text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

The general theory of relativity is an excellent theory of space, time
and gravitation and has been  supported by experimental evidences with
flying colors, but some of its features are not without  difficulties.
For instance, the subject of energy-momentum localization has been a
problematic issue since the outset  of this theory. Einstein
investigated whether or not one can obtain a locally conserved
energy-momentum tensor for the gravitational field plus the source
(given by the right hand side of the Einstein equations). However, the
locally conserved energy-momentum complex constructed by him is
neither a tensor nor it is symmetric and therefore its physical
interpretation was questioned by several physicists, notably by Weyl,
Pauli, and Eddington (see reference \cite{ref1}). Tolman\cite{ref2}
obtained a new energy-momentum pseudotensor which is again not
symmetric. However, Landau and Lifshitz (LL)\cite{ref3} succeeded in
constructing a symmetric energy-momentum pseudotensor which can
therefore be used to obtain the angular momentum of a general
relativistic system. Nevertheless, to use the pseudotensors of
Einstein, Tolman, or LL, one is restricted to quasi-Minkowskian
coordinates. M{\o}ller\cite{ref4}, arguing  that to single out a
particular coordinate system is not satisfactory from the general
relativistic point of view, constructed a new energy-momentum
pseudotensor and claimed that with it one was not constrained to use
asymptotically Minkowskian coordinates.  The energy and energy current
density components of the M{\o}ller pseudotensor transform as a
four-vector density with respect to the group of purely spatial
transformations. However, three years later, M{\o}ller  observed a
serious drawback of his prescription\cite{ref5}, i.e., the total
energy-momentum vector of a closed physical system is not a Lorentz
four-vector. Thus, M{\o}ller's attempt to give a
coordinate-independent prescription for energy calculations failed and
therefore we will not discuss M{\o}ller's pseudotensor any more in
this paper. In fact, following the energy-momentum pseudotensor of
Einstein, a plethora of definitions for energy, momentum, and angular
momentum of a general relativistic system have been proposed by many
authors (see \cite{ref6} and references therein). Komar\cite{ref7}
gave a coordinate-independent definition for the energy. Using his
prescription, Cohen and de Felice\cite{ref8} calculated the effective
mass of the Kerr-Newman (KN) metric. The Komar mass for the
Reissner-Nordstr\"{o}m (RN) metric is $E =  M - Q^2/r$ ($M$ and $Q$
are the mass and charge parameters, respectively), which is not in
agreement with the linear theory. Moreover, Tamburino and
Winicour\cite{ref9} pointed out that the Komar definition is not
adequate for radiating systems.
Penrose\cite{ref11} proposed a quasi-local definition of mass,
momentum, and angular momentum in general relativity. Using the
Penrose definition, Tod\cite{ref12} calculated the quasi-local mass
for several spacetimes. For the RN  metric he found $E = M - Q^2/ (2
r)$. He pointed out that as opposed to the Komar energy his result  is
in agreement with the linear theory. However, the Penrose definition
has not  succeeded to deal with the Kerr metric\cite{ref13}.
Bergqvist\cite{ref10} considered seven
different  definitions of quasi-local mass and found
that not any two of them
give the same result for the RN  and Kerr spacetimes.
Despite
these problems there has been considerable interest in this subject in
recent years (see \cite{ref14,refCo} and references therein).

As the energy-momentum complexes of Einstein, Tolman, and LL are not
tensors under general coordinate transformations, many physicists do
not take them seriously as prescriptions for energy-momentum
localization in general relativity. By contrast, the total energy,
momentum, and angular momentum (in LL prescription) are accepted
unanimously when calculations are carried out in quasi-Minkowskian
coordinates. Lindquist, Schwartz, and Misner\cite{ref15}, using the LL
pseudotensor, calculated the energy, momentum, and power output for
the Vaidya metric and got the expected result. One of the present
authors (Virbhadra,  referred to as KSV hereafter)\cite{ref16} showed
that the pseudotensors of Einstein, Tolman, and LL (ETLL) give the
same and reasonable energy distribution in the KN field when
calculations are carried out in Kerr-Schild (KS) Cartesian
coordinates. He also obtained the angular momentum distribution in the
LL prescription. However, his calculations were limited up to the
third order of the rotation parameter. Switching off the charge
parameter he found that there is no energy associated with the
exterior of the Kerr black hole. Though the investigations were
limited up to the third order of the rotation parameter, he
conjectured that one would get the same result for the Kerr metric  if
the calculations were carried out exactly. Cooperstock and
Richardson\cite{ref17} extended the energy calculations up to the
seventh order of the rotation parameter and found that the
pseudotensors of ETLL give the same energy distribution for the KN
metric. Moreover, their result supported the conjecture of KSV that
there is no energy associated with the exterior of the Kerr black
hole. Later on KSV\cite{ref18} showed that the pseudotensors of ETLL
yield the same energy and  energy current density components for the
Vaidya metric.

Recently two of the present authors (Chamorro and KSV)\cite{ref19}
obtained the energy distribution in the Bonnor-Vaidya (BV)
spacetime\cite{ref20} in the prescriptions of Einstein and LL. Both
definitions give the same result as the Penrose
prescription\cite{ref13}. They also obtained the energy current
density components (and power output) for the same metric. Both
(Einstein and LL) prescriptions give the same reasonable result.
Despite these successes this subject required more study. For
instance, there are other pseudotensors known in the  literature and
many more can be constructed (with the property of divergence-free
relation), which could give different results for the KN, BV or other
spacetimes. Moreover, the result known for the KN metric was limited
up to the seventh order of the rotation parameter and it could be
possible that different pseudotensors disagree if calculations were
exactly performed. The aim of this paper is to clarify these
questions. We consider two more well-known (symmetric) energy-momentum
pseudotensors, i.e., the pseudotensors of Papapetrou and
Weinberg\cite{ref21} and show  that all these pseudotensors lead to
the same result for the KN as well as the BV spacetimes when
calculations are carried out in KS Cartesian coordinates. Weinberg,
using his pseudotensor, calculated the total energy, momentum, and
angular momentum of the Kerr metric. He carried out calculations at
infinite radial distance and therefore his results do not bear on
energy-momentum distributions.

Only recently has been brought to our attention that in an interesting
paper G\"urses and G\"ursey\cite{refgg} showed that the pseusotensors
of Einstein and LL coincide for all Kerr-Schild metrics. In this paper
we extend that result by showing that the five pseudotensors of ETLLPW
coincide for any Kerr-Schild metric and, in consequence, give the same
energy and energy current density components for the KN as well as BV
spacetimes. The rest of the  paper is organized as follows: Sec.\
\ref{sec:pseudo} presents the energy-momentum pseudotensors of ETLLPW.
In Sec.\ \ref{sec:ks} we show that the five pseudotensors
coincide if KS Cartesian coordinates can be used. Sec.\
\ref{sec:metric} gives the results for the energy, momentum, and
angular momentum distributions of the KN metric in KS Cartesian
coordinates. The energy, momentum, and  energy current density
components are also given. We present the results corresponding to the
BV metric in Sec.\ \ref{sec:BV}. Sec.\ \ref{sec:discussion} discusses
the results obtained in previous sections.

{\it Conventions.} We use geometrized units in which the speed of
light in vacuum $c$ and the Newtonian gravitational constant $G$ are
taken to be equal to 1, the metric has signature $+ - - -$, and Latin
(Greek)  indices take values $0\ldots3$ ($1\ldots3$).

\section{Energy-momentum pseudotensors}
\label{sec:pseudo}

The energy-momentum pseudotensors of ETLLPW are given below:

(a) The pseudotensor of Einstein is\cite{ref4}
 \begin{equation}
\Theta_i{}^{k} = \frac{1}{16 \pi} {H_i{}^{kl}}_{,l},
\label{eq1}
 \end{equation}
where
 \begin{equation}
{H_i{}^{kl}} =- {H_i{}^{lk}}=
\frac{g_{in}}{\sqrt{-g}}
\left[ -g \left(g^{kn} g^{lm} - g^{ln} g^{km} \right) \right]_{,m}.
\label{eq2}
 \end{equation}
$\Theta_0{}^0$, $\Theta_{\alpha}{}^0$, and $\Theta_0{}^{\alpha}$
are the energy, momentum, and energy current density components.
$\Theta_i{}^k$ satisfies the local conservation laws:
 \begin{equation}
\frac{\partial \Theta_i{}^{k}}{\partial  x^k}=0.
\label{eq3}
 \end{equation}
The energy and momentum  are given by
 \begin{equation}
P_i=\int\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\int{\Theta_i{}^{0}\,dx^1\,dx^2\,dx^3}.
\label{eq4}
 \end{equation}
Using Gauss's theorem one can write
 \begin{equation}
P_i=\frac{1}{16 \pi} \int\!\!\!\int{H_i{}^{0\alpha} n_{\alpha}\,dS},
\label{eq5}
 \end{equation}
where $n_{\alpha}$ is the outward unit normal vector and $dS$ is the
infinitesimal surface element.

(b) The pseudotensor of Tolman is\cite{ref2}
 \begin{equation}
{\cal{T}}_i{}^k = \frac{1}{8 \pi}{U_i{}^{kl}}_{,l},
\label{eq6}
 \end{equation}
where
 \begin{equation}
U_i{}^{kl}=\sqrt{-g}\left[-g^{pk} V_{ip}{}^l +
\frac{1}{2} g^k_{i} g^{pm} V_{pm}{}^l\right],
\label{eq7}
 \end{equation}
with
 \begin{equation}
V_{jk}{}^i = -\Gamma^i_{jk}
               +\frac{1}{2} g^i_{j} \Gamma^m_{mk}
               +\frac{1}{2} g^i_{k} \Gamma^m_{mj}.
\label{eq8}
 \end{equation}

${\cal{T}}_0{}^0$, ${\cal{T}}_{\alpha}{}^0$, and
${\cal{T}}_0{}^{\alpha}$
are the energy, momentum, and energy current density components.
${\cal{T}}_i{}^k$ satisfies the local conservation laws:
 \begin{equation}
\frac{\partial {\cal{T}}_i{}^{k}}{\partial  x^k}=0.
\label{eq9}
 \end{equation}
The energy and momentum  are given by
 \begin{equation}
P_i=\int\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\int{{\cal{T}}_i{}^{0}\,dx^1\,dx^2\,dx^3}.
\label{eq10}
 \end{equation}
For time-independent metrics  one can write
 \begin{equation}
P_i=\frac{1}{8 \pi} \int\!\!\!\int{U_i{}^{0 \alpha} n_{\alpha}\,dS}.
\label{eq11}
 \end{equation}

(c) The symmetric pseudotensor of Landau and Lifshitz is\cite{ref3}
 \begin{equation}
L^{ik}=  \frac{1}{16 \pi} {{\lambda}^{iklm}}_{,lm},
\label{eq12}
 \end{equation}
where
 \begin{equation}
{\lambda}^{iklm}=-g \left(g^{ik} g^{lm}-g^{il} g^{km}\right).
\label{eq13}
 \end{equation}
$L^{00}$ and $ L^{\alpha 0}$  are the energy and energy current
(momentum) density components. $L^{ik}$ satisfies the local
conservation laws:
 \begin{equation}
\frac{\partial L^{ik}}{\partial  x^k}=0.
\label{eq14}
 \end{equation}
The energy and momentum  are given by
 \begin{equation}
P^i=\int\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\int{L^{i0}\,dx^1\,dx^2\,dx^3}
\label{eq15}
 \end{equation}
and the angular momentum is given by
 \begin{equation}
J^{ik}=\int\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\int{\left(x^i L^{0k} - x^k L^{0i}\right)
\,dx^1\,dx^2\,dx^3}.
\label{eq16}
 \end{equation}
Using Gauss's theorem, the energy and momentum are
 \begin{equation}
P^i=\frac{1}{16 \pi} \int\!\!\!\int{ {{\lambda}^{i0\alpha m}}_{,m}
n_{\alpha}\,dS}
\label{eq17}
 \end{equation}
and the physically interesting components
of $J^{ik}$ are
 \begin{equation}
J^{\alpha \beta}=\frac{1}{16 \pi} \int\!\!\!\int{
\left(x^{\alpha}{{\lambda}^{ \beta0 \sigma m}}_{,m}
-x^{\beta}{{\lambda}^{ \alpha0 \sigma m}}_{,m}
+\lambda^{ \alpha 0 \sigma\beta}
\right)n_{\sigma}\,dS}.
\label{eq18}
 \end{equation}

(d) The symmetric pseudotensor of Papapetrou is\cite{ref21}
 \begin{equation}
\Sigma^{ik}=\frac{1}{16 \pi}{N^{iklm}}_{,lm},
\label{eq19}
 \end{equation}
where
 \begin{equation}
N^{iklm}=\sqrt{-g} \left(g^{ik} \eta^{lm} - g^{il} \eta^{km}
+ g^{lm} \eta^{ik} - g^{lk} \eta^{im}\right),
\label{eq20}
 \end{equation}
with
 \begin{equation}
\eta^{ik}= {\rm diag}(1,-1,-1,-1).
\label{eq21}
 \end{equation}

$\Sigma^{00}$ and $\Sigma^{\alpha 0}$  are the energy, and energy
current (momentum) density components. $\Sigma^{ik}$ satisfies the
local conservation laws:
 \begin{equation}
\frac{\partial \Sigma^{ik}}{\partial  x^k}=0.
\label{eq22}
 \end{equation}
The energy and momentum  are given by
 \begin{equation}
P^i=\int\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\int{\Sigma^{i0}\,dx^1\,dx^2\,dx^3}
\label{eq23}
 \end{equation}
and the angular momentum is given by
 \begin{equation}
J^{ik}=\int\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\int{\left(x^i\Sigma^{0k}-x^k\Sigma^{0i}
\right)\,dx^1\,dx^2\,dx^3}.
\label{eq24}
 \end{equation}
For time-independent metrics, one has
 \begin{equation}
P^i=\frac{1}{16 \pi} \int\!\!\!\int{{N^{i0\alpha\beta}}_{,\beta}
n_{\alpha}\,dS}
\label{eq25}
 \end{equation}
and the physically interesting components of the angular momentum are
 \begin{equation}
J^{\alpha \beta}=\frac{1}{16 \pi} \int\int{
\left(x^{\alpha} {N^{0\beta\gamma\sigma}}_{,\gamma}
-x^{\beta} {N^{0\alpha\gamma\sigma}}_{,\gamma}
- N^{0\beta\sigma\alpha}
+ N^{0\alpha\sigma\beta}
\right)
 n_{\sigma}\, dS}.
\label{eq26}
 \end{equation}

(e) The symmetric pseudotensor of Weinberg is\cite{ref21}
 \begin{equation}
W^{ik}= \frac{1}{16 \pi} {D^{lik}}_{,l},
\label{eq27}
 \end{equation}
where
 \begin{equation}
D^{lik}= \frac{\partial h^a_ a}{\partial x_l}\eta^{ik}
         -  \frac{\partial h^a_ a}{\partial x_i}\eta^{lk}
         - \frac{\partial h^{al}}{\partial x^a}\eta^{ik}
         + \frac{\partial h^{ai}}{\partial x^a}\eta^{lk}
         + \frac{\partial h^{lk}}{\partial x_i}
         - \frac{\partial h^{ik}}{\partial x_l}
\label{eq28}
 \end{equation}
and
 \begin{equation}
h_{ik}=g_{ik} - \eta_{ik}.
\label{eq29}
 \end{equation}
$\eta_{ik}$ is the Minkowski metric. Indices on $h_{ik}$ or $\partial/
\partial x_i$ are raised or lowered with help of $\eta$'s.
It is clear that
 \begin{equation}
D^{lik}=- D^{ilk}.
\label{eq30}
 \end{equation}

$W^{00}$ and $W^{\alpha 0}$  are the energy and energy current
(momentum) density components. $W^{ik}$ satisfies the local
conservation laws:
 \begin{equation}
\frac{\partial W^{ik}}{\partial  x^k}=0.
\label{eq31}
 \end{equation}
The energy and momentum  are given by
 \begin{equation}
P^i=\int\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\int{ W^{i0}\, dx^1 \, dx^2 \, dx^3}
\label{eq32}
 \end{equation}
and the angular momentum is given by
 \begin{equation}
J^{ik}=\int\!\!\!\int\!\!\!\int{\left(x^i W^{0k} - x^k W^{0i}\right)
\, dx^1 \, dx^2
\,dx^3}.
\label{eq33}
 \end{equation}
Using Gauss's theorem, one has
 \begin{equation}
P^i=\frac{1}{16 \pi} \int\!\!\!\int{ D^{\alpha 0 i} n_{\alpha}
\, dS}
\label{eq34}
 \end{equation}
and the physically interesting components of the angular momentum are
 \begin{equation}
J^{\alpha \beta}=\frac{1}{16 \pi} \int\!\!\!\int{
\left(x^{\alpha} D^{\sigma 0 \beta}
-x^{\beta} D^{\sigma 0 \alpha}
+\eta^{\sigma\alpha} h^{0\beta}
- \eta^{\sigma\beta} h^{0\alpha}
\right)
 n_{\sigma}\, dS}.
\label{eq35}
 \end{equation}

\section{Kerr-Schild metrics}
\label{sec:ks}

In the following we shall consider the algebraically special metrics
of Kerr-Schild which are given by
 \begin{equation}
g_{ik} = \eta_{ik}-2Vl_il_k
\label{eqks1}
 \end{equation}
in terms of the scalar function $V$ and the null vector $l_i$ which
satisfies the following properties:
 \begin{equation}
g_{ik}l^il^k = \eta_{ik}l^il^k=0,\qquad l^il_{k;i} = l^il_{k,i} = 0.
\label{eqks2}
 \end{equation}
For all these metrics one has $g=-1$, $l^i = g^{ik}
l_k = \eta^{ik} l_k$ and the inverse metric is
 \begin{equation}
g^{ik} = \eta^{ik}+2Vl^il^k.
\label{eqks3}
 \end{equation}
G\"urses and G\"ursey\cite{refgg} pointed out that for these metrics
the
pseudotensors of Einstein and LL coincide and are proportional to the
Einstein tensor:
 \begin{equation}
\Theta_i{}^{k}  = \eta_{ij} L^{jk}= \frac{1}{8\pi} G_i{}^k.
\label{eqks4}
 \end{equation}

In fact,
by using the properties of Kerr-Schild
metrics it is not difficult to prove that for these metrics the five
pseusotensors of ETLLPW will coincide because
one always
have in KS coordinates:
 \begin{equation}
\Theta_i{}^{k} =  {\cal{T}}_i{}^k = \eta_{ij} L^{jk} =
\frac{1}{8\pi}G_i{}^k,\qquad
L^{ik} = \Sigma^{ik} = W^{ik} =
\frac{1}{16\pi}\Lambda^{iklm}{}_{,lm},
\label{eqks5}
 \end{equation}
where
 \begin{equation}
\Lambda^{ikpq}=2V\left(
\eta^{ik}l^pl^q+\eta^{pq}l^il^k-\eta^{ip}l^kl^q-\eta^{kq}l^il^p
\right).
\label{eqks6}
 \end{equation}
In consequence, the energy and momentum are
 \begin{equation}
P^i=\frac{1}{16 \pi} \int\!\!\!\int{ {{\Lambda}^{i0\alpha m}}_{,m}
n_{\alpha}\,dS}
\label{eqks7}
 \end{equation}
and the physically interesting components
of $J^{ik}$ are
 \begin{equation}
J^{\alpha \beta}=\frac{1}{16 \pi} \int\!\!\!\int{
\left(x^{\alpha}{{\Lambda}^{ \beta0 \sigma m}}_{,m}
-x^{\beta}{{\Lambda}^{ \alpha0 \sigma m}}_{,m}
+\Lambda^{ \alpha 0 \sigma\beta}
\right)n_{\sigma}\,dS}.
\label{eqks8}
 \end{equation}

\section{The Kerr-Newman metric}
\label{sec:metric}

The KN spacetime, characterized by mass, charge, and rotation
parameters, in KS Cartesian coordinates is given by the line
element in Eq.~$(\ref{eqks1})$ with the following choices for $V$
and $l_i$\cite{ref22}:
 \begin{eqnarray}
V &=& \frac{2M\rho^3-
Q^2\rho^2}{2\left(\rho^4+a^2z^2\right)},\label{eq36a}\\
l_i\, dx^i &=& dt+\frac{z}{\rho}\,dz +
\frac{\rho}{\rho^2+a^2} \left(x\,dx +y\,dy\right)
 - \frac{a}{\rho^2+a^2} \left(x\,dy -y\,dx\right),\label{eq36b}
 \end{eqnarray}
where $\rho$ is defined by the positive root of
 \begin{equation}
\frac{x^2+y^2}{\rho^2+ a^2}+ \frac{z^2}{\rho^2}=1.
\label{eq37}
 \end{equation}
$a = 0 $ and $Q = 0$ in
$(\ref{eq36a})$ and $(\ref{eq36b})$ give the RN and Kerr
spacetimes, respectively.
For each value of $\rho$ Eq.~$(\ref{eq37})$ defines a surface
that can be
parameterized by two angular coordinates, $(\theta,\varphi)$, as
follows:
 \begin{eqnarray}
x&=&\sqrt{\rho^2+a^2}\sin\theta\cos\varphi, \nonumber\\
y&=&\sqrt{\rho^2+a^2}\sin\theta\sin\varphi, \nonumber\\
z&=&\rho\cos\theta.
\label{eq38}
 \end{eqnarray}
The components of the outward unit normal vector over the
surface given by $(\ref{eq37})$ (with $\rho$ constant) are
 \begin{eqnarray}
n_x&=&\frac{\rho}{\Upsilon}\sin\theta\cos\varphi, \nonumber\\
n_y&=&\frac{\rho}{\Upsilon}\sin\theta\sin\varphi, \nonumber\\
n_z&=&\frac{\sqrt{\rho^2 + a^2}}{\Upsilon}\cos\theta,
\label{eq39}
 \end{eqnarray}
and the infinitesimal surface element is
 \begin{equation}
dS=\sqrt{\rho^2+a^2}\,\Upsilon\sin\theta\, d\theta\, d\varphi,
\label{eq40}
 \end{equation}
where
 \begin{equation}
\Upsilon=\sqrt{\rho^2+a^2\cos^2\theta}.
\label{eq41}
 \end{equation}

Now, we calculate the energy, momentum, and angular
momentum for the KN metric in KS
cartesian coordinates and use the results of the previous section.
The intermediate mathematical expressions are
very lengthy and therefore we give only the final results, which have
been obtained and checked by means of two different computer algebra
systems. The energy and momentum inside a surface given by
$(\ref{eq37})$ with constant $\rho$ in all the prescriptions of ETLLPW
are
 \begin{eqnarray}
E&=& M-\frac{Q^2}{4 \rho}
\left[
 1 + \frac{\left(a^2+\rho^2\right)}
              { a \rho } \arctan\left(\frac{a}{\rho}\right)
\right], \nonumber\\
P_1&=& P_2= P_3=0.
\label{eq42}
 \end{eqnarray}
The physically important components of the angular momentum in all the
prescriptions of LLPW are
 \begin{eqnarray}
J^{12}&=&a \left\{
 M - \frac{Q^2}{4\rho}
\left[
1 - \frac{\rho^2}{a^2} + \frac{\left(a^2+\rho^2\right)^2}{a^3 \rho}
\arctan\left(\frac{a}{\rho}\right)
\right]
\right\}, \nonumber\\
 J^{23}&=& J^{31}= 0.
\label{eq43}
 \end{eqnarray}

The total energy, momentum, and angular  momentum ($\rho$ approaching
infinity in the above expressions) for the KN metric are $E=M$,
$P_1=P_2=P_3=0$, $J^{12}= M a$ and $J^{23}=J^{31}= 0$. The energy,
momentum, and energy current density components of the ETLLPW
pseudotensors for the KN metric are
 \begin{eqnarray}
\Theta_0{}^0&=& {\cal{T}}_0{}^0=L^{00}=\Sigma^{00}=W^{00}
=\left(\rho^4+2a^2\rho^2-a^2z^2\right) A,\nonumber\\
\Theta_0{}^1&=& - \Theta_1{}^0={\cal{T}}_0{}^1=- {\cal{T}}_1{}^0
 =L^{10}=\Sigma^{10}=W^{10}
=  -2a y \rho^2 A,\nonumber\\
\Theta_0{}^2&=& - \Theta_2{}^0={\cal{T}}_0{}^2=- {\cal{T}}_2{}^0
 =L^{20}=\Sigma^{20}=W^{20}
= 2a x \rho^2 A,\nonumber\\
\Theta_0{}^3&=& \Theta_3{}^0={\cal{T}}_0{}^3= {\cal{T}}_3{}^0
 =L^{30}=\Sigma^{30}=W^{30}=0,
\label{eq44}
 \end{eqnarray}
where
 \begin{equation}
A= \frac{Q^2\rho^4}{8\pi\left(\rho^4+a^2z^2\right)^3}.
\label{eq45}
 \end{equation}
For the Kerr metric $(Q
= 0)$ all the components given in $(\ref{eq44})$ are zero.

\section{The Bonnor-Vaidya metric}
\label{sec:BV}

Two of the present authors (Chamorro and KSV)\cite{ref19} considered
the BV metric in the prescriptions of Einstein and LL and got the same
and reasonable result for the energy distribution. They also got the
same result for the energy current density components.
In the light of
G\"urses and G\"ursey's result\cite{refgg} one sees the reason for the
coincidences.
The BV metric
in KS Cartesian coordinates is given by the line element in
Eq.~$(\ref{eqks1})$ with the following choices for $V$ and $l_i$:
 \begin{eqnarray}
V &=& \frac{M\left(u\right)}{r} -
     \frac{Q^2\left(u\right)}{2r^2},\label{eq48a}\\
l_i\, dx^i &=& dt-dr,\label{eq48b}
 \end{eqnarray}
where $r= \sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}$.
The mass and charge parameters, $M(u)$ and
$Q(u)$, depend on the retarded time coordinate $u$ ($u = t - r$). The
pseudotensors of Einstein and LL give the same result\cite{ref19}:
 \begin{equation}
E=M\left(u\right) - \frac{Q^2\left(u\right)}{ 2 r}.
\label{eq50}
 \end{equation}
It is  of interest to note that the Penrose definition also leads to
the same result for the BV metric\cite{ref13}. Next we give the
energy, momentum, and energy current density components for the BV
metric in the prescriptions of ETLLPW.
 \begin{eqnarray}
 \Theta_0{}^0&=& {\cal{T}}_0{}^0=L^{00}=\Sigma^{00}=W^{00}
 =\frac{Q^2}{8 \pi r^4} + r \Delta,\nonumber\\
 \Theta_0{}^1&=& - \Theta_1{}^0={\cal{T}}_0{}^1=- {\cal{T}}_1{}^0
  =L^{10}=\Sigma^{10}=W^{10} =x \Delta,\nonumber\\
 \Theta_0{}^2&=& - \Theta_2{}^0={\cal{T}}_0{}^2=- {\cal{T}}_2{}^0
  =L^{20}=\Sigma^{20}=W^{20}   =y \Delta,\nonumber\\
 \Theta_0{}^3&=& -  \Theta_3{}^0={\cal{T}}_0{}^3=- {\cal{T}}_3{}^0
  =L^{30}=\Sigma^{30}=W^{30}=z \Delta,
 \label{eq51}
 \end{eqnarray}
where
 \begin{equation}
\Delta  =\frac{ Q \dot{Q} - r \dot{M}}
            {4 \pi r^4}.
\label{eq52}
 \end{equation}
The dot over $Q$ and $M$ stands for the derivative with respect to the
retarded time coordinate $u$.

\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:discussion}

The subject of the energy-momentum localization in general relativity
has been debated since the beginning of relativity and it still
continues (for instance, see \cite{ref23}). Bondi\cite{ref23} argued
that a non-localizable form of energy is inadmissible in relativity
and so its location can in principle be found. Following the Einstein
pseudotensor, a large number of coordinate-dependent as well as
coordinate independent definitions of energy, momentum, and angular
momentum in general relativity have been given in the literature.
There is no adequate coordinate-independent prescription for
energy-momentum localization in general relativity.
Bergqvist\cite{ref10} investigated seven different definitions of
energy and reported that no two definitions give the same result for
the RN and Kerr spacetimes. The well known quasi-local definition for
energy, momentum, and angular momentum given by Penrose, which gave
reasonable result for several spacetimes, has not succeeded to handle
the Kerr metric\cite{ref13}.

In the present paper we have obtained the energy and angular momentum
for the KN metric for arbitrary values of the mass, charge, and
rotation parameters. The pseudotensors of ETLLPW give the same and
reasonable energy distribution. Again the symmetric pseudotensors of
LLPW give the same and reasonable angular momentum distribution for
this metric. They also give the same energy and energy current density
components for the KN metric. For the KN black hole the energy is
distributed by its interior as well as exterior whereas for the Kerr
black hole the energy is confined to its interior. This proves a
previous conjecture of KSV\cite{ref16} and is compatible with
Cooperstock's conjecture\cite{refCo}. It is clear from
$(\ref{eq42})$ and $(\ref{eq43})$ that the energy distribution is
independent of the sign on the charge as well as rotation parameters
whereas the  direction of the angular momentum  depends on the sign of
the rotation parameter and is independent of the sign on the charge
parameter. This is obviously a convincing result. The total energy and
angular momentum ($\rho$ approaching infinity in $(\ref{eq42})$ and
$(\ref{eq43})$) are $M$ and $M a$, respectively. For the RN  metric
($a = 0$), one gets
 \begin{equation}
E=M-\frac{Q^2}{2 r}.
\label{eq46}
 \end{equation}
The definitions of Penrose as well as that of Hayward give the same
result for the RN metric \cite{ref12,ref24}. Also, for the BV metric
the pseudotensors of ETLLPW give the same result (see (\ref{eq50})) as
given by the Penrose definition\cite{ref13}.

Summarizing, the energy-momentum localization has been a longstanding
``recalcitrant problem'' in general relativity. Despite many
painstaking efforts no adequate coordinate-independent definition is
known. We have shown that several pseudotensors give the same and
reasonable result for the KN as well as the BV spacetimes when
calculations are carried out in KS Cartesian coordinates. Different
pseudotensors giving the same results for local quantities (in KS
Cartesian coordinates) does not seem to be accidental. It could be of
interest to investigate this problem further.

\acknowledgments

One of us (KSV) thanks the Basque Government
and the Tata Institute of Fundamental
Research for financial support and
J.\ M.\ Aguirregabiria, A.\ Chamorro, I.\ Egusquiza, and M.\ Rivas for
hospitality. This work was supported in part by the University of the
Basque Country under contract UPV/EHU 172.310-EA034/94. We thank
F.\ I.\ Cooperstock for pointing out that a previous version of this
work could be placed in perspective by properly taking into account
the work by G\"urses and G\"ursey\cite{refgg}.
We also thank R.\ Jackiw, J.\ Katz, A.\ Komar, and K.\ P.\ Tod
for helpful correspondence.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
» PlayStation Plus Update: Contrast Out, Don't Starve In in January
PlayStation Plus Update: Contrast Out, Don't Starve In in January
Hungry for more free PlayStation 4 games? Sony has got you PlayStation Plus users covered with some more free goodness coming at the beginning of the new year.
In an online interview, Guillaume Provost, head of Compulsion Games Studio, had this to say about Contrast, currently one of two free games on the PlayStation 4 for PS Plus members:
"It's still early and we don't have accurate sales data for all platforms yet, but we're definitely most active on PS4. The game is free for all PlayStation Plus subscribers until January 7th, so there's a much larger user base on that platform."
So this mean Contrast is headed out on January 7th, 2014, but what will take its place? Typically, when a game leaves the PlayStation Plus service, a new game on the same platform takes its place.
Currently, Don't Starve, already confirmed as a PlayStation Plus exclusive, has a release date of January 7th -- put two and two together, and we have January 7th as our new date for PlayStation Plus goodies.
Excited for Don't Starve? Let us know in the comments!
Article by - Joshua Phillips
Insert Date: 12/8/2013
The Top Selling PS4 Game In November Is...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
JusSol
JusSol "Go Too Far"
JusSol recently released the latest single, "Go too Far", from her forthcoming EP "Have u ever had songs written about u?".
The single features production from HXRY and finds JusSol touching on the fragile nature of relationships while flexing her vocal range.
Go too Far... by JusSoL
Published: March 02, 2022 |
JusSol "Sunflow3r"
JusSol has released visuals for the single she dropped at the beginning of summer this year, "Sunflow3r".
The single features production from Dre Rodner and backing vocals from Darwin Derequito. The video was directed by Chollette.
JusSoL · Sunflower
Published: November 01, 2021 |
JusSol has released a new single called "Sunflow3r". For this track she enlisted the help of producer Dre Rodner and the multi-talented Mixed By Darwin.
This is the follow-up to her highly acclaimed 2020 single "Couch Surfer".
Published: July 21, 2021 |
best-emerging-bands-artists
JusSol "Couch Surfer"
Singer/Songwriter/Rapper JusSol (f.k.a Sunnie Storm) recently released new Dutchboy produced single called "Couch Surfer". This is the Southside native's third single of 2020 and it is the perfect laid back and relaxed summer song.


text:
El nacionalismo asturiano es un movimiento político y social que considera que Asturias debe de tener un mayor autogobierno o que es una nación y reclama los derechos que tendría como tal como el derecho de autodeterminación según los nacionalistas. La defensa de la cultura asturiana, de la unidad del territorio histórico asturiano y sobremanera de la lengua asturiana es uno de sus esfuerzos.

Antes de la Transición hubo personajes que tenían rasgos de carácter regionalista, como Pachín de Melás. La Junta Regionalista Asturiana sería el primer organismo que reclamaba autogobierno, aunque no tuvo después ninguna continuidad política. El resurgimiento del asturianismo en la Transición tiene su comienzo en el colectivo cultural Conceyu Bable, y con la creación del primer partido político nacionalista asturiano, que fue el Conceyu Nacionalista Astur, en 1976.

Pese a que en Asturias no ha sido en absoluto un fenómeno tan pronunciado como en otros casos (nacionalismo catalán, nacionalismo gallego o nacionalismo vasco). No obstante, el nacionalismo se dejó notar en la política asturiana, aunque más a un nivel de movimiento social que de elemento con fuerza institucional.

En el congreso de refundación de Foro Asturias en 2021, el partido tomó el carácter de regionalista y Asturianista, así como apoyo a la cooficialidad del Asturiano.

La cuestión lingüística

El asturleonés o asturiano carece de oficialidad en el Principado de Asturias, aunque el Estatuto de Autonomía le reconoce una especial protección. Todos los años suelen hacerse concentraciones y conciertos en favor de la oficialidad del asturiano. Los nacionalistas se encuentran entre sus más férreos defensores, como Andecha Astur, aunque también apoyan la cooficialidad otros grupos y asociaciones políticos, generalmente de izquierdas, como el PCPE el PCE, el PSOE, Izquierda Unida o Podemos Asturias.
Antiguamente ha sido reivindicada la cooficialidad del asturiano por fuerzas de derechas como el URAS, el Partiu Asturianista o el Partido Popular de Asturias. En el año 2021, en el congreso de Refundación de Foro Asturias, se aprobó la defensa de la Cooficialidad del Asturiano y del carácter regionalista que tomaría el partido.

Historia

La defensa de la identidad asturiana desde un punto de vista regionalista tiene su origen en el siglo XIX, cuando Asturias estaba presente como región singular en el proyecto de Constitución elaborado en 1872, con vistas a la proclamación de la I República y que nunca consiguió la oportuna legitimación. Entre las filas de la burguesía asturiana no existía el interés político ni intelectual que en las últimas décadas del siglo XIX lleva al resurgir la conciencia regional, sino que más bien, aparecen figuras aisladas que se interesan por la lengua asturiana como José Caveda y Nava o por el conocimiento del romancero popular como Menéndez Pidal. Es Gumersindo Laverde el intelectual que con más intensidad afirma un asturianismo identitario que aspira a la unidad e integridad territorial de las dos Asturias, las de Oviedo y Santillana. Con posterioridad, su singularidad fue de nuevo reconocida en el Proyecto de Estatuto Regional para Asturias, redactado en tiempos de la II República bajo el amparo del artículo 1 de la Constitución de 1931, aunque dicho proyecto no alcanzaría tampoco la aprobación necesaria.

No es hasta la Transición cuando surge el nacionalismo asturiano de manos del Conceyu Nacionalista Astur, fundado en 1976 y que sería el primer partido nacionalista en Asturias.

En la década de 1980, con ocasión de la promulgación del Estatuto de Autonomía de Asturias, surgen varios partidos nacionalistas de diversas tendencias ideológicas como el Conceyu Independiente d'Asturies, el Ensame Nacionalista Astur (ENA) o el Partíu Asturianista (PAS). Este último evolucionaría años más tarde hacia un regionalismo más moderado.

En las elecciones asturianas de 1991, Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana (UNA) y el PAS alcanzan un acuerdo para presentar una candidatura conjunta bajo el nombre de Coalición Asturiana. La lista de CA obtiene un escaño, que ocuparía Xuan Xosé Sánchez Vicente, del PAS.

En las elecciones de 1995 el PAS consigue un diputado en solitario, repitiendo Xuan Xosé Sánchez Vicente. En las elecciones de 2003, Bloque por Asturies se presentó en coalición con IU, logrando formar parte del gobierno junto a la FSA-PSOE, sin embargo los componentes de la coalición de carácter nacionalista (Izquierda Asturiana e Izquierda Nacionaliega d'Asturies) la abandonan al poco de su creación por fuertes discrepancias políticas.

En los primeros meses de 2007, Andecha Astur e Izquierda Asturiana (IAS), junto a Los Verdes-Grupu Verde, anuncian una coalición de cara a las elecciones autonómicas y municipales de mayo de ese año, bajo el nombre de Unidá, logrando los mejores resultados del nacionalismo asturiano de izquierdas hasta la fecha. La firma de este acuerdo provocó una ruptura interna en Andecha Astur, y uno de los sectores se presenta igualmente a las elecciones utilizando el nombre Andecha Astur, lo que provoca una disputa legal que aún no ha sido resuelta. Esta coalición concurrió también a las elecciones generales de 2008, ya sin Los Verdes-Grupu Verde, pero con la presencia de Asturianistes por Nava.

En mayo de 2008 la coalición electoral pasa a formar una federación de partidos, llamada Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana (UNA), recuperando con ello el nombre del histórico partido e integrando tanto a componentes de Izquierda Asturiana como de Andecha Astur, amén de un amplio sector de independientes, tratando de fijar con ello una política integradora de las sensibilidades políticas de la izquierda asturiana y ecologista.

En 2010 se funda Conceyu Abiertu, con vistas a las elecciones municipales del 22 de mayo de 2011, con el apoyo y participación tanto de miembros de Andecha Astur como de independientes. La formación obtendría un concejal en la localidad de Noreña.

Presencia institucional

El Bloque por Asturies tuvo un cargo en el Gobierno en la legislatura comprendida entre 2003 y 2007, que recayó en Rafael Palacios, su portavoz nacional, ejerciendo como director de la Agencia de Cooperación al Desarrollo. Además, en la legislatura siguiente, el BA ostentó también la tenencia de alcaldía de Pola de Lena, en manos de Xosé Agripino Pérez. Además de en este concejo, tiene presencia institucional en San Martín del Rey Aurelio, Langreo y Gozón. Es la primera organización del nacionalismo asturiano que ha accedido al Gobierno, aunque en coalición con una fuerza estatal, Izquierda Xunida d'Asturies, que a principios de 2008 se declaró soberana respecto a su referente en Madrid.

El PAS tuvo un diputado en la Junta General del Principado de Asturias entre 1991 y 1999, su presidente Xuan Xosé Sánchez Vicente. Además, ostentó la alcaldía de Nava entre 1995 y 1999, en la persona de Julián Fernández Montes, que continuó como alcalde hasta 2003 pese a ser expulsado del PAS. Tuvo presencia en los concejos de Villaviciosa, Nava, Pola de Lena, Cangas de Onís, Amieva, Tineo, Bimenes y Grandas. En Bimenes, llegó a ostentar la Alcaldía entre 2015 y 2019, con Aitor García Corte. Con la desaparición del PAS, Aitor García Corte continuó al frente del Ayuntamiento de Bimenes con el partido "Asturianistes" con el que obtuvo mayoría absoluta. El PAS es la fuerza que más representación institucional ha tenido entre el asturianismo político.

Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana mantiene su concejal en el concejo de Carreño, Santiago Artime. Tras un acuerdo a nivel local-nacional con Asturianistes por Nava (APN), cuenta también con dos concejales en este concejo.

Andecha Astur tuvo un concejal en Riosa entre 1995 y 2007, Violeta Santapaz; y otro en Carreño entre 1999 y 2003.

Izquierda Asturiana tuvo un concejal en Piloña, José Ángel García Allende, durante los seis primeros meses de 2007. Fue expulsado por no seguir la línea política de la organización. En las elecciones autonómicas y municipales de 2007 Izquierda Asturiana concurrió a las elecciones en la coalición Unidá con un sector de Andecha Astur, que posteriormente pasaría a denominarse Andecha Nacionaliega y con Los Verdes-Grupu Verde y en las generales de 2008 concurrió en la misma coalición ya sin Los Verdes-Grupu Verde.

Conceyu Abiertu cuenta desde el 2011 con un concejal en Noreña.

Tanto el programa político de 2012 como los estatutos de Izquierda Xunida d'Asturies, federación asturiana de Izquierda Unida (España), defienden la definición de la comunidad como nacionalidad histórica y, como elemento fundamental de su proyecto político, el objetivo de la construcción de Asturias como país en el marco del Estado Federal plurinacional y Republicano que nos ha de conducir a una Europa Social.

Terrorismo
En el mes de marzo de 1980, la Policía detenía a siete personas por su relación con el atraco a la sede central del Banco Herrero en Oviedo y la organización ETA político-militar. La policía insinuó extraoficialmente la posibilidad de alguna vinculación de estas personas con el CNA.

Durante la década de 1980, existió además un grupo armado que bajo el nombre de Andecha Obrera, hizo explosionar diversos artefactos en objetivos típicos de las luchas obreras, como oficinas del INEM.

El 8 de enero de 1988, explosionó un artefacto en la estación de FEVE de Gijón y otro fue desactivado tras una llamada de aviso, que se relacionó con un conflicto con la empresa por el uso de la lengua asturiana, aunque este nunca fue reivindicado.

Organizaciones políticas (orden alfabético)
 Andecha Astur
 Conceyu Abiertu
 Compromisu por Asturies
 Foro Asturias
 Izquierda Asturiana
 Partíu Asturianista-Unión Asturianista
 URAS

Otras organizaciones sociales o políticas activas
 Darréu (organización juvenil de Andecha Astur, de carácter independentista)

Sindicatos asturianistas

 Sindicatu Unitariu y Autónomu de Trabayadores de la Enseñanza d'Asturies (SUATEA) (enseñanza)
 Corriente Sindical de Izquierda (CSI) (obreros)

Véase también
 Regionalismo y nacionalismo en España

Referencias

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
– Ernest Oglesby
Ernest Oglesby
When Ernest Oglesby worked for Campbell Soup after graduating high school, he was hit in the eye while playing basketball. This triggered trips to various doctors, where it was discovered that Ernie was losing his sight. Although at times he felt like curling up in the corner, he was inspired by his mother and his faith to carry on. Today, he is the one who inspires others.
"Ernie is an excellent employee and has a positive impact on everyone here," says Belinda Moore, President & CEO of Bestwork Industries. "He encourages his coworkers to give their best and be their best."
He began his career with Bestwork back in 1987, but took some time off to run a successful concession stand in Camden. He had various locations, including 4th and Market, City Hall, the State Building at Haddon Ave, and the Hall of Justice at 5th and MLK Blvd. Ernie rejoined Bestwork in 2007 and has been a great motivation to his colleagues for the last 10 years. He enjoys his job on the fleece line and credits Bestwork Industries for believing that people who are blind or visually impaired could excel in the manufacturing arena.
Ernie was named Employee of the Year in 2012. He was touched almost beyond words that his fellow employees would vote for him. "We have each other's backs," he says. "We're like family."
info@bestworkindustries.org
1940 Olney Ave, Suite 200
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One of my favorite starter that I had in a local restaurant was Buffalo Chicken dip served with warm tortilla chips. As I was eating this wonderful appetizer I was thinking "hmmm...I could make this"..
I added the blue cheese separate because my daughter eats a lot of things, but not blue cheese or mushroom.
In a sauce pan saute the onions until tender, add the cream cheese until smooth and creamy, then add the chicken and broth until well mixed, then add in the hot sauce and mix well. You can add the blue cheese at this time if you want and everyone likes it with blue cheese...or you could always add ranch dressing but I like it with the blues cheese. Adjust the consistency with the broth and the heat with the amount of hot pepper sauce that you use.
Lay the filling on the wrap, add blue cheese, shredded carrots, celery and what other toppings that you'd like, cilantro, pickles, lettuce what ever you like...go wild!!
These little wraps are good for a snack or lunch. I did warm it up it when I brought it for lunch, but I'll bet it would be good in a bento lunch too.
I just missed the shot where our neighbor's cat was sitting directly under the bird feeder with the squirrel on top, but this one gives you an idea!
Thanks Jenn, your sammie sounds good too! So good to hear you made it safe and sound to your new home!
No doubt your version of the buffalo chicken wrap is far healthier, definitely just as delicious.
Thanks, that is another good reason to make it at home, you know you can make it healthier!
you know, i've so crazy over wraps that i do eat make quite frquently. Your chicken buffalo filling sounds delicious, i'll be happy if i can have them now!!
Thanks Lena, I've been making a lot of wraps lately. My family likes them a lot!
I like that you can have them as spicy hot as you like.
The wrap looks very tasty with buffalo chicken filling!
Lynsey, I finished dinner, not long ago and now, I am hungry again. That photo is definitely having a conversation with me.
Oh thanks...so nice of you to say!
All the flavor of Buffalo wings without the bones! I like them best for lunch!
Hmm your wrap sounds like a great lunch for me and my kids! I like wrapping some veggies in theirs so that they will eat it without too much fuss. xD Have a great long weekend Lyndsey!
Thanks, I did end up adding some arugula into some of the wraps. My daughter like lettuce with hers. It's a great way to sneak in all those veggies!
It is pretty simple to make and tasty!
Thanks Rebecca! I always say the same about you. My daughter was impressed with you, she is following you on FB.
I've been in a chicken-wrap mode the last week. Adding this to my list - love your use of cream cheese - a little spice -= a little smooth - just lovely. Bird feeders and squirrels and cats, oh my! Our yard is filled with them!
I like that this wrap does not have a lot of different elements in the filling. If the meat has great flavor, it need not have a ton of other things there and your celery and carrot were great choices. Enjoy the weekend!
I have tortillas, I have cooked chicken; perfect lunch; thank you.
Oh buffalo sauce, how I love thee. SOunds like a tasty wrap!
Lyndsey-I love your delicious and healthy buffalo chicken wrap...a welcome for lunch any time!
So sorry for not visiting sooner, it's been one week now that I lost Prince, and I'm still just not quite over it yet...forgetting to comment back is one of them!
Such a great photo of your neighbor's cat watching the bird feed...the squirrel probably wanted to have some too, but is it good for them?


text:
← October 2019 in Review
November 2019 in Review →
Not Sleeping, Speculating: Hans Eichner's Kahn & Engelmann
Posted on November 27, 2019 by banff1972 under German Literature Month, judaism, review, Uncategorized
Longtime readers will know how much the stories of Central and Eastern European Jews in the years from 1880-1945 mean to me. (In addition to my posts on Holocaust-related topics, too numerous to link to here, you might look at this piece on Roth's Radetzky March or this one on Eleanor Perényi's More Was Lost.) Less clear might be how seduced I am by literary late bloomers, but as an inveterate late bloomer in all things I confess: it is so.
Imagine my delight, then, when I plucked from my shelves Hans Eichner's novel Kahn & Engelmann. I've had this book—published in a nice-looking edition by the outstanding folks at the Canadian publisher Biblioasis—lying around for ages; I can't even remember where I first learned of it. Not only is Kahn & Engelmann an absorbing saga of a family of Hungarian Jews who make their way to Vienna in the late 19th century and succeed in the clothing business as much as the vicissitudes of antisemitism allow them to, but it was also published when its author was 79 years old. Eichner was born in Vienna in 1921 and escaped to England after the Anschluss (that escape didn't exempt him from being interned as an enemy alien in a camp in Australia). He taught at various Canadian universities for many years, and wrote the novel in his first language, German, in his retirement. It was about to be published in this English translation (nicely rendered by Jean M. Snook) when Eichner died in 2009 at age 87: the first copies arrived from the publisher just days after his death.
I have the feeling no one knows this book (I've never heard anyone mention it). But they should! Kahn & Engelmann offers both the immersive pleasures of a 19th century family saga and the self-reflection of the modernist reaction against that kind of storytelling. Reading it, I was frequently reminded of Roth's The Emperor's Tomb, which offers a similar balancing act, though Eichner is more sweeping. As he mentions in an afterward, the novel is based on his own experiences, yet everything is modified: "there is little that didn't actually happen, but also little that happened as it is reported here."
Eichner was born in Vienna, in the predominantly Jewish district of Leopoldstadt; he was of that generation of Viennese Jews who felt particularly betrayed by Austria's greedy embrace of Nazism. (Ruth Kluger would be another such writer, though she was ten years younger.) It is said that Eichner, who spent his career teaching German literature and philosophy, was tormented by the fact that he made his living through the language and culture of those who had tried to murder him, his family, and his people.
The novel begins with the narrator, Peter Engelmann, rummaging through a box of photographs. He alights on one of the oldest, from 1880, which shows his grandmother wearing a pair of beautiful boots made for her by the shoemaker she would soon marry against her family's wishes. This is in Talpoca, near Lake Balaton in Hungary. Sidonie Róth persuades her mild, unambitious, but loving husband Jószef Kahn to move to Vienna; after various trials, their children become established in the garment industry, but not without many quarrels, the most consequential and long-running of which is between the narrator's uncle Jenö (the Kahn of the title) and his father, Sandor (the Engelmann). We learn too of the narrator's escape from Europe and a little about how he established his postwar life, which eventually leads him to Israel. Eichner does not, however, relate these stories chronologically: the logic is much more associative, even essayistic ("since the chronology of this account is any case completely confused, I'm going to leave telling about my childhood years for another time, and continue now with how it really was in 1938.").
I read somewhere a review that rightly observed how the Holocaust hangs over the text like a terrible threat. Interestingly, though, the characters largely manage to avoid it, whether through intermarriage, emigration, or death. The reckoning with its devastation doesn't come until later. Unfortunately, that belated recognition is the least compelling part of the book; Peter (unlike his creator) gives up his academic career as a result of a crisis over teaching the language of his culture's oppressors, and makes Aliyah, becoming a veterinarian in Haifa, but the decision is presented hastily; indeed, the scenes of Peter as an adult are the weakest in the book, filled with tedious womanizing. Luckily, they occupy only a few pages.
In one sense, then, the novel is less dire than it might seem. (It's not a Holocaust text by any means.) Yet in another, it is surprisingly dark. The richly textured depiction of Peter's ancestors, especially the generation of his parents and their siblings, is larded with hostility, petty aggression, and misunderstanding, the regular bullshit of family life which, as is so often the case, is more consequential than its usual minor beginnings suggest it should be. At the heart of the novel are a series of exquisitely polite but increasingly bitter business letters between the narrator's father and uncle, leading to the former's suicide, an action surely modeled on Eichner's father's similar fate.
All of which is to say, yes, opera and Sachertorte make obligatory appearances, but the novel is more than just kitsch. Especially fascinating are its descriptions of how to make clothes into fashions, how to arrange space to get customers to buy, how to turn soiled or poorly cut outfits into pieces people are eager to wear. Without making a big deal of it, the novel makes an implicit comparison between the coaxing, dealing, and passing off of one thing as another needed to succeed in the shmatte business and the similar contortions forced upon Jews even in the openness of the last decades of the Hapsburg Empire.
I would say the novel's tone is best mirrored in the Jewish jokes it's so in love with. How you get on with the novel can be predicted by how you feel about this sort of thing:
If a Jewish peasant gets chicken to eat, either he is sick, or the chicken is.
Or this, in which a rabbi and a priest are alone in a carriage:
The priest asked, "Tell me, Colleague, have you ever eaten pork?"
"To tell the truth, yes," said the rabbi.
"Good, isn't it?" said the priest.
"Tell me, colleague," asked the rabbi, "have you ever slept with a girl?"
"To tell the truth, yes," said the priest.
"Better than pork, isn't it?" said the rabbi.
Or this, probably my favourite, about the rabbi of Tarnopol and the trip he made to Warsaw in 1782. Halfway home, he stops at an inn for lunch while the coachman Moische keeps an eye on the horses:
After a while the rabbi looked out the door, which was standing open because of the early onset of summer weather, and noticed that Moische was asleep.
"Moische, are you asleep?" called the rabbi.
"I'm not asleep, I'm speculating."
"Moische, what are you speculating?" asked the rabbi.
"I'm speculating, if you drive a stake into the earth, where does the earth go?"
"Moische, don't sleep, so the horses won't be stolen."
A while later, when the rabbi had just finished eating his borsht, he looked out the door again and saw that the coachman was doxing.
"Moische, are you asleep?"
"I'm not sleeping, I'm speculating."
"Moische, what are you speculating?"
When the rabbi was finishing up his meal with his coffee, the coachman had already shut his eyes again.
"Rabbi, I'm speculating how we can get to Tarnopol without a horse."
It's all a bit Leo Rosen's Hooray for Yiddish, but I've a very high tolerance for this sort of thing. If you do too, and if you want something unsung but good, something part Proust, part Roth, part Mann, then you'll like Kahn & Engelmann as much as I did.
I read Kahn & Engelmann as a contribution to German Literature Month. Thanks to Lizzy and Caroline for hosting for the ninth (!) year running.
This entry was tagged Anschluss, fashion, Hans Eichner, Hapsburgs, jewishness, jews, jokes, Joseph Roth, Proust, Thomas Mann, Vienna. Bookmark the permalink.
8 thoughts on "Not Sleeping, Speculating: Hans Eichner's Kahn & Engelmann"
It sounds marvelous and definitely isn't known enough as not even I had heard of it. It looks like it's out of print in German.That might be a reason. Sad. It sounds very compelling but, of course, there's so much available in German that some books just get lost. I can relate to your feelings about late bloomers. Should I come across a secondhand copy, I'd be tempted to get it.
I wonder how much Jiddish is in the original. The jokes are fun.
That is a great question about Yiddish. I suspect a fair bit. The English edition includes a useful glossary.
I find books go out of print even faster in German than in English. But I bet there are a lot of second-hand copies around. Rowohlt put it out in paperback, I believe. So maybe you will come across a copy.
You're right. They do go out of print fairly quickly. I only saw an expensive hard copy so far. There's an over abundance of this genre in German. Most of the books will never make it to translation. I guess that's why many then go out of print. Pereine Press often picks titles I've never heard of (not this) genre and often the books are oop in German.
Too many books! Perhaps you could find this via a library?
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Bailey Hurley
Thannks great blog


Is Drinking Milk From Bags Weird?
That is the question University student Sheryl Ng tried to answer in her video How Canadians Drink Milk (not an accurate title, since in Western Canada you can't get bagged milk.) We have covered the issue of milk in bags before; Collin wrote Forget the Jugs; Milk Bags a Hit in Canada, UK last year. Much of the world gets their milk this way, from China to Argentina to Eastern Canada. It uses 75% less material, and the bags can be reused as sandwich bags So why does it stop at the American border?
The Star explained the history of it; It appears that you can blame (or credit) the metric system.
It appears that DuPont brought the system to Canada in 1967, but didn't catch on; most of us were using reusable plastic jugs. The milk companies hated this, and put out stories about mice and chemicals and all kinds of other things coming back in bottles. When Canada went metric, it would have cost a fortune to retool and replace all of the bottles with new metric sizes, whereas it was just an adjustment on the bag machine to go metric. The jugs just disappeared from the shelves and now 80% of Eastern Canadians drink milk from bags.
Because the packaging is so minimal and light, some say it is more energy efficient than recycled glass bottles; In the UK, the switch to bagged milk is expected to keep 100,000 tons of plastic out of the landfills.
It is cheaper too. Why don't they sell it in America?
Would You Like a Bag of Milk?


The Black Boy in Old Headington Oxford has launched five boutique bedrooms above its foodie pub to cater for the demand for rooms in the area.
The property, owned by Abigail and Chris Bentham, mentees of Raymond Blanc, has completely transformed the space above its pub into five deluxe bedrooms, complete with furniture, lighting and decor provided by the local Otmoor Collective. All of the guest art purchased goes to the collective.
Each of the bedrooms has an honesty bar, plus intelligent TVs, with chairs and tables from Jay & Co, art of Ian Roxburgh and a selection of nature-inspired features from Kathy Shaw.


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Facebook Announces $50M Research & Partnership Fund to "build the metaverse responsibly"
Posted On September 29, 2021 By VR
Back in July Facebook announced that it had spun up a new organization internally to begin building part of the metaverse, a series of interconnected virtual experiences and worlds that the company believes is the next step for human communication and interaction. As part of that effort Facebook this week announced that it's earmarking $50 million to spend on external research and partnerships to help the company "ensure [our metaverse] products are developed responsibly."
Although AR and VR technology is already here and available to consumers, most of what you can do with that immersive technology today is discrete experiences that aren't related to each other. Contrast that with the internet, where you can seamlessly jump from one web page to another, even if those web pages belong to different companies and are hosted in different places.
The metaverse loosely defined as a sort of immersive internet where virtual experiences and worlds share some level of connectivity, interoperability, and identity (ie: a shared avatar across experiences). Facebook believes that the metaverse, alongside AR and VR, is core to what it often calls the "next computing platform," which it has been aiming to get an early grip on ever since it acquired Oculus back in 2014.
Now that the company has formally begun efforts to actually create the metaverse (or at least a portion of it), it has announced a $50 million "XR Programs and Research Fund" to help guide the company toward "building the metaverse responsibly." The announcement was co-signed by Andrew "Boz" Bosworth, VP of Facebook Reality Labs, and Nick Clegg, VP of Global Affairs.
The metaverse isn't a single product one company can build alone. Just like the internet, the metaverse exists whether Facebook is there or not. And it won't be built overnight. Many of these products will only be fully realized in the next 10-15 years. While that's frustrating for those of us eager to dive right in, it gives us time to ask the difficult questions about how they should be built.
We'll work with experts in government, industry and academia to think through issues and opportunities in the metaverse. For instance, its success depends on building robust interoperability across services, so different companies' experiences can work together. We also need to involve the human rights and civil rights communities from the start to ensure these technologies are built in a way that's inclusive and empowering.
Here are a few key areas where we'll work with others to anticipate the risks and get it right:
Economic opportunity: how we can give people more choice, encourage competition and maintain a thriving digital economy
Privacy: how we can minimize the amount of data that's used, build technology to enable privacy-protective data uses and give people transparency and control over their data
Safety and integrity: how we can keep people safe online and give them tools to take action or get help if they see something they're not comfortable with
Equity and inclusion: how we can make sure these technologies are designed inclusively and in a way that's accessible
The company says that through its $50 million fund it will "collaborate with industry partners, civil rights groups, governments, nonprofits and academic institutions to determine how to build these technologies responsibly."
They also gave some examples of partners they are already working with through the program.
We're working with the Organization of American States on job training and skills development for students, creators and small business owners.
Across Africa, we're supporting Africa No Filter, Electric South and Imisi3D to support creators who have been pushing the boundaries of digital storytelling using immersive technology through "Amplifying African Voices."
With Women In Immersive Tech, we are supporting women and underrepresented groups driving Europe's virtual, augmented and mixed reality sectors.
As a part of this effort, we are also facilitating independent external research with institutions across the globe:
Seoul National University and The University of Hong Kong are focusing on research into safety, ethics and responsible design.
The Centre for Technology, Robotics, Artificial Intelligence & the Law at the Faculty of Law, National University of Singapore will study other topics such as privacy and data use.
Howard University will conduct research to examine the history of diversity in IT and how that might inform access and economic opportunity in the metaverse.
As of now there's no clear way to reach out to the company with a proposal to access the announced funding. It seems likely that they will keep access largely restricted to select partners.
It's good to know that Facebook is at least thinking about and committing money to soliciting external input on how it might responsibly build the metaverse. However, the company has been at the center of many controversies over the years involving privacy violations, user manipulation, political misinformation, and more.
In 2019 the Facebook was fined $5 billion by the US Federal Trade Commission for its handling of user privacy. At the time CEO Mark Zuckerberg said "we're going to make some major structural changes to how we build products and run this company." While this new fund focused on responsibly building the metaverse seems related to that new outlook, it remains to be seen how much the fund's findings will actually influence the roadmap of Facebook's metaverse products.
The post Facebook Announces $50M Research & Partnership Fund to "build the metaverse responsibly" appeared first on Road to VR.
Animal Crossing's villagers will not let me escape my guilt for abandoning them
Posted On : November 3, 2021
CEO Shares First Details on Magic Leap 2, Announces $500 Million in New Funding
Adobe's New Substance 3D Modeler Brings VR Modeling to Pro Workflows
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Login issues using Maintenance Viewer
Jan 21, 14:13 PSTInvestigating - Users of the Maintenance Jenever + Kaoliang viewer (6.5.3.567451) may be unable to log in. If the viewer detects inventory corruption (such as duplicate system… [...]


text:
Q: Switch between tabs on "Insert Media" dialog I'm writing a file upload plugin and want to emulate original Wordpress behavior:

*

*user uploads file on "Upload Files" tab

*after upload is complete, "Media Library" tab is activated with just uploaded files selected.

Granted I know how to add a third tab, I want after some to switch to "Media Library" tab, if I could select attachments on the tab, that would be awesome too.
I have browsed docs and js code but failed to find anything.
Snippet would be great, pointing to a proper article will suffice.

A: I found nothing better than:
// switch to attachment browser
wp.media.frame.content.mode('browse');
// refresh attachment collection
wp.media.frame.content.view.views._views[".media-frame-content"][0].views._views[""][1].collection.props.set({ignore:(+(new Date()))});

Feel free to add proper way of doing this.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
require "spec_helper"

describe Saml::Elements::OrganizationName do

  it "has a tag" do
    described_class.tag_name.should eq "OrganizationName"
  end

  it "has a namespace" do
    described_class.namespace.should eq "md"
  end

  describe "required fields" do
    [:language].each do |field|
      it "responds the #{field} field" do
        subject.should respond_to(field)
      end

      it "allows #{field} to blank" do
        subject.send("#{field}=", nil)
        subject.should_not be_valid
      end
    end
  end

end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: Getting a list of header columns where the value is true I apologise if this question appears simple, but I'm having trouble making it work.

I just want to know what days were each employee absent in the column G (the last column), for example I want it like:

I tried to apply some MATCH/FILTER and ARRAYFORMULA formulas, but did not crack the puzzle. Please, help.

A: Try TEXTJOIN() and FILTER().
=IFERROR(TEXTJOIN(", ",1,FILTER($B$1:$F$1,B2:F2=1)),"")

For dynamic spill array, use-
=BYROW(B2:INDEX(F2:F,COUNTA(A2:A)),
 LAMBDA(x,IFERROR(TEXTJOIN(", ",1,FILTER($B$1:$F$1,x=1)),"")))

Divide the results into cells.
=ArrayFormula(IFERROR(SPLIT(
 BYROW(B2:INDEX(F2:F,COUNTA(A2:A)),
 LAMBDA(x,IFERROR(TEXTJOIN(", ",1,FILTER($B$1:$F$1,x=1)),""))), ", ", 0),""))

Used formulas help
ARRAYFORMULA - IFERROR - SPLIT - BYROW - COUNTA - LAMBDA - TEXTJOIN - FILTER


Calculating the Cosmos, Profile, London 2016.
Professor Stewart's Incredible Numbers, Profile 2015.
Professor Stewart's Casebook of Mathematical Mysteries, Profile, London, 2014.
Letters to a Young Mathematician Basic Books, New York 2006.
The Mayor of Uglyville's Dilemma Atlantic Books, London 2005.
The Science of Discworld III: Darwin's Watch [with Terry Pratchett and Jack Cohen] Ebury Press , London 2005.
Math Hysteria Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004.
The Science of Discworld [with Terry Pratchett and Jack Cohen], 2nd edition, Ebury Press, London 2002.
What Shape is a Snowflake? W.H. Freeman (North America); Weidenfeld & Nicolson (UK/Commonwealth).
Flatterland, Macmillan, London 2001; Perseus Publishing, Cambridge 2001.


I remember the California Gold Rush of the 18th century which was sparked by James Wilson Marshalls discovery of gold while constructing a saw mill along the American River northeast of present-day Sacramento. That discovery caused a stir which ignited the gold rush to California. Now fast forward 2012-2014, and gold lovers are swarming to Yabacon Valley the heart of the Nigerian technology ecosystem for Gold.
Its the same trend all over again, except this time its in the African Startup scene which for a while has been playing hand, and has got investors swimming down in shoals looking for products or ideas where they can put their money into, and guess what, they find it.
In the past two years, incubators have been popping up everywhere especially in Yabacon Valley with the belief that the gold in form of talent and startups should be fostered and not left to the squall of wind & rain. Now enters a new group of prospective prospectors known as Passion Incubator. Its is said they are made up of highly knowledgeable faculty, experienced entrepreneurs and mentors with the know-how of building a sustainable business.
It is also said that they aim to provide fund raising, business model and product development support to help shift the dreams of these talented individuals from surreality into reality. With these resources, the startups can grow fast and success attained in due time.
According to their website, they are open to a wide array of entrepreneurs, anyone with a clear business idea that solves a large scale problem will be considered. They (Passion Incubator), will build the initial versions (Minimum Viable Product) for each founder team; enabling the founder teams focus on business development early so their startups can quickly gain traction.
So if you got some cool technology product or idea and need support to grow it, Passion may be the right incubator to help blow your concept to commercially viability. Get accelerated now.


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"I swore never to be silent whenever and wherever human beings endure suffering and humiliation. We must always take sides. Neutrality helps the oppressor, never the victim. Silence encourages the tormentor, never the tormented."
- Elie Wiesel
Source/Notes: Nobel acceptance speech (1986)
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"He who passively accepts evil is as much involved in it as he who helps to perpetrate it. He who accepts evil without protesting against it is really cooperating with it."
Source/Notes: I have a dream: the quotations of Martin Luther King, Jr (1968 edition)
"He who helps the guilty, shares the crime."
Source/Notes: Maxim 139. - Sentences
"I've never tried to block out the memories of the past, even though some are painful. I don't understand people who hide from their past. Everything you live through helps to make you the person you are now."
- Sophia Loren
Source/Notes: As quoted in Valentines & Vitriol (1977) by Rex Reed
"That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain't I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain't I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man - when I could get it - and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman? I have borne thirteen children, and seen most all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman?"
- Sojourner Truth
Source/Notes: Women's Convention, Akron Ohio, 1851
"Charity is injurious unless it helps the recipient to become independent of it."
- John D. Rockefeller
"If you lose hope, somehow you lose the vitality that keeps life moving, you lose that courage to be, that quality that helps you to go on in spite of all. And so today I still have a dream."
"God helps those who help themselves."
Source/Notes: Poor Richard's Almanack by Benjamin Franklin, 1736 ed.
"The illegality of cannabis is outrageous, an impediment to full utilization of a drug which helps produce the serenity and insight, sensitivity and fellowship so desperately needed in this increasingly mad and dangerous world."
Source/Notes: Essay as Mr. X (1969)
"You can't be a real country unless you have a beer and an airline. It helps if you have some kind of a football team, or some nuclear weapons, but at the very least you need a beer."
- Frank Zappa
"What helps luck is a habit of watching for opportunities, of having a patient but restless mind, of sacrificing one's ease or vanity, or uniting a love of detail to foresight, and of passing through hard times bravely and cheerfully."
- Victor Cherbuliez
"The status quo helps liberals. We're going to change the country."
- Howard Dean
"We have been troubled about the world, and had almost lost faith in man; it helps to think about the long history of the earth, and of how life came to be. And when we think in terms of millions of years, we are not so impatient that our own problems be solved tomorrow."
- Rachel Carson
"Any book that helps a child to form a habit of reading, to make reading one of his deep and continuing needs, is good for him."
"An older sister helps one remain half child, half woman."
"When I was in nursery school, the teachers asked me, y'know, 'What does your dad do for a living?' So I said 'He helps women get pregnant!' They called my mom and they were like, 'What exactly does your husband do?"
- Natalie Portman
"The act of putting pen to paper encourages pause for thought, this in turn makes us think more deeply about life, which helps us regain our equilibrium."
- Norbet Platt


text:
PC recycler strikes gold in old computer chips
This is the VOA Special English Technology Report.
Each year, Americans throw away millions of tons of electronic devices. That means business is good for a small electronics recycler in Chantilly, Virginia.
Company President Jeremy Faber established PC Recycler. He spoke to us from the floor of his company's processing center. Workers were busy taking apart televisions, cell phones and computers -- anything electronic.
Jeremy Faber says the flow of discarded electronics is only increasing.
JEREMY FABER: "Electronics recycling is the fastest growing waste stream in the United States right now."
Recycling electronic waste is not a single job. Newer devices can be rebuilt and resold. Breaking down electronics into small parts for refiners to melt and purify is another part of the business. Operations Manager Andrew Portare says computer circuit boards are rich resources.
ANDREW PORTARE: "Boards have the highest scrap value in them so you can actually see on the back you're looking at different types of metals. This one is a really good example. Some of the older ones are mainly all gold."
Gold now sells for more than 1,300 dollars an ounce. Twenty-five percent of PC Recycler's sales come from selling parts to refiners.
Refining companies pay more than ten dollars a kilogram for computer boards. PC Recycler can also lift profits by holding metal-rich parts until prices rise.
ANDREW PORTARE: "If copper's up one day, we can ship all of our copper extract and capitalize on the market."
Computers also hold private or secret information. And securing that data is the fastest growing part of PC recycling business. Completely removing data from a computer hard drive is not easy. PC Recycler can remove data magnetically or completely destroy and recycle the drives.
Discarding waste in a way that meets government environmental protection rules is also important. Old TVs can contain over a kilogram of lead as well as cadmium -- both highly poisonous.
PC Recycler supports the Basel Action Network, which seeks to limit harmful waste and technology. The company says it does not export electronics to China, India or Africa where environmental rules are weak.
Jeremy Faber says PC Recycler has been in business since 2003, expanding from waste management to other, more technical services.
JEREMY FABER: "There really isn't a lot of industries out there that are like this. There's either the scrap industry where they're shredding cars and shredding tires and there's the refurbished PC market and we're sort of sit right in between both of those."
And that's the VOA Special English Technology Report. Go to voaspecialenglish.com and click on the Classroom to explore our new English teaching activities. I'm Mario Ritter.
cadmium: a chemical element, cadmium is a soft poisonous bluish-white metal that is used in batteries and nuclear reactors(镉)
refurbished: 返修的
3D printers are here—and they make more than you think
2 billion people expected online by end of 2010
Hunger rates fall, but the decrease slows
Calling attention to mental health as a 'neglected issue'
Americans vote Tuesday in mid-term elections
A story for Halloween: 'The Boy on Graves-End Road'
Now showing: a few frightening films for Halloween
American history series: President Wilson helps negotiate an end to World War
Obama, Democrats aim voting appeals at young people


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Impressive architecture, world-class museums, fun centers and spectacular shops are just some of the attractions that make Chicago stand out among other cities. Cosmopolitan as few others and with more public art than any other place, this town also offers you a wide range of amusing activities on the shore of Michigan Lake.
To make the most of your trip, it is advisable for you to list those places that you would like to visit. In this way you will be able to choose the most suitable inn for your budget and your tour. Whether on the beach or in the surroundings, you will find excellent options in terms of accommodation.
Explore the lodging options located near the most important tourist attractions and shopping centers of the city. Before choosing an inn, check the comments and feedback left by other guests on their webpage regarding the quality of the service. Whenever is possible, assess the facilities of the establishment through their photos posted on their official site.
If you enjoy shopping and fashion, then you will certainly love the Magnificent Mile located at the north of the city. This glamorous boulevard has a wide range of stores, boutiques, perfumeries, art galleries and chocolate shops where you can find articles for every taste.
Along the Magnificent Mile you will also find excellent restaurants where you can taste the most delicious meals and exquisite drinks. It is recommendable for you to visit the bar that is located on the 96th floor of Hancock building so you can admire an enthralling view.
In 1871, the town was almost completely ruined by fire. The Water Tower was the only important building that stood firm despite the disaster. For such reason it is seen by many as symbol of strength and survival. After the terrible incident, during the first half of the 20th century, the so-called School of Architecture of Chicago was developed.
Such event gave place not only to the rebirth of the town but also to the creation of new architectonic styles and the invention of skyscrapers. These days, tall buildings dominate the cityscape of Chicago. These impressive structures coexist with parks and squares that are populated by wooded areas and monumental sculptures that create an image of spectacular visual harmony.
Even if you are a first-timer in Chicago, do not miss the opportunity to visit the Sears Tower viewpoint. There you will have the chance to observe a truly amazing panorama. The downtown and financial district also constitute perfect places to walk in the morning or at noon.
In such areas you will have the chance to admire some of the most interesting buildings such as the Chicago Center. Additionally, you can delight on the most marvelous sculptures left by virtuosos like Chagall, Alexander Calder and Picasso to mention some.


Interfacial mass transfer in disordered media was studied experimentally and numerically. The dissolution of solid benzoic acid spheres in packed columns showed the existence of spatial variations in mass transfer coefficients in monodisperse and polydisperse packings at the same overall Peclet number. The concept of a local Peclet number (single-particle average) was introduced to quantify the effect of local hydrodynamics on local mass transfer. Correlations between Sherwood number and Peclet number having the form Shi=A·(xiPe)m were used to quantify data from various sites in each packing. These experiments also showed that the exponent m varies significantly from site to site. Stochastic simulations of interfacial dissolution in two-dimensional porous media were conducted, and mass-transfer-coefficient distributions similar to experimental results were obtained. The local velocity profiles available in the numerical simulations allowed a more detailed analysis to be made of local hydrodynamics and their effects on mass transfer. These result showed that mass transfer is affected by both large- and small-scale structure in the material. The large-scale structure affects the magnitude of local velocities and the small-scale structure (e.g., gap spacing between neighboring spheres) affects the shape of local streamlines. Particles exposed to large velocity gradients at their surface and/or particles for which streamline closely hugged their surfaces were observed to have higher rates of mass transfer. The correlation accuracy can be improved when two parameters (local Peclet number x·Pe and exponent z·m) were used in correlation such as Sh=A·(xiPe)mzi. Further analysis showed that there is a strong correlation between xi and zi and only one variable is needed to correct both the local Peclet number and the exponent term. A correlation was presented as Sh=A(xiPe)0.8965mxi-0.158 for the specific data generated in this work. In the future, the use of distributed mass-transfer correlations similar to those presented in this study may improve modeling of NAPL remediation.
Guo, Gang, "The effects of local hydrodynamics on mass transfer in disordered porous media" (2002). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2679.


text:
IB_DESIGNABLE
@interface CHLoginTextField : UITextField
@property (nonatomic) IBInspectable UIColor *placeholderColor;
@end


text:
Em mecânica de motores, a junta da cabeça, junta do cabeçote ou junta da colaça ou ainda junta de cúpula situa-se entre o bloco dos cilindros do motor e a respectiva cabeça.

Finalidade
A junta da cabeça visa assegurar a estanqueidade de cada uma das câmaras de combustão, bem como a continuidade dos circuitos de água de refrigeração do motor e dos circuitos de passagem do óleo lubrificante do motor.

O material da junta tem que estar em condições de impedir a penetração da mistura gasosa, da água ou do óleo nos circuitos adjacentes.

Tem que possuir uma elevada resistência térmica (temperatura de centenas de graus), química (presença de óleo, mistura gasosa, água) e mecânica (pressão de aperto e movimentação das bielas).

A junta possui oríficios para assegurar a continuidade dos vários circuitos que atravessam o motor do automóvel, bem como para a passagem dos parafusos de fixação da cabeça ao bloco motor-chamados parafusos prisioneiros ou pernos.

Composição
As juntas mais antigas eram constituídas por papel grosso untado com óleo grafitado, sendo depois substituídas por outras com duas folhas de cobre possuindo no seu interior amianto. Com a proibição do uso do amianto na Europa e em muitos países do mundo, essas juntas estão em fase de desaparecimento.

As juntas atuais são geralmente feitas de cartões especificos grafitados e reforçados com uma camada interior em aço, cobre ou de múltiplas folhas de aço (em inglês Multiple Layers Steel ou MLS).

Avarias

Problemas mecânicos nos motores, nomeadamente no sistema de lubrificação, podem provocar a deterioração das juntas.

Uma avaria numa junta pode provocar problemas de perda de potência do motor ou, quando fica degradado o isolamento, a ligação entre circuitos de óleo, água ou gases de admissão ou escape do motor podendo levar a graves danos no motor.

A diminuição da relação de compressão do motor ou um aumento da pressão do circuito de arrefecimento são indícios de problemas com a junta da cabeça.
 ARIAS-PAZ, Manuel. Manual de Automóveis, São Paulo : Editora Mestre Jou, 1970

Motor de combustão interna
Tecnologias automotivas


text:
Q: Error: StaticInjectorError on deployed Angular CLI project We have an Error when deploying our Angular CLI (v.1.7.1) project to GitHub Pages, and Firebase - both give the same result.
The ng serve works perfectly fine on localhost:4200 and all is going well when building production ng build --prod --base-href "https://<user-name>.github.io/<repo>/" and ngh command, the files are being loaded,
but when we open it, nothing comes up (just the blank index.html) and we get the following error in the console:

main.e17a4a9….bundle.js:1 ERROR Error: StaticInjectorError(Ru)[e -> e]:
  StaticInjectorError(Platform: core)[e -> e]:
    NullInjectorError: No provider for e!
    at e.get (main.e17a4a9….bundle.js:1)
    at main.e17a4a9….bundle.js:1
    at e (main.e17a4a9….bundle.js:1)
    at e.get (main.e17a4a9….bundle.js:1)
    at main.e17a4a9….bundle.js:1
    at e (main.e17a4a9….bundle.js:1)
    at e.get (main.e17a4a9….bundle.js:1)
    at Ii (main.e17a4a9….bundle.js:1)
    at main.e17a4a9….bundle.js:1
    at Ni (main.e17a4a9….bundle.js:1)

A: Build your app with the optimization-feature disabled:
ng build --prod --optimization=false

This way, you'll see an error pointing to the real problem, instead of just "e".

A: If you are using angular 4.2.4, replace it with 4.4.3 in package.json file (just angular) and run npm i.
Might this will resolve your issue point. But if you are using angular 5, this issue has been already report in Angular CLI of another library that suffered from this problem and it's resolved!


text:
Q: How can I access a folder outside of the terraform root module? I am trying to deploy a lambda using terraform. One of the steps in the lambda module zips up the source folder for the lambda. However, when I run the following code I am met with this error:
Error: error archiving directory: could not archive missing directory: ./../hello-world
This is my current folder structure

Here is my lambda terraform for the zip step:
data "archive_file" "lambda_hello_world" {
  type = "zip"

  source_dir  = "${path.root}/../hello-world"
  output_path = "${path.root}/../hello-world.zip"
}

Pipeline code:
name: Deploy Infrastructure

on:
  push:
    branches:
      - master

jobs:
  terraform:
    name: 'Terraform'
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    defaults:
      run:
        working-directory: './terraform/'
    steps:

    - name: Checkout Repo
      uses: actions/checkout@v3

    - name: Setup Terraform
      uses: hashicorp/setup-terraform@v1
      with:
        # terraform_version: 0.13.0
        cli_config_credentials_token: ${{ secrets.TF_API_TOKEN }}

    - name: Terraform Format
      id: fmt
      run: terraform fmt -check

    - name: Terraform Init
      id: init
      run: terraform init

    - name: Terraform Validate
      id: validate
      run: terraform validate -no-color

    - name: Terraform Plan
      id: plan
      run: terraform plan -no-color
      continue-on-error: true

    - name: Terraform Plan Status
      if: steps.plan.outcome == 'failure'
      run: exit 1

    - name: Terraform Apply
      run: terraform apply -auto-approve


text:
-- Gallery - Battles / Military
* State Colleges
* Associations
* Hospital Ratings
* NJ Presidential Quiz
Red, White & Blue Mug
Gallery
* Gallery--Settlement-1799 * Gallery--1800-1899 * Gallery--1900-
* Gallery--Newark * Gallery--Trenton * Gallery--Jersey Shore
* Gallery--Hudson County * Gallery--Labor & Industry * Gallery--Health
* Gallery--Videos: History * Gallery--Videos: Places
New Jersey Orange & Yellow
15.5″ W by 19.5″ H
Hover over or click image for full size and caption
"Plan of the Operations of General Washington, Against the King's Troops in New Jersey from the 26th of December 1776 to the 3rd of January 1777" map by William Faden depicting movements relating to Battles of Trenton and Princeton. Image: New York Public Library
Report summarizing duties of 918 Hessian prisoners taken by George Washington's troops at Battle of Trenton on December 26, 1776. Image: National Archives
"Hour of Victory", a painting by artist Edward Percy Moran, depicting George Washington leading his troops after their crossing of the Delaware River to attack Hessians at Trenton on December 26, 1776. Image: MountVernon.org
The Old Barracks, which housed Hessian soldiers attacked by Continental Army under George Washington on morning of December 26, 1776 in the Battle of Trenton. Image: Library of Congress
"Washington's reception by the ladies, on passing the bridge at Trenton, N.J. April,--1789: on his way to New York to be inaugurated first President of the United States" lithograph published by Currier & Ives circa 1845 Image: Library of Congress
Washington Rallying the Americans at the Battle of Princeton painting by William Ranney. Image: Princeton University Art Museum
New Jersey World War II Veterans Memorial was dedicated November 11, 2008. The Memorial is located directly across street from the State House. Image: State of NJ
Memorial grave marker on battlefield of Battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777. Image: NewJerseyAlmanac.com
Memorial marker of graves on battlefield of Battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777.
Painting by John Trumbull of Continental General Hugh Mercer receiving fatal bayonet wounds at Battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777.
Wreckage of plane in France piloted by Hobey Baker, one of Princeton University's most outstanding athletes, in which Baker was killed shortly before he was scheduled to return home at end of World War I. Image Mudd Library, Princeton University
Launching of Battleship USS New Jersey at Philadelphia Navy Yard on December 7, 1942. Image: Wikimedia Commons
Soldiers receiving small arms training in 1942 on beach in Atlantic City. Image: Wikimedia Commons
'Greetings from Camp Dix' post card circa World War I. Image: NewJerseyAlmanac.com
Mission log of future Governor Brendan Byrne kept as a navigator on B-17s bombing Nazi targets in Europe. Image: NewJerseyAlmanac.com
Currier & Ives lithograph depicting 'Molly Pitcher', wife of soldier, taking place at cannon during Battle of Monmouth on June 28, 1778. Image: Library of Congress
The 10 Days That Changed The World, Washington's Crossing the Delaware. The Battles of Trenton and Princeton.
New Jersey in the Civil War
Naval Legends; USS New Jersey
American Women in World War II
The 12th New Jersey Volunteer Infantry at Gettysburg
Battle of Princeton on January 3, 1777
* Gallery--Newark * Gallery--Jersey Shore
* Gallery--Labor & Industry * Gallery--Health


text:
Q: Submitting a form more than once I am try to have a forum submits more then once when a user clicks the submit button. Why? I am try to add more then one idem to a shopping cart, The shopping cart software I am using doesn't support adding more then one product at a time and I don't want to edit there core code. The hidden forum would have the product ids like '1,2,3' I'd then need the JavaScript to separate the values and post each one using AJAX to the cart. I am not great a JavaScript but I coded what I think should work but its just giving me a alert: 'There was a problem with the request.' twice. I can't see whats wrong with it, any and all help and suggestions are welcomed! Here the code:
JS

HTML
<form action="javascript:testResults(document.getElementById('myform'));" name="myform" id="myform">
<input type="text" name="product_id" id="product_id" />
<input type="hidden" name="quantity" id="quantity" value="1" />

<input type="submit" name="button" value="Submit" />
</form>

post.php
<?php
print_r($_POST);
?>

A: If you want to add two items to the cart shouldnt you be doing two posts with the same item? I can just see one post per item there. You are not taking the quantity into account. But this is not the problem. In this case this is only a logic error.
For the javascript side I would recommend you to use jQuery to treat the ajax stuff because it will make your life WAY easier than regular javascript that might event not work with all browsers.
This is the link related to the POST method of jQuery: http://docs.jquery.com/Post
Hope it helps

A: It is against all the programming logics to post a form several times instead of having a more complex form. From what I can see or understand from your code you are trying to loop through your splitted (brokenstring) string. Your loop is not constructed where and how it should be. Anyway, if I were you, I would consider migraton to another free cart o the possibility to write one myself. From what I see you will be able to do so with a little bit of help from here.


text:
Pilot Review: One Dollar
One Dollar (CBS All Access)
Premiered August 30
Streaming service CBS All Access is relatively new, but it's already established itself as a top television platform with two successful spin-offs, "The Good Fight" and "Star Trek: Discovery." Its third foray into drama, "Strange Angel," which premiered in June, was bizarre and seemingly random, and this fourth hourlong show feels very much the same. The opening credits and the show's title refer to the value and significance of a single dollar that has such a devastating and violent effect on one town and the people within it, but I failed to see much of that connection in this opening episode. It's billed as a mystery-thriller, and while it's certainly hard to deduce exactly what's going on and who's involved, I don't have much interest in finding out both what happened and how it's all going to be resolved. I did recognize a few faces in the cast, including John Carroll Lynch from "The Drew Carey Show" and plenty since, Christopher Denham from "Billions," and Leslie Odom Jr. from "Person of Interest" and "Smash." Who the lead is isn't clear either, and this just ranks to me as the latest in a series of supposedly intriguing and innovative series with ensembles where focus shifts week to week, like "Lucky 7" and "The Slap." Those didn't last long, and even though this show has an advantage not being on a broadcast network but a dedicated streaming service, I can't imagine it's going to have an easy time finding a broad audience.
How will it work as a series? We have the basics of a man not being where he was supposed to be in the middle of the night and showing up to stop an attack that wasn't actually in progress, while up to seven people were murdered yet none of them remain at the site. It's a mess, and I guess things might get cleared up soon, but it's going to be a slow and laborious process.
How long will it last? So far, most of CBS All Access' programming has been renewed, though "Strange Angel" has yet to get that endorsement. This show's reviews are slightly better, and of course its viewership isn't going to be nearly as high as the flagship franchise series. I think this one won't end up getting renewed in the end, though it really could go either way.
Pilot grade: C-
Labels: One Dollar, One Dollar Pilot, Pilot Reviews
ELIZABETH HENDRICKSON FROM GENERAL HOSPITAL WILL GUEST STAR ON ONE DOLLAR ELIZABETH HENDRICKSON WILL BE PLAYING AS TRISH MAXWELL IN ONE DOLLAR


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