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Die Prva Makedonska Liga 2009/10 war die 18. Spielzeit der höchsten Fußballliga Nordmazedoniens. Die Spielzeit begann am 1. August 2009 und endete am 19. Mai 2010. Titelverteidiger war Makedonija Skopje. Meister wurde zum ersten Mal FK Renova Džepčište.

Modus
Zwölf Mannschaften traten in je drei Runden gegeneinander an. Die drei Letzten stiegen direkt ab.
Die Mannschaft auf den Relegationsplatz verlor das Spiel gegen den Vierten der zweiten Liga und musste ebenso absteigen.

Makedonija Skopje und Sloga Jugomagnat traten aus Protest gegen den Verband zweimal hintereinander nicht zu Spielen in der Prva Liga an, so dass beide Vereine vom Spielbetrieb ausgeschlossen wurden und Makedonija als amtierender Meister absteigen musste. Alle Spiele von Makedonija und Sloga ab dem zwölften Spieltag wurden annulliert, die bis dahin erzielten Punkte wurden abgezogen und die Mannschaften auf die letzten Tabellenplätze gesetzt. FK Pobeda Prilep wurde vom Verband nach dem 28. Spieltag aus der Wertung genommen. Alle Spiele wurden annulliert.

Vereine

Abschlusstabelle

Kreuztabelle

Relegation

|}

Torschützenliste

Einzelnachweise

2009
Fußballsaison 2009/10


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"Station" as part of the physical exam in pregnancy
"What Does "0" Station Mean In Childbirth?
The whole mechanism of delivering a child, of course, involves the actual exit of the baby through the mother's pelvis. A traditional reference has developed through generations of obstetricians. This reference, called "station," is used to document on the record how far down the head of the baby has descended toward delivery. In discussing a laboring situation, nurses and doctors must be able to convey information that can be understood universally among them.
The station is based on how far down the head has dropped in relation to two bony prominences (called the ischial spines) that mark the midpelvis (halfway out). In a pelvic exam, the examiner can feel where these spines are, protruding from the pelvic sidewalls. Then, the position of the "presenting part," i.e., that part of the baby (hopefully, the top of the head) that will be the first to deliver, is felt as compared to the ischial spines. If the very top of the head is at the ischial spines, it's called a zero station. And for every centimeter distance from the spines, either above or below, the presenting part can be said to be anywhere between -3 and +3.
"-3" is 3 cm. above the ischial spines. +3 is 3 cm below the ischial spines, and, well, you better call the doctor, because that baby's about to deliver! True, a +3 station shows the baby's scalp on the perineum (at the opening of the vagina).
Friedman's Curve
Friedman's Curve, which is a graph used to note progress of labor, plots two different things, the station and the cervical dilatation. With normal labors progressing to delivery, the station starts at the upper left and over time is marked toward the lower right of the graph; while the dilatation begins at 0 at the lower left and rises to 10 over time at the upper right hand corner of the graph. In this way, there should be an "X" on the graph. Any distortion of this X will indicate either a problem in the descent of the baby's head or in the dilatation, and such graphical distortions are used to legitimately justify a C-section when vaginal delivery proves impossible. This is called "Failure to Progress."
Usually when the baby "drops" during the third trimester of pregnancy, this signifies the attainment of a 0-station. This is a good sign for pending delivery.
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Welcome back to News & Things! Today it's all bi everything, in honour of yesterday's Bi Pride/Bisexuality Visibility Day. News Why are the Fall's LGBT Movies Going Straight to DVD? Film.com discusses an unfortunate trend in queer film distribution. Bi Political Leaders Blazing a Trail for Others Ellyn Ruthstrom on five notable out bisexual U.S.
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Your vacation object: The Holiday apartment is located on a 100 sqm and an enclosed garden property with bushes and trees. In the same house there are the holiday apartment: DAL BRA 320 (6 people), DAL BRA 323 (5 persons), DAL BRA 324 (4 people), DAL BRA 325 (2 persons) and DAL BRA 326 (3 persons). The owner lives permanently in the house. The facilities are at your disposal for common use. Relax outdoor at the terrace with garden furniture. Barbecue possibilities are available. Your holiday apartment: Your holiday apartment offers 1 floor, 1 room (from which 1 bedroom), is 40 sqm and can accommodate up to 2 persons. An air conditioning ensures pleasant temperatures on hot days. On colder days your holiday apartment can be heated with central heating. The entrance is on the 2nd floor. The rooms are divided as follows: Bedroom with 1 double bed and TV. Kitchen with dinette, dishwasher, electric cooker (ceramic stove top, 4 plates), oven, exhaust hood, refrigerator (freezer), coffee machine, toaster and electric water boiler. Bathroom with shower, 1 washbasin and WC. In addition, your holiday apartment is equipped with WLAN- internet access. TV or radio channel can be received per satellite. Pets: erlaubt. Gratis.


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REALbasic and REAL Studio Release 5.1 is now shipping. This release fixes some important issues with the new REALSQLDatabase plug-in. To view all of the improvements in this release, please view the release notes on the product download page: <http://www.realsoftware.com/download>.
It's been a year since we introduced the new REAL Software Website and the feedback has been very positive! Following are some tips on how to take full advantage of all the great features.
Enter the email address linked to your REAL Software Account to receive an email with instructions on how to create a log in. If you are unsure what email address is linked to your Account email Customer Service.
Once logged into your Account you can access all your License Keys, your Order History and any Previous Downloads available for those keys.
Did you Register but don't see all of your keys in your Account? It's possible you have created more than one account. Send an email with your keys and/or email address to Customer Service and we can merge all your accounts together. You may find you have expired keys you didn't even remember you owned! Just yesterday a long time user of REALbasic was planning on purchasing a new Windows Pro key, upon registering his Account he learned he owned an expired Windows Pro key already! He purchased a Renewal instead and saved $149!
In your Account you can also update your contact information. Keeping your email address current will keep you informed of REAL Software special offers and discounts throughout the year.
You can contact us at custserv@realsoftware.com if you have any questions about your Account, or anything else REALbasic, and we will be happy to assist you further.
Due to some important issues with the new REALSQLDatabase plug-in, we are going to release 5.1 around the middle of the month.
REAL Software began shipping REALbasic 2009 Release 5 today. This release continues with a focus on quality and addressing the needs of our customers by adding 68 improvements and 17 new features. This release introduces support for Linux distribution Ubuntu 9.10 and includes an updated SQLite version.
"We recently introduced a new feedback system that allows users to rate the importance of bugs and new feature requests," commented Geoff Perlman, REAL Software Founder and CEO. "This new system has allowed us to really focus on the quality improvements for this release that are most important to our customers."
The complete list of improvements and new features in REALbasic 2009 Release 5 can be found in the release notes in the product download section, www.realsoftware.com/download.
We had originally planned to update the REALSQLDatabase class to use the latest version of SQLite in REALbasic 2009 R4 (released today). The work was done but we also took the time to substantially overhaul the internals of the REALSQLDatabase class. We reduced the amount of code by quite a bit making it easier for us to maintain and made it faster as well. Unfortunately, the side effect of such a big change is that it requires more testing time and it was ready too late in the beta cycle for us to feel comfortable releasing it for R4.
The good news is that we are planning to have another release this year primarily to ship the updated REALSQLDatabase class.
Now that REALbasic 2009 R4 is shipping, many of you are wondering about the status of our transition to Cocoa for our Mac OS X framework. For those of you are are not aware of this, we are transitioning our underlying Mac OS X framework from Carbon to Cocoa. For the most part, this won't affect the code you write in that we are making these changes under the hood so you will continue to use the same classes you use today.
We are nearly feature complete on our Cocoa framework. There are only a handful of controls left to do. Those on the beta list have been seeing our progress as we have released betas of previous releases (including R4). Once we are feature complete, we will start the final beta process, most likely within the next 30 days. At that point, we will take as long as is necessary to make sure the Cocoa framework is stable. And our plan is to ship the IDE based on Cocoa at the same time. The IDE is a large, complex project and is a good test case for the stability of the new Cocoa-based framework.
If you are interested in beta testing the new Cocoa-based framework, make sure you join the beta list. You can do so by signing into your account on our web site and clicking on the Beta Program link on the right side of the page.
Adding 97 improvements and 39 new features, REALbasic 2009 Release 4 offers the most requested feature from REALbasic users, reporting! Also included in this release for REAL Studio only is build automation. Finally, our new feedback system is now live.
The new report editor allows developers to visually create a layout for printing by dragging and dropping labels, fields, images and more. Reports can be created to print a single page or multiple pages. The layout is divided into sections (header, body, footer as well as grouping sections for reports that have sorted data).
The new build automation feature of the Project Editor is only available in the REAL Studio Edition. With Build Automation, developers can visually drag and drop build steps to execute common actions (like copying files and running IDE scripts) before and/or after their application is built. All of this can be done from within their project.
Any company that expects to succeed had better listen to its customers. We listen in many different ways: We follow threads on the forums and mailing lists, we read the emails you send us directly, conduct surveys, and monitor the feedback you provide via our Feedback system.
Over the years we have had many different systems for gathering bug reports and feature requests. We used to have a system that was pretty transparent. You could search it, contribute additional information to a particular issue, etc. We could get a sense of how important a case was based on the number of you that added that case to your watch list. This system was very specific to your needs, which are the needs of a software developer. As a result, this system was created in-house.
A few years ago, an argument was put forth internally here at REAL Software that we shouldn't be re-inventing the wheel by building and continuing to maintain our own, custom bug database system but instead should use one of the commercially available systems. There was a lot of sense in this argument. These systems had features that our system did not and they were maintained by others allowing us to focus on what we do best. But these systems were not without their downsides. The theory behind FogBugz, the system we use today, is to make the system of entering a bug as simple as possible for the end user because if you ask too much, users won't provide feedback. The other assumption is that most users don't need to search through your bug database. These assumptions are all quite reasonable for 95% of software users. It became obvious to us late last year that you, our customers, are not in that 95%. You are like us. You are software developers. You understand the importance of providing lots of detailed information. You want to search our bug database to see if a report has been filed before and see if a workaround exists. You will tell us which cases are more important than others.
With this in mind, we decided early this year that we needed a new Feedback system. FogBugz is fine for most software companies whose customers are not software developers, but it's not ideal for customers who are. However, if you are looking for a feedback system for your product, I would certainly recommend it. We spent some time looking at what was good and bad about our old system and what was good and bad about FogBugz. We then set out to build a new Feedback system that would give you and us the best of both systems.
While the old system was designed to be opaque, the new system is almost totally transparent. You can search, and the searching is actually very cool. It's simple and yet very powerful. It also includes relevancy information to help you track down the case that is the most likely match. You can filter reports by product, version, status and more. You can keep a list of your favorite cases to make it easy to keep track of them. You can contribute to existing reports, adding workarounds, example projects, etc. that others can use. If there is information that should be for our eyes only, you can mark the information you add as private. And last but most certainly not least, you can put your most important cases in order of your personal priority. This and the priorities of others are put together to create a score. This allows us to see what the most important cases (both bugs and feature requests) are. You will be able to see them too because the new Feedback system will show you the top 20 cases by score. We have added this because we want you to see that we are making an effort to address the most important cases first. That's not always possible of course and some bugs get addressed as soon as they come in because they are very easy to fix and an engineer might be working on that part of the code when the bug is reported.
In the past, the score of a case was essentially the number of people that added that case to their watch list. Anyone could add any number of cases to their watch list to increase the priority. The problem with this is that it didn't give us a true picture of what your priorities are. In the new Feedback system the only cases that are scored are those that are within the top 5 open cases on your personal priority list. The new Feedback system makes it easy for you to reorder your cases so that we can see your personal priority. Also, in the case of REALbasic, the edition of REALbasic you are using affects the score your top 5 open cases receive. Professional Edition users are given 3 times the priority of Personal Edition users. REAL Studio Edition users are given 10 times the priority. We are doing this because the more you invest in us, the higher we feel your priority should be. That doesn't mean that a Studio user would always get higher priority. For example, if fifteen Personal Edition users put a particular case at the top of their list, that would have a higher score than a case at the top of a single REAL Studio Edition user's priority list. This scoring system will help us understand which cases should be addressed to have the maximum impact on you, our customers.
When we have changed systems in the past, we have asked you to go through your cases and help us move them over to the new system. For some of you, this was a lot of work. We will not be asking that of you this time. We have automated the process of moving the cases over. However, we will need you to do one thing. Because you can't search our current Feedback system, it is implied that all cases are private in that others outside of REAL Software can't view them. We would not want to accidentally expose to everyone a case you thought was private. As a result, you will need to tell us (via a web page) which of your reports should be private and which should be public.
This new Feedback system runs on Mac OS X, Windows and Linux and will ship soon with REALbasic 2009 R4. It's going to help us better serve you and it's going to better allow you to help each other - whether it's providing a workaround for a bug, or discussing the pros and cons of a particular feature. We look forward to your comments and suggestions.
We are very excited to announce today that we are taking REAL World on the road this Fall! We'll be heading to Atlanta on November 3 and Chicago on November 5th for full day conferences in each city. The Atlanta event will take place at the Marriott Marquis Hotel and the Chicago event will be at the Hilton downtown.
The REAL World Regional Events are the definitive events for anyone who wants to get the most out of REALbasic, REAL Studio and REAL Server. This conference will give users the opportunity to hear from other REALbasic, REAL Studio and REAL Server users and experts on how to improve their knowledge and skills as a developer. These events will feature a keynote presentation from Geoff Perlman, REAL Software's Founder and CEO that will cover upcoming features, like Reporting and Cocoa, along with REAL Software's strategic direction.
We are currently looking for speakers to present at each event. We do offer speakers a free pass to the event. Those interested in presenting REALbasic, REAL Server and software development-related sessions are welcome to submit their proposal with their preferred session topic(s) and a brief description, along with their name and contact information to me at realworld@realsoftware.com. The deadline for applying to speak is September 15, 2009. There are a limited number of speaking opportunities available.
Registration for these regional events will open soon. Conference pricing has been set at $250, with an early registration price of $200 through October 20th. Attendance is limited to 50 attendees, so please register early to guarantee your spot.
More details about the sessions, along with a more complete agenda, will be available in the coming weeks.
I've seen many examples over the years regarding gradients. Start with one color, then progressively blend it into another. What I haven't seen yet is how to create complex gradients with 3 or more colors. If you can create a two color gradient, a multi-color gradient is conceptually similar.
AUSTIN, Texas, USA (July 7, 2009) — REAL Software, creator of REALbasic, a cross-platform development tool for creating software for Mac, Windows and Linux, is now shipping REALbasic and REAL Studio 2009 Release 3. This release boasts more than 100 improvements and 31 new features, including the addition of OpenGL support for 3D images and animation.
"REALbasic is powerful enough to allow me to develop 2D applications requiring a complex interface faster than any other compiler," commented Stephan Keith, a REALbasic Developer. "With the introduction of OpenGL to REALbasic, and its extraordinary interface development tools, I should be able to develop 3D applications 50% to 70% faster over those using traditional C-programming methods."
The new OpenGLSurface control does require a knowledge of the OpenGL language. However, there are some open source projects that are implementing a RB3D-compatible API on top of the OpenGL for developers who currently use RB3D.
REALbasic was recently named 'Best Programming Language' during The Code Project's First Annual Members Choice Awards.
The complete list of improvements and new features in this release can be found in the release notes in the product download section, http://www.realsoftware.com/download. REALbasic and REAL Studio are available in a free 30-day trial edition. REAL Software recently published an Introduction to REALbasic video on YouTube.com.
We recently changed the price of REALbasic Personal Edition for Linux to $99, which is the same as the Personal Edition for Mac and Windows. However, if you are developing an open source project, Personal Edition for Linux is still free for you.
To obtain your free Linux key contact Customer Service and provide them with documentation about your project, such as your name on an open source website.
We are making this change because most commercial software that has a free version for Linux is typically free only for open source projects.
In code it's very important to say exactly what you mean and mean what you say.
I just happened to reproduce and fix a bug in the IDE that was the result of code not being explicit about what was intended.
But this was throwing an out-of- bounds exception sometimes when you'd press return. But, why?
gets evaluated BEFORE the OR.
The end result was IF you pressed return the code for the THEN portion WOULD execute when it should not and this caused the out of bounds exception.
So the listindex had to be <> -1 before the code in the then would execute.
A very small change, but a very big difference.
Most desktop computers have used 32 bit processors for a long time now. Among other things, a 32 bit processor limits the amount of memory a computer can access to 4 GB (or to be more precise, 4096 megabytes). The world is moving towards 64 bit processors which can, in theory, address 16 exabytes (16 billion GB!) of memory. Most 64 bit computers don't support that much memory of course but 64 bit computers will certainly allow for a lot more memory than we have today.
For most REALbasic users this change won't require much, if any, work. When we ship a 64 bit native version of REALbasic, integers will be 64 bits rather than 32 bits. That doesn't mean much to most of you. For those of you that are doing bit manipulation and using certain classes, it will most likely mean your code will need to be updated.
Today you have the ability to specify that you want an integer that is 32 bits or 64 bits. Rather than using Integer, you can use Int32 to specify a 32 bit integer. If you are reading and/or writing integers using the MemoryBlock or BinaryStream classes, use the methods provided in those classes to read/write 32 bit integers if you are using the regular Integer methods today.
If you are doing integer bitwise operations or are using integers with binarystreams or memoryblocks, you can update your code today so it will continue to function properly once we provide the ability to compile your project as a 64 bit native application.
64 bit is something we will be addressing to allow your applications to be 64 bit native. I don't have a timeframe to announce just yet. However, those of you that are depending on 32 bit integers (and if you are, you know you are) can update your code now so you won't have any hiccups when compiling 64 bit native applications arrives.
What is your "day job"? Are you a school teacher, engineer, librarian, graphic designer, piano teacher, chef, or something else during the day and also a REALbasic developer at night? Submit your photograph to the REALbasic yearbook and be displayed on our website!
Send me your picture at pr@realsoftware.com.
View the REALbasic Yearbook Photo Guidelines.
Do you have some cool code you want to share? Post it on The Code Project and share it with the world! Sharing code with others is both an excellent way to help other developers, but it also helps you become a better programmer. The Code Project has more than six million members, so by sharing your code you will get a lot of great feedback, bug fixes, free testing and suggestions.
Submit your article to The Code Project.
Learn more about The Code Project.
Something that every developer seems to hope they don't have to deal with.
But I'd say you should want to deal with localization, because if you're localizing your application into many languages then it's also very likely that your application is widely used and hopefully really successful.
REALbasic makes doing most localizing very easy. Just use dynamic string constants and that will take care of the bulk of your needs.
If you plan ahead and use dynamic constants for captions on buttons, strings shown in message dialogs and all the other strings you show in your application you can be ready to localize into any of the languages that REALbasic supports.
But what do you do if after you've created your application you need to localize it into a new language ? And you don't need to do anything else but localize it? You don't need to recompile the application to do this.
Specify what language localization you are creating as the target language.
Import this .rbl file into Lingua and make whatever changes you need using Lingua to add in the new values for this localization.
Then, when all your changes are done, choose "Export to Application" under File > Export.
This will add a new localized file to your application that is set up for the new language.
This works for OS X, Windows and Linux.
Note that your application MUST be set up with dynamic constants BEFORE you do this. You cannot change an already compiled application that does not use dynamic constants into one that does by this process.
On OS X there's an alternate way that does not require Lingua and can actually be done by anyone at any time. You can open the application package and navigate to the Resources directory inside the package. Inside will be any number of directories named with a .lproj extension. There you will see a file called Localizable.strings which holds all the strings that can be localized.
Once you've created this you have a new localization without recompiling your application.
There is a saying that you can have something "good, fast or cheap" but you have to pick one. If it's good, you won't get it fast or cheap. If it's cheap, it probably won't be good or fast. You get the idea. That saying is not new and it's not even always correct as it's highly subjective. But it is true more often than not.
As most of you probably know by now, we are working on a new Mac OS X framework for REALbasic. The framework is code that lies beneath your code and translates what you've written in REALbasic into operating system-specific API (Application Programming Interface) calls. For example, in REALbasic you put w = new window1. Behind the scenes we call CreateWindowEX on Windows, gtk_window_new on Linux, and NewWindowReference on Mac OS X.
Our current Mac OS X framework uses the Carbon APIs. These APIs were created to be compatible with Mac OS 9 (Classic Mac OS) as a means to port these apps to Mac OS X. The other set of APIs for Mac OS X is called Cocoa. These were part of NeXTStep which eventually became Mac OS X.
It's become increasingly clear over the years that Apple is focusing its attention on Cocoa. It's understandable that they would want to do this rather than have to update two APIs for each new feature. Several years ago we started a project to create a new Cocoa-based framework for REALbasic. This wouldn't change how you work with REALbasic or how you support Mac OS X (well, not much anyway) but it would provide users with a better experience and allow us to expose new Mac OS X features faster. The project failed. But we are nothing if not tenacious so 15 months ago we started a new Cocoa project with a new approach. Based on our experience developing frameworks for Mac, Windows and Linux, we believed that we would be in beta by Q1 2009 and shipping by the end of Q2 2009. It hasn't worked out that way.
We are making terrific progress. It was slow going at first but we able to move faster now that we have laid the groundwork. At this point, we should be feature complete by the end of the summer and shipping some time this fall. So our schedule has slipped by one quarter. I know many of you were hoping to have Cocoa sooner and I'm sorry to disappoint you. But we would rather do it right than have to do it over again.
So when it comes to good, fast or cheap, we are choosing good.


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ALTER BRIDGE To Release 'The Last Hero' Album In October
LED ZEPPELIN's Publishers Seek $613,000 Attorneys' Fees in 'Stairway To Heaven' Case
OZZY OSBOURNE Photographed Leaving Alcoholics Anonymous Meeting In Stockholm
Ex-W.A.S.P. Guitarist CHRIS HOLMES Clarifies His LEMMY Comments
JUDAS PRIEST's RICHIE FAULKNER Wasn't Nervous About Replacing K.K. DOWNING
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SEPULTURA: New Audio Interview With PAULO XISTO PINTO JR.
August 22, 2012 0 Comment Sepultura
GetYourRockOut conducted an interview with bassist Paulo Xisto Pinto Jr. of Brazilian/American metallers SEPULTURA at this year's edition of the Bloodstock Open Air festival, which was held August 9-12 at Catton Park, Derbyshire in the United Kingdom. You can now listen to the chat below.
Asked about SEPULTURA's plans for the remainder of 2012, guitarist Andreas Kisser recently told Metal Hammer, "We're going to Indonesia and Malaysia, we're going to South America still, and we're doing a cruise at the end of the year — Barge To Hell — which will be very interesting. And then we're gonna stop. We're already thinking about new ideas for the next album, so probably next year we're gonna have something new going on. We have also plans to record a DVD with the French percussive group [Les Tambours Du Bronx], [with] which we did a show at [the] Wacken [Open Air] festival [in early August] — old SEPULTURA, new SEPULTURA music with them. And that's the plan — finsi the year on a high note."
Regarding what SEPULTURA's new, 21-year-old drummer Eloy Casagrande has added to the band, singer Derrick Green told Metal Hammer, "Definitely the fact that he's young and that energy helps a lot. He's a very disciplined drummer — he's been playing since he was seven. And he's been doing a lot of things by himself and playing with different people, and that's really, really impressive. He had a lot of things put together before we even met him; he's already done so much. And I think with us, a combination us together, it's a great learning process for him to grow and at the same time, we're learning a lot from him, so we can do this together. And this is something extremely important when you're doing a band that's been together for so long, to have this connection. And we felt this connection with him immediately. And we could tell that he was very focused and very committed to doing extremely good music."
Casagrande joined SEPULTURA as the replacement for Jean Dolabella, who left the band because he could no longer handle being away from home for long periods of time.
Dolabella left SEPULTURA after a five-year run of relentless touring and two studio albums. He joined SEPULTURA in 2006 following the departure of the band's original drummer, Igor Cavalera.
SEPULTURA is touring in support of its 12th studio album, and Nuclear Blast Records debut, "Kairos", which hit stores in July 2011.
← CRYPTOPSY: New Song "The Golden Square Mile" Available For Streaming
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Former SLAYER Drummer DAVE LOMBARDO To Guest On New SEPULTURA Album
SEPULTURA Guitarist Says The 'Thrashfest Classics' Tour Concept Is 'Awesome'
SEPULTURA Guitarist Performs With Brazilian Musician ED MOTTA (Video)
Orlando, Florida-based hard rockers ALTER BRIDGE have set "The Last Hero" as the title of their fifth album, due in
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GearVintage and Collectible Guitars
Great Acoustics: Preston Thompson Masterpiece #2 Koi Pond
Bill Evans December 15, 2020
From the January/February 2021 issue of Acoustic Guitar | By Greg Olwell
The Masterpiece series from Preston Thompson Guitars is a chance for the shop's artisans to channel inspiration while stretching the boundaries of their skills. The team created its first Masterpiece guitar last year, and this second instrument in the series is dedicated to the shop's founding luthier and namesake, who had a chance to view the designs before he died in 2019.
For Masterpiece #2, the team concentrated on a harmonious concept that flows across the entire instrument, from materials to artwork. The Koi Pond guitar is a 14-fret 00 shape made with lushly quilted Western maple back and sides, an Adirondack spruce top with extreme bear-claw figure, and a 24.9-inch scale mahogany neck. The body and neck are bound with Brazilian rosewood and a thin line of brass purfling that contributes a subtle and warm glow.
Thompson inlay specialist and designer Simon Haycraft says that the spruce was chosen not just for its sound but also to enhance the guitar's design. "The figure is almost like a breeze across the top of the water," says Haycraft, adding, "It has that ripple to it—that movement and life, and it adds to this concept of water and movement."
The back's designs are stained directly into the maple, so that the artwork doesn't impact the wood structure the way an inlay set into the body might. The result is that the stained koi fish and waterlily designs pick up the maple's quilted figure, which helps give them a watery shimmer. Thompson's first full-fretboard inlay design features nearly 200 individual pieces of stone, pearl, and brass that flow toward the headstock's cherry blossom inlays. The West African ebony fingerboard is inlaid with three different shades of green reconstituted stone for a muted but varied look, with pink mussel shell employed for the lilies.
"It's a stunning piece of art," says Thompson luthier Joel Chadd, "but it's absolutely meant to be played. That's why we do this."
This article originally appeared in the January/February 2021 issue of Acoustic Guitar magazine.


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Druga nogometna liga Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine je svoje prvo izdanje imala u sezoni 2000./01., kad su se Nogometni savez Herceg-Bosne i Nogometni savez Bosne i Hercegovine spojili u jedinstveni savez i počeli sa zajedničkom organizacijom ligaških natjecanja na području Federacije BiH.  Liga je predstavljala treći stupanj natjecanja.

Centar

Centar 1

 Izvori:
 ''70 godina NK "Sloga"

Poveznice

Izvori

2000-01
 F 3

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Bitcoin has lost over 75 percent of its value within the past year, and many less popular cryptocurrencies are currently on the verge of going completely belly-up. The most recent roller coaster market-plunge occurred within the past month and has left many HODLers and crypto investors strung out.
So What Caused Bitcoin's Price to Plummet?
To get a logical answer to this question, it is important to first look at the circumstances that led to the 2017 bitcoin price escalation and the ecosystem that existed before its rise. Also worth noting are factors that led to BTC's precipitous decline at the beginning of the year.
Looking at the period before BTC's meteoric rise in 2017, Bitcoin was mainly popular among smaller close-knit groups of enthusiasts, and traders who mostly peddled black-market paraphernalia. This millpond ecosystem and the Silk Road marketplace, in particular, are credited for having contributed immensely to bitcoin's growth during its early stages.
Founded by Ross Ulbricht in 2011, just two years after the invention of Bitcoin, Silk Road's one million customers primarily relied on bitcoin to transact. This and other related communities are believed to have helped prop up bitcoin's value as a medium of exchange, at least initially, and enabled it to achieve steady growth through sustained demand.
What triggered the 2017 price upswing was the entry of HODLers and institutional players who had started to take notice of its potential. They triggered an initial price spike led to a series of hikes, catalyzed by a mad dash to acquire the cryptocurrency by mainstream players. The situation was much like the gold-rush days of old. In this instance, the fear of missing out (FOMO) drove demand.
Consequently, bitcoin's value rose from $1,188 in March 2017 and reached its apex at $19,650 in December, an impressive 1,654 percent price surge in just nine months. The eventual burst in 2018 occurred after market-growth reached unsustainable levels.
This, and what pundits believe to be large-scale price manipulation moves, is blamed for the huge uptick that occurred between the months of August 2017 and February 2018, and the subsequent market slowdown.
Right now, many analysts, including Phillip Nunn, CEO at Wealth Chain Capital, have affirmed that the recent steep market plunge is a result of large-scale price suppression by experienced futures traders and whales. It is believed that some experienced traders and companies profited greatly from the recent price slide after shorting bitcoin futures.
The fact that there has been a sharp increase in whales in the bitcoin market in recent months is a worrying predicament and a risk unto itself. Especially now that there is little hope of positive price triggers in the near future, such as a bitcoin ETF (Exchange Traded Funds) approval.
The whales pose a risk to smaller investors because they already possess the resources to manipulate markets. Some have already pumped tens of millions of dollars into the sector and are not prepared to face a recusal. As such, the market should brace itself for waves of sophisticated market manipulation schemes.
It is estimated that only a few hundred people hold about 40 percent of bitcoin and that these people probably know each other and communicate on a regular basis. This means that bitcoin is not as decentralized as it's been made out to be. In addition, market regulation is still a major challenge and leaves the industry open to exploitation.
Bitcoin's is experiencing a decline as a medium of exchange in commerce. According to a research report published by Bloomberg in August, bitcoin mercantile volumes were down to $60 million from a peak of $411 million in September last year. The news network obtained this data from 17 major crypto merchant-processing services. According to the analysis, customers currently appear to avoid using the cryptocurrency for transactions.
As mentioned earlier, sustained demand for the crypto-coin is fundamental in attaining a stable value. As demand support diminishes, it will become harder to make out a strong cryptocurrency market bottom.
Unlike national currencies, where central banks control value and maintain use and circulation within economies, cryptocurrencies have no such mechanisms.
Ultimately, the bitcoin's value is likely to stay under the influence of the whales. Of course, some events such as ETFs can influence bitcoin prices. However, these are rare occurrences that have yet to happen and are unlikely to in the near future given the turbulent state of the sector.
The bitcoin market is still the largest in the cryptocurrency industry by market capitalization. As things stand, a whole set of industries has been built around it.
Some of the biggest names on Wall Street had already started to push for wider adaptation of the digital currency. Intercontinental Exchange, which owns the New York Stock Exchange is currently working on a bitcoin futures trading platform dubbed Bakkt.
And in October, Fidelity Investments, a wealth management and financial planning behemoth with over 27 million customers, announced plans to offer crypto custodial services to investors. This and related efforts by established companies is bound to positively impact bitcoin's growth at some point.
What greater integration of bitcoin into world financial systems means for investors is that a sizeable price upswing would have highly magnified effects.


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ERIC Number: ED413257
Record Type: Non-Journal
Publication Date: 1993-Jun
Public Debt: Private Asset. Government Debt and Its Role in the Economy.
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, IL.
This is one of a series of essays adapted from articles in "On Reserve," a newsletter for economic educators published by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. This pamphlet explains how public debt incurred by the federal government may not be necessarily bad from an economic perspective. The sections of the pamphlet include: (1) "Debt as an Asset"; (2) "Government Debt Instruments"; (3) "The Government in the Market"; (4) "The Auction"; and (5) "The Burden of Deficits." Contains a list of 11 additional readings. (EH)
Descriptors: Banking, Business Cycles, Capitalism, Economic Climate, Economic Development, Economics, Financial Policy, High Schools, Investment, Monetary Systems, Social Studies
Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Public Information Center, P.O. Box 834, Chicago, IL 60690-0834; telephone: 312-322-5111.
Publication Type: Reports - Descriptive
Authoring Institution: Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, IL.


Welcome to another week of spacey gaming my friends! This week is an odd one, my friends. I was planning on doing five entries — the usual number — of this thing called Space Tycoon, but I could only get through three because this thing is BAT-FORKING INSANE. In a not-fun-but-joy-sucking way. So if I can get my joy back, I'll likely do a video or two for later in the week, but as I write this, I've no idea.
On the podcast this week (Tuesday, 5:00 PM Pacific, Twitch, YouTube, Mixer), we'll be talking to the developer of the really fun space fighter combat game, Hypergate!
For this week's LAN Party (Thursday, 5:00 PM Pacific, Twitch, YouTube, Mixer), we'll be giving the strategic tactical roguelike thing For the King a whirl!
Thanks for being awesome y'all!


Today's lesson comes from the gospel according to iPod.
2005-10-21 - Can Apple Usurp Microsoft as OS King?
2005-10-20 - Compulink to collaborate with Microsoft on "Whizible EPM"
What's the better deal? Is free always better than cheap?
QLogic Tuesday said it plans to acquire Troika Networks in a $36.5 million all-cash deal.
2005-10-15 - Q&A: How does Apple's video iPod work?
Watching videos purchased at Apple's iTunes online store should be a snap for tech-smart consumers.
They walk up to an ATM and press their thumbs on the screen. Out spits the cash.
BEA Systems has agreed to acquire ConnecTerra, a software developer focused on RFID technology.
L7 Remote User Agent ensures IM use by mobile employees meets corporate compliance and security needs.
Nokia launched a new family of developer tools in an effort to unify all of its programming software.
2005-10-11 - Apple, Samsung facing probe by Korean FTC?
2005-10-04 - WiFi competition in S.F.
2005-10-03 - What's Google's Next Move?
2005-10-02 - Software security: How to keep your software secure!
Microsoft has developed a number of sites to help you ensure that your software is up to date and secure.


Our guest speaker will be Jason Lee who attended the School 1983-88 and used the experience of playing hockey for Borden to good use - becoming a player for England (82 caps and 2 Olympic appearances) and then, team coach for England Hockey from 2003 to 2014.
The cost of the dinner will be £27.50 per person.
We are looking to encourage more people to attend this enjoyable event, to reconnect with old friends and make new ones, so please let others know of the date and the arrangements.
Please use the PayPal link below to pay in advance. If you are making a booking for more than one person, please list the names and years of those in the box. Please ignore the reference in Paypal to the 2018 Dinner - the payment does still reach us!


BueBeer I Love Beer, Beers, And More Beers!!!!
The ol'Brew Master General got him self in a pickle the other day with all kinds of new equipment and parts, but no doubt he'll come through in the end.
Brew Enthusiast Andy Muns writes a blurb on his first experience brewing BueBeer and just how tasty it was.
Is it worth it? At this moment in time I don't know. It defiantly made the beer clearer so it did its job.
I've gotten myself into home brewing and on this post I go through my first couple of brews, which are a gallon each.


Geap Group of companies is operating in the United Arab Emirates for over three decades , it is a dynamic and diversified group with business interests in several key sectors.
The group with its strong financial base has a very successful track record of operating not only in the U.A.E, but also in several European and Middle Eastern countries. With its policy of focused expansion the group has become the market leader in the several field that it operates in.


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Some Top Dealers Skipped the Seattle Art Fair, But Solid Sales for Repeat Galleries Illustrate the Rewards of Choosing Fairs Wisely
Dealers stress quality over quantity when it comes to Seattle buyers.
Eileen Kinsella, August 8, 2018
Heather Dewey-Hagborg and Chelsea Manning, Probably Chelsea at the Seattle Art Fair. Photo by Anna Imperati, courtesy of the Seattle Art Fair.
What happens when a mechanism under unprecedented scrutiny—the art fair—collides with an emerging market for which the art world has (possibly unreasonably) high hopes? The answer is the Seattle Art Fair, which closed its fourth edition to the public on Sunday. The occasion reflected growing pains in dealers' evolving approaches to both the event-driven art market in general and Seattle in particular, which is home to a considerable number of tech millionaires and billionaires, but comparatively few major-league art collectors.
In a pressure-cooker like this, it's not surprising that impressions of the event varied. Organizers of this year's fair boasted "strong sales and high public engagement," while some observers grumbled that they had traded quality for size. (There were more galleries than in the 2017 edition, putting the largest-ever total at 106, a move some complained diluted the caliber of exhibitors and resulted in a less focused display.) Notably, several major players, including Pace and Perrotin, did not return for this year's edition.
The shifting exhibitor list is representative of a moment when many dealers are taking stock of their spending and priorities. "Given the the time and the money it takes to participate in a fair, I'd rather focus on some of these other avenues of production which feel experimental, and exciting," Sharon Arnold of the Seattle-based gallery Bridge Productions told artnet News of her decision not to return.
"We know that gallery programs and priorities evolve from year to year, and so will the make-up of our participants," said the fair's director Max Fishko. "We have been very lucky to work with some of the very best galleries in the world and look forward to continuing these relationships."
A Fair Evolving
Powerhouse galleries David Zwirner and Gagosian, on the other hand, returned to the fold once again. Each had a prominent booth at the entrance to the fair. Meanwhile, the event's new artistic director Nato Thompson drew praise for his program of cutting-edge special projects led by top contemporary names (as well as an epic robot performance-art battle) that enlivened the atmosphere.
Another sign of the fair's growing establishment in the region is its new $25,000 fund to support the acquisition of works from the fair by the Frye Art Museum's new contemporary council. The museum selected a work by Toyin Ojih Odutola from Tamarind Institute of Albuquerque and another by Ellen Lesperance from Adams and Ollman of Portland.
The VIP opening reception felt a bit quieter than last year, but dealers we spoke to emphasized the importance of quality over quantity. "We felt this year we were able to come back to a community we have a growing relationship with and that resulted in stronger sales," said David Zwirner director Robert Goff. "There was a mix of both new collectors and familiar faces."
Sales at the Zwirner booth included a new sculpture by Carol Bove as well as multiple works by Wolfgang Tillmans and R. Crumb. Prices ranged from $10,000 to $450,000.
Gagosian Gallery. Photo by Anna Imperati. Courtesy the Seattle Art Fair.
Gagosian's Beverly Hills director Deborah McLeod was pleased with the sales but less sanguine about the local collector base. "We wrote far more invoices this year than we have in past years, but, surprisingly, few works sold to Seattle collectors," she said. "It is honestly a puzzle that, in a region with so many great collections and wild success in so many business sectors, we don't leave more art in Seattle."
William Powhida, Future Artforum Ads (2018). Courtesy the artist and Charlie James Gallery
Los Angeles gallerist Charlie James, who had success with five-figure works last year, embraced the same approach this time around. "We're doing our 'hit singles' strategy and it's working very well," he said. He showed work by William Powhida, Sadie Barnette, Ramiro Gomez, and David Feldman.
By Saturday, he told artnet News: "We've sold 20 pieces so far—every one so far under $2,000." Buyers included the collection of Microsoft, the collection of Paul Allen's firm Vulcan, and to local institutions. "I'm really happy to be up front next to Zwirner too—that's nice," he added. "We don't have to look at any suspect artwork all week."
Anthony White, Withereadon (2018). Courtesy of Greg Kucera Gallery
Seattle dealer Greg Kucera was also pleased with demand, noting the sale of all four works on display by artist Anthony White within a half-hour of the opening (for about $2,500 each), as well as a pair of rare Jacob Lawrence prints to a new collector, and a portrait by the LA-based artist John Sonsini ($10,000) to a major New York collector who is a longtime client and came specifically for the fair.
Galerie Lelong & Co. of New York was another high-profile returning exhibitor. Partner and vice president Mary Sabbatino agreed the VIP opening was less crowded than in the past but noted that "the key people were there from the collectors and museums. It's not crowds that make a fair like this one, but support from the community."
Sabbatino said that following a slow start, the gallery placed a Jaume Plensa sculpture and a Mildred Thompson painting in local collections as well as a large Ursula von Rydingsvard drawing and some smaller works. "Though the majority of the sales were to existing clients, it is important to keep engaging your loyal audience with new works," she said.
Michael Rosenfeld Gallery at Seattle Art Fair, featuring works by Norman Bluhm, Alfonso Ossorio, William T. Williams, Alma Thomas (Top Row); Sam Gilliam, Alfred Leslie, Beauford Delaney, Norman Lewis, Grace Hartigan (Middle Row); Michael Goldberg, Claire Falkenstein, Hans Hofmann, Richard Pousette-Dart (Bottom Row). Courtesy of Michael Rosenfeld Gallery LLC, New York, NY.
New York-based Michael Rosenfeld Gallery participated in the fair for the third consecutive year. "By close of the fair on Sunday, the result was very positive with collectors returning over the weekend and finalizing purchases," Rosenfeld told artnet News. He describes the fair as "an unusually good fit" for the gallery since its focus on sometimes overlooked 20th-century masters "dovetails with the passions of several local collectors."
Sales included paintings, sculpture, and works on paper by artists including Claire Falkenstein, Sam Gilliam, Norman Lewis, Alma Thomas, and William T. Williams.
The jury is still out on whether the fair will be able to lure back other dealers that have strayed, and whether it can make itself equally beneficial for large and small dealers alike. "I'll definitely consider coming back again next year, or pursuing fairs outside the region," said local dealer Sharon Arnold. "But if I'm honest, I wonder what the long-term impact of fairs will be on our ecosystem. Especially on the smaller end of that ecosystem which is far more fragile, but also precious, as most of us serve our communities as incubator spaces… for artists that ultimately get picked up by larger galleries."
Asked if Zwirner, one of those aforementioned larger galleries, plans to return next year, Robert Goff replied: "Seattle, and the West Coast in general, is a culturally significant place. Seattle has a booming economy and is very much pointed at the future. I think the tech community is slowly coming to a deeper appreciation of and interest in art and collecting. Patience will pay off—and it has already."
Eileen Kinsella
Senior Market Editor
'The Seattle Art Fair Is Still Kicking': How the Event Is Recalibrating After the Death of Founder Paul Allen and High-Profile Gallery Defections
By Rain Embuscado , Aug 5, 2019
NADA New York Is No More: The Fair Shuts Down to Focus on Supporting Brick-and-Mortar Galleries Where They Live
By , Aug 8, 2018
The Head of MCH Group, Art Basel's Parent Company, Resigns Over Troubles at the Baselworld Watch Trade Fair


Though many would be surprised to hear it, Pittsburgh is actually home to scores of refugee populations. Pittsburgh has settled about 4000 refugees from 2003-2015, from places as varied as Bhutan, Burma, Burundi, Somalia, Iraq, and Sudan. Some populations, like the Bhutanese immigrants, have seen resounding success integrating themselves into American and Pittsburgh communities, with many of the population getting educated and purchasing homes in Allegheny County, as noted in the City Paper article "A number of Somali Bantu refugees have resettled in Pittsburgh, but how are they adjusting?" Unfortunately, with the Somali-Bantu population, that hasn't been the case. Starting with the original process of immigration in the 90's, the Somali-Bantu refugee community has been subject to a long process of continued poverty and isolation from the larger Pittsburgh community.
The Somali-Bantu community has been at the intersection of several external and internal forces, leading to a process of physical and societal isolation. A report by Ervin Dyer notes that the Somali-Bantu community was subjected to the same racially-motivated societal poverty cycle that afflicted other Black residents of inner-city neighborhoods. For instance, the settling of most of the population in the neighborhood of Northview Heights has been the source of quite a few problems. The neighborhood has a high rate of concentrated poverty, with a substantial amount of the households making less than $10,000 annually, leading to an image of elevated crime rates and drug trafficking. Not only does this associate the Somali-Bantu community with the stigma of Northview Heights, it puts them in direct contact with the issues the neighborhood faces.
There is only one bus that goes through Northview Heights to downtown Pittsburgh, restricting their access to outside resources or simple contact with the outside world. Additionally, Northview Heights is noted for their lack of institutions that contribute to a self-sustaining community, like banks, grocery stores, notaries, religious buildings, and schools. And even within Northview Heights, the Somali-Bantu community has faced discrimination from the residents, especially with Trump's rhetoric surrounding refugees and Islam. A Somali-Bantu cab driver was recently beaten to death by four assailants, and while the police say there is no evidence of his nationality influencing the crime, the community is still cautious.
There have been other incidents in Northview Heights, like bricks or rocks being thrown at the doors of known Somali-Bantu residents, that fuel the increased vigilance towards outsiders. However, in light of the recent statements made by Trump there has also been an outflowing of support for immigrant and refugee communities by people who are in direct contact with these communities, like service organizations or neighbors. A campaign to provide funds for the family of the deceased cab driver raised $13,500 while the goal was only $10,000, and earlier in the year the Islamic center hosted a march for the refugees in protest of the travel ban.
On a larger scale, the city has started to address immigrant and refugee issues through public forums and panels. On June 30 there was a public hearing on religious and ethnic intimidation in Pittsburgh, and the Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations just announced listening sessions on unfair treatment and discrimination when receiving city services. Further, on May 14 the Somali-Bantu Community Association of Pittsburgh held a town hall meeting addressing "Issues Affecting the Community", "Outside Interest Groups", and "Standing For Your Rights and Knowing the Right Help." These forums are good places for discussion and deliberation, but the true mark of progress is in actions and not words. For the Somali-Bantu community to be wrenched out of an intergenerational cycle of poverty, drastic measures will need to be taken to plan strategies for the community, and to put them into practice.


The Midwest Magic Jubilee has always prided itself on the quality of the talent that has been involved in our close-up and stage contests. Over the years we have awarded prizes to many talented magicians, such as Lance Burton, and now you could be one of them! We encourage all levels of competition from the well-rehearsed beginner to the working professional. Therefore your scoring sheets will serve to make you a better performer.
Most of all, we want you to have fun participating in the Midwest Magic Jubilee contests. It takes a great deal of courage to compete at a magic convention, and each of you is to be commended on courage and enthusiasm. We wish you well in the competition. All members of the audience are cheering for you to do a good job and we know you will. In the tradition and spirit of the theatre and performing arts everywhere… Break a Leg!
Click here for Rules for all Contests.
If you did not signify on your registration form that you wanted to be in the contest, just fill out the form below and click on "Submit" or print out a copy and mail it to the address on the form. For more information, please call 314-699-6650.


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We have made you (the true Muslims) a balanced nation, so that you could be an example for mankind. What the Qur'an expressly desires is that the Islamic society should be a model for all those who want to lead a healthy and happy life. It should be a living testimony for the exalted principle that the way to live a healthy life and secure justice and fair play is not closed to human beings. It is they themselves who should find it and follow it with consciousness, faith and persistence.
Man is a being which has for long been social and has been living a collective life. A group of persons living together is called society. Society may be defined as a group of individuals whose life is correlated with each other because they have common desires or common interests for the realization of which they work together. The formation of such a group is sometimes accidental and sometimes intentional. In the former case it is technically called Accidental Society and in the latter Intentional Society.
Accidental society
Suppose you go out to see the museum or to have a walk in the public garden of your town. You find that there are many other people also who have come there for the same purpose. You and they practically form a group having a common object. However, it is evident that the individuals forming such a group had no prior intention to form it., Everyone of them left his house without having had any intention to do so. Such a group is called Accidental Society.
Intentional society
if you want to set up a social, financial, political, or educational institution and you do not have the intellectual, physical and financial potentialities necessary to undertake such a project, you try to find some other persons who may cooperate with you in the undertaking. Thus a group or a small society comes into existence, whose members join each other and work together with prior intention to do so. Such a group is called Intentional Society.
Characteristics of Accidental Society
in this type of society there is coexistence, but there is no cooperation except that of a very superficial nature and that too partial and of short duration. In this sort of get together, the members of the group do not choose each other. That is why they do not consider it necessary to have any previous acquaintance with one another to be a member of that group. For example, a passenger of a bus, a train, an airplane, or a ship normally does not feel any necessity at the time of purchasing his ticket to make inquiries about the moral character of other passengers, their views and their motives of journey. Normally such inquiries are not even possible. He and other passengers are interested only in using a particular means of transport for going from one place to another, and no deep and extensive acquaintance is required to achieve this end.
Characteristics of Intentional Society
This tie is, lasting within the limits of the objective of the society and continues to exist until the group is dissolved for one reason or the other. As this type of society comes into existence with the intention of cooperation for the realization of a particular object, therefore, in this case coexistence is coupled with cooperation and mutual and reciprocal responsibility. In this type of get together members of the group select each other, and as the way of thinking and doing of each one of them affects the destiny of the others, they contemplate certain rules and criteria for the membership of their group. The coexistence and cooperation between the members of the group and their mutual relations are based on the principles and rules accepted by each member consciously and after careful study. Members of the group work wholeheartedly for its growth and development. A definite example of an intentional society is a family, which in its Islamic form is a model for every other such society. It has all the characteristics of an ideal intentional society, such as:
The husband and wife choose each other intentionally and willingly; With a view to lead a common life, With common responsibility, With reciprocal rights and obligations based on a definite social system accompanied by wholehearted cooperation to secure a better and more developed life for themselves and their children.
Individual and society
Man is a gregarious and social being. There can be no doubt that the conditions of his life depend on the conditions of the society in which he lives. But how and to what extent? Is this dependence such that it does not in any way curtail the independence of an individual to mould his life according to his own choice? Or is it such that it makes him absolutely subservient to his social environment? Or is it neither this nor that but has some intermediate position? These are three different views regarding the relation of an individual with his social environment. We propose to explain them further.
It is the individual who is important
According to this view, the main factor in molding the life of every person is he himself and not the society, for the society is nothing but a collection of individuals, who have learnt by experience that their desires will be better fulfilled if they cooperate with one another, and consequent on this experience they have been attracted to collective life. Hence, their incentive to lead a collective life is actually their interest in the fulfillment of their personal desires.
All the social systems have been devised by the individuals to safe guard their own interests. Hence everywhere the hand of the individual is uppermost and it is his desire and action which play the basic role. The corruption of society also originates from the corruption of the individuals. If every individual reforms himself, the whole society will automatically be reformed.
It is the society that is important
According to this view the truth is diametrically opposite to what is maintained by those who say that it is the individual who is important. The exponents of this view hold that it is the society and the social man which are the material reality in this world and not an individual independent of others, for what we find on the face of the earth is only a collection of men mutually correlated and that is what is society. As in the world of nature every natural being is subservient to a general and universal system of nature and is not absolutely independent, similarly in the society an individual is only a part of it, such a part that follows the whole unhesitatingly and is governed by its overall system. Even the ideas of an individual, his way of thinking, his desires, his aspirations and his will are only a reflection of his natural and social environment and the economic conditions of his society and class. Those who hold that it is the society which is important, maintain that an individual is just like a cell in a living body. A cell cannot be independent of the whole body and its complex system, nor can it develop fully irrespective of the fact whether the whole body is in a healthy and sound state or not. Similarly an individual cannot be independent of the social system in which he lives. He will have to go the way towards which the powerful social and economic forces dominating the society will push him.
Some contemporary social schools have gone to such an extent in their reliance on the importance of society as explained above, that it appears as if man is a being totally dependent on society or his class and has perforce to follow the way shown to him by social and class environment without having the least possibility of exercising his own will and choice.
As the result of this view, the principle, that everybody should reform himself so that the whole society is reformed, gives place to another principle, which says that it is the social system which should be changed and reformed so that the individuals are automatically reformed.
It is the mixture of the individual and the society which is important
According to this view it is the mixture of the individual and the society which is important. The individual is a being who is neither fully independent of nor fully dependent on society. He has an intermediate position. There is no doubt that the overall educational, economic and political system of the society leaves its impression on the individual, his ideas and his personality. It evokes certain desires in him and suppresses certain others. It moulds his life and guides his will. Nevertheless its impact is not so strong as to make the individual totally subservient to his social environment. It is similar to the impact of the natural environment on him. Unlike other existing things man is not also totally subservient to his natural environment. In many cases he rules over nature, and using his self-consciousness and harnessing his latent inner forces tries to change his natural environment or to bring it under his control. He stands in the same relation to his social and class environment also. He does not completely submit to it. He tries to understand the sociological laws and with the help of his knowledge and his hidden powers tries to control and change his social environment to his own advantage. He is not always reconciled with the existing social system.
Hence, though the social changes have their own laws and trends and most of them are due to the factors working inside society as a whole, an appreciable amount of them takes place as a result of the ceaseless efforts of self-conscious and enthusiastic individuals also.
Thus neither the individual is exclusively important, nor the society and the social system. What is important is a mixture of the two.
An overall study of the Islamic teachings shows that they are based on this third view, viz. that of the real importance of a mixture of individual and society.
We find that the Islamic teachings stress, on the one hand, the responsibility of an individual in regard to self-making and environment making, and on the other emphasize the inevitable effect of the social atmosphere in giving shape to the ideas, intentions, morals and actions of man to such an extent that it may be said that all men are largely interdependent in shaping their destiny.
That is why the Qur'an wants everybody to find and tread the path of righteousness and not to put up the corruption of environment as an excuse for his own deviation.
"When the angels take away the souls of those who are wronging themselves, they ask them: In what circumstances were you? They will say: We were oppressed in our lard. (The angels) will say: Was not Allah's earth vast enough for you to migrate? It is they whose abode is Hell. What a bad fate!".
Imam Ali (PBUH) says very emphatically: "You people must not be deterred and discouraged by the paucity of those who are going on the right path".
At the same time man has been reminded that he should not be contented with his being on the right way himself and must not neglect his duty of improving his social environment. The fall of society leads to the ruin of the good and the bad alike.
Imam al-Baqir (PBUH) says:
" . . . . . . . . Then the wrath of Allah reaches its height. His retribution overtakes all. The virtuous are ruined along with the wicked, and the young in the house of their elders".
That is why a Muslim, while holding his individual responsibility, is a collectivist also. Whatever he seeks from Allah, he seeks for `us' and not for `me'. Look at the supplication we make to Allah in our daily prayers:
"You alone we worship and You alone we ask for help. Guide us to the straight path ".
Also look at the ritual blessing at the end of the prayers:
"Peace be on us and ors the virtuous bondmen o f Allah ".
The stress laid by Islam on exhortation to good' and `restraining from evil' being the reciprocal responsibility of all the members of the society, whatever be their
position, the drawing of attention to the deep effects of the purity and the pollution of the social environment and the emphasis on other factors touching faith and morality such as the economic conditions, are some other signs which clearly show that the doctrines and injunctions of Islam are based on the principle of the importance of a mixture of the individual and the society.
From what has been stated above briefly, we come to the following conclusions:
Islamic society is an intentional and not an accidental society. It has come into existence by the will of the people on the basis of the choice of a definite goal of life. It is a society all the systems and laws of which pay full heed both to the individual and to the relative role of his will and conscious choice as well as to the social system and the educational, political and economic conditions of the environment and their inevitable role in molding and building the individual character. In our opinion to pay attention to these two points is essential for the correct understanding of the social, economic, moral and devotional teachings of Islam, and their difference from what is preached by other schools of thought.
In every society, especially an intentional society, there always exists a sort of method or system which determines:
The general ways and customs of society;
The way of its administration;
Mutual relations of its members, and
The relations of every member with the whole society;
The rights and obligations arising out of these relations.
For an example take the case of a trading or an industrial concern. From the very beginning it is necessary that its aim, the method and the means of the realization of this aim, the way of the administration of the company, the functionaries responsible for the working of each section of it, the rights and powers of every shareholder, every office bearer and the general body and all such other questions should be decided in advance, and that the company from its very establishment should work accordingly.
Is it possible that a company is established or run without deciding all these details? Obviously not. The same applies to a society also. From a small professional union to the world society every organization requires a system and fixed rules and regulations for its working.
The subtotal of the rules, the system and the basis according to which a society works, is called the social system.
Just Social System
We know that only a healthy and balanced body can continue to grow properly. Any kind of defect in the limbs or a system of the body will cause disturbance and weakness. If the temperature of the body goes above what is normal, the result will be high fever and a general crisis. If its temperature goes below normal, weakness and some other kind of imbalance will ensue. The excessive increase or decrease in the degree of blood pressure, in the number of white and red globules, in the quantity of the vitamins necessary for the body all these cause a sort of imbalance and some disease or other. One must combat strenuously these diseases (and imbalances) in order to bring about all round equilibrium, or otherwise be ready to decay and die. As we have seen, this kind of balance is necessary in human and spiritual matters also. Too much or too little satisfaction of the desires of man is injurious to his humanity.
The strong mutual attachment of a group of individuals brings about the existence of a sort of social entity called society. Anyhow, its members retain their individual character and the independence of their will.
Like the physiological and human existence of an individual, the entity of society is also governed by certain laws, which of course, exclusively pertain to it. The survival of society depends on the existence of a social equilibrium in accordance with these laws.
If there exists all round justice in society, conditions will be favourable for its growth and development, and generally speaking, the evolutionary movement of society will be in conformity with the evolutionary course of the entire world. On the other hand, any kind of injustice will be a cause of disturbance, retrogression and decay of society.
It is one of the principal aims of Islam to establish justice and to bring about complete equilibrium in Islamic society.
The Qur'an says:
"Indeed We sent Our Messengers with clear evidence and W e revealed with them the Scriptures and the standard to show what was right and what was wrong, so that people might conduct themselves with fairness".
In order to know the factors which cause equilibrium in society, the following factors should be taken into consideration:
Equality of men
We know that for the establishment of equilibrium it is necessary that everything should be in its place. As all men are basically equal, Islam does not admit that any individual has any special position. All men have been born of one ancestor and have a common nature. The difference in rights on the basis of race, class, tribal attachments etc., which existed among certain nations, is totally denied by Islam. Islam declared its view on this subject at a time when social groupings, discrimination in position, difference in rights were considered to be natural and rational in the biggest civilized and eminent countries of the day. Islam does not believe that any particular group or class has been born for subjection and any other group for mastership. No group has been born dirty nor any other group for executive and administrative jobs. No group has come into existence to have the status of the beasts while others enjoy human dignity, as was the religious, legal and social position under the outdated systems of yore.
Islam officially proclaimed that:
"All men are equal like the teeth of a comb".
"You are descendants of Adam and Adam was made of clay".
"This nation o f yours is one nation and I am your Lord. Therefore worship Ale".
In fact all men are slaves of Allah and brothers of each other. They all form one group and belong to one class.
Legal Justice
With that conception of divine cosmology which Islam has in regard to man, it is naturally necessary that among individuals there should exist a sort of unity, harmony and equality in the matter of basic legal rights. When it is not recognized that any particular position in society is reserved for any particular individual or group, none can claim that any high position or a superior job is his exclusive prerogative, nor can anyone consider others to be destined to obey him and to do only menial work. Naturally for no particular group there exist any special rights or fixed privileges, nor for others lesser rights and privileges.
On the basis of this conception, justice does not mean the subjection and privation of the vast majority and the enjoyment of all the comforts of life by a particular class of individuals having the right of exploiting others for their own benefit. None has any special position and all are capable of developing their talents and showing their ability.
In this context justice means the provision of equal opportunities to all individuals to promote and show their talents, and to go forward up to the limit of their capacity.
Elimination of undue discrimination under Islamic conception
If we look at man from a purely material angle, it is quite likely that we should arrive at a conclusion untenable intellectually and ideologically. For example, if we consider man only as a living being having various faculties of growth and reproduction and having certain physiological and biological characteristics culminating in a developed nervous system and brain, we shall notice that there is a vast difference between various individuals from the point of view of their physical activity, color of skin, power of muscles, shape of limbs, height, weight and the ability to do various physical jobs. If we define man as a tool making being, we shall find that all men are not alike in tool making ability and manual skills. Similarly if we judge man and his human value by his power of production, we shall see that in this respect also there is a vast difference between individual and individual. On this basis, it may look to be a part of human nature that there should be a difference in the position and the legal rights of different individuals. This kind of philosophy leads us to the ancient system of grouping and paints discrimination in natural and rational colors.
But according to the divine view of Islam, humanity of man neither lies in his veins, skin or bones nor in the growth of his muscles, his working power or his tool making. It lies in the fact that man is a self-conscious being having independence of will and power of choice. On this basis all men are human beings possessing human values. Even from material point of view, what is important is that all men are made of clay, which is their common feature. Their nature is the same. According to this view the question of any human and natural discrimination does not arise.
As we have already learnt, basically ownership is concentrated in Allah. All the natural resources which can be exploited by man are as a principle Allah's property. All men have been created by Him and they live on His gifts. According to this conception of cosmos, natural wealth is not the private property of anybody in society. No particular group or class can claim its ownership and deprive others of its use or to reduce them to the status of serfs. All natural resources belong to Allah. They are for the benefit of all. Justice means that, in the words of the Qur'an, `Wherever a man finds his means of living' or in the words of Imam Ali (PBUH), `Whoever has a spark of life, he should have a right to acquire his sustenance'.
Social justice in financial matters means that all, yes all, should be able to get all the necessities of life.
Freedom of thinking and acquirement of knowledge
We know that man is a being ready for evolution and moving forward. Hence the social position of an individual in society is represented by the opportunity that opens for him the way to evolution and development, and even protects and guides him on this way, so that he may attain his natural and human rights.
For example, man has the power of thinking and choosing. Therefore a just society is that which provides him the opportunity of exercising his free will, gives him freedom of thought and does not impose on him the will and desire of any particular class. Suppression of the freedom of thought in any way hampers evolution and deprives man of his innate and God-given right.
A just society gives man the right of making free and conscious choice. Man is not expected to make his choice with his eyes and ears closed nor under duress and pressure against the dictates of his conscience. The suppression of the right of choice is a deviation from the normal human course. It causes disequilibrium in society.
Anyhow, in regard to these questions it is a social necessity that guidance and constructive opportunities are provided to man to enable him to think rightly and make his choice rightly. But in providing this guidance there is a lurking danger which must carefully be avoided.
Guidance must be earnest and selfless. It should be provided for the service of man, to make his hidden capacities bloom, and not with a view to exploit him and mar his humanity.
Man has also the capability to learn and attain knowledge. Attainment of knowledge is his birthright. A just society is that which provides an opportunity to everyone to gain literacy, to make higher studies and to acquire proficiency in skills and arts.
Profit is the result of work and all round activity
It is the right of every individual to profit by the natural resources. But that is possible only as the result of his exerting himself and doing work. Therefore, it is necessary that an opportunity of working and making some sort of useful effort should be provided to every individual, and everyone should be guided and trained to make full use of his intellectual, mental and practical creativeness, so that he may be engaged in constructive activity and may profit by the natural gifts as the result of his own efforts.
Privation is the result of encroachment
It should not be forgotten that man is a social being, and an individual has to live with others in society. It is not the right of any one individual, but it is the right of all individuals that all possibilities of growth and development should be provided to them. Hence, the education of one must not be at the cost of keeping others uneducated, and the employment of some must not be at the cost of the unemployment of others. Similarly the enjoyment of the comforts of life by some should not be the cause of the privation of others.
It may be noted that according to the view held by Islam it is not because some individuals have secured their rights that others are deprived of theirs. It is, in fact, because of the transgression and excess of some individuals that others are deprived of their rights.
Imam Ali (PBUH) has said:
"I have never seen any `hoarded money', without there being `neglected rights' besides it".
He has also said:
"No one remains hungry, except for the reason that some rich man has availed himself of too much".
There can be no privation if everybody is satisfied with what is his due.
Law of justice and a just mechanism to enforce it
Ina just society it is necessary that there should exist laws to determine the rights of the individuals and there should be a machinery to enforce and defend these laws. But here again there is a possibility of a slip which should be avoided.
In this connection there arise some important questions:
What should be the nature of the laws and who should give them? What should be the aim of these laws and whose interests they should safeguard?
Evidently the laws should not overlook the principles we have mentioned earlier. They should serve the real interest of all individuals and should create a favorable atmosphere for the prosperity and the material and spiritual development of all. The laws should be in conformity with the innate human nature and should aim at molding a balanced man. Islam presents such laws.
The next question is, which machinery should ensure the enforcement of these laws and should defend the rights of the people?
Scarcely there exists a society which does not talk of the rights and the law, and scarcely there is an executive machinery which does not regard itself as the protector of the rights and the interests of society. But the actual position is not so simple.
A thorough social analysis should be able to show whether those who are responsible for enforcing law, actually do so everywhere or they enforce their own desires, and instead of protecting the truth, safeguard their own interests.
Competence should be the criterion of securing social positions In the field of administration also, justice means that everything should be in its own place. As such, fitness and competence should be the only criterion of securing social positions.
Naturally competence is judged on the basis of the rules and the standards which every system lays down for itself.
We will later on discuss the Islamic standards in this respect. Anyhow, every type of self-seeking, lust of power, defrauding and subjugation is contrary to the idea of social justice.
A just society also requires a conscientious, honest, unbiased, farsighted and resolute judiciary, which may effectively protect the rights of people and prevent every kind of transgression and corruption.
A sense of responsibility is one of the most important factors which guarantee the maintenance and enforcement of justice. For this purpose everybody should be aware of his rights and obligations, and watch that all do their duty. Constructive criticism and exhorting people to do good and restraining them from evil at every stage but within proper limits, are necessary for this purpose.
Islamic brotherhood
In Islamic society there exist a spiritual bond and a tie of mutual love and affection which unite all its members. Islam has laid great emphasis on Islamic brotherhood, which is one of the most important factors of the establishment and maintenance of its just social system. This spiritual infrastructure and sentimental bond of faith plays a basic role in safeguarding the rights of individuals and in taking care of their collective social interests.
Character building and fighting against corruption
Lastly the emphasis which Islam lays on character building continuous effort to eliminate spiritual vices and the promotion of moral qualities of individuals, is an important factor of the establishment and preservation of a just social system. As we have already seen, it is the corruption of those who run a system that causes tremendous damage to even those systems, which from the beginning are based on safeguarding the rights and interests of people. The original aims are often forgotten because of the selfishness, self-aggrandizement, mutual rivalry and lust of power of the pioneer groups. Even what was to be eliminated as the result of the previous efforts, reappears in a new form and seizes the existing situation. The prevention of such a damage is not possible without continuous self-criticism, revival of faith and spiritual consciousness, character building and remolding the individuals. In fact only pure, conscious and active people can bring a healthy system into existence and it is only they who can maintain it.
Essential Elements for the Establishment of a Just Social System
Everybody by nature wants his life to be as successful and fruitful as possible. Everybody is keen to lead the most successful life and tries his best to achieve this end. In this all-round struggle there is a possibility that two or more persons may try to grab at a particular advantage. They may come to a clash, unless there are some rules to regulate their conduct and to define their limits.
To avoid possible clashes and ensuing strives, the only remedy is to lay down definite rules and to prescribe clear limits so that everybody may be bound to abide by them. What determines these limits is called Law.
(2:142)
Society- Equality- Social system- Islam
Religious Tolerance in Islam
How does Islam Satisfy the Demands of Every Epoch?
Islam and the Genuine Needs of Every Epoch
The Proof or Reason for the Creator's Justice
What Is Justice?
Brotherhood and Fellowship in Islam 3
Law of Retaliation 4
How I find that Islam does not Oppress Women?
Principles of Human Rights in Islam 3
Islamic Clemency and Mercy in Narrations
Brief History of Religions


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