A core concept for link building for SEO is to earn links from websites that have greater authority for desirable keywords. Natural editorial links, earned when a web content writer finds your content and links to it, are great when you can get them, but sometimes you need to take your efforts to the next level.
An example: You have been blogging for awhile and are getting good feedback comments from readers. You aren't, however, seeing referral links to your posts show up in your web statistics. What now?
Link building outreach efforts can earn you valuable referral links and increase the SEO value of your content at the same time. Rather than hoping your content is found and linked, it requires you to directly contact website owners and bloggers to request a review of your content.
Here are the steps for adding outreach to your link building strategy.
The whole point of building incoming links for SEO is to receive links from websites who have greater authority for targeted keywords, so how do you find them to start your link building outreach efforts?
Use private search functions on Google, Bing and Yahoo to determine who ranks highly for your targeted search terms.
Before you go off and start searching for targeted keyword phrases to see how your website ranks, its important to understand that your personal search results will likely be filtered in search engines based on a variety of factors (web history, search history, your location, etc.). It's vitally important to start your search without this "results customization" to see the "raw strength" of your website compares to other for your targeted keyword terms and that starts with your browser. My recommendation to choose and configure one web browser (either Mozilla Firefox or Google Chrome) that will be dedicated to private searching and follow the requirements of the major search engines to keep those searches free of personalized results.
Make sure a website is worth your precious time before engaging its owner or author for links.
A website will not likely entertain the idea of linking to you, no matter how good your pitch, if it does not already link to other websites with relevant content. Also Look for contact info for authors/bloggers on the website and in social media; if you can't find contact info easily, it's probably not worth your time.
then you will know those links are not counted by Google and do not contribute to SEO efforts. Please note that "nofollow" links may still give big value in terms of the referral visits they bring, so be sure to add these websites to your referring links efforts.
The following can help you narrow down your targeted sites and set their priority if you end up with a long list.
If the website in question only reviews sites that pay for the service then it's not worth your effort. The major search engines are constantly looking for sites using paid links and downgrading or eliminating them from search results so that link you buy today may be worthless tomorrow.
Sometimes a reader who leaves a comment on your blog post is also a writer for a blog or other website and a potential source of links. If they have engaged you by leaving a comment on your blog post, chances are they will be open to linking to you.
My next post in this series with present best practices for engaging website owners and bloggers to get their attention and earn those links. Contact us if you want help in getting your link building strategy off the ground. We offer consultations and ongoing services for link building outreach and other SEO-related services.


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Since the early 1980s, the Boys & Girls Clubs have represented an important partnership that benefits many of Utah's low-income, at-risk youth in communities throughout Utah.
Since the early 1980s, the Boys & Girls Clubs have represented an important partnership with the Foundation benefitting many of Utah's low-income, at-risk youth in communities from Brigham City and Price to Ogden, Salt Lake, Provo, Murray and Sandy. With support totaling more than $8.6 million, grants have assisted these clubs in offering mentoring, tutoring, child care, sports and life-skills programs, and more.
Through his personal involvement and early leadership of the Clubs' capital campaigns, Spence Eccles has coupled his passion for helping youth succeed with the Foundation's grants to help build quality facilities, train caring staff and provide program support. "There's no greater investment we can make than in the youth of our communities," he says, "especially the kids who need our support to make positive choices in their lives. The Boys & Girls Clubs are doing just that!"
The Foundation is proud of its long-held tradition of helping thousands of Boys & Girls Club youth set goals, develop leadership skills, succeed in school, make healthy choices and become good citizens. Today, Spence Eccles serves as Honorary Co-Chair of the Clubs' "Great Futures" Capital Campaign for new facilities in Salt Lake City's westside neighborhood and a much-needed clubhouse expansion in Murray. The Foundation's $1.5 million grant for the campaign has led the way as it moves closer to reaching its funding goal.
See Other Featured Grants
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Random Scottish History
Pre-1900 Book Collection of Scottish Literature, History, Art & Folklore.
'History of Rutherglen and East-Kilbride' (1793)
Preface, pp.iii-vi.
Of the Borough of Rutherglen, its Charters, Set, Antiquities, &c., Part I., pp.1-5.
Of the Borough of Rutherglen, its Charters, Set, Antiquities, &c., Part II., pp.5-20.
Of the Borough of Rutherglen, its Charters, Set, Antiquities, &c., Part III., pp.20-36.
Of the Borough of Rutherglen, its Charters, Set, Antiquities, &c., Part IV., pp.37-51.
Of the Borough of Rutherglen, its Charters, Set, Antiquities, &c., Part V., pp.52-63.
Of the Borough of Rutherglen, its Charters, Set, Antiquities, &c., Part VI., pp.63-71.
Of the Borough of Rutherglen, its Charters, Set, Antiquities, &c., Part VII., pp.71-78.
Of the Borough of Rutherglen, its Charters, Set, Antiquities, &c., Part VIII., pp.78-89.
Of the Borough of Rutherglen, its Charters, Set, Antiquities, &c., Part IX., pp.89-98.
Of the Borough of Rutherglen, its Charters, Set, Antiquities, &c., Part X., pp.98-106.
Of the Parish of Rutherglen, Its Extent, Agriculture, Antiquities, Trade, &c., Part I., pp.107-117.
Of the Parish of Rutherglen, Its Extent, Agriculture, Antiquities, Trade, &c., Part II., pp.117-131.
Of the Parish of Rutherglen, Its Extent, Agriculture, Antiquities, Trade, &c., Part III., pp.131-138.
Of the Extent of Kilbride, its Population, Places of Note, &c., Part I., pp.141-150.
Of the Extent of Kilbride, its Population, Places of Note, &c., Part II., pp.151-161.
'Tales of the Highlands' (1881)
Preface, pp.xi-xv.
Strathdawn, pp.1-5.
Water-Kelpie's Bridle and the Mermaid's Stone, pp.6-10.
Dominie Departs, pp.11-13.
History of Serjeant Archy Stewart, pp.13-26.
Gallantry of the Seventy-First Highland Light Infantry, pp.26-32.
Legend of the Clan-Allan Stewarts, pp.32-57.
Serjeant Halted for Refreshments, pp.58-59.
Legend of the Clan-Allan Stewarts Continued, pp.59-108.
Fate of the Auld Ancient Monuments, pp.108-121.
Legend of Charley Stewart Taillear-Crubach, pp.121-154.
A Tempest, pp.154-155.
Legend of Charley Stewart Taillear-Crubach Continued, pp.155-183.
An Unwelcome Visitor, pp.183-184.
An Old Friend with a New Face, pp.207-211.
Author Floored, pp.241-243.
Legend of Serjeant John Smith's Adventures, pp.243-270.
Comforts of London Club-house, pp.271-273.
Legend of Serjeant John Smith's Adventures Continued, pp.273-321.
Cruelty of the Duke of Cumberland after the Battle of Culloden, pp.322-323.
Alister Shaw of Inchrory, pp.323-330.
Drum-head Court-Martial and Sentence on Inchrory, p.330.
Legend of the Vision of Campbell of Inverawe – Part 1, pp.330-357.
'Popular Tales of the West Highlands' (1890-1893)
Introduction, pp.i-cxxviii.
Part 1 – Fairy Eggs, pp.i-viii.
Part 2 – Obtaining the Stories, pp.viii-xxiii.
Part 3 – Types of Story, pp.xxiii-xxxviii.
Part 4 – All in How You Tell it, pp.xxxviii-xlix.
Part 5 – Evolution & Travel of Stories, pp.xlix-lviii.
Part 6 – Evidence of Historical Etymology Within Stories, pp.lix-lxxviii.
Part 7 – Nature in the Stories, pp.lxxviii-xcii.
Part 8 – Human-Like Character Origins, pp.xcii-civ.
Part 9 – Origins and Character of the People, pp.civ-cxv.
Part 10 – Language of the People, pp.cxv-cxxii.
Postscript, pp.cxxix-cxxxi.
Popular Tales
I. The Young King of Easaidh Ruadh, pp.1-11.
The Young King of Easaidh Ruadh – Notes, pp.11-24.
II. The Battle of the Birds, pp.25-38.
The Battle of the Birds – Notes, pp.38-63.
III. The Tale of the Hoodie, pp.64-68.
The Tale of the Hoodie – Notes, pp.68-71.
IV. The Sea-Maiden, pp.72-85.
The Sea-Maiden – Notes, pp.85-104.
V. Conall Cra Bhuidhe, pp.105-118.
Conall Cra Bhuidhe – Notes, p.118.
VI. Tale of Conal Crovi, pp.128-138.
Tale of Conal Crovi – Notes, p.146.
Postscript, pp.1-4.
Exploring the Ossian Controversy
Points for Argument, pp.5-23.
Heroes of Ossian, pp.24-35.
Ossianic Heroes & Poems in Old Writings, pp.35-53.
Traditions, Writings, &c., pp.53-75.
Translating the Poems, pp.75-96.
Published Evidence, pp.96-114.
Popular Ballads, pp.114-119.
Current Gaelic Traditions – Ossian and Ballads, pp.119-131.
Gaelic Ossian – Internal Evidence, &c., pp.131-147.
By Hector MacLean, Parish Schoolmaster in Ballygrant, Islay.
Gaelic Poetry of Known & Unknown Bards, Published & Traditional – Part 1, pp.147-163.
Proverbs, pp.231-234.
Family History, pp.234-236.
British Traditions, pp.237-246.
Welsh Stories, pp.246-273.
Origin of Such Stories, pp.274-278.
Aryan Theory, pp.278-286.
West Highland Stories, pp.286-299.
Supernatural History, pp.299-315.
A Plea for Gaelic, pp.315-332.
Highland Dress, pp.333-348.
Celtic Art, pp.348-369.
Music, pp.369-372.
Notes, pp.443-444.
'Book of Days' (1886)
1st of January – New Year's Day
2nd of January
3rd of January
4th of January
6th of January – Twelfth Day
7th of January – St Distaff's Day
9th of January – St Fillan's Day
10th of January
13th of January – St Mungo's Day
21st of January
22nd of January
23rd of January
25th of January – Burns' Night
1st of February – St Bride's Day
2nd of February – Candlemas
3rd of February
4th of February
10th of February
14th of February – St Valentine's Day
21st of February
22nd of February
23rd of February
1st of March
2nd of March
3rd of March
10th of March
17th of March – St Patrick's Day
21st of March
22nd of March
23rd of March
25th of March – Lady Day
1st of April – April Fool's Day
2nd of April
3rd of April
4th of April
6th of April – Declaration of Arbroath
10th of April
16th of April – Battle of Culloden
21st of April – Easter Sunday
22nd of April
23rd of April
25th of April – St Mark's Day
1st of May – May Day
2nd of May
3rd of May
4th of May
10th of May
21st of May
22nd of May
23rd of May
1st of June
2nd of June
3rd of June
4th of June
10th of June
21st of June
22nd of June
23rd of June
24th of June – Midsummer Day
1st of July
2nd of July
3rd of July
10th of July
21st of July
22nd of July
23rd of July
1st of August – Lammas
2nd of August
3rd of August
4th of August
10th of August – St Lawrence Day
11th of August
15th of August – Feast of the Assumption
21st of August
22nd of August
23rd of August
24th of August – St Bartholomew's Day
27th of August – Summer-eve Fair
1st of September
2nd of September
3rd of September
4th of September
9th of September – Battle of Flodden
13th of September – Rood E'en
14th of September – Rood Day
21st of September
22nd of September
23rd of September
29th of September – Michaelmas
1st of October
2nd of October
3rd of October
10th of October
21st of October
22nd of October
23rd of October
31st of October – Hallowe'en
1st of November – All Saints' Day
2nd of November- All Souls' Day
3rd of November
4th of November
10th of November
11th of November – Martinmas
21st of November
22nd of November
23rd of November
30th of November – St Andrew's Day (Andersmas)
1st of December
2nd of December
3rd of December
4th of December
6th of December – St Nicholas' Day
13th of December – St Lucy's Day
21st of December
22nd of December
23rd of December
24th of December – Christmas Eve
25th of December – Christmas
26th of December – St Stephen's (Boxing) Day
28th of December – Childermas Day
31st of December – Hogmanay (New Year's Eve)
'Sketches of Early Scotch History' (1861)
Preface, pp.v-x.
The Parish, pp.1-28.
Bishopric of Glasgow, pp.29-70.
Bishopric of Caithness, pp.70-85.
Bishopric of Aberdeen, pp.85-91.
Melrose, pp.91-121.
Scone, pp.121-125.
Newbattle, pp.125-144.
Arbroath, pp.144-172.
Inchaffray, pp.204-219.
Kelso, pp.172-203.
Glasgow University, pp.220-253.
Aberdeen University, pp.254-324.
Morton Papers, pp.325-340.
Breadalbane Papers, pp.341-394.
Cawdor Papers, pp.395-436.
Kilravock Papers, pp.437-490.
I. Records from the Scots College.
II. Oath of a Suffragan to his Archbishop.
III. Early Scotch.
IV. Serfs – Colliers and Salters.
V. The Complaint of the Abbot of Arbroath, 1460-70.
VI. Family Jewels and Valuables of Glenurquhy, Entailed, 1640.
VII. Letters from the Charter Room at Taymouth.
VIII. Thane of Cawdor's Western Journey, 1591.
IX. Murder of John Campbell of Cawdor.
X. How Isla was Won.
XI. Accompt of the Charge and Expences for Manteinance of the Famelie off Calder, to the House and the Poor.
XII. Dr. Clephane's Journey to Kilravock.
XIII. Indenture between the Lord of Dalketh and Sir John of Hamyltoune – (Translated).
'Scotland Illustrated' (1845)
Remarks on the Scenery of the Highlands, pp.i-lii.
Plate I., The City of St. Andrews, pp.2-4.
Plate II., Loch-Lomond, Looking North, pp.5-6.
Plate III., Abbey of Balmerino, pp.7-8.
Plate IV., Dunstaffnage Castle, pp.9-10.
Plate V., Scone Palace, pp.11-13.
Plate VI., Ancient Gateway of Scone Palace, p.14.
Plate VII., Loch-Leven Castle, pp.15-17.
Plate VIII., Dunfermline, pp.18-20.
Plate IX., Dunfermline Palace, pp.21-22.
Plate X., Harbour of Dundee, pp.23-24.
Plate XI., Borthwick Castle, p.25.
Plate XII., Jedburgh Abbey, pp.26-27.
Plate XIII., Interior of Jedburgh Abbey, p.28.
Plate XIV., Crail, p.29.
Plate XV., Loch Maben and Castle, p.30.
Plate XVI., Linlithgow Palace, pp.31-33.
Plate XVII., Balcarres Craig, pp.34-35.
Plate XVIII., Habbie's How, pp.36-37.
Plate XIX., Ballendean, p38-39.
Plate XX., Loch Doon, pp.40-41.
Plate XXI., Duddingston and Arthur's Seat, pp.42-44.
Plate XXII., Craighall, p.45.
Plate XXIII., Castle Urquhart, pp.46-47.
Plate XXIV & XXV., The Twa Brigs O' Doon, pp.48-51.
Plate XXVI., Invermay, pp.52-54.
Plate XXVII., Loch-Eck, p.55.
Plate XXVIII., Dura Den, pp.56-57.
Plate XXIX., Loch Oich, and Invergarry Castle, p.58.
Plate XXX., Town of Falkland and Palace, pp.59-60.
Plate XXXI., Falkland Palace, from the Court-yard, pp.61-62.
Plate XXXII., Roslin Glen and Castle, pp.63-64.
Plate XXXIII., Roslin Chapel, pp.65-67.
Plate XXXIV., Burntisland, p.68.
Plate XXXV., Loch Winnoch, pp.69-70.
Plate XXXVI., The Falls of Bruar, pp.71-72.
Plate XXXVII., Auchtermuchty, pp.73-74.
Plate XXXVIII., Craigmillar Castle, pp.75-76.
Plate XXXIX., Hermitage at Dunkeld, pp.77-79.
Plate XL., Loch Awe, pp.80-81.
Part Two.
Plate XLI., Wemyss Castle, pp.82-84.
Plate XLII., Dalkeith, p.85.
Plate XLIII., Loch Ken, pp.87.
Plate XLIV., Grave of Bessie Bell and Mary Gray, pp.88-90.
Plate XLV., Hawthornden, p.91.
Plate XLVI., Bandirran, and Dunsinnaine Hill, pp.92-93.
Plate XLVII., Melrose Abbey, pp.94-95.
Plate XLVIII., Loch Lochy, pp.96-97.
Plate XLIX., Inchrye Abbey, p.98.
Plate L., Crichton Castle, p.99.
Plate LI., Gleneagles, p.100.
Plate LII., Kelso Abbey, pp.101-104.
Plate LIII., Sir Walter Scott's Burial-Place in Dryburgh Abbey, pp.105-106.
Plate LIV., Craighall, pp.107-108.
Plate LV., Broomhall, pp.109-110.
Plate LVI., Loch Tay and Taymouth Castle, pp.111-112.
Plate LVII., Saint Monance, p.113.
Plate LVIII., Portobello, pp.114-116.
Plate LIX., High Street of Dundee, p.117.
Plate LX., City of Perth, from Moncrieff Island, pp.118-120.
Plate LXI., Distant View of Kinfauns, p.121.
Plate LXII., Carrick Castle, pp.122-124.
Plate LXIII., St. Fort, p.125.
Plate LXIV., Glen Ericht, pp.126-128.
Plate LXV., Rothesay Castle, pp.129-130.
Plate LXVI., Murthly Castle, p.131.
Plate LXVII., Newburgh, pp.132-133.
Plate LXVIII., Ardvraick Castle, pp.134-136.
Plate LXIX., St. Fillan's Games, pp.137-138.
Plate LXX., Edinburgh from the Pentlands, p.139.
Plate LXXI., Dryburgh Abbey, pp.140-142.
Plate LXXII., Broughty Ferry, p.143.
Plate LXXIII., Musselburgh, pp.144-146.
Plate LXXIV., Castle Hill, Edinburgh, p.147.
Plate LXXV., Dairsie, pp.148-150.
Plate LXXVI., Loch Fad, pp.151-152.
Plate LXXVII., Dundonald Castle, pp.153-154.
Plate LXXVIII., Hunters' Bog, p.155.
Plate LXXIX., The Falls of Lochy, p.156.
Plate LXXX., Anstruther, pp.157-158.
'Old Glasgow' (1880)
The First Bishop, pp.1-18.
The Bell and the Miracles, pp.19-29.
The Name of the City, pp.29-31.
The Early Church, pp.31-37.
The Early Inhabitants, pp.37-55.
The Early Language, pp.56-68.
The Early Houses, pp.68-80.
Tenure of Property, pp.80-83.
The Rule of the Bishops, pp.83-98.
The Armorial Insignia and City Seals, pp.99-104.
The Cathedral, pp.104-116.
The Castle, and the Manor Houses of the Bishops, pp.116-124.
Old Streets and Buildings, Part 1, pp.124-131.
The City Ports and Military Defences, pp.162-175.
Early State of the Land near Glasgow, pp.175-181.
The People, and How They Lived, pp.181-189.
Ecclesiastical History, pp.189-215.
Municipal and Social History, pp.215-237.
Distinction of Classes, pp.237-239.
Trade and Commerce, pp.239-248.
The River and Harbour, pp.248-266.
Sanitary Condition of City – Habits of the People, pp.266-276.
Education – Amusements – Fairs, pp.276-289.
Police, Water Supply, &c., pp.289-299.
Literary History, pp.299-307.
Value of Property, pp.308-312.
Price of Commodities and Labour, pp.313-324.
Contrast Between Former and Present Condition of the City, pp.325-328.
'Caledonian Mercury' (1661 & 1861)
'Mercurius Caledonius', January 8, 1661.
'Caledonian Mercury', January 7, 1861.
'Domestic Annals of Scotland' (1885)
Introductory, pp.9-12.
Reign of Mary, 1561-1565, pp.13-29.
Regency of Moray, 1567-1570, pp.35-44.
Regencies of Lennox and Mar, 1570-1572, pp.45-55.
Regency of Morton, 1572-1578, pp.56-80.
Reign of James the Sixth, 1578-1585, pp.81-98.
Reign of James the Sixth, 1585-1590, pp.99-123.
Reign of James the Sixth, 1591-1603, pp.124-176.
Reign of Charles the First, 1625-1637, pp.228-256.
Interregnum, 1649-1660, pp.278-301.
Reign of Charles the Second, 1660-1673, pp.302-321.
Reign of James the Seventh, 1685-1688, pp.338-341.
Reign of William and Mary, 1689-1694, pp.342-354.
Reign of Queen Anne, 1702-1714, pp.379-389.
Reign of William the Third, 1695-1702, pp.355-378.
Reign of George the First, 1714-1727, pp.390-397.
Reign of George the Second, 1727-1745, pp.398-408.
'Historical Works of Sir James Balfour' (1824)
Advertisement, pp.vii-ix.
Prefatory Memoir, pp.xi-xxxi.
Testimonials in Regard to Sir James Balfour, pp.xxxi-xxxiii.
Malcolm III. (1057-1093), pp.1-3.
Donald Bane and Duncane, Kinges of Scotland, pp.3-5.
Edgar (1098-1099), King of Scotland, pp.5-6.
Alexander the First (1114-1124), King of Scotland, pp.6-9.
Dauid the First (1124-1153), King of Scotland, pp.9-14.
Malcolme, Fourth of that Name (1154-1165), King of Scotland, pp.14-19.
William, Surnamed the Lyone (1165-1214), King of Scotland, pp.19-38.
Alexander, Second of that Name (1214-1249), King of Scotland, pp.38-57.
Alexander the Third (1249-1286), King of Scotland, pp.57-77.
Six Protectors or Gouernours, After K. Alexander the Thirds Death, pp.77-88.
Robert, the First of that Name (1306-1330), pp.88-104.
Dauid Second (1331-1370), King of Scotland, pp.104-124.
Robert the Second (1370-1390), First K. of the Steuartes, Nephew to K. Rob. I., pp.124-133.
Robert the Thrid (1390-1405), 2d of the Steuartes; Befor hes Coronation, called Johne, Earle of Carrick, pp.133-144.
Robert, Duck of Albaney, Gouernour, pp.144-152.
James the First (1424-1437), King of Scotland, pp.153-166.
James the Second (1437-1460), King of Scotland, pp.166-189.
James, the Third of that Name (1460-1488), King of Scotland, pp.189-214.
James, the Fourth of that Name (1488-1513), King of Scotland, pp.214-238.
James, the Fifth of that Name (1513-1542), King of Scotland, pp.238-275.
Marey (1542-1586), Queine of Scotland, pp.275-340.
James, Sixth of that Name (1567-1603), Kinge of Scotland, pp.340-416.
Donald Bane and Duncan, Kings of Scotland, Updated, pp.3-5.
Malcolm III. (1057-1093), pp.1-3. – Updated
Edgar (1098-1099), King of Scotland, Updated, pp.5-6.
Alexander the First (1114-1124), King of Scotland, Updated, pp.6-9.
David the First (1124-1153), King of Scotland, Updated, pp.9-14.
Malcolm IV. (1154-1165), King of Scotland, Updated, pp.14-19.
William I., the Lion (1165-1214), King of Scotland, Updated, pp.19-38.
Alexander II. (1214-1249), King of Scotland, Updated, pp. 38-57.
Alexander III. (1249-1286), King of Scotland, Updated, pp.57-77.
Six Protectors or Governors, After King Alexander III.'s Death, Updated, pp.77-88.
Robert I. (1306-1330), Updated, pp.88-104.
David II. (1331-1370), King of Scotland, Updated, pp.104-124.
Robert II., (1370-1390), First King of the Stuarts, Nephew to King Robert I., Updated, pp.124-133.
Robert III. (1390-1405), 2nd of the Stuarts; Before his Coronation, called John, Earl of Carrick, Updated, pp.133-144.
Robert, Duke of Albany, Governor, Updated, pp.144-152.
James I. (1424-1437), King of Scotland, Updated, pp.153-166.
James II. (1437-1460), King of Scotland, Updated, pp.166-189.
James III. (1460-1488), King of Scotland, Updated, pp.189-214.
James IV. (1488-1513), King of Scotland, Updated, pp.214-238.
James V. (1513-1542), King of Scotland, Updated, pp.238-275.
Mary (1542-1586), Queen of Scots, Updated, pp.275-340.
James VI. (1567-1603), King of Scotland and Thereafter of England, France and Ireland, &c., Updated, pp.340-416.
'Select Views on the River Clyde' (1830)
Carstairs House, pp.1-4.
Bonnington Lyn, pp.5-6.
Cartlane Craigs and Bridge, pp.7-12.
Fall of Corehouse, pp.13-16.
Corehouse, pp.17-20.
Fall of Stonebyres, pp.21-24.
Lee House, pp.25-26.
Craignethan Castle, pp.27-30.
Mauldslie Castle, pp.31-34.
Cambusnethan House, pp.35-38.
Hamilton Palace, pp.39-46.
Bothwell Castle, pp.47-52.
Glasgow, pp.53-58
Govan, pp.59-60.
Blythswood House, pp.61-64.
Erskine House, pp.65-66.
View from Dalnotar Hill, pp.67-68.
Dunglass Castle, pp.69-72.
Dumbarton Castle, pp.73-86.
Port-Glasgow, pp.87-98.
Helensburgh, pp.99-100.
Roseneath House, pp.101-102.
Greenock, pp.103-114.
Gourock, pp.115-118.
Laven Castle, pp.119-120.
Dunoon and Castle, pp.121-126.
Cloch Light House, pp.127-128.
Innerkip and Ardgowan House, pp.129-130.
Kelly House, pp.131-132.
Skelmorlie Castle, pp.133-134.
Castle Toward, pp.135-136.
Rothesay and Castle, pp.137-140.
Millport, pp.141-142.
Largs, pp.143-146.
Kelburne House, pp.147-148.
Saltcoats, &c., pp.149-150.
Eglinton Castle, pp.151-152.
Ayr, pp.153-158.
Dunure Castle, pp.159-160.
Colzean Castle, pp.161-162.
Pladda Light House, pp.163-164.
Campbeltown, pp.165-168.
'Life of Mary, Queen of Scots' (1822)
Preface, pp.v-viii.
From her Birth, till her arrival in France., pp.9-15.
During her Residence in France., pp.15-41.
From the Queen's Return to Scotland, till her Northern Journey, in August 1562., pp.42-61.
Of the Queen's Tour into the North, and her Return., pp.62-77.
From her Return to Edinburgh, till Randolph visited her, at St. Andrews., pp.78-98.
From the Arrival of Darnley, till the Assassination of Rizzio., pp.98-126.
From Rizzio's Murder, till the Queen's Delivery., pp.127-136.
From James's Birth till Darnley's Murder., pp.136-151.
Of the Queen's conduct, after the murder of her husband., pp.151-155.
From Darnley's Murder to the Queen's Dethronement., pp.155-184.
From the Queen's Dethronement, till her Escape into England., pp.184-206.
From Mary's Arrival in England, till the End of Elizabeth's Enquiry., pp.206-234.
From the End of Elizabeth's Enquiry, till Mary's removal to Sheffield., pp.235-244.
From the Queen's Arrival at Sheffield, till the Death of Norfolk., pp.244-251.
From the Death of Norfolk, till the Queen's Attainder., pp.251-260.
From the Queen's Attainder, till Morton's Execution., pp.260-274.
From Morton's Execution, till King James's Escape from Ruthven., pp.274-281.
From King James's Escape from Ruthven, till Mary's Removal to Tutbury., pp.281-293.
From Mary's Removal to to Tutbury, till her Removal to Fotheringay., pp.293-304.
From Mary's Removal to Fotheringay, till her Death., pp.304-328.
Lord Burghley's Charges Against Mary, Queen of Scots and the Answers thereto., pp.328-332.
Throkmorton's Letter to Elizabeth, from Paris, 21st July 1561., pp.332-338.
Throkmorton's Letter to Elizabeth, from Abbeville, 11th August 1561., pp.338-339.
Indignities, and Wrongs, done and Offered, to the Scottish Queen., pp.340-348.
The Queen of Scots's celebrated letter to Elizabeth, from Sheffield, 8th November, 1582., pp.348-360.
Thoughts on Mary's Letter and Conclusion., pp.361-362.
'Rab and His Friends' (Fiction)
'Memorial Catalogue of the Old Glasgow Exhibition 1894' (1896)
Introduction., pp.xv-xvi.
Gallery No. 1.
'Gloomy Memories' (1892)
Prologue, pp.ii-xiii.
Introduction to my First Pamphlet, pp.xiii-xvi.
Destitution in Sutherlandshire. – Letter 1., pp.1-2.
Letter 2., pp.2-4.
Letter 4., pp.7-10.
Letter 5., pp.10-12.
Letter 10., pp.22-25.
The Late Riots in Durness. – Letter 22., pp.55-56.
Letter 23., 56-59.
Appendix., pp.67-70.
Mrs. H. Beecher Stowe., pp.71-134.
The Exiled Barramen and Their Calumniators., 134-145.
Marquis of Breadalbane's Refutation & Letter 1. in Response, pp.145-154.
Letter 2., pp.154-161.
Glen Tilt and Stories of Those Who Emigrated., pp.161-172.
The Beloved and Great Hugh Miller on Sutherland as it Was and Is., pp.172-182.
'Willing Hands for India.', pp.183-186.
The Freehold Movement and Highland Clearances., pp.186-188.
3 Related Poems., pp.188-190.
Lord Palmerston's Scheme & the Massacre of the Rosses, pp.191-202.
Well Done, Brave Highlands., pp.202-204.
Eviction by Fire in Sutherland., pp.204-212.
Contemporary Newspaper Advertisements of Highland Land.
'Old and New Edinburgh' (1880)
Introduction, pp.1-8.
Chapter 1 – Prehistoric Edinburgh., pp.9-14.
Chapter 2 – The Castle of Edinburgh., pp.14-20.
Chapter 3 – Castle of Edinburgh (continued). ,pp.21-26.
Chapter 4 – Castle of Edinburgh (continued)., pp.26-31.
Chapter 6 – Castle of Edinburgh (continued)., p.47-66.
Chapter 8 – The Castle Hill., pp.79-87.
Chapter 9 – The Castle Hill (concluded)., pp.87-94.
Chapter 10 – The Lawnmarket., pp.94-102.
Chapter 11 – The Lawnmarket (continued)., pp.102-111.
Chapter 13 – The Lawnmarket (concluded)., pp.118-123.
Chapter 14 – The Tolbooth., pp.123-138.
Chapter 15 – The Church of St. Giles., pp.138-148.
Chapter 16 – The Neighbourhood of St. Giles's., pp.148-157.
Chapter 17 – The Parliament House., pp.157-166.
Chapter 18 – The Parliament House (concluded)., pp.166-173.
Chapter 19 – The Parliament Close., pp.174-182.
Chapter 20 – The Royal Exchange – The Trongate Church – The Great Fire of November, 1824., pp.183-191.
Chapter 21 – The High Street., pp.191-198.
Chapter 22 – The High Street (continued)., pp.198-203.
Chapter 31 – Alleys of the High Street (continued)., pp.258-266.
Chapter 33 – Alleys of the High Street (concluded)., pp.274-282.
Chapter 34 – New Streets Within the Area of the Flodden Wall., pp.282-290.
Chapter 35 – Some of the New Streets Within the Area of the Flodden Wall (concluded)., pp.291-296.
Chapter 36 – St. Mary's Wynd., pp.297-300.
Chapter 37 – Leith Wynd., pp.300-309.
Chapter 38 – The West Bow., pp.309-315.
Chapter 39 – The West Bow (concluded)., pp.315-321.
Chapter 40 – Edinburgh in 1745., pp.322-329.
Chapter 41 – Edinburgh in 1745 (concluded)., pp.329-334.
Chapter 42 – The North Bridge., pp.334-340.
Chapter 43 – East Side of the North Bridge., pp.340-348.
Chapter 44 – East Side of North Bridge (continued)., pp.348-352.
Chapter 45 – East Side of the North Bridge (continued)., pp.353-358.
Chapter 46 – East Side of the North Bridge (concluded)., pp.359-363.
Chapter 47 – Moultray's Hill – Her Majesty's General Register House., pp.364-372.
Chapter 48 – The South Bridge., pp.373-382.
Chapter 49 – The Pleasance and St. Leonards., pp.382-384.
'Scots Lore' (1895).
PREFATORY., Various Contributors (Jan., 1895), pp.1-3.
A MEDIAEVAL ARCHITECT. Part 1. – HIS MELROSE INSCRIPTIONS., P. MacGregor Chalmers (Jan., 1895), pp.3-15.
GLASGOW BRIDGE. Part I. – (1285-1758)., James D. Marwick (Jan., 1895), pp.15-29.
A GYPSY TRIAL OF 1714., David MacRitchie (Jan., 1895), pp.30-35
NOTES., J. Bain, R. R., & N. A. J. (Jan., 1895), pp.50-53.
INQUEST OF DAVID: TEXT, TRANSLATION, AND NOTES., T. T. Brown (Jan., 1895), pp.36-46.
JOURNAL., Various Contributors (Jan., 1895), pp.53-55.
QUERIES., J. E. F & G. Neilson, (Jan., 1895), pp.49-50.
WORK OF SOCIETIES., &c., Various Contributors (Jan., 1895), pp.56-60.
THEBAL AMULETS., A. Tille (Feb., 1895), pp.61-78.
MAKING OF THE MERCHANT COMPANY OF EDINBURGH., N. A. J. (Feb, 1895), pp.78-84.
OBAN TROGLODYTES., W. A. Smith (Feb., 1895), pp.95-103.
A MEDIAEVAL ARCHITECT. Part II. – HIS WORK AT PAISLEY AND GLASGOW., P. MacGregor Chalmers (Feb., 1895), pp.85-94.
THE FRIARS PREACHERS IN GLASGOW. – AN OLD INDENTURE., R. Renwick (Feb., 1895), pp.103-106.
HOG-BACKED MONUMENTS., W.G.Black (Feb., 1895), pp.106-108.
QUERIES., M. G. B., Charmides, F. Checquy (Feb., 1895), pp.110-111.
NOTES., J. Bain, J. J. Elliott, J. Bain, D. MacRitchie (Feb., 1895), pp.111-114.
JOURNAL., Various Contributors (Feb., 1895), pp.114-116.
WORK OF SOCIETIES, &c., Various Contributors (Feb., 1895), pp.116-120.
JOSEPH STEVENSON., Anonymous (Mar., 1895), pp.121-124.
SAINT MALACHI'S CURSE., G. Neilson (Mar., 1895), pp.124-130.
ROMAN ROOM OF THE HUNTERIAN MUSEUM. Part 1., J. MacDonald (Mar., 1895), pp.130-135.
THE ANNALS OF FORDOUN., J. Paton (Mar., 1895), pp.136-140.
TRUE ACCOUNT OF JAMES BELL. A 17th Century PROVOST OF GLASGOW, AND HIS FAMILY., J. Bain (Mar., 1895), pp.141-148.
EDINBURGH EPISODES, 1664-65. (FROM THE FOUNTAINHALL FOLIO.) Part 1. TOWN CLERK versus PROVOST., N. A. J. (Mar., 1895), pp.148-150.
EDINBURGH EPISODES, 1664-65. (FROM THE FOUNTAINHALL FOLIO.) Part 2. SCANDAL AND RIOT AT ST CUTHBERT'S., N. A. J. (Mar., 1895), pp.151-152.
EDINBURGH EPISODES, 1664-65. (FROM THE FOUNTAINHALL FOLIO.) Part 3. UNRULY 'PRENTICES., N. A. J., (Mar., 1895), pp.152-154.
EDINBURGH EPISODES, 1664-65. (FROM THE FOUNTAINHALL FOLIO.) Part 4. TOWN CLERK'S DEPOSITION., N. A. J., (Maar., 1895), pp.154-155.
A SCOTTISH NURSERY RHYME AND GOETHE'S FAUST., A. Tille (Mar., 1895), pp.155-157.
BONNIE JEANIE CAMERON., G. E. Todd (Mar., 1895), pp.157-160.
OUR CHARTULARY., G. N. (Mar., 1895), pp.160-165.
NOTES., P. M. Chalmers, J. T. T. B., W. P. Buchan (Mar., 1895), pp.167-171.
JOURNAL., Various Contributors (Mar., 1895), pp.171-173.
WORK OF SOCIETIES, &c., Various Contributors (Mar., 1895), pp.173-180.
THE LAST DAYS OF THE ADMIRABLE CRICHTON. (From Documents existing in the Archives at Mantua.) Part 1., L. E. Marshall (Apr., 1895), pp.181-192.
SAINT NINIAN'S CANDIDA CASA. A LEAP INTO THE DARK., P. M. Chalmers (Apr., 1895), pp.192-210.
THE ROMAN ROOM OF THE HUNTERIAN MUSEUM. II. – INSCRIBED STONES., J. MacDonald (Apr., 1895), pp.211-218.
OUR CHARTULARY., Anon. (Apr., 1895), pp.218-219.
NOTES., J. Kerr, N. A. J., W. McMillan, C. (Apr., 1895), pp.223-226.
JOURNAL., Various Contributors (Apr., 1895), pp.227-231.
WORK OF SOCIETIES, &c., Various Contributors (Apr., 1895), pp.231-236.
THE LAST DAYS OF THE ADMIRABLE CRICHTON. (From Documents existing in the Archives at Mantua.) Part 2., L. E. Marshall (May, 1895), pp.238-252.
THE ANCIENT PARISH OF KILLALLAN, RENFREWSHIRE., J. M. MACKINLAY, (May, 1895), pp.253-259.
MEMORIALS AND LETTERS, temp. CHARLES I., Eremus (May, 1895), pp.259-264.
FIRST STAGE COACH BETWEEN EDINBURGH AND GLASGOW., R. R. (May, 1895), pp.264-266.
LAW AND LEGEND., G. Neilson (May, 1895), pp.266-271.
KILMARNOCK BARONY CHARTER – 3 May 1315., Anon. (May, 1895), pp.271-273.
OUR CHARTULARY., G. N. (May, 1895), pp.273-276.
NOTES., D. MacRitchie, J. Bain, (May, 1895), pp.280-282.
JOURNAL., Various Contributors (May, 1895), pp.282-285.
WORK OF SOCIETIES, &c., Various Contributors (May, 1895), pp.286-292.
SCHIR JOHNE THE ROSS. A lost 15th Century Makar., J. T. T. Brown (Jun., 1895), pp.293-307.
A MEDIAEVAL ARCHITECT. Part 3. – HIS WORK IN NYDDYSDAYLL AND GALWAY., P. M. Chalmers, pp.307-316.
THE ROMAN ROOM OF THE HUNTERIAN MUSEUM. Part 3. – INSCRIBED STONES (continued)., J. MacDonald, pp.316-326.
NOTES., J. Shaw (Jun., 1895), p.329.
JOURNAL., Various Contributors (Jun., 1895), pp.330-335.
WORK OF SOCIETIES, &c., Various Contributors (Jun., 1895), 335-340.
A MEDIAEVAL ARCHITECT. HIS WORK AT ST. ANDREWS AND MELROSE., P. M. Chalmers (Jul., 1895), pp.341-364.
MOROW'S PLACE IN HISTORY., P. M. Chalmers (Jul. 1895), pp.364-374.
THE ROMAN ROOM OF THE HUNTERIAN MUSEUM. Part 4. – INSCRIBED STONES (continued)., J. Macdonald (Jul. 1895), pp.374-383.
HIGHLAND FOLKLORE. – Parts 1 & 2., D. MacRitchie (Jul. 1895), pp.383-397.
A RENTALLER'S TITLE., A. R. C. (Jul. 1895), pp.397-399.
NOTES., Various Contributors (Jul., 1895), pp.401-402.
JOURNAL., Various Contributors (Jul., 1895), pp.402-404.
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FlikeNoir	Scottish History	 08/12/2018 09/05/2019 33 Minutes
The date of the foundation of Arbroath is of some interest in church and public history. Thomas à Becket, the high church archbishop, was slain at the altar of his own church of Canterbury, on the 29th of December 1170. Two years afterwards, in 1173, he was canonized; and within five years of his canonization, and not more than seven from the period of his death, in the year 1178,1 William King of Scotland had founded, endowed, and dedicated to Saint Thomas the Martyr, the Abbey of Arbroath.
William was no admirer of the Archbishop's principles of Church independence. His whole policy was opposed to them. A contemporary churchman accuses him of imitating the Norman tyranny in controlling the disposal of church preferment,2 and he did not always testify great respect for the Pope. It has been suggested that William was personally acquainted with Becket in his early life, "when there was little probability of his ever becoming a confessor, martyr, and saint."3 Was this the cause, or was it the natural propensity to extol him who, living and dead, had humbled the Crown of England, that led William to take Saint Thomas as his patron saint, and to entreat his intercession when he was in greatest trouble?4 Or may we consider the dedication of his new abbey, and his invocation of the martyr of Canterbury, as nothing more than signs of the rapid spreading of the veneration for the new saint of the high church party, from which his old opponent himself was not exempt?5
The king, its founder, was the great benefactor of the Abbey. But it is astonishing with what rapidity estates in land, churches and tithes were heaped upon the new foundation, by the magnates and barons of Angus and the north. It is not uninteresting to note the acquisitions of a single reign.
King William himself bestowed on the monks serving God and Saint Thomas the martyr at Aberbrothoc, the territory of Athyn or Ethie, and Achinglas, the shires of Dunechtyn and Kingoldrum; a net's fishing in Tay. called Stok, and one in the North Esk; a salt-work in the Carse of Stirling; the ferry-boat of Montrose, with its land; the custody of "the Brecbennach," with the lands of Forglen attached to that office; a plough of land in Monethen or Mondyne on the Bervy; a toft in each of the king's burghs and residences, and a license of timber in his forests: the patronage and tithes of the following churches:-
In Angus – St. Mary of Old Munros, with its land, called in "the Scotch speech, Abthen," Newtyl, Glammis, Athyn or Ethie, Dunechtyn, Kingoldrum, Inuerlunan, Panbryd, Fethmuref or Barry, Monieky, Guthery. In the Mearns – Nig, Kateryn or Caterlin. In Mar – Banchory Saint Ternan, Coul. In Fermartyn – Fyvie, Tarves. In Buchan – Gameryn. In Banff – St. Marnan of Aberchirder, Inverbondin or Boindie, Banf. Inverness; Abernethy in Strathern; Hautwisil in Tyndale.
During William's reign, the new abbey was endowed by the great Earls of Angus, with the churches of Monifod or Monifieth, Muraus, Kerimore, and Stradechty Comitis, now called Mains,6 and the same family bestowed upon it lands called Portincraig, a name which, though now appropriated to the head-land on the Fife side of the ferry, must, from the description and boundaries, have been applied to what is now known as Broughty and its adjacent lands. These grants afford charter evidence of five generations of this family: (1) Earl Gillebride (apparently before the foundation of Arbroath) had made a donation of the land of Portincraig, with the fishing along its shores, for founding an hospital at Portincraig. (2.) Earl Gillechrist, his son, appropriated that land to the new abbey, and his charter was successively ratified by his son (3.) Earl Duncan, his grandson (4.) Earl Malcolm, and by (5.) Maud Countess of Angus, in her own right.
By gift of Marjory Countess of Buchan, the monks had the church of Turfred or turref; from Ralf le Naym, the church of Inverugy; from Rober Bishop of St. Andrews, the church of Aberhelot or Arbirlot.
The De Berkeleys granted to the convent the church of Inverkelidor or Inverkeelor, which was confirmed by Ingelram de Balliol, who married the daughter of Walter de Berkeley; and the lands of Balfeith or Belphe, with a description and bounding most instructive for the antiquities of Angus and Mearns.7
By the gift of Thomas de Lundyn the Durward (Ostiarius Regis), the monks obtained the church of Kinerny; and the bank of forest-land, lying at the junction of the Dee and Canny, called in the days of William the Lion "nemus de Trostauch," and which, now again under wood, has been known for many years to the Deeside people as "the Wood of Trustach."
Robert de Lundres, the bastard son of King William, bestowed on the Abbey the church of Ruthven. From the Malherbesit received two oxgates in Rossy, and a rent of two shillings from the land of Balenaus or Balnaves in Kinnell. From the Fitz-Bernards the forefathers of Sibald of Kair, the little green cove or "Rath" of Kateryn or Katerlin, on the coast of Mearns; from the De Montforts, Glaskeler, adjoining it; from the family who adopted Abbot or Abbe for their surname, a right of making and using charcoal from their wood of Edale or Edzell; from the Fitz-Thancards, the lands between Ethkar and Calledouer, and the davach of Ballegillegrand; from the Bishops of Brechin, small possessions in Stracatherach; from the St. Michaels, the lands of Mundurnach, probably Mundurno on the Don, a little way north of Aberdeen; from Earl David, the brother of King Malcolm and King William, a plough of land in Kinalchmund or Kinethmont, in his lordship of Garioch, measured and arable; a mark of silver yearly from Fergus Earl of Buchan; a half mark from the family of the great Earls of Strathearn, out of the fishing of Ur (Mickleour?) on the Tay, above Perth; from Richard de Frivill, a plough of land of Ballekelefan; and by grants from him, from Philip e Melvil, and his father-in-law Walter Sibald, and from King William himself, a small territory about Monethen, or Mondyne on the Bervy, and Kare.
In recording the acquisition of those ample possessions, and affording the first record of property over wide districts, the registers of Arbroath furnish incidentally some information of interest to those who feel none in the ancient religious foundation, or in the history of the early inhabitants and the local history of the soil. On other subjects of more general interest it opens dim lights, or suggests subjects for speculation, though too often the historical inquirer must still rest satisfied with a conjectural result.
The charters connected with the Abbey's acquisition of the church of Abernethy might furnish subject for abundant discussion to the zealous antiquary The church is granted by King William; and at the same time, Laurence, son of Orm of Abernethy, while he quitclaims all his right in the advowson of the church, with its dependent chapels of Dron, Dunbulg, and Errol, and with the lands of Belach and Petinlouer, grants to the Abbey of Arbroath the half of the tithes of the property of himself and his heirs (provenientium ex propria pecunia mea et heredum meorum), the other half of which belongs to the Culdees of Abernethy, and the whole tithes of the territory of Abernethy, except those which belong to the church of Flisk and Culter, and except the tithes of his lordship of Abernethy (de dominio meo de Abernethy), which the Culdees have always possessed, namely, those of Mugdrum, Kerpul, Balehyrewell, Ballecolly, and Invernethy, be-east of the burn. In confirming this gift, evidently the same day and place at which it was made, King William uses the same words, with this exception, that he styles the granter "Abbot of Abernethy." Here, therefore, we have Laurence the son or Orm, Abbot of Abernethy, an ancient house of Culdees, lord also of the lordship or manor of Abernethy, and not only granting tithes out of his own property there, but asserting it to be the inheritance of him and his heirs.
These charter evidences help out the obscure indications in our older chroniclers, of a race of church nobles, hereditary heads of religious houses, and taking rank among the highest of lay magnates. When we read that the ancient dynasty of our kings (before the wars of the Succession) sprang from the marriage of Bethoc, a daughter of Malcolm II. with Crinan, Abbot of the Columbite family of Dunkeld – that Ethelred, a son of Malcolm Canmore, Abbot of Dunkeld, was also Earl of Fife, our best historians have evaded the embarrassment by questioning the authority of the chronicler;8 and it has not hitherto been suspected that there were proofs of an old house of Culdees, even surviving Saint David's church revolution, having its hereditary abbot, and styling himself and acting as lord of the abbey territory.
The evidence, indeed, is narrow, and may not be deemed satisfactory, and this is not the place for rearing an argument upon it. It raises, at least, an interesting speculation both for Scotland and Ireland; and independently of it, the historical inquirer of both countries will be pleased to meet the frequent notices of the old Culdees both of Abernethy and of Brechin, which occur in the Register of Arbroath.
The Register of Arbroath has preserved the most ancient evidence of the form of judicial procedure, as recorded in rolls of the king's court, the proceedings themselves being founded upon the old laws of King David, – "Assisa regis David… usitata et probata in regno Scotiæ usque as illum diem."
In a discussion regarding the service due to the Abbey for the land of Innerpefir, we have some light thrown upon the nature of the military service stipulated in ancient Scotch charters, and incidental mention of an expedition of Alexander II. into the western Highlands in 1248, not elsewhere commemorated, with the attendance of those bound to do military service.
Connected with this subject, we turn with much interest to the indications of an early "extent" of land, or a measure or valuation, having reference to public burdens. Some deeds would seem to show a definite forensic service, and a fixed amount of aid due from lands, long before the period which is generally assigned for the introduction of the old extent. The very ancient denominations of land, from its value – librata, nummata, denariata terræ, plainly point at a valuation for some public purpose; but here there are indications that the divisions into davachs, which have hitherto been taken for mere agricultural measures of arable land, have also reference to an early extent, expressed in measure of land, not in money value; and these occur in 1234, without reference to any recent measure of extent or taxation.
There is a singularity in the motive of the grant, by King Robert, of the church of Kirkmacho. It is given "for the health of his soul, and of the souls of his ancestors and successors, kings of Scotland, and especially for the souls of those whose bodies rest within the church and its cemetery" – pointing, perhaps, to Kirkmacho as a place of sepulture of the old lords of Annandale.
The custody of the Brecbennach, or consecrated banner of Saint Columba, was an ancient and valuable part of the Abbey privileges. The lands of Forglen had of old been granted for its maintenance, and under it, no doubt, the vassals of the Abbey marched to war. The church of Forglen was dedicated to Saint Adamnan, the follower and historian of Saint Columba. At what period the saint's holy banner was associated with that territory cannot now be determined. When King William granted its custody to the abbot of his new monastery, the distance as well as the nature of the office – raising and following the banner in the king's host – would evidently suggest a lay-substitute. The custody of the Brecbennach, in the beginning of the fourteenth century, was held of the abbot, by the knightly family of Monymusk of that ilk; from whom it passed by descent to the Urrys and the Frasers, becoming vested, about the year 1420, in the Irvines of Drum.9
The meaning of the word "Abthein," as applied to an office, has been a subject of frequent discussion and dispute among Scotch antiquaries. In the Register of Arbroath we have the word occurring several times, but always in reference to land. In an early charter, King William granted to Hugh de Roxburgh, the Chancellor, in liferent, "terram abbacie de Munros," to be held of Arbroath for a reddendo of three stones of wax. There was no abbey at Montrose, and we must look for the meaning of the grant in another direction. In the great charter of Arbroath, the king granted to it "the church of Saint Mary, of old Munros, with the land of that church, which in Scotch is called Abthen." Again, early in the thirteenth century, Malcolm, Earl of Angus, granted to Nicholas, son of the priest of Kerimure, and his heirs, in fee and heritage, the land of Abthein of Munifeith; and the Countess Maud, in her widowhood, confirmed that grant. There is nothing here to connect the tenure with the Abbey; but in 1310, Michael de Monifoth, the hereditary lord of the land (dominus abbathanie ejusdem), binds himself to pay to the convent of Arbroath six shillings and eightpence of good and lawful sterlings, for the toft and croft which he holds of them in the territory of the said abbathania, together with half a boll of mustard seed. This toft was without doubt that which the Countess Maud describes in her charter of gift to Arbroath as "the land to the south of the church of Monifod, which the Culdees held in my father's time."10
Abthein (Abthany), then, was land, the property of or connected with an abbot or abbacy – perhaps of a Culdee house – but whether any other quality or condition enters into its meaning, there are too few materials yet to ascertain.
Whilst the Chartulary of Arbroath illustrates the genealogies of many of the great families of Angus and the north, it brings us acquainted with some names, the early history of which is of still more interest in the district.
John Abbe, the son of Malise, granted, and Morgund, the son of John Abbe, confirmed to the monks, the privilege of taking coals (charcoal) in the wood of Edale. Donald Abbe of Brechin, in the reign of William the Lion, granted to the monks the davach of Ballegillegrand, and his grant is witnessed by Malbrid, Prior of the Culdees of Brechin. Maurice Abbe of Abireloth, occurs very low down in the list of witnesses of several charters of Gilchrist Earl of Angus. There are several occurrences in other church registers, particularly among the charters of Coldinghame, of persons bearing this singular name, and it may not be impossible, by a comparison of these, to detect its meaning and origin.
In an early, but undated charter, we have perhaps the first record of the ancient family of Falconer. The party is William the Falconer – "Willelmus auceps" – who no doubt also bore sometimes the name of Hawker; for whilst his descendants have retained the former name, their dwelling (villa ejusdem Willelmi aucupis) acquired that of Haukerstun.11
A person of the name of Bricius occurs in very early charters as "judex" of Angus, probably holding his office under the great Earls. In 1219, Adam was "judex" of the Earl's court. Some years later, he became "judex" of the king's court, and his brother Keraldus succeeded to his office in the court of the Earl, for, in the year 1227, we find the brothers acting together, and styled respectively "judex" of Angus, and "judex" of our lord the king. The dwelling of Keraldus received the name of "Keraldiston," now Caraldstoun; and the office of judex, becoming hereditary, and taking its Scotch style of "Dempster," gave name to the family who for many generations held the lands of Caraldstoun, and performed the office of Dempster of the Parliaments of Scotland. Its functions were no doubt of a very different kind and degree from those fulfilled by the ancient judex, and it might be interesting to trace, from these and other materials, the progress of the change.
It has already been mentioned that much of the pedigree of the ancient Earls of Angus is proved from the Register of this Abbey. It affords also valuable information for the genealogies of the De Berkeleys, Malherbes, De Rossys, Wischards, Middletouns, Scots, De Brechins, Melvilles, Arbuthnots, Sibbalds, Moncurs. Mohauts. and other houses of Angus and the Mearns, as well as of the Earls of Buchan. and the names of Garuiach, le Cheyne, Leslie, Feodarg, Meldrum, Durward, Walchope, Monimusk, and St. Michael, with other ancient families in the north.
There are a few welcome indications of the domestic manners of our forefathers. Thus, a grant of a hostelage in Stirling presents us with a fair picture of a lodging of the better sort in the fourteenth century – a hall for meals, with tables and trestles and other furniture; a spence with a buttery; one or more chambers for sleeping; a kitchen; and a stable capable of receiving thirty horses. They burned candles of white tallow, which were commonly called Paris candles. They used straw, apparently for bedding, and the hall and bed-chamber were strewed with rushes.
The Chartulary of Arbroath is peculiarly rich in notices of the Culdees. At Abernethy a convent of them existed, though perhaps in little more but in name, to the end of the reign of William the Lion, when they seem to have expired, and there is no trace of their rights or claims having been transferred to St. Andrews. The chapter of Brechin at first consisted entirely of that order. The successive bishops speak of them with affection as "Keledei nostri."* Towards the end of William's reign, we find an infusion of other clerks in the chapter; the prior of the convent of Culdees, however, being still the president. In 1248, the last year of the reign of Alexander II., the Culdees have disappeared altogether, and the affairs of the Cathedral are managed in the ordinary modern form by the dean and chapter.
A few notices of forgotten saints are interesting to the Church antiquary. The little island of the Esk, on which abuts the bridge of Montrose, once contained a church which has now disappeared, though its cemetery remains, and gave its name to a surrounding parish, still remembered as Inchbrayock. The origin of the name is found in these charters, where we meet, in the reign of Robert the Bruce, with the parson of the parish church, styled rector of the church of St. Braoch.12
The church of Inverkeler is called, in a charter of King William, the church of St. Macconoc of Inverkeler. It has been suggested that the first syllable was probably a Celtix prefix of affection, and that the church was dedicated to St. Canech or Kenny, the contemporary of St. Columba, who visited him at Hy, and the same person who gives name to Kilkenny. He is commemorated in the calendar of the Scotch Church on the 11th of October.
When we consider the long and united efforts required in the early state of the arts for throwing a bridge over any considerable river, the early occurrence of bridges may be well admitted as one of the best tests of civilisation and national prosperity. The bridge over the North water has already been mentioned. We find a bridge existing over the Esk at Brechin, and the land of Drumsleid appropriated for its support, in the early part of the thirteenth century. In that age there was a bridge over the Tay at Perth; bridges over the Esks at Brechin and Marykirk; a bridge over the Dee at Kincardine O'Neill, probably another at Durris, one near Aberdeen, and one at the mouth of Glenmuick; even a bridge over the rapid Spey at Orkill. If we reflect how few of these survived the middle of the fourteenth century, and how long it was, and by what painful efforts, before they could be replaced in later times, we may form some idea of the great progress in civilisation which Scotland had made during the reign of William, and the peaceful times of the two Alexanders. We do not know much of the intellectual state of the population in that age, but regarding it only in a material point of view, it may safely be affirmed that Scotland, at the death of King Alexander III., was more civilized and more prosperous than at any period of her existence, down to the time when she ceased to be a separate kingdom in 1707.
The Register of Arbroath will be regarded with great interest by the historian as well as the local antiquary. It points at the first settlement of many districts, and the earliest traces of civilisation; some very interesting particulars of Church antiquities, and the various races from which our population draws its origin. It illustrates the descent and transmission of lands widely scattered over three counties, and the early history of some of the greatest and most interesting Scotch families. Like all the monastic registers, it gives minute and interesting details of the habits and manners, and the whole social condition of the people of the country.
The buildings of the Abbey of Arbroath, begun in 1178, brought near to their completion at the time of the dedication of its church in 1233, through the decay of so many centuries, in spite of violence and long neglect, and barbarous modern repairs, still afford a few specimens of good Norman architecture, and parts of several later styles. In the middle of last century, Dr. Johnson said "he should scarcely have regretted his journey" to Scotland, "had it afforded nothing more than the sight of Aberbrothick." The taste for church architecture had not then revived among us; and Johnson's was only an impression which would have been produced by the associations of any ancient ecclesiastical structure.
It is not in Protestant Britain alone that it requires some reflection to appreciate fully the station filled of old by the inmates of our greater monasteries, In the Roman Catholic countries of modern Europe, it is hardly less difficult to call up the days when the clergy, secular and regular, engrossed all the learning and accomplishment, and a large share of the wealth, luxury, knowledge of the world, and social influence of the community. It is to be remarked, that in Scotland, as in other countries, while the secular or parochial clergy were often the younger sons of good families, the convents of monks and friars were recruited wholly from the lower classes; ant yet – not to speak of the daily bread, the freedom from daily care, all the vulgar temptations of such a life in hard times – the career of a monk opened no mean path to the ambitious spirit The offices of the monastery alone might well seem prizes to be contended for by the son of the peasant or burgess, and the highest of these placed its holder on a level with the greatest of the nobility.
The Lord Abbot of such a house as Arbroath, whether bearing crosier and mitre, or buckling on more carnal armour, whether sitting in the high places of Council and Parliament, or taking homage and dispensing law among his vassals and serfs, or following his sovereign to battle, was, in virtue of his social position, his revenues, his followers, and actual power, by far the greatest personage of the shire.
The Abbey was toll free, that is, protected against the local impositions which of old beset all merchandise; and the Abbot vindicated the freedom of his "men" against the exactions of the Bailies of Dundee, who had presumed to levy a penny from his stallinger in the fair of their burgh. It was custom free, and passed its exports of wool, hides, tallow, salmon, by virtue of its own coket. But the privilege the Abbot most valued (and intrinsically the most valuable), was the tenure of all his lands "in free regality," that is, with sovereign power over his people, and the unlimited emoluments of criminal jurisdiction. In 1435, the Abbot, in virtue of that right of regality, compounded with Andrew of Lychtoun, and granted him a remission for the slaughter of James Gibsoun. Long afterwards – after the Reformation had passed over abbot and monk, the lord of regality had still the same power, and the Commendator of Arbroath was able to rescue from the King's Justiciar, and to "repledge" into his own court four men accused of the slaughter of William Sibbald of Cair – as dwelling within his bounds (quasi infra bondas ejusdem commorantes).13
The officer who administered this formidable jurisdiction, was the Bailie of the Regality, as he was usually styled, or "Justiciar Chamberlain and Bailie," as his style ran when, in 1485, Abbot Lichtoun conferred the survivorship of the office on two Ogilvies. At that period, whatever may have been the case at the time of the battle of Brechin, the Bailiary had become virtually hereditary in the family of Airlie.
The Mair and Coroner of the Abbey (the "Dereth" was perhaps the same office in Celtic speech) were the executors of the law within the bounds of the regality. Each office had lands attached to it, affording part of the emolument of the officer. The office of Judex, Deemster or Dempster in the Abbot's court, was in like manner attached to a portion of the lands of Caraldston (deriving their name from that Keraldus who first held the office), and passed with it through the hands of the Earl of Crawford and later owners, down to the abolition of heritable jurisdictions.
The best of the shire and of neighbouring districts, thought it no degradation to hold their lands as vassals of the great Abbey. Record was made of the homage done by those barons to the Justiciar of the Regality, – kneeling on the ground with hands joined. For the most part they gave suit and service in the Abbot's court, and such other services as vassals of old really performed to their superiors. Many were bound to give agricultural service, harvest labour, and carriage of corn, wool, wood, peats, and slates. But military service exempted from prædial service; and when a vassal was bound to follow the Abbot to war, either with the northern lords, under the Brecbennach – the Banner of Columba – or under the proper standard of the Abbey itself, he was free from the common duties owed to the superior.14
We have little information of the early history of the burgh of Arbroath. With such protection for shipping as its natural harbour afforded, it had grown up under the shelter and protection of the great monastery, from a fishing hamlet, till it became a place of some foreign trade in the fourteenth century. The worth Abbot John Gedy, saw the advantage that would arise to his town and the whole district, if, on that inhospitable coast, he could transform the creek among treacherous rocks into a tolerably safe harbour; and the covenant made between the Abbot and the burgesses for that object, on the 2d of April 1394, as it is the oldest, is also perhaps the most curious and interesting of the records of harbour-making and also of voluntary taxation in Scotland.15
The Abbey church and conventual buildings – begun in 1178; sufficiently advanced in 1214 to be the burial-place of their royal founder; and probably completed in 1233, when the church was dedicated16 – were not allowed to decay through age, and the gradual operation of time and the elements. They suffered more than once by fire. Fordun relates, that in the deadly year 1272 (when the land was barren, the sea unproductive, the air stormy, and when there was sickness among men, and mortality of cattle), on Saturday of the octaves of the Epiphany, about midnight, a violent wind from the north coming on suddenly with hail, blew down houses, smothered whose sleeping within, and tumbled down lofty buildings; and that fire breaking out in consequence, burnt the church of Arbroath, and many others.17 Boece, as usual, adds some circumstances. Not only were churches and houses everywhere thrown down, but the church towers were burnt, and the bells (quæ preciosissima materia conficiuntur) partly broken, partly melted. Among which the most remarkable were those which hung in the towers of the church of Arbroath, which church was consumed along with them.18
A century later, in 1380, the chronicler informs us that the monastery of Arbroath was again accidentally burnt.19 It was on occasion of this fire (the origin of which was ascribed to the Devil himself) that the Diocesan authorized the Abbot to distribute the monks of the convent among other religious houses until their own church should be repaired in the roof of its choir, the nave, and the transept (?). (in chori tectura, in nave et cruce.) Vigorous measures were also taken for levying funds for these repairs, and for applying them to that purpose exclusively. The Abbot was enjoined to restrain his own expenses, to receive no guests, but to live solitary and privately in his own chamber. Each monk was to be content with twelve marks yearly for food and clothing. The contract with the plumber, which is fortunately preserved, for "theking the mekil quer with lede,"20 favours a supposition that the injury was partial, and the fire had consumed only the woodwork of the roof of the choir. All that portion of the church is now gone, but the lower walls of the nave and parts of the transepts which remain, show a style of architecture considerably earlier than the fire of 1380.
The situation of the Abbey exposed it to other dangers. On the shore of the German Ocean, it lay open to the inroads of an enemy always powerful at sea; and on the other side, its undefended wealth made it an object of contention to the fierce lords who ruled between the Tay and the Grampians. In 1350, the Bishop of St. Andrews recorded that "the church of the monastery of Arbroath, placed on the brink of the seam had suffered almost irreparable injuries from the frequent onslaught of the English shipping."
We may readily conceive, without proof of record, that the Abbey buildings suffered no less damage in affrays of their landward neighbours. Such, for instance, was that "discord quhilk fell betweine [the Lindesays and the Ogilvies] for ane meane bailiarie of Arebroath, quhilk pertenit to Alexander Lindsay; bot Alexander Ogilvie, quhidder it cam of his awin ambitione or if it was the Abbottis pleasour it is not certain, usurped the bailiarie to himselfe and put this Alexander fra the same."21 The "discord" was in the winter of 1445, and is thus summarily noticed by a contemporary who cared for neither faction:-
"The yer of God M.CCC.XLV. the XXIII day of Januar, the Erll of Huntlie and the Ogilbeis with him on the ta part, and the Erll of Craufurd on the toher part, met at the yettis of Arbroth on ane Sonday laite, and faucht. And the Erll of Huntlie and Wat Ogilbie fled. And thar was slane on thair party, Schir Jhon Oliphant lard of Aberdalghy, Schir William Forbes, Schir Alexander Barclay, Alexander Ogilby, David of Aberkerdach, with uther syndry. And on the tother part, the Erll of Craufurd himself was hurt in the field and deit within viij dayis. Bot he and his son wan the feild and held it, and efter that, a gret tyme, held the Ogilbyis at great subjeccioun, and tuke thair gudis and destroyit thair placis."22 It is said the Abbey church was again burned on this occasion, and not improbably. We know not if the Abbey escaped an attack planned against it a century later, on 17th April 1544. The Lords of the English Council reported to King Henry VIII., that Wyshart, among other enterprises, undertook that a body of troops to be paid by the English king, "joining with the power of the Earl Marshall, the Master of Rothes, the laird of Calder, and others of the Lord Gray's friends, will take upon them… to destroy the Abbey and Town of Arbroth, being the Cardinal's, and all the other Bishops and Abbots houses, and countries on that side the water thereabouts." Henry, who was very wroth against the Cardinal, gave them all encouragement "effectually to burn and destroy."23
Notwithstanding those partial conflagrations, and all the injuries of foreign enemies and rough neighbours, the Abbey of Arbroath maintained its pre-eminence as among the first if not the greatest of Scotch religious houses, from its earliest period down to the Reformation. "Erant autem," says a historian of the fourteenth century, "duæ in Scotia famosissimæ abbatiæ, in facultatibus opulentissimæ et in ædificiis munitissimæ, Abrebredoc et Domfermelin."24 It was in the spacious buildings of this great monastery that Robert Bruce, in April 1320, assembled the Parliament which asserted in such vigorous language, in their letter to the Pope, the freedom of their country.** In 1470, we find a new dormitorium building, with timber brought from Norway; and in the year 1488, it is incidentally noticed, the Abbey entertained the king and his suite twice, the archbishop thrice, besides visits of the Lords of the Realm, and other hospitality kept.
The scattered fragments of the monastic buildings which still remain, disguised and injured as they have been by injudicious repairs, furnish specimens of nearly every style of architecture, from the era of the dedication of the Abbey down to the century which preceded the Reformation. They are now kept in decent condition, and protected from further dilapidation.
Within the church of this great monastery, William the Lion chose his place of sepulture, and there, on the 4th of the Ides of December 1214, he was buried before the high altar,25 in presence of his successor and a vast assemblage of the nobles of Scotland. With national irreverence, the good and great monarch's tomb was neglected and dishonoured, probably even before the Reformation, since which time it has lain hid under the ruins of his favourite Abbey, till – six hundred years after his interment26 – the workmen employed in clearing the area of the church from rubbish, came upon a tomb, which from its situation in the chancel in front of the high altar place, was at once judged to be that of the great founder. The coffin, of stone, was found to contain only a portion of the bones of a man of good stature, no much decayed. Its cover, of a blue shelly marble, had upon it some mutilated sculpture.27 It was hoped that the head and other fragments of the monument might be found, but none have as yet been discovered.***
At the same time was discovered (in one of the western towers) a mutilated figure of a crosiered ecclesiastic, of the fine sandstone of the district. It is one of those effigies which stood under the niches that ornament all our older churches, and is of good workmanship for that purpose. The lace, especially, is very elaborate and sharply wrought, and when first discovered, still preserved some remains of the gold leaf with which it had been ornamented. It is commonly said to be the statue of St. Thomas à Becket, the patron, but on no better grounds than the recumbent monument is ascribed to the founder of the Abbey. The latter, indeed, has some circumstances in favour of the identification, though it must be confessed its position in front of the high altar might suit equally well for one of the old Earls of Angus or other munificent benefactors of the Abbey.
The registers of Arbroath are not so rich as some others in subjects of interest to the general antiquary. A few illustrations of old life, however, do occur, and are always welcome.
The Abbot, on account of the perils of crossing the sea to St. Andrews, obtained from Rome the privilege of conferring minor orders, and consecrating the furniture of the altar.
The much-vexed claim of Subsidy was virtually enforced against the monastery by both diocesans – the Bishops of St. Andrews and Brechin – though resisted, and paid under protest.
Herrings in salt and in barrel are paid as rent from Inverness, as if they were not then found off the Arbroath coast.28
For a permission to take bait from the shores of Monifieth, the white fishers of the north ferry of Portincraig (Broughty) paid for every day's fishing of each small line six white fish.29 Several documents show the jealousy with which the rights of sea fishing were protected, at a time when it is commonly supposed the produce of the sea was not yet appropriated.
Notices are found of early banking, and something resembling foreign bills of exchange.
I have met with only one notice of books, which were volumes of Canon Law, evidently of much mercantile value.
The only recorded covenant with a schoolmaster for instructing the novices and young brethren, is unfortunately silent as to the branches of learning they were to be taught. Mr Archibald Lamy, the pedagogue, has ten marks of salary – the customary and almost legal stipend of a parochial vicar – besides his daily portion with the monks.
The "Advocate" of the Abbey, receiving a yearly pension of twenty marks for his counsel and "advocation," was no less a personage than Master James Henrison, the Clerk of Justiciary, or, as we write the office, Lord Justice-Clerk.
The supplication and complaint of Abbot Malcolm to Parliament and Convocation, must have been drawn by a less practised hand. it is a very curious specimen of untechnical legal pleading as well as of idiomatic Scotch language and old customs.30
We owe to David Betoun, on his first coming into the Abbacy, some rules for its economy, which show the yearly consumption of all supplies by the convent. The monks used annually 800 wedders, and 9 score of marts, besides lamb and veal, swine, grice, and chickens; eggs and butter; dried fish (keeling, haddock and spelding), large supplies of fresh sea fish, and 11 barrels of salmon, the produce of their fishings at Dundee, the Ferry (Broughty), and Montrose. The allowance of wheat was 30 chalders, of oatmeal 40 chalders, and of malt 82 chalders. The officers are rebuked for negligence in letting the convent want provision, "sen God, of his grace, has given the place largely to live upon." The Abbot found that the "estimate" of expenditure exceeded the charges of the old cellarer in 1488, which were but £500, though in that year "the Kingis hienes was heir twys; the Archebischop thris, and the lordis of the realme and al otheris hospitality kepit."31
But the real and paramount interest of a monastic Register, is in furnishing directly or collaterally what may be considered the territorial history of the province. There is hardly a barony in Angus and Mearns which does not receive illustration from the records of Arbroath; scarcely a family of note which must not seek its early history among the transactions of the great Abbey. The more ancient volume is said to have disappointed the gentlemen of Angus, who expected to have found ancestors of their own names there chronicled. They had not considered how many of our ancient failies went down in the War of Independence; how few of our present aristocracy trace back beyond the revolution of families and property which took place under Bruce. The great old Earls of Angus, Fife, and Strathern, are little more than mythological personages to the modern genealogist. The De Berkeleys, De Valoins, De Malherbes, Mauleverers, De Montealto, De Monteforts, have not even left their high-sounding names in the country they once ruled. Durward and Cumming, as great as any of them, have fallen into humble life. it is the common case all over Scotland. It is more surprising that some families of the ante-Brusian magnates of Angus still flourish. Lindsay and Ramsay, Ogilvy and Maule, are no ignoble representatives of the old seignory. No such disappointment, however, can reasonably be felt with regard to the later volume. A large proportion of the extant families of the two shires will find their ancestry illustrated in it; and, though Carnegies and Guthries, Burnetts and Irvines, and a few others, need no such help, it may yet come to pass that it will be held a proof of gentry in Angus and Mearns to be able to point to an ancestor in the Chartulary of Arbroath.
1 Fordun, VIII. 25
2 The passage is very curious – vir tantus et tam laudabilis in multis, totam gloriam suam ab ineunte ætate usque insenium (proh dolor!) unica macula decoloravit. Per totam enim terræ suætotius amplitudinem, in cathedralibus ecclesiis cunctis, nullas omnino nisi ad nutum ipsius, more tyrannico fieri permisit electiones; enormes quidem Normannicæ tyrannidis per Angliam abusiones, nimis, in hoc expresse sequens. – Girald. Cambr. in Anglia Christiana.
3 Hailes' Annals, A.D. 1178. The assertion of William's acquaintance with Thomas à Becket does not rest only on the authority of Camerarius (De fortitud. Scot. p. 126, where he fairly makes a saint of William), nor on his authority, Hector Boetius (lib. xii.), who narrates that – cum illo magnam puer consuetudinem habuerat. This fact is affirmed by the Chronicler of Lanercost – Ob familiarem amorem inter ipsum et Sanctum Thomam, dum adhuc in curia regis Henrici esset, contractum, divulgato in mundo et approbato in œlo celebri ejus martyrio, abbatiam de Aberbroutok in honore ipsius fundavit et redditibus ampliavit (p. 11).
4 William frequently invoked the help of Saint Thomas as he was led to the place of his captivity at Richmond. – Fordun, VIII. c. xxii.
5 The story of King Henry's penance at the tomb of Becket, coinciding exactly with the capture of his enemy William at Alnwick (which Lord Hailes criticises too minutely), serves at least to show the popular feeling, and perhaps Henry's willingness to take advantage of it. The miraculous coincidence was certainly believed universally in that age. – Chron. Mailr.; Fordun; Gervase; Mat. Paris, &c.
6 This parish was named Earl Stradichty, in distinction from the adjoining parish of Stradichty St. Martin, named after its patron saint.
7 The land was perambulated "according to the assize of the realm" (old King David's laws), in presence of the Bishop of Aberdeen and the Earl of Strathearn, by Angus MacDuncan, and Malbryd Mallod, and Dufscolok of Fetheressau, and Murac, and Malmur MacGillemichel, and Gillecrist MacFadwerth, and Cormac of Nug, and other good men of our lord the king, of Angus and of Moerns. This jury of Celtic gentlemen of the low country of Angus and Mearns, contrasts notably with the lists of burgesses of Dundee and Aberdeen, of Norman or Saxon names and Teutonic lineage, occurring about the same time. The fixing of the boundaries at so early a period (the very beginning of the thirteenth century) is of interest to the local antiquary; and the minute provisions of peatary and pasture – the grazing of 100 beasts with their followers, and as many swine and as many brood mares as the monks chose, with a right of "shealing" from Pasch to the feast of All-Hallows, either in Tubertach, or in Crospath, or in Glenfarkar, afford glimpses of the ancient occupation of the district which are not to be found elsewhere.
8 Hailes' Annals, 1093.
9 See, regarding the banner and its custody, Collections for a History of the Shires of Aberdeen and Banff, pp. 510-518, and Miscellany of the Spalding Club, vol. iii. Preface.
10 Cart. Orig. IV. V.
11 The charter has several minute particulars of curiosity for the local antiquary. The land in question lay to the west of the bridge of Luffenot, and extended to a certain bridge called Stanbrig, which appears certainly to have been a bridge of stone over the North water, a very early example of a bridge over such a stream. The land was granted to the church of Maringtun, apparently Marykirk; and as a symbol of investiture, the Falconer offered a turf of the land upon the altar of the Church.
12 Orig. Cart. XII.
13 Pitcairn's Criminal Trials, 1570, p. 16.
14 Et quia dictum Jacobum Guthrie equitare nobiscum onerare intendimus, eundem ab omnibus husbandorum oneribus relaxamus, excepto quod ducet tegulas a lapicidio ad monasterium quemadmodum alii husbandi.
15 The indenture sets forth the innumerable losses and vexations long and still suffered, for want of a port where traders, with their ships and merchandise, might land. On the one part it is agreed, that the Abbot and convent shall, with all possible haste, at their expense, make and maintain, in the best situation according to the judgment of men of skill, a safe harbour (portum salutarem) for the burgh, to which and in which ships may come and lie, and have quiet and safe mooring, notwithstanding the ebb and flow of tides. The burgesses, on the other hand, are to clear the space fixed on from sand and stones and all other impediments; to fill with stones and place the coffers (archas) required for the harbour, under the direction of the masters of the work; to find certain tools necessary for that purpose, namely, spades, iron pinches, and tribulos (?), at their own expense; the other instruments to be found by the Abbey. And because, in the foundation of the harbour, much labour and expense are required, more than the burgesses could bear, the burgesses shall pay to the Abbot yearly, three pennies of sterlings from each rood of land within the burgh, in addition to the three pennies now paid, – the additional rent beginning the first year that one ship can safely take the harbour, and there have safe berth, notwithstanding the ebb and flow of the sea. If it should happen, as God forbid, that the harbour in process of time fail, by negligence of the Abbot and convent, or any accident, the payment of the three pennies shall cease till the harbour be repaired.
16 In that one spring were dedicated the three great houses of Arbroath, Newbattle, and Cupar.
17 Scotichronicon, X. XXX.
18 Boece, 1st edition, fol. 302.
19 Fordun, XIV, xliv. Extracta e Cronicis, 149.
20 The indenture is interesting as showing the condition of the workmen of the time. The contractor, William of Tweeddale, plumber, burgess of "Andirstoun" (St. Andrews), is to thatch the great choir and gutter it all about with lead, and after it is aluryt (parapeted) about with stone, he is to dight it about with lead sufficiently, as his craft asks. For this work he is to have twenty-five marks and a gown with a hood. The Abbot is to find all the graith, apparently including the lead, and the plumber to have threepence and one stone of each hundred for his travel in fining. Each working day he is to have a penny to his noynsankis (luncheon). The contractor anjd the Abbey are each to provide a labouring man at their own expense till the work is ended.
21 The writer is not impartial where a Lindsay is concerned. – Pitscottie, p. 53.
22 Auchinleck Chronicle.
23 Lelandi Collectanea, I. 269.
24 Hamilton Papers. Maitland Miscell. IV. 96.
25 Ante majus altare. – Fordun.
26 20th March 1816. – Montrose Courier of 29th.
27 The monument is of fine workmanship, and quite unlike any other in Scotland. At the feet is a lion, or some such heraldic beast. The robe is simply and gracefully draped, and the waist girt with a narrow belt, to which is attached a pouch or purse. Small figures, at least four in number, and having the spurs and apparently the arms of knights, are engaged in arranging the robe of the principal figure. These diminutive attendants, which form the chief peculiarity of the monument, recall in some degree the attendant saints on the tomb of King John un Worcester cathedral.
28 Cum contigerit per Dei gratiam alleca venire… dictus d. W. 10,000 ellecum partem in sale, partem in barellis dabit, in statu bono.
29 The covenant is curious in other respects. The Abbot was bound not to receive Luvel's, and Luvel not to receive the Abbot's fishermen – an attempt to extend to the fishermen a part of the law which bound colliers and salters to the soil.
30 See Appendix V. The guerela, though without date, is fixed by the Abbot's name, between 1456 and 1470.
31 It will be observed the Cellarer's department and "charges" embrace only the meat, fish, poultry, spices, &c., leaving to the Granitar flour, meal, and malt.
* The Culdees or Keledei are mentioned in the chapter on 'The Early Church' in MacGeorge's 'Old Glasgow' (1880) and the second article of the 'Scots Lore' 'Journal' for Feb, 1895.
** The Declaration of Arbroath, of which a full translation can be found attached to Robert I.'s Chapter from Balfour's 'Historical Works'.
*** For more on the Coffin of William the Lion see the 'Scots Lore' article 'Work of Societies' for April 1895.
Published by FlikeNoir
My name's Jenny, I'm in my mid-thirties, from Glasgow and I'm your friendly local (as everything online has become) Scottish historian.	View all posts by FlikeNoir
Published 08/12/2018 09/05/2019
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text:
Home Arkansas Basketball Maurice Robinson and Lazerick Griffin
Maurice Robinson and Lazerick Griffin
Evin Demirel
In 1992, one of the strongest classes of basketball players in state history graduated. Here's a look at what happened to some of the top players from that class.
Maurice Robinson: The summer before his senior year, Robinson burst into national prominence by starring at the NIKE/ABCD camp. According to the Democrat-Gazette, the 6-7, 238-pound lived up to the billing as a senior, averaging 14.7 points, eight rebounds and shooting 69% on field goals (a drop from his junior year).
He then turned his might toward Florida State, where he played two seasons. It's interesting to note the differences between the Dem-Gaz and the 1992-93 Seminole press guide when it comes to Robinson's stats:
Maurice Robinson, 6-6, 235, F, Little Rock, AR (Parkview) – Extremely strong inside player who can muscle in the paint with the big boys…aggressive with the ball on the baseline…uses strength to get shot off against taller defenders…coaches would like to see him develop his 10-12 foot jumper…excellent rebounder with ability to get the outlet pass to a guard quickly…style of play reminds many of Southern Mississippi's Clarence Weatherspoon…comfortable in either a fast break or half-court offense…disciplined player who should adjust quickly to Florida State's system…good defender who can move people around in the lane…powerful move to the bucket…averaged 18.5 points and 11.2 rebounds last year at Park View Magnet High in Little Rock…earned first team All-Arkansas honors after shooting 69 percent from the floor as a senior…also earned Little Rock All-City honors…Parkview High saw all five starters sign basketball scholarships to Division 1 schools: Dion Cross (Stanford), Kenneth Taylor (Murray State), Jamal Lindsey (Samford) and Derek Fisher (Samford)…Gibbon's All-Star Sports ranked Robinson as the 33rd best high school recruit and reported that the signing of five players from one school was unprecedented for a non-boarding school…according to school officials, Robinson is the most heavily recruited basketball player in the history of Parkview…as a junior, Robinson connected on a school record 71 percent of his field goals…born November 25, 1973 in Pine Bluff, Arkansas…father (Maurice) played football at the University of Arkansas-Pine Bluff…roommate is Derrick Carroll.
Robinson started his career quickly, playing starter's minutes, but by the end of the ACC season was only getting spare minutes. After his sophomore year, he transferred to Oklahoma State. In 1995-96, he averaged 9.1 points and 3.2 rebounds a game for Eddie Sutton's team. And that spectacular touch from on field goals? Still there, to the tune of 58%.
Robinson next surfaces on my googledar as part of a London-based traveling team, helping sharpen the 2000-01 Razorbacks. His London Leopards weren't too shabby either; they beat Virginia and Bucknell that preseason.
In June, 2004, he was in Little Rock trying out for the Arkansas Rimrockers, an American Basketball Association expansion franchise.
Lazerick Griffin: The hub around which Eudora's spectacular 1991-92 season rotated, the 6-5, 205-pound forward averaged 23 points and 12 rebounds per game for the Class AA state champion Badgers. The south Arkansas school suffered only one in-state loss – to Parkview in the Overall final (yes, different class champions played each other back then – a blessedly just way of sorting out who's really top dog).
Griffin started the next season for the defending Sun Belt champs Louisiana Tech Bulldogs. He averaged 5.8 points.
Ol Grif's online paper trail gets increasingly spotty from here. It appears he might have
transferred to Indiana State, where he played 31 minutes against Creighton in 1996.
Nowadays? Based on the high school photo I've seen of Big Grif, and the fact this Facebook profile for Lazerick Griffin has friended Eudora the town, there's a fairly strong chance he's calling Dallas home.
Little Rock Parkview
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Remember all those headlines about Merkel making a refugee girl cry?
Last July, the world's media directed its wrath towards Angela Merkel after an 11-year-old refugee girl burst into tears at a government-sponsored event in the northern city of Rostock.
The girl, whose family had fled from Lebanon, was outlining her situation to the chancellor. Smiling nervously and in perfect command of the German language, she explained what it was like to live in constant fear of deportation. Tentatively, she told Merkel she too had dreams.
Merkel listened, nodded and promptly committed PR suicide: she told the truth.
Moments later, the girl had begun to cry.
It was glorious headline fodder.
"Merkel makes refugee girl cry,"wrote the mass-circulation Bild. "Angela Merkel is ice cold," other news outlets announced."Merkel reduced girl to tears," said Britain's Daily Mail.
Merkel's attempt to comfort the weeping refugee girl by patting her even gave way to the ironic and scathing hashtag, #Merkelstreichelt (Merkel strokes).
Eight months after the encounter with 11-year-old Reem, Angela Merkel's stance towards refugees is now widely considered the gold standard in moral leadership, setting her apart from all other world leaders. Those who support her open-door policy consider her a beacon of hope in an otherwise depraved world. Those who oppose it at least acknowledge the political sacrifice she is making in order to stick to her convictions.
The image of the ice-cold chancellor has been all but erased.
It's worth pointing out that last July's exchange took place against a backdrop of headlines about Germany's tough-line approach to negotiations for a third Greek bailout.
Now even in this regard the narrative has flipped, as Merkel leads calls for more solidarity with countries like Greece that find themselves on the frontline of the refugee crisis.
Merkel's encounter with Reem, the girl from Lebanon, was notable in two respects.
First, it was a departure from her usual careful media strategy, which is to say as little quotable as possible. The German chancellor is known to make hard work for journalists who have to sift through long sentences of little concrete substance in search of a suitable sound bite.
More than anything though, the intervening months have proven that when Angela Merkel "made a girl cry" last year, the media hung her for being artless, not heartless.


Any thoughts to share on how to scale up connecting volunteers to projects and communities or how to handle promotions in the future?
This could serve as model for other working groups: what is the role and mandate, what are the goals, how do they operate, etc.
How to make it a story about all of Mozilla's badging efforts?
Invitations were sent out yesterday to those chosen to attend. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to email summitassembly2013@mozilla.org.


text:
Back to Our People
Professor Andrew Brewerton
Andrew Brewerton is Principal & Chief Executive of Plymouth College of Art and, since 2000, Honorary Professor of Fine Art at Shanghai University. He is founding Chair of Governors and Director of Trustees of the Plymouth School of Creative Arts at The Red House, and Plymouth College of Art is a founding associate of Tate Exchange. Andrew currently serves as Vice Chair of GuildHE, one of two formal representative bodies for UK Higher Education, and of UKADIA, and is a member of the UK Advisory Council of the Creative Industries Federation, the Cultural Learning Alliance Steering Group, and the Crafts Council's Advisory Group.
A former Principal of Dartington College of Arts and Dean of Art & Design at the University of Wolverhampton, Andrew is an English graduate of Cambridge University and from 1984 worked for a decade in glass crystal manufacturing, latterly as head of design and development at Dartington Crystal. He has held a number of academic and public appointments: at the Università dell'Aquila, Italy; with Professorships at the Universities of Wolverhampton and Plymouth; as a Council member of Arts Council England; and as Vice-Chair of the Prime Minister's Advisory Group on Higher Education (PMI2).
His international work has involved the catalytic development of academic glass programs at Shanghai University and Tshwane University of Technology (Pretoria), as well as public art projects in China and the UK. A book-length Chinese monograph on his contribution to Art & Design education in China was published in Shanghai in April 2011.
He has given guest lectures and seminars internationally – recently at Art in Action, Révélations at Grand Palais, Paris; Loheland Stiftung, Germany; Ateliers d'Art de France, Assises 2016; Cheongju International Craft Biennale, South Korea; and Beijing Design Week. Andrew is the author of more than sixty journal and catalogue essays and books on glass and contemporary art, including extended essays on artists including Antoine Leperlier, Colin Reid and Keith Cummings, the Chinese performance artist He Yunchang and the painter Xue Guangchen. Glass Tantra, his book on Buddhism and the glass art of Yang Hui-shan, was published in Taipei (2012) and Shanghai (2013).
Andrew's poetry publications include Via (2010); Raag Leaves for Paresh Chakraborty (2008); Cade l'uliva (2003) and Sirius (1995), and his work is cited in 'Poetry after 1970' in The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century English Literature (Cambridge University Press, 2004). An Italian edition of his poetry is due from Edizioni Kolibris (Ferrara) in 2019.
View all profiles
Associate Professor Paul Fieldsend-Danks
Academic Dean
Stephanie Owens
Head of School, Arts + Media
Head of the School of Arts & Media at Plymouth College of Art, Stephanie Owens is an interdisciplinary artist, creative researcher, and curator interested in the influence of digital networks on contemporary aesthetics and the production of subjectivity.
Lucy Leake
Principal Lecturer and Assistant Head of School (Arts & Media)
Tom Archer
Staff Governor
Tom Archer is the Head of Management Information & Data Services and Business Support Staff Governor at Plymouth College of Art. He Joined the College in September 2000 and took up his current post in 2015. An active member of the College community, Tom sits on numerous committees, including Academic Standards & Quality, Learning, Teaching & Enhancement and Equality & Diversity. He has a professional interest in data analysis and using data to implement change. Tom is committed to supporting student success and also coaches football at youth level in his local community.
Sue Brownlow
Deputy Chair of Board of Governors.
Dr Sue Brownlow - Deputy Chair of Board of Governors. Chair of Remuneration Committee and Chair of Employment Committee. Member of Audit Committee and Nominations & Governance Committee.
Mark Greaves
Chair of Finance and Estates Committee, Member of Remuneration Committee and Employment Committees
Mark Greaves - Chair of Finance and Estates Committee, Member of Remuneration Committee and Employment Committees
Andrew Honey
Independent Committee Member of Audit Committee
Andy started life as a Marine Engineer Officer in the Merchant Navy, before enjoying an extensive career in commerce, industry and the public sector. He has worked with some of the largest global corporations, including ExxonMobil, Conoco, Tesco, M&S, Diageo and MyTravel, as well as founding and leading several small businesses in the area of SMART, sustainable and low carbon solutions.
Member of Finance and Estates Committee
Tim Jones is a Board Member of the Heart of the South West Local Enterprise Partnership (having served as Chairman from its inception) and Chairman of Devon & Cornwall Business Council. He is also involved in a number of other organisations including the executive of the Business Forum South West, Board Member of Water Share Panel, Board Member of Plymouth Chamber, Vice Chairman of Plymouth Area Business Council and Board Member of North Devon +. Board Member of the Local Transport Board and Tim is the national lead for the LEP Network on the Great Food Plan (a Defra initiative).