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Marcel Breuer: the Bauhaus furniture master with a passion for architecture
Jon Astbury | 27 November 2018 Leave a comment
Marcel Breuer is famous for his tubular steel furniture, yet his real interest was architecture. For our Bauhaus 100 series, marking 100 years of the influential school, we profile the Hungarian designer who championed a rational approach to design.
For many, Breuer is immediately connected to the Model B3, also known as the Wassily Chair. This iconic tubular steel chair, inspired by bicycle frames and made with the latest in steel-bending technology, was given its nickname when it was reproduced by Italian manufacturer Gavina.
Named after an anecdote whereby a curious Wassily Kandinsky, expressing interest in an early version of the chair in Breuer's studio, was one of the first recipients of a post-prototype model for his own office.
It may be furniture that Breuer is most widely known for, but his real passion was architecture – a desire that would be fulfilled when he left Germany for the United States. But before this, he would fall under the spell of a newly-established Bauhaus.
Breuer is best known for his furniture, including the Wassily Chair. Image is courtesy of Knoll
Breuer was born in the city of Pécs, Hungary, in 1902, but at 18 years old he left his hometown, keen to go somewhere where he could engage with the modern movement, then in full swing. He received a scholarship to attend the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, the city that had been home to some of early modernism's most important figures.
Breuer was one of the Bauhaus' youngest students
When he arrived, the academy was so far from the vibrant atmosphere he was expecting – far too much stuffy theory and not enough making. So much so that Breuer, according to author Robert McCarter, walked out on the same day he arrived.
He would later refer to his times in Vienna as some of the "unhappiest in his life".
Breuer moved from being a young master at the carpentry workshop to designing numerous buildings in the USA. Image is courtesy of Bauhaus Archiv
Things began to look brighter when, as McCarter writes, a friend handed Breuer "a little brochure from the Bauhaus with the emblem: Return of the Craftsman and a woodcut by Lyonel Feininger". Breuer, who had been busying his hands working for an architect and cabinetmaker in Vienna in order to "become more practical", headed to Weimar to enrol.
At 19 years old, Breuer was one of the youngest students to enter the Bauhaus. Joining in 1920, a year after the school's opening, Breuer was alongside Josef Albers, and both took part in the then newly established preliminary course. Paul Klee would join the school as a master soon after.
Breuer was an early proponent of a rational approach
Surrounded by expressionism, Breuer was an early proponent of the more rational approach that the school would become known for in the mid 1920s.
Any form of dedicated architectural training at the school was still around seven years away, so Breuer ended up in the carpentry workshop, graduating in 1924 and heading to Paris to further his architectural studies – which included meeting Le Corbusier.
Dezeen's guide to Bauhaus architecture and design
Breuer's work was in many ways a perfect demonstration of the Bauhaus' ideals of art meeting industry. Early versions of the B3 chair were only made possible due to steel manufacturer Mannesmann developing methods that removed seams from steel tubing, and the fabric straps (later replaced by leather) that constitute the chair's arms, back and seat were developed by Margaretha Reichardt, a weaving workshop student.
So impressed was Gropius that in 1925 he persuaded Breuer to return from Paris to the new Bauhaus in Dessau, offering him the position of young master at the carpentry workshop. Two years later, Breuer would complete the interiors for the model Weissenhoff Estate – led by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe – at the 1927 Stuttgart Exhibition.
Breuer's furniture was only made possible by advances in material production techniques. Image courtesy of Brooklyn Museum
His experiments with tubular steel also continued with stools, tables, and folding and cantilever chairs.
"It is interesting," remarked Breuer, "that the modern furniture was promoted not by the professional furniture designers, but by architects." In something of a reversal of this, his early architectural and interior designs, such as the prefabricated steel Kleinmetallhais (1925) and the Bambos houses (1927), drew heavily from his furniture designs.
Breuer's architectural potential was limited at the Bauhaus
There remained, however, little chance for Breuer to put most of his architectural designs into practice. In 1928, aged 26, he left the Bauhaus to establish his own architectural office in Berlin, supported by royalties from the sale of his chairs.
It was a difficult time to establish a firm, but Breuer would design the Dolderthal apartments in Zurich for Sigfried Gideon (1934), before moving to London as the Nazis were gaining power. Here, he worked briefly with Jack Pritchard of the Isokon company before joining Walter Gropius to teach at Harvard University – among their students were Philip Johnson, IM Pei and Paul Rudolph.
Breuer completed the St John's Abbey Church in his prolific later years. Photo is by Bobak Ha'Eri
At Harvard, Gropius and Breuer collaborated extensively – on their own houses, among others, on the Pennsylvania State Exhibition at the 1939 New York World's Fair and on Chamberlain College, Massachusetts (1940). Breuer's early work tended towards a more International Style white box and glass aesthetic, based on the systems he had been devising years before but had been unable to build in Germany.
Breuer's studio produced more than 100 buildings
It is his later work, however, built after his move to New York in 1946 and using strong formal compositions of concrete and stone, for which his architectural career is most remembered.
"If the International Style mean only mechanistic and impersonal, rigid forms" said Breuer at a MoMA symposium in 1948, "then down with it".
St John's Abbey Church in Minnesota, the Metropolitan Museum of Art (now the Met Breuer) and the Atlanta-Fulton Central Public Library are just a few of some 100 buildings completed by Breuer's practice during these prolific years.
The former Whitney Museum of American Art in New York was designed by Breuer. Photo is by Gryffindor
But despite their aesthetic force as Breuer buildings, the collaborative ethos that defined his early chairs remained strong throughout his career, working with Pier Luigi Nervi, Robert Gatje and Harry Seidler to name but a few.
The AIA awarded Breuer with their Gold Medal in 1968, just as he was drawing huge criticism for designs that would slam a skyscraper into Grand Central Terminal.
The design was never built, but the furore dented Breuer's hard-earned American reputation. Commissions continued regardless, the last being The Central Library in Downtown Atlanta. Breuer died in Manhattan in 1981, a year after it opened, aged 79.
Dezeen's Bauhaus 100 series explores the enduring influence of the school
The Bauhaus is the most influential art and design school in history. To mark the centenary of the school's founding, we've created a series of articles exploring the school's key figures and projects.
See the full Bauhaus 100 series ›
Main illustration is by Vesa Sammalisto, additional illustration is by Jack Bedford.
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Here is another Happy Anniversary card. I have done similar design previously - using the red heart with a red card as a background. In this variation I used different butterfly stickers and two butterflies instead of only one.
Take white card 15cm x 30cm and fold it in half. Take a red card paper (size 15cm x 15cm) and using double sided tape attach it to the white card. Attach yellow card paper (9cm x 9cm), again using double sided tape, to the brown card paper (10 x 10cm) and then attach the heart (using foam pads cut to size to fit the thickness of the heart) to the middle of the yellow card paper. Attach a large butterfly to the heart and a small one to the top left corner of the yellow card. Attach 3 3mm red gems onto the yellow card next to the heart. Attach the brown card paper to the red card using foam pads. Add "Happy Anniversary" or "With Love" sticker to the card.


PALEO JAY SMOOTHIE CAFE: Paleo Quick Tip of the Day #22- Get Fit, Strong and Healthy- AND get a Natural Facelift in the Process!!!
Paleo Quick Tip of the Day #22- Get Fit, Strong and Healthy- AND get a Natural Facelift in the Process!!!
Free shipping on ANY Vitamix!
I know, this sounds like a crazy infomercial... but it is TRUE, and actually rather easily achievable- every last bit of it! How?
TO INCLUDE A DAILY GREEN, PALEO SMOOTHIE IN YOUR DIET??
Take about a handful, or a cupful, or whatever you shake out into your Vitamix blender (no exacting recipes here, thank you!) of mixed frozen or fresh veggies- I like the California Mix from Wal-Mart and most groceries- cauliflower, broccoli, carrots) and then add another handful of either collards, spinach, kale- a leafy green dude! Whatever you have on hand- fresh or frozen- doesn't matter!
When you mix this into an instant smoothie meal replacement by adding a liquid like green or white tea, coconut milk, and a little bit of citrus fruit like a lemon, orange, and a handful of berries, fresh or frozen- you are giving your body the most incredible source of nutrients that you possible could offer! "Hurray YOU" says your body!
And not nearly enough of the micronutrients that we need to be fit, strong, and healthy! The GREEN VEGETABLES, primarily, that we need in GREAT QUANTITY TO BE OUR HEALTHIEST, FITTEST, AND BEST!
Quite frankly, it is difficult to follow the Paleo diet... if you do it without a daily Paleo Green Smoothie! It's almost impossible to get enough greens and veggies to make it really happen, like it did in primeval times when our ancestors would literally gather and chew these veggies, ALL DAY LONG!!
We don't live like that today... but, we can accomplish the exact same thing, but even BETTER by putting our veggies into a Vitamix and blending them into an easily assimilable Paleo Smoothie that we can drink, easily and effortlessly.
And just why is this so great?
Because if we get all of these wonderful nutrients, in their natural form (not supplements!), from God-made veggies and fruits and pastured eggs and teas and butter and spices... WE ARE GIVING OUR BODIES EVERYTHING THEY NEED, AND HAVE BEEN LACKING, IN MOST CASES FOR YEARS AND YEARS!
When your body at last has all the nutrients it needs, it shuts off your appetite!
The reason you are probably constantly hungry is that your body needs nutrients to build, and maintain your body's health and wellness!
If you give it nutrient poor food, like the Standard American SAD diet- it will say over and over and over again- I'm Hungry- EAT!
And, if you continue to give it man made food, i.e. CRAP; your body will STILL be hungry, although storing fat all over your body, and especially all over your FACE!
Give your body a Paleo Green Smoothie each day, and a huge change happens, and it happens FAST.
Almost immediately, your skin clears- hey- the body has enough nutrients now!
Next, fat starts melting away- hey- the body is no longer hungry- it has nutrients in plenty to build and repair with! The body even says Hey- we should work out, since we have the nutrients available to build muscle- and let's get rid of this worthless fat- we have enough nutrients coming in, this must be a time of plenty- let's build up and be strong!
Besides the fact that their skin and hair look amazingly healthy and glowing, their face is WAY thinner, more defined, and without that BLOAT that is so typical of modern Americans- THEY ACTUALLY LOOK LIKE MODELS!
All from a Paleo Green Smoothie, made easily in a Vitamix blender, in your own kitchen??
Yes, it really is that simple and easy!
But, even if you don't order it there, just get one, and more importantly use it on a regular basis! NOTHING, and I really mean NOTHING is more beneficial to your health and appearance that this one simple step- NOTHING!


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As a mark of respect for the victims of the senseless acts of violence perpetrated on January 21, 2023, in Monterey Park, California, by the authority vested in me as President of the United States by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, I hereby order that the flag of the United States shall be flown at half-staff at the White House and upon all public buildings and grounds, at all military posts and naval stations, and on all naval vessels of the Federal Government in the District of Columbia and throughout the United States and its Territories and possessions until sunset, January 26, 2023. I also direct that the flag shall be flown at half-staff for the same length of time at all United States embassies, legations, consular offices, and other facilities abroad, including all military facilities and naval vessels and stations.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Looking to get into some form of Kitesport this year then look no further than Gower Kiteriders , South Wales' longest standing BKSA approved kite school. We offer professional tuition in all aspects of kitesports from Power kiting to get you started, through to Kite land boarding and buggying. Our Kitesurfing courses are all supplied by qualified instructors and we only teach at the safest and most suitable beaches across the beautiful Gower.
So get in touch with us or pop into our Shop on Francis street in Swansea to have a chat about when you want to take the plunge !


So here's my question: Seen any good newspaper ads lately that might cheer me up??
#1 Because they have an element of intrigue.
#2 Because they could represent a new category of revenue for newspapers: Did You Work With ads.
Hmmm. That's just for starters. We'll do some more digging here and get back to you guys soon.


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Roger Forst de Battaglia (ur. 9 października 1873 w Bochni, zm. 16 maja 1950 w Krakowie) – polski baron, prawnik włoskiego pochodzenia, ekonomista, działacz przemysłowy.

Życiorys
Ród Battaglia de Sopramonte e Ponte Alto pochodził z Wenecji. W 1708 za zasługi wojenne otrzymał tytuł barona Świętego Cesarstwa Rzymskiego. Później przeniósł się do Czech. O tym, czy Roger jest spadkobiercą tego rodu nie wiadomo, ale tytuł szlachecki "baron", jakim się tytułował, może na to wskazywać.

Roger Battaglia był synem Gwidona Battaglia (powstaniec styczniowy, starosta, pisarz) i Olgi z domu Baranowskiej herbu Łodzia. Jego rodzeństwem byli Karol (porucznik artylerii), Małgorzat (żona Węclewskiego, komisarza powiatowego), Helen (żona Forsta, docenta Uniwersytetu Wiedeńskiego), Andrzej (1895–1918, żołnierz, legionista, pierwszy Polak poległy w obronie Lwowa w 1918).

Był żonaty z Kazimierą z domu Kirchmayer (ur. 1869), z którą miał syna Romana (ur. 1903).

Do 1900 zdobył wykształcenie prawnicze i ekonomiczne, doświadczenie polityczne oraz społeczne. Stopień doktora prawa uzyskał na Uniwersytecie Franciszkańskim we Lwowie.

Praca zawodowa i społeczna
Około 1895-1895 był praktykantem w Banku Krajowym Królestwa Galicyi i Lodomeryi z Wielkiem Księstwem Krakowskiem we Lwowie. Od około 1900 w charakterze komisarza powiatowego był przydzielony do służby C. K. Namiestnictwie we Lwowie. Od około 1901  charakterze starszego komisarza powiatowego był przydzielony do C. K. Ministerstwa Spraw Wewnętrznych w Wiedniu.

Od około 1904 co najmniej do 1914 był dyrektorem biura Centralnego Związku Galicyjskiego Przemysłu Fabrycznego we Lwowie. W Lidze Pomocy Przemysłowej we Lwowie był III wiceprezydentem od około 1905, a od około 1906 członkiem wydziału. Był inicjatorem wystawy przemysłu krajowego w Zakopanem w 1905 (wspólnie z prezesem Ligi Pomocy Przemysłowej Andrzejem Chramcem). Jako delegat Rady Miasta od około 1906 był w składzie rady nadzorczej Muzeum Przemysłowego Miejskiego we Lwowie. Od około 1909 był członkiem Komisji Krajowej dla Spraw Przemysłowych. Od około 1910 był członkiem rady zawiadowczej I Galicyjskiego Towarzystwa Akcyjne dla Przemysłu Chemicznego we Lwowie. Od około 1912 był dyrektorem biura Galicyjski Związek Młynów we Lwowie. Od około 1912 był wiceprezesem sekcji balneoprzemysłowej Krajowego Związku Zdrojowisk i Uzdrowisk we Lwowie.

W 1905 we Lwowie wydał swoją pierwszą publikacje poruszającą problemy Galicji pt. Rzecz o propinacyi. Był naczelnym redaktorem "Gazety Wieczornej".

Kariera polityczna
W 1906 brał udział w wyborach uzupełniających do Rady Państwa w Wiedniu i od 24 kwietnia do 17 listopada został wybrany na posła w okręgu Tarnów–Bochnia. Jednak z danych sejmowych wynika, że w rubryce "zamieszkanie" wpisał Wiedeń, natomiast jako zawód podał "wicesekretarz ministerstwa poza służbą". Kiedy w 1906 odbyły się kolejne wybory do sejmu wiedeńskiego, również dostał mandat, tym razem już na całą kadencję (do 30 marca 1911). W tym czasie zamieszkał we Lwowie. Sprawowania mandat posła XI kadencji do około 1910. Na początku 1908 został ranny podczas kampanii wyborczej wskutek napaści socjalistów na lokal przy rynku we Lwowie. Od 1908 do 1913 pełnił mandat posła na Sejm Krajowy we Lwowie IX kadencji, będąc wybranym w III kurii w okręgu Lwów. Był też członkiem Rady Miejskiej we Lwowie: w sekcji II od około 1905 do około 1912, w sekcji V od około 1913.

W 1910 przystąpił do Stronnictwa Narodowo-Demokratycznego, które było licznie reprezentowane w parlamencie. Posłami należącymi do SND byli Wiącek, Buzek, German, Głąbiński oraz Zamorski. Battaglia nie miał żadnego stanowiska w klubie. Prezesem był Głąbiński, wiceprezesem German a sekretarzem Zamorski. Jednak niedługo po wstąpieniu do partii, ujawnił swoje polityczne ambicje, dodatkowo wzmacniane przez rozbieżności ideowe między członkami partii. Nie akceptował decyzji partii, że posłowie na sejm powinni ustalać swoje poczynania z ośrodkiem decyzyjnym endecji w Warszawie. W 1908, wystąpił do władz Stronnictwa Narodowo-Demokratycznego z sugestią przeprowadzenia daleko idących zmian w strukturach organizacyjnych partii, tak aby zdecentralizować struktury partii i przenieść ośrodek decyzyjny SN-D ze Lwowa do Wiednia. Na zjeździe partii w 1909 uchwalono uchwały całkowicie przeciwne do roszczeń Battaglii, tzn. ustanawiające zwierzchność kierownictwa we Lwowie nad innymi jednostkami. Battaglia nie wytrwał do końca kadencji w Stronnictwie Demokratycznym i 19 czerwca 1910 razem z Ludomiłem Germanem opuścił partię. Kluczowym powodem było to, że nie solidaryzowali się z kursem antyrządowym, skierowanym przeciwko konserwatywnemu namiestnikowi Galicji – Michałowi Bobrzyńskiemu, reprezentowanym m.in. przez Stanisława Grabskiego. Battaglia i German byli natomiast zwolennikami namiestnika, któremu Grabski zarzucał ustępstwa wobec ludności ukraińskiej i ignorowanie Polaków zamieszkujących wschodnie tereny Galicji. W biografii Michała Bobrzyńskiego i Waldemar Łazuga pisze, że w obawie przed endecją, która zyskiwała coraz większe wpływy w kraju, postanowił on rozbić jej szeregi. Udało mu się to, gdyż wskutek jego działań Koło Polskie w parlamencie wiedeńskim opuścili m.in. Ludomił German, ks. Kopyciński i właśnie Roger Battaglia. Wystąpienie z partii i nie zasiadanie po 1911 w parlamencie, nie zmniejszyło aspiracji politycznych Battaglii (do czasu I wojny światowej aktywny politycznie).

Okres międzywojenny
Czas I wojny światowej to podobnie jak okres niepełnoletności, to swoista "dziura" w jego życiorysie. Wiemy, że pracował aktywnie naukowo, gdyż w 1917 opublikował w Wiedniu Ein Zoll – und Wirtschafsbündnis zwischen Österreich-Ungarn und Deutschland, w którym poruszał zagadnienia współpracy gospodarczej monarchii austro-węgierskiej i Niemiec, sugerując, że zacieśnienie więzi gospodarczych między tymi państwami leży w obustronnym interesie i możliwa jest nawet unia celna. Natomiast już w 1918 tym razem w Polsce opublikował pracę (nie związaną z ekonomią), próbę analizy twórczości Tadeusza Boya-Żeleńskiego. Działalność publicystyczna, nie tylko na polu ekonomii, świadczy o jego niezwykłym intelekcie i erudycji, o czym wspominają jego przyjaciele. Alojzy Dębno pisze, że Battaglia przemawiał jak pisał, z czego możemy wnioskować o jego nieprzeciętnych zdolnościach oratorskich.

Ze wspomnień Andrzeja Wierzbickiego – twórcy Lewiatana, który był najprężniej działającą organizacją wspierającą polski przemysł okresu międzywojennego, skupiającą wybitnych przemysłowców i ekonomistów, wynika, że w ostatnich dniach września 1917 Roger Battaglia brał udział w Galicyjskim Zjeździe Przemysłowym, na którym poruszano sprawy odbudowy gospodarczej Galicji po włączeniu jej do Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej oraz procesy, które umożliwiłyby scalenie Galicji z resztą Polski. Sam skład prezydium Zjazdu stanowi o jego doniosłości: Andrzej ks. Lubomirski, Tadeusz Epstein, Hipolit Cegielski, Wierzbicki. Byli to ludzie, znani w całej Polsce i w Europie, reformatorzy i patrioci, którzy przez rozwój gospodarczy chcą przywrócić Polsce świetność. Zaraz po odzyskaniu przez Polskę niepodległości utworzony został Centralny Związek Galicyjskiego Przemysłu Fabrycznego, którego prezesem był ks. Andrzej Lubomirski, znany galicyjski działacz społeczny, m.in. kurator Ossolineum, a dyrektorem Roger Battaglia. Głównym celem związku było przeciwdziałanie monopolom austriackim, które to uniemożliwiały rozwój przemysłu oraz nowoczesnej myśli fabrycznej w Galicji. W celu uwrażliwienia społeczeństwa, a w szczególności przemysłowców i ekonomistów, wydał książkę Galicja a traktaty handlowe Austro-Węgier, w której zauważa negatywny związek między monopolistycznymi traktatami przemysłowców austro-węgierskich i industrializacją Galicji.

Liczba organizacji, które założył Roger Battaglia, lub w których działał, jest duża. Najważniejsze to:
 Rada Delegatów Zrzeszenia Związków Przemysłowych Zachodniej i Południowej Polski (prezes),
 Związek Przemysłu Konfekcyjnego (założyciel i dyrektor),
 Rada Państwowego Instytutu Eksportowego (członek),
 Izba Przemysło-Handlowa w Krakowie (konsultant ekonomiczny),
 Zarząd Centralnego Związku Przemysłu Polskiego (członek).

Po odzyskaniu niepodległości nie angażował się już w politykę, tylko cały swój czas poświęcał na działalność w różnych organizacjach i publikowanie prac naukowych. Publikował głównie prace z zakresu industrializacji Polski (m.in. Odbudowa i uruchomienie gospodarstwa społecznego w Polsce) wydane w 1919 w Krakowie. Wszystkie jego działania miały na celu wspomaganie rozwoju gospodarczego w Polsce, a w szczególności w Galicji.

Przełom nastąpił w 1926, a dokładnie w październiku tego roku, kiedy to ponownie zaangażował się w politykę. Po majowym zamachu stanu dokonanym przez Józefa Piłsudskiego tekę premiera otrzymał profesor Kazimierz Bartel. Rząd ten szybko się jednak rozpadł i powstał nowy, identyczny jak poprzedni, w którym premierem był Piłsudski, a wicepremierem i prezesem Komitetu Ekonomicznego Rady Ministrów Bartel. Przy tym komitecie utworzono komisję opiniodawczą, która miała opiniować wnioski składane przedkładane komitetowi. Skład komisji ustalał jego prezes – Andrzej Wierzbicki, mianowany na tę funkcję przez Bartla. Miał on wybrać przedstawicieli wszelkich gałęzi przemysłu, górnictwa, rolnictwa, handlu i finansów, łącznie ok. 20 osób. Jak pisze sam Wierzbicki w swoich wspomnieniach, znaleźć się w radzie było sprawą zaszczytną. Roger Battaglia reprezentował przemysł konfekcyjny. Cała lista przygotowana przez najbliższych współpracowników Wierzbickiego, tak aby uwzględniała interesy gospodarcze całej Polski, została zaakceptowana przez wicepremiera. Komisja zaczęła pracować 9 października 1926 i w ciągu 6 miesięcy działalności przedłożyła wicepremierowi Bartlowi 35 opinii, które zostały umieszczone w pierwszym tomie Bieżących zagadnień polityki gospodarczej. Prace Komisji Opiniodawczej mogły być tak intensywne tylko dzięki korzystaniu przez nią z całego zaplecza Centralnego Związku Polskiego Górnictwa, Handlu i Finansów, który znany był jako Lewiatan. Komisja zakończyła pracę 15 kwietnia 1927. W lutym 1936 znalazł się w gronie 32 osób, mianowanych przez premiera RP Mariana Zyndrama-Kościałkowskiego, powołanych do składu komisji do zbadania gospodarki przedsiębiorstw państwowych.

Okres od zakończenia prac komisji do początku II wojny światowej to jego najpłodniejszy okres publicystyczny, wydał wtedy liczne pozycje, głównie o tematyce poruszające problemy monopolów (Państwo a kartele koncerny i trusty. Przyczynki i materjały, Warszawa 1929), ale nie tylko (Dobrobyt społeczeństwa a wychowanie, Warszawa 1932). W tym czasie zasiadał również w Państwowej Radzie Kolejnictwa. W 1928 był również zewnętrznym konsultantem włoskiego banku Banca Commerciale Italiano, którego prezesem był Lodovico Toeplitz.

Roger Battaglia przez całe swoje życie był wierny maksymie Carlyl`ego: pracuj i nie rozpaczaj o czym wspomina w nocie pośmiertnej Alojzy Dębno. Oznaczało to w praktyce, ten polski ekonomista, społecznik i polityk do ostatnich swoich dni pracował, mimo niedomagania fizycznego, które dotknęło go po II wojnie światowej. Dowodem na to może być ukończona na parę miesięcy przed śmiercią książka Przemysł i handel w Małopolsce Zachodniej w latach 1850–1950. Ekonomista zmarł w Krakowie 16 maja 1950. Został pochowany na Cmentarzu Rakowickim (kwatera IX-1-5).

W 1951 jego praca Prądy i zagadnienia polityczne Polski i Europy w XIX i XX wieku została wycofana z polskich bibliotek oraz objęta cenzurą.

Inni przedstawiciele rodu
 Gozzio Battaglia lub Battaglini, Battagliani (1270–1348) – kardynał, uczestnik konklawe w 1342, na którym wybrano papieża Klemensa VI; autor traktatu Tractatus de Varys et Virtutibus; patriarcha Konstantynopola (1335); legat papieża Benedtkta XII na Sycylii (1338);
 Otto Forst de Battaglia - historyk, autor monografii Jan III Sobieski König von Polen;
 Jakub Forst de Battaglia - współczesny naukowiec i dyplomata austriacki, przedstawiciel trzeciej propolskiej generacji rodu.

Odznaczenie
 Złoty Krzyż Zasługi (11 listopada 1936)

Zobacz też
 Battaglia Terme

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Album ekonomistów i statystyków polskich, "Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny", 1932, kw. 3.
 Buszko J., Galicja 1859–1914, Polski Piemont?, Warszawa 1989.
 Faron B., Jama Michalikowa, "Przewodnik literacki", Kraków 1997.
 Gazda Z., Słownik biograficzny ekonomistów polskich – od XIII wieku do połowy wieku XX, Kielce 1998.
 Grosfeld L., Polska w latach kryzysu ekonomicznego 1929–1933, Warszawa 1952.
 Kieniewicz S., Galicja w dobie autonomicznej (1850–1914). Wybór tekstów, Wrocław 1952.
 Dębno A., Roger Battaglia, "Tygodnik Powszechny" 1950, R. 6, nr 24, s. 2.
 Łazuga W., Michał Bobrzyński: myśl historyczna a działalność polityczna, Warszawa 1982.
 Nowicki J., Luminarze polskiej teorii ekonomii XX wieku, Warszawa 1991.
 Wątor A., Galicyjska Rada Narodowa w latach 1907–1914: z dziejów instytucji obywatelskiej, Szczecin 2000.
 Wojdyło W., Stanisław Grabski (1871–1949): biografia polityczna, Toruń 2004.
 Wierzbicki A., Żywy Lewiatan. Wspomnienia, Warszawa 2001.

Linki zewnętrzne
 90 lat Energetyki Tarnowskiej 1910-2000
 Battaglia w Tarnowie
 Battaglia Terme
 Commune di Battaglia Terme

Absolwenci Wydziału Prawa Uniwersytetu Lwowskiego
Autorzy objęci zapisem cenzury w Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej
Baronowie Świętego Cesarstwa Rzymskiego
Członkowie Centralnego Związku Galicyjskiego Przemysłu Fabrycznego
Członkowie Centralnego Związku Przemysłu Polskiego
Członkowie Izby Przemysłowo-Handlowej w Krakowie (II Rzeczpospolita)
Ludzie urodzeni w Bochni
Odznaczeni Złotym Krzyżem Zasługi (II Rzeczpospolita)
Pochowani na Cmentarzu Rakowickim w Krakowie
Polacy pochodzenia włoskiego
Politycy Stronnictwa Narodowo-Demokratycznego
Polscy ekonomiści
Polscy posłowie do Rady Państwa w Wiedniu
Posłowie do Rady Państwa w Wiedniu X kadencji
Posłowie do Rady Państwa w Wiedniu XI kadencji
Posłowie Sejmu Krajowego Galicji IX kadencji
Urodzeni w 1873
Zmarli w 1950

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
» Zuiho
Zuiho
Ship Class Zuiho-class Light Carrier
Builder Name Yokosuka Naval Arsenal
Laid Down 20 Jun 1935
Launched 19 Jun 1936
Commissioned 27 Dec 1940
Sunk 25 Oct 1944
Displacement 11,262 tons standard; 13,950 tons full
Beam 76 feet
Machinery Geared turbines, two shafts
Power Output 52,000 SHP
Armament 8x100mm (pre-1934), 4x100mm (post-1934), 56,x25mm anti-aircraft
Aircraft 24-30
ww2dbaseWhen Zuiho and her sister ship Shoho were laid down, they were of a flexible design that could eventually be completed as a light carrier, an oil tanker, or a submarine tender. She was originally launched in 1934 as the oil tanker Takasaki, but was converted to a light carrier in 1941. She was assigned to Carrier Division 3 in Jan 1941 and participated in the Japanese southward expansion in the opening chapters of the Pacific War at the end of that year. In Jun 1942, she carried 12 Zero fighters and 11 D3A dive bombers and sailed with the support fleet during the Midway operation, but did not engage in combat. In Oct 1942, with Carrier Division 1, she participated in the Battle of Santa Cruz and suffered serious flight deck damage by carrier Enterprise's aircraft. In early 1943, she supported the evacuation of Guadalcanal. In Feb 1944, she participated in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. In Oct 1944, during the Battle off Cape Engaño as a part of Jisaburo Ozawa's decoy fleet, the first wave of American attacks damaged her flight deck, but damage control crew quickly repaired the ship to working condition. However, she was eventually sunk by subsequent waves of American attacks in the same battle.
Last Major Revision: Mar 2007
Zuiho Operational Timeline
27 Dec 1940 Zuiho was commissioned into service.
1. Anonymous in Kanazawa says:
Errata point out. Zuiho fitted with large caliber AA in 12.7cm (5") 2 x4 guns. Not 10 cm (4") AA guns. Only Jap. carriers fitted with 10 cm AA guns is Taiho.
More on Zuiho
» Minami, Yoshimi
» Invasion of the Philippine Islands
» Battle of Midway and the Aleutian Islands
» Solomon Islands Campaign
» Mariana Islands Campaign and the Great Turkey Shoot
» Philippines Campaign, Phase 1, the Leyte Campaign
Partner Sites Content:
» Zuiho Tabular Record of Movement
Light Carrier Zuiho Photo Gallery


text:
Young River God with Three Putti is a
circa 1548 sculpture executed in marble by the mannerist artist Pierino da Vinci (c. 1529–1553/54). Today it is in the permanent collection of the Musée du Louvre in Paris.
The work was commissioned by the Medici official and patron of the arts Luca Martini.

Martini presented the work to Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany's wife, Eleonora of Toledo, and she in turn to her brother, García Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio, who put it in the gardens of Santa Chiara, Naples. The statue was then at the Palazzo Balzo also in Naples before coming to the Louvre.

References

Italian sculpture
1548 in art
Renaissance sculptures
Mannerist sculptures
Italian sculptures of the Louvre


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This notice sets out an overview of the personal data that CACI controls, how it is used, and how it is protected. It also contains an overview of individuals' rights in relation to their personal data and where to go for more information.
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text:
Q: How to deal with bad third party APIs in a microservices architecture? I'm currently in the process of transforming a monolithic application to a microservices based architecture. The monolith is dependent on third party services (as in other departments) for its data. Most of these third party services are accessible via SOAP while some of them use REST.
Some of these third party services have terrible (even unusable IMO) APIs. It adds a lot of unneeded complexity and boilerplate to our aggregator service (which is a monolith atm). I'm in the process of mapping the domain of one of these third-party APIs to a usable domain in an ACL to be able to offer a decent API to our aggregator service.
However, it got me wondering. Is this even the correct way to go? It's a lot of work, should I just bite the bullet and use those terrible APIs? How do you handle terrible third-party APIs in a microservices architecture which make your service less maintainable?
Thanks in advance!

A: I encounter this type of thing all the time, there are some unbelievable commercial SOAP/XML APIs out there.  What I normally do is basically two things:

*

*Define a facade for the functionality my service actually needs.  This is a simplified interface that exposes the things my service cares about in a consumable way.

*Create an adapter between the external service and the facade.  This adapter interfaces with the terrible 3rd-party service and hides all of the detail.  It then implements the facade interface that my service consumes, so all my service knows is how to use the facade.

This has worked pretty well for me, and it has the added benefit that if you ever move away from the terrible service to a better one, you can simply implement a new adapter without changing anything else, since your service will still just consume the facade.

A: Yes, you should have a microservice to call/hide the third party API. That service's job is to know how to call the third party API. Not only because it's messy, but to avoid carrying the idiosyncrasies and implementation details of the third party service into your design. Also, this gives you a chance at abstraction or generalization. You can then switch out the API or even switch to a different technology behind the scenes.
Such microservices are often doable without persistence, don't change a lot, and will not require much maintenance once created. It will allow you to drive your own best practices, like having a health check endpoint, token authorization, etc. into that domain instead of their domain dictating it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


(London) – In the heart of London, in the district of Marylebon, there is an address where thousands of companies are located. It's about Harley Street. More than 2 thousand companies are registered here and around 10thousand people, both physical and legal, have provided the 29 address for Harley Street as their correspondence address.
Why? Is it possible that this system of corporate domiciliation also benefits illegal or mafia activities? «There are drivers who make this system a reason for living and offer these services of domiciliation even for illicit purposes» explains the Colonel of the Guardia di Finanza at the Italian embassy in London Claudio Petroziello.


The packaging selected for these products is critical to the goal of delivering safe skincare products that are not dependent upon the use of strong or potentially hazardous quantities of preservatives. Preservatives are essential in all plant based products in order to make them safe and free of harmful microbes. For more information about preservatives please view the video at the lower right. The individual containers are also suited to their application as leave-on or wash-off products.
Oxygen will oxidize and break down vital organic (carbon based) plant ingredients. The less air around those ingredients the better, so airless pumps keep the Sensitive Skin Clinic products most potent and effective. We do not use jars, as jars allow a large amount of exposure to air every time they are opened.
(all the product containers are solid white).
Light (including all light, not just sunlight) will deplete or degrade vital organic plant based ingredients in the product. Degraded ingredients are a potential source of skin irritation. Companies that utilize clear containers will usually include sunscreen ingredients in their products so that light does not degrade the ingredients. Sunscreen ingredients in this case can add to potential irritation on sensitive skins. Light will also degrade 'added color' which is often used to mask an unpalatable color from some natural ingredients. Artificial color is often a skin irritant.
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By Steve Cook, Gareth Jones, Stuart Kent and Alan Cameron. With Domain-Specific Development with Visual Studio DSL Tools, you'll begin by mastering DSL concepts and techniques that apply to all platforms. Next, you'll discover how to create and use DSLs with the powerful new Microsoft DSL Tools–a toolset designed by this book's authors. Learn how the DSL Tools integrate into Visual Studio–and how to define DSLs and generate Visual Designers using Visual Studio's built-in modeling technology.


Dropped off another pile of custom picnic tables at Chris Madrids yesterday. Soon they will all be our custom table for you to sit on! I think we have 12 more to go. Also here is a tester prototype part for a new modern graceful giant light fixture we are making.


text:
The differentiation of literary and nonliterary diction, 1700-1900.
Posted on February 26, 2012 by tedunderwood
When you stumble on an interesting problem, the question arises: do you blog the problem itself — or wait until you have a full solution to publish as an article?
In this case, I think the problem is too big to be solved by a single person anyway, so I might as well get it out there where we can all chip away at it. At the end of this post, I include a link to a page where you can also download the data and code I'm using.
When we compare groups of texts, we're often interested in characterizing the contrast between them. But instead of characterizing the contrast, you could also just measure the distance between categories. For instance, you could generate a list of word frequencies for two genres, and then run a Spearman's correlation test, to measure the rank-order similarity of their diction.
In isolation, a measure of similarity between two genres is hard to interpret. But if you run the test repeatedly to compare genres at different points in time, the changes can tell you when the diction of the genres becomes more or less similar.
Spearman similarity to nonfiction, measured at 5-year intervals. At each interval, a 39-year chunk of the collection (19 years on either side of the midpoint) is being selected for comparison.
In the graph above, I've done that with four genres, in a collection of 3,724 eighteenth- and nineteenth-century volumes (constructed in part by TCP and in part by Jordan Sellers — see acknowledgments), using the 10,000 most frequent words in the collection, excluding proper nouns. The black line at the top is flat, because nonfiction is always similar to itself. But the other lines decline as poetry, drama, and fiction become progressively less similar to nonfiction where word choice is concerned. Unsurprisingly, prose fiction is always more similar to nonfiction than poetry is. But the steady decline in the similarity of all three genres to nonfiction is interesting. Literary histories of this period have tended to pivot on William Wordsworth's rebellion against a specialized "poetic diction" — a story that would seem to suggest that the diction of 19c poetry should be less different from prose than 18c poetry had been. But that's not the pattern we're seeing here: instead it appears that a differentiation was setting in between literary and nonliterary language.
This should be described as a differentiation of "diction" rather than style. To separate style from content (for instance to determine authorship) you need to focus on the frequencies of common words. But when critics discuss "diction," they're equally interested, I think, in common and less common words — and that's the kind of measure of similarity that Spearman's correlation will give you (Kilgarriff 2001).
The graph above makes it look as though nonfiction was remaining constant while other genres drifted away from it. But we are after all graphing a comparison with two sides. This raises the question: were poetry, fiction, and drama changing relative to nonfiction, or was nonfiction changing relative to them? But of course the answer is "both."
At each 5-year interval, the Spearman similarity is being measured between the 40-year span surrounding that point and the period 1700-1740.
Here we're comparing each genre to its own past. The language of nonfiction changes somewhat more rapidly than the language of the other genres, but none of them remain constant. There is no fixed reference point in this world, which is why I'm talking about the "differentiation" of two categories. But even granting that, we might want to pose another skeptical question: when literary genres become less like nonfiction, is that merely a sign of some instability in the definition of "nonfiction"? Did it happen mostly because, say, the nineteenth century started to publish on specialized scientific topics? We can address this question to some extent by selecting a more tightly defined subset of nonfiction as a reference point — say, biographies, letters, and orations.
The Spearman similarities here happen to be generated on the top 5000 words rather than the top 10000, but I have tried both wordsets and it makes very little difference.
Even when we focus on this relatively stable category, we see significant differentiation. Two final skeptical questions need addressing before I try to explain what happened. First, I've been graphing results so far as solid lines, because our eyes can't sort out individual data points for four different variables at once. But a numerically savvy reader will want to see some distributions and error bars before assessing the significance of these results. So here are yearly values for fiction. In some cases these are individual works of fiction, though when there are two or more works of fiction in a single year they have been summed and treated as a group. Each year of fiction is being compared against biographies, letters, and orations for 19 years on either side.
That's a fairly persuasive trend. You may, however, notice that the Spearman similarities for individual years on this graph are about .1 lower than they were when we graphed fiction as a 39-year moving window. In principle Spearman similarity is independent of corpus size, but it can be affected by the diversity of a corpus. The similarity between two individual texts is generally going to be lower than the similarity between two large and diverse corpora. So could the changes we've seen be produced by changes in corpus size? There could be some effect, but I don't think it's large enough to explain the phenomenon. [See update at the bottom of this post. The results are in fact even clearer when you keep corpus size constant. -Ed.] The sizes of the corpora for different genres don't change in a way that would produce the observed decreases in similarity; the fiction corpus, in particular, gets larger as it gets less like nonfiction. Meanwhile, it is at the same time becoming more like poetry. We're dealing with some factor beyond corpus size.
So how then do we explain the differentiation of literary and nonliterary diction? As I started by saying, I don't expect to provide a complete answer: I'm raising a question. But I can offer a few initial leads. In some ways it's not surprising that novels would gradually become less like biographies and letters. The novel began very much as faked biography and faked correspondence. Over the course of the period 1700-1900 the novel developed a sharper generic identity, and one might expect it to develop a distinct diction. But the fact that poetry and drama seem to have experienced a similar shift (together with the fact that literary genres don't seem to have diverged significantly from each other) begins to suggest that we're looking at the emergence of a distinctively "literary" diction in this period.
To investigate the character of that diction, we need to compare the vocabulary of genres at many different points. If we just compared late-nineteenth-century fiction to late-nineteenth-century nonfiction, we would get the vocabulary that characterized fiction at that moment, but we wouldn't know which aspects of it were really new. I've done that on the side here, using the Mann-Whitney rho test I described in an earlier post. As you'll see, the words that distinguish fiction from nonfiction from 1850 to 1900 are essentially a list of pronouns and verbs used to describe personal interaction. But that is true to some extent about fiction in any period. We want to know what aspects of diction had changed.
In other words, we want to find the words that became overrepresented in fiction as fiction was becoming less like nonfiction prose. To find them, I compared fiction to nonfiction at five-year intervals between 1720 and 1880. At each interval I selected a 39-year slice of the collection and ranked words according to the extent to which they were consistently more prominent in fiction than nonfiction (using Mann-Whitney rho). After moving through the whole timeline you end up with a curve for each word that plots the degree to which it is over or under-represented in fiction over time. Then you sort the words to find ones that tend to become more common in fiction as the whole genre becomes less like nonfiction. (Technically, you're looking for an inverse Pearson's correlation, over time, between the Mann-Whitney rho for this word and the Spearman's similarity between genres.) Here's a list of the top 60 words you find when you do that:
It's not hard to see that there are a lot of words for emotional conflict here ("horror, courage, confused, eager, anxious, despair, sorrow, dread, agony"). But I would say that emotion is just one aspect of a more general emphasis on subjectivity, ranging from verbs of perception ("listen, listened, watched, seemed, feel, felt") to explicitly psychological vocabulary ("nerves, mind, unconscious, image, perception") to questions about the accuracy of perception ("dream, real, sight, blind, forget, forgot, mystery, mistake"). To be sure, there are other kinds of words in the list ("cottage, boy, carriage"). But since we're looking at a change across a period of 200 years, I'm actually rather stunned by the thematic coherence of the list. For good measure, here are words that became relatively less common in fiction (or more common in nonfiction — that's the meaning of "relatively") as the two genres differentiated:
Looking at that list, I'm willing to venture out on a limb and suggest that fiction was specializing in subjectivity while nonfiction was tending to view the world from an increasingly social perspective ("executive, population, colonists, department, european, colonists, settlers, number, individuals, average.")
Now, I don't pretend to have solved this whole problem. First of all, the lists I just presented are based on fiction; I haven't yet assessed whether there's really a shared "literary diction" that unites fiction with poetry and drama. Jordan and I probably need to build up our collection a bit before we'll know. Also, the technique I just used to select lists of words looks for correlations across the whole period 1700-1900, so it's going to select words that have a relatively continuous pattern of change throughout this period. But it's also entirely possible that "the differentiation of literary and nonliterary diction" was a phenomenon composed of several different, overlapping changes with a smaller "wavelength" on the time axis. So I would say that there's lots of room here for alternate/additional explanations.
But really, this is a question that does need explanation. Literary scholars may hate the idea of "counting words," but arguments about a distinctively "literary" language have been central to literary criticism from John Dryden to the Russian Formalists. If we can historicize that phenomenon — if we can show that a systematic distinction between literary and nonliterary language emerged at a particular moment for particular reasons — it's a result that ought to have significance even for literary scholars who don't consider themselves digital humanists.
By the way, I think I do know why the results I'm presenting here don't line up with our received impression that "poetic diction" is an eighteenth-century phenomenon that fades in the 19c. There is a two-part answer. For one thing, part of what we perceive as poetic diction in the 18c is orthography ("o'er", "silv'ry"). In this collection, I have deliberately normalized orthography, so "silv'ry" is treated as equivalent to "silvery," and that aspect of "poetic diction" is factored out.
But we may also miss differentiation because we wrongly assume that plain or vivid language cannot be itself a form of specialization. Poetic diction probably did become more accessible in the 19c than it had been in the 18c. But this isn't the same thing as saying that it became less specialized! A self-consciously plain or restricted diction still counts as a mode of specialization relative to other written genres. More on this in a week or two …
Finally, let me acknowledge that the work I'm doing here is built on a collaborative foundation. Laura Mandell helped me obtain the TCP-ECCO volumes before they were public, and Jordan Sellers selected most of the nineteenth-century collection on which this work is based — something over 1,600 volumes. While Jordan and I were building this collection, we were also in conversation with Loretta Auvil, Boris Capitanu, Tanya Clement, Ryan Heuser, Matt Jockers, Long Le-Khac, Ben Schmidt, and John Unsworth, and were learning from them how to do this whole "text mining" thing. The R/MySQL infrastructure for this is pretty directly modeled on Ben's. Also, since the work was built on a collaborative foundation, I'm going to try to give back by sharing links to my data and code on this "Open Data" page.
Adam Kilgarriff, "Comparing Corpora," International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 6.1 (2001): 97-133.
[UPDATE Monday Feb 27th, 7 pm: After reading Ben Schmidt's comment below, I realized that I really had to normalize corpus size. "Probably not a problem" wasn't going to cut it. So I wrote a script that samples a million-word corpus for each genre every two years. As long as I was addressing that problem, I figured I would address another one that had been nagging at my conscience. I really ought to be comparing a different wordlist each time I run the comparison. It ought to be the top 5000 words in each pair of corpora that get compared — not the top 5000 words in the collection as a whole.
The first time I ran the improved version I got a cloud of meaningless dots, and for a moment I thought my whole hypothesis about genre had been produced by a 'loose optical cable.' Not a good moment. But it was a simple error, and once I fixed it I got results that were actually much clearer than my earlier graphs.
I suppose you could argue that, since document size varies across time, it's better to select corpora that have a fixed number of documents rather than a fixed word size. I ran the script that way too, and it produces results that are noisier but still unambiguous. The moral of the story is: it's good to have blog readers who keep you honest and force you to clean up your methodology!]
Posted in 18c, 19c, genre comparison, methodology


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text:
The People's Paper Co-op organizes and facilitates free legal clinics across Philadelphia. In each clinic, participants work with lawyers to clear or clean up their criminal records. Participants then print out their records, tear them up, and put them in blenders to create new, blank sheets of handmade paper.
Click here to learn more and see the full schedule of clinics. To donate to the project, click here.
Solutions to Reentry and Recidivism
We've covered a lot of solutions to the problems of law enforcement and crime. Read a few below, and read the rest here.
Bobbing and Weaving Through A Minefield
Filmmaker El Sawyer has gone from from prisoner to presidential advisor with one goal: Helping ex-inmates make it on the outside
Why 'Public Defender' Has Become An Oxymoron
A State Supreme Court ruling may just be the most important criminal justice reform you haven't heard of
Ideas We Should Steal: Eliminating Bail for Nonviolent Crimes
A New York plan promises to save money, reduce prison overcrowding and cut down on prison violence. Could it work in Philly?
People's Paper Co-op in action!
Shredding the Rap Sheet
The People's Paper Co-Op helps ex-offenders clear their criminal records—and turn them into "paper smoothies"
BY Quinn O'Callaghan
In Philadelphia, the recidivism rate for those recently released from prison is north of 65 percent. A study has found that, on a national scale, more than 75 percent of ex-offenders are rearrested in the five years after their release. There are plenty of factors that go into these awful statistics: Lack of mental health infrastructure for former prisoners. Lack of career counseling upon release. Unfair terms of parole.
But one of the main drivers behind rearrest is simply desperation. For want of a job, a loan or any small opportunity, many people with criminal records have to deal with the fact that background checks will show the charges they've garnered for the rest of their lives, and often result in rejection.
Penn Law's Criminal Record Expungement Project website lays it bare: "Criminal and arrest records pose an almost insurmountable barrier to securing employment, housing and public benefits for tens of thousands of Philadelphians, especially among the city's poor, black, and Latino populations."
"One in five people in Philadelphia has a criminal record," says Courtney Bowles, co-founder and co-director of the People's Paper Co-Op. "Everything you're charged with, whether or not you're convicted, stays on your criminal record."
The People's Paper Co-Op, based at the Village of Arts and Humanities, was founded in Philadelphia in 2014 by Bowles and Mark Strandquist, artists, originally from Virginia, who have long been involved in the reentry and expungement movement. Originally set to be a five-month project, the co-op was so successful that it's been running ever since. It operates primarily as a means to help those with criminal records in the city expunge what they can of their criminal records, with the aid of local law organizations like Philadelphia Lawyers for Social Equity. The Co-Op partners with these organizations to turn free regular expungement clinics into public events.
"We try to tell them, straight up, what can and can't be expunged," says Bowles.
Related from The Philadelphia Citizen:
Meet the Disruptor: Michael Hollander
The software engineer-turned-lawyer puts his programming skills to good use: Helping the formerly incarcerated expunge their records
Not everything can be pulled off of a criminal record by expungement—misdemeanors are difficult; felonies impossible without a pardon from the Governor. What can be expunged are summary offenses, charges that did not result in a conviction, those that resulted rehabilitative disposition, and some to which defendants pleaded guilty or no contest. The results can lead to a dramatic reduction of a person's rap sheet. "I've seen a criminal history go from eight pages to two pages," says Strandquist.
The co-op also focuses on working art into the expungement and criminal reentry process, offering a pretty visceral take on the whole thing: Once participants expunge their criminal record, they can stuff the damn thing in a blender and shred it straight to hell. Participants, after making a "paper smoothie" as Strandquist calls it, are then invited to write about what their lives would be like without all of those charges on a new, fresh sheet of paper, made from the liquefied old rap sheet.
"It's very cathartic," says Bowles. "Even when people can't get much expunged, they're still like 'Where's the blender?'"
"It's a literal and symbolic transformation," she adds. So far, the People's Paper Co-Op has worked with Philadelphia Lawyers for Social Equity to help more than 1,000 people expunge their criminal records.
That's become standard operating procedure for the People's Paper Co-Op. Now, they're working on something bigger: The Philadelphia Reentry Think Tank. The program, captained by the Philadelphia Reentry Coalition but spearheaded by the People's Paper Co-Op, is an extensive, ambitious attempt at promoting a more prominent voice for Philadelphians with criminal records.
The program sponsors fellows—Philadelphians with criminal records and experience with reentry and expungement organizations—and pays them hourly wages to help create art and written pieces to develop what Strandquist calls a "poetic Bill of Rights," detailing the struggles and aspirations of those who have the millstone of a criminal record hanging from their neck. The Bill of Rights will be presented to to the Philadelphia Reentry Coalition's network of stakeholders—individuals and organizations that are among the coalition's supporters, including the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, the U.S. Attorney's Office and the Mayor's Office of Community Empowerment and Opportunity—to "directly engage" them and make the case for further support and funding. Strandquist says that there are currently more than 100 stakeholders.
"We're trying to prove that this kind of initiative is really worth while," says Strandquist of the Think Tank. "It's more important, more helpful and probably more effective to involve people with direct experiences in policy conversations."
After the Bill of Rights is brought before the stakeholders, it will be brought before the government: The Reentry Think Tank plans to hold a public event at City Hall, where their new bill of rights will be read aloud. People's Paper Co-Op hopes that the Think Tank project will spur city government investment in more reentry programs. The date for the Reentry Think Tank's public action has not yet been announced.
While not everything can be pulled off of a criminal record, the results can lead to a dramatic reduction of a person's rap sheet. "I've seen a criminal history go from eight pages to two pages," says Strandquist.
Strandquist says that the co-op takes a different approach to its handling of expungement and reentry, because many programs that revolve around bringing former prisoners back into common society are focused on one-size-fits-all rules meant to help reform them. Conversely, the goal of the co-op is to listen to the needs and opinions of the people attempting to reintegrate and to try give them a voice within the system. While the Co-Op is primarily focused on helping ex-prisoners expunge their records, it also seeks to include them in finding innovative ways to help them avoid rearrest; the same ex-prisoners are involved in nearly every level of the Co-Op's mission, from drafting policies to creating workshops.
"We're treating these people as experts, rather than as people without something to offer," he says.
But how does the co-op measure success when facing down such a massive task as defending ex-offenders?
"You hear people say things like 'I feel more like myself than I have in years.' It's about creating a space where they're given a platform to amplify their voices. It's a bunch of small successes that add up," says Bowles.
Clarification: A previous version of this story indicated that the People's Paper Co-Op organized the expungement clinics; actually, the Co-Op works with volunteer lawyers who have free clinics around the city.
Header photo by Mark Strandquist of the People's Paper Co-op
Guest Commentary: Who's the culprit for Philly's murder rate?
By Mark Houldin
Reality Check with David Bradley, Founding Director of LiveConnections
By Charles D. Ellison
Don't-Blame-Me Policing


text:
Building ties with the Jewish State
The Missouri delegation, including Gov. Jay Nixon (right) meets with Minister of Education Naftali Bennett (left).
BY GIL HOFFMAN, Special to the Jewish Light
JERUSALEM — On May 14, 1948, President Harry S Truman recognized the State of Israel, just 11 minutes after Israel's first prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, declared its independence.
Nearly 68 years later, another Missouri Democrat followed in the footsteps of the president from Independence when Gov. Jay Nixon visited Israel for the third time.
Nixon led a week-long trade mission on March 21-28, which included state leaders and local Jewish professionals and businessmen. While Truman's declaration led to more countries around the world recognizing Israel, Nixon's visit is expected to lead to more business for the country, as well as for Missouri.
In an interview with the Jewish Light ahead of his departure back home to Missouri, Nixon said he was proud to help build a stronger relationship between the Show-Me State and the Jewish State. He said he was aware of but unfazed by efforts to initiate political boycotts of Israel.
"Israel has been a great partner of ours, culturally and commercially," he said. "[Calls for boycotts] have not been a problem for us in expanding our trade and relationships."
Israeli chief scientist Avi Hasson and the governor signed a Memorandum of Understanding during the trip that will lead to joint commercial research and development projects for a number of Israeli and Missouri companies.
Nixon singled out as highlights of the trip meetings at the Israel offices of companies like Boeing and Amdocs that do much of their business in both Israel and Missouri.
Boeing Defense is headquartered in St Louis and is Missouri's largest manufacturer. It has maintained offices in Israel since 1969, and the Israeli Air Force currently employs all versions of the Missouri-made F-15 Eagle.
Headquartered in Chesterfield, Amdocs is an Israeli founded and run software and services provider to more than 300 communications, media and entertainment service providers in more than 90 countries.
"We thanked them for their investments in our state and for being models for other companies who we hope will join them," Nixon said.
Nixon said there were more companies he visited that made commitments to open offices in Missouri. He revealed on his Twitter account that Israeli agri-tech company Evogene decided to open an office in St Louis due to "its biotech ecosystem, affordability and talent."
Jewish Federation of St. Louis has invested resources in recent years in trying to make the city a more attractive place for Israeli companies that are considering doing business in St. Louis. For example, the organization has a community concierge that helps new immigrants connect with the local Jewish community and a website in Hebrew with information about resources in St. Louis. Federation President and CEO Andrew Rehfeld was part of the trip and talked with Israeli business leaders about the city's Jewish community.
"We were able to articulate the case that we have a strong Jewish community, and that will mater at the margins," when a company is deciding between two cities, Rehfeld said.
The trip was important, Rehfeld said, not only because it helped strengthen Jewish identify with Israel, but also because it will hopefully spur economic development.
"We are not going to have a future Jewish community in St. Louis unless the region is strong, unless there is economic growth, professional development and professional opportunites for our children and grandchildren," said Rehfeld.
The trip also allowed Jewish leaders to counter the narrative promoted by the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement, said Rori Picker Neiss, executive director of Jewish Community Relations Council in St. Louis, who also attended the trip.
"Instead of fighting a negative, it was really a positive of working to build bridges and really strengthen the ties through the relationship" between Israeli companies and Missouri, said Picker Neiss.
She also said Missouri's elected officials were interested in learning more about the challenges Israel faces.
"As we were riding around and seeing the different sights and talking, there was an openness in terms of really learning the depth of what is going on in Israel, and not just on a superficial level, but the history and the context of all that is going on," Picker Neiss said.
The governor was a passenger in a self-driving car during his visit to the Jerusalem headquarters of Mobileye Vision Technologies, a global leader in advanced collision avoidance systems. The company is considering equipping Kansas City's bus system.
Mobileye's offer is part of the US Department of Transportation's pledge of up to $40 million to one city to become the country's first "Smart City," which would fully integrate innovative technologies, including self-driving cars, connected vehicles, and smart sensors, into their transportation network. U.S. Transportation Secretary Anthony Foxx announced Kansas City as one of seven finalists two weeks ago.
Nixon said he learned a lot from hearing presentations by five Israel-based cyber security companies at a forum hosted by Israel's Startup Nation Central that was founded by former Jerusalem Post opinion editor and best-selling Start-Up Nation author Saul Singer.
The governor's delegation met with four agri-technology companies and received a briefing on BioSTL's business recruitment program in Israel called Global STL-Israel. Nixon and his group explored with the Israelis opportunities to grow their bio-science sectors through new partnerships.
"Based on the meetings, we will see more interacting in planet science, animal science and cyber-security between Israel and St Louis and Israel and Kansas City," Nixon said.
The efforts to build those partnerships will continue through the Missouri Trade and Investment Office in Tel Aviv, headed by Elysa Rapoport, who said the visit was very successful.
Nixon met with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Foreign Ministry and Jewish Agency officials, but a meeting set with former president Shimon Peres was canceled.
"Israel is a vital ally and trading partner in a rapidly changing global economy," Nixon wrote on Twitter after the meeting with Netanyahu.
Rehfeld said he enjoyed the meetings with Netanyahu and the U.S. Ambassador to Israel Daniel Shapiro because, "you are able to see how things are made up-close, in a way that is always a useful and impressive thing to be part of."
Joining Nixon in the delegation were First Lady Georganne Nixon; Mike Downing, Director of the Missouri Department of Economic Development; Senate Minority Floor Leader Joseph Keaveny, House Majority Floor Leader Mike Cierpiot; and House Minority Floor Leader Jacob Hummel.
The delegation also included Roey Gilad, Consul General of Israel to the Midwest; Don Hannon, Chief Financial Officer, Jewish Federation of St. Louis; Guy Bouchard, President, Sinclair Research; Andrea Smithee, Assistant to the President, Sinclair Research; and Margaret Onken, Executive Director of the Hawthorn Foundation, one of the funders of the trip. The Millstone Family Foundation also provided funding.
The trip culminated with Nixon and his wife meeting with Theophilos III, Patriarch of the Holy City of Jerusalem, and attending Easter Services at Jerusalem's Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Nixon is Methodist, though one of his paternal great-grandmothers was Jewish.
Although the Old City has suffered from terrorist attacks over the past six months, Nixon said he did not feel unsafe in any way there or anywhere else in Israel.
"We knew that safety was a matter of concern, especially after what happened in Brussels and Pakistan," he said. "There is a history of challenges in the Middle East, but we never felt unsafe. We went to Masada [which is in the West Bank] and we interacted with folks. I never felt we were in any challenging situation."
Nixon, who is not running for re-election due to term limits, said he wanted the visit to send a message of confidence in Israel back to the people of Missouri.
"Truman was the first to recognize Israel," he said. "We are continuing nowadays with Truman's tradition to make our ties even stronger."
Light staff writer Eric Berger contributed information to this story.
andrew rehfeld
missouri-israel ties
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Have a look at these vintage ads of the St. Louis Jewish Light
Federation VP leaves for job at St. Louis Symphony
When Martin Luther King Jr. visited United Hebrew
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Missouri State Senator to lead JCRC program honoring Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.


Stephanie regrets passing up a great opportunity. Can modal realism help?
After Stephanie passes up an opportunity to attend a prestigious university, she falls into a deep hole of regret. But there's one solution she hadn't thought of: modal realism.


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text:
Time Out Market Will Reduce Hours
Time Out Market Will Reduce Hours:
new food hall will close at midnight on weekends
Time Out Market wants to get off on the right foot with its soon-to-be neighbors in the 1600 block of Drexel Avenue, so it is proposing to reduce the hours of its Miami Beach operation on Friday and Saturday nights. While approved by the Planning and Historic Preservation Boards, area residents and several City Commissioners continued to express concerns about a 2 am closing time on weekends. Rather than engage in a protracted fight, Time Out says it will close at midnight in an effort to prove its concept to the community and show that it will be a good neighbor.
Time Out Market is a high-end food hall where up-and-coming chefs and restaurants can test new concepts before rolling them out. For its South Beach location, it is planning 18 food kiosks with 320 seats at communal tables indoors and 120 outdoor seats on Drexel Avenue, just around the corner from Lincoln Road.
The block where the market will be located is zoned for high-intensity commercial use but it is across the street from residential buildings. Throughout the Conditional Use Permit (CUP) process, neighbors characterized the operation as a nightclub due to its application for a liquor license and its plans to have live music on-site. Attorney Monika Entin told the Planning Board last month that alcohol is not Time Out's primary source of business and emphasized it is a restaurant, not a nightclub. At that time, to help ease concerns, the operators agreed to no live music and no dance floor inside (even though a dance floor is not part of the business model or proposal).
This week, Entin filed a request with the Planning Board to modify its CUP with the reduced weekend hours. As approved, the sidewalk café will close at 10 pm Sunday through Thursdays, with indoor operations permitted until 11 pm. Fridays and Saturdays, outdoor seating will end at 11 pm, with the new request to modify the indoor closing time from 2 am to midnight. The Planning Board is expected to consider the request at its May meeting.
"We want to be a good neighbor," Entin said. "My client wants to show the community they want to work with them." Instead of fighting for the next year over two hours, two days a week they decided it was more important to get the food hall open to "show them what we are and what we're about" and then "if everyone is happy a year down the road, we can go back and request longer hours."
The market currently has a location in Lisbon and one soon to open in London. According to the company's website, it aims to "get the best of each city and bring it together under one roof." It says its' Lisbon operation has become the number one tourist attraction in the city.
Time Out's Miami Beach location is proposed for a long-vacant ground floor space below a parking garage at 1601 Drexel Avenue. The garage was built in 2012 and the ground floor space has been vacant since.
Photo: Time Out Market Lisbon, Time Our Market
monika entin
Keeping it Real on Lincoln Road
new director targeting local residents as well as tourists


text:
Q: Is there a way to convert tables of text into a PowerShell Object There are many tools that output their data in in a table format. One such example is diskpart. Shaving off some extraneous output, you would get something like this.
Disk ###  Status         Size     Free     Dyn  Gpt
--------  -------------  -------  -------  ---  ---
Disk 0    Online          136 GB      0 B
Disk 1    Offline         136 GB   136 GB
Disk 2    Reserved       1027 MB      0 B        *
Disk 3    Reserved        500 GB      0 B        *
Disk 4    Reserved        500 GB      0 B        *
Disk 5    Reserved         10 GB      0 B        *
Disk 6    Reserved         13 GB      0 B        *
Disk 7    Reserved       4102 MB      0 B        *
Disk 8    Reserved       7169 MB      0 B        *
Disk 9    Reserved        503 GB      0 B        *
Disk 10   Reserved        506 GB      0 B        *
Disk 11   Reserved        500 GB      0 B        *
Disk 12   Reserved       3891 GB      0 B        *
Disk 13   Reserved        500 GB      0 B        *
Disk 14   Reserved       3891 GB      0 B        *
Disk 15   Reserved       1843 GB      0 B
Disk 16   Reserved       3072 GB      0 B        *
Disk 17   Reserved       2048 GB      0 B        *
Disk 18   Reserved        808 GB      0 B        *
Disk 19   Reserved        805 GB      0 B        *
Disk 20   Reserved       3891 GB      0 B        *
Disk 21   Reserved       3891 GB      0 B        *
Disk 22   Reserved       3891 GB      0 B        *
Disk 23   Reserved       6144 GB      0 B        *

Another example is netstat, which looks like the following:
 Proto  Local Address          Foreign Address        State
 TCP    0.0.0.0:80             7ANDYS:0               LISTENING
 TCP    0.0.0.0:135            7ANDYS:0               LISTENING
 TCP    0.0.0.0:443            7ANDYS:0               LISTENING
 TCP    0.0.0.0:445            7ANDYS:0               LISTENING
 TCP    0.0.0.0:1025           7ANDYS:0               LISTENING
 TCP    0.0.0.0:1026           7ANDYS:0               LISTENING
 TCP    0.0.0.0:1027           7ANDYS:0               LISTENING
 TCP    0.0.0.0:1028           7ANDYS:0               LISTENING
 TCP    0.0.0.0:1029           7ANDYS:0               LISTENING
 TCP    0.0.0.0:2048           7ANDYS:0               LISTENING

I am trying to figure out if there is a fairly repeatable way to convert this type of data into an object, such that the properties of the object are the headers in the first row. I know there are a bunch of ways to do this for the output of individual tools using regex, but I am looking for more of a strategy on how to go about solving this, rather than a one-off solution just for diskpart or netstat.
I was trying to figure out how to use Lee Holmes' script up on Poshcode called Convert-TextToObject, but wasn't quite sure where to start.

A: Have you seen this:
http://thepowershellguy.com/blogs/posh/archive/2007/03/24/hey-powershell-guy-how-can-i-parse-a-tab-delimited-file-and-then-save-that-as-a-comma-separated-values-file.aspx
It might be what you are looking for.

A: On a strategical point of view, I would try to transform your text file into a correct CSV (coma separated values) file and then use Import-Csv.

A: I did this yesterday :). You can use out-datatable to transform your data into a System.DataTable. Get it at poshcode.
For more details, see my recent entry.

A: Something for the netstat example:
get-content netstat.txt | select -skip 1 |
ConvertFrom-String -propertynames blank,proto,local,foreign,state |
select * -ExcludeProperty blank

proto local        foreign  state
----- -----        -------  -----
TCP   0.0.0.0:80   7ANDYS:0 LISTENING
TCP   0.0.0.0:135  7ANDYS:0 LISTENING
TCP   0.0.0.0:443  7ANDYS:0 LISTENING

A: Using this ConvertFrom-SourceTable cmdlet:
$DiskPart | ConvertFrom-SourceTable -Literal | Format-Table

Disk ### Status   Size    Free   Dyn Gpt
-------- ------   ----    ----   --- ---
Disk 0   Online   136 GB  0 B
Disk 1   Offline  136 GB  136 GB
Disk 2   Reserved 1027 MB 0 B        *
Disk 3   Reserved 500 GB  0 B        *
Disk 4   Reserved 500 GB  0 B        *
...

$NetStat | ConvertFrom-SourceTable -Literal | Format-Table

Proto Local Address Foreign Address State
----- ------------- --------------- -----
TCP   0.0.0.0:80    7ANDYS:0        LISTENING
TCP   0.0.0.0:135   7ANDYS:0        LISTENING
TCP   0.0.0.0:443   7ANDYS:0        LISTENING
TCP   0.0.0.0:445   7ANDYS:0        LISTENING
...

(This also means that you can also do a full round trip on the above display results)


We should pray for one another. When praying for our brothers and sisters, we mostly remember their problems or needs. While this is not wrong, it"s more important to pray for them according to the pattern Jesus used in praying for His disciples. Let us look closely at this prayer in John 17.
1. First Jesus 'reminds' the Father of their obedience. Despite His disciples" immature behaviour on many occasions- they quarrelled, would not keep watch in prayer, etc- the Lord chose only to say: "They have believed… they have obeyed Your word…" We must also remind God, that our Christian friends have a special claim to His care for they have "believed" and "obeyed".
2. He prayed for their protection. Do we realize how much our friends need this prayer? As Christians, the enemy seeks to destroy us. He tries to make us fall away. The attack is relentless; but Jesus has shown us a way out. Simply pray: Father, protect us by the power of Your name. Deliver us (my friends and myself) from the evil one… help us to not yield to temptation.
3. He prayed for their unity. How precious this is. If we are united, then we are strong. When the enemy sees the love between us, he trembles – for he sees an unshakable army. No wonder his agents work "overtime" to sow strife and discontentment. But let us join Jesus each day in this heartfelt cry: O Father may we be one, as Jesus is one with You. Grant us the grace to love each other deeply from the heart.
4. Jesus prayed for them to be sanctified or made holy. Each day your friend goes out to face the corruption in the world; so we must pray for them to remain untainted. Jesus shows us that His truth sanctifies us. Pray then: Father, please help us and them to be separate from this world. Keep us pure and holy, for the sake of Jesus.


Trivikram Srinivas real name is Akella Naga Srinivasa Sarma. He was born on 7 November 1971. Trivikram is an Indian film director and dialogue writer in Telugu Films. 1999 was a crucial year for Trivikram where he got a chance to prove himself for the movie Swayamvaram he never look back from then. n the year 2000, he won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu for that year. In the year 2002, he directed (his debut as director) Nuvve Nuvve had received the Nandi Award for Best Feature Film. He had box office hits such as Athadu, Jalsa, Julayi, Attarintiki Daredi, S/O Satyamurthy, and A Aa. Trivikram Srinivas has won the State Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer five times, and two Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu awards for Athadu and Attarintiki Daredi. Best Dialogues of Trivikram Srinivas.
Also, check Trivikram Srinivas Personal and Family Photos.
Trivikram was born Akella Naga Srinivasa Sarma in Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh into a Telugu speaking family. He did his schooling at S.Ch.B.R.M.High School and ten plus two and graduation in BSc from D.N.R. College in Bhimavaram and graduated with a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) from DNR College, Bhimavaram. He is a gold medalist in Masters Degree in nuclear physics from AU.
Trivikram and Sunil are close friends, they both graduated from the same college in Bhimavaram. They are roommates. Trivikram worked as a teacher in a school as a Maths and Science teacher.
Sunil introduced him to Gowtham Raju, who asked Trivikram to take Tuition for his children. In the meanwhile, Trivikram wrote a short story "Road" which was published in Telugu Weekly magazine. He worked on a film starring Tamil actor Vikram, film which was based on the novel "Sleeping With The Enemy".