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The Live Through This Tour was an international concert tour by the American alternative rock band Hole, spanning late 1994 through 1995, in support of their second studio album, Live Through This. The tour included dates in 14 countries and was widely documented in the media due to frontwoman Courtney Love's raucous stage behavior throughout, which divided critics.

Initially planned to begin in the early summer of 1994, the tour was postponed after the death of the band's bassist, Kristen Pfaff, on June 16 that year. In August, the band hired Canadian bassist Melissa Auf der Maur, and commenced the tour, with their first date being the 1994 Reading Festival. The tour was also highly anticipated as it marked Love's first public performance since the suicide of her husband, Kurt Cobain, in April. During the first week of the band's North American dates, Hole opened for Nine Inch Nails (who were simultaneously on the Self Destruct Tour) before proceeding as a headlining act. Supporting acts included Madder Rose, the Melvins, and Veruca Salt.

The tour was subject of a series of legal troubles for Love as well, involving physical altercations between herself, crowd members, and other musicians. In addition to Love receiving death threats at some performances, she was arrested twice during the tour, and pleaded guilty to punching Kathleen Hanna at a Lollapalooza date. She was also unsuccessfully sued by two male concertgoers who alleged she struck them during a performance in Florida in March 1995.

Overview
Days before the release of Hole's second album, Live Through This, frontwoman Courtney Love's husband, Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain, committed suicide in their Seattle home. The Live Through This Tour was slated to begin in the summer of 1994, but was temporarily halted after the death of the band's bassist, Kristen Pfaff, of a heroin overdose.

On August 19, 1994—one week before the band's scheduled debut performance at the Reading Festival—the group hired Melissa Auf der Maur, a Canadian bassist from Montreal. The first week of the tour after the Reading Festival had Hole as a supporting act for Nine Inch Nails before they embarked as a headliner for the following concerts. In 1995, the band made appearances at several Big Day Out festival dates, and went on to join Lollapalooza in North America, performing with the traveling festival throughout the summer of 1995 alongside Sonic Youth and Cypress Hill.

Reception

Critical response to the Live Through This Tour varied, with some local critics lambasting Love's performances. Reviewing their opening performance of the tour at the 1994 Reading Festival, critic John Peel wrote that Love's disheveled appearance "would have drawn whistles of astonishment in Bedlam," and that her performance "verged on the heroic ... Love steered her band through a set which dared you to pity either her recent history or that of the band ... the band teetered on the edge of chaos, generating a tension which I cannot remember having felt before from any stage." New York Times critic Jon Pareles gave a favorable review of the band's fall 1994 concert in New York City, describing the music as "fierce, exploding from restrained verses to vehement choruses."

Reviewing a September 26, 1994 performance in Asbury Park, New Jersey, Eric Deggans lambasted the band, writing that "Love's seeming disinterest in relating to the crowd or delivering a show ultimately sabotaged what could have been a legendary experience...  Love and her musicians charged through the songs with an urgency that suited their angry, disillusioned message." Journalist Natasha Kassulke, reviewing an October 1994 performance in Madison, Wisconsin, criticized Love's behavior during the concert, writing that "Ninety minutes was all it took to reduce Courtney Love, the angry bleached-blonde singer...  into a half-naked, modern day Ophelia."

Jon Casmir, reviewing a January 1995 date in Sydney, Australia, similarly found Love's onstage antics offensive, noting that she "picked up one of the plastic baby dolls strewn around the stage, mimed giving birth, then threw it straight into the audience," though he conceded that "in all likelihood, this was one of those shows which will burn into myth, the subject of reminiscence and folklore for a long time to come." Casmir concluded that "For someone who wants to avoid the circus that surrounds the Cobain mythology, [Love] went out of her way to give the gawkers a freak show."

Love's tendency to ramble between songs was noted by numerous reviewers. Drummer Patty Schemel recalled: "It was hard [for Courtney] to continually try to push those feelings down. Certain things would remind her [of Kurt], and a lot of times onstage it would come out."

In a retrospective, VH1 referred to the tour as "a series of emotionally-charged shows that were part therapy, part eulogy, and completely legendary."

Legal and safety troubles
At the band's October 1994 appearance at the WFNX Birthday Bash event in Boston, the radio station received an anonymous call from a person threatening to shoot Love to death onstage during the event. Prior to the concert's commencement, a man was ejected from the club after a gun was found in his possession.

The tour went on to garner significant media attention, largely related to a series of subsequent legal troubles involving Love; in January 1995, en route to Melbourne to commence the band's Australian tour dates, she was arrested for disrupting a Qantas Airways flight after getting into an argument with a stewardess. Six months later, on July 4, 1995 at a Lollapalooza date in George, Washington, Love punched Bikini Kill singer Kathleen Hanna in the face after alleging she had made a joke about her daughter. She pleaded guilty to an assault charge and was sentenced to anger management classes. On July 31, Love walked offstage in the middle of a set after someone threw shotgun shells at her during the band's Lollapalooza performance near Pittsburgh, suggestive of her husband, Cobain's, suicide.

Further media attention came in November 1995 when two male teenagers attempted to sue Love for allegedly punching them during a concert they attended in Orlando, Florida in March 1995. The judge ultimately dismissed the case on grounds that the teens "weren't exposed to any greater amount of violence than could reasonably be expected at an alternative rock concert." Commenting on her legal troubles and performances during this period, Love stated that she was abusing Rohypnol at the time, and could not recall much of the tour.

Other acts
Supporting
 Veruca Salt
 Melvins
 Wool
 Milk Money
 Helium
 Marilyn Manson
 Madder Rose
 Miranda Sex Garden

Supported
 Nine Inch Nails

Tour dates

Notes

References

Sources

1994 concert tours
1995 concert tours
Hole (band) concert tours

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Sneak Preview: How ISS Dictates Equity Plan Design
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CGRP37 -- Sneak Preview: How ISS Dictates Equity Plan Design
Authors: Profiessor Ian Gow, Harvard Business School, Professor David F. Larcker, Stanford Graduate School of Business, Allan McCall, PhD 2013 and Brian Tayan, MBA 2003, Researchers, Center for Leadership Development and Research, Stanford GSB.
Publishing Date: October 23, 2013
Proxy advisory firms are highly influential in the design and approval of equity compensation plans.
The largest proxy advisory firm—Institutional Shareholder Services—uses a variety of tests to determine its recommendation on equity plan proposals. Among these is a proprietary metric called Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT). ISS automatically recommends a vote against a company's equity plan if its SVT exceeds a certain allowable cap that is determined by ISS. At the same time, ISS provides little transparency into the computation of this cap and instead sells companies access to this information.
A growing body of evidence suggests that companies pay significant attention to their SVT caps and rely on this information to design their equity plans.
We examine this issue in detail. We ask:
* Should market participants be concerned with ISS's influence over equity plan design?
* Without transparent disclosure, how can shareholders be sure that ISS's SVT allowable caps are "correct"?
* Does profit motive affect ISS's incentive to be transparent about the computation and disclosure of SVT caps?
Topics, Issues and Controversies in Corporate Governance and Leadership: The Closer Look series is a collection of short case studies through which we explore topics, issues, and controversies in corporate governance. In each study, we take a targeted look at a specific issue that is relevant to the current debate on governance and explain why it is so important. Larcker and Tayan are co-authors of the books Corporate Governance Matters and A Real Look at Real World Corporate Governance.
Publicada em: Negócios, Economia e finanças
1. STANFORD CLOSER LOOK SERIES Topics, Issues, and Controversies in Corporate Governance and Leadership Sneak Preview: How ISS Dictates Equity Plan Design By Ian D. Gow, David F. Larcker, Allan L. McCall, and Brian Tayan October 23, 2013 Introduction Equity—which includes stock options, restricted stock, and performance-based share awards—is a common element of compensation for employees and executives of public companies. A typical equity plan provides a company with a fixed number of shares that can be used for compensation purposes over a multiple-year period and gives the board of directors the authority to determine how the shares are ultimately allocated to employees. Because equity plans dilute the ownership of existing shareholders, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) requires that they be approved by a shareholder vote. On average, public companies request shareholder approval for a new equity plan every four to six years.1 In industries that use equity compensation more heavily, such as technology, firms typically request shareholder approval of new plans every two to three years.2 For a variety of reasons, proxy advisory firms (the largest of which are Institutional Shareholder Services and Glass, Lewis & Co.) are highly influential in the design and approval of equity plans. First, institutional investors have little economic incentive to incur the research costs necessary to develop proprietary voting policies. In effect, proxy research suffers from a "free-rider" problem common to many voting situations. The average institutional investor owns a small fraction of a public company's outstanding shares. While each investor bears the total cost of their research into proxy matters, the benefits of researching "correct" voting decisions are shared across all shareholders. As a result, the average institutional investor has little incentive to bear the costs of researching idiosyncratic firm issues across a diversified portfolio of investments when they only stand to receive a small fraction of the benefit. Second, in 2003, the SEC began to require that registered institutional investors develop and disclose their proxy voting policies, and disclose their votes on all shareholder ballot items.3 The rule was intended to create greater transparency into the voting process and to ensure that institutional investors act without conflict of interest.4 At the same time, the SEC clarified that the use of voting policies developed by an independent, third-party agency (such as a proxy advisor) would be viewed as being non-conflicted: An independent [investment] adviser that votes client proxies in accordance with a pre-determined policy based on the recommendations of an independent third party will not necessarily breach its fiduciary duty of loyalty to its clients even though the recommendations may be consistent with the adviser's own interest. In essence, the recommendations of a third party that is in fact independent of an investment advisor may cleanse the vote of the adviser's conflict.5 This clarification, in effect, gave institutional investors an incentive to follow the recommendations of third-party advisory firms rather than develop their own policies that might be deemed to be subject to conflicts. As a result, the proxy voting guidelines of third-party firms have become a cost-effective means of satisfying fiduciary and regulatory voting obligations for institutional investors. Many institutional investors vote in near-perfect lockstep with the recommendations of proxy advisory firms, including in the area of equity plans (see Exhibit 1). For these reasons, proxy advisory firms have stanford closer look series	1
2. Sneak preview: how iss dictates equity plan design considerable influence over the outcomes of compensation-related proxy proposals. For example, Morgan, Paulson, and Wolf (2006) find that a negative vote recommendation on compensationrelated issues decreases shareholder support by 20 percent.6 Bethel and Gillan (2002) and Cai, Garner, and Walking (2009) find that a negative recommendation can influence the outcome of a vote by 13.6 percent to 20.6 percent, and 19 percent, respectively.7 There is also a growing body of evidence that proxy advisory firms have influence over companies' decisions in compensation design. Over 70 percent of companies report that their compensation programs are influenced by the policies and guidelines of proxy advisory firms.8 Larcker, McCall, and Ormazabal (forthcoming) find that corporations constrain stock option repricing programs to meet the guidelines of proxy advisory firms. Importantly, they also find that these choices are value decreasing.9 In a separate study, Larcker, McCall, and Ormazabal (2013) find that corporations change their executive compensation programs to garner a favorable "say on pay" recommendation from proxy advisory firms, and that these changes are also value decreasing for shareholders.10 Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT) Intuitional Shareholder Services (ISS) uses a variety of tests to determine its recommendation on equity plan proposals. These include an evaluation of the cost of the plan, the degree to which it dilutes shareholder interests, and whether the plan or the company's compensation program in general include features that ISS deems "problematic." ISS recommends against a plan if its total cost is "unreasonable," if the company's dilution rate exceeds a "burn rate" cap, or if the plan contains features that violate the firm's standards.11 To determine whether the cost of a company's equity plan is reasonable, ISS uses a proprietary metric called Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT). SVT is a measure of the value of equity grants that are currently outstanding as well as the potential value of awards that can be made in the future under both existing and the proposed equity plans. It is expressed both as a dollar amount and as a percentage of the company's market capitalization. A company's equity plan is deemed to be unreasonable if its SVT metric exceeds a firm-specific "allowable cap" determined by a proprietary calculation.12 Because of the influence that ISS has over voting outcomes and because there is little discretion in its recommendations on equity plans (i.e., ISS makes a negative recommendation if the allowable cap is exceeded), companies have considerable incentive to remain below their SVT caps. That said, it is very difficult for a company on its own to know in advance whether or not it will remain below its SVT cap following a new equity plan. While ISS discloses its SVT methodology in broad terms, it does not disclose the actual allowable caps nor does it disclose details on how it calculates a firm's allowable cap (see Exhibit 2). A company seeking shareholder approval of an equity plan is not able to determine the SVT cap until the ISS report including the recommendation on the plan vote is published. Instead, ISS sells early access to this information through its subsidiary ISS Corporate Services as a product called Compass. According to the ISS website: The Compass tool helps corporate secretaries and compensation professionals who design executive and director pay plans balance company and shareholder needs…. Compass makes it easy to determine the cost of your plan and show whether plan costs are in line with shareholder expectations; test various grant combinations to arrive at a plan or plan amendment that meets multiple needs; [and] benchmark plan cost to industry pay levels, company size and performance.13 In short, Compass allows corporate clients to input the details of a pending equity plan proposal into its model to determine the number of shares that can be requested before the plan exceeds the allowable cap (which would generate a negative vote recommendation) prior to the firm filing its proxy statement. This service is not inexpensive. Access costs between $23,500 and $29,500 per proxy filing, depending on company size, and firms are prohibited by the terms of the contract with ISS from disclosing to shareholders that they used Compass to determine their plan design.14 stanford closer look series	2
3. Sneak preview: how iss dictates equity plan design There is considerable evidence that companies pay attention to their SVT caps and rely on this information to design their equity plans. Among a sample of 4,230 company observations between 2004 and 2010, a full 34.1 percent (1,444) proposed equity plans that would put the company within 1 percent of their SVT cap (see Exhibit 3).15 This is highly improbable based on chance alone. Furthermore, by a greater than 20-to-1 margin, companies within this sample requested equity that would put them slightly below the cap rather than slightly above; 1,380 company observations are less than 1 percent below the cap while only 64 are less than 1 percent above the cap. These figures suggest that companies are acquiring their allowable cap figure from ISS and designing their equity plans to fall just below this number.16 The sale of equity plan data is likely a highly profitable business for ISS. If all 1,380 occurrences acquired allowable cap data from ISS, ISS would have generated revenue of between $32.4 million and $40.7 million based on list prices for the Compass product. Because ISS incurs the cost of data collection on behalf of its institutional investor clients and independent of its sale to corporate clients, revenue from the Compass product is basically pure profit. In October 2013, the NASDAQ OMX petitioned the SEC to require proxy advisors to publicly disclose their methodologies and conflicts of interest before institutional investors are allowed to rely on their policy guidelines to satisfy their fiduciary voting obligations: [W]e request that future reliance on such relief be conditioned on disclosure by the Firms of: (i) the models, formulas and methodologies pursuant to which they evaluate and make recommendations regarding how shareholders should vote on matters presented to them for a vote; and (ii) all relationships that may give rise to conflicts of interest.17	Why This Matters 1.	Institutional Shareholder Services has long had considerable influence over the voting decisions of institutional investors. A growing body of evidence now suggests that they are also influential in the design of corporate compensation plans. In effect, ISS has emerged as a self-appointed regulator of equity plans. Should market participants be concerned with this trend? 2.	The data in Exhibit 3 suggest that companies design their equity plans to very closely approximate ISS's SVT thresholds. At the same time, the SVT model has not been validated by independent research. Without transparent disclosure and rigorous study, how can shareholders be sure that ISS's SVT thresholds are "correct"? 3.	The Compass product, which repackages research data collected for institutional investors and makes this data available to corporate clients for the design of their equity plans, imposes a costly and largely arbitrary constraint on firms seeking additional shares. Does the profit motive from the sale of the Compass product affect ISS's incentive to be transparent about the computation and disclosure of SVT thresholds? 4.	Recent research suggests that the recommendations of proxy advisory firms do not necessarily increase value for shareholders and, in fact, might decrease value. Given the influence that proxy voting guidelines have on institutional voting outcomes, should institutional investors bear responsibility for evaluating the shareholder value impact of the voting guidelines that they adopt? 5.	The ISS Corporate Services contract prohibits shareholders from learning that a company acquired the ISS SVT allowable cap and used that data in its plan design. Without more transparent disclosure, how can shareholders be sure equity plan proposals request the "right" amount of equity for employees? Could opportunistic management teams use advance knowledge of the ISS limits to increase their plan requests and extract extra compensation?  Among a sample of 4,821 companies during the years 2001-2010, 21.5 percent made no submissions for a new equity plan, 29.6 percent made one request, 20.2 percent made two requests, and 28.7 percent made three or more requests. Source: Christopher Armstrong, Ian Gow, and David Larcker, "The Efficacy of Shareholder Voting: Evidence from Equity Compensation Plans," Journal of Accounting Research (forthcoming). 2 Recent studies of 150 Bay Area technology firms by Compensia, Inc. 1 stanford closer look series	3
4. Sneak preview: how iss dictates equity plan design found that 48 firms sought approval of new/amended plans in 2013, 48 sought approval in 2012 and 49 sought approval in 2011. Source: Compensia, Employee Stock Plan Proposals at the Bay Area 150. 3 Securities Exchange Commission, "Disclosure of proxy voting policies and proxy voting records by registered management investment companies," Release No. 25922 (Jan. 31, 2003). 4 A conflict might arise when an institutional investor that owns shares in a public company also provides services to manage that company's investment assets (e.g., in its 401(k) pension fund). In this case, the institutional investor might be reluctant to vote against company management for fear of losing the revenue from these services. 5 Securities and Exchange Commission, "Egan-Jones Proxy Services: No Action Letter," (May 27, 2004). See also, SEC, "Institutional Shareholder Services, Inc.: No Action Letter," (Sep. 15, 2004). 6 Angela Morgan, Annette Paulson, and Jack Wolf, "The Evolution of Shareholder Voting for Executive Compensation Schemes," Journal of Corporate Finance (2006). 7 Jennifer E. Bethel and Stuart L. Gillan, "The Impact of the Institutional and Regulatory Environment on Shareholder Voting," Financial Management (2002); Jie Cai, Jacqueline L. Garner, and Ralph A. Walking, "Electing Directors," Journal of Finance (2009). 8 The Conference Board, NASDAQ, and Stanford Rock Center for Corporate Governance, "The Influence of Proxy Advisory Firm Voting Recommendations on Say-on-Pay Votes and Executive Compensation Decisions," (2012). Available at: http://www.gsb.stanford. edu/cldr/research/surveys/proxy.html. 9 David F. Larcker, Allan L. McCall, and Gaizka Ormazabal, "Proxy Advisory Firms and Stock Option Exchanges," Journal of Accounting and Economics (forthcoming). 10 David F. Larcker, Allan L. McCall, and Gaizka Ormazabal, "Outsourcing Shareholder Voting to Proxy Advisory Firms," Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University working paper (May 2013). Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2101453. 11 The "burn rate" caps are computed annually, by industry, and disclosed publicly in the proxy voting guidelines. In some cases where the burn rate cap has been exceeded in the past, ISS will recommend in favor of plans containing an explicit commitment to not exceed the cap in the future. Some institutional investors have criteria similar to a "burn rate" cap in their proxy voting guidelines. For example, Fidelity Group of Mutual Funds will generally vote against equity award plans if the company's average three year burn rate is greater than 1.5% for a Large-Capitalization Company, 2.5% for a Small-Capitalization Company, or 3.5% for a Micro-Capitalization Company; and if there are no circumstances specific to the company or plans that lead FMR [Fidelity Management & Research] to conclude the burn rate is acceptable. Other features deemed problematic by ISS include stock option repricing without shareholder consent, high concentration of grants to senior executives, internal pay inequity, and poor "pay for performance." Sources: Institutional Shareholder Services, 2013 U.S. Proxy Voting Summary Guidelines; and Fidelity Funds' Proxy Voting Guidelines (Nov. 2012). 12 Institutional Shareholder Services, ISS Benchmark 2012: EquityBased & Other Incentive Compensation: Cost of Equity Plans. 13 ISS Corporate Services, "Equity Plan Design Services" (Oct. 2013). Available at: http://www.isscorporateservices.com/equityplan-design-services. 14 Its contract states that "subscriber may not disclose publicly (including via its proxy statement) that it has acquired products or services from ICS [ISS Corporate Services]." Source: ISS Corporate Services, General Terms and Conditions for Services. 15 ISS Proxy Recommendation Reports (2004-2010). Calculation by the authors. 16 Note that it is not clear which way companies adjust the plans to comply with the allowable cap. Companies might decrease the amount of equity requested to remain below their caps, in which case they are withholding potentially valuable incentives from employees. Or, they might increase the size of their plans to more closely approach their caps, in which case shareholders are bearing unnecessary agency costs in the form of excessive compensation. 17 NASDAQ OMX, "Re: Petition Related to Proxy Advisory Firms," (Oct. 8, 2013). Available at: http://www.sec.gov/rules/petitions/2013/petn4-666.pdf. Ian Gow is an Assistant Professor Business Administration at the Harvard Business School. David Larcker is the Morgan Stanley Director of the Center for Leadership Development and Research at the Stanford Graduate School of Business and senior faculty member at the Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University. Allan McCall is a researcher with Stanford's Center for Leadership Development and Research and co-founder of Compensia, a national executive compensation consulting firm. Brian Tayan is a researcher with Stanford's Center for Leadership Development and Research. Larcker and Tayan are coauthors of the books A Real Look at Real World Corporate Governance and Corporate Governance Matters. The authors would like to thank Jason Borrevik of Compensia for providing data, Nebiyu Elias for data preparation, and Michelle E. Gutman for research assistance in the preparation of these materials. The Stanford Closer Look Series is a collection of short case studies that explore topics, issues, and controversies in corporate governance and leadership. The Closer Look Series is published by the Center for Leadership Development and Research at the Stanford Graduate School of Business and the Rock Center for Corporate Governance at Stanford University. For more information, visit: http://www.gsb.stanford.edu/cldr. Copyright © 2013 by the Board of Trustees of the Leland Stanford Junior University. All rights reserved. stanford closer look series	4
5. Sneak preview: how iss dictates equity plan design Exhibit 1 — Influence of ISS Recommendations on Equity Plan Votes Selected Funds with High Correspondence to ISS Equity Plan Recommendations Institutional Investor # Equity Plan Votes # Votes With ISS % Vote with ISS Fifth Third Asset Management 219 219 100.0% E*Trade Funds 273 273 100.0% Fred Alger Management 291 291 100.0% Huntington Asset Advisors 390 390 100.0% ProShare Advisors 2299 2295 99.8% ProFund Advisors 2801 2793 99.7% First Trust Advisors 550 547 99.5% 1349 1339 99.3% 490 486 99.2% SEI Investment Management Corporation 1191 1181 99.2% Dimensional Funds Advisors 5824 5749 98.7% AIG SunAmerica Asset Management 1531 1507 98.4% New York Life Investment Management 1173 1132 96.5% Wells Fargo Funds Management 1232 1187 96.3% ING Funds 3406 3138 92.1% American Century Investment Management 2162 1977 91.4% Variable Annuity Life Insurance Company Rafferty Asset Management Source: ISS Voting Analytics, 2003-2012. stanford closer look series	5
6. Sneak preview: how iss dictates equity plan design Exhibit 2 — Institutional Shareholder Services: Calculation of SVT cost of equity plans The cost of the equity plans is expressed as Shareholder Value Transfer (SVT), which is measured using a binomial option pricing model that assesses the amount of shareholders' equity flowing out of the company to employees and directors. SVT is expressed as both a dollar amount and as a percentage of market value, and includes the new shares proposed, shares available under existing plans, and shares granted but unexercised. All award types are valued. For omnibus plans, unless limitations are placed on the most expensive types of awards (for example, full value awards), the assumption is made that all awards to be granted will be the most expensive types. See discussion of specific types of awards. The Shareholder Value Transfer is reasonable if it falls below the company-specific allowable cap. The allowable cap is determined as follows: The top quartile performers in each industry group (using the Global Industry Classification Standard: GICS) are identified. Benchmark SVT levels for each industry are established based on these top performers' historic SVT. Regression analyses are run on each industry group to identify the variables most strongly correlated to SVT. The benchmark industry SVT level is then adjusted upwards or downwards for the specific company by plugging the company-specific performance measures, size and cash compensation into the industry cap equations to arrive at the company's allowable cap. Source: Institutional Shareholder Services, 2013 U.S. Proxy Voting Summary Guidelines. stanford closer look series	6
7. Sneak preview: how iss dictates equity plan design Exhibit 3 — Relation Between Company Equity Plan Requests and SVT Caps Source: ISS Proxy Recommendation Reports (2004-2010). Calculation by the authors. stanford closer look series	7
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The Sierra Crest Dental Team believes in supporting our community. We have done this in many ways both in our local community and internationally. We are gratefull for all we have and share it whenever the opportunity arises.
Dentistry From The Heart is a nonprofit organization that hosts more than 300 annual events nationwide to offer fillings, extractions, and cleanings to people in need. Sierra Crest Dental has sponsored an event the last eight years for underserved members of our community.
Truckee Donner Land Trust and Truckee Trails: Dr. Colpitts donates $1.00 for every patient visit to support our region's open space and to create a more friendly environment for bicycles and pedestrians.
Wounded Warriors: The entire team donated to help honor and empower our servicemen and women who incurred physical or mental injury.
Truckee Baseball Foundation: Be sure to support your Wolverine Teams. There are studies that show how important sports are to success in school.
Innerrhythms: Using the power of dance and music to cultivate life skills in our youth, promote global stewardship and create an everlasting passion for the arts.
Tahoe Truckee Community Foundation: This organization connects people and opportunities, and generates resources to build a more caring, creative, and effective community.
Tahoe Forest Hospice: Sierra Crest Dental raised $10,000 by donating every dollar of our patients' teeth whitening. The program offers skilled and comfortable care for patients who are facing the end of life.
Squaw Valley Alpine Meadows Foundation: This is a nonprofit dedicated to supporting amateur athletes.
Kid Zone Museum: a community gathering place to enhance children's exploration and learning.
Red Cross: Sierra Crest Dental raised $6,000 by donating all proceeds of teeth whitening for the victims of Katrina.
Truckee Tahoe AirShow and Family Festival: Fun, free event that supports our Truckee/North Tahoe local youth.
Truckee/Tahoe Schools: We support Project Graduation, Creekside Charter, and Sierra Expeditionary. The team at Sierra Crest Dental supports the development of our youth.
Arts For The Schools: Provides art education to students.
Lake Tahoe SummerFest (now Classical Tahoe): This organization supports our cultural touism, values artistic excellence, encourages collaboration, and highlights our community.
Truckee Rotary: a service organization that supports our community.
Humane Society: dedicated to saving and improving lives of pets.
Truckee Roundhouse: A community makerspace. It is a community operated space for the development of art, science and technology.
Sierra Senior Services: An Organization that provides services including meals, social and supporting services to seniors in our community.


January 27, 1969; At 04:00 an eruption accompanied by hot clouds and continuous roar, at 11:00 visible bursts of fire are white, yellow and blue accompanied by bursts of bombs, lapili, sand and ash, while the smoke-shaped cauliflower reaches a height of ± 400 m above the peak.
Mt morphology area Yes and its surroundings can be identified into four units, namely Morphology of Tertiary Volcanic Hills, Roja Complex Morphology, Morphikic Cone Cone and Ground Morphology. Morphology mt. Yes and mt. Pui forms a volcanic cone morphology of Iya whose formation is dominated by the building process, while mt. Roja shows the morphology of volcanic inscribed. mt. Pui is a natural fortress against the threat of mt eruption. Yes for the city of Ende.


text:
The Snack
By Molly Hannon
I first considered the meaning of the word snack in fourth grade while reading the children's book The Giver. The main character, Jonas, remembers elementary school, when the proper pronunciation of the word eluded him. He says "smack" instead and is punished with the literal smack of a ruler until he learns to pronounce the word correctly. The author uses Jonas's confusion to highlight the book's main theme: that knowledge and pain should never be tied together.
Though the "snack" incident plays only a minor role in The Giver, it made me realize that prior to pre-school there had been no such thing as a snack. There were three meals a day that were prepared and consumed rather formally. Meals were pleasurable and nourishing and that was that. They had purpose—they knew who they were, followed a routine schedule, had a role, and happily filled their recipients. They gave context to a day and helped quell any hint of insatiable hunger, or bouts of melancholy. They maintained a steady daily course from kitchen to table to belly. They delivered.
A day without a proper meal seemed chaotic. TV Dinner? What the hell was that? Jim Lehrer came before dinnertime while Grandfather unwound from his round at the stables reeking of hay and horse feed. I'd watch him sip his Martini and anticipate dinner as the sound of cooking echoed from the kitchen. Then we'd march into the dining room.
Snacks were purpose-driven. But they had no set course or schedule—an insecure chink in their conceptual armor. Was 11:30 in the morning a good time? (But what about lunch?) Then there was 4 P.M., when kids arrive home from school. Orange slices and juice boxes between soccer practices?
It was not about eating, but about refueling. It was the refueling process—the snack's trump card that enabled it to take over, supplying an array of nutri-grain bars, gushers, and other sugar-laden faux fruit concoctions. Americans were quickly hooked as snacks tricked us into thinking they were a part of the eating process. They smacked us in the face—convincing us that we needed food. Artifice was the secret to the snack's success.
I first sensed my unconscious dependence on snacks when I traveled to Europe for the first time. I was on a mother-daughter trip composed of two mothers and two teenage daughters. Prior to takeoff, we celebrated with a snack. My mother's friend Sarah's dutiful boyfriend had packed us sweet and savory Pepperidge Farm goodies: Milano cookies and Goldfish crackers. We munched away and cackled like a bunch of magpies. But then I noticed the crumbs on the aisle, which the French stewardess had seen, too; she turned up her Gallic nose. I couldn't blame her. I immediately felt disgusted. Mindlessly eating before take-off en route to Paris, where eating was practically a birthright, seemed absurd and unnecessary. I quickly became self-conscious and stopped snacking, working up my courage to order something in French in an attempt to redeem myself and my fellow gros americans.
Paris was grand. I was a moody seventeen-year-old, eager to explore and shake the shackles of adolescence. I wanted to feel European and cool. I never managed it but I did enjoy the trip and its meals. In Le Petit Prince, which we'd been reading in French class, the fox says: "Il Faut des rites"—rituals matter. This came up time and again when the Parisian mealtime gong sounded. Something as simple as a meal was also a ritual, one capable making sense of a day and providing a connection to it and to our foreign surroundings—bringing a place to life. We broke bread and let the crumbs go unnoticed, something meals allow. Meals brought satisfaction, pleasure, and more importantly, communion. The snack, by contrast, was insipid. It undermined the fox's sense of ritual. It disguised itself as something authentic, worming its way into our circadian rhythms, when the snack was responsible for its disruption. Snacks make you want to eat when you are not hungry. Their preemptive approach is tactless, artless but key to day-to-day life.
The word itself is believed to date to the thirteenth century. It was a Middle English and Dutch way of suggesting a bite or snap, what a dog did impulsively ("snakken"). In general, it was also associated also with eating and chattering. Its wayfaring etymological roots expose its very nature.
But it is the American snack-smack-bite that has successfully weaved (and sold) the gastronomic myth—presenting it as a bastion against starvation, when the truth is the opposite. The snack starves us at a variety of levels. It convinces us we're hungry, spewing nutritional diatribe, skewing the truth behind how why we eat. Like Jonas in The Giver, we ironically feel unprotected—vulnerable and exposed. Worse still, the meal seems further and further away.
Molly Hannon is an American journalist who has reported from Berlin, Paris, Rome, and small communities in the American South. She is currently enrolled in Columbia University's Journalism Masters program. You can find more of her work here.


text:
Faith Kipyegon at the 2016 IAAF Diamond League meeting in Eugene (Kirby Lee) © Copyright
28 MAY 2016 Report Eugene, USA
World-leading times by Kipyegon and Edris in Eugene – IAAF Diamond League
Faith Kipyegon followed the rabbit in the early part of the women's 1500m and then took control in the later stages to win in a world-leading time of 3:56.41 at the IAAF Diamond League meeting in Eugene on Saturday (28).
The time broke her own Kenyan record that she set just two weeks ago when winning at the IAAF Diamond League meeting in Shanghai.
Kipyegon moved clear of Dawit Seyaum and 19-year-old Gudaf Tsegay over the last lap, the Ethiopian pair being towed to personal bests of 3:58.10 and 4:00.18.
There were nine men in the lead pack with two laps remaining in the 5000m but Canada's Mo Ahmed broke up the log jam with a bold push to the front.
Ethiopia's Muktar Edris and Kenya's Geoffrey Kamworor followed Ahmed as the list of contenders dwindled to three. Ahmed held his position until the final curve when Edris and Kamworor sped past.
On the homestretch, Edris moved to the lead and held on for the win in 12:59.43, his second consecutive IAAF Diamond League victory after winning in Shanghai two weeks ago.
Two-time world half marathon champion Kamworor finished second in 12:59.98 while Ahmed set a national record with 13:01.74 in third place.
There was a familiar pattern in the men's 400m with Kirani James and LaShawn Merritt together at the top of the homestretch. But the duel in the non-Diamond Race discipline between the two former world champions over one lap of the track saw James hold Merritt at bay to win in 44.22, with the latter second in 44.39.
"Hopefully, going into the future I can execute a race as good as that, just keep the momentum going," said James.
McLeod remains unbeaten in 2016
In the men's 110m hurdles, Omar McLeod continued his winning ways of 2016.
The Jamaican got in front early and maintained a comfortable margin to win in 13.06. McLeod now has the four fastest times of the year and hasn't lost a race in any event since the IAAF World Championships Beijing 2015, his 11-race winning streak including the world indoor 60m hurdles title in nearby Portland back in March.
"I never chase time. 13.0 is really consistent," McLeod said. The rest of the field didn't put up much of challenge with 2013 world champion David Oliver taking second place in 13.38.
English Gardner did what she normally does when she races at Hayward Field: win.
The US sprinter also came dangerously close to a personal best in the women's 100m, running 10.81 – the second-fastest legal time in the world this year – to blow out a strong field.
"It was a very technical race I ran today. I'm not really race sharp," rsaid Gardner. "I'm so happy, I couldn't be more pleased."
Tianna Bartoletta finished second in 10.94. In her first 100m race of 2016, Jamaica's world and Olympic champion Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce finished a disappointing last in 11.18.
USA swept the top three places in the men's 400m hurdles. Michael Tinsley held his lead over the final 100m to win in 48.74. He was followed home by Kerron Clement in 48.87 and another former world champion, Bershawn Jackson, was third in 49.04.
Kiprop wins Bowerman Mile
Asbel Kiprop once again looked effortless as he won the Bowerman Mile.
The Kenyan moved from fourth to second on the back straight of the final lap before settling in behind Morocco's Abdalaati Iguider.
He then stayed on Iguider's shoulder through the final turn before making a confident move to the front and then winning in 3:51.45, with Iguider second in 3:51.96.
Boris Berian used the same recipe that had served him well at the World Indoor Championships Portland 2016, run fast and aggressive to win the men's 800m.
The newly minted gold medallist, running behind the pacemaker Harun Abda, passed the first 400m in 51.3.
Once Abda stepped off the track, Berian became the target for the rest of the field, but he was able to maintain his lead and win in 1:44.20 with Ferguson Rotich second in 1:44.56.
The women's 400m didn't produce a world lead, but it did develop into a great head-to-head matchup down the final stretch. Shaunae Miller ran 50.15 to defeat Francena McCorory, who was close behind in 50.23.
Kevin Sully for the IAAF
30 MAY 2016 General News Kiprop and Souleiman head Oslo's Dream Mile field – IAAF Diamond League
28 MAY 2016 Report Taylor throws down the gauntlet in Eugene – IAAF Diamond League
Kirani James wins the 400m at the IAAF Diamond League meeting in Eugene (Kirby Lee) © Copyright
Omar McLeod (centre) wins the 110m hurdles at the 2016 IAAF Diamond League meeting in Eugene (Kirby Lee) © Copyright
Boris Berian in the men's 800m at the 2016 IAAF Diamond League meeting in Eugene (Kirby Lee) © Copyright
Shaunae Miller wins the 400m at the 2016 IAAF Diamond League meeting in Eugene (Kirby Lee) © Copyright
Muktar Edris wins the 5000m at the 2016 IAAF Diamond League meeting in Eugene (Kirby Lee) © Copyright
Asbel Kiprop winning the Bowerman Mile at the 2016 IAAF Diamond League meeting in Eugene (Kirby Lee) © Copyright
English Gardner at the 2016 IAAF Diamond League meeting in Eugene (Kirby Lee) © Copyright
Michael Tinsley (right) at the 2016 IAAF Diamond League meeting in Eugene (Kirby Lee) © Copyright
English GARDNER
Asbel Kiprop
Muktar EDRIS
Omar MCLEOD
Boris Berian
1500 Metres
One Mile
Eugene Prefontaine Classic
28 MAY 2016 Taylor throws down the gauntlet in Eugene – IAAF Diamond League
28 MAY 2016 Harrison and Jebet scare world records in Eugene – IAAF Diamond League
28 MAY 2016 Kovacs shifts gears to produce world-leading shot mark in Eugene – IAAF Diamond League


text:
Цисти́т — це запалення слизової оболонки сечового міхура.

Класифікація
За клінічним перебігом:
 гострий;
 хронічний (Інтерстиціальний).

За етіологією:
інфекційний (неспецифічний, специфічний);
медикаментозний;
хімічний;
термічний;
променевий;
травматичний.

За розповсюдженістю запального процесу:
дифузний (тотальний);
вогнищевий;
шийковий (тригоніт).

Етіологія
Збудниками циститу найчастіше є — кишкова паличка, стафілококи та стрептококи. Хвороба виникає внаслідок потрапляння у сечовий міхур інфекції.
Збудники можуть потрапляти у сечовий міхур "зверху" (нирки, сечоводи), "знизу" (зовнішні статеві органи, уретра), та вкрай рідко - іншими шляхами (кров, лімфа, травматичне ушкодження).

Спостерігається при сечокам'яній хворобі, пієлонефриті, уретриті, при деяких видах венеричних захворювань, термічному та радіаційному ураженні, травмах. Розвиткові циститу сприяє переохолодження тіла, довготривале лікування із застосуванням імунодепресантів та антибіотиків, вживання прянощів, копченостей, алкоголю; порушення правил особистої гігієни тощо.

Симптоми
Основною ознакою є часте болісне сечовипускання. Хворобливі позиви супроводжуються виділенням невеликої кількості сечі. Сеча каламутна, іноді містить видимі гнійні нитки та пластівці. Наприкінці сечовипускання з'являється печія, іноді виділяється крапля крові. Температура субфебрильна. Може проявлятись загальна слабкість, нудота, блювання. Клінічні прояви будуть залежати від віку пацієнта, його загального стану, причини, яка призвела до появи захворювання, наявності супутньої патології в організмі. Важливо відрізняти цисталгію від циститу.

Лікування

Медикаментозне та фітотерапевтичне:
антибіотики широкого спектра дії, свічки з беладонною.

Також застосовується фітотерапія: призначення цієї групи препаратів (Уролесан) засновано на антимікробній, фітонцидній, протизапальній, сечогінній, літолітічній, спазмолітичній, знеболювальній дії, здатності нормалізувати імунний статус і статеву функцію .

Інстиляції та промивання сечового міхура антисептичними розчинами, наприклад слабким розчином нітрату срібла або розчином фурациліну. Лікування основного захворювання, що викликало цистит.

Фізіотерапевтичне:
ультрависокочастотна терапія, діадинамічна терапія за черевно-крижовою методикою, парафіно-озокеритові аплікації на проєкцію сечового міхура, індуктотермія ділянки сечового міхура, ректальна ультратонтерапія.

Див. також
 Уретрит
 Баланіт
 Вульвіт
 Уролітіаз
 Сексуальна гігієна
 Урологія

Примітки

Джерела
 Урологія : підруч. для студ. вищ. мед. навч. закл. IV рівня акредитації / О. В. Люлько, О. Ф. Возіанов. - Вид. 3-є, виправл. - К. : Медицина, 2011. - 664, [8] с. : рис., табл. - Бібліогр.: с. 663. ISBN 978-617-505-157-3 (Цистит.- С.385-402)
 Урологія: Курс лекцій: Навч. посібник / Ф. І. Костєв, М. І. Ухаль, О. В. Борисов та ін.; За ред. Ф. І. Костєва. - Одеса: ОДМУ, 2004. — 296 с. (Б-ка студентамедика). Ел.джерело ISBN 966-7733-50-5 (С.65-67, 42-43,241,259,260)

Література
 Неспецифічний цистит. С.П.Пасєчніков, М.В.Мітченко/ Тематичний номер • Березень 2017 р. Ел.дерело (С.32-33)
 Довідник фельдшера/під ред. А. Н. Шабанова. — 4-е вид., стереотип. — М.: Медицина, 1984.

Посилання
 Цистит: етіопатогенез, класифікація, клінічна картина, діагностика, лікування. Пасєчніков С.П./ Український медичний часопис, 4 (114) – VII/VIII 2016
 ГОСТРИЙ НЕУСКЛАДНЕНИЙ ЦИСТИТ У ЖІНОК. Адаптована клінічна настанова на засадах доказової медицини, ревізія 2013 р.
 Що таке цистит і як з ним боротися?, 2012
 Медичний міф: чи допомагає журавлинний сік від циститу? Клаудіа Гаммонд. BBC Future, 2018

Запальні захворювання
Захворювання сечостатевої системи
Хірургічні захворювання
Урологія
Гінекологічні захворювання


text:
La batalla de Fleurus del 29 de agosto de 1622 fue una lucha entre el ejército de España y las potencias protestantes del Sacro Imperio durante la Guerra de los Treinta Años. La sangrienta batalla destrozó las fuerzas protestantes y dejó a los españoles como señores absolutos de aquellas tierras.

Campaña
Después del fracaso en intentar liberar Heidelberg, asediada por el ejército del conde Tilly, Federico V del Palatinado decidió disolver su ejército. El 13 de julio de 1622, el contrato fue cancelado y el ejército sin empleo de Mansfeld y de Cristián de Brunswick fue alquilado por los holandeses para ayudar a aliviar el sitio que sufrían en Bergen-op-Zoom.

El ejército protestante partió de Alsacia y a paso rápido cruzó el norte de Francia, entrando en los Países Bajos Españoles a través de Henao.

El ejército español de Flandes, bajo el mando de Ambrosio Espínola, que estaba ocupado en el sitio de Bergen-op-Zoom, una ciudad en el estuario del río Escalda, quedaba en una peligrosa situación; mientras los refuerzos holandeses se reunían al este de Breda, él encaraba una invasión desde el sur. Estaba en peligro de quedar atrapado entre los dos ejércitos enemigos, pues su línea de retirada hacia Amberes estaba bloqueada por el ejército invasor alemán. Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba y Cardona, príncipe de Maratea, general del ejército español en el Palatinado, fue reclamado a toda prisa para detener a este ejército. Fernández de Córdoba marchó a través de Luxemburgo y el dificultoso terreno de las Ardenas, y tras una habilísima estrategia consiguió interceptar a Mansfeld y Brunswick en la frontera de Brabante.

La vanguardia del ejército protestante se topó con la caballería española del príncipe de Maratea el 27 de agosto, y el 29 encontraron al ejército de Córdoba atrincherado. Fernández de Córdoba, mucho más débil en caballería, había dispuesto una posición de bloqueo al norte de la ciudad de Mellet, cerca de Fleurus, con los flancos protegidos por bosques. Los comandantes protestantes desplegaron su ejército tratando de romper a través de la posición española.

Orden de batalla
A continuación se describen los detalles del orden de batalla de ambos ejércitos.

Ejército español

La caballería española estaba compuesta por 53 pequeñas compañías, reunidas en escuadrones ad hoc. En estos había 29 compañías de coraceros y 24 compañías de arcabuceros. Todas excepto 4 compañías veteranas de coraceros habían sido reclutadas en 1621 y 1622. Estaban compuestas por reclutas valones y habían actuado pobremente en la batalla de Wimpfen. Por esta razón, Fernández de Córdoba estaba ciertamente preocupado por los flancos de su ejército, y tuvo que desplegar una enorme habilidad militar para mitigar los riesgos en batalla.

Por su parte, la infantería española era de calidad mixta: el tercio de Nápoles era una unidad de élite con rastros en la historia desde 1567, mantuvo su reputación en la batalla de Wimpfen con una excelente actuación, y Fernández de Córdoba, con amplias dotes militares, la situó en el puesto de honor a la derecha, bloqueando la senda. El regimiento Fugger y el tercio de Verdugo eran también unidades experimentadas, veteranos de la campaña en Bohemia. El resto de las unidades eran tropas de guarnición de baja calidad, movilizadas por Córdoba para completar el frente de batalla.

Ejército protestante

Según testimonios de la época, la tropa protestante partió de Alsacia con unos 25.000 hombres, pero a causa de la dura marcha y de los furiosos campesinos valones, que asesinaron a muchos rezagados, solamente 14.000 llegarían a la batalla.

La caballería protestante estaba altamente motivada y era de buena calidad. Muchos de los caballeros eran miembros de la baja nobleza alemana, y la mayoría estaban pesadamente acorazados. La infantería disponía de mucho menos material, estaba pobremente equipada y había sufrido más las vicisitudes de la marcha.

La batalla

Después de un corto cañoneo, Mansfeld ordenó un avance general. Algunos espacios se abrieron en la infantería alemana, pobremente adiestrada, y De Sylva atacó un flanco desprotegido sirviéndose de un batallón. No obstante, Streiff contraatacó, la caballería valona equivocó el paso y sufrió un considerable daño por las armas de fuego del enemigo. La caballería de De Sylva se refugió detrás de los carros de equipaje, mientras Streiff volvía sobre la infantería española, sin demasiado éxito.

En el lado derecho protestante, Brunswick había enviado a la casi totalidad de su caballería, el despliegue de Córdoba hizo imposible flanquear su posición, pero Brunswick esperaba destrozar la formación española con un asalto total y frontal. La primera carga fue rechazada por la caballería de Gauchier, pero Brunswick ordenó una segunda carga. La primera línea fue rechazada de nuevo, pero la segunda línea consiguió acorralar a la caballería valona. Brunswick se centró entonces en la infantería española, pero su infantería fracasó al intentar soportar la embestida de estos, el Tercio de Nápoles aguantó su posición, y los mosqueteros agazapados en los árboles comenzaron a disparar a la caballería protestante, que empezó a desordenarse. En una desesperada carga final, Brunswick resultó herido, y su caballería, desmoralizada, cayó al final. Después de cinco horas de lucha, Mansfeld ordenó la retirada. Era mediodía e intentó tomar el camino hacia Lieja en torno a Fernández de Córdoba para alcanzar Breda.

El ejército español estaba ya demasiado cansado para seguir al enemigo en retirada. No obstante, al siguiente día, Córdoba envió a Gauchier con la caballería, que encontró al ejército protestante apeado a lo largo del camino. La caballería protestante huyó sin participar en demasiadas luchas, dejando a la infantería a su suerte. Sin posibilidad de desplegar una posición de defensa, la infantería alemana fue aniquilada. Gauchier también capturó la artillería y el equipaje del ejército.

Consecuencias
La victoria española fue completa tras una estrategia militar brillante librada por el Príncipe de Maratea. Esta batalla supuso un punto de inflexión a partir del cual el Imperio Español consiguió prolongar durante cuatro décadas más su preponderancia militar en Europa.

Lo que quedaba de Brunswick y Mansfeld, unos 3000 efectivos de caballería, se unió finalmente al ejército holandés en Breda después de dar un rodeo.

Spinola se vio obligado a abandonar el sitio de Bergen-op-Zoom, pero como tras el resultado de la Batalla de Fleurus ya no estaba en peligro de ser rodeado, lo hizo tranquilamente, siendo capaz de asegurar su tren de asedio y todo su tren de suministros.

Brunswick y Mansfeld sólo sirvieron tres meses a sueldo de los holandeses, sus tropas revoltosas e indisciplinadas no tenían sitio en el disciplinado ejército holandés.

Mientras tanto, como resultado de Fleurus, el ejército del Conde de Tilly invadió fácilmente el Palatinado.

Notas

Referencias
 Cánovas del Castillo, Antonio. Estudios del reinado de Felipe IV, vol. II, Madrid, 1888
 Crosse, William, fl. 1630, supposed author. Belgiaes troubles, and triumphs. Wherein are truly and historically related all the most famous occurrences, which have happened betweene the Spainards, and Hollanders in these last foure yeares warres of the Netherlands, with other accidents, which have had relation unto them, as the battels of Fleurie, and Statloo, the losse of Gulicke and Breda, the sieges of Sluce and Bergen, the conquest of St. Salvador in Brasilia, and the taking of Goffe by Charles Lambert, &c. London, Printed by A. Matthewes, and I. Norton, 1625
 Fernández Álvarez, Manuel. Don Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba y la guerra de sucessión de Mantua y del Monferrato (1627-1629). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Escuela de Historia Moderna, 1955
 Guthrie, William P. Battles of the Thirty Years War, From White Mountain to Nördlingen 1618-1635, Westport, 2002,) ISBN 0-313-32028-4
 Haynin, Louis de, seigneur du Cornet. 1582-1640. Histoire generalle des guerres de Savoie, de Boheme, du Palatinat, et Pays-Bas, depuis l'an 1616. jusques celuy de 1627. inclus. IU, RBC x943.03 H33h, Douai, 1628
 Mesa, Eduardo de. Nördlingen, 1634, Madrid, 2003, ISBN 978-84-96170-54-4
 Cañete, Hugo A, Los Tercios de Flandes en Alemania. La Guerra del Palatinado 1620-1623. Platea, 2014, ISBN 9788494288418

Enlaces externos

Fleurus (1622)
Fleurus (1622)
Fleurus (1622)
Fleurus (1622)

Fleurus (1622)

Provincia de Henao
Valonia
Conflictos en 1622

España en 1622

Bélgica en 1622
Fleurus


text:
Home > Case News > 40 sickened, 17 hospitalized and 1 death in Oklahoma E. coli Outbreak in Bixby, Broken Arrow, Locust Grove, McAlester, Peggs, Pryor, Sand Springs and Tulsa. Answers are needed.
40 sickened, 17 hospitalized and 1 death in Oklahoma E. coli Outbreak in Bixby, Broken Arrow, Locust Grove, McAlester, Peggs, Pryor, Sand Springs and Tulsa. Answers are needed.
By Bill Marler on August 26, 2008
Oklahoma State health officials say at least 17 people have been hospitalized and 40 or more cases are being investigated after a severe illness outbreak in northeast Oklahoma.
At least one person — 26-year-old Pryor bank employee Chad Ingle — has died as a result of the illness.
Oklahoma State Department of Health officials are trying to identify it's source and whether it's related to E. coli bacteria. They have confirmed that many ate at the Country Cottage restaurant in Locust Grove but say it's too early to pinpoint the eatery as the source.
Questions that need answers:
1. Do the Pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns (PFGE patterns), or genetic fingerprints, of the E. coli O157:H7 bacteria in the victims stools match? If they match it means that there is likely a "point-source" outbreak – meaning, that it is a particular restaurant and/or food item that made these folks ill.
2. Does the PFGE pattern match any patterns on PulseNet at the CDC?
3. Does the PFGE pattern match any patterns on recalled food products?
4. What are the common places where all of these people were? Restaurants, swimming pools, day cares, county fairs?
5. Was there a common food item that these people shared?
6. What are the common places where all of these people were during the week leading up to their illness?
7. Is active surveillance (notifying hospitals, laboratories, and clinics to watch for and report suspect cases) being conducted to determine if there are more illnesses in these towns and elsewhere?
8. Have any of the restaurant employees been ill with the same symptoms?
9. Where is the cow poop?