Glycosylation — one of the most common forms of posttranslational modification of proteins — is considered to play a role in almost all biological events in eukaryotes, and also in many viruses and prokaryotes.
N- and O-glycosylation are the two major forms of protein glycosylation. These are different in terms of the bonded glycan structures and also the glycosylation sites. N-glycosylation refers to the attachment of glycans to the asparagine's amide group in accordance with the consensus sequence N|X|S/T/C (X ≠ P, C seldom found), whereas the O-glycosylation refers to glycans bond to the hydroxyl group of threonine or serine without following a permanent consensus motif. Most often, O-glycans have been shown to be fixed in regions that have a high content of proline, threonine, and serine.
It is quite difficult to perform the mass spectrometric analysis of glycosylated proteins, and this procedure surpasses the bioinformatic and technical requirements of general proteomic studies. Although the glycol-proteomic analysis of protein N-glycosylation is already relatively developed, this is not the case for O-glycosylation analysis. This is mainly attributed to the lack of a preserved consensus motif for the bonding of O-glycans, and added to this, a universal enzyme, like PNGase F, is also missing, which facilitates the release of all O-glycans from the protein for an independent glycan analysis.
From a biopharmaceutical and clinical standpoint, human blood plasma contains proteins, which offer a significant therapeutic and diagnostic potential. Yet, many human blood plasma proteins are still there that are yet to be fully characterized, especially with regards to their O-glycosylation.
An explorative study on the human blood plasma O-glycoproteome was recently published by Marcus Hoffmann et al. In this regard, an O-glycoproteomic workflow has been created, which effectively integrates the multistage-fragmentation abilities (CID-MS²/MS³) of the Bruker amaZon ETD ion trap mass spectrometer, with the robust glycoproteomic features provided by the Bruker ProteinScape 4.0 software suite.
This article gives a brief overview of the workflow detailed by Marcus Hoffmann for the site-specific O-glycoproteomic analysis of nonspecifically digested human blood plasma (glyco)peptides following the enrichment of HILIC. The article also focuses on the acquisition of CID MS² and MS³ O-glycopeptide spectra, and emphasizes the strengths of ProteinScape 4.0 in relation to the spectra's automatic classification, annotation, and identification.
Using Proteinase K (Sigma Aldrich), pooled human blood plasma of healthy donors (provided by Affinity Biologicals Inc.) was initially reduced, carbamidomethylated, and proteolytically digested. This Proteinase K cleaves proteins between amino acids X and Y (X-↓-Y), with X = a hydrophobic, aliphatic, or aromatic amino acid; and Y = any type of amino acid.
Post-precipitation with acetonitrile, HILIC-HPLC (ACQUITY UPLC BEH HILIC Column, 130 Å, 1.7 μm, 2.1 x 100 mm; Waters, Manchester, UK; see Table 1 for more details) was used to enrich and fraction the glycopeptides.
Mass spectrometric analysis using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (see Table 2 for more details) connected to an amaZon ETD ion trap mass spectrometer was performed on the enriched O-glycopeptide fractions.
Then, using data-dependent CID-MS2 acquisition, improved resolution fragment spectra in positive ion mode were achieved (see Table 3 for more details). Based on this data, the user determines the precursor ions for MS3 experiments, and these are subsequently examined in a separate run.
In the DataAnalysis 4.4, raw data were processed and exported to Protein-Scape 4.0 for semi-automated glycoproteomic analysis. For the identification of proteins, MASCOT was used to search the CID-MS² spectra against the human subset of the UniProtKB/SwissProt database, the results of which are not depicted here.
Corresponding CID-MS² and MS³ spectra of O-glycopeptides were combined for the identification of the glycan and the glycopeptide amino acid sequence. The combined spectra contain peptide fragments (from MS3 fragmentation) and glycan (from MS2 fragmentation). Based on the glycan fragments, ProteinScape measures glycan and peptide mass of each glycopeptide during the classification step. For the identification of glycan, the GlycoQuest search engine, embedded in ProteinScape 4.0 (see Table 4) was used to search the classified O-glycopeptide spectra against the CarbBank database.
Using the peptide mass achieved from the classification step, the combined MS2/MS3 spectra can also be searched through the MASCOT. The spectrum can be correlated with the sequence (no protein search performed) to proof the annotation, provided the peptide sequence is already known. Next, the annotation of glycan and peptide can be combined within a single spectrum.
Here, the results represent a brief extract of the analysis published by Hoffmann and team. The study's objective was to examine the human blood plasma O-glycoproteome in a site-specific fashion. In this context, an analytical workflow has been improved for the glycoproteomic analysis of nonspecifically digested O-glycopeptides following the enrichment of HILIC. Fundamental to this workflow is the advantageous combination of the multistage fragmentation abilities (CID-MS²/-MS³) of the amaZon ETD ion trap mass spectrometer.
Fragment ions are mainly produced by low-energy CID-MS² fragmentation of O-glycopeptides, and these ions make it possible to identify the composition of glycan. However, this kind of information has to be complemented by identifying the matching peptide moiety. As a result, CID-MS³ experiments were carried out on putative peptide masses that have been chosen manually from CID-MS² spectra. The obtained data were processed in a semi-automated way in order to lower the time-intensive de novo annotation, and this was done by applying the glycoproteomic data analysis features of ProteinScape 4.0. An overview of the workflow is shown in Figure 1, while Figure 2 shows the ProteinScape user interface with some of the key features.
Figure 1. Mass spectrometric workflow for the identification and characterization of O-glycopeptides: Identification of the glycan moiety (CID-MS²) and sequencing of the peptide backbone (CID-MS²/-MS³).
Figure 2. ProteinScape 4.0: GlycoQuest search results of human blood plasma O-glycopeptides.
As detailed in the experimental section, the fragments produced at the time of MS2 fragmentation decide the identification of the glycan moiety. Figure 3 shows an example of an identified glycan moiety.
Figure 3. MS2 CID spectrum of the precursor m/z 760.25 (2+). The precursor signal is shown in the upper left.
Only the MS2 spectrum is illustrated in order to decrease the complication, albeit classification and identification can also be carried out on the combined CID-MS2/-MS3 spectra. The ProteinScape software automatically annotates the glycan fragments (Y and also the oxonium ions).
Targeted MS3 experiments on the putative peptide masses were carried out to sequence the peptide backbone. The combined CID-MS2/-MS3 spectra, thus obtained, can be submitted to a MASCOT database search with the help of the peptide mass achieved from the classification, or alternately, they can be directly matched against the hypothetical sequence if already known. As shown in Figure 3, the combined CID-MS2/-MS3 spectrum of the same O-glycopeptide is matched with the peptide sequence 689ESTPPPHV696 obtained from inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H2 precursor. Figure 4 shows the annotated CID-MSn spectrum, indicating the potential of ProteinScape for combined and automatic annotation of peptide and glycan sequence in a single spectrum.
Figure 4. Merged MS2/MS3 CID spectrum of MS2 precursor m/z 760.25 (2+) and MS3 precursor m/z 863.37 (1+). The latter is shown in the upper left.
Hoffmann et al. reported the entire results of the identification and characterization of O-glycopeptides. The researchers have described the meticulous analysis of the data and de novo annotation in their publication.
This article underscores the robust combination of the ProteinScape 4.0 and the amaZon ETD ion trap mass spectrometer for the O-glycoproteomic analysis of human blood plasma. The amaZon ETD system's multistage-fragmentation capabilities make it possible to conduct CID-MS² and -MS³ experiments on O-glycopeptides, allowing the identification of the glycan composition as well as sequencing of the peptide backbone. Processing of the acquired spectra was done in ProteinScape 4.0. Using the merged MS2/MS3 CID spectra, classification of glycopeptide spectra and also identification and annotation of glycan and peptide moiety can be simultaneously carried out.
The time needed for interpreting the glycopeptide spectra can be considerably reduced by integrating the ProteinScape bioinformatics platform in the glycoproteomic workflow.
Produced from materials originally authored by Marcus Hoffmann1 , Kristina Marx2 , Udo Reichl1,3, Erdmann Rapp1,4. 1) Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Bioprocess Engineering, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany 2) Bruker Daltonics, 28359 Bremen, Germany 3) Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany 4) glyXera GmbH, Leipziger Strasse 44 (Zenit), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
 Ceciliani, F., and Pocacqua, V. (2007) The acute phase protein alpha1-acid glycoprotein: a model for altered glycosylation during diseases. Curr. Protein Pept. Sci. 8, 91–108.
 Cazet, A., Julien, S., Bobowski, M., Burchell, J., and Delannoy, P. (2010) Tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res. 12, 204.
 Berger, M., Kaup, M., and Blanchard, V. (2012) Protein glycosylation and its impact on biotechnology. Adv. Biochem. Eng. Biotechnol. 127, 165-185 Eng. Biotechnol. 127, 165–185.
 Rhodes, J., Campbell, B. J., and Yu, L.-G. (2010) Glycosylation and Disease.
 Jensen, P. H., Kolarich, D., and Packer, N. H. (2010) Mucin-type O-glycosylation—putting the pieces together. FEBS J. 277, 81–94.
 Hoffmann, M., Marx, K., Reichl, U., Wuhrer, M., and Rapp, E. (2016) Site-specific O-Glycosylation Analysis of Human Blood Plasma Proteins. Mol. Cell. Proteomics 15, 624–641.


text:
State President's Update
SA Nationals
Nationals To Contest Barker
The SA Nationals have endorsed State President, Jonathan Pietzsch, as their candidate for the eastern regional South Australian seat of Barker at the upcoming Federal Election.
Pietzsch, 33, married with 2 young children, is a cattle farmer at Tintinara, and a Country Fire Service (CFS) volunteer.
"As someone who lives in a rural community, I understand the issues and know what needs to be done to help regional communities thrive," Mr Pietzsch said. "South Australia needs dedicated Regional Representation in the Federal Parliament to be the voice for Regional South Australia, a voice that has been missing for too long."
Pietzsch said his campaign would concentrate on listening to locals, pushing for improved funding for regional health, looking at ways to address the regional housing crisis and finding pathways to increase the supply of skilled workers in regional areas.
"We have made significant inroads already in SA with Federal Minister for Regional Health, Dr David Gillespie, announcing $60M of funding for improved Rural Health Multidisciplinary Training in South Australia, after the SA Nationals brought him to visit local medical training facilities."
Pietzsch said it is no coincidence National Party seats around the nation have seen billions of dollars invested into local development and nation building projects.
"Nationals MP's on the east coast have banged on doors in Canberra and fought the fight for their regions."
"We are proud of our record of delivering for local communities – improving roads, supporting jobs and businesses through drought and taking practical measures to reduce the pressures caused by increased prices. Only the Nationals understand regional Australia."
Pietzsch is active in his local community as a CFS volunteer, Chair of the local Lutheran Church, Vice Chair of TRADE and on various local sporting and hall committees.
Media contact: Jonathan Pietzsch – 0429 010 047 jonathan.pietzsch@sa.nationals.org.au
Minister for Ag, David Littleproud, Visits Barker
South Australia needs a plan to deal with crisis in globalization
Emergency Service Levy Rebate for Volunteers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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It's Fiesta week in Santa Barbara! Worldwide, this community celebration is known for its vibrant spirit and its unforgettable food, music, dance, and fun. Don't miss the Mercado de la Guerra, where you can find Old Spanish Days memorabilia as well as great food and drinks.
During Fiesta week and throughout our Project Fiesta! exhibit, we will be selling this years' and past years' Fiesta posters, postcards, and other Old Spanish Days merchandise. Come into the Santa Barbara Historical Museum to take a bit of Fiesta home with you, or shop in our Amazon store here.
Posted in Museum Events and tagged Fiesta, Old Spanish Days, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara Historical Museum, Santa Barbara History. Bookmark the permalink.


Pick up an Elizabeth Goudge novel and from the first page you will feel your shoulders drop. Miss Goudge clearly had a great gift for joy and it shines through every passage and gives comfort and confidence to the reader: you know where you are with her, you know that all will be well and the greater good will be served - even at some personal sacrifice - but 'right' will triumph in the end.
The Bird in the Tree, set in the Autumn of 1938, is the first of three books about the Eliots of Damerosehay, an idyllic Hampshire house presided over by doughty matriarch Lucilla. In terms of plot, suffice to say that there is an act of wrong-headedness, a confession, and a crisis of conscience, and I'll leave all the details for you to discover, but beyond that there is typical Goudge delight in the natural world, specifically an enchanting garden and a wild, seaside setting, a lightly handled touch of the supernatural, an interesting assembly of characters, and an appreciation - tempered with modesty and dignity - of beautiful things.
There's little more to say other than to urge you to read EG if you haven't already done so and are in the mood for something to satisfy, soothe and uplift.
Edited to add: I think my favourite Elizabeth Goudge so far (though it's hard to choose) is this one.


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A magneto-optical recording method employs a magneto-optical recording medium having a first magnetic layer which exhibits low coercive force at room temper-ature and high Curie temperature and a second magnetic layer which is exchange-coupled to the first magnetic layer and which exhibits a higher coercive force and a lower Curie temperature as compared with those of the first magnetic layer. A magnetic field modulated in accordance with information to be recorded is applied to the magneto-optical recording medium while irradiating it with a light beam of a constant intensity so as to record the information. The recorded information is simultaneously confirmed by using a reflected light of this light beam.
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a magneto-optical recording method which allows recording andreproduction of information to be effected simul-taneously by means of a laser beam (a light beam), and to a magneto-optical recording medium used in such a method.
Related Background Art A magneto-optical recording medium (herein-after referred to as a "magneto-optical disc") has recently become of major interest as a recording medium which has a large capacity, which allows rewriting of information, and which is interchangeable.
(ii) Next, a recording magnetic field whose magnetic field orientation is different from that the initializing magnetic field is applied to the rotating magneto-optical recording disc and, at the same time, the portion of the disc where recording is to be effected is irradiated with a laser beam modulated in accordance with the recording information so as to effect information recording; and (iii) Finally, the disc portion where the information recording has been effected is irradiated with a laser beam of a weak continuous light so as to read the recorded information, thereby checking whether the recording has been effected correctly or not.
The checking of (iii) must always be performed since, in magneto-optical recording, it may happen that the recording cannot be correctly performed due to any defect, degeneration and corrosion of the recording medium, dust, any failure of the recording apparatus, etc.
l information recording process will be much increased.
To achieve this, various methods have been proposed.
For example, to effect (i) and (ii) simultane-ously, (that is, to effect over-write recording), a laser beam of continuous light is applied under an external magnetic field modulated in accordance with recording information.
According to another method, a special medium is used and a laser beam modulated in intensity in accordance with recording information is applied under a D.C. external magnetic field. By adopting such methods, it is possible to perform procedures (i) and (ii) simultaneously and effect information recording in a time corresponding to two rotations of the disc.
Further, in addition to the above methods, there has been proposed a method according to which two laser beams are incorporated into one optical system, and recording is performed by means of the forward beam, and the checking of the recording by the rearward beam.
By combining this record checking method with the above-described recording methods, it would be possible to perform procedures (i), (ii) and (iii) simultaneously, effecting information recording in a time corresponding to one rotation of the disc.
However, incorporating two laser beams into 1 one optical system would excessively complicate the optical system. Furthermore, that would require a high level of mechanical precision in the optical system, resulting in an increase in the size of the optical system and in the production costs.
The present invention has been made in view of the above problems. It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a method which makes it possible to perform information recording with one rotation of the disc without using any expensive and complicated optical system, as well as a magneto-optical recording medium which is suitable for use in the method.
performing information recording by applying a magnetic field modulated in accordance with recording . -- 5 l information to the magneto-optical recording medium while irradiating the magneto-optical recording medium with a light beam of a constant intensity; and checking the recorded information by using a reflected light of the light beam.
1 light of the recording light beam.
and a second dielectric layer, wherein the metal layer has a heat conductivity which is higher than those of the second magnetic layer and the second dielectric layer.
Figs. 24A to 24D are diagrams showing the light intensity distribution obtained on a two-divided photodetector when polarization interference is effected by overlapping the P-axis light component on the S-axis light component; and Figs. 25A to 25G are diagrams showing the changes of the light strength distribution and the total light quantity when a shift from a re-imaging point occurs in the optical axis at the time of spot scanning with a re-imaging light spot.
Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a drive device for executing the magneto-optical recording method of the present invention.
numerals 6 and 7, photodiodes (PIN photos); numeral 8, a differential amplifier including a binarizing circuit; and numeral lO, a comparator for confirming by comparing reproduction information from the lS recording medium with recording information to be recorded on the recording medium.
Next, the operating principle of the present invention will be described.
When, during its rotation by a spindle motor (not shown), the recording medium 2 is irradiated with a laser beam of a constant intensity (Taking into account the rotating speed of the recording medium 2, the intensity is set beforehand such that the temperature of the second magnetic layer is raised to a level near the Curie temperature at the time of irradiation of the recording medium 2), the section of the recording medium which is irradiated with the 1 laser beam A rises, with the result that the magneti-zation of the second magnetic layer 22 with lower Curie temperature disappears. The first magnetic layer 21, however, has a Curie temperature higher than that of the second magnetic layer 22, so that its magneti-zation remains. When the magnetization of the second magnetic layer disappears, the exchange-coupling force between the first and second magnetic layers does not act, so that the first magnetic layer exhibits an inherent, low coercive force (While the exchange-coupling function is effective, the apparent coercive force of the first magnetic layer is large due to the coercive force of the second magnetic layer). When, in this condition, an external magnetic lS field generated by the coil 1 (which has been modulated in terms of magnetic field direction in accordance with recording information) is applied to the recording medium, the magnetization of the first magnetic layer is caused to be magnetized in the direction of that magnetic field, thereby effecting information recording.
The magnetization direction of the first magnetic layer is detected on a real-time basis by the photodiodes 6 and 7 as a change in the magneto-optical effect (Kerr effect or Faraday effect) of a reflected light B of the laser beam A with which the recording medium 2 is irradiated. More specifically, the 1 laser beam A which has applied on the position where the magnetic field of the coil 1 has been applied is reflected by the recording medium 2 and is caused to be incident on the photodiodes 6 and 7 by way of S the half prism 4 and the polarizing beam splitter 5.
Then, the outputs of the photodiodes 6 and 7 are supplied to the differential amplifier 8, where they undergo differential amplification and binary coding so as to be extracted as reproduction signals.
These reproduction signals are compared with the recording information at the comparator 10. If the reproduction signals do not coincide with the recording information, a series of recording information is re-recorded at the same or a different position on the recording medium. If the reproduction signals coincide with the recording information, the re-recording is not performed. The re-recording may be performed after the completion of the recording of the series of information or immediately after the detection of the disagreement of the reproduction signals with the recording information. Thus, when recording cannot be correctly performed due to any defect, deterioration or corrosion of the recording medium, dust, or any failure of the magneto-optical recording apparatus, the reproduction signals are in an abnormal condition, thus enabling the recording to be checked.
applied to the recording position of the recording medium for the purpose of recording.
Example 1 A recording medium comprising: a transparent substrate on which a laser beam is introduced; a first dielectric layer; a first magnetic layer; a second magnetic layer; and a second dielectric layer.
The first dielectric layer has the function of protecting the magnetic layer and/or, due to the light interference effect, enhancing the recording sensitivity by a reduction in light reflectivity and enhancing the magneto-optical effect so as to enlarge the reproduction signals. A preferable material for the first dielectric layer is a dielectric substance such as SiN (silicon nitride). The refractive index and the thickness of the layer are determined in accordance with the wavelength of the laser used.
It is desirable that the thickness of the first magnetic layer be such that the laser beam is 1 not allowed to reach the second magnetic layer. An excessive thickness, however, is not undesirable since that would impair the exchange-coupling effect provided by the second magnetic layer. Thus, the thickness is to be determined taking these factors into account so as to maintain a balance there between.
The thickness of the second magnetic layer is determined so as to keep a balance between recording sensitivity and magneto-optical effect.
The second dielectric layer, which serves to protect the magnetic layer, need not be provided if no such protection is required.
Example 2 A recording medium comprising: a transparent substrate on which a laser beam is introduced; a first dielectric layer; a first magnetic layer; a second magnetic layer; a second dielectric layer; and a metal layer.
In this example, a metal layer is provided on the second dielectric layer of Example 1, described above. Due to the heat conduction by this metal layer, an improvement is attained in terms of thermal responsiveness in the inplane direction of the recording surface of the recording medium. In this case, the second dielectric layer functions as a thermal insulation layer between the magnetic layer 1 and the metal layer. It need not be provided when no such insulating layer is required. Further, to protect the metal layer, a third dielectric layer may be provided on the metal layer.
Example 3 A recording medium comprising: a transparent substrate to which a laser beam is applied; a first dielectric layer; a first thin magnetic layer; a second thin magnetic layer; a second dielectric layer; and a metal layer.
In this example, the first and second magnetic layers in Example 2 are made thinner so that the laser beam can reach the metal layer through the first and second magnetic layers. Due to the influence of the disappearance of the magneto-optical effect of the second mangetic layer, the magneto-optical effect of this recording medium at the time of recording becomes relatively low as compared with those of Examples 1 and 2 (though still considerably high when compared with the case in which the magnetic layer consists of a single layer), thus attaining an improvement in terms of recording sensitivity.
1 or a platinum-group/iron group periodic-structure film, such as Pt/Co. The second magnetic layer is preferably made of a rare-earth/iron-group amorphous alloy, such as Tb-Fe-Co, Dy-Fe-Co or Tb-Dy-Fe-Co.
It is desirable that the coercive force of the first magnetic layer be 1 kOe or less. The coercive force of the second magnetic layer is set preferably at several kOe or more, more preferably, at 5 kOe or more, and most preferably, at 10 kOe or more.
The Curie temperature of the first magnetic layer is preferably set at 200C or more, and more preferably, at 300C or more. The Curie temperature of the second magnetic layer is preferably set at 200C or less.
Elements for attaining an improvement in terms of corrosion resistance, such as Cr, Al, Ti, Pt and Nb, may be added to the first and second magnetic layers.
A preferable amount of the elements added is approxi-mately 1 atm% to 10 atm%, and more preferably, approxi-mately 2 atm~ to 6 atm~, with respect to the whole.
When adding an element leading to a deterioration in magneto-optical effect, such as Cr, it is expedient to add a large amount of Co and a small amount of Cr to the first magnetic layer, and a small amount of Co and a large amount of Cr to the second magnetic layer.
Next, a temperature dependency of the magneti-zation inversion magnetic field of each magnetic layer 1 of the recording medium of the present invention will be described.
thickness: 400 A); and a second dielectric layer SiN (refractive index: 2.25; thickness: 700 A).
Symbol ~ indicates the magnetization inversion magnetic field of the Tb-Fe-Co-Cr layer, and symbol indicates the magnetization inversion magnetic field of the Gd-Fe-Co-Cr layer.
1 As is well known, the Gd-Fe-Co-Cr layer, in which the Fe-Co sub-lattice magnetization is pre-dominant and whose saturation magnetization is 100 emu/cm , provides, when alone, a coercive force of only serveral tens of Oe or so. As shown in Fig. 3, by exchange-coupled with the Tb-Fe-Co-Cr layer, the magnetization inversion magnetic field of the Gd-Fe-Co-Cr layer rises to several kOe. When the temperature increases to approach the Curie temper-ature of the Tb-Fe-Co-Cr, the magnetization inversion magnetic fields of the Tb-Fe-Co-Cr layer and the Gd-Fe-Co-Cr layer are reduced. When the temperature reaches the Curie temperature of the Tb-Fe-Co-Cr layer, the magnetization of the Tb-Fe-Co-Cr layer disappears, and the exchange-coupling force from the Tb-Fe-Co-Cr layer ceases to act on the Gd-Fe-Co-Cr layer, with the result that the Gd-Fe-Co-Cr exhibits an inherent, small magnetization inversion magnetic field. That is, in this condition, magnetization inversion by an external magnetic field can be easily effected.
By using such a magnetic material, it is possible to realize the magneto-optical recording method of the present invention.
emu/cm3; thickness: 400 A); and a second dielectric layer SiN (refractive index: 2.25; thickness: 700 A).
400 A); and a second dielectric layer SiN (refractive index: 2.25; thickness: 700 A).
Next, a temperature dependency of the magneto-optical effect of each magnetic layer of the recording medium of the present invention will be described.
In the following examples, the Gd-Fei-Co-Cr layer was prepared by simultaneous sputtering using a Gd50Co50 target and an Feg3Co4Cr3 target.
The Tb-Fe-Co-Cr layer was prepared by simultaneous sputtering using a Tb target and an Feg3Co4Cr3 target.
The Curie temperature of the Tb-Fe-Co-Cr layer is approximately 160C, and the estimated Curie temperture of the Gd-Fe-Co-Cr layer is 300C or more.
In a recording medium used in the magneto-optical recording method of the present invention, the temperature dependent changes in the magneto-optical effect thereof is important as well as the temperature dependent changes in the magnetization inversion magnetic fields of the magnetic layers.
thickness: 700 A). With example ~ , Ra decreases monotonously toward the Curie temperature of the Tb-Fe-Co-Cr layer which is approximately 160C. At the Curie temperature (that is, the recording temperature), R~ is 0. With such a medium, it is impossible to perform recording check at the time of recording by using a reflected light of the recording light beam, as shown in Fig. 2.
2.0; thickness: 300 A); and a metal layer Al-Cr (thickness: 450 A). Also with this example, R~ is 0 at the Curie temperature (i.e. recording temperature).
That is, the object of the present invention cannot be attained with this medium.
(refractive index: 2.3; thickness: 300 A); and a metal layer Al-Cr (thickness: 450 A).
Using the recording medium of Fig. 9 ~ , an experiment was conducted by the method shown in Fig. 1.
By using an evaluation apparatus of a laser wavelength of 780 nm and a lens numerical aperture of 0.53, a signal of 3 MHz was recorded at a position corresponding to a disc radius of 32 mm, with l a laser power of 5 mW and at a substrate rotating speed of 1800 rpm. After that, while recording a signal of 1 MHz, a reflected light thereof was detected and observed, with the result that a signal waveform as shown in Fig. lO was obtained. As can be seen, the signal of 1 MHz was clearly reproduced, although it involved an intrusion of the signal of 3 MHz.
Next, after recording the signal of 1 MHz, a signal of 3 MHz was recorded, and, while doing so, a reflected light thereof was detected and observed, obtaining a signal having a waveform as shown in Fig.
11. It will be seen that the signal of 3 MHz was clearly reproduced although there had been an intrusion of the 1 MHz signal.
Next, a magneto-optical recording medium which is still more suitable for use in the magneto-optical recording method of the present invention will be described.
The magneto-optical recording medium described below has an advantage that it involves little crosstalk of old data to the reflected light (the reproducing light) from the recording medium monitored at the time of recording.
Here, a description will be given of the influence of the crosstalk of old data to the reflected light from the recording medium monitored at the time of recording in the magneto-optical 1 recording method of the present invention.
Fig. 12 is a detailed view of the section of the recording medium shown in Fig. 1 where recording is performed.
In Fig. 12, the components which are the same as those of Fig. 1 are referred to by the same reference numerals, and a description of such compo-nents will be omitted here.
Numeral 11 indicates a laser beam; numeral 12, the central axis (the optical axis) of the laser beam; numeral 13, the m~imum temperature point of the section of the recording medium undergoing an increase in temperature; numeral 14, old data; and numeral 15, new data that is being recorded.
1 domain 22 which is to the rearward of the laser beam irradiating position (with respect to the scanning direction) has reached the Curie temperature Tc, and the magnetization in that section has disappeared. If, in this condition, an external magnetic field corre-sponding to the recording information is applied to the magnetic domain 21, the information of the magnetic domain 21 assumes a direction of magnetization based on the new data. However, the section of the magnetic domain 22 which is ahead of the laser beam irradiating position (with respect to the scanning direction) does not reach the Curie temperature, and the old data remains there even when the external magnetic field from the coil 1 is applied thereto.
That is, if reproduction signal detection is performed on the basis of the reflected light of the laser beam 11 at this time, the signal detected will include the information of the old data superimposed thereon. This is the influence of the old data cross-talk.
To overcome this problem, the magneto-optical recording medium of the present invention includes a thin film layer which is provided between the second magnetic layer and the dielectric layer provided thereon and which is made of a material having a heat conductivity that is higher than those of the second magnetic layer and the dielectric layer.
- 3~ -1 Due to this arrangement, heat is quickly transmitted to the first and second magnetic layers along the rotating direction of the recording medium when the laser beam is continuously applied thereto at the time of recording, and, in the section which is irradiated with the laser beam, the temperature distribution in the second magnetic layer is uniform, and the old data is caused to disappear by the external magnetic field in accordance with the information to be recorded. Therefore, the reflected light is free from the influence of the crosstalk of the old data.
It is desirable that the thin film layer be made of a metal having high heat conductivity so that the heat generated by the absorption of the laser beam can be prevented from being transmitted to the metal layer used as the reflecting layer and that this heat can be quickly transmitted to the second magnetic layer. Examples of the metal having high heat conductivity include Cu, Au, Ag and Al. To avoid corrosion of the first and second magnetic layers, it is desirable to adopt a metal which is electro-chemically baser (i.e., which has a stronger ionization tendency) as compared with the first and second magnetic layers. From this viewpoint, it is desirable to adopt Al. Since, however, pure Al is subject to crystallization, an Al alloy containing an element l such as Ti, Cr or Ta may be adopted instead.
ratio dispersion due to the drive device. Further, that would involve an excessive increase in the reflectivity of this thin film layer, resulting in a deterioration in recording sensitivity. With a film thickness of 20 A or less, on the other hand, an improvement in heat conduction cannot be attained.
Thus, when using Al for the thin film layer, it is desirable that the film thickness be 20 to 70 A. The thickness should be determined within this range taking into account the phase difference, sensitivity, the degree of improvement in the temperature distri-bution in the second magnetic layer, etc.
The magneto-optical recording medium of the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Fig. 13.
The magneto-optical recording medium of the present invention has an exchange-coupled two layered structure with a reflecting film. It includes an optically transparent substrate 21 made of glass, plastic or the like. Successively provided on this substrate are: an under-coat layer 22 made of an 1 inorganic dielectric substance, such as SiNX, for obtaining an interference effect and anti-corrosion effect; a first magnetic layer 23 participating in reproduction; a second magnetic layer 24 participating in reproduction and having a higher coercive force and a lower Curie temperature as compared with the first magnetic layer 23; a thin-film layer 28 made of aluminum; an interference layer 25 made of a dielectric substance such as SiNX for preventing corrosion of the magnetic layers 23 and 24 and obtaining an interference effect; and a metal reflective layer 26 constituting a reflective film.
The first and second magnetic layers 23 and 24 are adjacent to each other and exchange-coupled to each other, forming an exchange-coupled two-layered film 210. The heat conductivity of the aluminum thin film layer 28 is higher than those of the second magnetic layer 24 and the interference layer 25. The layers 22 through 26 are continuously formed by vacuum film formation without breaking the vacuum. A protective coating film 27 consisting of an ultraviolet-radiation curing resin is provided in such a way as to cover the entire surface of the section of the substrate 21 where the layers 22 through 25 are provided.
and made of Gd-Fe-Co; a second magnetic layer 24 having a thickness of 100 A and made of Tb-Fe-Co; an aluminum thin film layer 28 having a thickness of 30 A for improving the temperature distribution of the magnetic layers 23 and 24; an interference layer 25 having a thickness of 450 A and made of SiN for enhancing the oxidation preventing effect and enhancing interference effect; and a metal reflective layer 26 made of aluminum.
Using the sample thus prepared, a signal having a frequency of 1 MHz was recorded at a position on the medium corresponding to a radius of 30 mm by continu-ously irradiating the sample with a laser beam andmodulating the external magnetic field in accordance with the recording information, at the rotating speed of 1500 rpm. Afterwards, a signal having a frequency of 5 MHz was recorded in the same way. Simultaneously with this recording, the reflected light from the recording medium was monitored. Upon detection of the 1 reproduction signal, it was found that the signal component of a frequency of 1 MHz corresponding to the old data had been reduced by -20 dB as compared with the prior art.
and a metal reflective layer 26 made of aluminum.
Using the sample thus prepared, a singal having a frequency of 1 MHz was recorded at a position corre-sponding to a radius of 30 mm by continuously irradiating the sample with a laser beam and modulating l the external magnetic field in accordance with the recording information, at the rotating speed of 1500 rpm. Afterwards, a signal having a frequency of 5 MHz was recorded in the same way. Simultaneously with this recording, the reflected light from the recording medium was monitored. Upon detection of the repro-duction signal, it was found that the signal component of a frequency of l MHz corresponding to the old data had been reduced by -20 dB as compared with the prior art.
Assuming that the lower of the Curie temperature and the magnetic compensating temperature is a zero magnetization temperature, the first magnetic layer has a higher zero magnetization temperature and a lower coercive force, as compared with the second magnetic layer.
Next, another embodiment of the magneto-optical recording method of the present invention will be described.
1 In the following, a second embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. Fig. 14 is a diagram showing an embodiment of the magneto-optical recording medium of the present invention. In the drawing, numeral 31 indicates a transparent substrate formed of a material having a light transmitting property, such as glass or plastic. Successively formed on the transparent substrate 31 are: a protective layer 32, a first magnetic layer (a reproducing layer) 33, a third magnetic layer (an adjusting layer) 34, a second magnetic layer (a recording layer) 35, a protective layer 36, and a reflective layer 37. The reproducing layer 33 and the recording layer 35 are exchange-coupled to each other, and the adjusting layer 34 provided therebetween has the function of controlling the exchange-coupling force according to the laser beam temperature. Numeral 38 indicates an objective lens for laser beam condensation needed when actually performing recording and reproduction; and numeral 39 indicates a magnetic head opposed thereto.
Fig. 15 is a characteristic diagram showing the relationship between temperature and coercive force in each of the above magnetic layers. Numeral 2S 310 indicates a characteristic curve of the reproducing layer 33; numeral 311, a characteristic curve of the adjusting layer 34; and numeral 312 a characteristic 1 curve of the recording layer. As can be clearly seen from Fig. 15, the reproducing layer 33 exhibits a low coercive force HClo at room temperature and high Curie temperature Tc10. The recording layer 35 exhibits a greater coercive force HCl2 at room temperature and a lower Curie temperature TCl2 as compared with the reproducing layer 33. The coercive force HCll at room temperature and the Curie temperature TCll of the adjusting layer 34 are both lower than those of the other layers. In the drawing, symbol TR indicates the temperature range of the section of the magnetic layer in the vicinity of the light spot at the time of reproduction, which is higher than room temperature and lower than the Curie temperature of the adjusting layer 34. Symbol TW indicates the temperature range of the section of the magnetic layer in the vicinity of the light spot at the time of recording, which is close to the Curie temperature TCl2 of the recording layer 35, higher than the Curie temperature TCll of the adjusting layer 34, and lower than the Curie temperature TClo of the reproducing layer 33. Table 1 shows specific compositions, film thicknesses, and other characteristics of layers of the magneto-optical recording medium of this embodiment.
Composition Thickness Curie temp. Coercive force magnetization ~Ms) Reproducing GdFeCo 300 A 400C TM-rich _200 emu/cc Ad~usting GdFeCo 100 A -140C RE-rich 300~400 emu/cc Recording TbFeCo 400 A -250C >lOkOe TM-rich -200emu/cc _ - 39 -1 As shown in Table 1, the reproducing layer 33 has a composition, for example, of TM-rich, and its Ms (saturation magnetization) is 200 emu/cc or less. The adjusting layer 34 has a composition, for example, of 5 RE-rich, and its Ms approximately 300 to 400 emu/cc.
The recording layer 35 has a composition, for example, of RE-rich or TM-rich, and its Ms is 200 emu/cc or less, and -200 emu/cc or more.
Next, the exchange-coupling force between the reproducing layer 33 and the recording layer 35 and the function of the adjusting layer 34 will be explained. First, at a temperature below the temper-ature range TR at the time of reproduction, the Ms of the adjusting layer 34 is large and the value of 2~Ms2 lS is larger than the anisotropy constant, so that the adjusting layer 34 does not exhibit a vertical magnetization but an in-plane magnetization. As a result, the exchange-coupling force between the reproducing layer 33 and the recording layer 35 is weakened. That is, when an external magnetic field HeX which is larger than the coercive force of the reproducing layer 33 is applied, the magnetization of the reproducing layer 33 is directed in the direction of the external magnetic field. When the temperature of the magnetic layer rises to the temperature range TR at the time of reproduction, the anisotropy constant of the adjusting layer is larger than the _ - 40 -1 value of 2~Ms at that temperature, so that the adjusting layer 34 exhibits a vertical magnetization.
As a result, the exchange-coupling force between the reproducing layer 33 and the recording layer 35 is augmented, and the direction of magnetization recorded on the recording layer 35 can be transferred to the reproducing layer 33. Further, when the temperature of the magnetic layer has risen to the temperature range Tw at the time of recording, the temperature of the adjusting layer 34 becomes equal to or higher than the Curie temperature TCll, so that the magneti-zation disappears. As a result, the exchange-coupling force between the reproducing layer 33 and the recording layer 35 is cut off. When an external modulation magnetic field +HeX larger than the coercive force of the reproducing layer 33 is applied, the magnetization of the reproducing layer 33 is directed in the direction of the external modulation magnetic field.
1 and Fig. 16B is a diagram showing the magnetizing conditions in the magnetic layers. In the drawings, numeral 313 indicates a track on the magneto-optical recording medium on which information is recorded.
5 It is assumed here that the magneto-optical recording medium is moving in the direction indicated by the arrow A. Numeral 314 (314') indicates a recording light beam spot applied to the track 313, that is, the area irradiated with the light beam at the time of recording. This light beam spot is obtained by converging a laser beam from a light source such as a semiconductor laser by an objective lens 38 shown in Fig. 14. The temperature of the magnetic layer is raised by the light beam spot 314. Numeral 316 indicates an exchange-coupling force cut-off (blocked) area which is in the temperature range of TW shown in Fig. 15. Within the exchange-coupling force cut-off area 316, the magnetization of the adjusting layer 34 disappears, and the exchange-coupling force between the reproducing layer 33 and the recording layer 35 is cut off. Numeral 315 (315') indicates an area on the high temperature side of the temperature range of Tw. This is a recordable area which allows inversion of the magnetization of the recording layer 35 by the external modulation magnetic field +HeX applied from the magnetic head 39 shown in Fig. 14.
Information recording is performed by applying 2~73924 1 the light beam spot 314, which has a constant power capable of causing the temperature of the recording medium to rise to a temperature within the temperature range Tw, while performing scanning therewith, thereby forming the recordable area 315 and the exchange-coupling force cut-off area 316, which includes the light beam spot 314 and the recordable area 315. In this condition, the external magnetic field is modulated by the magnetic head 39 to +HeX or -HeX in accordance with the information to be recorded, and this magnetic field is applied to an area substantially including hte exchange-coupling force cut-off area 316.
As a result, a magnetic domain is recorded in the recordable area 315 of the recording layer 35. The magnetic domain overwritten has a configuration like the feathers of an arrow. That is, since, as shown in Fig. 16, new information is overwritten, for example, on the magnetic domain 317-1 of the previous infor-mation, the front and rear end portions of the magnetic domain 317-2 of the new information are shaped arc-like to define a configuration like the feathers of an arrow. In this case, it is possible to make the length in the direction A of the magnetic domain to be recorded approximately half the radius of the light beam spot 314 by making the modulation frequency of the external magnetic field high. On the other hand, the magnetization of the section of the 1 reproducing layer 33 which is in the exchange-coupling force cut-off area 316 changes its direction in accordance with the modulation of the external magnetic field. That is, it is oriented in the same direction as the magnetic domain overwritten on the recording layer 35. This makes it possible to detect the direction of magnetization of the reproducing layer 33 by detecting the polarization condition of the reflected light from the magneto-optical recording medium by means of the reproduction optical system of the optical head. That is, it is possible to check whether the magnetic domain has been erroneously written due to any defects of the magnetic layer or the like, so that the recording information can be checked simultaneously with the recording by one light beam spot. In this case, the old data does not exist within the area of the light beam spot 314, so that the reflected light is free from the influence of the crosstalk of the old data.
Further, an explanation of the method of repro-ducing recorded information on the above magneto-optical recording medium will be given as a supplement.
Fig. 17A is a plan view of a part of the magneto-optical recording medium, and Fig. 17B is a diagram showing the magnetizing conditions in the magnetic layers. In the drawings, numeral 313 indicates a track on the magneto-optical recording medium on which 2073~24 1 information is recorded. It is assumed that the magneto-optical recording medium is moving in the direction indicated by the arrow A. Numeral 318 (318') indicates an area to which a reproducing light beam spot having a pOWer lower than that of the recording light beam is applied. This light beam spot 318 causes the temperature of the magnetic layer to rise.
Numeral 319 (319') indicates a transferable area which is in the temperature range TR shown in Fig. 15.
Within the transferable area 319, the adjusting layer 34 exhibits a vertical magnetization to enhance the exchange-coupling force between the reproducing layer 33 and the recording layer 35, so that the direction of magnetization of the recording layer 35 is transferred lS as the direction of the reproducing layer 33, without being affected by the external magnetic field applied by the magnetic head 39. Numeral 320 (320') indicates an intransferable area which is outside the transfer-able area 319 and which includes the light beam spot 318. The temperature of the section of the magneticlayer in the intransferable area 320 is below the temperature range TR. Within this area 320, the adjusting layer 34 exhibits an inplane magnetization, so that the exchange-coupling force between the reproducing layer 33 and the recording layer 35 is weakened. Accordingly, the direction of magnetization of the reproducing layer 33 follows the direction of 1 the external magnetic field due to the magnetic head 39, irrespective of the direction of magnetization of the recording layer 35. At this time, the magnetic head 39 applies an external magnetic field which is in a predetermined direction.
Thus, in reproduction, the transferable area 319 and the intransferable area 320 are formed by applying the light beam spot 318 which has a constant power lower than that for recording and which is capable of causing the temperature of the recording medium to rise to a temperature within the temperature range TR, while performing scanning with the beam spot. In this condition, an external magnetic field which is in a fixed direction is applied to an area substantially including the intransferable area 320.
The direction of the external magnetic field may be the same as the direction of magnetization of the recording layer 35 at the time of initialization, or reverse to that. As a result, those sections of the magnetic domain 321 on the track 313 which are within the intransferable area 320, indicated at 321-2 and 321-4, and the part of the section 321-3 which is indicated by broken lines are masked, and it is only the part of the section 321-3 which is within the transferable area 319, indicated by solid lines, that contributes to changes in the polarizing condition of the reproducing reflected light.
1 Accordingly, by detecting this reflected light by the reproduction optical system of an optical head as shown in Fig. 1 and detecting the polarizing condition thereof, it is possible to detect the direction of the magnetic domain within the transfer-able area 320 of the reproducing layer 33 and reproduce a magnetic domain having a length equal to or smaller than the diameter of the light beam spot 318. By making the transferable area 319 still smaller, it might be possible to reproduce a magnetic domain having a still smaller length.
However, when taking the C/N of the reproduction signal into consideration, it is desirable to make the size of the transferable area 319 approxi-mately half the size of the reproducing light beamspot 318.
which is rotated by +~k and the reflected light with respect to upward magnetization is R_ which is rotated by -~k. Accordingly, the P-axis and S-axis components are expressed as (P+, S+) and (P+, S_), respectively.
First, the P-axis component will be considered.
It substantially remains the same, P+, in both the cases of Figs. 18A and 18B. Accordingly, the distri-bution of amplitude of the reflected light (ignoring the size to consider the configuration only) is as shown in Fig. l9A and the distribution of the intensity 1 of the reflected light (ignoring the size to consider the configuration only) is as shown in Fig. l9B. Thus, they are substantially the same. Next, regarding the S-axis component, it is a uniform distribution of S+ in the light beam spot in Fig. 18A, so that the distri-bution of the amplitude of the reflected light (ignoring the size to consider the form only) and the distribution of the intensity of the same (ignoring the size to consider the form only) are as shown in Figs. l9A and l9B, as in the case of the P-axis component. In Fig. 18B, however, the magnetic domains boundary is inside the light beam spot, so that there exist two components, S+ and S_ which are components which have the same size and the phase of which are shifted each other by ~. The distribution of amplitude (ignoring the size to consider the form only) and the distribution of intensity (ignoring the size to consider the form only) of the reflected light in this case are as shown in Figs. l9C and l9D.
Next, the light of this S-axis component will be described in more detail with reference to Figs. 20 and 21. Fig. 20 shows the distribution of light intensity on the surface of a magneto-optical recording medium and a photodetector surface of a collimated beam when the entire magneto-optical recording medium exhibits a downward magnetization as shown in Fig.
-- so 1 lens 326 to become a reflected collimated beam.
Stereoscopic representation 324 shows the intensity distribution of the reflected collimated beam, in which both the P-axis and S-axis components assume the S same form as the incident collimated beam. The reflected collimated beam is converged by the condensing lens 327 and applied to the photodetector surface.
Stereoscopic representation 325 shows the light intensity distribution on the photodetector surface.
Also in this case, both the P-axis and S-axis compo-nents assume the same form as that of the intensity distribution on the medium surface.
Fig. 21 is a diagram showing light intensity distributions of the S-axis component on the photo-detector surface when the magnetic domain 321 (whichexhibits an upward magnetization in this case) is scanned with the light beam spot 318. The light-intensity distributions of the P-axis component are shown in Fig. 20. In Figs. 21A through 21G, the relative position of the magnetic domain 321 recorded on the track 313 with respect to the reproducing light beam spot applied to the track 313 is varied little by little. The range indicated at 319 is a trans-ferable area, and the range indicated at 320 is an intransferable area. The magnetization of the intransferable area 320 is downward, and the magnetic domain in the area is represented by a hatching of 1 broken lines (321a). The magnetic domain in the transferable area 319 is represented by a hatching of solid lines (321b). The numeric values shown in the drawings are total-light-quantity values. Fig.
21A shows a case where the magnetic domain 321 is not in the transferable area 319 (the condition of Fig.
18a). In this case, the light intensity distribution of the S-axis component on the photodetector surface is the same as the one indicated at 325 in Fig. 20.
It is assumed here that the total light quantity at this time is 3100. When the proportion of the magnetic domain 321 in the tranferable area 319 successively increases as shown in Figs. 21B, 21C and 21D, the entire transferable area 319 is eventually occupied by the magnetic domain 321, as shown in Fig. 21E. This corresponds to the condition of Fig. 18B. Regarding the light intensity distribution, on the other hand, as the proportion of the magnetic domain 321 in the transferable are 319 increases, the peak of the light beam spot is gradually deviated from the center of the optical axis, and a second peak appears on the opposite side of the first peak with respect to the optical axis. In the condition of Fig. 21E, the light quantities of the two spots are substantially equalized. When the magnetic domain 321 further passes on, the second peak is diminished, as shown in Figs. 21F and 21G, and the single spot condition 2075~4 1 of Fig. 21A is restored. The total light quantity is gradually diminished and returns to 3100.
The first peak spot corresponds to S+ and the second peak spot corresponds to S_. By detecting these beams by the reproduction optical system of Fig.
shows a magnetic domain arrangement on an information track, and Fig. 22B shows a reproduction signal obtained when the magnetic domain is detected by an ordinary reproduction optical system. If the above magnetic domain is reproduced by a conventional reproduction optical system, the light reception of each of the two peaks shown above is effected by a single photodetector, so that the S+ and S_ are cancelled. Further, assuming, in Fig. 22B, that Eo is the reference level, the amplitude of the reproduction signal oscillates up to E+ in the condition where there is no magnetic domain (the condition of Fig. 18A). In the condition in which there is a magnetic domain (the condition of Fig. 18B), the S-axis component is cancelled, so that the amplitude of the reproduction signal does not oscillate up to E_. Of course, it is possible to obtain information from a reproduction signal as shown in Fig. 22B. However, to improve the quality of the reproduction signal, it is desirable to obtain a reproduction signal which is substantially at zero level in a condition where there is no magnetic domain 1 and which has an amplitude of E+' in a condition where there is a magnetic domain, as shown in Fig.
In view of this, an example of an apparatus for obtaining a signal as shown in Fig. 22C will be described with reference to Figs. 23 and 24. In Fig. 23, numeral 329 indicates a condensing lens, and numeral 330 indicates a polarizing beam splitter.
Numerals 331 and 332 indicate two-divided photodetector, the dividing lines of which are in directions perpen-dicular to the track of the magneto-optical recording medium. That is, when the track is projected onto the two-divided photodetectors by using the optical head, the dividing lines lie perpendicular to the track. Numerals 333, 334 and 335 indicates amplifiers for differential detection, and numeral 336 indicates a reproduction signal. Numerals 337 and 338 indicate amplifiers for sum signal detection. Through differ-ential detection of each sum signal by means of a differential amplifier, a reproduction signal 340 is obtained. The reproduction signal 340 is equivalent to those obtained by conventional reproduction optical systems. In this embodiment, however, a direct verification at the time of information recording as described above is conducted by using the reproduction signal 340.
and 24C. At this time, the distribution form in each case is symmetrical with respect to the Y-axis, and the intensity peak is in the Y-axis. The magnitude of this peak in Fig. 24A is larger than that in Fig.
24B. In this case, the detection signals obtained by photodetectors 331-1 and 331-2 of the two-divided photodetector 331 are the same as those obtained by photodetectors 332-1 and 332-2 of the two-divided photodetector 332, so that the signals obtained through differential detection by the differential detection amplifiers 333 and 334 are both zero. There-fore, the signal obtained by the differential 1 detection amplifier 335 is also zero.
When, on the other hand, the magnetic domain exists in the transferable area 319 (Fig. 18B), the light intensity distributions on the two-divided photo-detector 331 and 332 are as shown in Figs. 24B and 24D.
The distribution peaks appears on each side of the X-axis with respect to the Y-axis, i.e., on the + and the - side, respectively. The magnitude of peak is larger on the - side in the case of Fig. 24B. In the case of Fig. 24D, on the other hand, it is larger on the + side.
Accordingly, when the differential amplifier 333 detects the signals of the photodetectors 331-1 and 331-2, a signal of negative value is obtained, and, when the differential amplifier 334 detects the signals of the photodetectors 332-1 and 332-2, a signal of positive value is obtained. Further, since the differential amplifier 335 detects the output signals of the differential amplifiers 334 and 333 by differential detection, a signal of positive value is obtained.
Assuming that the peak of the signal at this time is E+', the reproduction signal 336 corresponding to the magnetic domain shown in Fig. 22 is the one shown in Fig. 22C, thus improving the signal quality as compared to that in the prior art.
While in Fig. 21 the light intensity distri-bution is in the vicinity of the re-imaging point of the condensing lens 327, Fig. 25 shows a case where the light intensity distribution is at a position in the 1 optical axis which is spaced apart from the re-imaging point. When, in the case of Fig. 25, a magnetic domain appears in the transferable area 319, the peak is divided into two, with the central portion there-between becoming gradually depressed. The magnitudesof these two peaks are substantially the same. One peak corresponds to R+, and the other peak corresponds to R_. The middle section is a mixture of the two. To reproduce this magnetic domain, a signal similar to the reproduction signal shown in Fig. 22C can be obtained by using the reproducing apparatus shown in Fig. 23.
In that case, however, the two-divided photodetector 331 and 332 are arranged at positions in the optical axis which are spaced apart from the focal point of the condensing lens 329. Further, to improve the quality of the reproduction signal, it is possible to arrange a phase compensation plate, such as a wave-length plate, in the light beam of the reproduction optical system shown in Fig. 23. The values in the drawing represent total light quantities.
When performing overwriting with the above embodiment, the external magnetic field is modulated in accordance with the recording information while applying a light spot of a constant power to the magnetic layer. This arrangement involves a problem of leakage magnetic field in the vicinity of the position where the magnetic domain is recorded.
2073~24 1 In this embodiment, the adjusting layer 34 is provided between the reproducing layer 33 and the recording layer 35 so as to check the recorded information simultaneously with the recording. To further suppress the leakage magnetic field at the time of recording, it is also possible to provide a fourth magnetic laeyr between the recording layer 35 (the second magnetic layer) and the protective layer 36 shown in Fig. 14. The characteristics of the fourth magnetic layer may be such that it exhibits a higher Curie temperature and lower coercive force at room temperature as compared with those of the recording layer 35. Of course, this fourth magnetic layer, which has the function of suppressing the leakage magnetic field at the time of recording, is applicable not only to the magneto-optical recording medium of the present invention, but also to conventional magneto-optical recording mediums. Further, apart from the example of the magneto-optical recording medium of the present invention shown in Table 1, it is also possible to adopt an amorphous alloy consisting of a combination of one or more transition metals and one or more rare earth metals. Main examples of the transition metals include Fe, Co and Ni, and main examples of the rare earth metals include Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Nd and Sm. Examples of a typical combination include TbFeCo, GdTbFe, GdFeCo, GdTbFeCo and GdDyFeCo.
comparing the information reproduced during said reproducing step with the information recorded during said recording step; and repeating said recording step so as to again record the information, when the information reproduced in said reproducing step does not coincide with the information recorded in said recording step, as a result of the comparison made in said comparing step.
comparing the information reproduced in said reproducing step with the information recorded in said recording step; and repeating said recording step so as to again record the information, when the information reproduced in said reproducing step does not coincide with the information recorded in said recording step, as a result of the comparison in said comparing step.
comparing the information reproduced in said reproducing step with the information recorded in said recording step; and repeating said recording step so as to again record the information, when the information reproduced in said reproducing step does not coincide with the information recorded in said recording step, as a result of the comparison made in said comparing step.
DE3885992T2 (en) * 1987-09-22 1994-06-09 Hitachi Maxell An optical information recording / reproducing apparatus.
NL9101796A (en) * 1991-10-25 1993-05-17 Nederland Ptt Method for authenticating communication participants, system for the application of the method and the first communication participant and the second communication participant for application in the system.


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For every person you invite, who joins and installs Dropbox on their computer, they'll give both people 500 MB of bonus space (up to a limit of 16 GB)!
Linking with Facebook and Twitter, Follow @Dropbox on Twitter as well as Posting <3 to Twitter gets you free space. And don't forget to complete the Getting Started for the extra free space!
If you need even more space you can always upgrade from there.
Create a Go Back Button in a few simple steps.
There isn't an option to add a 'Go Back' button using your normal Weebly element, that would allow users to go back to the previous page. But you can do this with Custom HTML.
Simply copy and paste the HTML code and paste it into a custom HTML element.
With a little customization you can even use the buttons built into your theme.
Here's a screenshot of the buttons your website's theme might use.
then use the 'Go back' button to return to this page.
My mother taught me valuable lessons for living life to its fullest. She told me she devoted all of her time and energy to bringing me up. Sadly she passed away when I was fifteen - May 13, 1990 (mothers day) She loved life, was extremely friendly, happy and outgoing. She had an incredible personality, and a smile that was almost electrifying.
My aunt wrote in her "Memories of Collette" She worked as a bakery manager at Kohls Foods; she was so attractive behind the counter. The older retired men would come into the store, some of them would call her "Blondie" and she would just beam. There was that big smile again!
What I learned from my mother was not by the words she spoke, it was by her actions and character. She showed me how to be compassionate, non-judgmental, loving, and sympathetic. I really can't say enough to tell you how amazing she was, a lot of people knew her, everyone loved her.
She taught me to treat others with kindness and not with a harsh attitude. She also taught me to forgive and forget, and that you have to give in order to receive. So I give you this, no matter how hard it is to say. Make sure you tell your mother you love her.
I miss my mother, and can only hope she knows how much I love her. I've started to realize in how many ways I was blessed to have her as my mother. She would have loved her grandson with all her heart! I'm sure she is looking down on her children, saying what wonderful fathers we are! I love you with all my heart mom! HAPPY MOTHER'S DAY!


The success of analytics story in India has a huge bearing on the leaders that drive it today. The emergence of analytics and big data posed its own set of opportunities/ challenges and these leaders are to a large extent instrumental in shaping the analytics industry that we witness today.
Analytics India Magazine's annual ranking of the 10 Most Influential Analytics Leaders in India honors individuals in Analytics/ Big Data industry who are deemed by their peers and an expert panel to be the most influential individuals in India, in terms of Impact, Leadership, Entrepreneurship and Analytics evangelism.
6 of the 10 leaders listed here have their roots in Genpact or a GE subsidiary. This goes on to display the amount of impact that the company has had on the analytics industry in India. Besides being among the early starters in Analytics, Genpact is also considered among the most successful, and have churned out the best analytics talent over the years. Genpact has about 5,000 people in its analytics practice, largely out of Bangalore.
Pankaj Kulshreshtha leads the Analytics and Research practice globally at Genpact. This practice is part of Genpact's Smart Decision Services that enables clients across industries to make smarter decisions in sales and marketing, cost, and risk management using data and insights. Under his leadership, Genpact's Analytics business has grown to one of the largest and most extensive practices in the industry.
[pullquote align="right"]Work Experience: 19 years; Past Organizations: GE, L&T; Education: PhD from IIM Bangalore, BE from VNIT, Nagpur[/pullquote]Pankaj joined Genpact in 1998 and was one of the first people who launched offshore analytics teams in India. At Genpact, Pankaj helped various GE businesses set up analytics teams and in 2005 moved to GE Money UK, where he led risk management for various portfolios and was Chief Risk Officer for the loans business in his last role. He then rejoined Genpact in 2008.
As head of Global Analytics, Rohit Tandon is helping drive the Analytics ecosystem to support HP's vision and priorities.
He is a veteran industry executive known for pioneering and guiding new businesses to success. In Rohit's leadership HP Global Analytics grew from a small team to a large analytics organization. Today as part of HP's Corporate Strategy team, Global Analytics is also chartered to lead HP's Analytics delivery ecosystem, and bring together similar teams to drive innovations that support HP's enterprise priorities. The organization has access to talent as well as cutting edge tools and techniques that help innovate & customize analytical solutions for sustained competitive advantage.
[pullquote align="right"]Work Experience: 20+ years; Past Organizations: IBM, Genpact, Accenture Consulting, JWT and Ampersand[/pullquote]Prior to joining HP, Rohit was the Executive Vice President at IBM's Global Processing Services unit where he was responsible for Strategy, IT, Quality and Transformation. During his tenure he was instrumental in setting up and leading IBM's Knowledge Services business including Analytics where he also acquired a company for IBM.
Prior to IBM, Rohit drove the Analytics business at Genpact, leading a team of ~2500 analytics practitioners. Rohit is a Certified Master Black Belt in Six Sigma and a Certified Quality Leader in Six Sigma. He also holds a patent in his name for optimization algorithms designed by him.
Among the leading IT service providers in India, Cognizant Technology Solutions is considered the most aggressive in terms of Analytics. Cognizant Analytics resides within H3 (Horizon 3), as a part of Cognizant's Emerging Business Accelerator (EBA) tower and is a pivotal component in the SMAC stack (Social, Mobility, Analytics and Cloud). Cognizant Analytics unit is regarded as a distinguished market leader and differentiator through incisive focus on topical actionable, applied and prescriptive analytics based solutions coupled with focused consulting approach, IP based non-linear platforms and deeply entrenched customer centric engagement model.
Sameer Dhanrajani is spearheading Cognizant Analytics practice. In his capacity, Sameer is leading end-to-end business spheres of Cognizant Analytics and is responsible for crafting differentiated strategies around analytics consulting, platforms and services coupled with creating best of breed GTM, business development, operational excellence solutioning exercises and delivering transformational analytics engagements.
[pullquote align="right"]Work Experience: 17 years; Past Organizations: Fidelity, Genpact, Alliance[/pullquote]Prior to Cognizant, Sameer was the Country Head for Fidelity National Financial and pioneered India's first captive to be based on nonlinear growth model with platform based value propositions. He has also served as Vice President – Analytics at Genpact and Director – Alliance Consulting Inc. in his previous assignments.
As a recognized industry thought leader in outsourcing, analytics space; Sameer has been recipient of "Outstanding Leadership Award" at India Human Capital Summit and "Exemplary Leader Award" during the Asia Pacific HRM Congress Awards. Sameer is also core member of the NASSCOM Analytics Special Interest Group and is on industry advisory council of ISB (Indian School of Business) and has been quoted across multiple business media and news publications.
Fractal was among the earlier Indian start-ups in the area of Business Analytics, and also one the most successful boutique analytics firm too.
[pullquote align="right"]Work Experience: 16 years; Past Organizations: ICICI, ANZ; Education: MBA from IIM Ahmedabad, B.Tech from IIT, Delhi[/pullquote]Srikanth leads Fractal's global presence in business intelligence, consumer insights, predictive analytics, and optimization sciences, delivered through visual story-telling. Prior to co-founding Fractal, he consulted with major market leaders such as Visa, P&G, Citibank, HDFC Bank and SAP in predictive analytics for risk management and marketing effectiveness, as well as structured debt transactions and collateralized bond obligations at ANZ Investment Bank and ICICI.
[pullquote align="right"]Work Experience: 20 years; Past Organizations: GE Capital, ICICI, Standard Chartered; Education: MBA from IIM Ahmedabad, B.Tech from IIT, Delhi[/pullquote]Prior to joining Dell, Pankaj was Head, Program Management Office at Standard Chartered Bank in their Singapore regional office wherein he helped grow their shared service centers in India and Malaysia.
In his professional career spanning 20 years, Pankaj started as a management consultant and then went on to work in the financial services industry in India wherein he worked with ICICI and GE Capital in a variety of roles covering sales, risk management, 6 sigma & operations.
Amit joined KPMG India in Jan 2014 after 18 years of experience as a head of Data Analytics Practice for domestic Businesses. Prior to joining KPMG, he was a Partner and Managing Director with Accenture Management Consulting where he led the global consulting practice for Business Analytics, Customer insights, Sales and Marketing transformation. He started the Accenture Analytics consulting practice in India in 2008 serving both Indian & Global clients and grew the team size to 500+ resources in a span of 5 years. Amit has extensive experience in running analytics driven transformation/ programs for the clients. He was one of the founder members in building advance analytics capability for Accenture Management Consulting and was part of Accenture advance analytics global leadership team.
[pullquote align="right"]Work Experience: 18 years; Past Organizations: Accenture, Genpact[/pullquote]Amit has also done lot of work in areas of analytics capability development & analytics adaption in Organizations. He has worked extensively with various universities to develop Analytics & Data scientist curriculum. He personally own 2 analytics patents, he has also worked with large global clients to help them design their analytics organization & adapt a fact based culture.
Before Accenture, Amit was service delivery lead for customer and marketing analytics team in GECIS (now Genpact). He has helped developing GE analytics team for NA, Europe & APAC.
He has held senior positions in sales and marketing leadership in consumer goods industry before moving to consulting about 10 years back.
Ashish has a unique perspective on how the application of data, technology & business analytics has evolved in organizations in the last 2 decades. When he started his career in mid-1990's, analytics was primarily used by Financial services organizations. Other sectors like FMCG, Retail and Automotive were much more on mining customer survey data to generate business insights. He was one of the early pioneers in driving behavior-based analytics in these sectors. Subsequently, with the rapid growth of internet and enhanced database technologies, he has led the development of cutting-edge analytics practices to understand how online and offline customer behavior can be analyzed, as well as how to drive analytics deeper into the financial investment planning process for high-stakes decision on sales, marketing and pricing for major product and marketing campaign launches at global scale.
[pullquote align="right"]Work Experience: 18 years; Past Organizations: Microsoft, SABMiller, Gallup; Education: MBA from University of Iowa, MS from Rutgers University, B.Tech from IIT, Kanpur[/pullquote]As an organizational leader, Ashish has extensive experience in creating and developing talent pool across multiple markets. He has mentored and coached numerous individuals in the analytics profession ranging from college-intern stage to senior leadership roles in different industries. Ashish believes in being the change you want to see in the world, and constantly works on developing himself along various professional dimensions in the rapidly changing industry so that he can help lead others in their growth paths as well.
As a managing director at Accenture Analytics, now part of Accenture Digital, Arnab Chakraborty speaks analytics fluently. He serves as the Global Lead for Industry Analytics in Accenture's advanced analytics practice and is also responsible for driving the Big Data Analytics practice.
Arnab has over 15+ years of rich experience in consulting and business analytics across diverse industry sectors. Before joining Accenture, Arnab played a pivotal role in scaling up enterprise wide analytics capabilities globally for the past ten years at Hewlett Packard (HP) and GE Capital (Genpact). Prior to that, he held leadership positions at KPMG Consulting, Wipro Technologies, and Larsen & Toubro. He has worked across High-Tech and Electronics, Financial Services, Consumer Goods and Manufacturing industries.
Arnab holds an MBA (Gold Medalist) from National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Mumbai, India and a degree in Mechanical Engineering from National Institute of Technology (NIT) Rourkela, India. He is certified in Production and Inventory Management from APICS, USA.
Dr. Anil Kaul is a well-known expert in the industry with over 16 years of experience in marketing research, strategic consulting. and quantitative modeling. He has consulted over 20 Fortune 500 companies during the 4 years he spent with McKinsey & Co. in New York. Thereafter, he joined Anubis Inc., an innovative data warehousing start-up in San Francisco Bay Area, as a part of the four-member top management team. The company was acquired by Personify.
He then co-founded AbsolutData in 2001.
[pullquote align="right"]Work Experience: 18 years; Past Organizations: McKinsey, Personify; Education: PhD from Cornell University[/pullquote]Anil is a PhD and MS in marketing from Cornell University. He is also a voracious reader and an intuitive writer. He has published many articles in leading management and academic journals such as McKinsey Quarterly, Marketing Science, Journal of Marketing Research, and International Journal of Research in Marketing. One of his papers was nominated for "Paul Green Award" by the American Marketing Association.
He has also been an invited speaker at McKinsey & Co., Dartmouth College, Cornell University, Yale University, Columbia University, Wharton, UC Berkeley, New York University, IIFT, IMT Ghaziabad, and IIM Lucknow.
Dr. N. R. Srinivasa Raghavan is Sr. Vice President & Head of Big Data Analytics/Data Science at Reliance Industries Ltd. Working closely with the Chairman and the Senior Business Leadership, he is setting up the Centre of Excellence for Big Data Analytics at RIL capable of delivering deep business insights across Oil & Gas, Petrochemical, Telecom & Life Sciences businesses. He is responsible for strategizing and realizing the value proposition for Data Science and Data Governance within the group companies while building and mentoring a world class team of data scientists / business analysts to deliver for high performance.
He has traveled widely, and has extensive industrial experience prior to RIL in strategizing and architecting large scale, global, and complex data science implementations in the Financial Services, Automotive/Semiconductor/PC Manufacturing and Supply Chain verticals.
[pullquote align="right"]Work Experience: 18 years; Past Organizations: Citigroup, GM, Fair Issac; Education: M.Tech. & PhD from IISc Bangalore[/pullquote]He holds award winning Ph. D in Computer Science and M. Tech in Operations Research both from Indian Institute of Science, and is a gold medalist in his B. Tech in Mechanical Engineering from Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. He began his career with 8 years of academic research/teaching/consulting experience as a Professor at the Indian Institute of Science. In his past 7 years in industry, he has held senior leadership roles in advanced analytics delivery and innovation at Dell, Fair Isaac, General Motors and Citibank. He has 85 technical publications in leading International Journals/Conferences with 2 International patents filed and has also supervised many award winning doctoral students while at IISc.
He has received many awards including the Outstanding Young Associate of Indian Academy of Sciences, Outstanding Young Engineer of Indian National Academy of Engineering, and Young Scientist Fellowship from Department of Science & Technology, GoI.
Congrats Pankaj and Srikanth! Great to see your names here.


text:
namespace AutomatedSurvey.Web.Controllers
{
    using System.Web.Mvc;
    using AutomatedSurvey.Web.Domain;
    using AutomatedSurvey.Web.Models;
    using AutomatedSurvey.Web.Models.Repository;
    using Twilio.AspNet.Mvc;
    using Twilio.TwiML;

    public class AnswersController : TwilioController
    {
        private readonly IRepository<Answer> _answersRepository;
        private readonly IRepository<Question> _questionsRepository;

        public AnswersController()
            : this(new QuestionsRepository(), new AnswersRepository())
        {
        }

        public AnswersController(IRepository<Question> questionsRepository, IRepository<Answer> answersRepository)
        {
            this._questionsRepository = questionsRepository;
            this._answersRepository = answersRepository;
        }

        private static VoiceResponse ExitResponse
        {
            get
            {
                var response = new VoiceResponse();
                response.Say("Thanks for your time. Good bye.");
                response.Hangup();
                return response;
            }
        }

        [HttpPost]
        public ActionResult Update([Bind(Include = "QuestionId,RecordingUrl,CallSid,From,TranscriptionSid,TranscriptionText")] Answer answer)
        {
            Answer answerModel = this._answersRepository.FirstOrDefault(x => x.CallSid == answer.CallSid && x.QuestionId == answer.QuestionId);

            if (answerModel != null)
            {
                answerModel.TranscriptionSid = answer.TranscriptionSid;
                answerModel.TranscriptionText = answer.TranscriptionText;
                this._answersRepository.Update(answerModel);
            }

            return null;
        }

        [HttpPost]
        public ActionResult Create([Bind(Include = "QuestionId,RecordingUrl,Digits,CallSid,From")] Answer answer)
        {
            this._answersRepository.Create(answer);

            Question nextQuestion = new QuestionFinder(this._questionsRepository).FindNext(answer.QuestionId);
            VoiceResponse response = nextQuestion != null ? new Response(nextQuestion).Build() : ExitResponse;

            return this.TwiML(response);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Beck Hall was evacuated twice the morning of Sept. 13, after a dumbwaiter motor overheated in the building. The second time, local fire companies responded to the call and arrived at Beck.
The first evacuation was just before 9 a.m. KU Public Safety officials searched the building and, after about 15 minutes, determined the building was all clear, and allowed residents and Health and Wellness Center staff back inside.
Minutes later, alarms sounded once again, and everyone filed back outside while fire crews from Kutztown, Fleetwood, Topton and Lyons were dispatched to the scene.
Kutztown's Ladder 46 was positioned in front of the building with its ladder propped against the roof while its crew went inside. Engine 46 was positioned at the rear and did likewise.
Lyons Engine 35 and Utility 35 set up near Deatrick Hall, while Fleetwood's Engine 45 set up at the top of the DMZ Their crews proceeded to the scene. Fleetwood Fire Police directed traffic though the curves behind Old Main.
Fire crews found that an overheated dumbwaiter motor burned out after getting stuck, causing it to smoke.
LaGamba added that the fire response is standard procedure in such events.
By 10 a.m., fire crews were clear of the scene and residents returned to the building and operations resumed as normal at the Health and Wellness Center.


In the U.S., analyses of poverty rates and the effects of anti-poverty programs rely almost exclusively on income data. In earlier work (Meyer and Sullivan, 2003) we emphasized that conceptual arguments generally favor using consumption data to measure the well-being of the poor, and, on balance, data quality issues favor consumption in the case of single mothers. Our earlier work did not show that income and consumption differ in practice. Here we further examine data quality issues and show that important conclusions about recent trends depend on whether one uses consumption or income. Changes in the distribution of resources for single mothers differ sharply in recent years depending on whether measured by income or consumption. Measures of overall and sub-group poverty also sharply differ. In addition to examining broader populations and a longer time period, we also consider new dimensions of data quality such as survey and item nonresponse, imputation, and precision. Finally, we demonstrate the flaws in a recent paper that compares income and consumption data.