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Justia Patents Fusing, Curing, Or Annealing (e.g., Ceramics, Etc.)US Patent for Conservatively printed displays and methods relating to same Patent (Patent # 6,146,716)
Conservatively printed displays and methods relating to same
May 4, 1999 - SRI International
Display elements of computer screens and other information displays are printed using conservative printing techniques. Contemplated electronic components that can be conservatively printed at the display element level include switches, transistors, capacitors, memory elements, and actuators. Contemplated light path components that can be conservatively printed at the display element level include light pipes or other optical wave guides, mirrors, light emitting diodes, liquid crystals, and actuators. The conservatively printed components may advantageously be produced by a process that includes depositing a precursor onto the substrate in a desired pattern, depositing an appropriate ligand onto the substrate, and applying sufficient energy to transfer electrons from the ligand to the precursor, thereby decomposing the precursor to form a precipitate. In an especially preferred class of embodiments, light emission at individual display elements is controlled by a conservatively printed moving actuator. The teachings herein may advantageously be employed in very large displays (measuring more than a meter across), including larger televisions such as "hang-on-the-wall" televisions, billboards, custom advertising, and presentation displays. The teachings herein may also advantageously be employed in flexible displays, such as those printed on fabrics utilized in clothing, or wrapped about a curved surface.
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The field of the invention is information displays.
Computer and other information displays have been known for many years, and are presently incorporated into seemingly innumerable products, from consumer electronics to automobiles. While all such displays serve to visually communicate information, they can vary considerably in the complexity and cost of fabrication. Three areas that greatly affect fabrication techniques are pixel addressing techniques, type and complexity of pixel structure, and size of the display.
Pixel Addressing Techniques
The term "information display" is used herein to mean a device capable of dynamically displaying information as a pattern of addressable display elements, generally with the capacity to change images at least several times a second. At its most basic level, an information display (hereinafter at times simply "display") requires some means of emitting light in distinctly addressable areas known as pixels. The simplest case involves only a single pixel, such as that found in an on-off indicator. In such instances addressing the pixel is trivial, and is usually done by completing an electric circuit through a light emitting diode (LED), a small light bulb, or some other discreet light source. In displays having many more pixels, discreet light sources may still be used, but addressing such sources becomes problematic. Nevertheless, very large and very complicated displays using self-contained, discreet light sources are known, and examples can be seen in the marquis of some buildings, and entertainment displays used in various athletic stadiums.
In many applications, however, there is a continuing desire for increased display resolution that does not employ discreet display elements. There is also a continuing desire for larger displays, and this combination implies employing ever larger numbers of pixels, configured ever closer together, and consequently ever increased difficulties in addressing the pixels.
One solution is to scan the pixels using an energy beam. In cathode ray tubes (CRTs), for example, an electron beam is produced distally from the pixels, and is then aimed at individual pixels using electromagnets. The display elements corresponding to the pixels are merely passive phosphors that emit light when struck with electrons from the beam. While very high resolution can be achieved using electron beam addressing, the known techniques involve relatively high energy and production costs. Among other things, electron beams tend to travel well only through a vacuum, and therefore large displays require large vacuum tubes. Such tubes tend to be extremely expensive, and relatively fragile. It is possible to use coherent energy beams (lasers) to avoid the necessity of vacuum tubes while still addressing individual pixels, but such displays presently suffer from considerable technical hurdles.
The modem trend is to utilize display elements having active components, whether light producing or merely light modulating. The active display elements are then addressed according to one or another scanning technique. Direct addressing is arguably the simplest form of addressing active display elements. Where voltages are employed to effect the addressing, each display element is activated by applying a voltage to a corresponding row and column. Although direct addressing is conceptually simple, it can be difficult to implement because a matrix of x rows and y columns requires a total of x times y electrodes. This problem is resolved to some extent by multiplex addressing, in which an entire matrix is scanned on a row-by-row basis, with additive or subtractive signals carried concurrently by the various columns. Multiplex addressing allows a matrix of x rows and y columns to be addressed using a total of x plus y electrodes.
Active matrix addressing is a further improvement, in which each display element is addressed by a semiconductor switch. Thin film transistors (TFTs) are often employed as the semiconductor switches, although thin film diodes have been used in some displays. Typically, each of the TFTs has one terminal connected to a row-addressing electrode, one terminal to a column-addressing electrode, and the third terminal to a capacitor. When a pulse is applied to a row, all of the TFTs in that row are turned on, and the gray level at each display element can be controlled by a voltage applied to the corresponding column electrode. The capacitor substantially reduces relaxation or other effects resulting from the time delay between scan cycles.
Since techniques for addressing active display elements require grid connections at each display element, such techniques can be extremely difficult to implement from a manufacturing standpoint. The manufacturing difficulties are complicated in active matrix addressing because transistors and capacitors must also be fabricated, and coupled to both grid lines and the light producing or modulating components at each display element.
Complexity Of Display Element Structure
Manufacturing difficulties are further complicated to the extent that display technologies involve complicated structures at each display element. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,636,072 to Shibata et al., which is incorporated herein in its entirety, describes a complicated display that employs piezoelectric film actuators at each display element to direct light through a screen. The patent states that individual layers for such display elements can be formed using microlithography processes, but the final production is not at all simple. At various stages, fabrication involves sintering at more than 1000.degree. C., and removing unnecessary material using laser machining, slicing, and ultrasonication.
An even more complicated display employs a miniature tiltable mirror at each display element to redirect light. (See Digital Light Processing.TM. and MEMS: Reflecting the digital display needs of the networked society by Larry J. Hornbeck, SPIE/EOS European Symposium on Lasers, Optics, and Vision for Productivity in Manufacturing I, Besancon, France (Jun. 10-14, 1996), which is incorporated herein in its entirety). In Hornbeck, the entire device is fabricated as a superstructure on top of a CMOS memory circuit, using IC photolithography and micromachining.
Size Of The Display
All of these manufacturing difficulties are still further exacerbated as displays become larger. For example, in active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD), both the display element level TFTs and their corresponding driver circuits can be fabricated on single crystal silicon (x:Si) using microlithography, but the components must then be removed from the manufacturing substrate and bonded to a display substrate such as glass or plastic. In addition, the use of x:Si limits the practical display size to only a few inches. It is known in larger displays to employ amorphous silicon (a:Si) in fabricating the thin film transistors at the display elements, but amorphous silicon is too slow to produce the driver circuitry. In theory, polycrystalline silicon (p:Si) can be employed for both display element TFTs and driver circuits, but production difficulties have largely limited the use of polycrystalline silicon to displays measuring a few inches. All of these limitations can be stretched, but at a relatively high cost. Thus, the commonly employed techniques of microlithography, sputtering, vacuum deposition, and so forth, may be well suited for depositing metallic traces on a circuit board, and for printing electronic chips, but are poorly suited for printing components of larger displays.
Processes are known for producing transistors, circuits, and other electronic devices by techniques other than microlithography, and in principle such processes could be employed to produce large displays. U.S. Pat. No. 4,614,837 to Kane et al. (September, 1986), U.S. Pat. No. 5,576,074 to Weigel et al. (November, 1996), and U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,508 to Castro (January, 1993), for example, all describe additive deposition processes in which a surface is coated with a substance, energy is transferred to the coating in a desired pattern, and then excess coating substance is washed away to leave the desired pattern. But all such processes are also partially subtractive in that a substantial portion of the deposited material must be removed to produce the final product. Depending on the particular embodiments, at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or even more than 50% of the deposited material must be removed. Thus, even these methods are inherently problematic when applied to complex, multilayer structures such as may be employed in fabricating displays.
Operating Characteristics
In military and other applications it is also sometimes desirable to provide relatively large displays (e.g., .gtoreq.20 cm.sup.2) that are lightweight (e.g., .ltoreq.0.5 kg), ruggedized sufficiently to be employed in tanks, automobiles and other vehicles subject to considerable vibrational and translational shock, can be utilized at night without a backlight, are sufficiently flexible to be rolled or folded, and are relatively inexpensive (e.g., .ltoreq.1.00/cm.sup.2). None of the present known displays satisfies these requirements. Current active matrix liquid crystal displays (AMLCD) require backlighting to be seen at night, and indeed are very difficult to see in broad daylight. Active matrix electroluminescent displays (AMEL) meet some of these requirements, but are limited to small sizes, and are relatively expensive. Plasma and field emission displays (FED) are typically less than 2 lumens/watt (1 m/W), and due to the need for a high vacuum cannot easily be made flexible.
Conservative Printing Techniques
Conservatively printed displays are potentially able to satisfy these various requirements, but have not previously been enabled. As used herein, the term "conservative printing" means printing in which either (a) materials are laid down in substantially a desired format, without requiring substantial etching or other removal of unwanted material, or (b) the printing can be effectively utilized outside of a high-vacuum, ultra-pure environment. Examples are offset printing in general, ink jet printing, stamping, and intaglio printing. Of course, newspapers, books, magazines, posters, billboards, and the like have all been printed for many years using conservative printing techniques. But these items are not considered to comprise information displays as the term is utilized herein, because such presentations are essentially static.
As defined above, information displays must have a dynamic response capability. At least with current technology this requires some sort of driver circuit, which in turn requires some sort of electronic components and circuitry. In that context, conservative printing of displays necessarily involves deposition of metals, metal oxides, insulators, and other layers of circuits or electronic components in substantially the desired format, without requiring substantial etching or other removal of unwanted material.
It is known to employ conservative printing techniques to produce very simple electronic circuits. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,702,563 to Parker (October 1987) describes conservative printing of battery testers. U.S. Pat. No. 5,055,968 to Nishi et al., (October 1991) describes conservative printing of a circuit for an information card, which receives an IC to become operable. U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,146 to McGliney et al. (November 1997) describes conservative printing of the traces that form a liquid crystal display grid using solderable inks. U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,597 to Calabrese, et al. (November 1995) describes a potentially conservative printing technique having broad utility, in which a metal precursor and ligand are applied to substrate in a desired pattern, and energy is subsequently applied in the same pattern to transfer electrons from the ligand to the precursor. In such manner metal traces can be conservatively printed in the desired pattern. But none of these patents teaches or suggests, let alone enables, conservative printing of the display elements of displays, where such elements include an electronic component such as a transistor or capacitor.
My copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/226558, as well as my copending international application, PCT/US98/25088, each of which are incorporated herein in its entirety, disclose conservative printing techniques for fabricating circuits, batteries, and electronic components. But those disclosures did not explicitly detail how such techniques can be employed to conservatively print entire information displays.
Thus, there is a continuing need to develop conservatively printed displays, especially large or flexible displays, and more especially displays that also meet other desirable operating characteristics.
The present invention is directed to conservative printing of display elements of information displays. Contemplated electronic components that can be conservatively printed at the display element level include switches, transistors, capacitors, memory elements, and actuators. Contemplated light path components that can be conservatively printed at the display element level include light pipes or other optical wave guides, mirrors, light emitting diodes, liquid crystals, and actuators.
In one aspect of preferred embodiments the displays utilize some form of active matrix addressing, in which the electronic components at the individual display elements are conservatively printed, and more preferably conservatively printed in a non-vacuum environment. In another aspect of preferred embodiments, the conservatively printed components are produced by a process that includes depositing a precursor onto the substrate in a desired pattern, depositing an appropriate ligand onto the substrate, and applying sufficient energy to transfer electrons from the ligand to the precursor, thereby decomposing the precursor to form a precipitate.
In an especially preferred class of embodiments, light emission at individual display elements is controlled by a conservatively printed moving actuator. Preferred actuators include piezoelectric materials, and light for such displays may be provided either from the side, as by a light pipe assembly, or from the back of the display, as from a fluorescent lamp. In other embodiments, light emission at individual display elements is controlled without the use of a physically moving actuator. Contemplated displays include liquid crystal, LED, and electroluminescent displays.
The teachings herein may advantageously be employed in very large displays (measuring more than a meter across), including larger televisions such as "hang-on-the-wall" televisions, billboards, custom advertising, and presentation displays. The teachings herein may also advantageously be employed in flexible displays, such as those printed on fabrics utilized in clothing, or wrapped about a curved surface.
Various objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments of the invention, along with the accompanying drawings in which like numerals represent like components.
FIG. 1 is a schematic of an actuator display element employed in a display according to the inventive subject matter.
FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a partially exploded mirror actuated display element in another display according to the inventive subject matter.
FIG. 3 is a schematic of a cross section of a light pipe display according to the inventive subject matter.
FIG. 4 is a schematic of a conservatively printable liquid crystal display.
Pivoting Element Actuated Display
In FIG. 1, two display elements 100A and 100B are generally configured with respect to a plate 101 in accordance with the teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 5,774,257 to Shibata et al. (June 1998), which is incorporated herein by reference. The left display element 100A is in a rest condition, and the right display element 100B is in an excited condition. In general, light enters the plate 101 from the side, and bounces back and forth within the plate as shown by rays 102, until it is either absorbed, or reflected outwards through the plate surface 103 in the direction of rays 106 as a result of a displacement-transmitting portion 105 contacting plate 101. Movement of portion 105 is produced by movement of actuator 104 relative to fixed portion 115. In this manner the each of the display elements 100A, 100B each control light emitted at a single corresponding pixel.
As further described in the Shibata reference, actuator 104 includes a piezoelectric film 111 preferably made of ceramic, and a pair of electrodes 112 and 113 covering opposing surfaces of the piezoelectric film. The electrodes 112, 113 are preferably coupled to driver circuitry (not shown) through a matrix of rows and column conductors (not shown), and may optionally be coupled to additional electronic components (not shown) as part of an active matrix control. What are depicted as micromachined cavities or areas in the Shibata reference (e.g., elements referenced by numerals 17) may advantageously be replaced in the presently contemplated embodiments by sacrificial materials 117 that provide support for structures built thereon, but are removed during subsequent processing. Alternatively, supporting materials (such as material 118 surrounding the displacement-transmitting portion 105) may advantageously comprise a very soft polymer, having sufficient compressive strength to support a superior layer during manufacture, but having sufficient flexibility that the supporting material does not interfere with movement of the actuator 104 or other movable components. Sacrificing of sacrificial material 117 yields movable portion 114.
In general, operation of the display elements, including production of colors, is contemplated to occur substantially as described in the Shibata reference. For example, color filters can be utilized in one or more of the light paths. Red, blue, and green (RBG) filters can be utilized for wide color range, or the three primary colors can be used.
The display elements 100A, 100B can be fabricated substantially in accordance with methods already described in one or more of the priority applications. For example, the conductors, including the various row and column traces (not shown), as well as electrodes 112 and 113 and connecting traces to such electrodes, can all be printed substantially as set forth in Example 1 of PCT/US98/25088. In general, copper (II) formate can be mixed with cyclohexylamine or other nitrogen donor molecules, printed on a plastic substrate such as Kapton.TM., Kevlar.TM., or Teflon.TM. using an ink-jet type printer, and then pyrolyzed to yield substantially pure copper traces. Microwaves are a preferred energy source because they are relatively easy to produce and control, but other energy sources are contemplated, including hot air guns, hot wire and other radiative infrared sources, and even electron beams and lasers.
Sacrificial material 117, as well as displacement-transmitting portion 105, material used to separate closely spaced conductors, and other materials needed to provide support for overlying structures, can all be printed substantially as set forth in Example 2 of PCT/US98/25088. In general, a binder and polyvinylidene flouride (PVDF) can be dissolved in n-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP), heated to ensure the PVDF dissolves fully, and then supplemented with aluminum oxide powder. After being mixed for 12 hours, and viscosity adjusted using NMP, the mixture can be printed using an ink-jet type printer, and cured using an appropriate energy source such a microwave generator or a hot air blower.
As discussed in the Shibata patent, both the movable portion 114 and the fixed portion 115 may comprise stabilized zirconia, a mixed metal oxide containing 1-30% by mole of calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, yttrium oxide, scandium oxide, ytterbium oxide, cerium oxide, or a stabilizer such as rare earth metal oxide. Stabilized zirconia can be printed as set forth in PCT/US98/13366, by preparing an aqueous mixture of the various metal nitrates with acrylic acid or other unsaturated carboxylic acids, depositing the mixture by ink-jet type printer, and then curing using an appropriate energy source to yield the mixed metal oxide free from organics. The relative amounts of the metal nitrates and the carboxylic acids can be adjusted to effect a complete oxidation of the organics.
It is preferred, however, to use an ionomeric polymer in place of a piezoelectric material. Both types of materials have the requisite frequency response, but ionomeric polymers tend to respond at lower voltages, thus consuming less energy and enabling battery powered operation without the need for a transformer. This can be an advantageous, especially in fabricating large displays. Preferred ionomeric polymers, as well as methods for producing such polymers, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,548,055 to Narang. While not specifically described as ionomeric polymers in that patent, the disclosed polymers carry a charge, and can be flexed or otherwise moved by applying a voltage to a thin piece of such polymers. As with the other materials employed in producing the display elements 100A, 100B, ionomeric polymers can be printed using an ink-jet type printer, and cured by application of microwaves, hot air blower, or other heat energy source.
The plate 101 may be added on top of the display elements 100A, 100B as contemplated in Shibata. It is also possible to print the plate 101 on top of the display elements 100A, 100B. A preferred material for printing plate 101 is indium tin oxide. Indium tin oxide is a relatively transparent light conductor, which can be used as a top layer for liquid crystal and light emitting diode display elements. There is a potential problem in preventing the printed plate from adhering to the displacement-transmitting portions 105, but this can be avoided by sufficiently curing previous layers prior to applying subsequent layers. Suitable materials for plate 101 include clear, flexible polymers.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the actuator of FIG. 1 is merely an example of display elements and display types that can be fabricated using the concepts discussed herein. Among other things, the light source in FIG. 1 was produced laterally to the plane of display elements. There are other options for using laterally provided light sources. Alternatively, actuated display elements can be employed to control light generated locally at individual pixels. In still other embodiments, actuated display elements can be employed to control light passing through a display element from behind. An example of this latter class of embodiments is discussed below with respect to FIG. 2.
Movable Mirror Actuated Display
In FIG. 2 a display element 200 generally comprises a base 210, a rocker 220, an ionomeric polymer actuator 230, filler material 240 and a mirror 250. These components are intended to correspond roughly to the various components described in the Hornbeck article referred to above, and to operate in roughly the same manner. For example, the base 210 corresponds to Hornbeck's CMOS substrate, and may indeed comprise a memory module, transistor or other logic related to the addressing or other operation of the display element 200. Similarly, the rocker 220 and actuator are intended to cooperate together in a manner having similar effect to that of Hornbeck's yoke, hinge, and landing tip. The filler material 240 does not have a direct equivalent in Hornbeck per se, and corresponds instead to the various spaces in Hornbeck that are produced by etching away of sacrificial material. Of course, the mirror 250 corresponds with, and is intended to operate in a manner similar to that of Hornbeck's mirror.
Some of the main differences, however, relate to methods of fabrication. In Hornbeck, the entire display element is laid down using microlithography techniques commonly employed with respect to production of silicon based chips in which voids (i.e., air gaps) used to separate and define the various components are fabricated by plasma etching or other subtractive techniques. In the present teachings, the entire display element 200 can be laid down in accordance with the various conservative printing teachings of PCT/US98/25088. For example, conductive traces and electrodes, as well as mirrors can be printed as pure form metals in accordance with the teachings related to PCT/US98/25088, Example 1. Any insulators and filler can be printed materials as described with respect to dielectric materials in accordance with the teachings related to PCT/US98/25088 Examples 2 & 3, and any semiconductor materials can be printed in accordance with the teachings related to PCT/US98/25088 FIG. 4. Preferred printing techniques include ink-jet type printing, as well as microstamping, and web based lithography. Energy required for pyrolysis steps can advantageously be provided by any suitable energy source, including microwave antennae, hot air guns, hot wire and other radiative infrared sources, electron beams and lasers.
Preferably, these conservative printing techniques do not require a high vacuum for production. As used herein the term "high vacuum" refers to a pressure of less than 1 mm Hg.
With respect to particular components, the base 210 may advantageously comprise a CMOS memory cell 210 substantially as described in the Hornbeck article referenced above. Although such a configuration is preferable because it provides active addressing to the display element 200, it is also contemplated that passive addressing is used instead, in which case the base can merely comprise a support, and provide for relatively simple interconnection of row and column traces (not shown) with interlayer conductors (not shown) that provide a suitable electrical potential across actuator 230.
The rocker 220 is preferably somewhat rectangular in cross-section and elongated in a perpendicular plane. Other shapes are contemplated, however, so long as the rocker 220 can cooperate with one or more movers to effect movement of the mirror 250. Among the many shapes contemplated is a rocker that is somewhat triangular in cross-section, with the "apex" being flattened where it joins the bottom of the mirror 250. The top of rocker 220 is preferably fabricated from the same material as, and substantially continuous with, the lower portion of mirror 250.
The ionomeric actuator 230 is contemplated to be used in moving mirror 250 relative to base 210. To that end actuator 230 will likely be controlled by two address electrodes (not shown) coupled to a transistor (not shown) or other electronic component within base 210 using interlevel conductors (not shown). Such interlevel connections can be made in accordance with the teachings of PCT/US98/25088, and are exemplified with respect to a different type of component in FIGS. 2-5, 6B, and 7-8 of that application.
Surrounding the rocker 220 and ionomeric actuator 230 is a dielectric filler material 240. The filler material 240 preferably has a very porous, spongy characteristic, and is deposited mostly as a fabrication support for mirror 250. Suitable filler materials 240 include polysiloxanes, polyurethanes, and other low modulus rubbers. Although some or all of the filler material 240 could be removed by solvation, or various other subtractive steps, it is preferred that the filler material 230 is left in place to bias the mirror 250 in a rest position.
The mirror 250 is contemplated to comprise a supportive lower portion that is substantially continuous with the top of the rocker 220, and a top portion that is highly reflective. Suitable reflective materials include metals such as aluminum. Such mirrors can be readily printed using the techniques of PCT/US98/25088, as for example by printing silver, aluminum or copper in accordance with the general outlines given in Example 1 and FIG. 1 of that application. Mirrors 250 may have any practical size and shape, including the 16 .mu.m square dimensions taught by Hornbeck, and may have movement of +/-10.degree. as described in Hornbeck.
Preferred operation of display element 200 is also contemplated to be substantially similar to that described in the Hornbeck article. For example, grayscale of displays employing display elements 200 can be achieved using binary pulse width modulation. Similarly, light sources are contemplated to be similar to that described in Hornbeck, including the use of such display elements with resect to single and multiple chip projection technologies.
Electroluminescent Display
In FIG. 3, a display 300 generally comprises a substrate 310, a light producing layer 320 containing electroluminescent dots 322 and electrical conductors 324, a light modulating layer 330 having spaced apart light conducting pipes 332 and light opaque regions 334, and a protective cover 340.
In general, the various components of FIG. 3 correspond in function to the various components of the electroluminescent light pipe display described with respect to FIGS. 5-7 in U.S. Pat. No. 4,378,956 to Lester (April 1983), which is incorporated herein by reference. The main difference is that in this case most, or indeed all, of the components can be printed using conservative printing techniques, substantially in accordance with the teachings of PCT/US98/25088.
The substrate 310 can be any material that receives a superior layer. The choice of substrate material will largely depend upon material costs, processing costs, and special requirements. For example, glass may be employed, but glass cannot realistically be moved through high speed printing since it tends to shatter, and has only very limited flexibility. Paper may also be used, or some form of cloth, but these materials would tend to degrade too easily. At present, preferred substrate layers comprise a plastic sheeted material such as Kapton.TM., Kevlar.TM., or Teflon.TM..
Light producing layer 320 is preferably also a plastic, but in this instance the conductors, the insulators between the traces, and the electroluminescent dots are all printed on the plastic. The electroluminescent dots 322 are preferably fabricated from aluminum quinolates, rare earth chelates and conducting polymers, and generate visible light using voltages of less than about 10V, and more preferably less than about 2 V. Light producing layer 320 can be printed directly on top of the substrate 310, or can be attached to substrate 310 using an adhesive. Of course, it should be appreciated that the electrical conductors 324 are laid out in a matrix pattern as traces, using insulators where appropriate, as well as suitable connections to the electroluminescent dots. Also, it should be appreciated that the dimensions of the individual electroluminescent dots 322, and the spacing between such dots (if any), will largely determine the resolution of the display. For laptop computers, desirable resolution is in excess of 60 dots per inch.
Light modulating layer 330 is preferably printed directly on light producing layer. In most displays light modulating layer 330 will have a matrix of thousands, or more likely millions of alternating light conducting pipes 332 and light opaque regions 334. Materials suitable for light conducting pipes in general are known, and in this case may advantageously comprise acrylic fibers. The light opaque regions 334 are also preferably a polymer, and may advantageously comprise carbon filled polyacrylates or carbon filled polyurethanes. Materials for both light conducting pipes 332 and light opaque regions 334 can be readily deposited in an uncured form using an ink-jet type or lithographic printer, and curing using an appropriate light source.
Protective cover 340 can again advantageously comprise a clear plastic or glass, and can either be printed or affixed as a separate component. Protective cover may also include on one of its sides a thin polarizer (not shown), which again can either be printed or bonded.
Color may be imparted to the display either by selecting electroluminescent dot materials that produce light in desired colors at different pixels, or by including various colorants in the light pipe materials at different pixels, by including a colorant in pixels in the protective cover 340, or in some combination of these. As is well known in the art, what is viewed as a single pixel area may actually comprise individual pixels of various primary colors, and the combination of light being emitted in various primary colors mixes to comprise a substantially continuous color palette.
In FIG. 4 a display 400 generally comprises a light source 410, a light modulating layer 420 that includes liquid crystals 422 and electrical conductors 424, a light conducting layer 430 having light conducting pipes 432, and a protective cover 440.
The display is similar in many respects to that described with respect to FIGS. 1-4 in U.S. Pat. No. 4,378,956 to Lester (April 1983). For example, the liquid crystal 422 in light modulating layer 420 can substantially be the same as the liquid crystals contemplated to be employed in Lester. Once again, however, a major difference is that many or all of the components can be conservatively printed.
Display 400 is also quite similar to display 300 in FIG. 3 described herein above, and similar aspects will not be restated. One main difference, however, is that in FIG. 4, the light is not supplied locally, but supplied from a distance through light source 410, and the amount of light passing out of each pixel is controlled by polarization of liquid crystal 422 under the influence of voltage supplied by electrical conductors 424. Light source 410 may be any suitable light source, including the back lighting light sources commonly employed with respect to liquid crystal displays. Light source 410 may also itself comprise a large light pipe, conducting light from a light bulb lateral to the display. Suitable light pipe material for this purpose includes acrylic fibers such as those used in Sumitomo.TM. 3M.TM. Light Fiber.
Another difference is that the display 400 is depicted as having no opaque regions interposed between light pipes 432. This same arrangement is possible with respect to the display 300 of FIG. 3, and the two versions of FIGS. 3 and 4 are shown here to exemplify the two possibilities. Still another difference is that the display 400 is depicted as having no backing that corresponds with substrate 310 of FIG. 300. Here again, this is optional, and the two versions of FIGS. 3 and 4 are shown here to exemplify the two possibilities.
Many other light pipe type displays are also contemplated. For example, conservative printing techniques as discussed in the PCT/US98/25088 application can be employed to substantially duplicate the type of display elements described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,760,754 to Amero et al. (June 1998), which is incorporated herein by reference.
Moreover, all suitable light sources are contemplated herein. In some instances the light can advantageously be generated local to the display element, and by way of example it is contemplated to conservatively print light emitting diodes or electroluminescent devices at the display element level. Preferred local light sources are organic light emitting devices such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,707,745 to Forrest et al. (January 1998).
It is also contemplated for light used in a display to be generated distally from the display elements. Distally produced light may be provided by near white light sources such as fluorescent or incandescent lamps, and colored light sources such as lasers.
Integrated Components
It is especially contemplated that electronic components associated with displays described herein may be integrated with the displays, and printed in similar manner. Thus, a conservatively printed display may advantageously be integrated with a conservatively printed battery, driver circuit, or both. Lithium polymer batteries are preferred, and such batteries can be manufactured as set forth in PCT/US98/25088. Many circuits are known that can be adapted to conservative printing techniques, again as set forth in PCT/US98/25088. Preferred driver circuits are bitable, meaning that they can hold information for extended periods with no power input.
Printing Methods In General
Of course, all of the printed compositions discussed can advantageously be prepared well in advance, and printed in a time and materials efficient time sequence. Thus, although a single ink-jet type print head can be employed by swapping out multiple reservoirs, it is preferred to employ multiple print heads using multiple reservoirs. Among other things this allows each head to be optimized for the needed resolution, with resolutions down to 10 .mu.m, and even 5 .mu.m being possible with present ink-jet printing devices, and further improvements being contemplated. Still further, CAD/CAM can be used to control the application of the layers, allowing both excellent control of the printing devices, and highly flexible system design.
For somewhat larger runs, such printers may be operated in conjunction with an XYZ production table, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,981,074 to Machita et al. (January 1991). In general such devices provide high accuracy and resolution over any type of substrate with computer-control over the x-y plane, while allowing fabrication of 3-D structures by multilayer deposition. An especially preferred category of printing devices includes CAM type direct writing systems, such as an Ohmcraft, Inc. Micropen 400. In that device, the pen, table and material pumping system are under direct, interactive, synchronous computer control at all times, and each of the variables, (writing speed, pumping rate, pen force, deposit thickness, deposit width, column per unit length and column per unit time), may be individually programmed. The solution being deposited is pumped to the pen tip, and can be deposited in pulses of about 2.7.times.10.sup.-7 ml. The pen rides on the surface of the solution being extruded, and need not touch the substrate during writing. This permits all contours of the substrate to be followed, while providing constant thickness if desired. Fine line patterns can be produced at 4 mil or less, with 5% tolerance.
By employing continuous substrate, such as may be drawn from a roll of metal foil or paper, it is also possible to print a large number of identical circuits at high speeds of tens of meters or more per minute. Such circuits can then be separated from one another, such as by cutting with a suitable blade. In an especially preferred embodiment, a printing machine may be employed that has multiple substantially independent printing stations. An example is the Comco Commander.TM. from Comco International, (Milford, Ohio). With such machines an entire circuit, including circuit traces and many different electronic components, can be printed on a continuous substrate such as a polymer sheet. In such a system, different solutions of material may advantageously be deposited at different stations, in a manner analogous to depositing different colors in a multicolor printing process. Alternatively, a given station may have multiple deposition jets or other deposition devices for printing a plurality of different solutions.
It is contemplated that both continuous and discontinuous printing may employ any combination of suitable printing technologies, of which inkjet type printing is merely an example. Other contemplated methods, some of which may overlap with one another, are thread dispensing; spraying; stamping; all types of lithography or wet offset; dry offset or letterset; roller printing; letter press printing; gravure printing; screen printing; flexographic printing; planographic printing; offset printing; mimeo graphic printing; thermography; hot stamping and transfer printing techniques; as well as brushing and stenciling techniques. In short, any printing process that uses inks can be employed effectively with embodiments of the present teachings.
In general, the information displays contemplated herein may have a display area in excess of 400 in.sup.2, 900 in.sup.2, 1600 in.sup.2, or even 8000 in.sup.2, with pixels in such displays ranging from about 25 .mu.m to about 500 .mu.m (125-500.mu. pixel sizes). Contemplated displays may advantageously provide an overall thickness of less than about 1/4 inch, and more preferably less than about 1/8 inch. These thicknesses are sufficient to permit flexibility of at least 30 degrees along one axis of the display. A production yield of at least approximately 90% is contemplated. Estimated cost of production in .ltoreq.$1.00 per square in at high volume production.
It is also contemplated that using the methods described herein to "print" displays onto flexible supporting materials will allow a "flexible screen" to be produced. As contemplated herein a "flexible screen" is one that can be flexed so that at least a portion of the display area can have a radius of curvature that varies by plus or minus 10.degree., more preferably 20.degree., and still more preferably 30.degree..
It is also contemplated that the methods described herein, because of improvements in the resulting components and the lack of size limitations in the production process, can be used to produce large displays having display areas in excess of 24".times.24", 40".times.40", or even 48".times.60".
In yet another aspect of the inventive subject matter, it is contemplated that displays employing one or more of the novel concepts described herein may advantageously provide increased reliability due to built-in pixel redundancy. Such redundancy permits continued use of the display even where many of the pixels are non- or sub-functional.
Thus, specific embodiments and applications of displays and methods for producing conservatively printed displays have been disclosed. It should be apparent, however, to those skilled in the art that many more modifications besides those already described are possible without departing from the inventive concepts herein. The inventive subject matter, therefore, is not to be restricted except in the spirit of the appended claims. Moreover, in interpreting both the specification and the claims, all terms should be interpreted in the broadest possible manner consistent with the context. In particular, the terms "comprises" and "comprising", should be interpreted as referring to elements, components, or steps in a non-exclusive manner, indicating that the referenced elements, components, or steps may be present, or utilized, or combined with other elements, components, or steps that are not expressly referenced.
1. A method of printing an information display, comprising:
providing a plurality of electrical conductors in the form of a grid having a plurality of nodes;
providing an addressable display element at one of the nodes;
conservatively printing at least one of a switch and a movable light modulation element included in the display element, including the steps of:
a) depositing a precursor onto a substrate in a desired pattern;
b) contacting the precursor with a ligand;
c) applying sufficient energy from an extended radiation source to transfer electrons from the ligand to the precursor, thereby decomposing the precursor to form a patterned conductive precipitate in the desired pattern and thus forming a conductive pattern coating directly on the substrate; and
addressing the node using the switch.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the switch comprises a transistor.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the switch comprises a transistor and a capacitor.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the switch comprises a memory element.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of providing the conductors comprises conservatively printing the conductors on a substrate.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of providing a display element comprises conservatively printing the display element on a substrate.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of providing the conductors comprises conservatively printing the conductors on a substrate, and the step of providing a display element comprises conservatively printing the display element on a substrate.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein the display element comprises a conservatively printed moving actuator.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the moving actuator comprises an ionomeric polymer.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the moving actuator comprises a mirror.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the grid spans at least one meter by one meter.
12. The method of claim 11 wherein the display bends at least 30 degrees.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the switch comprises at least one of a transistor, a capacitor, and a memory element.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of providing a display element comprises conservatively printing at least a portion of the display element on a substrate.
15. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of providing a display element comprises conservatively printing a moving actuator.
16. The method of claim 1 wherein the step of providing a display element comprises conservatively printing an ionomeric polymer.
3994727 November 30, 1976 Polichette et al.
5444557 August 22, 1995 Spitzer et al.
5468597 November 21, 1995 Calabrese et al.
5548055 August 20, 1996 Narang et al.
5636072 June 3, 1997 Shibata et al.
5980998 November 9, 1999 Sharma et al.
Filed: May 4, 1999
Date of Patent: Nov 14, 2000
Assignee: SRI International (Menlo Park, CA)
Inventor: Subhash Narang (Palo Alto, CA)
Primary Examiner: Shrive Beck
Assistant Examiner: Kirsten A. Crockford
Attorney: Robert D. Fish & Associates, LLP Fish
Current U.S. Class: Fusing, Curing, Or Annealing (e.g., Ceramics, Etc.) (427/559); Ultraviolet Light (427/558); 427/96; 427/98; Final Coating Nonuniform (427/261); Metal, Glass, Or Ceramic Base (427/287); Material Deposition Only (430/315); Including Material Deposition (430/324)
International Classification: G02F 100;


CHICAGO, Dec. 21, 2017 /PRNewswire/ -- Cboe Global Markets, Inc. (Cboe: CBOE |Nasdaq: CBOE), one of the world's largest exchange holding companies, will announce its financial results for the fourth quarter of 2017 before the market opens on Friday, February 9, 2018. A conference call with remarks by the company's senior management will begin at 7:30 a.m. Central Time (CT), 8:30 a.m. Eastern Time (ET).
A live audio webcast of the conference call and the presentation that will be referenced during the call will be available on the Investor Relations section of Cboe's website at http://ir.cboe.com under Events & Presentations. The presentation will be archived on the company's website for replay. Participants also may listen to the live conference call via telephone by using the dial-in numbers listed below.
A replay of the recording is expected to be available beginning one hour after the conference call ends. The replay access code will be 10115071, which will be good through February 16, 2018.
Cboe®, Cboe Volatility Index® and VIX® are registered trademarks and Cboe Global MarketsSM is a service mark of Cboe Exchange, Inc. All other trademarks and service marks are the property of their respective owners.


Cutting, styling, treating, and colouring hair for men, women, and children in a work environment that ranges from homes and salons, to film and television productions.
A visit to the hairdresser can be much more than a quick trim. It can involve styling, colouring, and using special treatments. You work closely with your clients and it's important to have good people and communication skills in addition to a full range of professional hairdressing skills.
The hairdresser is expected to understand different types of hair, to interpret the client's wishes, and work safely with the products involved.


text:
Prez Akufo-Adoo Commissions Micro Hydro Power Plant At Alavanyo
President Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo has commissioned a 45 kilowatts Tsatsadu Micro Hydro Generation Station at Alavanyo in the Hohoe Municipal Assembly of the Volta Region.
The project, which was designed, developed and constructed exclusively by engineers from the Bui Power Authority, was funded through the internally generated funds of the authority for social economic development of Alavanyo and its adjoining communities.
Addressing a crowd of Chiefs and people from the area at the site of the Tsatsadu Water Falls, which was on top of steeped mountain, President Akufo-Addo expressed delight that the project, which was one of the 22 sites identified during Kufuor's administration as potential energy generation points, had seen the light of day.
President Akufo-Addo said the project the first of its kind in the country would be used as a research site for the development of other hydro projects in the country and commended the engineers for preserving the environment and the ecology, noting, "Nothing has been destroyed in making this project".
He commended the chiefs and people of the area for maintaining peace and unity to the extent that these days the country hardly hear of the usual Nkonya and Alavanyo land clashes.
Happy Farmers day
President Akufo-Addo urged the chiefs and people in the area to vote massively for John-Peter Amewu, the NPP Parliamentary candidate for Hohoe and, him, as the President of Ghana.
Tracing the origin of the project which dates back to 2005, when the Government of President John Agyekum Kufuor, entered into a Memorandum of Understanding with the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and International Network on Small Hydro Power of China (IN-SHP) to undertake studies geared towards the development of Small Hydro Power potentials in the country.
He said they identified 22 of such sites but the Mills-Mahama Administration abandoned them when they assumed the reigns of power.
The project was initially designed as a 30kW stand-alone system, but was redesigned and upgraded to a 45kW grid-connection system based on the outcome of the additional studies.
The Paramount Chief of Alavanyo, Togbuiga Tsedze Atakora was full of praise for President Akufo-Addo for the numerous development projects in the area and the country in general which was impacting positively on lives of people of the area.
He said the people were particularly happy that through his leadership and the support of other institutions the recurring problems of Nkonya Alavanyo clashes was not happening.
"Mr President, the only two things God deprived me of are dancing and singing. If I had a beautiful voice and good dancing skills I would have sung and danced foe you to appreciate you", he added.
The Chief Executive of Bui Power Authority, Mr Fred Oware, said with the passage of the Bui Power Authority Act, the authority was ready to ensure that it delivered on its mandate to provide a lot of renewable energy across the country.
The 45kW Tsatsadu Micro Hydro Generating Station, situated on the Tsatsadu Waterfalls, is a run-of-river scheme, which did not require the formation of a reservoir to operate.
It consists of a concrete diversion weir, an intake structure, diversion channel, a forebay, steel penstock, a powerhouse and a transmission line which ties the electricity generated into the local distribution grid.
The weir diverts part of the river flow through an intake channel into the diversion channel.
The diverted water goes through a 300mm diameter penstock to the base of the hill where the powerhouse, which houses the turbines and the generator, is located. The water drives the turbines and flows out through the tailrace channel and back into the downstream of the waterfall.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Tobey Maguire Responds to Andrew Garfield's Reaction to 'Spider-Man: Homecoming' Trailer (Video)
Mashup video gets more than 1 million views on YouTube in just two days
Meriah Doty | December 18, 2016 @ 12:51 PM	Last Updated: December 18, 2016 @ 1:17 PM
A video that has amassed more than 1 million views in just two days shows ex-Spider-Man actor Tobey Maguire reacting to fellow ex-Spidey Andrew Garfield's reaction to the trailer for the new film starring new Spider-Man actor Tom Holland.
If that's too confusing, just watch the video by YouTube user DrMachakil — who mashed up existing scenes from past Maguire and Garfield movies to make this hilarious meta-reaction video with the upcoming "Spider-Man: Homecoming" at its epicenter.
Also Read: 'Spider-Man: Homecoming' Sequel Slotted for Independence Day Weekend 2019
A little over a week ago DrMachakil made a trailer featuring only Garfield's crestfallen response to seeing another guy wearing the Spidey's red tights. Of course, if Garfield is sad about being upstaged by Holland in real life, he's hiding it well, showering the new Peter Parker with nothing but praise. Plus, he's not having a shabby year at all, earning praise and awards season buzz for both Mel Gibson's "Hacksaw Ridge" and Martin Scorsese's "Silence," and nabbing a Golden Globe nomination for the former.
Still, the video mashup is a real crowdpleaser, ending with Maguire's words of inspiration to Garfield: "You just gotta believe in yourself and pull yourself together and get back on the horse."
Also Read: Tom Holland Shares 'Spider-Man: Homecoming' Selfie While Web-Slinging on Set (Photo)
DrMachakil used scenes of Maguire in 2011's "The Details," along with footage of Garfield from "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" and Maguire in "Spiderman 3."
"Spider-Man: Homecoming" — which does not star Maguire or Garfield — opens in theaters July 7, 2017.
7 Things We Learned About 'Spider-Man: Homecoming' in First Trailer (Photos)
The official trailer for "Spider-Man: Homecoming" has hit the Internet. While a few things were spelled out plainly -- the comedy, the slice of life feel, and the classic coming-of-age Spidey story -- the trailer was also filled with less obvious moments that seem to reveal a lot. Let's take a look.
Donald Glover's role in "Spider-Man: Homecoming" is still a closely held secret, but he very briefly showed up in the trailer alongside this guy testing out what we assume is one of the Tinkerer's weapons. It feels likely, then, that Glover is playing one of the bad guys.
The Tinkerer -- a sort of sub-villain who makes weapons and equipment for bad guys -- seemingly will play a big role in "Spider-Man: Homecoming," judging by the frequency with which weapons that look like the kind of things he would make appear in the trailer. There's this one that bank robbers use to pull an ATM out of the wall, the grenade launcher-looking think a goon is using with Donald Glover and an energy weapon wielded by the movie's real big bad, Vulture.
The "Spider-Man: Homecoming" trailer has arrived just in time to be thrown up in front of "Rogue One: A Star Wars Story," which tells the tale of rebel freedom fighters and their quest to steal the plans for the Death Star. And, interestingly enough, the trailer sees Peter Parker's best friend Ned Leeds (Jacob Batalon) droppping a LEGO Death Star in reaction to seeing Peter climbing upside-down. Ouch! That's some expert-level corporate synergy on Marvel's end.
Tony Stark serving as more than just a mentor in the movie -- it looks like he'll be suiting up for battle alongside Spidey as well. The trailer wraps with a shot of them taking to the sky, and if Tony's suited up, it likely means that this isn't just for funsies -- looks like we'll be getting some legit Iron Man action here.
Time for a field trip! But, of course, nothing ever goes smoothly for ol' Peter Parker, and it looks like what could have been a chill trip to the Washington Monument in Washington, D.C., ends up turning into a major set piece.
Behold, the wingsuit, which Spidey gets to show off on the previously mentioned field trip. Tony Stark stepped in to help his protege with an all-new (but only slightly adjusted) look. Familiar webbing stretches forward to give our hero that extra aerodynamic edge he needs to take a leap and websling his way around New York. This is the first time we've seen this look on screen, but it's appeared in several iterations of the costume before. Web-wings are a common addition to most major Spider-verse costumes, including Silk's and Spider-Gwen's.
We get a glimpse of a showdown between Vulture and a maskless Spidey on the beach at Coney Island -- which makes us think this glimpse may be of the climactic showdown.
From Donald Glover's brief appearance to a cameo by the Death Star, we go deep into the first public "Spider-Man: Homecoming" trailer
See Peter Parker Swing Into Action in First 'Spider-Man: Homecoming' Trailer (Video)
By Beatrice Verhoeven | December 8, 2016 @ 8:55 PM
'Spider-Man: Homecoming' First Official Image Swings Onto the Web (Photo)
By Beatrice Verhoeven | December 8, 2016 @ 7:46 AM
'Spider-Man: Homecoming' Teaser Reveals Hero's Web Wings (Video)
By Joe Otterson | December 7, 2016 @ 6:19 AM
Spider-Man Costume in 'Homecoming' to Feature … Wings?
By Umberto Gonzalez | December 2, 2016 @ 10:55 AM


In addition, elections staff is recounting some of the votes cast on the Grover Beach charter ballot measure, which appears to have failed by four votes.
The measure would change Grover Beach from a general law to a charter city, which supporters said would give the city more control over local affairs and protect it from state money grabs.
It would also exempt the city from paying prevailing wage to workers on construction projects when using only locally generated dollars. Opponents argued that doing so could shortchange workers by reducing their pay.
Rodewald said elections staff manually recounted votes cast in nearly all of the city's precincts, and will also manually tally provisional ballots as well as votes cast on election night but not processed that evening.
They are also tallying write-in votes cast in the presidential contest as well as four local races: Paso Robles mayor, Paso Robles City Council, Cambria Community Services District and Coast Unified School District.
The unofficial election results can be viewed at http://www.slocounty.ca.gov/clerk/Elections/ElectionsInfo/110612PresGeneralElection.htm.


just to add few words to the previous reply. I learned recently from the reply of M.Roellig that using Mathematica you can transform chemical equations into differential. This makes sense, if you deal with many tens or even hundreds of reactions. I rule out the evident problem related to stability of such a huge system. If one goes this way, he probably have successfully solved it.
However, if I understand you right, you asked another question: your problem is just to translate a certain (not too large) system of chemical reactions into differential equations and to analyze them. Right?
OK, but in this case it is an easy task, provided chemical reactions (like 2 Subscript[H, 2] + Subscript[O, 2] -> 2 Subscript[H, 2] O) are already established.
"...I would like to understand the method how these reactions are actually converted to diff.equations..."
Segel, L. A. Biological kinetics (eds. Cannings, C., Hoppenstedt, F. C. & Segel, L. A.) (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991).
Prigogine, Ilya; Nicolis, G. (1977). Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems. Wiley. ISBN 0471024015.
There is of coarse, also a lot of other books on this subject. You need to read only few introductory chapters.
Even more, I would never trust any program to translate instead of me chemical reactions into differential equations. All the physical sense (chemical sense, biological sense - cross out those unnecessary) is hidden exactly in this step. It is here that you make assumptions and formulate your model. All the rest is some mathematical analysis which will never give you more than you put into your equations during this step.
I successfully used Mathematica several times to analyze equations describing chemical kinetics. However, if you have more than two-three non-linear equations describing your system, Mathematica may be not the best choice. I have seen at least one other than Mathematica program which was better designed for this purpose.  But moderator informed me that it is not eligible to give here its name.
Finally, I let myself one philosophic comment to the Community. In the MathGroup I often see questions which originated when the author cannot do something using Mathematica, but are in fact related to some lack of knowledge of the author in Mathematics or in some other discipline. So literally the answer does not belong to this forum. My attitude is that we should answer these questions nevertheless and give hints of where to look for the answer. Itself the fact that some question is related to some other field (rather than Mathematica) is something to do with Mathematica nevertheless. Just due to indication of boundaries.
> the reaction kinetic equations only tell you what is changed into what.
> But they do not give you the speed (rate constants). But the diff.
> hard. Therefore do not use it, or at least only for input/output.
> > > that I leave the parameters i and j undefined?
> > > completely miss if I'm to rely on a concealed algorithm.
> > > something that (perhaps) already exists on the field.


text:
The third novel in the Heart of the World series
In a thrilling new adventure Tom Allenby faces a double threat. In the depths of a freezing winter, Harrow Hill school is overrun by a force which can control ice. Meanwhile a super evolved subterranean group emerge with a plan that threatens the whole world. Trapped and isolated can Tom and his friends overcome the dangers in time? Or will the Spectres of Winter win?
This is the third novel in the Heart of the World series set in the village of Rooksbourne where the world's natural energy is stored. Using an ancient rock called the Earthstone, Tom Allenby can control the elements but has much to learn as he takes on powerful figures who have their own powers.
Available on Amazon in print or kindle version
The Spectres of Winter Print Version- order here!
The Spectres of Winter Kindle ebook Version - order here!
Introduction to The Spectres of Winter
There is something incredibly beautiful about a snow covered winter yet it can also be a dangerous season and I wanted to capture this in the book. I've had the plot for a long time- probably since around 2005- so I'm pleased to finally have released it into the world. I wanted to go back to the sort of winters we don't get as often now, at least not where I live. I remember as a child trying to make my way through knee deep snow and everywhere was covered in it!
The season in this book is full of serious snow, slippery ice and frost covered woods. It's a place where at first it feels as if you're trapped by the cold and then you realise you actually are! It's a story about a group of characters caught in a dangerous situation doing their best and having to rely on each other. Who can they trust? Who is behind the whole thing? And can they run quickly enough?!
For Tom Allenby it presents a new challenge just as he is learning to use his powers more easily. Whatever he thinks he knows about the elemental world, he discovers there is more he doesn't know.
I wrote the final draft during the winter of 2015-6 which wasn't actually that bad but there were certainly some very cold days so it was easy to conjure up the freezing conditions depicted in the story.
Hopefully whatever time of the year you read it, the novel will give you some chills as well!
Promotional post from Authoramp
The Spectres of Winter – Under The Ice
NB Best not to look below here until you've read the novel unless you want to be well and truly spoilered!
The Spectres of Winter is set in early February, just over six months after Elemental and three months after Living Things.
Other titles considered for the book were: The Wolves of Winter, Under the Midnight Snow, Icebound
The subterraneans are based on evolved badgers who have grown taller, slimmed out and become quite agile as well as being dangerous. And if you don't imagine a badger could be scary then take a look at a picture of a honey badger!
The idea for the ice wall was inspired partly from an old Doctor Who story The Deamons where a village is cut off by a heat barrier and also the Pink Floyd tour The Wall where the band gradually built a wall between themselves and the audience as the show progressed.
The ice creatures went through several different ideas and at one stage were snowmen but that has been done before in a few things so I opted for skeletal ice creatures instead.
New characters in the book include Mr Marlow, the headmaster. Often I have in mind a particular actor when thinking of some of these adult roles and for Marlow I thought of Anton Lesser.
Malvane was originally going to be called Screer then for a long time he was named Rascallion.
He is enormous fun to write because unlike the other antagonists in the previous books or even in this book, he is thoroughly evil! It was his gloved hand that picked up the crystal weapon at the end of Elemental during one of his early trips overground.
Danny Pryor has been briefly in the other books but has a much bigger role in this one. He was Jake's sidekick earlier and in fact appears in the very first chapter of Elemental. Since Jake has turned his back on the gang, Danny has taken over. I wanted to develop the idea that they had been friends since they were five so have a sort of bond that events since cannot break. Danny is not as clever as Jake and worries about life after school.
Ollie Porter was added into one scene in Living Things at the last minute just to establish he was around.
Professor Andoh is a glaciologist who arrives to investigate the wall. This character went through several drastic changes starting off as an eccentric German man! I realised there were fewer female characters in the book so Professor Heinricke turned into Professor Andoh, a woman of African heritage with a very loud voice and enthusiasm for her work. She is an old friend of Professor Tyrell.
By a strange coincidence, long after I'd written about moving ice, the company that runs this website offered new video backgrounds meaning I could actually have moving ice on this page!
The idea for the subterraneans' city was to have a mixture of the primitive and the more advanced to show how their `super evolution` had happened quite quickly. The dwellings are all made of materials produced underground or woven by the loomer spiders.
In an earlier draft they also had furnaces and workshops but I cut these out as they related to a climax that was also deleted.
Some of the inspiration for the look of the underground dwellings came from the Planet of the Apes films.
The issue of Badger culls referred to in the book is a controversial one. Many farmers believe badgers are the main cause of infection amongst cattle while animal rights campaigners believe culling any animal is wrong.
One whole plot line that was removed involved what Tom and Kyle encounter in the woods when they sneak out of the school to investigate the hole. This was to be a separate threat which in the end I realised was one too many. Plus it makes more sense for all of the dangers in the woods to be generated by the same power.
The identity of the antagonist in the basement was also changed. Originally the power in the basement was going to be the remains of the custodian from Elemental after it had been separated again from Mrs Brackley. Then I changed it to be a different custodian who had been defeated in a battle centuries ago. In the end I decided having another child would be more interesting.
William Taplow is named after a character in the classic novel The Browning Version. I played about with different decades before deciding he was from the 1960s. I did like the idea of him being from the 1980s but this might have got in the way plus he would probably have had to have had a mullet haircut!
The final confrontation between Tom and Malvane originally took place in the subterranean's furnace after the latter kidnapped Amber. However I realised this didn't quite make sense as how would Tom know where to go and it also meant he had to undertake a return journey down below. So I changed it to the confrontation in the woods which also meant I could give Danny a strong moment too. You can read the other version of the climax in the Deleted Scenes (see below)
The scenes at the end were very late additions to add what I felt was a more personal finish. The dialogue between Tom and Melissa originally took place in a classroom.
Will Malvane return? Well he's out there somewhere and he is very dangerous….
In the PDF below are a number of scenes cut from the book for various reasons.
The Spectres of Winter Deleted Scenes


Gitte Villesen - Gido : a production e.V.
When Ali invites Gitte and her cameraman Jonas Mortensen to come with him to see his herd of cows, what we are seeing seems to be everyday chores. But due to the presence of the people filming, the circumstances are in fact unlike the everyday life of the protagonists. That all of the participants are aware of this comes into the picture in subtle ways.


Thanks so much for including my handmade picture frame . . . Love the selections too!
I am so much honored to be selected with my scarf necklace in your blog.
I love to do water color painting and New Gamboge is my very favorite American Journey paints.
These works have all captured the rich luminosity of the color that is so different from a generic 'yellow'.
Great idea for a collection.
I love the warmth of this collection. It's lovely.


They look after you very well at S.M.A.R.T. We do a lot of team activities and the management team is very supportive.
I started at S.M.A.R.T as an assembler three and a half years ago and was given the opportunity to become an estimator. The best thing about S.M.A.R.T is my role as an estimator. I get to do the in house assessing and I can buy parts directly from the suppliers. I have everything you need to be able to make an informed decision on how to repair our customer's vehicles.
S.M.A.R.T is a great place to work, everyone works as a team and you get your lunch supplied everyday.
I have been at S.M.A.R.T for five years. I started in customer care and one year ago moved into a Parts Person role. I was interested in moving into production as I wanted to get a better understanding of production and wanted to see the repair process first hand. I believe my customer care experience has enabled me to jump into multiple areas and help out.
There is a very good work ethic at S.M.A.R.T. I was quite surprised to see how professional things are run and it's one of the reasons I enjoy working here. The company has progressed over time and always stays to up to date with the latest technology and training.
It's the people at S.M.A.R.T that make the difference. Every manager I've had has been very very good. There is also a high level of support at S.M.A.R.T, anyone is willing to step up and give a helping hand. I can turn to anyone and they are willing to help.
I started at Capital S.M.A.R.T in 2014 as I was made redundant in my previous role. I needed to get a job so I took on a car washing role. I washed cars for 12 months then moved into a detailing role. I started a new job role as an Estimator in March 2017, where I first trained at Seven Hills and then moved on than Ingleburn. I was quite honored to be asked to come and start at our new site at Ingleburn. It was a really good step up for me.
The advice I would give to anyone considering joining S.M.A.R.T is - work hard, show respect, turn up and don't underestimate how far you can go.
What I like the most about working for Capital S.M.A.R.T is the atmosphere. We have a good team environment. You get your job done and you get recognition for it.It was the first time in a long time I was happy in a job role when I joined Capital S.M.A.R.T.
I am a big believer in customer service, when we deliver a car, I want the experience for the customer to feel like they have driven their car out of a showroom. A simple little tool that goes a long way. When I customer is blown away with their car, nothing beats that feeling.
I love everything about S.M.A.R.T, everything. The environment, the systems and processes, it's the best move I've ever made. S.M.A.R.T is an amazing company. My team is my family and it shows in the results.
The advice I would give to anyone considering working for S.M.A.R.T is get on board and don't miss out. The day I walked into Penrose as an Estimator I felt at home and when the opportunity came to be Repair Centre Manager at the new Albany site, I jumped at the chance. I can't wait to get in my car in the morning and get to work. It ticks all the boxes. I'm still pinching myself and can't wait for the journey ahead.
I joined Capital S.M.A.R.T four and a half years ago. I was told about the role through a close friend whilst back in Scotland. Capital S.M.A.R.T gave me opportunity to start a life in Australia with a secure job. I started work as a panel beater and worked at several different sites before I was offered an operations support role as a panel beater. I was then chosen to start up a new training program at Tullamarine. Patience and knowledge was needed for training these guys which I felt I could give. I helped bring through 25 minor technicians trainees in my time in this role. I have now progressed into a Production Manager role.
It has been an eventful four and a half years at S.M.A.R.T and I'm still eager to see where it takes me. S.M.A.R.T gave me an opportunity to make a life for myself, I have put in the work, but Capital S.M.A.R.T has made the opportunities.
Everything at S.M.A.R.T is built around working as a team. The feel on the floor is that everyone works towards the same goal. Seeing the cars move through the workshop is what drives everyone. It's about getting it done right the first time.
The advice I would have to anyone considering working for S.M.A.R.T is come in with an open mind and don't overthink things. There is always opportunity that arises at S.M.A.R.T that gives people a chance to learn. We are here to help people move forward in the trade or any other aspect of the company.
Capital S.M.A.R.T played a crucial role in my career development. I started working as a car washer and I was encouraged to learn and work in all the areas of work and expand my skills. As a result of that I was promoted to my current role as an assembler.
My experience with the company has been truly positive and I share a very warm relationship with my co-workers. I heartfeltly thank Capital S.M.A.R.T for giving me opportunities of development in my life and for respecting and recognising all of my efforts.
Capital S.M.A.R.T recognises and appreciates even the smallest of efforts of their employees. I would like to state on behalf of all employees that we are proud to be part of Capital S.M.A.R.T.
I started at S.M.A.R.T four and a half years ago after being in last role for 25 years. It was a big decision to move to S.M.A.R.T but I am really glad I did. If you want to work, this is the place to do it. The work ethic of the employees at this company is excellent. There are always opportunities to move up in this business if that's what you wish to do.
The advice I would give to anyone considering joining S.M.A.R.T is that we are a bit different to a normal shop but give it a go because you'll be surprised. You'll will be well looked after here at S.M.A.R.T. You have job security, a great working environment and you have all the tools and equipment you need.
I have been painting cars for 15 years and started at S.M.A.R.T almost 2 years ago. I like to see the before and after repairs; how a car comes in damaged and how it comes out all bright and shiny.
Even though we are busy, the workplace is relaxed the work just flows. It just works. Everyone has a good attitude. The environment is clean and safe; management is supportive and lunches are provided which is a little added bonus. It's one of the best places I've worked at as an employee.
I have been with S.M.A.R.T for four and a half years as a panel beater. I completed my apprenticeship in Fiji, came over on a 457 visa. My father is a panel beater so growing up I used to go to his work and watch him and my interest grew from there.
S.M.A.R.T is a very good place to work, the technology and equipment is much better than anywhere else I have been. We have a great extraction system so there is no dust when we rub the fillers and you are supplied all your protective gear. This all helps me do my job better.
My proudest moment at S.M.A.R.T was when I was chosen to go to Fiji on behalf of the company to source potential trades people for S.M.A.R.T. It was nice to be thought of so highly.
I have been with S.M.A.R.T for almost five years. I started as a paint prepper and worked in two different shops. I was interested in learning other aspects of production and was shown how to run production over a period of three years. When a role came up as a Production Manager I put my hand up and went for it. My proudest moment at S.M.A.R.T was becoming a Production Manager.
S.M.A.R.T is a friendlier place than anywhere I have worked. Everyone works as a team and helps each other out, there's no dividing here. All inall, it's a great place to work.
I was nervous before starting at S.M.A.R.T as I had been at my last job for almost 20 years. Since I have started I haven't looked back. It's like my second family. You get looked after and get rewarded for the jobs you do.
From start to finish, everyone is working as a team and striving for the same goal. From top to bottom everyone gets looked after the same.
We strive to get the best outcome for the customer and work together to overcome the challenges. If a customer needs a car back quickly we work together to make it happen.
The people I work with keeps me coming back each day. The company knows who you are and you're not just a number.
The work at S.M.A.R.T is constant and busy. When the work is constant it gives you motivation to make it happen.
When you work for S.M.A.R.T, job satisfaction comes from the knowledge that you are working for one of the most advanced collision repair networks in the World. We invest in our people offering a variety of interesting and rewarding roles. And we are dedicated to making sure our people are fully equipped to deliver on our promise of delighting the customer. We work with some innovative and dynamic partners who enable us to deliver the latest training and technology that the industry has to offer to our employees.
At Capital S.M.A.R.T Repairs, we do things differently. This is true not only for the way that we innovatively repair cars, but also in the type of work environment that we offer our Team Members. To foster a great working environment, we like to reward our team members with access to fantastic offers and services through our S.M.A.R.Ter for you benefits program. Through this program you will have access to some fantastic benefits like – insurance and banking benefits, travel perks and discount paint and tools through our valued partners.
S.M.A.R.T also leads the way in having FUN!
Our employees also get to participate in many companywide events, charity days, conferences, BBQ's and get togethers.


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Brain Stroke – can strike even if you are younger than 40 years.
 April 6, 2018  Brain Diseases  10126 Views
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Ranjana lived an exemplary life full of rainbow-hued sunshine, almost as colorful as her name. She was an accomplished Kathak dancer and full of joie de vivre, who led a very organized life with a busy schedule.
Married into an industrialist family, she did not have to worry about the nitty-gritty of cooking and a retinue of cooks hired by her in-laws was in charge of making full course meals as well as the food for the frequent parties they would host. Nor did she have to worry about holding a job and taught engineering students at a college close by. Her job as a lecturer left her enough time to pursue other interests – so she had started a new commercial venture, a spa based on international standards and guidelines. Ample staff helped with looking after their two dogs, a pair of golden retrievers and the household was run on well-oiled wheels.
But 2nd Jan turned out to be unpleasant for the entire Nagraj clan. Ranjana, being bubbly and friendly was extremely popular and approachable. She and her young husband were invited as Chief Guests to an event at one of their factories, where after the fun and games, lunch was served.
Just as they were leaving the premises, Ranjana began to feel queasy. It was barely 3 pm and the last thing Ranjana had eaten was a small quantity of carrot halwa, a traditional wintersweet dish made by boiling grated coconut in little milk sweetened with plentiful dollops of ghee. Was it a corporate rivalry? Did members of the Union who were always threatening to go on a strike, try to poison their employers? As their Mercedes sped away, Ranjana felt as though she was going to faint. Her husband tried to make her sip some orange juice, always stocked in their car and ordered their chauffeur to drive straight to the hospital, a few kilometers away.
The Unknown Background
Ranjana wasn't overweight but neither was she a gym fanatic. She would exercise on the treadmill for barely 20 mins in a fortnight or go swimming – which was even less frequent. She was fit and energetic and believed that life is to be enjoyed with endless parties, premieres – whether Hollywood movies or fashion shows abroad, art soirees and events high on the glamour quotient. As a result of this Epicurean lifestyle, she had developed Type 2 diabetes, (also known as the silent killer) with cells either in her muscles or her liver not using insulin the way they should.
She did not feel any sort of fatigue so Ranjana had not thought of any check-ups. The high amount of glucose in her blood had begun to clot and constrict her blood vessel walls internally. The clots were also responsible to totally cut off the blood supply from reaching the brain, leading to a stroke.
The relation between diabetes and stroke
Risk factors are common for both these deadly ailments, chiefly:
High glucose levels in the blood
Apple shape as body structure
Fat accumulated around the waistline
Know these facts
Ignorance is bliss but not if it turns out to be fatal. Little did Ranjana know how diabetes and age combined, would ring the death knell for her.
Diabetes: Diabetics have astronomical glucose levels in their blood and at the same time, their cells are energy deprived. These deposits continue to expand and begin their death march. Another condition to watch out for is pre-diabetes, associated with metabolism.
Age: Brain stroke is increasingly common even among adolescents and children. There is no such thing as "being too young for a stroke" as proved by the vivacious Ranjana, who passed away at just 43. In fact, a study in the US cites 5 strokes in 100,000 kids, before their nineteenth birthday, while this number rises to 15 for those in their mid-forties.
What is an Ischemic Brain Stroke
For those less than 45 years of age, brain stroke among almost 25% of people is the unfortunate result of a blood vessel in the neck that has developed a tear. This is a downward spiral because clot forms and starts traveling to the brain. Other possible reasons that could yield a stroke:
While drug abuse is the most common cause, particularly intravenous drugs, there are also other cardiogenic causes:
Abnormalities of the heart valve
Patent foramen ovale – the term given when a person is born with a hole right in the middle of the heart
How to prevent Brain Stroke
Include fruits, vegetables, and plentiful whole grains, exclude saturated fat, in the daily diet.
Identify and immediately treat underlying ailments namely diabetes, obesity – the latter being significantly worrisome for the former as well as hypertension, high blood pressure and cholesterol.
For more information, consult your nearest Neurologist today.
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By Whalebone September 17, 2020
Go Wild with YETI Film Screenings at the Boneyard
YETI Film Tour: At The Boneyard
The Boneyard screening is sold out but check out the films.
There are outdoor film festivals and then there is watching outdoor adventure films outdoors in nature (ok, The Boneyard backyard—it ain't Denali but it's got a nice view of Gin Beach) with YETI coolers full of Brew Co.
You might think YETI is just coolers and cups and things like that, keeping things cold and keeping food away from bears. But YETI is that pal who helps us get through each camping trip, each surf break, and every adventure. Stands to reason then, YETI is also there to help those intrepid folks who carry the coolers tell their stories. Ladies and gents, YETI Presents.
Each film in the wild lineup takes us on a different journey, including—well, maybe mostly—the parts that make adventures like these so damn challenging.
If you're the stay-at-home type, which is a lot more of us these days, you'll have the chance to watch the wildness from the comfort of your couch if you can't make it to the Boneyard for the screenings. Sit back, relax and get out there while staying indoors.
But if you live near, around, or in Montauk or happen to be there, you're in luck. We are showcasing the YETI Presents film series at The Boneyard, Montauk. A ticket to attend this super limited space event comes with, as mentioned, quite the view of Gin Beach but also some other really cool things.
The night starts out with happy hour and some of the best damn BBQ on the East Coast. Food will be prepared and served by Elliott Resnik (a/k/a The Butcher's Grandson) and Pitmaster Matty Boudreau of Green Hill Kitchen & Que, barbecue gurus and World champions of the backyard cuisine. Drinks, local eats, one of those fancy projectors and a big-ass screen, good people, a yellow dog or two, and some pretty wild action on the screen. Each RSVP ensures a safely distanced space, a YETI cooler filled with drinks, and a space stocked with blankets and chairs to make our backyard walk-in theater make the multiplex look a bit boring. To top it all off, YETI is giving 100% of proceeds from the screening to Surfrider.
YETI Film Tour 2020
Films in the Wild is a series of 7 new documentaries that bring you to different parts of the world with people who push themselves outside their comfort zones to overcome whatever life throws at them. From surfing to skiing, these films take you into the wild in up-close-and-personal ways. Remember when we told you The Boneyard was a place to read magazines? It's also a place to watch rad films. These are what's coming soon to The Boneyard, maybe near you. And if not near you, these are what's coming to a screen probably in your living room, available to watch here.
A Prayer for Joshua Jackson
Racecar driver Josh Jackson's dreams were almost shattered when he crashed on the track. With serious trauma to the head, he persevered, rebuilding himself from the bottom. Watch as he prevails, taking risks to come back stronger and race toward the finish line once again.
How far can one woman push her limits? How many times can one woman push her limits? One paddle, 45 miles, persistent currents, and harsh winds. 13 times. Will Olympian and working-mother Lauren Spalding paddle her way through it all?
Sandbagging Jimmy Chin
Climbing connoisseur, Jimmy Chin, has almost done it all. From Everest to an Academy Award, but getting barrelled is the one thing that remains on his bucket list. Until now. Once surfers Jeff Johnson, Mark Healy, Jon Rose, and Keith and Dan Malloy heard, they made it happen. Carve along as Jimmy tackles 6-foot waves with the determination to get tubed.
Finding Ground
Professional skateboarder, Geoff Rowley, has been skating for 43 years, give or take. But he's not always just spinning his wheels these days. The California wilderness offers other challenges but with the challenges comes peace of mind. Discover Geoff's new escape deep in the wilderness.
Mothered by Mountains
Breaking societal norms is just the start of what Pasang Lhamu is capable of. Being told since her childhood that her place was in the home only encouraged her to get out on the mountains of Nepal. Follow her story to elevations no other woman has ever reached. The National Geographic Adventurer of the Year makes her initial ascent, and it is no light work.
Kekoa
Hurricane Irma had little forgiveness. Destroying almost everything in her path in St. John, she took out all but one catamaran; Kekoa. Built by brothers, Jameson and Ryan Witbeck, they work to pick through the rubbish of what their town used to be and repair the boat they originally built in an effort to restore the heart of their island.
Ingrained
Hard work can take you anywhere. Most wouldn't expect it to take you from a ranch in Wyoming to professional snowboarding, unless you're Mark Carter, as you'll see in this short by Jimmy Chin. Turns out you can learn a lot about chasing fresh powder by chasing cows.
As appealing as your couch looks, we hope to see you at The Boneyard. It's pretty appealing if you ask us. Space is limited for your safety.
100% of the proceeds from the screening will go to Surfrider.
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Tulsa King: Dana Delany Joins Cast For Crime Drama Series At Paramount+
June 20, 2022 · by Irish Cinephile · in TV News. ·
Deadline is reporting that Dana Delany is the latest name to join the cast for the upcoming crime drama series Tulsa King.
The official synopsis for the series is as follows:
Tulsa King follows New York mafia capo Dwight "The General" Manfredi, just after he is released from prison after 25 years and unceremoniously exiled by his boss to set up shop in Tulsa, Okla. Realising that his mob family may not have his best interests in mind, Dwight slowly builds a "crew" from a group of unlikely characters, to help him establish a new criminal empire in a place that to him might as well be another planet.
Dana Delany (whose credits include Body of Proof and The Code) will be playing the role of Margaret, an affluent and influential equestrian and owner of a sprawling horse farm and animal preserve. She is a formidable presence and a trustee of the Annie Oakley Society.
Terence Winter, whose credits include The Sopranos and Boardwalk Empire, serves as the writer and showrunner of the series, which is being executive produced by Taylor Sheridan, Stallone, Winter, David C. Glasser, Ron Burkle, Bob Yari, David Hutkin, Allen Coulter and Braden Aftergood.
Delany will join a cast that includes Sylvester Stallone, Andrea Savage, Martin Starr, Max Casella, Domenick Lombardozzi, Vincent Piazza, Jay Will, A.C. Peterson and Garrett Hedlund.
Tulsa King will premiere on Paramount+ on the 13th November 2022.
Tags: 13th November 2022, AC Peterson, Allen Coulter, Andrea Savage, Bob Yari, Braden Aftergood, Capo, David C. Glasser, David Hutkin, Domenick Lombardozzi, Dwight Manfredi, Executive Producer, Garrett Hedlund, Jay Will, Martin Starr, Max Casella, New York Mafia, Oklahoma, paramount, Paramount Plus, Ron Burkle, Showrunner, sylvester stallone, Taylor Sheridan, Teaser Trailer, Terence Winter, The General, Tulsa King, TV News, writer
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Artificial Intelligence, Mexico
Mexico's Kuona raises $6 million in seed funding to accelerate its growth
Kuona, a Mexico-based software-as-a-service platform utilizing artificial intelligence to optimize prices, promotions, orders, and inventory for brands, has announced the successful completion of a seed funding round in which it raised $6 million.
Founded in 2017 by Chema Sanroman and Agustín Magaña, both with backgrounds in data science and artificial intelligence, Kuona developed data-driven tools that can predict demand, track customer behaviour, and integrate with company data in real-time to improve the return on investment of promotions while also boosting sales.
The startup says it is profitable today, and they have clients such as OXXO, the small store chain, and Coca-Cola FEMSA, both linked to Femsa Ventures. A spokesman for OXXO says their satisfaction with Kuona's results led Femsa Ventures to want to invest in the startup.
The round was led by Mexican venture capital firm Cometa, and also saw participation from Seaya Cathay Latam and Femsa Ventures, both also based in Mexico.
This new funding will enable Kuona to continue its growth and development as it strives to assist brands in maximizing their efficiency and profitability through its innovative AI-powered platform.
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as it candidly suits you.
you easily subject me to.
in the ducts of my sight.
to not hold you so tightly it hurts.
and not feel a thing.
never desire to want you back.
even if its just for a minute.
that took refuge within me.


The prize is awarded annualy to a young scientist in recognition of a notable scientific achievement in the form of a PhD thesis. Every other year, the prize is also open to nominees with an exceptional track record in neutron scattering established within 5 years after their PhD degrees. The science should include the use of neutron radiation, and eligible nominees should have a clear affiliation with Swiss Neutron Scattering (be member of the Swiss Neutron Scattering Society, be based in Switzerland, or have conducted experiments at Swiss neutron facilities). The PhD must have been awarded within two years of the announcement of the Call. The prize amounts to 1000 CHF and is sponsored by SwissNeutronics.
Letters of support from authorities in the relevant field are accepted.
In 2018, the prize is awarded to Dr. Shang Gao for his high quality thesis and neutron scattering investigation leading to the discovery of a spiral spin-liquid state in the compound MnSc2S4 and of fast monopole hopping rates in the spin-ice compounds CdEr2X4.
In 2017, the prize is awarded to Dr. Viviane Lutz-Bueno in recognition of her outstanding thesis work on micellar aggregates and their behavior under confinement and flow, using a combination of both small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering experiments.
In 2016, the prize is awarded to Dr. Andrea Scotti in recognition of his outstanding work on the behavior of highly concentrated suspensions of soft microgel colloidal particles using neutron scattering.
In 2015, the prize is awarded to Dr. Jonas Okkels Birk in recognition of outstanding work on neutron instrumentation in the CAMEA project.
The prizes have been awarded at the Neutron Scattering Session of the Swiss Physical Society Meeting, July 1st at 16:00.


Attended Hollywood High School with Linda Evans.
They say that a good cook can ignite sparks by the way he kisses. The way I see it, just because a guy can turn on the stove doesn't necessarily make him a good cook.