournament is always the high point of the season," Curtis said. "It's really special, and you always look forward to it. … It's hard to think that we won't get it, but we have to think positive and be ready prove ourselves if we do get to play some games."
Individual sports will face a slew of competition-specific changes as well. Basketball teams will not be allowed to leave the gym during halftime; swim meets, Blaney said, might be held virtually between schools; cheer squads will be prohibited from performing verbal cheers and forming pyramids.
Yet local players and coaches are willing to live with the changes if doing so allows winter athletics to be held in some form. Whether they're limited to practices or ultimately allowed to compete against other teams, those on the high school sports circuit will welcome the chance to make whatever they can of a potential season.
"If we have to, we can practice in my driveway," Pooler said. "Whatever they'll let us do, we'll do it — anything to make it feel some type of normal."
Mike Mandell
Mike Mandell is the sports editor at The Ellsworth American and Mount Desert Islander. He began working for The American in August 2016. You can reach him via email at [email protected]
Latest posts by Mike Mandell (see all)
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Mary Clerkin Higgins
Mary Clerkin Higgins, formerly of Sandy Creek, died on Christmas morning in Manhattan following a four-year struggle with breast cancer. Her husband, Steven and son, Walker were by her side.
Mary was born Nov. 16, 1954 in Queens, New York, the daughter of Thomas and Margaret Walker Clerkin. Her family moved to the village of Sandy Creek when she was a young child. She graduated from Sandy Creek Central School in 1972 and earned a BA from Fordham University at Lincoln Center in 1976. She married Steven Higgins at St. Frances Xavier Cabrini Church, Lacona on Oct. 9, 1976.
Mary was one of the nation's leading artists and conservators of stained glass, entrusted with conserving panels dating as far back as the 12th century, for public and private collections around the world. In addition, she was an award-winning artist whose original works received several awards, among them inclusion in the Corning Museum of Glass's prestigious annual survey "New Glass Review 36" (2015).
In 1976, she began an apprenticeship with Melville Greenland at the renowned Greenland Studio in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan. She quickly rose to the position of lead conservator for Greenland and, in 1986, founded Clerkin Higgins Stained Glass Inc. in Brooklyn, New York.
Over the years, she became a close collaborator with Rowan LeCompte, the renowned artist responsible, among much else, for the West Rose Window and clerestory windows at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. Mary worked on over a dozen of Rowan's Cathedral commissions and was wholly responsible for the fabrication at her Brooklyn studio of two large clerestory projects – "The Suffering and Redemption of Job," and "The Faith of the Hebrew People."
Mary presented her research at many conferences across North America and Europe and was a Fellow of the American Institute for Conservation. She was a co-founder and past president of the American Glass Guild, receiving the Guild's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2017. She contributed the chapter on "Origins, Materials, and the Glazier's Art" to "Stained Glass: From Its Origins to the Present" (Abrams, 2003) and wrote the preface to "Strangest Genius: The Stained Glass of Harry Clarke" (The History Press, 2010). Mary was featured on NPR's "Science Friday" website and in Peter Swanson's films "Let There Be Light" (2012) and "Rowan LeCompte: A Life in Light" (2020). In 2018 she was an expert guide for Ama Waterways "Stained Glass along the Enchanted Rhine River" cruise.
Mary's restoration work lives on in numerous collections, among them the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Cloisters, Harvard, Stanford, Cornell, and Duke universities, the Baltimore Museum of Art, the Morse Museum of American Art, the Brooklyn Museum, the United Nations, and the Neustadt Museum of Tiffany Glass. In addition to many original autonomous panels, she created an original ensemble of 11 panels depicting the risen Christ and the four evangelists for the Cloister Chapel at Sea Island, GA.
Mary leaves behind her husband, Steven, her son, Walker and his wife, Ana, all of New York City; her mother, Margaret Clerkin, Sandy Creek; seven sisters, Alice Clerkin, Sandy Creek; Judy (Russell) Gerry, Venice, FL; Margaret Clerkin (David Dorman), Middlebury, VT; Maureen Petersen (Mark Golden), Parish; Frances Kraushaar, Syracuse; Clare (Scott) Russell, Rochester; and Eileen (George) Toth, Chittenango; four brothers, Kevin (Janet), Parish; Thomas (Sarah), Redfield; William (Marilyn), Fairfax VA; and Daniel, Buffalo; 14 nieces, 11 nephews; several in-laws, aunts, uncles, cousins, and many friends and associates in the stained glass community, here and abroad. She was pre-deceased by her father, Thomas J. Clerkin.
Mary entered the stained glass world at a time when few women practiced the craft, or ran their own studios. She carved out a place for herself in the male-dominated field through humble tenacity and a simple dedication to the perfecting of her art. She inspired everyone she encountered with her unwavering courage in the face of her disease, with her brilliant laughter, wonderful cooking skills, and, above all, her kind and generous spirit. Her 25 nieces and nephews adored her.
A celebration of Mary's life will take place at a later date.
SECONDARY STEM COACH (NYS
BEEKMANTOWN CENTRAL School seeks the following for 9/1/16: Elementary Certified:


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dolly parton and kenny rogers songs
Dolly Parton has actually collaborated with countless singers throughout she career. One of them was Kenny Rogers, who was also a good friend. They had a good answer come why they never dated.
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How Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers met
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Parton and Rogers released their an initial duet, "Islands in the Stream," in 1983. This to be after Parton became aware of his music and also loved his voice.
"I an initial became conscious of Kenny once he was through a group called an initial Edition," she said during the CMT GIANTS unique honoring Rogers, according to PopCulture.com. "I heard a song dubbed 'I simply Dropped In to view What problem My condition Was In.'"
She climate said, "I thought that was really clever, but I loved the sound the his voice and I kind of followed approximately to view who the was and also got more involved in his music."
Eventually, the singers released multiple duets. Their an initial one was very successful.
What song did Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton sing together?
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The singers ended up releasing plenty of songs together. A year ~ "Islands in the Stream," the singers released "The biggest Gift that All" because that Christmas. They then released "Real Love" in 1985, "Love Is Strange" in 1990, and also "You Can't do Old Friends" in 2013.
Their last performance with each other was in 2017 at the every In because that The Gambler: Kenny Rogers' bye Concert Celebration, follow to an international News. This event was in celebration of Rogers, that was retiring due to being ill.
"How around me and also you walk out like rock stars?" Parton asked that on stage. They performed "Island in the Stream" together. Parton additionally sang "I Will always Love You" come him.
Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers had actually 'tension'
Kenny Rogers and also Dolly Parton in 1987 | Walt Disney tv via Getty Images
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Some fans have actually wondered why the duet partners never ever dated. They had a feeling of humor as soon as asked this.
"First the all, she's tough to look at because that me," Rogers joked in one interview v Today in 2017. "I'm not his type," Parton added. However then Rogers went on come say the truth they didn't date has actually assisted their art.
"I'm a believer that stress and anxiety is far better if you keep it than if you meet it," the said. "And then secondly, she stated no to me." Parton then defined that she didn't think your friendship might lead come something romantic.
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"Nah. You know what, we were nearly like brother and sister," she said. "And the would virtually be like incest. For this reason we simply never walk there."
Parton has actually been married to Carl thomas Dean due to the fact that 1966. Rogers died in 2020 and was married come Wanda Miller.
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