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Gabriela Sakamoto
gsakamoto@mayerbrown.com
华盛顿 +1 202 263 3029
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Gabriela Sakamoto is a partner in Mayer Brown's Washington DC office and a member of the Banking & Finance practice and Latin America & Caribbean and Global Projects groups. Gabriela's practice focuses on advising commercial banks, multilateral agencies and other financial institutions, as arrangers, lenders and agents, on cross-border project finance, structured finance, capital markets and acquisition financing transactions, particularly in Latin America. Her Latin American experience is extensive and includes transactions in more than ten countries in the region and across a wide range of sectors, including energy, oil and gas, and infrastructure. In addition, Gabriela has significant experience with financial institution financing, having represented arrangers, investors and originators on numerous future flow financing transactions (e.g. diversified payment rights, credit card merchant vouchers). Gaby was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina and is fluent in Spanish.
业务专长
社会金融
新兴市场
应收账款及供应链融资
杠杆融资
全球项目
地区专长
拉丁美洲及加勒比地区
拉丁美洲–银行及金融
拉丁美洲–项目及基础设施
执业经验
Represented OPIC in connection with three direct loans totaling US$33.6 million to finance the construction and operation of three solar projects in Panama.
Represented arranger and lender in connection with a US$42 million refinancing of a geothermal project in Guatemala owned and operated by Ortitlan Limitada.
Represented initial purchasers in connection with Rule 144A/Reg S issuance of US$220 million secured guaranteed notes by ACI Airport SudAmérica, S.A., the owner of the operator of Carrasco International Airport in Montevideo, Uruguay.
Represented OPIC in connection with the US$155 million COPs funded project financing of the 70 MW PV Salvador SpA solar plant in the Atacama region in Chile.
Represented the administrative agent and lenders in connection with a US$160 million refinancing of a sugar cane plantation, ethanol plant and 37 MW power plant in northern Peru owned and operated by Maple Etanol S.R.L. and Maple Biocombustibles.
Represented the initial purchaser in connection with the US$550 million Rule 144A/Reg S secured bond issuance by Aeropuertos Dominicanos Siglo XXI. S.A., the operator of several airports in the Dominican Republic.
Represented the arranger, placement agent and lenders in connection with the approximately US$520 million local currency bond and bank financing of the Linea Amarilla toll road in Lima, Peru. Approximately US$82 million was in the form of bank financing, with the remaining US$445 million in the form of two Reg S variable funding note series, one of which was inflation-adjusted.
Represented the arranger and lenders in connection with a US$460 million multi-tranche project financing to Abengoa Cogeneración Tabasco, S. de R.L. de C.V. for the construction, operation and maintenance of the Nuevo Pemex 300 MW co-generation project in Tabasco, Mexico. Named Project Finance Latin American Power Deal of the Year.
Represented the arrangers, lenders and letter of credit issuing bank in connection with a US$74.6 million multi-tranche syndicated project financing to Abengoa Transmisión Norte S.A. for the construction of electric transmission lines and related substations in northern Peru.
Represented the initial purchaser in connection with the US$164.8 million Rule 144A/Regulations S bond refinancing of Jorge Chávez International Airport in Lima, Peru.
Represented arrangers and initial purchasers in two Rule 144A/Reg S bond issuances totaling over US$1.3 billion backed by payments from Certificados de Reconocimento de Pago Annual de Obras (CRPAOs) issued by the Government of Peru to finance the construction, operation and maintenance of the IIRSA Sur Toll road in Peru.
Represented the administrative agent and lenders in three separate multi-tranche project financings totaling more than US$350 million for the construction, operation and maintenance of proton therapy cancer treatment centers in Illinois, New Jersey and Washington State by ProCure Treatment Centers, Inc.
Financial Institution Financing
Represented the arranger and lender in connection with the initial US$100 million loan secured by credit card merchant voucher receivables originated by Banco del Pacifico, S.A. in Ecuador.
Represented arrangers, placement agents and investors, in connection with three separate issuances of notes and loans totaling US$500 million secured by diversified payment rights originated by Banco Industrial, S.A.
Represented the arranger and lenders, including FMO, in connection with US$150 million in loans secured by diversified payments rights originated by Banco Davivienda Salvadoreño.
Represented the arranger and lender in connection with a US$75 million loan secured by diversified payment rights originated by Banco G&T Continental S.A.
Represented originator, servicer, arrangers, placement agent, and initial purchasers in connection with three Rule 144A/Reg S note issuances totaling over US$550 million secured by diversified payment rights originated by Banco de Credito de Peru, S.A.
Represented originator, servicer, arranger and placement agent in connection with the initial US$121 million issuance of Reg S floating rate notes secured by diversified payment right originated by Internacional del Perú S.A.A. (Interbank).
Represented the arranger and initial purchaser in connection with the initial US$175 million issuance of Rule 144A/Reg S fixed and floating rate notes secured by diversified payments rights originated by Scotiabank Peru S.A.A.
Represented arranger and initial purchaser in connection with the exchange of US$394.3 million Rule 144A/Reg S floating rate notes secured by diversified payment rights originated by Turkiye Vakiflar Bankasi T.A.O. (Vakifbank).
Represented BRAC, a Bangladeshi bank focused on small and medium enterprises, in connection with a US$62 million syndicated credit facility, the proceeds of which were intended to support BRAC's microfinance operations in Tanzania, Uganda and Southern Sudan.
Represented initial purchaser in connection with the issuance of US$175 million of subordinated Tier II debt by First Bank of Nigeria Plc.
Other Lending Transactions
Advised Southwire on $1 billion sustainability-linked asset based loan facility.
Represented the arrangers, lenders and administrative agent in connection with a $223 million loan to finance the acquisition by Promerica Financial Corporation of Citibank's Guatemalan banking operations and secured by assets in Ecuador, Honduras, Panama, Guatemala and the Dominican Republic.
Represented the Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC) in connection with a US$5 million secured loan to Telconet, S.A., an Ecuadorian telecommunications company.
Represented Corporacion Andina de Fomento (CAF), as lender, and Rabobank, as participant, collateral agent and account bank, in connection with the US$100 million A/B Loan pre-export financing to Aceitera General Deheza S.A., an Argentine agribusiness company.
Represented the arranger, administrative agent and lenders in connection with a US$110 million syndicated, secured credit facility to finance the acquisition by Tapebicua LLC, an Argentine paper company, of Fanapel Celulosa Argentina S.A.
Represented the administrative agent and lenders in connection with a US$220 million secured credit facility to finance the operations of, and acquisitions by, Tuscany International Drilling Ltd. in Latin America and Africa.
Represented the administrative agent and lenders in connection with a US$80 million secured credit facility to finance the operations of, and acquisitions by, Estrella International Energy Services Ltd. in Latin America, including Argentina, Chile and Colombia.
Watershed Bond Issuance for Grupo Elektra Subsidiary
The Growth of ESG in Fund Finance and Other Financial Products in the United States
The New US International Development Finance Corporation (DFC): Enhancing Opportunities for Emerging Market Sponsors and Investors (Updated)
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Using Technology from Recent Loyalty Program Financing
Securitization - What to Expect in 2020
The 4th Latin America Project & Infrastructure Finance Summit
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Mayer Brown advises on first guaranteed local currency loan in Colombia
Mayer Brown partners Gabriela Sakamoto and Rebecca Seidl named to Latinvex's 2021 "Top 100 Female Lawyers" list
Mayer Brown advises Southwire on $1 billion sustainability-linked asset based loan facility
Mayer Brown wins "Deal of the Year" in Airfinance Journal Awards 2020
Mayer Brown advises US International Development Finance Corporation on loan to Global Access Fund
New York University School of Law, JD
哥伦比亚大学, BA, summa cum laude
华盛顿哥伦比亚特区


Urpilainen E, Marttila M, Hautakoski A, Arffman M, Sund R, Ilanne-Parikka P, Arima R, Kangaskokko J, Puistola U, Läärä E, Hinkula M. The role of metformin and statins in the incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer in type 2 diabetes: a cohort and nested case–control study. BJOG 2018;125:1001–1008.
Objective: To obtain evidence of the effects of metformin and statins on the incidence of ovarian cancer in women with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Design: A retrospective cohort study and nested case–control study.
Setting: The data were obtained from a diabetes database (FinDM) combining information from several nationwide registers.
Population: A cohort of 137 643 women over 40 years old and diagnosed with T2D during 1996–2011 in Finland.
Methods: In full cohort analysis Poisson regression was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) in relation to ever use of metformin, insulin other oral anti‐diabetic medication or statins. In the nested case–control analysis 20 controls were matched to each case of ovarian cancer. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate HRs in relation to medication use and cumulative use of different medications. The estimates were adjusted for age and duration of T2D.
Main outcome measure: Incidence of ovarian cancer.
Results: In all, 303 women were diagnosed with ovarian cancer during the follow up. Compared with other forms of oral anti‐diabetic medication, metformin (HR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.72–1.45) was not found to be associated with the incidence of ovarian cancer. Neither was there evidence for statins to affect the incidence (HR 0.99, 95% CI: 0.78–1.25). In nested case–control analysis the results were essentially similar.
Conclusions: No evidence of an association between the use of metformin or statins and the incidence of ovarian cancer in women with T2D was found.
Tweetable abstract: No evidence found for metformin or statins reducing the incidence of ovarian cancer.
This work was supported by grant from Jane and Aatos Erkko Foundation, the Cancer Foundation Grant of Finland and Finnish Government Research Funds admitted for University Hospital of Oulu.
© 2018 Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Urpilainen E, Marttila M, Hautakoski A, Arffman M, Sund R, Ilanne-Parikka P, Arima R, Kangaskokko J, Puistola U, Läärä E, Hinkula M. The role of metformin and statins in the incidence of epithelial ovarian cancer in type 2 diabetes: a cohort and nested case–control study. BJOG 2018;125:1001–1008, which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.15151. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving.


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11 Years, Master Craftsman, and Regular Volunteer: Harry Pierce
This May we would like to recognize Harry who is a long-time, regular construction volunteer who brings a wealth of knowledge and care to the construction sites. He's worked on Habitat sites for the past 11 years and enjoys solving the puzzles of home building and repair. In the last two years he dedicated himself to the Critical Home Repair program in part because he found the craftsman challenges of a repair site more unique than those of a new home build.
"There is a great deal of reward in association to working with the families, meeting the families and helping to better the community – I've found that extremely rewarding. For an old, hardy salt like me, there are a lot of times I don't let my emotions out and I've been very touched by a lot of home dedications."
"I can do about anything on a worksite," Harry says when asked about his skillset, "I know it sounds kind of braggadocios, but I've been doing this for over 11 years. The first year I worked 4 days a week, and since then I've worked 3 days a week." Construction Supervisor Spencer agrees, "He is a master craftsman, which means his work always comes out right."
Why does Harry volunteer? "It was kind of a selfish motive – "Volunteering makes me feel better intellectually," says Harry, "It makes me feel like I'm not just sitting around wasting away. So I feel better physically too."
But for those who know him like Spencer, Harry is anything but selfish, "He serves with a selfless heart," says Spencer. Harry regularly goes out of his way to make the experience special for the partner families and other volunteers on site with real caring and connection. A winner of the 2016 Rick Beattie Award for Outstanding Volunteer Service, Harry exemplifies a volunteer with a heartfelt passion for Habitat's mission and who has made significant contributions over many years.
Harry's words of encouragement to interested volunteers are, "There is a great deal of reward in association to working with the families, meeting the families and helping to better the community – I've found that extremely rewarding. For an old, hardy salt like me, there are a lot of times I don't let my emotions out and I've been very touched by a lot of home dedications."
See for yourself if what Harry says is true about volunteering on a build site. Don't just take the "old, hardy salt" for his word. Sign up today by clicking the button below.
Volunteer today!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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A total of 21 newly confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Ireland – 1 further death reported today
Today the HPSC confirms a further 21 cases of COVID-19 in the Republic of Ireland.
This brings the total number of confirmed cases in Ireland to 25,698.
1 further death being reported today.
The Health Protection Surveillance Centre has today been informed that 1 person with COVID-19 has died.
There has now been a total of 1,749 COVID-19 related deaths in Ireland.
As of midnight Wednesday 15th July, the HPSC has been notified of 21 confirmed cases of COVID-19. There is now a total of 25,698* confirmed cases of COVID-19 in Ireland.
The HSE is working to identify any contacts the patients may have had to provide them with information and advice to prevent further spread.
Dr. Ronan Glynn, Acting Chief Medical Officer, Department of Health, said; "The cases which we will report next week have already been seeded, however we have the power to limit the spread and impact of this disease beyond that; the way we do so is through following public health advice, avoiding high risk situations and encouraging our friends and family to do the same."
Professor Philip Nolan, Chair of the NPHET Irish Epidemiological Modelling Advisory Group, said; "Our best estimate of the R-number currently stands at 1.4 but it could be as high as 1.8. We have an opportunity now to maintain suppression of the virus."
*Validation of data at the HPSC has resulted in the denotification of 6 confirmed cases. The figure of 25,698 confirmed cases reflects this.


My Beloved, drink out of My Cup. My Cup is filled to the brim with My love for you and each so-called other soul. The balm of My Love restoreth your Soul. It restoreth your awareness of your Soul. There is no gap except for within your awareness. In My Light, each Soul is beautiful! Where you may see gaps, fill them with love on the double.
It is truthful to say that you are innocent. The idea of innocence may be uplifting. I daresay that no one wants to be thought of as ignorant of a bigger picture even as this may well be the case.
I speak to every single heart in God's Kingdom now. Truly, when you feel yourself superior to another, the thing to do is to stop right there. Refrain from judging. Judge not, not because you will be judged, for others already judge you. This isn't anything new, this business of judging.
Judge not, yes, is good advice, because your spoken or unspoken judgment is how you dip into the Law of Otherness. Beloved, you don't want to separate anyone from yourself or yourself from any so-called other. This is the error of judgment's ways.
In the world, it seems routine to believe fully in the concept of otherness. In making otherness indelible is when or where and how, in effect, you evict others from a Room at the Inn.
When you raise yourself higher and remark, if only to yourself, how shortsighted another may have revealed himself to be, you divide yourself, and so you create a him or a her, a thou and a they. And, so, you separate one seeming other from your heart and blandly erase Oneness from your awareness.
Beloved, you frown at how another may act in the world and hold yourself above an unloved entity whom you no longer offer to sit beside but now move away from an insubstantial idea of superiority.
Beloved, anyone you might look askance at is also you. The most unknowing of all are those who see themselves as higher than others. As soon as you frown at another, you forget your place in the Universe. What is your place in the Universe? Your place in the Universe is the same place as Mine, which is to raise hearts.
When you lower even one Being in your mind, you have lowered yourself. And so you believe in your own self-righteousness. You cast yourself aside as elite, smarter than one or another by virtue of your good fortune or perhaps by virtue of an illusory inborn supremacy. In the world, you may see putting yourself before another as the price of doing business. You may say it goes with the territory. You color yourself more beautiful with or without excuse.
Then you become one of the most innocent of all. The innocent you come to spurn may also exhibit qualities of leadership and loyalty, intelligence, and fortitude. In other ways, they may be generous and not callous at all. They may cry at a movie just as you do. They are energetic. They may not meet with your approval, however. Therefore, you may cast your shadow rather than light over them.
Everyone is learning. You too will no longer be so quick to paint the picture you do about another Beloved One when you come to see another's appearance before his Beingness.
There are those who may sell themselves and others short. Anyone can do this. You may do this. No matter, you are My Beloved. Take a chance and come see as I do see.
Permanent link to this Heavenletter: http://heavenletters.org/the-balm-of-gods-love.html - Thank you for including this when publishing this Heavenletter elsewhere.


Description: Body Scope is a business categorized under nutritionists, which is part of the larger category offices of health practitioners nec. Body Scope is located at the address 500 Old Newport Boulevard # 200a in Newport Beach, California 92663-4234. The Owner is Janice Simmons who can be contacted at (949)515-8004.


It's never too early to teach your kids the value of saving money. With an Aware Kids Account, your child has the opportunity to learn the value of saving money and starting good financial habits.
To open an Aware Account, visit a branch location and have two forms of identification for the child (ie. birth certificate, social security card), as well as your personal identification for proof of guardianship.


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Uranospinit (auch Calciumarsenuranit) ist ein sehr selten vorkommendes Mineral aus der Mineralklasse der Phosphate, Arsenate und Vanadate mit der chemischen Zusammensetzung Ca[UO2|AsO4]2·10H2O und ist damit chemisch gesehen ein wasserhaltiges Calcium-Uranyl-Arsenat.

Uranospinit kristallisiert im tetragonalen Kristallsystem, entwickelt aber nur selten dünntafelige Kristalle bis etwa einem Millimeter Größe. Meist findet er sich in Form von krustigen Überzügen und Aggregaten aus miteinander verwachsenen Kristallen.

Die durchscheinenden Kristalle sind von zitronengelber oder gelbgrüner bis zeisiggrüner Farbe. Die Strichfarbe ist dagegen hellgelb. Die Dichte beträgt 3,45 g/cm³ und die Mohshärte liegt zwischen 2 und 3.

Etymologie und Geschichte

Entdeckt wurde Uranospinit 1871 von Albin Weisbach in der Grube "Weißer Hirsch" (Schneeberg) in Neustädtel im Erzgebirge (Sachsen, Deutschland), die auch die Typlokalität ist. Als eigenständiges Mineral beschrieben und benannt wurde es zwei Jahre später ebenfalls von Weisbach.

Der Name Uranospinit hat seinen Ursprung im Urangehalt und von griechisch "spinos" (Grünfink), was auf die grüne Farbe hindeutet.

Typmaterial, das heißt Mineralproben aus der Typlokalität, wird im Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie Dresden und in der Technischen Universität Bergakademie Freiberg in Deutschland unter der Katalog-Nr. 21722 oder 21725 aufbewahrt.

Klassifikation
Bereits in der veralteten, aber teilweise noch gebräuchlichen 8. Auflage der Mineralsystematik nach Strunz gehörte der Uranospinit zur Mineralklasse der "Phosphate, Arsenate und Vanadate" und dort zur Abteilung der "Uranylphosphate/Arsenate und Uranylvanadate", wo er zusammen mit Autunit, Fritzscheit, Heinrichit, Kahlerit, Nováčekit, Sabugalit, Saléeit, Torbernit, Trögerit, Uranocircit und Zeunerit die "Autunit-Gruppe" mit der System-Nr. VII/E.01 bildete.

Die seit 2001 gültige und von der International Mineralogical Association (IMA) verwendete 9. Auflage der Strunz'schen Mineralsystematik ordnet den Uranospinit ebenfalls in die Abteilung der "Uranylphosphate und Arsenate" ein. Diese ist allerdings weiter unterteilt nach dem Stoffmengenverhältnis vom Uranyl (UO2) zum Phosphat-, Arsenat- bzw. Vanadat-Komplex (RO4), so dass das Mineral entsprechend seiner Zusammensetzung in der Unterabteilung "UO2 : RO4 = 1 : 1" zu finden ist, wo es zusammen mit Autunit, Heinrichit, Kahlerit, Kirchheimerit, Metarauchit, Nováčekit-I, Nováčekit-II, Saléeit, Torbernit, Uranocircit-I, Uranocircit-II, Xiangjiangit und Zeunerit die "Autunitgruppe" mit der System-Nr. 8.EB.05 bildet.

Auch die vorwiegend im englischen Sprachraum gebräuchliche Systematik der Minerale nach Dana ordnet den Uranospinit in die Klasse der "Phosphate, Arsenate und Vanadate" und dort in die Abteilung der "Wasserhaltige Phosphate etc." ein. Hier ist er als einziges Mitglied/zusammen mit in der unbenannten Gruppe 40.02a.02 innerhalb der Unterabteilung "Wasserhaltige Phosphate etc., mit A2+(B2+)2(XO4) × x(H2O), mit (UO2)2+" zu finden.

Kristallstruktur
Fast alle Quellen geben für Uranospinit eine tetragonale Symmetrie an. Entsprechend der Mineralogischen Tabellen nach Strunz und Nickel kristallisiert Uranospinit in der  mit den Gitterparametern a = 7,15 Å und c = 20,61 Å sowie zwei Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle.

Die an vielen Kristallen beobachtete optische Zweiachsigkeit mit Achsenwinkeln von 2V = 0–62° ist jedoch ein Indiz dafür, dass die wahre Symmetrie von Uranospinit niedriger ist. Die Mineraldatenbank Webmineral.com gibt für Uranospinit die  an, was der orthorhombischen Kristallklasse  entspricht. Die Gitterparameter werden mit a = 14,35 Å, b = 20,66 Å und c = 7,17 Å bei 4 Formeleinheiten pro Elementarzelle angegeben.

Die Kristallstruktur zeichnet sich durch Uranyl-Phosphat-Schichten aus, die parallel zur (001)-Ebene liegen. Arsen5+ ist tetraedrisch von 4 Sauerstoffatomen umgeben, das U6+ oktaedrisch von 6 Sauerstoffatomen. Die AsO4-Tetraeder sind über alle 4 Ecken mit UO6-Oktaedern verknüpft, die UO6-Oktaeder über 4 Ecken mit PO4-Tetraedern.

Zwischen den Uranyl-Arsenat-Schichten befinden sich die Wassermoleküle und die Ca-Ionen. Jedes Ca2+ ist von 6 Wassermolekülen oktaedrisch koordiniert. Die übrigen 4 Wassermoleküle sind an kein Kation direkt gebunden. Sie tragen aber mit einem komplexen System von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zu einer ausgeglichenen Verteilung der Ladungen und somit zur Stabilisierung der Struktur bei.

Eigenschaften

Morphologie

Uranospinit bildet quadratische bis rechteckige, tafelige Kristalle, deren Form von den {001}-Flächen dominiert wird. Er kann äußerlich dem Autunit sehr ähnlich sehen.

Auch epitaktische, das heißt nach bestimmten kristallographischen Achsen orientierte, Verwachsungen mit Zeunerit sind bekannt.

Physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften
Uranospinit fluoresziert unter langwelliger UV-Strahlung gelbgrün.

Aufgrund des enthaltenen Urans und Arsens ist Uranospinit radioaktiv, hochgiftig und krebserregend. Besonders ersteres besitzt eine sehr lange Verweildauer im Körper und schädigt diesen massiv durch die kontinuierliche Alphastrahlung.

Das Mineral weist eine spezifische Aktivität von etwa 82 kBq/g auf (zum Vergleich: natürliches Kalium 31,2 Bq/g).

Ebenso wie bei den strukturell verwandten Mineralen Saléeit, Torbernit und Zeunerit schwankt der Wassergehalt von Uranospinit von Vorkommen zu Vorkommen. Uranospinit entwässert leicht zu Metauranospinit mit 8H2O.

Bildung und Fundorte

Uranospinit bildet sich sekundär bei der Verwitterung von Uran- und Arsenmineralen (Uraninit) in der Oxidationszone von hydrothermalen und sedimentären Uranlagerstätten.

In der Uranlagerstätte bei Schneeberg in Sachsen ist Uranospinit vergesellschaftet mit Metazeunerit, Metauranocircit, Uranophan, Trögerit, Walpurgit, Uranosphärit, Asselbornit sowie Quarz, Churchit-(Y), gediegen Bismut und Goethit.

In der Lagerstätte Cherkasar in Usbekistan tritt Uranospinit zusammen mit Schoepit, Paraschoepit, Arsenuranylit, Metazeunerit und Nováčekit auf.

Weitere dokumentierte Vorkommen sind die Grube Clara bei Oberwolfach im Schwarzwald, Grube Sophia bei Wittichen, Grube Gottesehre bei Urberg, die Rabéjac Uranlagerstätte bei Lodève (Département Hérault) in Frankreich, in Tyndrum, Perthshire, Schottland, die Talmessi Mine bei Anarak im Iran, Myponga, Fleurieu-Halbinsel und Mt. Painter, Flinders Ranges in Südaustralien sowie in den Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika bei San Juan in Colorado, bei Spanish Fork in Utah und bei Paria in der Orphan Mine in Arizona.

Vorsichtsmaßnahmen
Aufgrund der starken Radioaktivität und Toxizität sollten Mineralproben von Uranospinit nur in staub- und strahlungsdichten Behältern, vor allem aber niemals in Wohn-, Schlaf- und Arbeitsräumen aufbewahrt werden. Ebenso sollte eine Aufnahme in den Körper (Inkorporation, Ingestion) auf jeden Fall verhindert und zur Sicherheit direkter Körperkontakt vermieden sowie beim Umgang mit dem Mineral Atemschutzmaske und Handschuhe getragen werden.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Minerale
 Uranglimmer

Literatur

Weblinks

 Mineralienatlas: Uranospinit (Wiki)
 Mindat – Uranospinit (englisch)
 Webmineral – Uranospinite (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Mineral
Tetragonales Kristallsystem
Phosphate, Arsenate und Vanadate
Arsenmineral
Calciummineral
Uranmineral
Radioaktives Mineral

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


stress for millions watching their retirement savings dwindle. Stress has this peculiar way of spreading its energy like wildfire, until everyone feels disconnected from the loving arms of Source. Our relationships, finances, careers, governments and nations are going through a forced system of checks and balances on a global scale.
How is it possible to stay centered when our support systems are to be falling apart right before our eyes?
Internalize very deeply…all is in divine order. Chances are we may have fallen out of line.
This is extremely difficult to digest delicately when the bills aren't paid and there's no money in the bank, or your business is on the verge of bankruptcy, or your significant other is calling it quits. Where's the (divine) love in any of this?
Our first and most understandable reaction is to escape, to avoid the discomfort as much as we can, to find a diversion to allow us to feel good immediately. Unfortunately, the cause of the stress doesn't go away. We may feel good for a while, but it doesn't solve the problem.
Know that everything in our lives occurs for a reason. I've started to look at stress as the Divine's way of gently nudging me back toward my alignment with Source. The degree to which I am stressed out is usually in exact proportion to how far I'm off my center. Have I not been paying attention to my finances or my relationships? Have I spent too much time in a career that no longer serves my passion, or never did?
Stress is just another way of the universe telling us that we've either forgotten how to play, or we have fallen out of alignment with our connection to our Source, our passion, our joy. When we begin to take on more than is our intention, be it (financial) obligations, too much time away from home, or simply stop paying attention to the greater human experience around us, we tend not to notice the simple pleasures, the little miracles, the beauty of God's playground that we so desperately wanted to leave Home to come play in. The world becomes less joyful, less happy and child-like in wonder.
It makes God sad when this happens. God so wants us to laugh and play!
I'm grateful my children remind me daily of some snippet of pure innocence that can immediately shake sometimes the worst stress. My college freshman is emerging into her own world of adult stress: whether it's an all-nighter before a paper is due, or going to work when she's tired, or finding money's tight after paying bills, and I gently encourage her to try to find joy or something she likes when she's out and about, or find something funny, or go out of your way to be nice to someone who's really having a tough day. Not out of guilt because "someone in the world has it much worse than you do," but out of Love, from the heart. And you'll feel better.
Much of stress is our mind's perception of the situation. Looking at the situation from another perspective (actually, someone does have it much worse than you do, sorry) – or how much of this did I bring on myself, and what can I empower myself to do to change it? – are gentle, loving (and inexpensive) ways that you can at least soften the blow.
Looking at stress as an opportunity to re-align your Self back with Source keeps you from getting stuck, and allows you to at least get your energy flowing back in the right direction. Take a small, quiet break and step out of your situation for a moment and look at it from a universal perspective, knowing that the situation will change. Don't fear the change, because change is inevitably for the better. Trust that God wants it that way.
That is how I'm looking at my forced hiatus from the job market right now, a (well-deserved) break from happily throwing everything I had into my job during the election. God is taking care of me, just as God is taking care of the rest of what's going on around the globe. Sort of takes the stress off one's shoulders, doesn't it?
Sally Paulsen is a recovering alcoholic celebrating six year's sobriety. She is a mother of three teenage children, including two with autism, whose spiritual gifts encouraged her to develop her own. Sally works for the Mounds View School District and is currently writing a book on the unique, in-laid connection to God for children with special needs.


text:
PIVX Core version *4.2.0* is now available from:  <https://github.com/pivx-project/pivx/releases>

This is a new major version release, including various bug fixes and performance improvements, as well as updated translations.

Please report bugs using the issue tracker at github: <https://github.com/pivx-project/pivx/issues>

Recommended Update
==============

This version is an optional, but recommended, update for all users and services.

How to Upgrade
==============

If you are running an older version, shut it down. Wait until it has completely shut down (which might take a few minutes for older versions), then run the installer (on Windows) or just copy over /Applications/PIVX-Qt (on Mac) or pivxd/pivx-qt (on Linux).

Compatibility
==============

PIVX Core is extensively tested on multiple operating systems using the Linux kernel, macOS 10.10+, and Windows 7 and later.

Microsoft ended support for Windows XP on [April 8th, 2014](https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/WindowsForBusiness/end-of-xp-support), No attempt is made to prevent installing or running the software on Windows XP, you can still do so at your own risk but be aware that there are known instabilities and issues. Please do not report issues about Windows XP to the issue tracker.

Apple released it's last Mountain Lion update August 13, 2015, and officially ended support on [December 14, 2015](http://news.fnal.gov/2015/10/mac-os-x-mountain-lion-10-8-end-of-life-december-14/). PIVX Core software starting with v3.2.0 will no longer run on MacOS versions prior to Yosemite (10.10). Please do not report issues about MacOS versions prior to Yosemite to the issue tracker.

PIVX Core should also work on most other Unix-like systems but is not frequently tested on them.

Notable Changes
==============

### Removed zerocoin GUI

Spending zPIV and getting zPIV balance information is no longer available in the graphical interface ([#1549](https://github.com/PIVX-Project/PIVX/pull/1549)). The feature remains accessible through the RPC interface: `getzerocoinbalance`, `listmintedzerocoins`, `listzerocoinamounts`, `spendzerocoin`, `spendzerocoinmints`.

### Memory pool limiting

Previous versions of PIVX Core had their mempool limited by checking a transaction's fees against the node's minimum relay fee. There was no upper bound on the size of the mempool and attackers could send a large number of transactions paying just slighly more than the default minimum relay fee to crash nodes with relatively low RAM.

PIVX Core 4.2.0 will have a strict maximum size on the mempool. The default value is 300 MB and can be configured with the `-maxmempool` parameter. Whenever a transaction would cause the mempool to exceed its maximum size, the transaction that (along with in-mempool descendants) has the lowest total feerate (as a package) will be evicted and the node's effective minimum relay feerate will be increased to match this feerate plus the initial minimum relay feerate. The initial minimum relay feerate is set to 1000 satoshis per kB.

PIVX Core 4.2.0 also introduces new default policy limits on the length and size of unconfirmed transaction chains that are allowed in the mempool (generally limiting the length of unconfirmed chains to 25 transactions, with a total size of 101 KB). These limits can be overridden using command line arguments ([#1645](https://github.com/PIVX-Project/PIVX/pull/1645), [#1647](https://github.com/PIVX-Project/PIVX/pull/1647)).

### Benchmarking Framework

PIVX Core 4.2.0 backports  the internal benchmarking framework from Bitcoin Core, which can be used to benchmark cryptographic algorithms (e.g. SHA1, SHA256, SHA512, RIPEMD160, Poly1305, ChaCha20), Base58 encoding and decoding and thread queue. More tests are needed for script validation, coin selection and coins database, cuckoo cache, p2p throughtput ([#1650](https://github.com/PIVX-Project/PIVX/pull/1650)).

The binary file is compiled with pivx-core, unless configured with `--disable-bench`.

After compiling pivx-core, the benchmarks can be run with:
```
src/bench/bench_pivx
```
The output will be similar to:
```
#Benchmark,count,min(ns),max(ns),average(ns),min_cycles,max_cycles,average_cycles
Base58CheckEncode,131072,7697,8065,7785,20015,20971,20242
```

'label' and 'account' APIs for wallet
-------------------------------------

A new 'label' API has been introduced for the wallet. This is intended as a
replacement for the deprecated 'account' API. The 'account' can continue to
be used in v4.2 by starting pivxd with the '-deprecatedrpc=accounts'
argument, and will be fully removed in v5.0.

The label RPC methods mirror the account functionality, with the following functional differences:

- Labels can be set on any address, not just receiving addresses. This functionality was previously only available through the GUI.
- Labels can be deleted by reassigning all addresses using the `setlabel` RPC method.
- There isn't support for sending transactions _from_ a label, or for determining which label a transaction was sent from.
- Labels do not have a balance.

Here are the changes to RPC methods:

| Deprecated Method       | New Method            | Notes       |
| :---------------------- | :-------------------- | :-----------|
| `getaccount`            | `getaddressinfo`      | `getaddressinfo` returns a json object with address information instead of just the name of the account as a string. |
| `getaccountaddress`     | n/a                   | There is no replacement for `getaccountaddress` since labels do not have an associated receive address. |
| `getaddressesbyaccount` | `getaddressesbylabel` | `getaddressesbylabel` returns a json object with the addresses as keys, instead of a list of strings. |
| `getreceivedbyaccount`  | `getreceivedbylabel`  | _no change in behavior_ |
| `listaccounts`          | `listlabels`          | `listlabels` does not return a balance or accept `minconf` and `watchonly` arguments. |
| `listreceivedbyaccount` | `listreceivedbylabel` | Both methods return new `label` fields, along with `account` fields for backward compatibility. |
| `move`                  | n/a                   | _no replacement_ |
| `sendfrom`              | n/a                   | _no replacement_ |
| `setaccount`            | `setlabel`            | Both methods now:

allow assigning labels to any address, instead of raising an error if the address is not receiving address.
delete the previous label associated with an address when the final address using that label is reassigned to a different label, instead of making an implicit `getaccountaddress` call to ensure the previous label still has a receiving address. |

| Changed Method         | Notes   |
| :--------------------- | :------ |
| `listunspent`          | Returns new `label` fields, along with `account` fields for backward compatibility if running with the `-deprecatedrpc=accounts` argument |
| `sendmany`             | The first parameter has been renamed to `dummy`, and must be set to an empty string, unless running with the `-deprecatedrpc=accounts` argument (in which case functionality is unchanged). |
| `listtransactions`     | The first parameter has been renamed to `dummy`, and must be set to the string `*`, unless running with the `-deprecatedrpc=accounts` argument (in which case functionality is unchanged). |
| `getbalance`           | `account`, `minconf` and `include_watchonly` parameters are deprecated, and can only be used if running with the `-deprecatedrpc=accounts` argument |
| `getcoldstakingbalance`| The `account` parameter is deprecated, and can only be used if running with the `-deprecatedrpc=accounts` argument (in which case functionality is unchanged) |
| `getdelegatedbalance`  | The `account` parameter is deprecated, and can only be used if running with the `-deprecatedrpc=accounts` argument (in which case functionality is unchanged) |

GUI Changes
----------

### Topbar navigation

- The "sync" button in the GUI topbar can be clicked to go directly to the Settings --> Information panel (where the current block number and hash is shown).

- The "connections" button in the GUI topbar can be clicked to open the network monitor dialog ([#1688](https://github.com/PIVX-Project/PIVX/pull/1688)).

Functional Changes
----------

### Stake-Split threshold

If the stake split is active (threshold > 0), then stake split threshold value must be greater than a minimum, set by default at 100 PIV. The minimum value can be changed using the `-minstakesplit` startup flag ([#1586](https://github.com/PIVX-Project/PIVX/pull/1586)). A value `0` is still allowed, regardless of the minimum set, and, as before, can be used to disable the stake splitting functionality.

### Changed command-line options

- new command `-minstakesplit` to modify the minimum allowed for  the stake split threshold ([#1586](https://github.com/PIVX-Project/PIVX/pull/1586)).

- new commands `-maxmempool`, to customize  the memory pool size limit, and `-checkmempool=N`, to customize the frequency of the mempool check ([#1647](https://github.com/PIVX-Project/PIVX/pull/1647)).

- new commands `-limitancestorcount=N` and `limitancestorsize=N`, to limit the number and total size of all in-mempool ancestors for a transaction ([#1647](https://github.com/PIVX-Project/PIVX/pull/1647)).

- new commands `-limitdescendantcount=N` and `limitdescendantsize=N`, to limit the number and total size of all in-mempool descendants for a transaction ([#1647](https://github.com/PIVX-Project/PIVX/pull/1647)).

RPC Changes
------------

In addition to the afore mentioned 'label' and 'account' API changes, other RPC changes are as follows:

### Low-level API changes

- The `asm` property of each scriptSig now contains the decoded signature hash type for each signature that provides a valid defined hash type ([#1633](https://github.com/PIVX-Project/PIVX/pull/1633)).

The following items contain assembly representations of scriptSig signatures
and are affected by this change: RPC `getrawtransaction`, RPC `decoderawtransaction`, REST `/rest/tx/` (JSON format), REST `/rest/block/` (JSON format when including extended tx details), `pivx-tx -json`

### Modified input/output for existing commands

- new "usage" field in the output of `getmempoolinfo`, displaying the total memory usage for the mempool ([#1645](https://github.com/PIVX-Project/PIVX/pull/1645)).

- new "upgrades" field in the output of `getblockchaininfo`, showing upcoming and active network upgrades ([#1665](https://github.com/PIVX-Project/PIVX/pull/1665), [#1687](https://github.com/PIVX-Project/PIVX/pull/1687)).

- `listreceivedbyaddress` has a new optional "addressFilter" argument that will filter the results to only the specified address

### Removed commands

- `masternodedebug`. Use `getmasternodestatus` instead. ([#1698](https://github.com/PIVX-Project/PIVX/pull/1698)).

*4.2.0* Change log
==============

Detailed release notes follow. This overview includes changes that affect behavior, not code moves, refactors and string updates. For convenience in locating the code changes and accompanying discussion, both the pull request and git merge commit are mentioned.

### Core Features
 - #1414 `e3ceda31c5` uint256 to arith_uint256 migration (Second step). (furszy)
 - #1486 `e146131780` Replace OpenSSL AES with ctaes-based version (furszy)
 - #1488 `cc84157e52` CCrypter using secure allocator vector. (furszy)
 - #1531 `1f9e7e45ba` [Backport] Implement accurate UTXO cache size accounting (furszy)
 - #1533 `898bcd24ad` [Backport] Make connect=0 disable automatic outbound connections. (furszy)
 - #1534 `d45c58e89d` [Backport] Preemptively catch a few potential bugs (furszy)
 - #1554 `0dedec8157` [Core] Big endian support (random-zebra)
 - #1557 `8dfc4806f7` [Core] Prevector (random-zebra)
 - #1564 `2c11e37c91` Abstract out CTransaction-specific signing into SignatureCreator (furszy)
 - #1587 `c9741c53b1` [Backport] Shut down if trying to connect a corrupted block (furszy)
 - #1593 `f59c8fb625` Prepare for non-Base58 addresses [Step 1] (furszy)
 - #1629 `73d26f20e9` [DB] Bitcoin 0.12-0.14 dbwrapper improvements (random-zebra)
 - #1630 `a9ac1cc51f` [Refactoring] Lightweight abstraction of boost::filesystem (random-zebra)
 - #1631 `56b414761c` [Miner] Remove 2017 invalid outputs check (furszy)
 - #1633 `8cd9c592a9` [Core] Bitcoin 0.12-0.14 serialization improvements (random-zebra)
 - #1634 `e0239f801d` [Core] prevector: named union and defaults vars initialization (random-zebra)
 - #1641 `7c102142c7` [Core] New fee estimation code (random-zebra)
 - #1645 `49867086da` [Core] Implement accurate memory accounting for mempool (random-zebra)
 - #1647 `eb00d0f62f` [Core] MemPool package tracking and limits (Alex Morcos)
 - #1650 `4ed15cc69d` [Tests] Benchmarking Framework (random-zebra)
 - #1665 `602ad3d7f8` New upgrade structure. (furszy)
 - #1668 `7e65a82e7d` [Backport] Make sigcache faster (furszy)
 - #1669 `c072659135` Better sigcache implementation (CuckooCache) (furszy)
 - #1670 `8d7e7808d0` [Refactoring] CValidationState logging (random-zebra)
 - #1673 `a5ba7200c6` [Core] Separate Consensus CheckTxInputs and GetSpendHeight in CheckInputs (furszy)
 - #1676 `961e2d2a70` [Backport] Base58 performance improvements (Kaz Wesley)
 - #1677 `95fefe9c0d` Prepare for non-Base58 addresses [Step 2] (furszy)
 - #1679 `c157deb76b` Prepare for non-Base58 addresses [Step 3] (furszy)
 - #1687 `f054e3e627` [Refactor] Network upgrades management cleanup (random-zebra)
 - #1697 `13576cfe14` [BUG] Fix mempool entry priority (furszy)
 - #1707 `6bc917e859` RPC & Mempool back ports. (furszy)
 - #1728 `1c472ebae8` IsInitialBlockDownload: usually avoid locking (furszy)
 - #1729 `76ea490ac1` [Core] Add checkpoints for PIVX v4.1.1 enforcement (random-zebra)
 - #1733 `e4ae10db31` Move zerocoin validation to its own legacy file. (furszy)
 - #1747 `6f90e8be13` NU custom activation height startup arg. (furszy)

### Build System
 - #1681 `131ec069fd` [Build] Set complete cpp/cxx flags for bench_pivx binary (Fuzzbawls)
 - #1684 `69fa8dce5e` [Travis] Bump macOS CMake target image (Fuzzbawls)
 - #1710 `ed63a331a3` [Depends] Update dependency fallback URL (Fuzzbawls)

### P2P Protocol and Network Code
 - #1542 `87feface84` [Net] Add and document network messages in protocol.h (Fuzzbawls)
 - #1579 `e941230894` [Net] Use SeedSpec6's rather than CAddress's for fixed seeds (Cory Fields)
 - #1616 `f295ee4e4e` [P2P] Enforce expected outbound services (Pieter Wuille)
 - #1618 `077ab3db70` [P2P] Do not set extra flags for unfiltered DNS seed results (Pieter Wuille)
 - #1638 `cadf9e6daa` [Net] Fix masking of irrelevant bits in address groups (Alex Morcos)
 - #1646 `4c829bb274` [Net] Turn net structures into dumb storage classes (furszy)
 - #1672 `745a05804f` [Bug] removed "dseg" message support re-introduced. (furszy)
 - #1704 `8bbc0650e6` [Net] Pre-requirements for network encapsulation (random-zebra)

### GUI
 - #1059 `39a0fa6e04` [UI] Improve staking chart workflow (Akshay)
 - #1287 `e7dd0947c0` [GUI] Load persisted transaction filter during start (Mrs-X)
 - #1516 `93df7ce6ec` [GUI] MacOS fix open files with no default app. (furszy)
 - #1548 `176d3ae558` [Cleanup][GUI] Remove zPIV faqs (random-zebra)
 - #1549 `47bf23aa14` [Cleanup][GUI] Nuke zPIV from the GUI (random-zebra)
 - #1598 `f66f72656d` [GUI] Split "Delegators" address type in the table model (furszy)
 - #1601 `78a2923184` [GUI] Tor state missing translation (furszy)
 - #1604 `8ec6bbe737` [Refactor][GUI] Set static texts in .ui files + add missing tr() (random-zebra)
 - #1607 `749d42a812` [QT] Add password mismatch warnings (JSKitty)
 - #1610 `9ac68cffd5` [GUI][UX] Add accept/close keyboard controls to all dialogs (random-zebra)
 - #1611 `3d9222edf0` [GUI][Bug] CoinControl payAmounts and nBytes calculation (random-zebra)
 - #1612 `eea3f42ab6` [GUI] CoinControlDialog fix SelectAll / UnselectAll (random-zebra)
 - #1623 `b7e2d97a42` [GUI][Trivial] Change Custom fee amount when Recommended fee is selected (Ambassador)
 - #1626 `5b064a6145` [GUI][Bug] Notify transaction creation failure reason (random-zebra)
 - #1644 `34bf1c0583` [GUI] Fix invalid Destination toString encoding. (Fuzzbawls)
 - #1652 `a2850ce0fe` [GUI] cs widget: minor usability improvements (random-zebra)
 - #1653 `6ad9bfcc48` [GUI] Reuse collateral UTXOs in MnWizard (random-zebra)
 - #1657 `169fc34192` [GUI][Model] Remove unneeded lock in checkBalanceChanged (furszy)
 - #1667 `730566d510` [GUI] removing unused bitcoinamountfield file (furszy)
 - #1678 `fb14a8fb46` [GUI][Model] Remove zerocoin methods. (furszy)
 - #1683 `68e1ee69e5` [GUI] Add missing QPainterPath include (Fuzzbawls)
 - #1688 `129563c273` [GUI] TopBar navigation (sync/peers) (random-zebra)
 - #1690 `12a8f8a5c4` [BUG][GUI] check for available "unlocked" balance in prepareTransaction (random-zebra)
 - #1696 `f84445af1e` [BUG][GUI] Restore message() connection for ColdStakingWidget (random-zebra)
 - #1699 `9bba19c62e` [GUI] Fix dashboard txs list blinking issue (furszy)
 - #1708 `f3b54df58d` [BUG][GUI] Non-static coinControl object in CoinControlDialogs (random-zebra)
 - #1715 `37c01cf359` [GUI][Trivial] Update settingsfaqwidget.ui (Jeffrey)
 - #1724 `c178aab2fe` [GUI] Return early in pollBalanceChanged (Fuzzbawls)
 - #1732 `be99df3342` [GUI] Better start single MN error description. (furszy)
 - #1737 `78ed084999` [GUI] Replace more deprecated Qt methods (Fuzzbawls)
 - #1740 `141141c9cf` [GUI] Periodic make translate (Fuzzbawls)
 - #1741 `ffae965fad` [GUI] Settings console message moved to read only. (furszy)
 - #1742 `a94f8f9a90` [GUI] Fix settings language combobox initialization. (furszy)
 - #1744 `fda84ee710` [GUI] Recognize key event for clearing console (Fuzzbawls)
 - #1749 `e182e112bc` [GUI] Solving old, not loaded at startup, transactions notification issue. (furszy)

### RPC/REST
 - #1640 `0b84a5025d` [P2P][RPC] Rework addnode behaviour (Pieter Wuille)
 - #1660 `10876c6c80` [RPC] Change btc to PIV in help text (PeterL73)
 - #1663 `0724bbbad2` [Wallet][RPC] FundTransaction - fundrawtransaction (random-zebra)
 - #1702 `7a849ca06a` [RPC] Table registration update and wallet table decoupled. (furszy)
 - #1731 `fe845a83d2` [RPC][Wallet] Deprecate internal account system (Fuzzbawls)

### Wallet
 - #1586 `73c3ecc388` [Wallet] Minimum value for stake split threshold (random-zebra)
 - #1695 `98cf582557` [Wallet] Abandon tx in CommitTransaction if ATMP fails (random-zebra)
 - #1698 `ccecffd144` [Wallet] Masternodes start performance boost (furszy)
 - #1713 `f31b51f08e` [Refactor] zerocoin code moved from wallet.cpp to wallet_zerocoin.cpp (furszy)
 - #1717 `f928674bf7` [Wallet] AddToWallet split in AddToWallet and LoadToWallet (furszy)
 - #1734 `78a4f68ab2` [Wallet][BUG] fix detection of wallet conflicts in CWallet::AddToWallet (random-zebra)

### Scripts and Tools
 - #1693 `a5265a4db4` Upstream scripts back ports [Step 1] (furszy)
 - #1701 `f8f0fe0bf1` [Tools] logprint-scanner for error() and strprintf() (random-zebra)

### Miscellaneous
 - #1547 `1824def118` [Refactor] Define constant string variable for currency unit (random-zebra)
 - #1568 `8c06746f18` [Trivial] Unused Image Removal & Readme Revisions (Yuurin Bee)
 - #1643 `80c5499b39` Fix Destination wrapper segfault on copy constructor (furszy)
 - #1659 `494c841f7e` Few compiler warnings fixed. (furszy)
 - #1662 `5d3266c25c` [Cleanup] Remove obsolete multisig code (random-zebra)
 - #1674 `360ee1dfc5` Remove unused MultiSigScriptSet typedef and member (furszy)
 - #1689 `9205aa6277` [Cleanup] Small main.cpp cleanup (furszy)
 - #1692 `1221efd5d6` [Cleanup] Don't sign MESS_VER_STRMESS network msgs anymore (random-zebra)
 - #1705 `2d6835e734` [Doc] Add/Update some release notes for 4.2 (random-zebra)
 - #1718 `5e75d4c344` [Trivial] Spelling Error (Yuurin Bee)
 - #1719 `b72ec2ff52` [Cleanup] remove masternode broadcast from CActiveMasternode class (random-zebra)
 - #1722 `f68acbe01e` Unused methods cleanup (furszy)
 - #1736 `fc5d36ac77` [Cleanup] Transaction primitive unused methods cleanup. (furszy)
 - #1751 `dbcbf8a995` [Miner] Unused reserveKey cleanup (furszy)

## Credits

Thanks to everyone who directly contributed to this release:
- Akshay
- Alex Morcos
- Ambassador
- Ben Woosley
- Cory Fields
- Ethan Heilman
- Fuzzbawls
- Gavin Andresen
- Gregory Maxwell
- JSKitty
- Jeffrey
- Jeremy Rubin
- Jiaxing Wang
- John Newbery
- Jonas Schnelli
- João Barbosa
- Kaz Wesley
- Marko Bencun
- Patrick Strateman
- Peter Todd
- PeterL73
- Pieter Wuille
- Suhas Daftuar
- Wladimir J. van der Laan
- Yuurin Bee
- furszy
- practicalswift
- random-zebra

As well as everyone that helped translating on [Transifex](https://www.transifex.com/projects/p/pivx-project-translations/), the QA team during Testing and the Node hosts supporting our Testnet.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Gotta get down on Friday. Today is dedicated to Hitting you with 4 trunk slaps that will melt your system; featuring big releases from Datsik and Jacob Plant. Don't have much else to write about except that all four of these tracks are heavy as fuhhhhhh. Enjoy.
Last weekend, this track aired on Pete Tong's Essential Selection show. The vocal sample is dope as well has the ball-squeezing bass. Must harvest!
Bare and Datsik london bridge this track with bass that will melt your face. Kind of reminds me of that "Swagger" track.
Another example of rap in dubstep! A filthy, sluggish track from Point Blank.


text:
\section{\label{sec:level1}Introduction}

The two seemingly disconnected yet profound theories of physics namely, the principle of general relativity and quantum mechanics, where the former is completely classical in character while the latter accounts for the different properties and spectral behaviour of particles at the subatomic scale but the effect of gravity is ignored, are considered as the outstanding successes of twentieth century science. There have been attempts to unite them in the framework of quantum gravity  but this requires turning to the Planck scale, where for a particle of mass $m$, the size of the radius of curvature of the spacetime has to be roughly of the same order as its Compton wavelength.
In this regime, it has been argued that the universal Planck length calls for a generalization of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle (GUP). In fact, a considerable amount of work has been devoted towards justifying the viability of having different variants of GUP (see, for example, \cite{taw, gross, amati, buo, li, gir}) in problems of minimal length in quantum gravity and string theory (see, for example, \cite{bagchi, mandal, hossenfelder, lake, das1, das2, rovelli, dey, law}). Note that the existence of a minimal length is imperative due to an effective minimal uncertainty in position while in the context of string theory, because of the existence of a characteristic length of a string, it is highly unlikely to improve upon the spatial resolution below a certain point \cite{wit, kempf1, kempf2}.

In contrast to the conventional GUP, which provides with an inequaility in the phase space between the pair of complementary measurable variables like the position ($x$) and momentum ($p$) namely \cite{hei, ken, rob, wei},
$\Delta x \Delta p \geq \frac{\hbar}{2}$,
which implies that one cannot have an exact knowledge of both $x$ and $p$ simultaneously, there are several accounts of its extended version. Up to second order in $\Delta p$, a plausible modification of the GUP gives the result \cite{kempf3}

\begin{equation}\label{gup1}
    \Delta x \Delta p \geq \frac{\hbar}{2} \left (1 + \tau \Delta p^2 \right )
\end{equation}
where $\tau$ is the deformation parameter. It is a dimensional quantity being same as that of the inverse squared momentum and takes into account plausible corrections in a way that any localization in space is prevented as is indeed in the case of the GUP. For an optical fibre \cite{conti1}, a typical value of $ \tau $ is $ 10^{56}(\frac{s^2}{Kg^2m^2}) $. There are many derivations of the GUP available in the literature (see, for instance, \cite{taw}, and references therein).

In the vicinity of sub-Planckian black holes, where the particle interacts gravitationally with the photon, a refined version for the uncertainty is favoured:  $\Delta x > \frac{\hbar}{\Delta p} + l_p^2\frac{\Delta p}{\hbar}$ (see for the details of its derivation \cite{mag, adler1, adler2, adler3, adler4, sca}). Of course, there is a scope of introducing an additional dimensionless constant $\alpha$ \cite{bambi, carr} which modifies this inequality to the form

\begin{flalign}\label{gup2}
\Delta x > \frac{\hbar}{\Delta p} + \alpha l_p^2\frac{\Delta p}{\hbar}
\end{flalign}
where $\alpha$ is a dimensionless constant. The second term in (\ref{gup2}) takes care of the effects of gravity through the employment of the Newtonian gravitational theory \cite{adler1}.

A few remarks about the Planckian scales. Here, given a particle of mass m, the size of the radius of curvature of the spacetime is approximately of the same order as its Compton wavelength. The connection $m \approx m_p\sqrt{\pi}$ relating m with the Planck mass $m_p$, where $m_p = \sqrt{\frac{\hbar c}{G}} \sim 2.2 \times 10^{-8} kg$, is a simple outcome.
At temperatures of the order around or above the Planck mass, the quantum gravitational effects become dominant. At the corresponding energy which is the Planck energy, the force of gravitation between two particles is about the same order as any other operating force between them. Note that the associated Planck length $l_P$ is $l_p = \sqrt{\frac{\hbar G}{c^3}} \sim 1.6 \times 10^{-35} m$
where $G$ is the gravitational constant $(\sim  6.674 \times 10^{-11} m^3 kg^{-1} s^{-2})$. Furthermore, as is generally believed, if the linear dimension of the mass $m$ is less than the corresponding Schwarzschild radius, the mass mimics a black hole.

With the above background, we propose in section II, a consistent scheme based on the scalar Helmholtz equation (SHE) that allows estimating a reasonable lower bound of the dimensionless coupling constant $\alpha$. We follow it up in section III by exploring the formal equivalence of quantum mechanics and optics by disregarding the paraxial approximation where the refractive index has only a transverse (x) component.  In section IV, we consider an optical
periodic structure that addresses a distribution which varies only in the longitudinal (z) direction. It enables us to set up a scheme in which the SHE is presented with a supersymmetric structure. As a result, we are able to derive new analytical forms for the complex periodic partner of the refractive index distribution. This section also addresses  the question of determining closed form solutions of the parity-time symmetric periodic structure of the refractive index, where the parity operator $\mathcal{P}$ is defined by the operations $(i, x, p) \rightarrow (i, -x, -p)$ and time reversal operator $\mathcal{T}$ by the ones $\rightarrow (-i, x, -p)$. It is of interest to mention here that in recent times the idea of $\mathcal{PT}$ has found relevance in the artificial construction of optical structures with balanced gain and loss \cite{zya}. Finally, in section V, we make a summary of our results.

\section{The dimensionless constant $\alpha$}

Let us compare (\ref{gup1}) with (\ref{gup2}). We at once obtain the following lower bound on the parameter $\alpha$

\begin{equation}\label{alpha1}
    \alpha \geq \frac{\tau \hbar^2}{2 l_p^2}
\end{equation}
Turning to the the SHE for the propagating electric field $\mathcal{E}$ which is aligned along the z-axis (i.e. in the longitudinal direction), we have

\begin{equation}\label{SHE}
    \left ( \partial_z^2  +  \partial_x^2  +k^2 \right ) \mathcal{E}  =0, \
\end{equation}
where $k = \frac{2\pi}{\lambda}$ is the transverse wave number. The operator acting on $\mathcal{E}$ is factorizable with one of the two factors is required to satisfy

\begin{equation}\label{factorized}
    \left (i \partial_z  + \sqrt{\partial_x^2 + k^2} \right ) \mathcal{E} = 0
\end{equation}
We substitute $\mathcal{E} = e^{ik z} \phi (x, z)$ in (\ref{factorized}) to write down

\begin{equation}\label{SE1}
    \frac{i}{c}\partial_t \phi - k \phi +k \left (1 + \frac{\partial_x^2}{k^2} \right )^{\frac{1}{2}} \phi =0
\end{equation}
where we have identified the variable $z$ with $ct$. Using the standard formula for the binomial expansion $(1+z)^\frac{1}{2} = 1 + \frac{1}{2}z -\frac{1}{8} z^2 +...$ we can express

\begin{equation}\label{Taylor}
\left (1 + \frac{\partial_x^2}{k^2} \right )^{\frac{1}{2}} =  1 + \frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial_x^2}{k^2} -\frac{1}{8} \frac{\partial_x^4}{k^4} +...
\end{equation}
thereby obtaining from (\ref{SE1}) the form

\begin{equation}\label{SE2}
    \frac{i}{c}\partial_t \phi = -\frac{1}{2} \left (\frac{\partial_x^2}{k} \right )\phi + \frac{1}{8} \left (\frac{\partial_x^4}{k^3} \right )\phi
\end{equation}
on retaining terms up to fourth order in $\partial_x$. Setting $\hat{p} =-i\hbar \partial_x$, (\ref{SE2}) transforms to

\begin{equation}\label{SE3}
    i\hbar\partial_t \phi = \frac{c}{2k}\frac{\hat{p}^2}{\hbar} \phi + \frac{c}{8k^3} \frac{\hat{p}^4}{\hbar^3}\phi
\end{equation}

We are now in a position to compare (\ref{SE3}) with a fourth-order quantum nonlinear Schr\"odinger equation \cite{das1} modified in the context of GUP \cite{das1, conti1, conti2}

\begin{equation}\label{SE4}
    i\hbar\partial_t \psi = \frac{\hat {p}^2}{2m} \psi  +  \frac{\tau \hat {p}^4}{3m} \psi
\end{equation}

With ${\mkern0.75mu\mathchar '26\mkern -9.75mu\lambda} = \frac{\lambda}{2\pi}$ and $k=\frac{1}{{\mkern0.75mu\mathchar '26\mkern -9.75mu\lambda}}$, we readily find the consistency conditions

\begin{equation}\label{compare1}
\frac{1}{2m}=\frac{c}{2\hbar k} \Rightarrow mc=\frac{\hbar}{{\mkern0.75mu\mathchar '26\mkern -9.75mu\lambda}}, \quad k =\frac{mc}{\hbar}
\end{equation}
and

\begin{equation} \label{compare2}
\frac{\tau}{3m} = \frac{c}{8\hbar^3 k^3} = \frac{c}{8m^3 c^3} \Rightarrow \tau = \frac{3}{8} \frac{1}{m^2c^2}
\end{equation}
In other words we have for $\tau$ the result
$\tau = \frac{3}{8} \left (\frac{{\mkern0.75mu\mathchar '26\mkern -9.75mu\lambda}}{\hbar} \right )^2$ which implies from (\ref{alpha1}) the lower bound

\begin{equation}\label{alpha2}
    \alpha \geq \frac{3}{16} \left ( \frac{{\mkern0.75mu\mathchar '26\mkern -9.75mu\lambda}}{l_P} \right )^2
\end{equation}
Alternatively, since $\hbar = \frac{h}{2\pi}$ we can recast $\tau$ to
$\tau = \frac{3}{8} \left (\frac{\lambda}{h} \right )^2$ pointing to another representation of (\ref{alpha2})

\begin{equation}\label{alpha3}
    \alpha \geq \frac{3}{64 \pi^2} \frac{\lambda^2}{l_P^2}
\end{equation}
There are various estimates of $\tau$ depending upon the theory at hand. It can be related to the dimesionless quantity $\tau_0$ by defining $\tau_0 = \frac{\hbar c^3}{G} \tau$.
In terms of the Planck mass,
$\tau_0$ translates to $\tau_0 = m_P^2 c^2\tau$,
and we are led to the connection

\begin{equation} \label{tau_0}
\tau_0 = m_P^2 c^2 \left (\frac{3}{8} \frac{1}{m^2c^2} \right ) = \frac{3}{8} \frac{m_P^2}{m^2}
\end{equation}

It is evident that the above estimate of $\tau_0$ is dependent on the mass of the subatomic particle under consideration.
For an electron mass of $\approx 9.1 \times 10^{-31}$ kg, we find  $\tau_0$ to be of the order of  $\sim 10^{44}$ which is about $O(10^{11})$ lower than what is obtained from the photon. Our estimate of $\tau_0$ is in accordance with the idea of an intermediate length between the Planck scale and the electroweak scale given by \cite{das1}.

\section{Scalar Helmholtz equation and its supersymmetric partner}

We now turn to the paraxial approximation
in which the scalar wave equation could be shown equivalent to an analogue of Schr\"{o}dinger equation of a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator \cite{ste}, the work of Lin et al \cite{lin} aroused much interest after it tried to explore a nonparaxial model wherein the consequences of exploring $\mathcal{PT}$ were examined to achieve  unidirectional invisiblity at the exceptional points with the refractive index distribution being entirely longitudinally directed. Their idea was taken up by Jones \cite{jones1} (see also \cite{jones2}) to derive analytical conditions for a $\mathcal{PT}$ optical structure. The basic point was to exploit only the z-variation of the refractive index rather than the typical paraxial exercise where the variation of $n$ is taken in the transverse direction \cite{paraxial}. In the  setting of \cite{lin}, the SHE acquires a form similar to the one-dimensional time-independent Schr\"{o}dinger equation but endowed with a spatial z variable

\begin{equation}  \label{nonparaxHelm}
 \frac{d^2 \mathcal{E}}{dz^2} + k^2 \left (\frac{n}{n_0} \right )^2 \mathcal{E} = 0
\end{equation}

Let us look at the corresponding stationary Schr\"{o}dinger equation governing a quantum particle influenced by a complex optical potential $V^{(+)}(z)$ in the following dimensionless form  ($\hbar = 2m = 1$)
\begin{gather} \label{00schrodingerE}
    -\frac{d^2\psi}{dz^2}+ \Big(V^{(+)}(z) -\varepsilon \Big)\psi = 0
\end{gather}
where $\varepsilon \in \Re$ is an incident energy scale. Comparison of (\ref{nonparaxHelm}) and (\ref{00schrodingerE}) shows that the role of the wave function $\psi(z)$ is analogous to the electric field amplitude $\mathcal{E}$ \cite{longhi} while the object $\frac{d^2 }{dz^2} + k^2 \left (\frac{n}{n_0} \right )^2$ transforms like the Schr\"{o}dinger operator and pointing to the connection
\begin{align} \label{Vandnrelation}
   V^{(+)} = \varepsilon - k^2 \left(\frac{n}{n_0}\right)^2
\end{align}
 It is tempting to interpret (\ref{Vandnrelation}) in the framework of supersymmetric quantum mechanics (SQM) and make an assumption that the index
distribution admits a lowest energy bound state specified with a propagation eigenvalue \cite{miri1}. The study of supersymmetric optical structures was carried out in some detail by Miri \cite{miri2} to establish a relationship between two wave optical structures. It is well known that the formalism of SQM is primed to reveal new types of associated spectral problems through the existence of superpartners by utilising the so-called factorization method \cite{miel2004, dong} or equivalently making use of the intertwining conditions \cite{iof2012, fer} which emerge as a set of consistency relations. As we shall presently see, the Helmholtz equation, by enforcing the above analogy, also points to a new type of partner potential that is tied up to $V^{(+)}(z)$.

 A few words on SQM are relevant here. Its basic formalism \cite{jun1996, bag2000, kha2001, gan2017} involves a pair of odd operators $Q, Q^\dagger$ that generate the Hamiltonian in the form of an anticommutation relation
$\mathcal{H} = \{Q, Q^\dagger \}$. These operators obey the closed graded algebra $(Q)^2 = 0 = (Q^\dagger)^2, \quad
[Q, \mathcal{H}] = 0 = [Q^\dagger, \mathcal{H}]$
and could be represented in terms of operators $\mathcal{O}$ and $\mathcal{O}^\dagger$ such that $Q = \mathcal{O} \otimes \sigma_-, \quad Q^\dagger = \quad \mathcal{O}^\dagger \otimes \sigma_+$,
where the quantities $\sigma_{\pm}$ denote $\sigma_{\pm} = \frac{1}{2}(\sigma_1 \pm i \sigma_2)$, with $\sigma_1$ and $\sigma_2$ are the usual Pauli matrices.  Taking a first-order differential realization of $\mathcal{O},\mathcal{O}^\dagger$

\begin{equation}  \label{operatorsO}
    \mathcal{O} = \partial + \mathcal{W}(z), \quad \mathcal{O}^\dagger = -\partial + \mathcal{W}(z)
\end{equation}
where $\partial \equiv \frac{d}{dz}$ and $\mathcal{W}(z)$ is the superpotential of the system, we can project $Q$ and $Q^\dagger$ in the matrix forms

\begin{equation}
   Q = \left( \begin{array}{cc} 0 & 0  \\ \partial + \mathcal{W}(z)  & 0  \end{array} \right), \quad Q^\dagger =  \left( \begin{array}{cc} 0 &  -\partial + \mathcal{W}(z) \\0 & 0  \end{array} \right)
\end{equation}
 The Hamiltonian $\mathcal{H}$ is thus rendered diagonal

whose two elements are $H^{(+,-)}$ given by the components $\mathcal{H}^{(+)} = \mathcal{O} \mathcal{O}^\dagger = -\partial^2 + V^{(+)} (z) - \Lambda, \quad
 \mathcal{H}^{(-)} = \mathcal{O}^\dagger \mathcal{O}  = -\partial^2 + V^{(-)} (z) - \Lambda$,
both of which are in the typical Sch\"{r}odinger form defined at some cut-off energy value $\Lambda \in \Re$. In terms of $\mathcal{W}(z)$, the SUSY partner potentials $V^{(+,-)}$ can be projected as

\begin{equation}{\label{V+-}}
    V^{(+,-)} = \mathcal{W}^2(z) \pm \mathcal{W}'(z) + \Lambda
\end{equation}
where the prime represents a derivative with respect to $x$ and we identify $V^{(+)}$ with Schr\"{o}dinger potential in (\ref{00schrodingerE}).

For unbroken $SUSY$, the partner Hamiltonians have nonnegative energy eigenvalues with the ground state wavefunction $\psi_0 (z)$ being non-degenerate which we associate with the component $\mathcal{H}^{(-)}$; other energy levels of the partner Hamiltonians are positive and degenerate. The form of the ground state wavefunction can be obtained by solving $\mathcal{O} \psi_0 (z) = 0$ which means

\begin{equation}
\psi_0 (z) \propto \exp \left ( -\int^z \mathcal{W}(t) dt \right )
\end{equation}
reflecting that the normalizability of $\psi_0$ restricts the superpotential to obey $\int^x W(t) dt > 0$ as $z \rightarrow \infty$.
The double-degeneracy of the spectrum is guided by the intertwining relationships of
$\mathcal{O} \mathcal{H}^{(-)} = \mathcal{H}^{(+)} \mathcal{O}, \quad  \mathcal{H}^{(-)} \mathcal{O}^\dagger= \mathcal{O}^\dagger\mathcal{H}^{(+)} $ and furnish the isospectral connections between $\mathcal{H}^{(+)}$ and $\mathcal{H}^{(-)}$. Interest in SQM has been very recently revived in connection with its experimental realization in a trapped ion
quantum simulator as was reported in \cite{cai}.

\section{Partner refractive index profiles}

Returning to the nonparaxial equation (\ref{nonparaxHelm}), let us identify \cite{wolf} a pair of partner potentials $V^{(+,-)}$ in the following Riccati form which is induced by a  superpotenial $\mathcal{W}$
\begin{gather} \label{Vto W}
    V^{(+,-)} = \mathcal{W}^2(z) \pm \mathcal{W}'(z) + \Lambda
\end{gather}
 (\ref{Vandnrelation}) implies the corresponding relations for the index profiles
\begin{align} \label{n2=W2W'}
    k^2 \left(\frac{n^{(+,-)}}{n_0}\right)^2 = \varepsilon -\Lambda -(\mathcal{W}^2(z) \pm \mathcal{W}'(z))
\end{align}
where we fix the $\mathcal{W}$ by a complex decomposition \cite{and1999, bagchi2001}
 \begin{align} \label{W(z)fg}
     \mathcal{W}(z) = f(z)+i g(z)
 \end{align}
It gives rise to a set of coupled nonlinear involving $f$ and $g$ and points to a supersymmetric system without hermiticity:
in other words, hermitian conjugation does not relate the supercharges. A similar analytic assumption has been made in the literature in connection with quantized systems and presents no difficulty in developing a consistent theoretical framework \cite{zno}. Below we present a couple of waveguide examples that are periodic and
exhibit $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetry.

\subsection{The distribution $v_{}(z)= v_0 e^{i \beta z}$}

As a simple system, we try the projection
\begin{align} \label{n(z)v(z)}
    n (z)= n_0\Big(1+v(z)\Big)
\end{align}
where $v(z)$ acts as a small perturbation in the refractive index from the background material i.e.
$\lvert v(z) \rvert \ll 1$. If we choose for $v$ a plane wave of amplitude $v_0$ namely,
$v (z)= v_0 e^{i \beta z}$, then for this class of $v$, we have
on using (\ref{n(z)v(z)}) and (\ref{n2=W2W'}) corresponding to the upper sign, the following relationships

\begin{eqnarray}
 &&   n^{(+)} (z)= n_0(1+v_0 e^{i \beta z}) \label{n+1 v1}\\
&& \Big(1 +2v_0  e^{i \beta z} + v_0^2 e^{i 2\beta z} \Big)=\varepsilon  - \Lambda - (\mathcal{W}^2 + \mathcal{W}') \quad \label{n v1index and W}
\end{eqnarray}

We now proceed to determine the associated superpotential $\mathcal{W}$ in the form of (\ref{W(z)fg}) which gives from (\ref{n v1index and W}) on equating the real and imaginary parts the coupled relations
\begin{subequations}
\begin{align}
     k^2 \Big(1 +2v_0 \cos{\beta z} +  v_0^2\cos{ 2\beta z} \Big) = \varepsilon -(f^2-g^2+f' + \Lambda)  \\
     k^2 \Big(2 v_0 \sin{\beta z} + v_0^2 \sin{ 2\beta z} \Big) = -(2 f g +g')
\end{align}
\end{subequations}
These lead to the following matching conditions
\begin{align}
    \beta = \pm 2k, \quad g= \beta \frac{v_0}{2} \cos{\beta z} \quad  f=- \beta \frac{v_0}{2} \sin{\beta z}
\end{align}
with $k = \pm \sqrt{\varepsilon - \Lambda}$ and implies for the following representation of the superpotential
\begin{align} \label{v1in W form}
\mathcal{W} = - \frac{\beta v_0}{2} \Big( \sin{\beta z}- i \cos{\beta z} \Big)
\end{align}

\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{n_vs_z.pdf}
\hfill
\caption{$n^{(+)}(z)+n^{(-)}(z)$ vs $z$ has been plotted. The brown lines show $n^{(+)}(z)$ and the green lines show $n^{(-)}(z)$. The solid lines represent the real part, and the dashed line represents the imaginary part. The blue line is the superposed profile of the two superpartner refractive indices. Here $v_0 = 10$ and $\beta = 2$}
 \label{plotting(n+ + n-)}
\end{figure}

Using (\ref{Vto W}) and (\ref{v1in W form}), we thus arrive at the form

\begin{equation}   \label{V-cos sin}
    V^{(-)}=\gamma \Big(1-(cos{2 \beta z}-\frac{2}{v_0} \cos{\beta z}) \\
    - i (\sin{2 \beta z}-\frac{2}{v_0} \sin{\beta z}) \Big) + \Lambda
\end{equation}
where $\gamma=\frac{\beta^2v_0^2}{4}$, as a supersymmetric partner to $V^{(+)}$. The corresponding partner distribution of the refractive index reads $ n^{(-)} (z)= n_0(1-v_0 e^{i \beta z})$ in contrast to (27). An interesting off-shoot is that the supersymmetric partner indices add up to constant
\begin{align}  \label{n-1 v1}
   n^{(+)} + n^{(-)} = 2 n_0
\end{align}
In \cite{miri2}, the relative permittivity distribution of the superpartner waveguide for a few profiles was identified. However, the basic analytical forms obtained in the present work for the partner potentials in the light of the complex splitting of the superpotential, along with the observation that the sum of the refractive indices corresponding to the supersymmetrically related  distributions turning out to be a constant, are new. In the Figure \ref{plotting(n+ + n-)}  the individual variation of each refractive index is separately shown.

In Figure \ref{V1 plot} we display a simple computation of the supersymmetric partner potentials. Specifically, we observe in Figure \ref{fig1:first} that, while the real part of the original structure of $V^{(+)}$ depicts a repeated character of the multiple-well potential with narrow symmetrical drops, the shape of the imaginary part is also symmetrical in nature but passes through the origin. On the other hand, in Figure \ref{fig1:second}, for the plot of the partner $V^{(-)}$, the symmetrical nature of the multiple-well persists but, because of its mixed structure, there is a pronounced shift towards the positive $z$-axis in both the real part and  the imaginary part.

 \begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{0.45\textwidth}  \includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{V1_plus.pdf}
    \caption{$V_{}^{(+)}$ vs $z$}
    \label{fig1:first}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}{0.45\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{V1_minus.pdf}
    \caption{$V_{}^{(-)}$ vs $z$}
    \label{fig1:second}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\caption{Plots of $V_{}^{\pm}$ vs $z$ where the solid blue line represents the real part of the potential and the dashed red line represents the respective imaginary part. Here $k=1$, $\Lambda=0$, and $v_0=1$.}
 \label{V1 plot}
\end{figure}

\subsection{The distribution $v (z)= \nu_1 \cos 2\beta z + i \nu_2 \sin 2\beta z$}

This type of $v (z)$ follows from the $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric periodic structure of the refractive index,  $n^{(+)}(z)=\eta_0+ \eta_1 \cos{2 \beta z}+ i \eta_2 \sin{2 \beta z}$, where $\eta_1$ corresponds to the peak real index contrast and $\eta_2$ represents the gain and loss of the
distribution. This form was recently advanced by Lin et al \cite{lin} to analyse the amplitudes of the forward and backward propagating waves outside of the grating domain and subsequently to acquire knowledge of the transmission and reflection coefficients. The purpose was to establish that $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric periodic structures can act as unidirectional invisible media. Further, as a $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric sinusoidal potential a similar form was studied in \cite{jones3} as an acting potential to deal with the beam propagation in $\mathcal{PT}$-symmetric optical lattices while the phase transitions of the eigenvalues were earlier investigated in \cite{roy}.
\begin{figure}[H]
\centering
\begin{subfigure}{0.45\textwidth}  \includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{V2_plus.pdf}
    \caption{$V_{}^{(+)}$ vs $z$}
    \label{fig2:first}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\begin{subfigure}{0.45\textwidth}
    \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{V2_minus.pdf}
    \caption{$V_{}^{(-)}$ vs $z$}
    \label{fig2:second}
\end{subfigure}
\hfill
\caption{Plots of $V_{}^{\pm}$ vs $z$ where the solid blue line represents the real part of the potential and the dashed red line represents the respective imaginary part. Here $k=1$, $\Lambda=0$, $\nu_1=4$, and $\nu_2=2$.}
 \label{V2 plot}
\end{figure}

Given the above distribution of the refractive index, we can utilize (\ref{n2=W2W'}) to obtain

\begin{align}  \label{n v2index and W}
    k^2 \Big( 1 +\nu_1 \cos{2\beta z} +i\nu_2 \sin{2\beta z}\Big)^2=\varepsilon -\Lambda - (\mathcal{W}^2 -\mathcal{W}')
\end{align}
where $\nu_1 = \frac{\eta_1}{\eta_0}$ and $\nu_2 = \frac{\eta_2}{\eta_0}$. Then from (\ref{n v2index and W}) and (\ref{W(z)fg}), the corresponding real and imaginary part leads respectively to
\begin{subequations}
\begin{equation}
    k^2 \Big(1 +\nu_1^2 \cos^2{2\beta z} -\nu_2^2 \sin^2{2\beta z}\\
    +2\nu_1 \cos{2\beta z} \Big) = \varepsilon -f^2+g^2-f'-\Lambda
    \end{equation}
    \begin{equation}
         k^2 \Big(2 \nu_1 \nu_2 \cos{2\beta z} \sin{2\beta z} +2 \nu_2 \sin{2\beta z} \Big) = -2 f g -g'
    \end{equation}
   \end{subequations}
On inspection, the following set of solutions emerges
\begin{equation}
    \beta=\pm k, \quad g= \nu_2 \beta \cos{2 \beta z}, \quad  f=- \nu_1 \beta \sin{2\beta z}
\end{equation}
along with

\begin{equation}
 \varepsilon-\Lambda= k^2(1+\nu_1^2-\nu_2^2)
\end{equation}
and the superpartner wave-guide index acquires the form
\begin{align}
    n^{(-)}(z)= \eta_0\Big( 1-\nu_1 \cos{2 \beta z} - i \nu_2  \sin{2\beta z} \Big)
\end{align}
Here too the two index profiles satisfy the same constraint as in \ref{n-1 v1}. The profiles of the corresponding $V_{}^{(\pm)}$ are sketched in Figure \ref{V2 plot}. In contrast to the real part the imaginary part distinctly reveals a sinusoidal character with varying amplitudes.

\section{Summary}

In summary, we demonstrated that a modified uncertainty principle containing the Planck length $l_P$ and a dimensionless constant $\alpha$, when matched with the SHE, provides a lower bound for $\alpha$. We then subjected the SHE to a supersymmetric treatment within a $\mathcal{PT}$ optical structure in which the underlying refractive index distribution has a longitudinal variation. The superpartner of the index profile was analytically evaluated and closed form solutions of some typical distributions were obtained by solving a pair of coupled equation involving the real and imaginary components of the superpotential. The features of the index distribution corresponding to the supersymmetric partners were graphically illustrated.

\section{Acknowledgements}
Two of us (RG and SS) thank the Shiv Nadar IoE (deemed University) for financial assistance in the form of senior research fellowships.

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Cloud Computing: A New Dimension in Teleworking?
Teleworking taken to the limit or "nomadic working": it is not about having an office and from time to time staying home and telework, but your office is where you are, provided there's connectivity to the Internet.
Autoritas Consulting has 12 employees all over Spain and customers all over the world. Four key decisions: to work from home, to use open source, be an open business and be based in Apple devices.
Pros: Total freedom of schedules; no commuting costs; no license costs; no office costs; work on a self-service principle (you want it, you use/do it).
Cons: Reluctance to change and have to learn to adapt to the new realities; if there is no office, there is no support; cost of ownership (licenses) shifts towards cost of use (customize, external support, etc.); is this a standardized society? what if you do not work with standards (i.e. Apple)?; is self-service / DIY an inconvenient where you have to do it by yourself?; this design only applies if you work goal-based.
Issues: miss meetings (e.g. we are disorganized, etc.); routines are difficult to break, change of systems, new ways of doing things; where are the limits? what is my working time? from flexible schedules to flexible life; where does personal life and work life begin and end? does it matter?; need to see hear each other, to 'see' each other, do we need personal touch?
Changes in the law: what means workplace security when you don't have a workplace in a strict sense? What actually means workplace when everyone stays at home?
In the Internet you are connected with many people, but it's you alone in front of the computer. The coffee break with the colleagues does not compare with a "twitter break". New rules, new procedures.
Opportunities: more self-responsibility; self-management; "the consultant kit"; comfortability in the many solutions.
Inconvenients: responsibility, discipline, common sense; difficulty in tracing the limits.
Javier Thibault Aranda, Complutense University of Madrid.
For the enterprise: flexibility, more possibilities of hiring (no geographic limits), decrease of costs, etc.
For people: reduction of costs, more job market access for disabled people, etc.
For the society: specific collectives more hireable, etc.
Teleworking practices to hide actual outsourcing of jobs.
Some social agreements at stake: separation of personal and professional life, the concept of "breaks" and resting times, etc.
Limited impact of this working organization in Spain, huge reluctance at the corporate level, lack of explicit regulation.
Regarding the law, in Spain the Statute of the Worker has a 13th where "working at home" is referred to, but in very different terms as what now teleworking is. On the other hand, collective action of workers is based in critical mass working together and in the same place (sort of), which does not apply to teleworking. At the European level there is an framework agreement on teleworking, but it has not been translated to Spanish law.
Is another way of doing the same thing: teleworking is about changing your location, not your job specificities.
Physical externalization does not imply legal externalization.
Teleworking is volunteer and cannot be imposed. Sometimes the inner conditions of the enterprise could force the shift, but acknowledgement of the worker is needed. This only applies to working from home: if there is a need to work at the customers' offices, then no acknowledgement is needed.
Teleworking can imply a technological control, which usually happens to be tighter than physical control. But, can the employer access the computer of the employee? It depends, but the employee must be aware of it, aware of any kind of control that will be put into practice.
The worker has the same rights as any other worker, but not more rights that other workers do not have.
Cloud computing: a new dimension of teleworking?
Carmen Pérez Sánchez, Internet Interdisciplinary Institute.
Results of a survey about teleworking women: teleworking only adopted by 3-8% of people; most of them (in the sample) with dependants; and most of them working in great corporations, including some public administrations.
The definition of teleworking comes from Jack Nilles and has three requisites: work takes place in a different location from where it is intended to be delivered/used; intensive use of ICTs, a communicaton link from employer and employee.
More than 50% of teleworkers (of the previous sample) consider teleworking as a good option to be able to cope personal with professional life: take care of home and or kids and or other dependants, etc. The focal point is flexibility, and thus quality of life increases (or, at least, the perception of it).
Feeling of guilt: really depending on whether teleworking is taken as natural, as a core value of the firm, or whether teleworking is seen as a "favour" that your boss allows you to benefit from. Normalization of telework leads to enjoying it, otherwise arises feelings of guilt or feelings.
Many times, telework is actually an extension of your working hours, not a change of workplace. You're given the freedom to keep working from home. This is quite usual in many and many firms.
Many times, too, staying at home means assuming all the home tasks naturally: the one that "already is at home" is the one that "naturally" goes shopping, cleaning, etc. It is rarely seen teleworkers locking themselves in their home-office and forgetting about what is not work during working hours.
Sometimes too, the culture of "sitting at your desk" or remaining lots of hours home (definitely spread all over Spain) rewards the ones that do not telework. Thus, teleworking means less presence at work and giving up at being promoted. Most of the times it is a conscious choice — personal life or family vs. professional career — instead of a way to cope with both.
Summing up, the definition of telework and, over all, telling whether it is positive or negative depends on many variables that are by no means agreed or common ground among employees and employers. There is a need of a former and thorough planning, great transparency and agreement on the conditions, that teleworking is something for men and women (not only for "mothers"), and that teleworking is also an option for whatever level of the hierarchy.
Ismael Peña-López: digital competences, are a pre-requisite of the worker that wants to telework, or an obligation of the firm to train them? And, related to training, what if the teleworker does any harm to a third party (e.g. online) or does any illegal activity (e.g. intellectual property right infringement). Thibault: the firm, as in the offline wold, it is the firm that is liable for any harm to third parties, at least when the employee is not an independent worker but dependent from the organization. Related to training, training is both an obligation (in Spanish law the employee has to keep up with the technical changes that happen in their workplace) and a right, the right to be trained by the firm. Pérez: The reality tells us that there is no or poor training and, most of the times, it is more about informing the employees (e.g. about some specific novelties) rather than explicit and planned training. Llinares: we have to take into account also the difference between switching to teleworking or directly joining a firm where teleworking is the norm. Same about being up-to-date: in some works (e.g. e-government consultancy) teleworking skills are not only a means or a tool, but also a goal, as it is part of the product being offered to the firm's costumers.
Nilles, J. (1998). Some Common —and Not So Common— Telework/Telecommuting Questions.


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Golden Gate Transit buses have new security…
Golden Gate Transit buses have new security cameras
A Golden Gate Transit bus outfitted with a security camera.
Steve Miller, head of maintenance for the Golden Gate Transit bus division, stands in a bus in a view from where a new security camera is directed.
By Mark Prado | mprado@marinij.com | Marin Independent Journal
PUBLISHED: July 24, 2017 at 8:12 p.m. | UPDATED: July 19, 2018 at 11:45 a.m.
All Golden Gate Transit buses now have new security camera systems, making rides more secure for passengers, helping determine liability in accidents and assisting law enforcement.
The project replaced aged and obsolete security camera systems on existing buses and standardized camera systems across the 177-bus fleet, according to transit officials. By using Wi-Fi technology already on buses, the video system allows for real-time video streaming as well as remote downloads to view footage as needed.
"We are happy with the performance so far," said Steve Miller, who heads maintenance for the bus division. "It's quite reliable and the latest technology available. Technology is always changing, but we will be able to upgrade easily as needed."
The new technology lets operators know electronically if part of the system is not working, an aspect dubbed "remote health monitoring."
"We know pretty much right away if a camera is not working," Miller said.
About 22,000 people ride Golden Gate Transit buses each weekday in Marin, San Francisco, Sonoma and Contra Costa counties. Buses have a total of eight cameras, five in the interior.
The bus fleet had 97 new buses already equipped with updated video surveillance equipment, but 80 older buses had systems that were obsolete and no longer supported by a defunct manufacturer, Transit Surveillance Systems. Washington-state based Apollo Video Technology is providing the new system.
While the older equipment was maintained, reliability and quality had severely degraded over the past 10-plus years. Additionally, on older buses, staff has to go to a bus and plug into the camera system to download video.
The $900,000 security camera project replaced 80 obsolete camera systems. While the newer 97 district buses have modern equipment, they were never set up for remote video retrieval, so that feature was added as part of the work.
The effort was assisted by an $800,000 state grant funded by Proposition 1B, a bond state voters approved in 2006 that provides money for transit security, among other items. Those dollars will be combined with another almost $100,000 in federal grant money.
The work provides "enhanced safety of customers and employees through the strong deterrent effect of video security surveillance," according to a staff report on the project, which was completed in spring.
The system can also be used to detail accidents and help police survey an area if someone goes missing, officials said.
"The safety of our riders and drivers is always top of mind," said Mona Babauta, who heads the bus division. "Our new camera system helps us operate smoothly and quickly resolve any security concerns."
Mark Prado | Reporter
Mark Prado is a news reporter covering environment, transportation, Sausalito and Marin City.
mprado@marinij.com


text:
Video – The Gloves Are Off: Cleverly Vs Bellew 2
8 years ago Duan
Nathan Cleverly and Tony Bellew sit down with Johnny Nelson ahead of Saturday's PPV clash.
"I promise you mate, the minute you exchange you're going on the floor"
– Tony Bellew
"If you do KO me, I will get up, I will pat you on the back and say the better man won. But promise me one thing, when I beat you again, for a second time – silence -that's all I want"
– Nathan Cleverly
Sky's face off show The Gloves Are Off returned this week as part of the countdown to the Cleverly/Bellew rematch. The story in this one is simple. Cleverly, who went into the first match-up as a heavy favourite, was pushed to his limit by Bellew, only just shading a majority decision. This time around they've each taken the step up from light heavyweight to cruiser – a move which is felt should benefit Bellew as the naturally bigger man. The winner of the bout will likely go on to challenge for another world title in his next fight, while the loser could be left out in the cold and facing retirement.
There are conflicting concerns regarding either man's approach to this fight. For Clevely, it's a case of whether or not his desire to compete is still there. Nathan has won and lost a world title already. He's done what he wanted to in the sport and there's a question over if he still has the motivation to do it. On the other-hand, with Bellew, it's a matter of if he is too emotionally invested in the rivalry. Has the Cleverly loss gotten to him? Was he able to put it behind him, and if not, can he keep his cool on fight night? Each guy knows where the other's doubts are and is able to take aim at them early and often.
Bellew had the last word in every exchange, but as the bigger talker of the two, that was to be expected. He did however appear to be trying to draw a response from Cleverly, and when it didn't come, he seemed to be working himself up into rage leading to his eventual walkout. There were shades of the Froch/Groves 2 face off, where George tried the same tactics and just couldn't get Froch to take the bait. I will say this about Bellew though, when it comes to fight promotion, he knows where the on/off switch is. This is part of what he does, and as of yet, he has never let his temperament overrule strategy. I would be surprised if that was to change now. It's an interesting look at where both guys are at mentally as the big fight approaches in any case.
Tags: Cleverly vs Bellew 2, Nathan Cleverly, Nathan Cleverly vs Tony Bellew 2, Sky Boxing, The Gloves Are Off, Tony Bellew
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Brace for IMPACT
4 months ago Jeremy Finestone
Speaking of Strong Style


text:
tokenizer
=========

One simple approach to javascript tokenization.

Tokenization boils down to a series of string transformations: removing delimiters, and splitting into tokens.

Just what the delimiters should be configurable.

One simple approach to this is to represent each transformation as a function, and then to compose those functions "onto" a string.

That's the approach taken in this very simple library, which provides one public function, `tokenize(text)`.


text:
You are at:Home»News»Middle East News»UN agency seeks more aid to protect Middle East children from COVID-19
Yemeni children (Photo: rescue.org)
UN agency seeks more aid to protect Middle East children from COVID-19
By Froilan Malit on April 21, 2020 Middle East News, News
The UN children's agency UNICEF appealed on Monday for additional funding to help fight the coronavirus pandemic in the Middle East and North Africa, a region with the highest number of children in need.
Ted Chaiban, the regional chief of UNICEF said an additional US$92.4 million fund is needed in the region with Yemen a top concern.
After five years of civil war, half the health centres in Yemen no longer operate. Two million children are malnourished, including 400,000 who suffer from severe acute malnutrition.
"If you don't get support to them every month, you have a 50% increase in the mortality rate among those children (with severe malnutrition)," Chaiban told The Associated Press. "It was already critical to address the needs of children in Yemen. With COVID-19, now you've got this extra lawyer of vulnerability."
Yemen reported only one case of COVID-19 so far, but testing capabilities are limited and there are concerns the virus might be spreading undetected. More than 218,000 infections have been reported in the region, including close to 8,000 deaths, the vast majority of them in Iran.
Chaiban said the additional funding is needed for a range of programs across the region to soften the blow of the pandemic. In addition to its regular nutrition and immunization services, the agency is helping to establish isolation centers and improve water and sanitation.
UNICEF is also running awareness campaigns about social distancing and hygiene, which are particularly difficult in crowded neighborhoods and refugee camps, he said.
Before the pandemic, some 25 million children in the region were in need of humanitarian aid. UNICEF estimates that an additional 4 million children are being pushed into poverty, as millions of adults in the Middle East and North Africa lose their income due to nationwide lockdowns meant to fight the pandemic, Chaiban said. (Source: Mainichi Japan)