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Teaching early lit of exploration in translation
Christopher Columbus' map. Lisbon, workshop of Bartolomeo and Christopher Columbus, c.1490. Bibliothèque Nationale de France (CPL GE AA 562 RES).
I teach a unit on early explorations of the New World. Because these narratives are in Spanish and then translated into English for the Norton Anthology, I have found that it's important to give a variety of angles into the texts since students can't "close read" with the same precision that they would be able to if they were reading the author's direct words. We read three Spanish explorers in this unit: Christopher Columbus, Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, and Bernardino de Sahagún. In the following blog post I will trace my general strategy for these three authors.
Portrait of a Man, Said to be Christopher Columbus (born about 1446, died 1506), by Sebastiano del Piombo (aka Sebastiano Luciani), 1519. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
The Norton's selections of Columbus' writings are unusual. The editors selected two letters that Columbus wrote: 1) Letter to Luis de Santangel Regarding the First Voyage (February 15, 1493); and 2) Letter to Ferdinand and Isabella Regarding the Fourth Voyage (July 7, 1503). The first letter makes Columbus look like a hero who has discovered a marvel, and the second makes him look like a deluded man embittered by his fall from grace.
It is useful to compare and contrast the two letters to each other: what kind of persona does Columbus create for himself in each letter? How does he consider the Native Americans? How does he consider the Spanish? In the first letter, why does he reference things like the nightingale and honeybees which were not in the New World but were in Spain? To whom is he writing in either letter and how does that affect the way we understand his tone?
The Norton's selection opens up students to critique Columbus, but it also maintains enough ambiguity that they could still walk away from their reading with a rather simplistic and laudatory view of him still intact. I find it useful to bring in other voices to challenge their uncritical view. First, I give them a critique of the encomienda system that emerged from Columbus' policies, a critique that was written by Columbus' near contemporary Bartolomé de las Casa. A selection of de las Casas' The Very Brief Relation of the Devastation of the Indies (1552) is available in the Norton on pp. 38-42. In this section, de las Casas outlines in harrowing detail the atrocities that the Spanish were inflicting on the natives of the Caribbean. I like to ask my students: what is de las Casas' seeming purpose in writing and how does that compare to Columbus? Compare and contrast the way that Columbus and de las Casas speak about the New World and its inhabitants. Also consider the way that these two early modern explorers use Hispaniola in order to draw contrasts between Native American culture and Spanish culture.
I also ask the younger students to read the essay by Ian W. Toll, "The Less Than Heroic Christopher Columbus," in The New York Times, September 23, 2011, available online at this link, which is a really lovely review of Laurence Bergreen's Columbus: The Four Voyages, 1492-1504 (2012). Toll summarizes various "readings" of Columbus throughout history and praises Bergreen for his assessment of Columbus as one who "became progressively less rational and more extreme, until it seemed as if he lived more in his glorious illusions than in the grueling reality his voyages laid bare." Bergreen's book would be good to excerpt for older students, but Toll's editorial in The New York Times is sufficient for my purposes with ninth graders. I ask them to explain Toll's criticisms about Columbus and to consider if they accord with de las Casas' text. Additionally, if the early modern explorers' account of Hispaniola can tell us something about the way they view Spain, does Toll's account of Columbus tell us something about how he views modern-day America? Why do you think we celebrate Columbus Day anyway?
Fun fact: "Cabeza de Vaca" means "Cow Head" in Spanish!
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca had a crazy, crazy life. He came to the New World as part of the ill-fated 1527 Narváez expedition. After surviving a hurricane and losing the ship, Cabeza de Vaca and a handful of other survivors made rafts and floated from western Florida to Galveston, Texas, where they were captured and enslaved by the Capoques and Hans Indians. After years of enslavement, Cabeza de Vaca became a merchant and then eventually a faith-healer among the Indians. He and the other three remaining members of the expedition traveled by foot all over what is now the southwest United States, amassing thousands of followers. Over an eight-year period of wandering, Cabeza de Vaca ended up in Mexico City where he was reunited with his countrymen and then eventually brought back to Spain. He wrote of his adventure in The Relation of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca, which he offered to Charles V as being "of no trivial value for those who go in your name to subdue those countries and bring them to a knowledge of the true faith and true Lord and bring them under the imperial dominion."
The Norton excerpt focuses on the initial period of enslavement and the reunion with the Spanish in Mexico city. I like to supplement the Norton's brief section with passages from The Relation that focus on what it was like for Cabeza de Vaca to become a faith-healer. As the excerpt above suggests, Cabeza de Vaca is on board with the colonialist project, but he also critiques the Spanish practice of enslaving the Indians, saying, "they received us with the same awe and respect the others had--even more, which amazed us. Clearly, to bring all these people to Christianity and subjection to Your Imperial Majesty, they must be won by kindness, the only certain way."
The way that he describes becoming a faith healer is especially useful for exploring his divided sense of self. He alternates between Machiavellian cunning as he seeks to augment the natives' misconception that he is from heaven and heartfelt wonder that God has seemingly chosen him as a vessel to bless, heal, and unite people who are sick or at war with each other. In short, he alternates between wanting to use the Indians and sincerely wanting to help them.
I ask my students to trace the "narrative" or agenda that is pro-colonization, pro-Spanish, and pro-exploitation. Then I also ask them to trace the "counter narrative" that is critical of colonization, the Spanish, and exploitation. We consider also what might account for tension between the two narratives: is this symptomatic of a divided loyalty, a divided sense of self, a product of being in a liminal space between "Spanish" and "Native American"? Is Cabeza de Vaca the "first" American?
Illustration of Bernardino de Sahagún from Narrative and Critical History of American (New York: Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, 1886).
Bernardino de Sahagún also had an amazing life, although his was one of study instead of one of adventure. He was a Franciscan missionary priest who spent more than 50 years studying the language, culture, and beliefs of the Aztec Indians. He translated parts of the bible into Nahuatl, the Aztec language. He also wrote the General History of the Things of New Spain which is considered the first ethnographic study to use objective and consistent methods for gathering information. Because of his innovations in ethnography, he is known as the "first anthropologist."
Very simply, Sahagún created a survey that he administered to the Aztecs about a wide range of topics. He administered the survey in their native language, Nahuatl, and he interviewed a wide range of people (including women). The survey was very simple in its basic premise. The written responses--given in Nahuatl and then translated into Spanish in a side-by-side translation--suggest that the majority of Sahagun's questions were three-part: 1) what is a ____? 2) what is a "good" ____?, and 3) what is a "bad" ____?
Sahagún intended the General History to be an all-purpose reference book: a dictionary, a cultural snapshot for missionaries who were coming in to convert the natives, and a record of a culture to preserve it. He also worked with the Aztec very closely. The research assistants for his study were all Aztec, and he employed Aztec "feather painters" to illustrate his book. Here are some of their beautiful illustrations:
The solicitor
The virtuous daughter
Good and bad sons
Female physicians
A person suffering from possession, turned into an animal
A female weaver
It is really useful to ask students to articulate what the responses suggest is valued in certain groups. You can look at professions, at age groups, at gender groups, etc. Students can pick up patterns such as children are expected to be obedient (no matter the gender), and adulthood seems to be measured according to whether or not a person is responsible for teaching a younger generation. That is, adulthood is measured by having had children or by adopting children from other family members. It is also useful to think about similarities and differences between our culture and the Aztec culture. Although there are definite differences (according to the General History, a "good" grandfather is one who beats one with nettles!), there are also many, many similarities between our culture and theirs. This document suggests and invites empathy with the Aztecs.
World Digital Library offers high resolution scans of all volumes at The Florentine Codex, named for the best preserved copy of Sahagún's book (located at a library in Florence).
I find it very useful to compare and contrast Cabeza de Vaca and Sahagún, especially around the concept of empathy. I use the following as a paper prompt: Compare and contrast the representation of the Native Americans that we see in Cabeza de Vaca and in Sahagún. How does the form of these two texts (the method the writers use to present information) affect the content of their writing (the actual description of the New World and its inhabitants)?
The two forms are so different: one is a series of definitions and the other is a series of event set into narrative form like an adventure story. The former highlights Sahagún's willing decision to empathize with the Aztecs (even in their own language and giving preference to their own words) whereas the other shows Cabeza de Vaca as he is forced to undergo a partial (but still incomplete) process of acculturation to the native cultures of the American Southwest.
Historical relativists would urge us to keep these offenses in perspective. It was another era, they remind us, when men were governed by different moral and ethical codes.
--Ian Toll
The prompt, and indeed the entire unit, help to combat the "historical relativists" who excuse the darker side of the colonialist project as critiqued by Bartolomé de las Casas. We see that there was a vibrant and discursive debate about how the Spanish should interact with Native Americans and even moments of questioning why the Spanish would want to conquer the New World at all. Underlying these moments of questioning is the quiet insistence that Native Americans count as humans, and that the Spanish are opening themselves up to condemnation by history and the world for greed and barbarity. Such a pedagogical move might even make students question why we want to rewrite history to excuse what happened at the beginning of Europe's conquest of the Americas.
Approaching Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra with Images of Marriage from Early Modern Emblem Books
John William Waterhouse, Cleopatra (1888)
I am going to be teaching a Shakespeare survey in the spring, and I have spent the past few days putting my syllabus together. I am so freaking excited about this course! Generally speaking, I have had really awesome students at the OHS, and now that I am on the semester system instead of the dreaded quarter system, I can really dig into a topic and do it justice! With students who are up to the challenge!
I am using a "Texts and Contexts" approach to this course. Every class meeting, students will come to class having read contextual material in addition to an act of Shakespeare's play. I am really excited about the transitional material between As You Like It and Antony and Cleopatra. Students will read Francis Beaumont's "Salmachis and Hermaphroditus"and look at a selection of icons allegorizing marriage from early modern emblem books.
Emblem 50, "Conjugal Love" from Nikolaus Reusner, Aureola Emblemata Liber (1587)
My Latin is not very good (basically non-existent except for what I can hobble together through my French and Google Translate), but I think that the motto could be translated more or less into the following: one flesh, one mind out of two: let neither death, the bed, nor the tomb put asunder those who are together tied. Let me know if you have a better translation. There is also a German couplet there, but I am at a complete loss for that one. If you're reading, German-speaking friends and relatives, let me know.
Detail from Emblem 50 of Nikolaus Reusner's Aureola Emblemata Liber (1587)
The Latin couplet and the pictura allude to several biblical verses.
In Mark 10:8: they twain shall be one flesh: so then they are no more twain, but one flesh.
Genesis 2:24: Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh.
Ephesians 5:32: a man [shall] leave his father and mother, and shall be joined unto his wife, and they two shall be one flesh.
Those biblical verses, and indeed Reusner's image above, idealize this dissolution of two into one. Perhaps As You Like also idealizes this type of union in its whopping FOUR marriages at the conclusion. But this blending of boundaries is something that can produce anxiety and fear as well as pleasure and comfort, as we see in Antony and Cleopatra.
Joannes Sambucus, "In sponsalia Ioannis Ambii Angli, & Albae Rolleae D. Arnoldi Medici Gandavensis filiae." [On the engagement of John Ambius [or of Ambium] of England, and Alba Rollea, daughter of Mr. Arnoldus doctor from Ghent] from Emblemata (1564).
The image above was published in two emblem books, one in French and one in Latin. The subscriptio in both can be translated as follows:
O son of Angles [English], and offspring of noble ancestors, has, then, a chaste maiden given you the pledge of her hand? Did you know how to win the love of a girl of high-born virtue, so that Juno, patroness of weddings, is binding you as equals, in matrimony? I congratulate you, and I pray all happiness for this fecund beginning. Let conjugal love grow, and let God, through it, make you twins. Let the Author in the sky keep you faithful to your marriage-vows, and let the desired act be celebrated…
It is worthwhile to ask students to think about the discrepancies between the idealizing language ("let the desired act be celebrated") and the language that presents marriage as entrapment ("binding you"). There is an emphasis on sameness here: the married couple will be "twins" to each other, "equals" in matrimony. What is up with the picture depicting this union? Why do they look terrified? Why are they bound with chains? Why is there a snake that winds itself between the two couples? Why would being twins or equals be anything other than a good thing?
Barthélemy Aneau "Matrimonii Typus" from Picta poesis (1552).
This emblem has the following subscriptio:
Let there be a Hermaphrodite of double shape in a single body; and let one face be a woman's, the other a man's. Let kisses then be given and taken as if with a twin mouth: which are the shared exchanges of sweet love. Let, on the one side, the Sage say that both are one flesh; but on the other (when they fight), let the satyr laugh that they are two. For the horned Jew commanded that they be two in a single flesh; this body is what the Androgyne expresses. [N.B. 'the horned Jew' refers to Moses. This epithet is based on a mistranslation of a Hebrew word and is not meant to be antisemitic.]
Then, let a fruitful TREE stand near, in whose branches many a bird shall sit…
FINALLY in the field far behind, a second scene takes place, a herdsman ploughing with two oxen. He does the equal work of shared labor and a like concern for making wealth grow. This is an apt symbol for well-grounded marriage in a wedding-bed blessed by law.
What does it meant to say that two people in a marriage--or even in love--are like a hermaphrodite? How does the term "hermaphrodite" register in our culture now, and do you think our connotations of the term are the same as they might have been when these emblem books were written and when Shakespeare was writing Antony and Cleopatra?
Myths of Hermaphrodites:
Ovid (a Roman poet) and Francis Beaumont (an early modern English poet and playwright) both have version of this myth, which you could assign for students depending on their grade level and ability. The poets tell the story of the female water nymph Salmachis who suffers unrequited love for the beautiful male hunter named Hermaphroditus. When she dives into the pool where he is swimming, she clasps her arms against his unwilling body and prays to the gods that they will make her embrace of him permanent. They do, and the two bodies fuse into one, both male and female.
Detail of the conjoined Salmachis and Hermaphroditus from Jan Gossaert's "The Metamorphosis of Hermaphrodite and Salmacis" (c. 1517). Notice how closely Gossaert's painting resembles the emblem books' depiction of marriage.
Students might not see this myth as a depiction of rape because they are (generally speaking) not used to the ideas that men can be raped and that women can rape men, but they WILL see this myth as depicting a loss of the male's agency and freedom. It make take some coaxing, but get them to identify who's got the power in this story.
Consider the following important question: what does it mean, then, that these emblem books draw on iconography and literary allusions that invoke this particular myth when they are describing marriage and heterosexual love?
I think that this discussion will be useful to pair with Shakespeare's tragedy, especially around the repeated claims (made by the Romans), that Antony, once a phallic "pillar of the world" has lost his masculinity because of his love for Cleopatra. The threat of hermaphrodism lurks in the play when Caesar says that Antony "is not more man-like / Than Cleopatra; nor the queen of Ptolemy / More womanly than he." In other words, they are equally androgynous. Whereas Cleopatra and Antony seem to find this equality sexy (they even cross-dress in each others clothes), Caesar sees this equality as a sign of Antony's debasement.
My aim in this exercise is to get students to think about how--within the early modern period and the world of this specific play--desire itself could be seen as destabilizing heroic masculinity, even if the object of desire was the "appropriate" female object.
I mean THIS is what our culture associates with Cleopatra:
Elizabeth Taylor in Cleopatra © 1963 20th Century Fox
So fierce.
I want to emphasize that the 1963 Cleopatra is not just another example of Hollywood sexing up a story. On some level, "Cleopatra" as a cultural idea has become a signifier for sex, passion, and female authority--this cultural work has been literally hundreds of years in the making. Sometimes she's demonized for that (see the "wicked books" that the Wife of Bath's husband reads to her) and sometimes she's praised for that, but she has pretty statically remained a sex symbol since Roman times.
Antony getting to be with Cleopatra is like Joe DiMaggio getting to be with Marilyn Monroe, or Brad Pitt getting to be with Angelina Jolie. Cleopatra's pretty much the crème de la crème of women out there, and we could feasibly argue that Antony's ability to win her affection makes him more "manly" and not less. Why, then, does Caesar make the opposite argument?
What I hope that my students will get out of this discussion is the concept that ideas of masculinity and ideas of heterosexuality do not line up universally or naturally. If those two ideas line up now (so that we think of straight men as "real" men), then we have culturally constructed that association just as much as Caesar has constructed his ideas of masculinity and martial austerity. According to Caesar, there is only one way to be a "real" man and it is never in the bedroom.
Hopefully, though, seeing the diversity of images from the emblem books will help students to see that this militant austerity is only one conception of masculinity, and a pretty dangerous one at that. Antony and Cleopatra's love seems like a poignant and courageous protest against the gender norms of Rome, and their deaths seem all the more tragic to me.


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442d MXG NCO, SNCO induction ceremony
U.S. Air Force Col. James Brock, 442d Maintenance Group commander, addresses the men and women of the 442d Fighter Wing during the non-commissioned officer and senior NCO induction ceremony at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri, Jan. 7, 2017. Brock congratulated the incoming NCOs and SNCOs on their promotions and thanked them for their dedication to the unit. (U.S. Air Force photo/Senior Airman Missy Sterling)
Photo Details / Download Hi-Res
Inductees with the 442d Maintenance Group recite the non-commissioned officer creed during the NCO and Senior NCO induction ceremony at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri, Jan. 7, 2017. The ceremony is a tradition to congratulate Airmen in their new position while reminding SNCOs how far they've come and inspiring NCOs to continue developing their leadership abilities. (U.S. Air Force photo/Senior Airman Missy Sterling)
Inductees with the 442d Maintenance Group recite the senior non-commissioned officer creed during the NCO and Senior NCO induction ceremony at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri, Jan. 7, 2017. The ceremony is a tradition to congratulate Airmen in their new position while reminding SNCOs how far they've come and inspiring NCOs to continue developing their leadership abilities. (U.S. Air Force photo/Senior Airman Missy Sterling)
442d MXG inducts new NCOs, SNCOs
Published Jan. 9, 2017
By 442d Public Affairs Office
WHITEMAN AIR FORCE BASE, Mo. -- U.S. Air Force Col. James Brock, 442d Maintenance Group commander, addresses the men and women of the 442d Fighter Wing during the non-commissioned officer and senior NCO induction ceremony at Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri, Jan. 7, 2017. Brock congratulated the 442d MXG for being named the 2016 Outstanding MXG in the Air Force Reserve Command. (U.S. Air Force photo/Senior Airman Missy Sterling)
SNCO induction ceremony NCO induction ceremony 442d MXG

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Downing Street party: PM to face MPs following revelationson January 12, 2022 at 2:36 am
Boris Johnson will appear at PMQs after it emerged 100 staff were invited to a No 10 event in lockdown.
Boris Johnson is to face MPs later at Prime Minister's Questions amid demands for him to say whether he attended a drinks event in the Downing Street garden during lockdown.
It will be the PM's first public appearance since it emerged 100 staff were invited to the May 2020 gathering.
Mr Johnson has so far declined to say whether he attended it.
However, a number of Conservative MPs have said this position is unsustainable.
Sort it out or step aside, Tory donor tells PM
The list of alleged government lockdown gatherings
What rules would the Downing Street party have broken?
On Monday, ITV published a leaked email from Mr Johnson's principal private secretary, Martin Reynolds, inviting staff to "socially distanced drinks in the No 10 garden" on 20 May 2020 – when lockdown rules in England banned large outdoor gatherings.
The invitation encouraged people to "bring your own booze" and "make the most of the lovely weather".
Witnesses have told the BBC the prime minister and his wife Carrie were among about 30 people who attended the drinks.
Mr Johnson has said it is a matter for Sue Gray – the senior civil servant investigating a series of reported parties in Downing Street and in Whitehall in 2020 – to determine what happened.
But backbencher Nigel Mills told BBC Newsnight an inquiry was not needed to establish whether the prime minister was there.
"He knows whether he was there or not. Just come out and say what happened," he said.
Mr Mills said it would be "utterly untenable" for any senior figure who attended the gathering to be responsible for setting Covid-19 policy.
"If the prime minister knowingly attended a party, I can't see how he can survive," he said.
Scottish Conservative leader Douglas Ross said Mr Johnson must quit if he was found to have broken Covid rules.
Sir Charles Walker, vice-chairman of the Conservative backbench 1922 Committee, said there was a lot of anger over what had happened, adding that the prime minister urgently needed to rebuild public trust.
"I think the prime minister needs to spend the next six months restoring trust in No 10 and making some good and strong decisions. I think that is the challenge for him," he told Channel 4 News.
Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer is expected to return to Prime Minister's Questions later, having missed last week's session after contracting Covid.
The prime minister is likely to face questions at the despatch box he has so far declined to answer, having faced criticism at all levels of his party, from constituency officials to the major donor John Caudwell.
On Tuesday, Mr Johnson sent Paymaster General Michael Ellis to respond on his behalf to an emergency Commons question on the issue tabled by Labour.
The Conservative benches were sparsely populated, while no senior ministers appeared publicly to defend Mr Johnson.
Labour's deputy leader, Angela Rayner, accused the prime minister of avoiding scrutiny, adding that "his absence speaks volumes, as do his smirks on the media".
She said: "The public has already drawn its own conclusions. He can run, but he can't hide."
Elsewhere in that Commons session, MPs recounted stories of those who had suffered during the pandemic while obeying the Covid rules of the time.
DUP MP Jim Shannon was brought to tears when speaking of the death of his mother-in-law during the pandemic.
But one Conservative who did offer the prime minister her support, Suzanne Webb, said: "The time of the House is better spent at this moment in time, as we recover from this pandemic… debating how we can build back better and level up."
In December, the prime minister asked Simon Case, the UK's top civil servant, to investigate a series of allegations about events taking place in government buildings in 2020 despite coronavirus restrictions being in force.
Mr Case stepped down after suggestions one of the parties had happened in his own office and the investigation was passed to Sue Gray, another senior civil servant.
The PM's official spokesman has also refused to confirm whether Mr Johnson attended the May 2020 Downing Street gathering. He added that the prime minister retained full confidence in Mr Reynolds.
Ms Gray is expected to report shortly.
A TALE OF TRUE LOVE AND HIGH ADVENTURE: The Princess Bride the "Good Parts" version
JUST ONE THING: Could a bath before bed improve your sleep?
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Q: How would I implement the flood fill algorithm in GameMaker? So, I have implemented cellular automata into one of my games in GameMaker. But there are tons of disconnected caves... So does anyone know how to implement an algorithm like Flood Fill?

A: Have your automata check their immediate neighbours (the four pixels above, below, left and right). If the checked neighbour is the colour they're targeting, spawn an automaton there.

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Mand Surname Ancestry Results
Our indexes 1000-1999 include entries for the spelling 'mand'. In the period you have requested, we have the following 10 records (displaying 1 to 10):
Get all 10 records to view, to save and print for £52.00
manclash manclerc manclerck manclere mancliffe manclins manco mancock mancoll mancor mancourt mancovenant mancrief mancroft mancton mancur mancus mancuso mancy mancys mand' mandagachis mandal mandalanayagam mandale mandalia mandall mandam mandar mandark mandart mandat mandavell mandavilla mandaville mandby mande mandear mandeby mandefeld
MAND. Cost: £4.00.
Scotland and the Netherlands (1492-1503)
Andrew Halyburton, a Scottish merchant resident at or near Middleburgh, one of the chief trading ports of the Netherlands, compiled this account book in which he lists his sales of Scottish produce and his purchases of products of the east and south at Antwerp, Bruges and Ghent. Each merchant with whom he traded was given a separate account in this ledger; sometimes he would copy the merchant's mark onto the page. The names that occur are thus largely thus of European merchants, from as far afield as Italy, Germany, Denmark, Osterland, Livonia, Norway, Sweden, Poland, France, Spain and Barbary. This book survived as 'a large and very old book, of what nature unknown' among the Promiscuous Account Books in the General Register House in Edinburgh. It was edited by C. Innes, and printed as the Ledger of Andrew Halyburton, Conservator of the Privileges of the Scotch Nation in the Netherlands 1492-1503' together with 'The Book of Customs and Valuation of Merchandises in Scotland 1612' at Edinburgh in 1867.
Allegations for marriages in southern England (1660-1669)
The province or archbishopric of Canterbury covered all England and Wales except for the northern counties in the four dioceses of the archbishopric of York (York, Durham, Chester and Carlisle). Marriage licences were generally issued by the local dioceses, but above them was the jurisdiction of the archbishop, exercised through his vicar-general. Where the prospective bride and groom were from different dioceses it would be expected that they obtain a licence from the archbishop; in practice, the archbishop residing at Lambeth, and the actual offices of the province being in London, which was itself split into myriad ecclesiastical jurisdictions, and spilled into adjoining dioceses, this facility was particularly resorted to by couples from London and the home counties, although there are quite a few entries referring to parties from further afield. The abstracts of the allegations given here usually state name, address (street in London, or parish), age, and condition of bride and groom; and sometimes the name, address and occupation of the friend or relative filing the allegation. Where parental consent was necessary, a mother's or father's name may be given. The ages shown should be treated with caution; ages above 21 tended to be reduced, doubtless for cosmetic reasons; ages under 21 tended to be increased, particularly to avoid requiring parental consent; a simple statement 'aged 21' may merely mean 'of full age' and indicate any age from 21 upwards. These are merely allegations to obtain licences; although nearly all will have resulted in the issuing of the licence, many licences did not then result in marriage.
Soldiers in Kilmainham Hospital (1686)
Kilmainham Hospital was established under a charter of 26 November 1684 for the 'reception and entertainment' of ancient, maimed and infirm soldiers.' This list of men in the hospital as of 20 November 1686 survived among the Marquis of Ormonde's manuscripts preserved at Kilkenny, and was printed in 1895.
Licences for marriages in southern England (1632-1714)
The province or archbishopric of Canterbury covered all England and Wales except for the northern counties in the four dioceses of the archbishopric of York (York, Durham, Chester and Carlisle). Marriage licences were generally issued by the local dioceses, but above them was the jurisdiction of the archbishop. Where the prospective bride and groom were from different dioceses it would be expected that they obtain a licence from the archbishop; in practice, the archbishop residing at Lambeth, and the actual offices of the province being in London, which was itself split into myriad ecclesiastical jurisdictions, and spilled into adjoining dioceses, this facility was particularly resorted to by couples from London and the home counties, although there are quite a few entries referring to parties from further afield. Three calendars of licences issued by the Faculty Office of the archbishop were edited by George A Cokayne (Clarenceux King of Arms) and Edward Alexander Fry and printed as part of the Index Library by the British Record Society Ltd in 1905. The first calendar is from 14 October 1632 to 31 October 1695 (pp. 1 to 132); the second calendar (awkwardly called Calendar No. 1) runs from November 1695 to December 1706 (132-225); the third (Calendar No. 2) from January 1707 to December 1721, but was transcribed only to the death of queen Anne, 1 August 1714. The calendars give only the dates and the full names of both parties. Where the corresponding marriage allegations had been printed in abstract by colonel Joseph Lemuel Chester in volume xxiv of the Harleian Society (1886), an asterisk is put by the entry in this publication. The licences indicated an intention to marry, but not all licences resulted in a wedding.
Apprenticeship indentures and clerks' articles were subject to a 6d or 12d per pound stamp duty: the registers of the payments usually give the master's trade, address, and occupation, and the apprentice's name, as well as details of the date and length of the apprenticeship. 1 January to 31 December 1758.
Deaths, Marriages, Bankrupts, Dividends and Patents (1821)
Death notices and obituaries, marriage and birth notices, bankrupts and dividends, and patents, as reported in the Monthly Magazine or British Register. Includes some marriages and deaths from Ireland, Scotland and abroad.
The Edinburgh Gazette (1846)
The Edinburgh Gazette is the official publication in which various Scottish legal notices are issued, as well as promotions and casualty lists for the British army as a whole, and brief lists of English bankrupts. The key source for tracing details of Scottish bankruptcies, insolvencies, and dissolutions of business partnerships.
Inhabitants of Leamington in Warwickshire (1850)
Francis White & Co.'s History, Gazetteer, and Directory of Warwickshire for 1850 lists nobility, gentry, clergy, other private residents, farmers and traders, hundred by hundred and village by village, with separate sections for the large towns.
Naturalizations (1918)
The Home Office issued monthly lists of aliens to whom Certificates of Naturalization or Readmission to British Nationality had been granted by the Secretary of State and whose oaths of allegiance had been registered in the Home Office. These notices, from January to December 1918, refer to naturalizations from December 1917 to November 1918. The lists give full name, surname first; country of origin; date of taking the oath of allegiance; place of residence; and occupation. An dagger indicates re-admission to British nationality.


We may be seeing Girl's Day's Hyeri, Uhm Tae Goo, and Kim Hee Won in the film "Dempsey Roll: Confession" (literal title).
On March 16, it was revealed that all three actors are in talks to appear in the film.
"Dempsey Roll: Confession" will be a comedy-drama film directed by Jung Hyuk Gi. It will tell the story of a man named Byung Goo who used to be a boxer in the past. One day, he belatedly learns he has punch-drunk syndrome, and starts to box again with the help of Min Ji.
Punch-drunk syndrome (dementia pugilistica) is a neurological condition that is a variant of chronic traumatic encephalopathy, a degenerative brain disease, and is mostly seen in people who have suffered repeated concussions.
Uhm Tae Goo has been offered the role of Byung Goo, and Hyeri the role of Min Ji.
"Dempsey Roll" will begin filming in April. Stay tuned for more updates!


Why did it take lawsuit to get criminal charges filed in Iowa?
Why has criminal justice system dragged its heels until now on Shirley Carter's murder?
Criminal justice is the system's responsibility. Aggrieved individuals shouldn't have to spend their way to finding it.
Justice in a murder case shouldn't depend on the outcome of a private lawsuit, much less one that cost a survivor a million dollars to bring. Especially not when law enforcement have had only one real suspect and everyone knew for two and a half years where to find him.
Yet suing was the only avenue Marion Carter farmer Bill Carter felt he had left to get justice for his late wife, Shirley. She was murdered in their Lacona farmhouse kitchen in June 2015, but until this Dec. 17, no criminal charge had been filed. Then two days after a jury took two hours and change to award Carter and two of his adult children $10 million in a civil judgment against his son, Jason Carter was arrested and charged criminally.
That was two and a half years after Bill Carter, out hauling corn, was called by his daughter to rush home. There, he found his wife of 52 years in a pool of blood. Jason, who had notified his sister, was there and claimed to have stopped by and found his mother that way.
When I asked law enforcement officials and the state attorney general's office last spring, they wouldn't say even if they had a suspect. Yet in interviews lasting 11 hours three days after Shirley's death, two agents with the Iowa Division of Criminal Investigation accused Jason of killing his mother and lying to them in a timeline he gave of events.
A recording from the interviews was used as evidence in the civil case. In it, Jason denied the accusations but failed a lie detector test. In a seemingly leading question, Marion County Sheriff Jason Sandholdt asked Jason Carter if he suspected anyone else in his family, such as his father. Carter said he didn't know what happened to his mother.
Bill told me last year that his son and the sheriff were friends. Sandholdt didn't respond when I asked about that back then, but Jason Carter's lawyer acknowledged there was a friendship.
There were other anomalies. Why didn't Jason Carter call 911 before his sister did? Also, Bill Carter said the sheriff arrived that day within moments of him and asked Bill to leave, then sealed the house for several days. That prevented Bill from seeing the contents of office and bedroom drawers dumped on the floor, but nothing missing. He wondered whether it was staged to look like a burglary.
Bill also couldn't check his gun safe in the basement to see if a rifle previously given to him by Jason was still there. He believes Jason took it and used it to shoot Shirley. Bill has shown officers bullets fired from the gun previously that matched those that killed Shirley. The weapon was never found.
Something else was odd. In recently making the case for criminal prosecution, Mark Ludwick, a DCI special agent, said Jason had told a first responder the day of the killing that Shirley's body had two bullet holes. But Ludwick said neither he nor other officers or first responders could determine that at the time. Also, Jason gave a false statement to conceal being in an extramarital affair, Ludwick said. It has been suggested money was a motive.
After being assured three times an arrest would soon be made and seeing none, Bill Carter sued. He has made at least three suicide attempts since Shirley's death. He also turned to media. In reporting on the case a year and a half ago, I heard him sob uncontrollably as we talked on the phone. I sat in his kitchen, heard the detailed account and like so many others, wondered what was taking authorities so long.
One suspicion is that they did a shoddy investigation early on and then dropped it to cover themselves. At a press conference on the criminal charges now filed, DCI Special Agent Michael Motsinger said while thousands of hours of interviews and investigative findings have been pored over, the civil trial gave authorities other important information and evidence. I tried several people at the DCI to ask if their own investigation couldn't have obtained that information. None were returned.
But now with the civil award, how could prosecutors defend not proceeding? Significantly, NBC's Dateline has been following the case and is expected to air its episode in February.
Matt Russell, a neighbor of Carter's who is with Drake's Agricultural Law Center, praised our 2016 coverage of Carter's case for giving him hope and the will to proceed when official doors were closing. As to the justice system's performance, he said, "I didn't think I lived in a country where it took personal funds to advance justice."
It's also worth recalling that until the American Civil Liberties Union filed a federal lawsuit, Marion County Attorney Ed Bull wanted to bring criminal charges against a 14-year-old girl for sexual exploitation of a minor (herself) after her suggestive photos on Snapchat were spread. Yet in two and a half years, he didn't take evidence in Shirley Carter's murder to a grand jury to decide if charges were warranted.
The credibility and integrity of our justice system are not just concepts to hold above other countries that lack independent courts. They're about human beings having a place to get validation. If people are given reason to believe in their justice system, they're less likely to take matters in their own hands in acts of vengeance.
As for Bill Carter, some days the quest for justice for his late wife may be all that has kept him alive.


After receiving more than 100 text messages and a couple of home visits from a stalker, Lindsay Lohan has won a restraining order against him.
"It's David... I love you want to have dinner on abbot kinney when I move there or sooner don't know where exactly I'll be staying but maybe even on [Lohan's street]"
The Daily Mail reports that lately they have become more sexually aggressive in nature, and with the visits to her property becoming a factor, a judge granted a restraining order yesterday.
LA court papers show that they believe that he is schizophrenic and has not been taking medication, and possibly has other mental health issues. Now he will have to stay away from her and not contact her.
"Without a restraining order I fear that there will not be sufficient law enforcement mechanisms to keep Mr Cocordan away from me, or those around me."


Miles & More HON Circle Members travelling with an international Business Class ticket on Lufthansa or United can now access United Global First Lounges. The HON Circle status can be achieved by flying 600k HON Circle miles over the course of two years, these miles differ from status miles in that you can only earn them on a Business or First class ticket on certain Star Alliance airlines. HON Circle requirements are extreme, but the benefits that come in return are really worth it. As a HON, you can access Lufthansa First Class Lounges and the Lufthansa First Class Terminal regardless of your class of service on a particular flight.
Lufthansa and United are two of the five founding members of the Star Alliance and partner together on a couple of things. The new benefit introduced recently is that HON Circle Members can now access United Global First Lounges when flying Lufthansa or United Business Class. No guests allowed. United's Global First Lounges aren't anything to be over-excited about but they are definitely better than regular United Clubs. In general, you must have a Star Alliance First Class boarding pass to access a United Global First Lounge, however with HON Circle – it is just Business class.
Because of limited capacity in the lounges, access is restricted solely to you as the HON Circle Member, i.e. you cannot take a companion into the lounge with you.
For operational reasons and because of limited capacity, you will also not be able to use the limousine service with a Business Class boarding pass.
In the event of an irregularity of your Lufthansa flight or if you wish to change your booking, you need to call your HON Circle Service Team to receive assistance, because the respective airlines can only access their own reservation systems.


Puzzles of evolution: Why aren't we more like chimps?
Puzzles of evolution: Why did we become bipedal?
Puzzles of Evolution: Why was technological development so slow?
Puzzles of evolution: When did language evolve?
Puzzles of evolution: Why are our brains so big?
Puzzles of evolution: Why did we lose our fur?
Puzzles of evolution: Why did we go global?
Puzzles of evolution: Are some of us hybrids?
Puzzles of evolution: Did we kill off Neanderthals?


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Despite robots being tested in the freight, logistics and shipping industry, we are a long way from an iRobot generation
We've seen drones, self-driving cars and now automated robots. But human expertise remains key to freight forwarding and logistics.
Courier company Hermes has become the latest big name company to trial artificial intelligence after it was announced they were using self-driving robots in the London borough of Southwark.
The six-wheeled robots from Starship Technologies will be used to collect parcels rather than deliver them, which Amazon had DHL have both attempted to do via drones.
Logistics Robot Pilot
The project follows a pilot scheme in Germany in which the robots delivered parcels to several suburbs in the city of Hamburg.
But one expert suggested there might be a backlash if the facility became commonplace.
"At the moment, in big cities, it can be hard to walk down the street because of the number of people," commented Prof Andy Miah, from the University of Salford's School of Environment and Life Sciences.
"In time, it could be the robots we are trying to dodge. I'm not sure that would be a better world."
Starship Technologies' machines are already used by Just Eat for food deliveries in parts of London.
They are 55cm (22in) tall and 70cm (28in) long. They weigh 18kg (40lb), and can travel at up to 4mph (6.4km/h).
Hermes is only using the robots within a two-mile radius of its control centres, in a limited number of 30-minute collection slots to see how they cope with tight turnarounds.
Each robot will be able to carry a maximum of 10kg in cargo in a secure compartment, which customers can access using a code sent to their smartphones.
The self-driving robots are thought to have several advantages over aerial drones, from being able to carry heavier payloads to being less likely to fall foul of aviation laws.
"In the sky, we still have to figure out what a drone highway would look like and figure out some sophisticated collision-avoidance technology," noted Prof Miah.
By contrast, Starship's ground-based robots will be kept under close supervision by human operators.
Each supervisor will watch over three robots via their on-board cameras and take control of road-crossings and other challenging situations.
In time, however, Starship says one operator should be able to control up to 100 robots, which would make its operation more cost effective.
Clearly there is a place for robots in the logistics industry, but with questions marks over the practicality, let's not hold our breath for an iRobot generation just yet.


I posted that at Hannaford's there was a .99 cent deal on Uncle Ben's rice that you could use the printable coupon from Uncle Ben's website. That is not true, the rice on sale is not the rice the coupon can be used on. I apologize for the misinformation.


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Mexico- Rev. Pressley has led seven missionary trips to Renoysa, Mexico. We have assisted in building churches, adding additions on orphanages and provided free health care, food and clothes to Thousands of homeless and less fortunate people of Mexico.
Josiah and Bethany Home Click Here to see the orphans at the Josiah Bethany Home. This is the orphanage that we stay at for our time in Reynosa. We help give them a break from their everyday tedious chores, help with building repairs and mechanical repairs, we take the children on several field trips during our stay including our vacation bible school, we spend quality time with them bonding with them and really getting to know them on a personal level.
Every year LCT host a fee cookout where the community gather and socialize wile filling there bellies with some of the best food that Hamilton can offer...Come join us all are welcome!


The middle market ended a strong year on a strong note with year-over-year revenue growth rates above the five-year average and employment growth rates at an all-time high since the inception of the Middle Market Indicator five years ago. Companies report the highest economic confidence levels to date and most businesses remain willing to invest. Business leaders look forward to a prosperous 2017, with the majority expecting revenue growth to continue its upward trend.
Year-over-year revenue growth fluctuated in 2016, but companies ended the year reporting a growth rate of 6.9%, an increase from last quarter and slightly above the five-year average rate of 6.5%.
More than four in 10 companies (44%) say employment increased in 2016, while just 12% report a decrease in headcount.
Measured just weeks after the 2016 U.S. presidential election, confidence levels in the global, national, and local economies is at the highest levels recorded by the MMI.
While the majority of middle market businesses say they would an invest extra dollar of revenue, the percentage continues to hover around two-thirds, inching up from 61% at the end of 2015 to 65% for Q4 2016.


File-Sharing: What Do You Think?
Record companies have filed tens of thousands of lawsuits, and yet illegal file-sharing is still on the rise. Some people don't even think about it – illegal downloads are the main way they get their music.
What are your thoughts on all of this? Do you agree with the judgment against Jammie Thomas, who was found guilty of sharing copyrighted music online? What do you think should be the penalty for illegal file-sharing? And what, if anything, do you think could be done to stop it? Shout out your opinion right here.
Buying music in a store such as Best Buy or Wal-mart is overpriced and outdated. Personally, the majority of my music library comes from i-tunes, which is quick, easy, and often offers bonus tracks not found on the physical album. I think file sharing is wrong, but I also think the actions being taken against offenders are way to harsh. Its one thing to make a point, its another to make somebody pay $222,000 dollars to a major label that doesn't need it. A good illustration of this was made on the South Park episode when musicians first started attacking Napster. For anyone that hasn't seen it...Kyle Kenny, and Stan illegally download three songs off the internet. Immediately the FBI swarms in on the house and takes the boys away. The next scene you see the bassist for Metallica sitting beside his pool at his mansion crying. The FBI agent explains that Lars wanted a gold plated shark tank, but because you downloaded his music illegally, he's going to have to wait THREE MONTHS to get it. The bottom line is, whether you download music illegally or not, if you like it enough your going to buy it to support the artist. On top of that, a lot of artists today are happy just knowing that people are listening to their music, whether they bought it or not. Major labels are beginning to be a thing of the past, and if they don't start playing nice, they're going to go away completely.
I totally disagree with the judgment against Jammie Thomas.
For years record companies have been involved in the unfair practice of stealing copyrighted music.
In hopes of getting one of their songs published, hundreds of thousands of song writers send them their songs everyday. To avoid paying song writers, record companies alter the songs before they use them.
If a song writer is smart enough to recognize the altered version of their song, they have to sue the record company for copyright infringement and it is virtually impossible for a song writer to win.
If that song writer can actually afford the law suit, which costs around fifty thousand dollars or more, they still have to find a lawyer that specializes in copyright infringement litigation. Virtually all of these specialized lawyers work for or feed off the record companies.
I have no money for my stolen songs but at least I can laugh at the satisfaction I feel knowing that, for once, record companies are getting a taste of their own medicine. I hope they now know how it feels to have your music stolen and not be able to do anything about it? Their lawyers don't know what to do so they now have to run to the RIAA. The RIAA can't help them either. It's divine justice.
I hope and pray that free file-sharing never stops! I hope and pray that all the record companies go bankrupt and artists produce and sell their own music.
Most of my students (70%) download music files. The majority of these students believe that there is nothing wrong with doing this. There are a few that do it even though they know they should not.
Anthony: It's not right, but it's not wrong.
John: It should be illegal, but 220,000 dollars is too much.
Ty: Should not be illegal because artists already make plenty of money. Most CDs only have one good song.
Jared: Legalize it for a penny a song.
Paul: Should be illegal because you are stealing from the artists and the government should find a better way to look for downloaders.
What I think about it is that people shouldnt steal copyrighted music because they are going to sue for a whole lot of money. 9 times out of 10 your going to loose about a few million dollars. If you want music that bad you should get on i-tunes and get your music before you loose everyt thing you have because the artist work hard for their money.
75% of this class downloads music online!
We believe that Jammie is not the only one to fileshare music, and we wondered why the music industry isn't going after bigger organizations like Limewire. The penalty for illegally downloading music should be a large fine, but mainly for those that are downloading LARGE amounts of music. To solve the problem, all of the songs that are available online should come with a fee, and no free music should be available (except for previews). To sum it all up, Jammie should not be the only one in trouble here. Other people should be in trouble too, OR the music industry should just focus on the main contributors to the problem (ie. Limewire).
File-sharing is surely an illegal commitment, but more than 1/2 of the population out there is doing it. The music industry is making enough money already. It's just not fair to punish one person on the loss of the industry, while millions are out there roaming free! $220,000 is not a small amount of money. Also, with today's technology – proxy stealer, IP stealer, etc... it could be possible to get one's IP address right, but with the wrong name of the user! I think punishing one person because he/she has the same IP as the one who shares the files is not quite fair. This process might work a few years back then, but NOT anymore!
I think that this is rediculous. 1. It was only like, 24 songs. 2. Musicians make large amounts of money, and if they are sueing because they are being "jipped" out of there money well, tough luck, you make millions of dollars a year, to you, this is like a weekly allowence. 3. itunes and limewire are amazing programs and so many people use them (especially limewire since itunes isn't free) that its not like they can catch every single person.
I have never used Kazza or limewire but all i know is its the same stuff but its free.
File sharing is so common these days, I don't think that it is right to punish the individuals that use sites like Kazaa and Morpheus. There are just too many people using them, that you can't punish all of them. It would be unfair to the people sharing music. I do think that these file sharing websites should be shut down and fined. They are performing illegal acts by stealing from the music industry. And for people who do use file sharing, buying songs off legal sites isn't that expensive.
I agree that she should be punished, but they should know for certain that it was her before hand. There are people all over that use illegal file-sharing.However, most don't get caught for doing it. If she wouldn't have tried to fight it then she wouldn't have got fined as much money. I think it is too much money for a fine because most people aren't going to be able to pay that.
The issue of file sharing brings up a lot of controversial issues for sure. For one, it didn't seem there was enough concrete evidence to charge Jammie Thomas, just because it was traced to her ip and had a common user name doesn't mean it was her for sure. Despite this I do believe that if sufficient evidence is provided she should be charged, to an extent. That being said I believe that the final charge of $220,000 was quite steep, most Americans don't even make that much money in a year. If something is to be done about the file sharing that takes place it should be done by the people creating the programs. Stopping the numerous people would take time, and money, while attacking it at the source would be much more effective.
I know that file sharing is illegal but even me from Korea also do it. It is worldwide. Everybody just do it because they think it is comfortable. And THREE MONTHS to get what you want is certainly a long time.
I think it should be illegal because you are stealing from the artists. I think they are making people pay way to much for illegally downloading music. The artists already make enough money. Many cd's that come out only have 1 or 2 good songs on it. I wouldnt like to buy a cd to just listen to 1 or 2 songs on it.
72% of the students download music.
Chris: Places like iTunes should let you download for cheaper rates per song/CD.
Katie: I usually use iTunes, but they don't always have what I want, so I then go elsewhere.
Harrison: Artists are not making money, and they should because they have to earn a living.
Adam: They should make the file sharing programs illegal.
Chelsey: You can lose all your stuff if the computer crashes. It's half wrong, 1/2 right.
CJ: Sometimes it's more expensive to pay for downloads rather than just buy the CD.
I don't think it is fair that Jammie Thomas is being punished for file-sharing. There are millions of other people out there that are doing the same thing she is and nothing is happening to them. If they are going to punish one person then maybe they should be punishing all the other people too. I download my music off of iTunes which I don't think is bad because I have to pay for all the songs I get. Downloading off of LimeWire or Bearshare is different because you don't have to pay for it. I think the artist shoud at least get some kind of money when people download their work.
I think that since file-sharing is so widely used that it can't be made illeagle. Most people that i know have used a file sharing software at one point or another. If they were to inforce a ruling that said file sharing was illeagle, they would have to construct a very large team of investigators to find all the violators. This would cost the government tons of money, at a time when we are at an econimic crisis.
I think that it should be illegal for people to download music who make copies and SELL THEM TO MAKE A PROFIT!!!!!!!! Anyone downloading videos or music to sell and profit from it, should go to jail or fined.
Any one donwloading data for PERSONAL USE ONLY should NOT BE FINED!
I think that it is wrong to make a profit just like Kenny wrote. However I think that sharing files is just like a friend giving me a cd. I think that as long as you don't have any $$ involved in it. It should be legal. That's just my opinion!
Even though its wrong and ilegal, I feel that she should have not been as heavily fined. I agree with Kenny, its like the same thing if a friend sends you a song or if you go to a friend's house and synch your ipod with their music library from itunes. I feel if it is circulated amongst friends, and does not involve money. It should be legal. However if people are trying to make a profit, they should be punished.
I think that you guys are cool. I am from Riceville Iowa. I think the wildfires in California is pretty sad. Well, see you tomorrow on the CNN studentnews.


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The timeless Norman Gordon
10ySidharth Monga
Tough ask for India as Australia set them 328 on a tricky track
15hKarthik Krishnaswamy
Mitchell Starc gives Australia hamstring scare on eve of decisive day in Brisbane
4hDaniel Brettig
'Miya bhai' Siraj lives his father's dream to the fullest
4hSidharth Monga
Thunderstorms threaten the final day of the Brisbane Test between Australia and India
1hESPNcricinfo staff
Washington Sundar, beating the big boys since sixth grade
20hDeivarayan Muthu
Cameron Green is learning his lessons at the right time
As it happened - Australia vs India, 4th Test, Brisbane, 4th day
6hKarthik Krishnaswamy
WTC final scenario: How the Gabba Test result will affect India and Australia
2hS Rajesh
With Joe Root at the helm, have England fans ever had it so good?
2hGeorge Dobell
Jonny Bairstow, Dan Lawrence seal emphatic seven-wicket win on final morning
Jonny Bairstow's proactive approach smooths England's path to victory
7hAndrew Miller
Stats - England's winning streak in SL, and captain Root equals Cook, Strauss
Arthur laments Sri Lanka's first-innings batting tempo after Galle loss
5hAndrew Fidel Fernando
Sri Lanka's top five show their mettle - three days too late
22hAndrew Fidel Fernando
Jaded Jack Leach taking nothing for granted after five-wicket comeback
22hAndrew Miller
Ben McDermott's thrilling 96 seals it for the Hurricanes
2hHemant Brar
James Faulkner out of the BBL with hamstring injury
South Africa Women set to eschew racial equality gesture for Pakistan series
1dAnnesha Ghosh
BS Chandrasekhar recovering in hospital after suffering 'minutest stroke'
7hPTI
Simi Singh hits fifty, takes 5 for 10 as Ireland demolish UAE by 112 runs
1hSreshth Shah
The Buzz: Mohammed Siraj fulfills his father's dream
The oldest Test cricketer's views on the game aren't outdated at all
Sidharth Monga15-Jan-2011
Norman Gordon at the golf club ESPNcricinfo Ltd
There is only one survivor left from the famous - infamous too - timeless Test of 1938-39, which spanned 10 days and still didn't have a result. Fittingly, it is the fittest player on both sides, one who bowled 92.2 eight-ball overs in the match and was running in for another delivery when the teams decided enough was enough. Norman Gordon, a South African fast bowler of Jewish origin, is now 99 years and 161 days old, the oldest living Test cricketer, and only 65 days shy of becoming the longest-lived Test cricketer ever.
Gordon looks a bit weak, as you would expect, and his eyesight is down to 40%, but there isn't an ounce of fat on his body. He sits upright and is dressed smartly in a sleeveless sweater and shorts. He visits his favourite golf course every day, even though he stopped playing three years ago, largely due to the vision impairment. His voice is strong, similar to that of one of the most famous Jews I know of, Larry David. And there is no curbing Gordon's enthusiasm when you start talking cricket with him.
"I was crazy about cricket from the time I was about 10," he says. "I lived in Kensington, a suburb of Jo'burg. Winter or summer, we played cricket every afternoon of the year. I just lived for playing cricket. It even interfered with my schooling."
Gordon watches cricket, or listens to most of it and watches through the eyes of his son Brian. He is not a grumpy old man but can't hide his disappointment at the sledging and slogging that goes on today. "I, and hundreds of other people, don't like the way they are sledging and trying to put people off, saying to the batsman, 'You lucky bastard' and all that. To me it's not part of cricket, and I am amazed they allow it."
Surely they sledged a bit back in his day? "Never. I honestly believe if anyone would have said a word like that, they would have been sent off the field. Cricket was a way of living. You don't use that sort of language playing cricket. They don't seem to be able to stop it because they don't want to stop it."
Not even Australia and England during the Ashes? "Not to the same extent," Gordon says. "England and Australia were great enemies, but they never spoke rudely to their opposition. It was so much fun, and people used to talk to each other on the field and not say a bad word about each other. People today will never believe that cricket was such then."
"I bowled eight-ball overs, 92-odd overs, which is equal to 120 six-ball overs. Very tiring. But I never wanted to be taken off. I wanted to bowl all the time. I only got one wicket. All those overs for one wicket"
Gordon on the timeless Test
Unlike many men younger than him, Gordon finds Twenty20 exciting and likes that cricketers can make a living playing the game. He used to get two pounds as out-of-pocket expenses for every day of Test cricket. "Fancy having to play cricket and getting paid for it," he says.
However, he doesn't like the kind of cricket being played in Twenty20. "Quite frankly I am not in favour of 20-over cricket, because it is bad if youngsters copy this 20-over cricket," he says.
"Jack Hobbs, and people like him, would turn in their graves if they saw them playing cricket like that. You can't play anything more elegant than an off-drive or a cover-drive or on-drive. There is nothing prettier to watch, but these swats… this is not cricket as we knew it. I'd be very surprised if any of the present-day youngsters become as good as the cricketers of the present day. Because they are not taught to do the right thing."
Gordon, unlike many old men stuck in their time, thinks present-day cricket is better than what it was in his age. "The batting and bowling haven't really improved much or gone worse. But you can't compare the fielding in my day with what it is today. I mean, if you dropped a catch they used to say, 'Oh bad luck.' And that was that. Here you hardly ever miss a chance. Wonderful fielding. There were good batsmen and bowlers in those days, but the fielding is unbelievable."
Gordon was unfortunate that he got to play only one Test series before World War II interrupted international cricket. The timeless Test happened to be his last. "That was something that was best for cricket," he says. "Because it made sure there would never be another timeless Test. MCC had to catch the ship back to England. Had to catch a ship in Cape Town, so they had to go from Durban by bus
"I bowled eight-ball overs, 92-odd overs, which is equal to 120 six-ball overs. Very tiring. But I never wanted to be taken off. I wanted to bowl all the time. I only got one wicket. All those overs for one wicket - although I got 20 wickets in the series."
That Test, if anything, was a tribute to Gordon's fitness. "Although I did no gymnastics, I was fantastically physically fit. I could bowl 10 to 15 overs at a stretch, at the same pace as Shaun Pollock. I never drank and I never smoked. I was just lucky that I was able to keep fit. I never meant to be that way, but I could go on forever without having a rest."
During the war he enrolled in the army and was stationed in South Africa. And to South Africa, along with the Royal Air Force, came his good friend, Wally Hammond. "Generally he wasn't a very friendly person, but he and I were very friendly," Gordon says. "On the radio he compared me with Maurice Tate. And I thought Tate was one of the greatest fast bowlers. Hammond was kind enough to say that Gordon at his best is as good as Maurice Tate, which was a tremendous compliment.
"I know that results show that Bradman must have been the best player ever, but Hammond and Tendulkar and Sobers sit just next to him as great cricketers. Hammond took about 90 wickets as well, and he was a great slip fielder. I never saw him miss a catch. Those were exceptions, but a lot of fielding in our day was poor."
Together Gordon, Hammond and others tried to keep cricket going during the war. "Very nice games during the war. I played a game where Hammond was their captain and I was the captain of South Africa. Just a friendly. Tried to keep cricket alive while the war was on."
Ironically, after the war Hammond didn't play at all, and Gordon wasn't picked by South Africa. Some say underlying anti-Jewish feeling was behind it, but Gordon prefers not to talk about it. "Then they will say he is grumbling."
Gordon bowling in the nets in 1939 ESPNcricinfo Ltd
Five weeks ago Brian Lara met Gordon at the clubhouse of the golf course. "He sat in the same chair you are sitting in," Gordon says. "And didn't say anything, and asked, 'Do you know who I am?' I said, 'Of course, you are Brian Lara.' The most modest guy I have ever known in my life. Doesn't put on that he is one of the greatest batsmen of all time." Before he left, Lara wrote on a piece of paper, "I have finally met the master."
Apart from Tendulkar and Lara, Gordon has a few other favourites. "[Hashim] Amla. Improved so much. There was a time when I used to wonder how this guy got into the team. Through sheer practice he has become as good as any of the batsmen who are playing. Correct shots, and his off-drives and on-drives are worth seeing. Kallis is a great bat, but I have got a feeling he won't play too long because he is getting crocked too often. I hope he does carry on. Steyn. The best fast bowler in the world. Although the Indians and Asians have got very good, skilled bowlers too."
It's golf, cricket and his son that keep Gordon going. He has had, he says, a very happy life. After his wife died 10 years ago, Brian has been his "doctor, driver, chef". And his eyes, because he describes the cricket to his father.
Gordon has seen much more, though, than what Brian can describe. Gregory and McDonald bowling on matting wickets, "murder", Test cricket in the timeless era, the war, apartheid, isolation, readmission, transformation, the introduction of one-day cricket, helmets, floodlights, Twenty20 cricket.
On August 6, he will turn 100. That's uncharted territory for Test cricketers. Fitting that the first person there should be a man from the longest Test ever.
Sidharth Monga is an assistant editor at ESPNcricinfo


Anne Hammer is one of millions of elderly Americans who could face a substantial tax hike in 2018 depending on the final negotiations over the Republican tax bill.
In her retirement community in Chestertown, Md., it's the big topic of conversation.
Hammer is 71. Like many seniors, her medical bills are piling up. There are doctor visits, insurance premiums, drugs, a colonoscopy, a heart scan, an unexpected trip to the emergency room that lasted three days, ongoing monitoring for breast and ovarian cancer that run in her family and the costs of medical staff at her retirement community. Her out-of-pocket medical expenses vary, but she estimates they are about $20,000 a year.
Under current law, she can take a big medical deduction on her taxes. Last year, she was able to reduce her total taxable income by $16,000 because of the medical deduction alone, saving her over $3,000 on her tax bill.
The House tax bill would eliminate the deduction, while the Senate bill would keep it (and even make it a bit more generous). It's a key difference that must be reconciled before the final legislation goes to President Trump.
The medical deduction started in 1942 to help Americans deal with what lawmakers at the time called the "extraordinary" costs of medical care, the kind that hit when someone in the family has cancer or needs round-the-clock care. Currently, anyone can deduct medical expenses that account for more than 10 percent of their adjusted gross income (income minus certain adjustments). The Senate bill would expand that to 7.5 percent of income for this year and next.
In 2015, 8.8 million Americans used the deduction. Over half were older than 65, according to AARP.
As soon as Hammer, a former university administrator and MetLife compliance manager, read about the House plan, she realized it would alter not just her taxes, but possibly her life. She has income from Social Security, a modest pension and private retirement accounts. She pulls in about $55,000 a year, enough to pay for her retirement community and her medical bills.
But if she loses the medical deduction, her taxable income would jump — and so would her taxes. Her home state of Maryland bases its taxes off the federal ones, so losing the medical deduction at the federal level would lead to more taxes at the state level as well. The more money that goes to taxes, the less she has to live on later in life.
"It's very, very scary," says Hammer. It would be even worse if her medical costs go up. She already anticipates eye surgery and a dental procedure next year.
Trump promised that the middle class would be better off under his plan, but scrapping this deduction hits some in that group. Nearly 70 percent of the people claiming the deduction made $75,000 or less, according to AARP.
"This isn't a high-income deduction," says Cristina Martin Firvida, director of financial security and consumer affairs at AARP, which has been running ad campaigns to urge Congress to keep the deduction.
House Republicans had previously argued that their tax overhaul would be so beneficial to families that individual provisions such as the medical deduction would no longer be necessary. But more recently, they have acknowledged the significant impact of eliminating this particular tax break.
Rep. Kevin Brady (R-Tex.), the lead author of the House bill, said last week that the medical deduction is on his radar heading into the conference committee because many of his fellow GOP lawmakers have contacted him about it.
"That issue is being raised a lot by our lawmakers as very important," Brady said.
Eliminating the medical deduction raises $10 billion a year — about 7 percent of the cost of reducing the tax rate for corporations from 35 percent to 20 percent, as the tax overhauls do.
Losing the deduction is especially burdensome for families caring for someone with a chronic disease. Cecilia "Sis" Tunnell is 88 and has Alzheimer's. Her daughter Mary Pagel runs a thriving accounting practice in San Luis Obispo, Calif., and moved her mom to a nursing home nearby. The facility, specialized care and a nurse cost over $130,000 last year, a hefty sum the family can pay because of years of careful planning.
Pagel handles her mother's taxes and estimates that Tunnell would go from paying about $23,000 in taxes last year to paying more than $50,000 if the House plan went into effect and the medical deduction went away, because her mother's taxable income would jump by six figures.
Many other clients of Pagel's have been calling her with similar concerns. It alters the math dramatically, even for families that have saved for years to fund top-notch care that doesn't rely on the government.
While most of the focus has been on the elderly, Americans of all ages would be affected if the tax deduction is lost.
Randy Sherfy was a former college athlete and a rising star at a law firm when he left his home on a Saturday morning in 1992 to go on a bike ride with friends. A driver hit him a few miles from his home. He was 41.
Many surgeries later, his body has been mostly repaired, but Sherfy never recovered from the brain injury. He has been living in a trauma care facility in Texas that costs over $60,000 a year. He pays for it from income from a settlement with a driver and from disability insurance he had from his law firm.
His brother, an accountant in Austin, estimates Sherfy's taxes would go up substantially without the medical tax deduction. In most years from 2007 to 2014, he paid almost no taxes because of the medical deduction, his brother says. Under the House bill, he would suddenly have taxable income of $60,000 a year.
About a quarter of people who claim the medical deduction are younger than 50, according to AARP.
Correction: An earlier version of this story misstated Cecilia Tunnell's tax bill last year.


The economic climate has put pressure on various aspects of the oil and gas industry, with operators and contractors being forced to cut costs.
"We continue to experience a very competitive market," said Michael J Bradley, president and chief executive officer of Matrix Service, following the oil and gas equipment maintenance firm's release of its third quarter financial results.
"Increased competition, coupled with a tough environment, have put pressure on contractors to decrease margins and accept a shift in risk allocation including more demanding contractual terms and conditions," he continued.
However, despite the economic situation, he insisted that contract risk management would be not be compromised.
"While we work with customers to consistently provide high-quality solutions at a competitive price, we remain disciplined in our approach to project selection, contract risk management and project execution," Bradley stated.
The recent high court case of Seadrill Management Services vs. OAO Gazprom highlighted matters of contract risk management.
This case concerned an agreement for provision of a drilling rig in the Bay of Bengal. Gazprom contracted Seadrill to deliver the rig and the case arose from an incident in January 2006, where, during preloading operations, the rig experienced difficulties and was badly damaged. This resulted in it being removed from the site for repairs.
Gazprom terminated the contract on the basis of Seadrill's negligence during the preloading and related operations. In the meantime, it drilled the well itself using another vessel.
However, Seadrill argued that the Russian company's notice of termination was a repudiatory breach of contract. Gazprom, in turn, counterclaimed for damages, alleging that it suffered substantial losses due to Seadrill's failure to complete the well as negotiated and on time.
Importantly, the case was taken to court in the UK, despite the work taking place off the coast of India and the companies having Russian and Norwegian owners. The agreement between the two companies was based on a well-known standard form, the International Daywork Drilling Contract (IADC)–Offshore form, produced by the International Association of Drilling Contractors.
It was the first time that a case concerning the IADC form had been taken to court in England and, according to legal practice Herbert Smith, which represented Gazprom, its outcome has considerable implications for contract risk management and the interpretation of agreements.
Not all the issues handled within the case can be covered here, but one of the main questions arising from the case was the extend to which Seadrill was responsible for completing the contract with reasonable skill and care, or whether all risk of accidents and delays had been passed on to Gazprom, irrespective of fault.
"Seadrill's argument was, essentially, that the contract did not impose on Seadrill any particular standard of performance for operation of the rig," Melanie Willems, of global law firm Howrey, explained.
However, the honourable Mr Justice Flaux ruled that this could not be substantiated, declaring that the claims failed. He also decided that Gazprom's counterclaims of a repudiatory breach of contract by Seadrill were unfounded.
Although Seadrill attempted to use decisions by US courts as legal precedent, but the judge held that this American case law did not apply as the contract in question was governed by English legislation.
Justice Flaux also ruled that Gazprom were entitled to recover as damages any costs and expenses in relation to the rig, "to the extent that they were truly wasted as a consequence of Seadrill's breach," but was not entitled to retrieve any outlays in relation to the drilling of the second well.
As far as contract risk management is concerned, Herbert Smith said that rig hirers and contractors should be aware that there is now binding authority for the interpretation of the IADC form under English law following the case, unless this is overturned by a higher court.
"There is an implied obligation in the IADC form that a rig is to be operated with reasonable care and skill," the legal practice said.
Global law firm Clifford Chance said that the case shows that contracts are "tricky things" and therefore contract risk management becomes extremely important. "Escaping liability for breach of contract remains very difficult, but equally seeking to terminate for breach is not for the faint-hearted," the firm said. "Get it wrong, and any benefit of the contract may vanish."


Bill Bommer holds a Ph.D. in Organizational Behavior from Indiana University and also Master's Degree in Organizational Development from Bowling Green State University. He is currently the managing partner of Collegiate Assessment Partners (CAPs). His consulting experience spans a fifteen year period. Bill has conducted leadership programs for senior managers at a variety of organizations, including Centers for Disease Control, Cooper Industries, Promina Healthcare, Eka, Scientific-Atlanta, Inc., SITA, Ockham Technologies, Artex International, and BP-Amoco. In addition, he has developed executive education programs, created in-house training for multiple manufacturing firms across the United States and served as Accenture's subject matter expert in preparing a financial management training system for BellSouth. His research has been published in a number of leading academic journals including Journal of Applied Psychology, Academy of Management Journal, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Personnel Psychology, Organization Science, and the Journal of Management. The focus of his research is on transformational leadership behaviors and their effects in the organizational setting. In terms of assessment experience, the best known of the services he offers is Iliad, an assessment center designed to evaluate managerial skills in both undergraduate and MBA students. Over 25,000 students have participated in Iliad over the past eight years. Clients of these services have included Indiana University, Georgia State University, Kennesaw State University, Cleveland State University, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville, St. Louis University, Lehigh University, DePaul University and Texas Tech University.


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Sir George Dalston, 4th Baronet ( 13 July 1718 – 7 March 1765) was a British baronet. He inherited the title from his father at a young age, and subsequently joined the Royal Navy, in which he served until 1742, reaching the rank of lieutenant. In 1754 he was elected to the parliamentary seat of Westmorland at the behest of his relations the Lowther family. Unaligned throughout his time in politics, Dalston retired in 1761 amidst increasing financial difficulties. He sold his seat of Dalston Hall soon afterwards, and died in relative poverty in 1765. Having only a daughter from his marriage, the baronetcy died with him.

Naval career
George Dalston was born in the first half of 1718 and baptized on 13 July 1718, the son of Sir Charles Dalston, 3rd Baronet and his wife Susan  Blake. On 5 March 1723 his father died, leaving Dalston to inherit his baronetcy. Having been educated at Westminster School between 1727 and 1733, he enrolled as a scholar at the Royal Naval Academy on 1 May 1735, and on 29 July 1737 he joined the 50-gun fourth-rate HMS Gloucester as a volunteer. Gloucester sailed to join the Mediterranean Fleet soon afterwards. Dalston was promoted to midshipman and sent to join the 20-gun frigate HMS Dursley Galley, which was also part of the fleet, on 19 September. He returned to Gloucester as a volunteer on 12 October, and became a midshipman again, this time still on Gloucester, on 20 October 1738. Dalston transferred as a midshipman to the 54-gun fourth-rate HMS Chester on 17 March 1739 or 1740, still in the Mediterranean.

Dalston moved ships again on 10 April 1740, this time to the newly commissioned 70-gun ship of the line HMS Prince Frederick, which was part of the Channel Fleet. He stayed in Prince Frederick for around six months before being transferred to the 70-gun ship of the line HMS Nassau on 3 October, just before Prince Frederick sailed to the West Indies Station. While serving in Nassau Dalston passed his examination for promotion to the rank of lieutenant on 6 May 1741, and in 1742 the ship sailed to the Mediterranean. There on 20 January, he was sent to the 80-gun ship of the line HMS Russell to serve as her fourth lieutenant. His stint in Russell was short, as he left her on 23 April of the same year. This was his last service in the Royal Navy.

Political career

Dalston's first public position came in 1752 when he served a one-year term as Sheriff of Cumberland. In 1754 Dalston began a career in politics when he was elected unopposed to the parliamentary seat of Westmorland. This was brought about by the Lowther family, relations of Dalston, who paid for his election at the cost of £628 15s 9d. Dalston was not politically aligned with any one group in parliament, and was classed by the Tory Viscount Dupplin as "doubtful". Dalston stayed close to his family, organising the election of Sir William Fleming to the seat of Cumberland on 19 May 1756. For this he was paid £200 by Sir James Lowther.

In early 1757 Fleming died and the Cumberland seat was open again. This time it was decided that Lowther himself would run for election, but it was thought that if he personally turned out on 27 April for the voting it would look like a sign of respect for his opponents. Instead Dalston served as his proxy at the event, and Lowther won the seat. When the 1761 British general election was called Dalston did not stand for re-election, and Lowther replaced him with John Upton.

By the time of Dalston's retirement from politics he had come into severe financial difficulties, and in June of the same year he sold his family seat of Dalston Hall to the London grocer Monkhouse Davison for £5,060, and also rid himself of several other properties in the Cumberland area. At Christmas Dalston began to receive a £200 annual income from the government to help alleviate his difficulties, but he lost this when the Duke of Newcastle relinquished his position as prime minister in May 1762. Dalston had also been drawing a small income as lieutenant-colonel of the Yorkshire militia, but this unit was disbanded at around the same time and he thus lost two of his major sources of income in short order. Sir John Ramsden commented that these losses would "totally break [Dalston's] back", and that his finances were very dilapidated. Dalston died, having failed to rescue his income, on 7 March 1765. He was buried on 9 March at Warmfield.

Family
Dalston married Anne Huxley, the daughter of the commissary general George Huxley, on 28 October 1742. Together they had one daughter, Elizabeth, on 21 April 1751. She married a French officer named Captain Theobald Dillon. Having no male heir, Dalston's baronetcy went extinct upon his death.

Citations

References

1718 births
1765 deaths
Baronets in the Baronetage of England
British MPs 1754–1761
Royal Navy officers

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