Listen Up, Ladies! Have You Always Wanted Your Own Affordable Walk-In Closet?
Thinking of what to do this weekend? Come visit the Great Singapore Garage Sale today from 11am-4pm at 18 Tampines Industrial Crescent Level 2!


More than 200 attendees, including Charlie Batch and wife LaTasha, joined in raising $40,000 at the Black and White Bash! The inaugural night of dinner, dancing, and dogs benefited Ladies Hospital Aid Society's Pups with Purpose Therapy Dog program, which helps to increase the number of therapy dogs in hospitals and care settings and provide financial assistance for service dogs. Guests were entertained by Frank Sinatra impersonator Guy Matone, and therapy dogs Hercules and Romeo tagged along with owner, pet lover, and event chair Laura Kronk. Held at the UPMC Shadyside Herberman Conference Center, a vodka tasting and cocktail reception preceded the night's forthcomings. "This is a much-needed program for the Pittsburgh area — therapy dogs help everyone!" says host committee member Heather Chronis.
This event is featured in the May 2013 issue of WHIRL Magazine.


Since our founding in 1974, the attorneys at Seigfreid Bingham have been helping prominent individuals and businesses in Kansas City, the Midwest, and beyond. Our clients call on us every day to help them solve their problems – from simple day to day questions to complex issues that take creative solutions to resolve.
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From underground business parks, to residential neighborhoods, to billion-dollar stadium renovations, we've helped Hunt Midwest & Hunt Sports Group build amazing properties, remain compliant with the law, reduce risk, and keep their legal fees in check.
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Block Real Estate Services, LLC is a commercial real estate firm in Kansas City providing real estate brokerage services, tenant representation, investment services, asset and property management, economic incentives consultation, financial services, and construction and development services. The attorneys at Seigfreid Bingham have represented Block in the acquisition and development of numerous properties on a national basis, with a focus on medical office and healthcare development.
The Kansas City Chiefs Football Club has been with Seigfreid Bingham since the firm's inception in 1974. We have drafted and negotiated contracts in every aspect of the organization's business operations and developed risk management solutions to ongoing challenges. Further, as the tenant and manager of a major NFL football stadium, the organization calls on our sports and entertainment attorneys to provide legal counsel on faculty management, concessions, patron services, construction, security, management, risk mitigation, insurance, and litigation issues involving all aspects of the stadium and the organization's myriad operations.
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1. DISA - this application allows you to make calls from outside the PBX as if you are inside it.
With this application you can allow calls from outside your PBX to be interpreted as if they are inside the PBX.
The principle is the following: somebody from outside the PBX system place a call to one of our numbers. The caller will hear a continuous signal. He/she has to enter a password followed by the pound key. If the password is correct then the caller will hear again a signal which this time is coming from inside the PBX system.
NOTE: Before to start with this application we want to warn you that the usage of the DISA application hide a serious danger for the security of your system because it allows an access to you system through outside line!!!
NOTE: This is only an example of what for you can use this application. Of course it might be used for something different.
We need three registered users in iax.conf file. This is because we are going to use the IAX2 protocol. If you want to use other protocol such as SIP or MGCP, you have to do the configurations below respectively in sip.conf or mgcp.conf.
So, we have registered the users user1, user2, anatoliy.
On the picture above there is a screenshot of our extensions.conf file.
We will assign the number 222 for incoming calls from outside. And we will make an extension for this number which to contain the DISA application. So, when somebody from outside the PBX switch dials the number 222, he/she will hear a continuous signal. During this signal the caller has to enter the password and then to press the pound key(#). The password in our case is 1111. If the password is correct then the caller will hear again a signal which this time is an internal. It comes from inside the PBX system.
In our example we have set as second argument - test1. This means that when a caller from outside enter the correct password, he/she will be allowed to make calls only within this context of the extensions.conf file. So, the caller in our example could dial numbers 109 and 110 because they are in the context [test1] and could not dial numbers from other contexts.
If we enter the word no-password instead of the numeric password(in our case instead of 1111), then the caller from outside could enter in our system without entering a password. This could be a serious problem for the security of your system and we recommend you to avoid this option. Always set a password for access to your system.
If we enter a password, but we do not set a context, by default the context will be [disa].
Finally, there is one option which brings you more flexibility while using the DISA application. This is the option where you set as argument a file with passwords instead of one single password.
In the password file you can add different passwords and you can assign to each one a different context in which the user to make internal calls. On the picture below you can see how to do the configurations in extensions.conf. And also an example for a password file.
So the caller who enters 1234 as password would have a permission to make calls only in the [test1] context. The caller with password 12345 would have a permission to make calls in the [test2] context and the caller with password 2121 would have a permission to make calls in the [test3] context.
For the best bank loan when buying a residence, make sure that you are familiar with your credit history. Should your score is over 720, you could possibly qualify for reduce-interest lending options and if your credit ranking is beneath 620, maybe you have trouble getting qualified for a mortgage loan to begin with. Being aware of where your credit score holders and when it needs to be increased, is important to getting qualified for any house loan that you can afford.
When buying life insurance coverage, keep in mind that your interests can have a considerable influence on the size of your rates. If heavy risk sporting activities like deep-sea diving, competition-automobile traveling or parachute jumping are actions you regularly engage in, then you will likely shell out higher rates to obtain insurance policy. Although many are influenced to cover up their pursuits, remember that accident promises may be declined when involvement in such sporting activities will not be revealed.
I love these arecilts. How many words can a wordsmith smith?
; inbound and outbound calls in Asterisk.
; The "General" category is for certain variables.
; made in the file will be lost when that happens.
; other contexts. The #include command works in all asterisk configuration files.
; g: select the lowest-numbered non-busy Zap channel (aka. ascending sequential hunt group).
; G: select the highest-numbered non-busy Zap channel (aka. descending sequential hunt group).
; r: use a round-robin search, starting at the next highest channel than last time (aka. ascending rotary hunt group).
; R: use a round-robin search, starting at the next lowest channel than last time (aka. descending rotary hunt group).
; extension contexts, which are collections of extensions.
; preceeded by a one.
; always start with 1 to be considered a valid extension.
; so that dialtone remains even after dialing a 9.
; to be on-line or else dialing can be severly delayed.
; We start with what to do when a call first comes in.
exten => 2,1,BackGround(demo-moreinfo)	; Give some more information.
exten => 1234,1,Playback(transfer,skip)	; "Please hold while..."
exten => #,1,Playback(demo-thanks)	; "Thanks for trying the demo"
exten => #,2,Hangup	; Hang them up.
; A timeout and "invalid extension rule"
exten => i,1,Playback(invalid)	; "That's not valid, try again"
exten => 500,4,Goto(s,6)	; Return to the start over message.
; Create an extension, 600, for evaulating echo latency.
;exten => s,2,Background(thanks)	; "Thanks for calling press 1 for sales, 2 for support, ..."
;exten => s,3,Background(submenuopts)	; "Thanks for calling the sales department. Press 1 for steve, 2 for..."
; Extensions like the two below can be used for FWD, Nikotel, sipgate etc.
; friendly Asterisk CLI prompt.
; use that particular application in this file, the dial plan.


text:
Scand J Work Environ Health 2019;45(1):73-81 pdf
doi:10.5271/sjweh.3765 | Issue date:
Changes in working life expectancy with disability in the Netherlands, 1992–2016
by van der Noordt M, van der Pas S, van Tilburg TG, van den Hout A, Deeg DJH
Objectives Like other western countries, the Netherlands has abolished early retirement schemes and is currently increasing the statutory retirement age. It is likely that also older workers with disabilities will be required to work longer. We examine the change in working life expectancy (WLE) with disability of older workers by comparing data from three periods: 1992–1996, 2002–2006 and 2012–2016.
Methods Data are from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). Respondents aged 55–65 with a paid job at baseline were included (N=1074). Disability was measured using the Global Activity Limitations Indicator (GALI). First, a continuous-time three-state survival model was created. Second, WLE with and without disability were estimated using MSM and ELECT in R. The modifying effects of gender and educational level were examined.
Results Among those initially in paid employment, total WLE increased over 20 years. For example at age 58, total WLE increased from 3.7 to 5.5 years. WLE with disability at age 58 increased from 0.8 to 1.5 years. There was no difference in WLE with disability between male and female workers or low- and highly educated workers.
Conclusions Between the 1990s and the 2010s, subsequent generations of older workers with disabilities have extended their working lives. The findings emphasize the importance of workplace interventions that facilitate older workers with disabilities to maintain well-being and work ability. In addition, the question arises whether current exit routes out of the workforce are still adequate.
This article refers to the following texts of the Journal: 2003;29(2):134-142 2014;40(5):473-482 2008;34(2):83-95
The following articles refer to this text: 2020;46(1):77-84; 2022;48(5):391-398; 2023;49(1):33-42
Key terms ageing; disability; older worker; retirement; the Netherlands; work ability; working life; working life expectancy
Western societies are facing demographic changes such as ageing of the population and shrinkage of the workforce (1). Like other policy-makers, the Dutch Government has taken action to counteract the negative financial consequences of these changes. Policy measures include discouraging early work exit through early retirement, disability pensions and unemployment by making these routes less attractive. In addition, the statutory retirement age is currently being raised. Parallel to these policy measures, the average actual retirement age has increased from <61 years in the early 1990s to 64.5 years in 2016 (2, 3).
In the 1990s and early 2000s, employers and the Dutch Government financially supported early retirement, which was common (3). However, this regulation has been phased out since 2005/2006 and early retirement has become financially unattractive (4, 5). Furthermore, the statutory retirement age, with its accompanying basic state pension, is increasing gradually from 65 years in 2012 to 67 years and three months in 2022; a further increase is foreseen (6, 7). Since 1966, workers with occupational limitations due to poor health could rely on the social security system to receive a disability benefit. In 2002, regulations were adjusted to support disabled workers with trainings and trial placements in order to withdraw them from and prevent them from entering the disability scheme; in 2006, the qualification criteria for receiving a disability pension became stricter (8, 9). From 1987, people who became unemployed and met specific criteria were eligible for benefits for more than five years under the Unemployment Insurance Act. An extension of another three and a half years was possible with the "follow-up-benefit" (9), but this was abolished in 2003. In 2006, the maximum period of receiving unemployment benefits was adjusted to 38 months (10). The benefit to workers aged ≥63 years to bridge the gap between the unemployment benefit and the basic state pension was reduced (11).
A substantial number of people aged ≥55 are in poor health, which is likely to affect their labor participation (12, 13). Poor health creates a discrepancy between job requirements and work capabilities (14). According to a systematic review, self-perceived health, mental health, chronic diseases, musculoskeletal diseases and respiratory diseases increase the likelihood of early exit. This exit has several routes, eg, via disability benefits, unemployment or early retirement (13). Older adults who continue working despite poor health may experience reduced productivity. Musculoskeletal complaints, multimorbidity and psychological disorders are associated with low performance and increased sickness absence (15). Other studies stress that it is not the disease itself that limits work participation, but the consequences of the disease and, in particular, associated disabilities (16, 17).
The extent to which changes in employment policy regulations have affected the number of years older adults work with disability is yet unknown. This can be measured with the working life expectancy (WLE) measure. This summary measure is similar to life expectancy, which is often divided in years into good and poor health (18), but with exit from the workforce as the final state instead of death. Nurminen et al (19) introduced WLE in a cohort of Finnish municipal workers and examined the number of years the participants work in different states of work ability. Burdorf & Jansen (20)focused on the years workers lose in the workforce due to low-back pain, comparing workers with high versus low physical load. Lièvre et al (21) compared healthy life expectancy with healthy WLE at age 50 in 12 European countries. In their study, the unhealthy state was a combination of a chronic physical or mental health problem, illness or disability and limitations in daily activities. Although various health measures were used in these studies, all emphasize the importance of considering disability when addressing WLE.
It can be expected that WLE with disability is different for men and women, as well as low- and highly educated workers. Women often work part-time and men full-time (22), consequently the threshold to exit the workforce may be lower for women. This is in particular the case for women with a partner because the household is often less dependent on the income of the woman (23, 24). Lièvre et al (21) showed that in the Netherlands, at age 50, unhealthy WLE was 2.1 years for men and 1.5 years for women. Based on these gender differences and the policy reforms regarding early exit that have taken place, we expect that in particular men work increasingly more years with disability. With regard to educational level, there is evidence that highly educated workers have the economic resources to exit work early. As early retirement schemes have been diminished and disability schemes have become stricter, we expect that, particularly in recent years, low-educated workers have been working with disability for more years compared to highly educated workers (25).
This study examines the change in WLE of older workers with disability by comparing cohort data of three different time periods: 1992–1996, 2002–2006 and 2012–2016. Due to policy changes that have limited early retirement routes in the Netherlands, we expect that the number of years older adults work with disability has increased. In addition, we expect that men and low-educated people work increasingly more years with disability compared to women and highly educated people, respectively.
Data are from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA). LASA is a continuing Dutch population-based cohort study on predictors and consequences of changes in physical, cognitive, social and emotional functioning with ageing (26, 27). The first LASA cohort (1992/1993) consisted of 3107 older adults aged 55–85, of which 966 were aged 55–65. In 2002/2003 and 2012/2013, new cohorts were started with 1002 and 1023 adults aged 55–65 years, respectively. Follow-up interviews took place every three years. For this study, data of the first two observations were analyzed (T0 and T1). Observations in 1992/1993, 2002/2003 and 2012/2013 were considered as baseline for the three cohorts. Respondents with a paid job at baseline were selected (N=1315). We excluded workers who did not participate in the study at T1 (i) for other reasons than dying (N=125), (ii) due to missing information on health (T0 or T1) or employment status (T1), (iii) because they had opted for a shortened face-to-face interview at T1 (N=30) or a shortened telephone interview at T1 (N=80), or (iv) for other reasons (N=6). The main reasons for not participating at T1 were lack of interest. Only six respondents reported health reasons. Non-response at T1 was not selective in terms of age, gender, educational level and baseline disability. The final study sample consisted of 1074 respondents, of which 23% belonged to the first cohort, 36% to the second cohort and 41% to the third cohort. This reflects that in recent years the proportion of workers in the age category 55–65 years increased.
The outcome variable consists of three possible states, being in the workforce without disability (state 1), in the workforce with disability (state 2) and out of the workforce (state 3). At baseline, all respondents are in either the first or second state. At follow-up, they are in all three states.
Disability is measured using the Global Disability Indicator (GALI) (28). In LASA, the following questions are asked: "Do health problems limit your normal daily activities?" (yes, severely; yes moderately; no) and, if so, "Do these limitations last for more than three months?" (yes; no). If both questions were answered positively, the respondent was classified as having disability. This binary variable is commonly used for estimating healthy life expectancies (29). Two other measures of disability were used to check the robustness of findings: six self-reported questions and a Chair Stand Test. The six questions concerned difficulty in climbing or descending stairs of 15 steps without stopping, getting dressed and undressed, sitting down and standing up from a chair, cutting one's toenails, walking outside for five minutes, and using public transport. These questions were selected from the validated Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development Questionnaire (30). If the respondent had (some) difficulties on at least one item, he or she was classified as having disability. The Chair Stand Test involved standing up and sitting down with folded arms, five times at usual pace. The total time needed was recorded by the interviewers. To categorize this variable, quartiles were used based on the time required in the total LASA sample in this age group (31). Respondents in the upper quartile (requiring ≥13 seconds to perform the test), those who used their arms, and those who could not perform the test at all, were categorized as having disability.
In state 3, the respondents have stopped working. The age at which people stopped paid work was assessed with the question "In which month and which year did you stop doing paid work?". If the month and year of exit from the workforce was unknown (N=36), the date halfway between the two interviews was used to calculate the age of exit from the workforce. For the deceased respondents (N=20), the age of exit from the workforce is calculated based on the date of death minus six months – provided this date was not earlier than the baseline interview – because it can be assumed that in most cases there has been a period of illness before death in which respondents did not work.
Age at the time of the interview was based on the date of interview and the birthdate. The birthdate and gender were obtained from the municipal registry. Highest level of education completed comprises three levels: low (elementary school, lower vocational education or less), moderate (general intermediate, intermediate vocational, and general secondary education), and high (higher vocational education, college, and university). Age was used as continuous variable; cohort, gender and educational level as dummy variables.
Baseline characteristics were examined for the three cohorts, including a breakdown for workers with and without disability. Differences in age were tested using ANOVA, and differences in gender, educational level and disability were tested using χ2.
In the three-state survival model the times of transitions between the first and second state are interval-censored. This means that the exact transition times between these states are assumed to lie somewhere between two observations and that transitions from state 1 to state 2, or the reverse, may take place several times. State 3 is an absorbing state, meaning that respondents can enter this state only once, the exact transition time of which is used from the data.
First, the model was fitted to the data with the MSM package in R, which estimates hazards for state transitions for age and cohort dummies (32). Based on the hazards, hazard ratios (HR) and transition probabilities were derived. An age-dependent model was used, which assumes that state transitions increase or decrease log linearly with age. Subsequently, using disability prevalence and transition probabilities, WLE were estimated with ELECT, a set of functions in R (33). ELECT provides total WLE divided into WLE with and without disability. Confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using simulation based on the maximum likelihood estimation (1000 repetitions). After estimating WLE for a range of specified ages, the results are presented in age-based figures. In figures 1 and 2, the total WLE for all workers, independent of their health state, and for workers who already have disability are presented. Both are estimated based on the total study sample. To improve readability, we discuss only WLE at age 58, the median baseline age. WLE for three categories of workers (workers independent of their health state, workers who already have disability and workers who do not have disability) from age 55–68 are available online (supplementary file A, www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=3765).
Working life expectancies (WLE) for all workers, independent of their initial health state, comparing three time periods (N=1074). Black=disability; grey=no disability. Note, years with and without disability are presented cumulatively.
Working life expectancies (WLE) for workers with disability at the specified ages comparing three time periods (N=1074). Black=disability; grey=no disability. Note, years with and without disability are presented cumulatively.
Second, the modifying effects of gender and educational level were examined. In MSM, additional hazards for state transitions for gender and educational level were estimated. Subsequently, WLE were estimated stratified by cohort and gender and by cohort and educational level. WLE estimates for one sub-group (eg, low-educated) were compared with the 95% CI of the estimates for another sub-group (eg, highly educated) and vice versa, to determine significant differences. In addition, interaction between cohort and gender and cohort and educational level was tested to check whether state transitions differed for gender and educational level over the cohorts, based on HR with 95% CI.
Third, the robustness of findings was checked by repeating the analyses using indicators of disability based on self-report and the Chair Stand Test. WLE at age 58 with 95% CI were compared for the three indicators.
Baseline descriptive characteristics
The proportion of workers with disability increased over the cohorts, as well as the proportion of female workers (table 1). Educational level increased over the cohorts both for workers with and without disability. Moreover, in the third cohort, workers without disability were more often highly educated, while workers with disability were more often moderately educated. Mean age increased only among workers without disability.
Baseline characteristics of the study sample [M=mean; SD=standard deviation]
Disability a*
No disability (N=210)
Disability (N=38)
Disability (N=103)
(N=1074)
Gender a*
Men 129 61 28 74 182 59 46 64 180 52 62 60 627 58
Women 81 39 10 26 126 41 26 36 163 48 41 40 447 42
Education a*** d* e*** f*
Low 89 42 17 45 89 32 31 43 65 19 23 22 323 30
Moderate 74 35 15 39 105 34 24 33 131 38 51 50 400 37
High 47 22 6 16 105 34 17 24 147 43 29 28 351 33
Age a*** e** 59.0 2.8 58.8 2.6 58.7 2.7 58.6 2.7 59.4 2.6 59.3 2.6 59.0 2.7
[i] *** P>0.001; ** P>0.01; * P>0.05.
[ii] a Significant difference among respondents between cohort 1, 2 & 3.
[iii] b Significant difference between respondents with and without disability in cohort 1.
[iv] c Significant difference between respondents with and without disability in cohort 2.
[v] d Significant difference between respondents with and without disability in cohort 3.
[vi] e Significant difference among respondents without disability between cohort 1, 2 & 3.
[vii] f Significant difference among respondents with disability between cohort 1, 2 & 3.
Number of years worked with disability
In figure 1, the estimated WLE are presented for each age year for all initial workers independent of their health state. For example, at the age of 58, total WLE was 3.7 years (95% CI 3.2–4.2) in the first cohort, 4.6 years (95% CI 4.0–5.1) in the second cohort, and 5.5 years (95% CI 4.9–6.0) in the third cohort. Across these cohorts, the estimated number of years worked with disability also increased. It was 0.8 (95% CI 0.6–1.1), 1.1 (95% CI 0.8–1.4), and 1.5 (95% CI 1.2–2.0) years, respectively in the three cohorts. The increase in number of years worked with disability over the three cohorts is related to the increase in the prevalence of disability (see table 1). Furthermore, workers who already had a disability stayed in the workforce longer while having a disability. figure 2 shows that at the age of 58, this number of years increased from 2.2 years (95% CI 1.5–3.1) in the first cohort, to 2.6 (95% CI 2.0–3.3) in the second, and to 3.4 years (95% CI 2.7–4.1) in the third cohort.
Gender differences in WLE
There were no gender differences in total WLE, WLE with disability and WLE without disability between workers in the three cohorts. Neither was there an interaction of cohort with gender in state transitions (results available in supplementary file B, www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=3765).
Education-based differences in WLE
Estimates of WLE stratified by educational level showed no difference in WLE with disability between low- and highly educated workers in any of the cohorts (see table 2). There were education-based differences in total WLE in the second and third cohort. Highly educated workers had a higher total WLE compared to low-educated workers. Tests of interaction effects of cohort with educational level indicated that differences between low, moderate and highly educated workers did not change over time (results available online in supplementary file C, www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=3765).
Working life expectancies (WLE) at age 58 for all workers, independent of their health state, stratified by educational level (N=1074). [CI=confidence interval.]
WLE without disability
WLE with disability
Total WLE
Low 2.60 2.13–3.08 0.86 0.56–1.24 3.46 2.92–4.01
Moderate 2.96 2.44–3.48 0.80 0.51–1.15 3.75 3.14–4.35
High 3.56 a 2.87–4.23 0.60 0.34–0.99 4.16 3.39–4.93
High 4.14 a 3.43–4.84 0.91 0.58–1.31 5.04 a 4.26–5.77
a Values differ from low educated workers, with P<0.05
WLE robustness
There were no differences in WLE with disability using the GALI, the six self-reported questions and the Chair Stand Test (results available in supplementary file D, www.sjweh.fi/show_abstract.php?abstract_id=3765). This indicates that the estimates for WLE with disability are robust for differences between disability indicators.
This study aimed to examine the change in WLE with disability of older workers comparing cohorts of workers in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. WLE with disability of older workers, independent of their health state, increased over the years. There were no differences in WLE with disability between male and female workers, and between low- and highly educated workers.
Contextualizing the results
For workers aged ≥55, WLE with disability increased over the years. This is due to an increase in both the prevalence of disability among older workers and the number of years older workers with disability remain in the workforce. The incremental increase in the second and the third cohort suggests a direct effect from the abolishment of early exit routes and stricter requirements for disability benefits. These measures were introduced between 2002–2006 (9). However, other societal developments also have contributed. The increase in educational level and decrease of physical labor has enabled older workers to work until older ages (34). Moreover, the awareness that peers are also working until older ages has been suggested to enhance older workers' willingness to continue working (35).
This study showed that there were no differences in WLE with disability between male and female workers, nor did this potential difference increase over the years. We hypothesized that women would have a lower WLE with disability compared to men, which is in line with previous research (21). Women often have part-time jobs with a corresponding lower income, and most of them have a bread-winning male partner who is usually older (23, 24, 36). Both may lower the threshold for women to exit early (22). However, working in a part-time job may also facilitate older women to continue working. These opposing factors appear to outweigh each other. Data from Statistics Netherlands show that only since 2012 have women exited the workforce earlier compared to men. The difference increased from 0.1 year in 2012 to 1.0 year in 2016 (2). However, these small differences in the 2010s did not appear to affect WLE with disability differently for men and women in our study and did not, therefore, increase the gender differences.
In addition, we hypothesized that WLE with disability would be higher for low- compared to highly educated workers, in particular in the third cohort. Good economic circumstances offer opportunities for early exit (37), and highly educated workers generally have more economic resources to exit work early compared to low-educated workers (25). However, this hypothesis was not supported. There was no difference in WLE with disability between low- and highly educated workers. Neither did the effect of educational level change over the cohorts. It seems that the reformed social security is still adequate enough in giving low-educated workers the opportunity to exit the workforce early, which keeps socioeconomic differences limited. Data from Statistics Netherlands show that low-educated workers indeed more often exit the workforce through disability and unemployment schemes (2). Another explanation could be that highly educated workers choose to continue working with disability, while low-educated workers are required to continue working, which masks socioeconomic differences. It may be expected low-educated workers suffer more from continuing work with disability compared to highly educated workers. First, low-educated workers have more often physically demanding jobs, which makes it more difficult to perform the job in presence of disability (38, 39). Second, low-educated workers are less likely to cope with their disability in their job (40). Third, highly educated workers more often make use of part-time retirement arrangements, which enables them to continue working with disability while low-educated workers continue working in their normal intensity (41). Therefore, especially among the low-educated workers, working with disability could result in a discrepancy between job requirements and work capabilities (14), which in turn can affect their work ability and productivity (42), as well as their well-being (43).
Methodological considerations
The use of data from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) has several advantages. First, LASA is based on a representative sample of the Dutch older population, which offers a representative sample of the older working population as well. Second, LASA started in 1992, which provides an unique opportunity to compare WLE with disability over a period of 20 years. Third, in LASA multiple measures are available for disability. This allowed us to conduct a robustness check of our findings. Similar results were found when different measures of disability are used.
There are also limitations of this study. First, the sample of workers was relatively small. This gives statistical power issues when subgroups are compared. However, in the main analysis the three cohorts were pooled, improving the power. Still, we refrained from building an extended multivariate model and added the covariates gender and educational level separately in the model. Second, we included respondents in paid employment at baseline and exit from work was an absorbing state, meaning that non-workers who returned to work are not represented. Thus, WLE is estimated for workers only and not for all persons at a particular age. This may limit comparability with other studies, eg, Lièvre et al (21) and Nurminen et al (44). However, it is likely that omitting those who returned to work had only a negligible underestimating effect because the probability of returning to work is low among older adults (45). Moreover, the current study sample was too small to analyze non-workers at baseline and those returning to work. Third, selection bias in the form of the healthy worker effect could have played a role (46). Before the age of 55, people may have exited the workforce already due to disabilities. However, it will not undermine the inference of the WLE as these are estimated conditionally that one reaches the age of ≥55 while being in a paid job. In addition, we do not think that non-response had led to selection bias because non-response was not selective in terms of baseline disability, and the main reason for drop-out was lack of interest, thus not health-related. Fourth, WLE are estimated for all ages included in the study sample (55–68 years) because over the entire age range, a proportion of the sample was still active in the workforce. It must be noted that the WLE estimated at the highest ages are based on the hazards for state transitions computed at the younger ages and might be less adequate. Therefore, we discussed only the WLE at age 58 years, the median baseline age. Fifth, working with disability is not necessarily related to reduced work ability, as defined by Ilmarinen (47), and the association with work ability may vary between highly and low-educated workers. Unfortunately, there was no measure on work ability available in LASA.
Implications for research and practice
The recent rise in WLE with disability could mean that disabled workers are well supported by their employers or colleagues to continue working or that contemporary working conditions are more suitable to facilitate prolonged working with disability. Alternatively, disabled workers could be forced to continue working due to their financial situation. This may lead to reduced well-being and productivity of disabled workers. A study among older workers in the 2010s suggests that the increase of WLE with disability is involuntary as a result of having too little time to adapt to the increased retirement age (39). More research into differences in well-being and productivity between disabled and non-disabled workers might help to assess the impact of the increase of WLE with disability. In addition, attention has to be paid to the work ability of disabled low-educated workers, both in research and at the workplace.
In the meantime, employers should support their disabled employees. Older workers with disability may benefit from managerial support and professional advice on how to cope at work in the presence of disability (48). However, effective interventions for older workers to maintain their work ability and promote sustainable employability are lacking (49). In addition, the Dutch Government plays an important role in accommodating disabled workers to make a dignified exit from the workforce. The increased WLE with disability asks for re-evaluation of the current exit routes out of the workforce.
In view of the ongoing increase in the statutory retirement age, WLE with disability and possible differences between men and women, and between low- and highly educated workers, should be monitored to prevent socioeconomic differences.
Between the 1990s and the 2010s, subsequent generations of older workers have extended their working lives with disability. The findings emphasize the importance of workplace interventions that facilitate older workers with disability to maintain well-being and work ability. In addition, the question arises whether current exit routes out of the workforce are still adequate.
Financial support from the Network for Studies on Pensions, Aging and Retirement under grant LMVP2014.01 is gratefully acknowledged.
The LASA is supported by a grant from the Netherlands Ministry of Health Welfare and Sports, Directorate of Long-Term Care. The data collection in 2012-2013 was financially supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) in the framework of the project "New cohorts of young old in the 21st century" (file number 480-10-014).
This work is indebted to two workshops organized by the National Institute on Ageing at the National Institutes of Health NIH/NIA Program Project Grant (P01AG043362; 2013-2018).
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Hausmann, R, Tyson, L, & Zahidi, S. (2017). The Global Gender Gap Report 2017. Geneva: Word Economic Forum.
CBS.nl. Welvaart van personen [Welfare of people], Den Haag/Heerlen, Statistics Netherlands, Available from: https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/83740NED/table?ts=1527691062413.
Visser, M. (2017). A dynamic life course perspective on educational and social class differences in the late career. Nijmegen: Radboud University. Inequality between older workers and older couples in the Netherlands.
Huisman, M, Poppelaars, J, van der Horst, M, Beekman, AT, Brug, J, van Tilburg, TG, et al. (2011, Aug). Cohort profile: the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Int J Epidemiol, 40(4), 868-76, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq219.
Hoogendijk, EO, Deeg, DJ, Poppelaars, J, van der Horst, M, Broese van Groenou, MI, Comijs, HC, et al. (2016, Sep). The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam: cohort update 2016 and major findings. Eur J Epidemiol, 31(9), 927-45, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10654-016-0192-0.
Robine, JM, Jagger, C, & Euro, R. (2003, Sep). EVES Group. Creating a coherent set of indicators to monitor health across Europe: the Euro-REVES 2 project. Eur J Public Health, 13(3 Suppl), 6-14, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/13.suppl_1.6.
Jagger, C, Gillies, C, Moscone, F, Cambois, E, Van Oyen, H, Nusselder, W, et al. (2008, Dec). EHLEIS team. Inequalities in healthy life years in the 25 countries of the European Union in 2005: a cross-national meta-regression analysis. Lancet, 372(9656), 2124-31, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61594-9.
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van den Hout, A. (2016). ELECT: Estimation of life expectancies using continuous-time multi-state survival models. ELECT version 0.2. Vignette.
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van Solinge, H, & Henkens, K. (2007, Sep). Involuntary retirement: the role of restrictive circumstances, timing, and social embeddedness. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci, 62(5), S295-303, http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/62.5.S295.
Eismann, M. (2018). Retiring together? Challenges for dual earners. Demos, 34(5), 1-3.
Stattin, M. (2005, Feb). Retirement on grounds of ill health. Occup Environ Med, 62(2), 135-40, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2004.015669.
Kösters, L. (2008). Verzorgende beroepen psychisch en fysiek zwaar belastend [Nurturing professions psychologically and physically stressful]. Sociaaleconomische Trends, IV.
Henkens, K, Van Solinge, H, Damman, M, & Dingemans, E. (2016). Taken by surprise: how older workers struggle with a higher retirement age. Demos, 32(7), 1-2.
Bengtsson, S, & Datta Gupta, N. (2017, Mar). Identifying the effects of education on the ability to cope with a disability among individuals with disabilities. PLoS One, 12(3), e0173659, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173659.
Henkens, CJ, van Dalen, HP, & van Solinge, H. (2009). About continuing to work and re-entering employment]. Amsterdam: KNAW Press. De vervagende grens tussen werk en pensioen: over doorwerkers, doorstarters en herintreders [The fading border between employment and retirement.
Leijten, FR, van den Heuvel, SG, Ybema, JF, van der Beek, AJ, Robroek, SJ, & Burdorf, A. (2014, Sep). The influence of chronic health problems on work ability and productivity at work: a longitudinal study among older employees. Scand J Work Environ Health, 40(5), 473-82, http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3444.
Daly, MC, & Gardiner, CS. (2013). Disability and Subjective Well-Being. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Nurminen, M. (2008, Apr). Worklife expectancies of fixed-term Finnish employees in 1997-2006. Scand J Work Environ Health, 34(2), 83-95, http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.1222.
Euwals, R, Boeters, S, Bosch, N, Deelen, A, & ter Weel, B. (2013). Arbeidsmarkt ouderen en duurzame inzetbaarheid [Older workers and sustainable employability]. Den Haag: CPB.
Choi, BC. (1992, Oct). Definition, sources, magnitude, effect modifiers, and strategies of reduction of the healthy worker effect. J Occup Med, 34(10), 979-88.
Ilmarinen, J. (1999). Ageing workers in the European Union: status and promotion of work ability, employability, and employment. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Ministry of Labour.
Detaille, SI, Haafkens, JA, & van Dijk, FJ. (2003, Apr). What employees with rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus and hearing loss need to cope at work. Scand J Work Environ Health, 29(2), 134-42, http://dx.doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.715.
Cloostermans, L, Bekkers, MB, Uiters, E, & Proper, KI. (2015, Jul). The effectiveness of interventions for ageing workers on (early) retirement, work ability and productivity: a systematic review. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 88(5), 521-32, http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00420-014-0969-y.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Nashville gets a nice write-up in the New York Times....again.
There's always the music, of course, from the Opry to hideaways like Santa's Pub. The food is memorable, too, including Indian-Southern fusion.
"Folsom Prison Blues," the 1955 Johnny Cash classic, isn't exactly a deep cut — anyone with even a passing familiarity with country music has heard it. So when the Don Kelley Band tore into the opening riff at the beginning of their set at Robert's Western World — one of many honky-tonks on a brightly lit neon strip of Broadway in downtown Nashville — I nodded my head and tapped my feet along with the other hundred or so people in the joint. It was the musical equivalent of comfort food — nothing too surprising or challenging. I wasn't quite ready for what happened next.
Luke McQueary, a skinny 17-year-old in a plaid Western-style shirt, stepped to the front of the stage and, instead of delivering the workmanlike guitar break I was expecting, set the stage aflame with a blistering solo I would have expected from someone twice his age and experience. It was no fluke — the virtuosity continued during the following song, performed with an earnest, almostHendrix-like showmanship. I half expected someone to come out from the wings, wrap a robe around him, and help him off the stage, à la James Brown.
I was surprised, but I shouldn't have been. A place nicknamed "Music City" has a reputation to uphold, and Nashville was more than ready to exceed my expectations. A mecca for talented musicians, Tennessee not only has more high-quality live music than you could ever hope to enjoy, but top-notch dining — both traditional Southern cooking and contemporary twists on old standards. It's a great location for those on a budget, too — I scarcely noticed the damage to my wallet after a four-night trip there in November.
That area of Broadway is a little like the Las Vegas Strip or Bourbon Street: crowded and touristy, but fun in small doses. I visited there with my friend Halena Kays, with whom I crashed in nearby Murfreesboro, a suburb southeast of the city. We ended up at Robert's Western World accidentally, as our plans to have dinner at nearby Merchants Restaurant, on the corner of Broadway and Fourth Avenue South, had hit a snag — the place was booked solid. No matter: We grabbed a $4 fried bologna sandwich (imagine a BLT — now imagine it twice as salty) and a couple of $4.25 Miller Lites at the honky-tonk while we listened to the aforementioned band.
I soon received a text that a table had opened up and we walked over to Merchant's. The place effectively operates as two restaurants, a pricier steak and seafood restaurant on the second floor, and a less expensive, modern southern bistro on the ground floor. We opted for the latter and grabbed a booth in the bright, spacious dining room. The fried green tomatoes ($11) were spot-on, and the Nashville Caesar salad with cornbread croutons ($12), and a pulled pork sandwich ($13) were satisfying. One nice thing: When they saw we were sharing everything, they were happy to split the dishes into separate portions.
That strip of Broadway is just a stone's throw from Ryman Auditorium, an indelible piece of Nashville history that belongs on every to-do list, especially if the Grand Ole Opry happens to be in residence. The Opry, an artistic home to country musicians since it began in 1925, takes place primarily at Opryland, about 25 minutes northeast of downtown. But if you can, see the show at the Ryman, home to the show from 1943-1974, which sometimes still hosts the Opry. The building itself is a relic — opened in 1892 as the Union Gospel Tabernacle, it earned the moniker "Mother Church of Country Music." Near the back steps of its hallowed halls, Halena and I passed a young street performer with an amazing voice crooning a song I didn't recognize. In Nashville, even the buskers have exceptional talent.


THE PREPARATION OF THE BEST WRONGFUL TERMINATION CASES SHOULD START, WHEN POSSIBLE, BEFORE THE EMPLOYEE IS ACTUALLY TERMINATED Proving that unlawful discrimination or harassment occurred can be difficult. Employers are not going to admit they broke the law when you sue them. Employers generally lie about everything that they believe they can get away with. Many times, employers order their employees not to speak to former employees who are suing them. Further, many employers threaten retaliation against their current employees who will be witnesses against them. Gathering evidence to support an employment lawsuit requires a skilled attorney who knows how employers attempt to hide their illegal conduct. If you live in the Los Angeles or Orange County area it is important that you seek help from a seasoned discrimination attorney in Los Angeles who can help you gather and preserve evidence as soon as possible. HAVE AN ATTORNEY HELP YOU WRITE A COMPLAINT LETTER TO DOCUMENT THE ILLEGAL CONDUCT BEFORE YOU ARE TERMINATED Complaint letters can be one of the best ways to document an employer's illegal conduct. However, not all complaint letters are equal under the law. It is illegal under California law for an employer to retaliate against you when you make certain legally protected complaints. On the other hand, you are not legally protected for making any type of complaint to an employer. Only certain types of complaints are protected under California law. You should always seek the advice of an attorney before writing a complaint letter to your employer. An attorney can make sure that the complaint letter you give to your boss will qualify you for legal protection against retaliation. If you write a proper complaint letter, it will document the illegal conduct you are experiencing, protect you legally from retaliation, and if you are terminated for writing the letter, you will likely have a valuable law suit that will be difficult for a corporate defense attorney to defend against. GET CO-WORKERS TO SIGHN STATEMENTS AFTER TALKING TO AN EXPERIENCED EMPLOYMENT LAW ATTORNEY Remember, after you're terminated it may be more difficult to contact co-workers or get them to write statements. Co-workers are generally afraid to speak out against their employer once a lawsuit is filed. Additionally, be aware a poorly worded statement may be more damaging to your case than helpful. Thus, always consult with an attorney before gathering statements, so you understand what type of statements will be helpful to your case. REMEMBER – AFTER YOU'RE TERMINATED IT MAY BE TOO LATE TO GATHER EVIDENCE REGARDING WHAT HAPPENED.


Enter by sending your photo to clsmarketing@kent.gov.uk with the subject line "Photography Competition Entry".
Entry emails must include your name, address and contact number.
Closing date for all entries is 28/02/2019.
The prize is a £100 Kent Adult Education Gift Voucher. The prize are not transferable and there is no cash alternative.
All photos submitted must be taken in Kent.
Submitted photos need to be your own original work, you must own the copyright.
Photos must have been taken with the permission of the subject and must not infringe the copyright of any third party or laws.
Photos cannot have been published elsewhere or have won a prize in another competition.
The winner will be selected by Kent Adult Education and contacted by 29/03/2019. If you haven't contacted by this time, unfortunately you haven't won.
The name of the winner will be published accordingly.
The decision as to who has won is final.
Proof of emailing cannot be accepted as proof of entry.
By entering this competition you consent to your entry being used by Kent Adult Education online, in print and in any other connected promotional material.
Kent Adult Education reserve the right to amend the terms of the competition at any time without notice.
This competition is not open to Community Learning & Skills employees.


The Center, DCU and its partner organizations provide mentorship, a network and a community of FinTech professionals. Member companies focus on Bitcoin, Blockchain, Credit Ratings, Data & Analytics, Digital Currency, Financial Education, Financial Health, Mobile Banking, Online Lending, P2P Lending, Payments, Personal Finance and more.
Startups are also part of the Workbar coworking network, with access to shared office space and a community of connected professionals across the state.


text:
Q: Toggle up/down with up down keys in auto suggest I am trying to make auto-suggest using ajax with php and mysql. Auto-suggest is working well but I am getting problem with toggling up down with up down keys. I am following this jsfiddle as example for completing my work. But can't get why Navigate function is been called twice. Because it alerts twice when I press down keys.
jquery
 var Navigate = function(diff){

 displayBoxIndex += diff;

    var oBoxCollection = $("#searched a .searchFull");

    if (displayBoxIndex >= oBoxCollection.length) {
        displayBoxIndex = 0;
        alert("A");
    }
    if (displayBoxIndex < 0) {
        displayBoxIndex = oBoxCollection.length - 1;
        alert("B");
    }
    var cssClass = "selected";
    oBoxCollection.removeClass(cssClass).eq(displayBoxIndex).addClass(cssClass);

}
$(document).on('keypress keyup', "#search", function (e) {
    if (e.keyCode == 13 || e.keyCode == 32) {
        $('.display_box_hover').trigger('click');
        return false;
    }
    if (e.keyCode == 40) {
        //down arrow
        Navigate(1);
    }
    if (e.keyCode == 38) {
        //up arrow
        Navigate(-1);
    }
});

HTML

A: Here is the solution for your issue:
You call two events like: keypress and keyup. So, it will call twice.
Just remove one like here i remove keypress and here it works well.
$(document).on('keyup', function (e) {
        if (e.keyCode == 13 || e.keyCode == 32) {
            $('.display_box_hover').trigger('click');
            return false;
        }
        if (e.keyCode == 40) {
            //down arrow
            //alert("down");
            Navigate(1);
        }
        if (e.keyCode == 38) {
            //up arrow
            Navigate(-1);
        }
    });

Check Fiddle here.
And as per comment Here selected class not removed checked in firebug. See below image.

Hope it helps.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
YONA FRIEDMAN. Mobile Architecture, People's Architecture
Download the mini-guide
curated by Gong Yan and Elena Motisi
A legendary figure, a fundamental point of reference for artists and architects, an icon of post-war Utopian architecture
The exhibition, born out of the collaboration with the Power Station of Art in Shanghai presents the intense and conflictual relationship between the Utopian dimension of design and its realization through the work of Yona Friedman.
The theory of mobile architecture, conceived by Friedman in 1950s, called into question the Modernist vision whereby the inhabitants are required to adapt to a building and not the reverse: through sketches, models and animations the exhibition recounts the development of this theory while at the same time exploring the theme of improvisation as a "possibility" in the world of architecture, as theorised by Friedman from the 1970s.
Architecture Mobile
Space Frames
Ville Spatiale
Boulevard Garibaldi
Street Museum
Yona Friedman
(Budapest, 1923) is a Hungarian-born French architect. Starting in 1958 with his Manifesto de l'Architecture Mobile he has formulated and championed the idea that the inhabitant should be the sole conceptor of his own living premises within a spaceframe structure that would allow individual variations. His theory influenced avant-garde groups like the Japanese Metabolists, Archigram […]
Open Call. Street Museum
Auteur Conversations. Yona Friedman
Free guided tour. From the Collection to Yona Friedman
MAXXI in famiglia. Architetture mobili per una città ideale
Writings on Yona Friedman
The Architecture Mobile (Mobile Architecture) manifesto largely affected the urban planning of the late Twentieth Century, and gave rise to a new ideology by deeply influencing the architectural planning of more recent experimental groups, especially the Metabolist Movement in Japan, the Archigram group in the United Kingdom and others. Friedman studied how to develop an architectural structure able to respond to the heterogeneity of the social system, namely the awareness citizens are to have of their spatial needs. Such a vision, which attaches the greatest importance to those who use architectural objects instead of architects, leads to the need for an easily movable mobile architecture to suit the spatial needs of inhabitants. Indeed, common people, who are at the core of the decision-making process despite not being specialised, have the freedom to make their own architecture come true. The Ville Spatiale (Spatial Town), namely a project based on shapes and structures which can allegedly be modified an infinite number of times, is the best implementation of the Mobile Architecture model.
The use of Irregular Structures is one of the founding ideas of Mobile Architecture. Based on a causal configuration, Irregular Structures are participative by nature, and can be learnt autonomously following a personal experimentation. Their aims is to enable users to construct buildings by following simple instructions. Irregular Structures include: GRIBOUILLI (Scribbles) are improvised three-dimensional structures (Space Frames) made from tangled metal wires, the high stability of which is ensured by intersection points; CRUMPLED SHEETS are improvised structures. Their underlying principle includes the use of a mouldable foil which can be crumpled according to personal needs; THE ROD NET is a freely arranged reticular spatial structure composed of rigid rods linked by use of joints, creating a usable space; SPACE CHAINS: structures made up of rings assembled in different ways.
The Ville Spatiale (Spatial Town) is the core concept of Friedman's work. The project consists in an elevated grid which contains the main ducts and area corridors (streets), inside which single homes following principles that ensure natural light, privacy, and accessibility are inserted. The ground under the Spatial Town stays practically intact. The Spatial Town is an unpredictable invention where the actual architects are its inhabitants and users. For the MAXXI exhibition has been conceinved a large-scale model of the Ville Spatiale that interacts with unpublished drawings and photomontages by the architect, which depict his vision of Rome and the MAXXI and visually represent his method.
Like a small cell in the Spatial Town, Friedman's house in the 15th arrondissement of Paris at the beginning of the 1960s is overwhelmed by manuscripts, models, toys and all kinds of materials collected by himself. The exhibition contains more than hundred drawings, photos and models which map out the main phases of his creative process. From the cover of the first edition of Architecture Mobile, through visions of the Ville Spatiale up to the Cylindrical Shelters and Cabins for the Sahara projects. In the exhibition, a detailed study is dedicated to the Museum of Simple Tecnology and an extremely relevant and imaginative refugee camp project.
2004 saw Friedman launch his Street Museum project, which invited citizens to display objects of significance to them in a very flexible structure. Street Museum typologies vary in accordance with the context and the Street Museum at the MAXXI contains objects collected through an open call organised by the museum in May 2017.


text:
A miskolci városháza  romantikus stílusban épült törzsépülete a Városház tér 8. szám alatt áll, de a későbbiekben hozzá csatolták a szomszédos, 10–12. szám alatti épületeket is. A 2010-es évek elején, az épületegyüttes komplex rekonstrukciója keretében a Hunyadi utca felőli oldalon új épületet húztak, azóta itt van a városháza főbejárata (Hunyadi János utca 2.).

Története
Az egykori mezőváros adminisztratív központja, a legelső városháza, még egyszerű kivitelű, szegényes építmény volt, de már az is a mostani telken állt a 17. század közepén. A telek a mai Hunyadi (a korabeli Hunyad) és Széchenyi (akkor Piac) utca találkozásánál leágazó, már akkor is tölcsérszerűen szűkülő Mészár utcán állt. A városházával szemben, a mai megyeháza helyén álló épületben szállásolták el a hivatalos vendégeket, e mellett helyezkedett el a város mészárszéke és korcsmája. A korabeli, 1702-es állapotnak megfelelő alaprajzi állapot Marjalaki Kiss Lajos rekonstrukciójából ismert.

Az újabb városháza 1762–63-ban épült fel a régi helyén. Kialakításáról, megjelenéséről nem sokat tudunk, de a források 1782-től már Városháza néven említették. Ez az épület 80 évig állt, mert az 1843-as földrengés és tűzvész miatt alkalmatlanná vált funkciója ellátására, bár utána még rendbe hozták.

Losonczi Farkas Károly főbíró, a pár évvel későbbi polgármester, 1868-ban javasolta új városháza építését. A régi épületet 1870. február 15-én kezdték el bontani, az ünnepélyes alapkőletétel (1870. március  26.) alkalmából üveghengerben helyezték el az építésről szóló határozatot, valamint a közadakozásból származó arany-, ezüst- és rézpénzeket. Érdekesség, hogy az alapozáskor találták meg a korábbi épület alapító okmányát. A terveket Czakó Lajos városi főmérnök készítette, építőmestere Klein Ede volt. Az első gond a földszint elkészültekor (1870. október 20.) jelentkezett: kiderült, hogy az ablakok kisebbek, mint a környező épületeké, s ezt a büszke városvezetés nem engedhette, megnagyobbíttatták őket. November 17-én a második emeletig jutott az építkezés, amikor anyagi gondok jelentkeztek, elfogyott a pénz, az építkezés befejezése és a berendezés elkészítése veszélybe került. Farkas főbíró ekkor a város asszonyaihoz fordult segítségért: "…a minden jóra és nemesre fogékony nők áldozatkészsége hivatik fel, hogy kézimunkát, apró csecsebecsét, műtárgyakat adjanak össze egy tárgysorsjátékra, amelynek jövedelméből a belső berendezést elkészíthessék." A szokatlan ötlet bevált, a befolyó összegből sikerült befejezni a munkálatokat, az épület nem egészen kilenc hónap alatt felépült, s 1871. január 16-án átadhatták "a közhasználatnak".

Az idők folyamán, a feladatok és a funkciók gyarapodásával, a városháza a szomszédos épületeket (mai Városház tér 10. és 12. szám) is átvette. Utóbbi saroképület annyira reprezentatív része a városháza-tömbnek, hogy a köztudat egy idő után eleve a városháza részének tartotta. Pedig az épületet eredetileg bérháznak és a MÁV hivatalai számára készült. A városi vezetés előtt többször felvetődött hivatalok kialakítása benne, egy ideig mégsem valósították meg. A városháza saroképületében pedig több – ma már rendszeridegennek tűnő – szervezet is helyet kapott: működött itt a városi rendőrség, a dohánytőzsde, katonai parancsnokság és 1919-től 1944-ig a Miskolci Jogakadémia is (bejárata akkor még a sarkon, az erkély alatt volt).

A városház-tömb építészeti átalakításának gondolata már az 1980-as évek elején felvetődött, de telekproblémák miatt ez nem valósult meg. Hosszas előkészítő munka után végül a 2000-es évek első évtizede végén fogadták el azt az új koncepciót, amely a tömb kialakítását teljesen átszervezi, az épületeket a Hunyadi utca felől nyitják meg (toronnyal, reprezentatív bejárattal), a tervezett bővítések eredményeként pedig a város több helyén, szétszórtan működő önkormányzati szervek, intézmények mind egy helyre költözhetnek. Az építkezés 2010-ben kezdődött Viszlai József tervei szerint, és a hivatal 2012-ben vette használatba.

Az épület

Az első épület

A városháza legelső épülete romantikus stílusban készült. A zárt sorú, egyemeletes, L alakú épület részben alápincézett, nyeregtetős. Az egyszerű, minden díszítést nélkülöző udvari homlokzaton függőfolyosó húzódik. A főhomlokzat három részre osztható, a középrizalitra és szélein az oldalszakaszokra. Az oldalszakaszok földszintjén egyszerű keretelésű ablakok vannak, míg az emeletiek az osztópárkány felett díszes, profilált szemöldökdíszűek. A középrizaliton nyílik a szegmensíves záródású, kőkeretes kapu. A kapu mellett kétoldalt egyszerű, de szemöldökkel díszes ablakok láthatók. Az emeleten hat ablak van. Ebből a középső kettő franciaablak. Itt a díszterem nagy belmagasságát az ablakok feletti félköríves felülvilágítók és az oldalszakaszok felé emelkedő főpárkány és ennek attikája is érzékelteti. Az attika szélein egy-egy díszváza kapott helyet, majd a közepén még kettő, hangsúlyozva az épület fő szakaszát. A középrizalitot kompozit fejezetes pilaszterek határolják két oldalról, amelyek egészen a főpárkányik felérnek. A kapuzat feletti erkélyt ugyancsak kompozit pilaszterek szegélyezik, amelyeknél a felülvilágító ablakok záródása felett párkányszakasz húzódik. Ez a három kompozit pilaszter más, mint a középrizalitot közrefogó nagyobbak, ezek magas lábazatra állítottak, bordázottak és aljukon domborművel díszítettek. Az első emeleten az ablakok mindegyikét konzolokra állított egyenes szemöldök díszíti, de ezekből a két-két oldalsó díszesebb. A kapu feletti erkély öntöttvas konzolokon nyugvó, címeres díszű.

A második épület

A második épület ugyanúgy egyemeletes, mint az előbbi, de ez kisebb alapterületű. Az épületnek azonos a párkánymagassága az első épülettel. A földszinten az egyenes záródású ablakokat (a kapu oldalain kettő-kettő) a felettük lévő félkörívben reneszánsz dísz emeli ki. A kerékvető kövekkel díszített, korinthoszi pilaszeterekkel szegélyzett kapu félköríves záródású. A két szintet egy keskeny osztópárkány választja el egymástól, amely alatt indás-leveles ornamentika van. A kapu felett dupla öntöttvas konzolokon nyugvó erkély található. Az emeleti ablakok ugyanúgy egyenes záródásúak, mint a többiek a földszinten. Az ablakoknak díszes téglalap köténydíszei és frízzel díszített egyenes szemöldökpárkányai vannak. A középső franciaablakot az előző épülethez hasonlóan kompozit fejezetes pilaszterek fogják közre, amelyek frízes párkányt tartanak.

A harmadik épület

A városháza ezen épületének, mely saroképület, három homlokzata van. Ebből kettő (a sarkival együtt) a Városház térre, egy pedig a Szent István térre néz. A földszinten és az első emeleten félkörívesek, a második emeleten egyenes záródásúak az ablakok. A Városház téri szakasz 1+3+2+3, a Hunyadi utca felőli pedig 2+3+2 tengelyes.

A földszinti és első emeleti ablakok félkörívesek, a második emeletiek pedig egyenes záródásúak.

A negyedik épület

A városháza negyedik, egyben utolsó, legújabb épülete már nem a Városház térre, hanem a Hunyadi utcára, egyben a Szent István térre néz. Az épület kétemeletes, és modern stílusban készült. A ház keleti felén ugyanolyan ütemben követi egymást szintenként három kereteletlen ablak, melyek mindegyike egyenes záródású. A második emeleti ablakok felett "VÁROSHÁZA" felirat és az előző épület koronázópárkányának "folytatása" van, hangsúlyozva ezzel az azonos párkánymagasságot. Az ablakok után a monumentális, üvegből készült, lépcsőkön és mozgáskorlátozottak számára épített rámpán is megközelíthető főbejárat következik. A főbejárat előtt az egyik oldalon hat, a másikon hét egyszerű tartóoszlop van, amelyeknek különleges az elhelyezése. Ezek felett egy kilátóterasz található. Ez után következik az épületrész utolsó traktusa, amely toronyszerű kiképzést kapott. A torony egyszerű négyzetes, tetejének jobb oldalán kilátótérrel, földszintjén pedig a mélygarázsba vezető kapuval.

Galéria

Források

  ISSN 0236-7009

A Városház tér építményei
Miskolc
Miskolc műemlékei
Magyarország romantikus stílusú építményei
Miskolc 19. századi építményei

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A handsome digital print on 11 x 17 inch cover stock. Amaze your friends with your knowledge of New York history!
Comes with this description: "A hearty cheer went up from the citizens and laborers on May 24, 1883 when the East River Suspension Bridge (or "Brooklyn Bridge" as it is commonly known) was finally opened to traffic. The building of the bridge took thirteen years and encountered numerous obstacles including the death of principal Architect John Roebling, decompression sickness in the mighty caissons, and the near-daily assaults by Rosie, the East River Monster."