text:
(Redirected from Democratic Confederalism)
This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 19 January 2020.
Founding member of the PKK
Öcalan in 1997
Ömerli, Turkey
Kurdish/Turkish[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Ankara University, Faculty of Political Science[7]
Founder and leader of militant organization PKK,[8] political activist, writer, political theorist
Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), Koma Civakên Kurdistan (KCK)
Kesire Yıldırım (24 May 1978 – ?)
Dilek Öcalan (niece)
Osman Öcalan (brother)
Abdullah Öcalan (/ˈoʊdʒəlɑːn/ OH-jə-lahn;[9] Turkish: [œdʒaɫan]; born c. 1947), also known as Apo[9][10] (short for both Abdullah and "uncle" in Kurdish),[11][12] is a Kurdish leader, leftist political theoretician, political prisoner and one of the founding members of the militant Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).[13][14]
Öcalan was arrested in 1999 by the Turkish National Intelligence Agency (MIT) with the support of the CIA in Nairobi and taken to Turkey, where he was sentenced to death under Article 125 of the Turkish Penal Code, which concerns the formation of armed organisations.[15][16][17][18]
The sentence was commuted to aggravated life imprisonment when Turkey abolished the death penalty in support of its bid to be admitted to membership in the European Union. From 1999 until 2009, he was the sole prisoner[19] on İmralı island, in the Sea of Marmara.[20][21] Öcalan now argues that the period of armed warfare is past and a political solution to the Kurdish question should be developed.[22] The conflict between Turkey and the PKK has resulted in over 40,000 deaths, including PKK members, the Turkish military, and civilians, both Kurdish and Turkish.[23]
From prison, Öcalan has published several books, the most recent in 2015. Jineology, also known as the science of women, is a form of feminism advocated by Öcalan[24] and subsequently a fundamental tenet of the Apoist movement.[25]
2 Education and early political and revolutionary activity
3 Kurdish–Turkish conflict
4 Capture and trial
4.1 Detention conditions
4.2 Legal prosecution of sympathizers of Abdullah Öcalan
5 Proposal for political solution
5.1 Democratic confederalism
6 Honorary citizenships
Öcalan was born in Ömerli,[26] a village in Halfeti, Şanlıurfa Province in eastern Turkey.[27] While some sources report his birthday as being 4 April 1948, no official birth records for him exist, and he himself claims not to know exactly when he was born, estimating the year to be 1946 or 1947.[28] He is the oldest of seven children.[29] According to some sources, Öcalan's grandmother was an ethnic Turk and (he once claimed that) his mother was also an ethnic Turk.[30][31] According to Amikam Nachmani, lecturer at the Bar-Ilan University in Israel, Öcalan did not know Kurdish when he met him in 1991. Nachmani: "He [Öcalan] told me that he speaks Turkish, gives orders in Turkish, and thinks in Turkish."[32]
Öcalan's brother Osman became a PKK commander, serving until defecting with several others to establish the Patriotic and Democratic Party of Kurdistan.[33] His other brother, Mehmet Öcalan, is a member of the pro-Kurdish Peace and Democracy Party (BDP).[34] Dilek Öcalan, a former parliamentarian of the HDP is his niece.[35] Ömer Öcalan, current member of parliament for the HDP is his nephew.[36][37]
Education and early political and revolutionary activity[edit]
After graduating from a vocational high school in Ankara (Turkish: Ankara Tapu-Kadastro Meslek Lisesi), Öcalan started working at the Diyarbakir Title Deeds Office. He was relocated one month later to Bakırköy, Istanbul. Later, he entered the Istanbul Law Faculty but transferred after the first year to Ankara University to study political science.[38] His return to Ankara (normally impossible given his situation[notes 1]) was facilitated by the state in order to divide a militant group, Dev-Genç (Revolutionary Youth Federation of Turkey), of which Öcalan at the time was a member. President Süleyman Demirel later regretted this decision, since the PKK was to become a much greater threat to the state than Dev-Genç.[39] In 1972 he was detained due to a participation in a protest held against the killing of Mahir Çayan. For 7 months he was held at Mamak Prison.[40] In November 1973 the Ankara Democratic Association of Higher Education, (Ankara Demokratik Yüksek Öğrenim Demeği, ADYÖD) was founded and shortly after he was elected to join its board.[41] In December 1974 ADYÖD was closed down.[42]
In 1978, in the midst of the right- and left-wing conflicts which culminated in the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, Öcalan founded the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), which launched a war against the Turkish government in order to set up an independent Kurdish state.[26][43] In July 1979 he fled to Syria, where he remained until October 1998, when the Syrian government expelled him.[44]
Kurdish–Turkish conflict[edit]
Öcalan supporters in London, April 2003
Main article: Kurdish–Turkish conflict
In 1984, the PKK initiated a campaign of armed conflict by attacking government forces[45][46][47][48] in Turkey as well as civilians[49][50][51] in order to create an independent Kurdish state. As a result, the United States, European Union, NATO, Syria, Australia, Turkey, and many other countries have included the PKK on their lists of terrorist organizations.[52][53][54]
Capture and trial[edit]
PKK leader Öcalan allegedly used this Cypriot passport to enter Kenya where he was taken in and protected by the Greek embassy.
Öcalan on trial in 1999
Until 1998, Öcalan was based in Syria. On at least one occasion, in 1993, he was detained and held by Syria's General Intelligence Directorate but later released.[55] As the situation deteriorated in Turkey, the Turkish government openly threatened Syria over its support for the PKK.[56] As a result, the Syrian government forced Öcalan to leave the country but did not turn him over to the Turkish authorities. Öcalan went to Russia first and from there moved to various countries, including Italy and Greece. In 1998 the Turkish government requested the extradition of Öcalan from Italy.[57][dead link] He was at that time defended by Britta Böhler, a high-profile German attorney who argued that he fought a legitimate struggle against the oppression of ethnic Kurds.
He was captured in Kenya on 15 February 1999, while being transferred from the Greek embassy to Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in Nairobi, in an operation by the Millî İstihbarat Teşkilâtı (Turkish National Intelligence Organization) reportedly with the help of the CIA.[58] George Costoulas, the Greek consul who protected him, said that his own life was in danger after the operation.[59]
Speaking to Can Dündar on NTV Turkey, the Deputy Undersecretary of the Turkish National Intelligence Organization, Cevat Öneş, said that Öcalan impeded American aspirations of establishing a separate Kurdish state. The Americans transferred him to the Turkish authorities, who flew him back to Turkey for trial.[60] His capture led thousands of Kurds to protest at Greek and Israeli embassies around the world. Kurds living in Germany were threatened with deportation if they continued to hold demonstrations in support of Öcalan. The warning came after three Kurds were killed and 16 injured during the 1999 attack on the Israeli consulate in Berlin.[61][62]
After his capture, Öcalan was held in solitary confinement as the only prisoner on İmralı island in the Sea of Marmara. Although former prisoners at İmralı were transferred to other prisons, more than 1,000 Turkish military personnel were stationed on the island to guard him. A state security court consisting of three military judges was convened on the island to try him. Öcalan was charged with treason and separatism and sentenced to death on 29 June 1999.[63] He was also banned from holding public office for life.[64] In January 2000 the Turkish government declared the death sentence was delayed until European Court of Human Rights EU reviewed the verdict.[65] Upon the abolition of the death penalty in Turkey in August 2002,[66] in October of that year, the security court commuted his sentence to life imprisonment.[67] The Kurdish Human Rights Project (KHRP) may have aided this case's decision.[68]
Following the commutation, Öcalan remained imprisoned on İmralı, and was the sole inmate there. In November 2009, Turkish authorities announced that Öcalan would be relocated to a new prison on the island and that they were ending his solitary confinement by transferring several other PKK prisoners to İmralı. They said that Öcalan would be allowed to see them for ten hours a week. The new prison was built after the Council of Europe's Committee for the Prevention of Torture visited the island and objected to the conditions in which he was being held.[69][70]
In 2005, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Turkey had violated articles 3, 5, and 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights by refusing to allow Öcalan to appeal his arrest and by sentencing him to death without a fair trial.[71] Öcalan's request for a retrial was refused by Turkish courts.[72]
Detention conditions[edit]
From 27 July 2011 until the 2 May 2019 his lawyers have not been allowed to see Abdullah Öcalan.[73] From July 2011 until December 2017 his lawyers filed more than 700 appeals for visits, but all were rejected.[74] There are regular demonstrations held by the Kurdish community to raise awareness of the isolation of Öcalan.[75] In October 2012 several hundred Kurdish political prisoners went on hunger strike for better detention conditions for Öcalan and the right to use the Kurdish language in education and jurisprudence. The hunger strike lasted 68 days until Öcalan demanded its end.[76] Öcalan was banned from receiving visits almost two years from 6 October 2014 until 11 September 2016, when his brother Mehmet Öcalan visited him for Eid al-Adha.[77] On 6 September 2018 visits from lawyers were banned for six months due to former punishments he received in the years 2005-2009, the fact that the lawyers made their conversations with Ocalan public, and the impression that Öcalan was leading the PKK through communications with his lawyers.[73] He was again banned from receiving visits until 12 January 2019 when his brother was permitted to visit him a second time. His brother said his health was good.[78] The ban on the visitation of his lawyers was lifted in April 2019, and Öcalan saw his lawyers on 2 May 2019.[73]
Legal prosecution of sympathizers of Abdullah Öcalan[edit]
In 2008, the Justice Minister of Turkey, Mehmet Ali Sahin, said that between 2006 and 2007, 949 people were convicted and more than 7,000 people prosecuted for calling Öcalan "esteemed" (Sayın).[79]
Proposal for political solution[edit]
the Kurdish–Turkish conflict
Kurdish–Turkish
Unilateral cease-fire
Solution process
Primary concerns
Depopulated Kurdish villages
Dams construction
Kurdish civil rights
Legality of Kurdish parties
Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan
International brokers
Kurdish autonomous region
In 1993, upon request of Turkish president Turgut Özal, Öcalan Jalal Talabani for negotiations following which Öcalan declared a unilateral cease fire which had a duration from 20 March to the 15 April.[80][81] Later he prolonged it in order to enable negotiations. Soon after Özal died on 17 April 1993,[82] the initiative was halted by Turkey on the grounds that Turkey did not negotiate with terrorists.[80] After his capture, Öcalan called for a halt in PKK attacks, and he has advocated a peaceful solution to the Kurdish conflict inside the borders of Turkey.[83][84][85][86][87] Öcalan called for the foundation of a "Truth and Justice Commission" by Kurdish institutions in order to investigate war crimes committed by both the PKK and Turkish security forces. A similar structure began functioning in May 2006.[88] In March 2005, Öcalan issued the Declaration of Democratic confederalism in Kurdistan[89] calling for a border-free confederation between the Kurdish regions of Southeastern Turkey (called "Northern Kurdistan" by Kurds[90]), Northeast Syria ("Western Kurdistan"), Northern Iraq ("South Kurdistan"), and Northwestern Iran ("East Kurdistan"). In this zone, three bodies of law would be implemented: EU law, Turkish/Syrian/Iraqi/Iranian law and Kurdish law. This proposal was adopted by the PKK programme following the "Refoundation Congress" in April 2005.[91]
Öcalan had his lawyer, Ibrahim Bilmez,[92] release a statement on 28 September 2006 calling on the PKK to declare a ceasefire and seek peace with Turkey. Öcalan's statement said, "The PKK should not use weapons unless it is attacked with the aim of annihilation," and "it is very important to build a democratic union between Turks and Kurds. With this process, the way to democratic dialogue will be also opened".[93]
On 31 May 2010, however, Öcalan said he was abandoning the ongoing dialogue with Turkey, as "this process is no longer meaningful or useful". Öcalan stated that Turkey had ignored his three protocols for negotiation: (a) his terms of health and security, (b) his release, and (c) a peaceful resolution to the Kurdish issue in Turkey. Though the Turkish government had received Öcalan's protocols, they were never released to the public. Öcalan said he would leave the top PKK commanders in charge of the conflict, but that this should not be misinterpreted as a call for the PKK to intensify its armed conflict with Turkey.[94][95]
In 2013, Öcalan initiated new peace negotiations. On 21 March of that year, Öcalan declared a ceasefire between the PKK and the Turkish state. Öcalan's statement was read to hundreds of thousands of Kurds in Diyarbakir who had gathered to celebrate the Kurdish New Year. The statement said in part, "Let guns be silenced and politics dominate... a new door is being opened from the process of armed conflict to democratization and democratic politics. It's not the end. It's the start of a new era."[96] Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan welcomed the statement, and hope for a peaceful settlement was raised on both sides.
Soon after Öcalan's declaration, the functional head of the PKK, Murat Karayılan responded by promising to implement a ceasefire, stating, "Everyone should know the PKK is as ready for peace as it is for war".
Democratic confederalism[edit]
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Since his incarceration, Öcalan has significantly changed his ideology through exposure to Western social theorists such as Murray Bookchin (who Öcalan calls "a prophet"), Immanuel Wallerstein, Fernand Braudel, and Friedrich Nietzsche.[97][98] Drawing heavily on Bookchin's libertarian socialist idea of communalism,[99] Öcalan fashioned his ideal society called "democratic confederalism".
Democratic confederalism is a "system of popularly elected administrative councils, allowing local communities to exercise autonomous control over their assets, while linking to other communities via a network of confederal councils."[100] Decisions are made by communes in each neighborhood, village, or city. All are welcome to partake in the communal councils, but political participation is not mandated. There is no private property, but rather "ownership by use, which grants individuals usage rights to the buildings, land, and infrastructure, but not the right to sell and buy on the market or convert them to private enterprises."[100] The economy is in the hands of the communal councils, and is thus (in the words of Bookchin) 'neither collectivised nor privatised - it is common.'[100] Feminism, ecology, and direct democracy are essential in democratic confederalism.[101]
With his 2005 "Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan", Öcalan advocated for a Kurdish implementation of Bookchin's The Ecology of Freedom via municipal assemblies as a democratic confederation of Kurdish communities beyond the state borders of Syria, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. Öcalan promoted a platform of shared values: environmentalism, self-defense, gender equality, and a pluralistic tolerance for religion, politics, and culture. While some of his followers questioned Öcalan's conversion from Marxism-Leninism, the PKK adopted Öcalan's proposal and began to form assemblies.[102]
In early 2004, Öcalan attempted to arrange a meeting with Murray Bookchin through Öcalan's lawyers, describing himself as Bookchin's "student" eager to adapt Bookchin's thought to Middle Eastern society. Bookchin was too ill to meet with Öcalan. In May 2004 Bookchin conveyed this message "My hope is that the Kurdish people will one day be able to establish a free, rational society that will allow their brilliance once again to flourish. They are fortunate indeed to have a leader of Mr. Öcalan's talents to guide them". When Bookchin died in 2006, the PKK hailed the American thinker as "one of the greatest social scientists of the 20th century" and vowed to put his theories into practice.[99]
Followers of Öcalan and members of the PKK are known by his diminutive name as Apocu (Apo-ites), and his movement is known as Apoculuk (Apoism).[103]
Honorary citizenships[edit]
Several localities have awarded him with an honorary citizenship:
Palermo[104]
Olympia.[105]
Naples[104]
Castel del Giudice[106]
Castelbottaccio[106]
Pinerolo[104]
Martano[107]
Reggio Emilia[104]
Palagonia[107]
Riace[107]
Berceto[108]
Publications[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abdullah Öcalan.
Öcalan is the author of more than 40 books, four of which were written in prison. Many of the notes taken from his weekly meetings with his lawyers have been edited and published.
Interviews and Speeches. London: Kurdistan Solidarity Committee; Kurdistan Information Centre, 1991. 46 p.
"Translation of his 1999 defense in court". Archived from the original on 20 October 2007. Retrieved 24 April 2007.
Prison Writings: The Roots of Civilisation. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto, 2007. ISBN 9780745326160.
Prison Writings Volume II: The PKK and the Kurdish Question in the 21st Century. London: Transmedia, 2011. ISBN 9780956751409.
Democratic Confederalism. London: Transmedia, 2011. ISBN 978-3941012479.[109]
Prison Writings III: The Road Map to Negotiations. Cologne: International Initiative, 2012. ISBN 9783941012431.
Liberating life: Women's Revolution. Cologne, Germany: International Initiative Edition, 2013. ISBN 978-3-941012-82-0.[notes 2]
Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization, Volume 1. Porsgrunn, Norway: New Compass, 2015. ISBN 9788293064428.
Defending a Civilisation.[when?]
The Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan. London; UK: Pluto Press, 2017. ISBN 9780745399768.
PJAK
^ Normally, students can only transfer between like departments, otherwise the student must retake the university entrance exam. Moreover, Öcalan was awarded a scholarship by the Ministry of Finance, despite being ineligible due to his age, and the fact that he had participated in political demonstrations. He had also been tried and acquitted by a martial law court. The public prosecutor had asked for the harshest possible sentence.
^ A PDF of the book is available here at the International Initiative website
^ "Profile: Abdullah Ocalan ( Greyer and tempered by long isolation, PKK leader is braving the scepticism of many Turks, and some of his own fighters)". www.aljazeera.com.
^ R. McHugh, 'Ocalan, Abdullah (1948—)
^ Özcan, Ali Kemal. Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Öcalan. London: Routledge, 2005.
^ Phillips, David L. (2017). The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East. Routledge. ISBN 9781351480369.
^ Hudson, Rex A. (2018). Who Becomes a Terrorist and Why?: The Psychology and Sociology of Terrorism. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 9781510726246.
^ Butler, Daren (21 March 2013). "Kurdish rebel chief Ocalan dons mantle of peacemaker". UK Reuters.
^ Öcalan, Abdullah (2015). Capitalism: The Age of Unmasked Gods and Naked Kings. New Compass. p. 115.
^ Paul J. White, Primitive rebels or revolutionary modernizers?: The Kurdish national movement in Turkey, Zed Books, 2000, "Professor Robert Olson, University of Kentucky"
^ a b Political Violence against Americans 1999. Bureau of Diplomatic Security. December 2000. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-4289-6562-1.
^ "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
^ Mango, Andrew (2005). Turkey and the War on Terror: 'For Forty Years We Fought Alone'. Routledge: London. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-203-68718-5. The most ruthless among them was Abdullah Öcalan, known as Apo (a diminutive for Abdullah; the word also means 'uncle' in Kurdish).
^ Jongerden, Joost (2007). The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatical Policies, Modernity and War. Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. p. 57. ISBN 9789004155572. In 1975 the group settled on a name, the Kurdistan Revolutionaries (Kurdistan Devrimcileri), but others knew them as Apocu, followers of Apo, the nickname of Abdullah Öcalan (apo is also Kurdish for uncle).
^ "Chapter 6—Terrorist Groups". Country Reports on Terrorism. United States Department of State. 27 April 2005. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
^ Powell, Colin (5 October 2001). "2001 Report on Foreign Terrorist Organizations". Foreign Terrorist Organizations. Washington, DC: Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. State Department. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
^ "Fiasco in Nairobi". Retrieved 24 May 2016.
^ "Abdullah Ocalan: Is the Famed Kurdish Leader a Double Agent Working for Turkish Intelligence against His Own Party, the PKK?". International Business Times. 22 February 2013. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
^ "Abdullah Öcalan'ı kim yakaladı?". 10 July 2008. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
^ Miron Varouhakis. "Greek Intelligence and the Capture of PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan in 1999" (PDF). cia.gov.
^ "Prison island trial for Ocalan". BBC News. 24 March 1999.
^ Marlies Casier, Joost Jongerden, Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue, Taylor & Francis, 2010, p. 146.
^ Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly Documents 1999 Ordinary Session (fourth part, September 1999), Volume VII, Council of Europe, 1999, p. 18
^ Mag. Katharina Kirchmayer, The Case of the Isolation Regime of Abdullah Öcalan: A Violation of European Human Rights Law and Standards?, GRIN Verlag, 2010, p. 37
^ "Bir dönemin acı bilançosu". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 16 September 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
^ Argentieri, Benedetta (3 February 2015). "One group battling Islamic State has a secret weapon – female fighters". Reuters. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
^ Lau, Anna; Baran, Erdelan; Sirinathsingh, Melanie (18 November 2016). "A Kurdish response to climate change". openDemocracy. Retrieved 24 November 2016.
^ a b [dead link]
^ "A Short Biography". Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan / Kurdistan Workers Party. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
^ Kutschera, Chris (1999). "Abdullah Ocalan's Last Interview". Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
^ Aliza Marcus, Blood and Belief, New York University Press, 2007. (p.16)
^ Blood and Belief: The Pkk and the Kurdish Fight for Independence, by Aliza Marcus, p.15, 2007
^ Perceptions: journal of international affairs – Volume 4, no.1, SAM (Center), 1999, p.142
^ Turkey: Facing a New Millennium: Coping With Intertwined Conflicts, Amikam Nachmani, p.210, 2003
^ Kutschera, Chris (July 2005). "PKK dissidents accuse Abdullah Ocalan". The Middle East Magazine. Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
^ "BDP wants autonomy for Kurds in new Constitution", Hürriyet Daily News, 4 September 2011
^ "HDP MP Dilek Öcalan Sentenced to 2 Years, 6 Months in Prison". Bianet. 1 March 2018.
^ "HDP Urfa candidate, Öcalan: We are a house for all peoples". ANF News. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
^ "Different identities enter Parliament with the HDP". ANF News. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
^ Koru, Fehmi (8 June 1999). "Too many questions, but not enough answers". Turkish Daily News. Hürriyet. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
^ Nevzat Cicek (31 July 2008). "'Pilot Necati' sivil istihbaratçıymış". Taraf (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 9 August 2008. Retrieved 4 January 2009. Abdullah Öcalan'ın İstanbul'dan Ankara'ya gelmesine keşke izin verilmeseydi. O zamanlar Dev-Genç'i bölmek için böyle bir yol izlendi... Kürt gençlerini Marksistler'in elinden kurtarmak ve Dev-Genç'in bölünmesi hedeflendi. Bunda başarılı olundu olunmasına ama Abdullah Öcalan yağdan kıl çeker gibi kaydı gitti. Keşke Tuzluçayır'da öldürülseydi!
^ "Who is who in Turkish politics" (PDF). Heinrich Böll Stiftung. pp. 11–13. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
^ Jongerden, Joost; Akkaya, Ahmet Hamdi (1 June 2012). "The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey: Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK's memorial text on Haki Karer". European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (14). ISSN 1773-0546.
^ "Kurdish leader Ocalan apologizes during trial". CNN. 31 May 1999. Archived from the original on 9 December 2001. Retrieved 11 January 2008.
^ Andrew Mango (2005). Turkey and the War on Terror: For Forty Years We Fought Alone (Contemporary Security Studies). Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-415-35002-0. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Workers' Party of Kurdistan (PKK), Federation of American Scientists
^ Letter to Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema, Human Rights Watch, 21 November 1998
^ Turkey: No security without human rights Archived 5 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine Amnesty International, October 1996
^ Special Report: Terrorism in Turkey Archived 28 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine Ulkumen Rodophu, Jeffrey Arnold and Gurkan Ersoy, 6 February 2004
^ [1] Archived 16 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Four civilians die in PKK attack in SE Turkey
^ "Pro-PKK protesters attack civilians, Turkey captures senior PKK member". Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ "Batman baby dies after PKK attack, civilian death toll rises to three". Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
^ Foreign Terrorist Organizations U.S. Department of State, 28 September 2012
^ "MFA – A Report on the PKK and Terrorism". Retrieved 23 January 2015.
^ "Turco-Syrian Treaty". Archived from the original on 9 February 2002. Retrieved 9 February 2002. , 20 October 1998
^ "(unknown original Turkish title)" [PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan Arrested in Syria]. Günaydın (in Turkish). translated by Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 16 December 1993. p. 72. FBIS-WEU-93-240.
^ G. Bacik; BB Coskun (2011). "The PKK problem: Explaining Turkey's failure to develop a political solution" (PDF). Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 34 (3). Retrieved 13 July 2016. [permanent dead link]
^ Italian diplomacy tries to free herself from the tangle in which it is located, between Turks and Kurds, " internationalizing " the crisis: Buonomo, Giampiero (2000). "Ocalan: la suggestiva strategia turca per legittimare la pena capitale". Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online. – via Questia (subscription required)
^ Weiner, Tim (20 February 1999). "U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 December 2007.
^ Ünlü, Ferhat (17 July 2007). "Türkiye Öcalan için Kenya'ya para verdi". Sabah (in Turkish). Archived from the original on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
^ "Öcalan bağımsız devlete engeldi". Vatan (in Turkish). 15 October 2008. Archived from the original on 18 October 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008. Öcalan yakalandığında ABD, bağımsız bir devlet kurma isteğindeydi. Öcalan, konumu itibariyle, araç olma işlevi bakımından buna engel bir isimdi. ABD bölgede yeni bir Kürt devleti kurabilmek için Öcalan'ı Türkiye'ye teslim etti.
^ "Kurds seize embassies, wage violent protests across Europe", CNN.com, 17 February 1999
^ Yannis Kontos, "Kurd Akar Sehard Azir, 33, sets himself on fire during a demonstration outside the Greek Parliament in Central Athens, Greece, on Monday, 15 February 1999", Photostory, July 1999
^ "The Argus-Press – Google News Archive Search". Retrieved 24 May 2016.
^ "Text of the Ocalan verdict". BBC News. 29 June 1999. Retrieved 11 January 2008.
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^ Luban, David (11 July 2014). International and Transnational Criminal Law. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business. ISBN 9781454848509.
^ "Future of justice, equality and the rule of law". Kurdish advocacy. London: Kurdish Human Rights Project. 21 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
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^ "There will absolutely be no retrial for Abdullah Öcalan". DailySabah. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
^ a b c "Öcalan-Anwälte: Kontaktverbot faktisch in Kraft". ANF News (in German). Retrieved 17 May 2019.
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^ White, Paul (2015). The PKK. London: Zed Books. p. 88. ISBN 9781783600373.
^ "Inhaftierter PKK-Chef: Erstmals seit zwei Jahren Familienbesuch für Öcalan". Spiegel Online. 12 September 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
^ Kurdistan24. "PKK's Ocalan visited by family in Turkish prison, first time in years". Kurdistan24. Retrieved 14 January 2019.
^ Gunes, Cengiz; Zeydanlioglu, Welat (23 September 2013). The Kurdish Question in Turkey: New Perspectives on Violence, Representation, and Reconciliation. Routledge. ISBN 9781135140632.
^ a b Nahost Jahrbuch 1993: Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Nordafrika und dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten (in German). Springer-Verlag. 9 March 2013. p. 21. ISBN 9783322959683.
^ White, Paul J. (2000). "Appendix 2". Primitive Rebels Or Revolutionary Modernizers?: The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey. London: Zed Books. pp. 223–. ISBN 978-1-85649-822-7. OCLC 1048960654. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
^ "Obituary: Turgut Ozal". The Independent. 19 April 1993. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
^ REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE KURDISH QUESTION IN TURKEY by the international delegation of human rights lawyers, January 1997
^ Interview with Abdullah Ocalan "Our First Priority Is Diplomacy" Archived 8 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Middle East Insight magazine, January 1999
^ Kurdistan Turkey: Abdullah Ocalan, The End of a Myth? The Middle East magazine, February 2000
^ Abdullah Öcalan proposes 7-point peace plan Archived 6 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Kurdistan Informatie Centrum Nederland
^ van Bruinessen, Martin. Turkey, Europe and the Kurds after the capture of Abdullah Öcalan 1999
^ Öldürülen imam ve 10 korucunun itibarı iade edildi Archived 8 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, ANF News Agency, 30 May 2006.
^ "PKK ilk adına döndü". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 9 January 2009. Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
^ PKK Program (1995) Kurdish Library, 24 January 1995
^ PKK Yeniden İnşa Bildirgesi Archived 6 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine PKK web site, 20 April 2005
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^ "Hürriyet - Haberler, Son Dakika Haberleri ve Güncel Haber". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
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^ Tarihli Görüşme Notları Archived 16 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine PWD-Kurdistan, 16 March 2005
^ a b Biehl, Janet (16 February 2012). "Bookchin, Öcalan, and the Dialectics of Democracy". New Compass. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
^ a b c Paul White, "Democratic Confederalism and the PKK's Feminist Transformation," in The PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains (London: Zed Books, 2015), pp. 126–149.
^ Öcalan, Abdullah (2011). Democratic Confederalism. London: Transmedia Publishing Ltd. p. 21. ISBN 978-3-941012-47-9.
^ Enzinna, Wes (November 24, 2015). "A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.
^ Andrew Mango (2005). Turkey and the War on Terror: For Forty Years We Fought Alone. Taylor & Francis. p. 32. ISBN 978-0-415-35002-0.
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^ Ocalan, Abdullah."Democratic Confederalism. Transmedia Publishing Ltd., 2011. p. 21.
Kurd Locked in Solitary Cell Holds Key to Turkish Peace 15 March 2013 Wall Street Journal
Özcan, Ali Kemal (2005). Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-36687-9.
"Greece and the Middle East." Spiros Ch. Kaminaris, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Volume 3, Number 2 (June 1999).
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Panto performers have stepped in to help visually impaired people get all their local news.
The Tiverton Signpost Club presented the Mid Devon Messenger with a cheque for £250 to replace a broken laptop.
The charity provides news from the Tiverton and Culm Valley Gazette to those in the community who cannot see by reading the paper each week onto an audio file which is passed on via USB stick.
Helen Mackintosh, chair of the Mid Devon Messenger said the money has come at the perfect time.
She said: "When we were recording the other night we had a real problem because our laptop completely broke down. One of our members Brian Ware happened to be the technician that evening and said he would speak to his friends here at the Signpost Club to see if they could help.
Helen added that the service provided was vital to those in the community.
Chair of the Signpost Club Ally Harcombe added: "We're a non-profit organisation, but every year we try to donate to charity and we try to donate to something local. This was a local cause that we thought was important for us to support.
On Sunday, December 16, the Tiverton Signpost Kids group hosted its Christmas party complete with games, a buffet and a special visit from Father Christmas who gave presents to its 96 members.
The group is currently rehearsing for its upcoming show Cinderella which will be performed from January 23 to February 2, 2019, at the New Hall. Tickets are available from Twyford Copy and Print.
For more information on the Mid Devon Messenger visit their website http://middevonmessenger.org.uk/.


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Home » Autism » Biological Explanation for Gender Disparity in Autism
Biological Explanation for Gender Disparity in Autism
Although professionals know that males have a higher incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders — such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) — than females, the underlying reasons have been unclear. A new study provides an explanation for this observation.
Termed the "female protective model," researchers present compelling evidence that females require more extreme genetic mutations than do males to push them over the diagnostic threshold for neurodevelopmental disorders.
"The study, published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, is the first study that convincingly demonstrates a difference at the molecular level between boys and girls referred to the clinic for a developmental disability," said study author Sébastien Jacquemont.
"The study suggests that there is a different level of robustness in brain development, and females seem to have a clear advantage."
A gender bias in the prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders has been reported for ASD, intellectual disability, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Some researchers have suggested that there is a social bias that increases the likelihood of diagnosis in males, whereas others have proposed that there are sex-based differences in genetic susceptibility.
However, past studies investigating biological explanations for the gender bias have produced inconclusive results.
To examine this question, Jacquemont teamed up with Evan Eichler of the University of Washington School of Medicine to analyze DNA samples and sequencing data sets of one cohort consisting of nearly 16,000 individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders and another cohort consisting of about 800 families affected by ASD.
The researchers analyzed both copy-number variants (CNVs) — individual variations in the number of copies of a particular gene — and single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) — DNA sequence variations affecting a single nucleotide.
They found that females diagnosed with a neurodevelopmental disorder or ASD had a greater number of harmful CNVs than did males diagnosed with the same disorder.
Moreover, females diagnosed with ASD had a greater number of harmful SNVs than did males with ASD.
These findings suggest that the female brain requires more extreme genetic alterations than does the male brain to produce symptoms of ASD or neurodevelopmental disorders.
The results also takes the focus off the X chromosome for the genetic basis of the gender bias, suggesting that the burden difference is genome wide.
"Overall, females function a lot better than males with a similar mutation affecting brain development," Jacquemont says.
"Our findings may lead to the development of more sensitive, gender-specific approaches for the diagnostic screening of neurodevelopmental disorders."
Source: Cell Press
Nauert PhD, R. (2018). Biological Explanation for Gender Disparity in Autism. Psych Central. Retrieved on January 22, 2020, from https://psychcentral.com/news/2014/03/03/biological-explanation-for-gender-disparity-in-autism/66629.html
Last updated: 8 Aug 2018 (Originally: 3 Mar 2014)
Autism Symptoms Similar Conditions How Autism Diagnosed Treatment: Children Treatment: Adults In-Depth: Autism Blog Asperger's Disorder Asperger's Symptoms Treatment for Asperger's How Diagnosed In-Depth: Asperger's Support Groups


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Mixing It Up
White-boy Chris, coloured-dude Adam: their pub-toilet episode is a parable about post-apartheid male bonding. As the lads get acquainted outside the office, they violate Verwoerdian ideas of racial purity – and liberal ones about polite colour-blindness.
Original publication: Cosmo Man, 1999.
Drunkenness seldom gets good publicity or official encouragement, and one rarely wins favour from recruitment executives by boasting that one's best quality is a penchant for alcoholic self-destruction. Unofficially, though, it's a different story. Everyone knows that male friendships usually sail on tides of alcohol, just as everyone knows that a fondness for intoxication spans across most of South African society.
So perhaps the day is near when drink will be enshrined as a 'relationship tool' furthering national reconciliation. As much as the pleasures and problems of social integration are confronted at a national level, the same dynamics are played out in one-on-one encounters between friends socialising across former racial divides. After office hours, differently-hued buddies meet over rainbow cocktails to toast – and deride – the rainbow nation.
After-hours' drinks loosen pent-up resentments and induce a sense of camaraderie, but often they mark the limit to which inter-racial office-mates let their friendships develop. As Salie B*, a corporate project-coordinator, observes, today's generation of young, post-apartheid professionals find themselves 'in strange times' – youthful enough to thrive on social change, old enough to have been shaped by the suspicious attitudes and 'separate development' policies of apartheid.
Like many of this generation, Salie marvels at the racial mixing he sees among school children. They're the wave of the future and he regrets missing the boat. 'The country's got an unlimited time to resolve its problems; your own time is short. My parents were evicted from their homes, but I'm not selling them out by having white friends. The older folks in the community were one's who were really hurt by apartheid. They'll see your white friends and think, "Now you want to be buddy-buddy with us; yesterday you put us out of our homes." It's worse moving from a coloured to a white community. They'll think, "There goes the neighbourhood" and see you as a gatkruiper [arse-creeper]. I myself can't live in the past, because one day I'll be 80 and saying, "But I wanted to venture into other cultures – in my own country!"'
One's earliest friendships start at school, and when one's formative years have been spent in racially-separated communities, future friendships tend to stick inside these boundaries. 'You'll steer clear of other communities,' Salie believes, 'unless economic reasons force you to start mixing with them.'
For the guys of Salie's generation, inter-racial friendships are most likely to form in the equal-opportunities workplace. Even then, simply being office-mates is a poor substitute for real intimacy. Friendship involves the freedom to say whatever the hell you please without fear of judgment, but in the office one must censor the cheerful, balls-talking lunacy that is the hallmark of serious friendship. If one doesn't do this, one might come across as a 90s Man – an 1890s Man. Salie agonises about following politically-correct protocols to the letter. Like others, he must uphold a dominant illusion that new-age offices are non-racial space capsules floating above a country where racial politics are strong themes in private discussions.
Salie wants to speak openly about such matters with his white colleagues, but he says, 'I keep thinking, "God, can I say that?" Outside the work-environment you're with people you've grown up with and you can joke freely about things on your heart and mind.'
Ebrahim*, a travel consultant, illustrates the point: 'After-hours I'll greet this white buddy of mine with swear words, but if I say, "Yo, nigga!" in the office, other white people might think, "Because of affirmative action this guy thinks he can speak to whites any way he wants." You have to contain and control yourself.'
'I've got excellent white pals,' Salie adds, 'but they're work friends. If we go for drinks, it's still an extension of the work-environment. It doesn't extend as far as visiting homes and becoming part of one another's lives – and I think one wants to go that way. But it's one thing breaking barriers; if no one on the other side wants those walls broken, you'll stay a wannabe.'
Adam*, university lecturer, agrees that intoxication in bars goes only so far in facilitating inter-racial friendships. 'The people I've had those bonding-sessions with don't remember me,' he says. Besides, he's a Muslim and doesn't drink, preferring to 'get drunk vicariously' from his inebriated company – company which invariably includes white boy Chris R.*, with whom his professional and social life has intermingled since student days. 'I remember the first braai I attended at Adam's house – there was no booze!' says Chris, lurching from his chair in exasperation. 'I chomped a thousand samoosas instead of a thousand beers. Social samoosing, I called it.'
Not only have their lives intermixed. So have their bloodlines, at least in fantasy. They once described themselves as twin brothers spawned from genetic waste-material from Verwoerdian biology experiments. The fantasy almost took physical form during a night out when they both contemplated a different kind of melting-pot at the end of the rainbow: a public latrine. 'We were in the mens-room and the urinals were fully booked,' says Chris, 'so like the white boy too drunk to care, I said let's urinate in the same can – and Adam couldn't do it.'
'The guy was pissing buckets!' Adam protests. 'I was like, 'This isn't working. Maybe you better leave.' And Chris was assuming it was a racial, not a personal thing.' Ever the self-examining academic, Adam reconsiders. 'Then again, maybe it is. You don't see that kinda behaviour "where I come from". Or maybe,' he adds, dead-pan, 'I was dwarfed by its size. What they say about white homies isn't necessarily true.'
Chris and Adam's toilet-bowl episode – and the candid way they tell it – is a parable about inter-racial male bonding. As members (so to speak) of segregated communities move beyond work-environments into once-private spaces and mix it up in hybrid intimacy, they violate not only Verwoerdian ideas about racial purity but liberal ones stressing polite colour-blindness. Up close, hidden dimensions of oneself and the other person spill into view in the melting-pot.
Adam explains: 'You only realise people's agendas when you do real things together. We throw funny remarks at each other, but it's a case of being honest about our assumptions about one another's backgrounds. That's what makes a friendship.' Quick with their ironic, racially-inflected penis-jokes, Adam and Chris believe that 'colour-blindness' amounts to a denial in which people imagine they're too ethno-bongo to have been unconsciously programmed by apartheid.
Colour-blindness is a principle advising people to look beyond racial differences to a common humanity: friends are friends, it says, irrespective of race, so what's the big deal? Critics maintain that in practice many white South Africans are prepared to be colour-blind provided their racially-different counterparts sacrifice their own cultural norms and fit in with those of 'white' society. Critics also argue that 'colour-blindness' lets guilt-stricken whites off the hook because they believe everyone's equal; but in fact, critics say, racially-structured disparities are still intact, making a mockery of the idea that inter-racial friendships are relationships between social equals.
'When I'm with Chris, I think white,' says Adam. 'And when I'm with Adam,' says Chris, 'I think white. That's our compromise.' More precisely, that's their parody of the colour-blindness compromise.
Neil J.*, a Canadian-born Irish-South African, puts it like this: 'My relationships with people of different colours hinge on the same things as any other relationship – common interests. I'm speaking from my own class position, but people are cool with racial mixing, provided they're experiencing culturally similar things. There's a shift from racial tribalism to a First World scene where money, culture and class are the common denominators.'
Neil is quick to point out that this broad shift involves a widespread Americanisation that steamrollers over indigenous cultures. It leads to the perception that the American Way is the only natural way to do things. The American Way is founded on big bucks. Those without the money to join in take a dim view of it, while those who do have the money often take their jet-setting First World lifestyles for granted. Put the haves and have-nots together, and these differences of perception can come disturbingly to light over the flames of an ordinary braai – as Neil discovered when he mentioned his overseas travel-plans at his coloured friends' family social.
'Suddenly there was a strange vibe,' he said: 'a subtle thing where somebody would glance at me and send the vibe, 'That's such typical white English-speaking behaviour – when the going's too hot, you use your money to bail overseas.'
'When I'm hanging with these dudes,' he says, 'I know I'm the honky boy with honky attitudes they find weird or hilarious. A lotta them carry guns. I'm scared shitless, but a guy'll wave a gun at me and laff his ass off. They have a harder existence and give you the "you-live-in-an-isolated-world" vibe, like whitey's naïve about how the world works. They're saying, "You're a wuss, but you're alright."'
The politics of race and class don't just disappear because everyone's wearing baseball caps and giving one another the basketball high-five. 'Don't ever say you don't see colour,' says Tonde L.*: 'The issue is how you interpret it.' Tonde is a Zambian-born Canadian-American living in South Africa. His exotic accent is as mixed as his background, and it's put him in an unusual position – ostracised by black South Africans and feted by white friends.
'Many of them are changing their accents to sound like me,' he laughs. 'But if I had a deep African accent, I'm sure it would be different. It's fashionable to have a black friend: you're connected! So much the better if he's got an "American" accent. By now I'm able to tell who's in it for real reasons and who's a fake snake, even unknowingly.' The fake snake professes colour-blindness and revels in a cosmopolitan world, but at some level he's thinking, 'See how trendy I look with my black buddy', as if Tonde's race defines the essence of his value.
Yet won't these dynamics operate, however faintly, in the best friendships? Aren't they a sign that the people involved are merely average South Africans? Tonde shrugs and sighs. 'It's multifaceted,' he says.
'Let me tell you a secret about the brothers. The ideal for a black guy is to have (A) some white friends – it's considered a step up the social ladder, plus he gets to hang out in places he couldn't before – and (B) a white woman. That's the pinnacle … Oh yeah, and a Beemer.'
It's an ideal Troye* sought with baffling results. 'There was a time when I looked for the right friends – upper-class white dudes with cars.' So when he met blonde-haired Lewis* at a campus beerfest, and they'd formalised the friendship by buying marijuana together, Troye congratulated himself on 'scoring a white buddy. I was showing him off in the coloured discos and all the chicks knew him, and I'm thinking, 'Yes – we have a winner here!' But I'm also thinking, 'How in God's name does he know all these people?' He knew more people there than I did.'
Troye's incredulity grew until the dizzying revelation came: Lewis was a coloured Aryan partly of German descent! 'The people in the night-club were his neighbours,' Troye says, as if it were someone's idea of a vicious practical joke. Worse came when Lewis introduced Troye to his white friends. They were Troye's 'first real exposure to whites' – 'but they all wanted to be coloured. I couldn't even choose real white people! With my luck, I had to choose white bra's who wanted to be coloured bra's, and a white bra' who actually was coloured. And all this while I was going for white myself.'
As Troye did, many will discover that the more one looks into the issue of race in their friendships, the more complex the picture becomes: so complex that it's futile to think of people in terms of race.
* Names have been changed.
Dark Arts of the Silver Screen
We're steeped in the lives of actors, and we've thrilled to documentaries about film-making. But with a gun to your head, could you explain what a producer actually does? Ross Garland and Brad Logan, the producers of Spud: The Movie, tell all.
In/glorious Battle
Jacob Zuma courted controversy with his fondness for singing the Struggle-era song 'Bring Me My Machine-Gun'. Perhaps it's just a song, and just a metaphor, but in the logic of that metaphor politics is simplified as a winner-take-all battle royale.
Taking Charge of the Tax Nightmare
The taxman has become a whole lot leaner and meaner, and while there are some breaks for small businesses, the admin burden on them alone could be crippling. A tax practitioner tells you in plain English how to survive the night of the undead tax return.
Website by Firebreak Studios
Partner website: Advocacy Aid


Comprehensive list of commercial and residential air conditioning companies in Covington, KY offering installation, repair and maintenance services.
For over fifty Years we've been a complete service Heating and Air Conditioning firm dedicated to delivering our clients with quality products backed by expert technical service and friendly, responsive client service. We provide design, installation, repair, and emergency services in both domestic and commercial settings.
Kent Refrigeration was established in 1965 by Daniel and Carol Boone to supply services within the expanding field of Commercial Refrigeration and HVAC. The firm started delivering refrigeration service and ice machine equipment to the fast food industry that was growing speedily.
You want a constant comfort level no matter what's happening outside. That is why Affinity models feature an industry-leading, two-stage scroll compressor design available on 8T models. York's QnietDrive System features a swept-wing fan for smooth airflow and a composite base pan to distribute and dampen sound.
I had some extensive work to my AC & heating systems done to a home I recently purchased.
Hillner Heating has merged with Woodmaster of Ky to bring our clients a wider range of heating alternatives. One of our major aims is to keep our clients warm and cool as well as save them money. We provide Sales and Service of all makes and models of heating and air conditioners. We are skilled in everything from new homes to old. Please visit our products page to view some options.
At KW Mechanical we trust that our unique policy is what sets us apart from our competitors. Our GUIDING VALUE is to maintain a top level of integrity with our clients. Residential and commercial build and repair. Whether you are right here in Covington, or anywhere in Northern Kentucky or Cincinnati, Ohio, KW Mechanical can take attention of all your HVAC, Plumbing, Mechanical and Electrical requirements.
Service Calls 24/7 Northern Kentucky and Greater Cincinnati's most reliable HVAC and Electric repair and service supplier. Estes Heating & Cooling has been installing and maintaining home comfort systems for Northern Kentucky and Greater Cincinnati homeowners like yours for over a decade.
As much as half of the energy used in your home goes to heating & cooling. Estimate your energy costs and savings. Thank you for considering Del-Monde as the solution for your home comfort requirements. Since 1982 Del-Monde has been installing HVAC systems throughout the Midwest. We are family owned & operated.
When you need Professional Service for your Heating and Air Conditioning system, call Poston Brothers! We service all of Northern Kentucky and Greater Cincinnati. Poston Brothers is one of the major heating and air conditioning sales and service firms in the Tri State area. Poston Brothers has been in the heating and air conditioning business for over 75 years.


The Writing Disorder presents The Best Fiction and Nonfiction work of 2012. This edition includes the best work we published during the year. Great new fiction and nonfiction from some up-and-coming writers, as well as established ones. There's something here for everyone.


Stunning 3 bed detached bungalow in sought-after location in the coastal village of Toward. Set in a large plot, No 9 is in absolute walk-in condition and finished with top quality fixtures and fittings throughout and comprises three bedrooms (one with an en-suite and dressing area), spacious open-plan sitting / dining room, contemporary breakfasting kitchen with adjoining utility room and modern family bathroom. Externally, the property boasts large front and back gardens with many features such as a decking, barbecue and patio areas, outhouses, ample places to site tables and chairs to follow the sun and a large gated driveway suitable for numerous vehicles. This will undoubtedly make an ideal family or retirement home and is sure to be in demand so early viewing is highly recommended.
The village of Toward is approximately 7 miles along the coastal road from Dunoon, Cowal's capital town and offers lovely views of Cumbrae and Bute with Arran in the distance. In the Dunoon area there are two supermarkets, local shops and hairdressers aplenty, several cafes restaurants and take-aways, offering a range to suit all tastes and budgets, plenty of pubs, two leisure centres, numerous golf, bowling, tennis and sailing clubs, a two-screen cinema, a local museum and a concert venue. There are also ample schools, churches, medical surgeries, dentists, a hospital and a veterinary practice. In addition, there are two ferry links to Gourock with rail and coach links meaning that Glasgow city centre is little more than an hour away, with Braehead Shopping Centre and Greenock even closer.
The Meadows is an exclusive estate on the shore road, just before the junction to Toward lighthouse.
The property can be entered from the front gate and pathway leading to the UPVC door which is designed for wheelchair access or alternatively, from the rear garden where there is parking for numerous vehicles and a decking area which leads to the rear door.
T-shaped hallway which runs the width of the house and provides access to both front and back gardens. Quality, and aesthetically pleasing, flooring and several windows to the front offering country views whilst also allowing plenty of natural light to stream in. Downlights with LED bulbs (a feature throughout the bungalow), radiators and storage cupboard.
Spacious bright area with a large bay window looking south and another window to the west. Aberdeen Oak laminate flooring, downlights, radiators and semi-open plan with the dining room.
With windows to the east and south, the whole area makes best use of available light and enjoys the summer sun well into the evening. The flooring matches the lounge, as do the downlights.
Contemporary breakfasting kitchen which overlooks the back garden and also has a full height glass wall to the hallway. Cream wall and base units with timber side panels and slate-effect worktops. Ceramic sink, integrated white goods, gas hob with electric oven and extractor hood over and island breakfast bar with storage under.
Off the kitchen and plumbed for washing machine with space for further white goods. Wall and base unit plus stainless steel sink with drainer.
Modern 4-piece bathroom suite comprising WC, wash-hand basin, bidet and Jacuzzi bath. Fully tiled walls and floor, under-floor heating and window to the rear.
Luxurious master bedroom with dressing area and full en-suite shower room. The bedroom area has carpet, downlights, radiator and windows to both sides whilst the Dressing Area (2.12m x 1.69m / 7'0" x 5'7") has timber flooring and an in-built double wardrobe with mirrored sliding doors. The excellent En-Suite (2.02m x 1.89m / 6'8" x 6'3") is finished to a very high standard and comprises WC, wash-hand basin and walk-in shower cubicle. Fully tiled walls and floor with the added bonus of under-floor heating.
Good sized second bedroom with dual aspect, in-built mirrored wardrobes, carpet, downlights and radiator.
Situated in between bedrooms 1 and 3, this room has a window to the side, carpet, radiator and downlight.
Spacious gardens which envelop the property and have been lovingly, and thoughtfully, landscaped. The front is mainly laid to lawn but with plenty of colourful plants, trees and shrubs sprinkled throughout. The rear garden is made up of various seating areas including an elevated decking, lawned sections, drying area, handy sheds and a spacious parking area for numerous vehicles. The whole garden is enclosed with a picket fence and appropriate pedestrian and double gates.


It was honours even in the first Lincolnshire derby back in the Football League as Grimsby Town and Lincoln City played out a goalless draw at Blundell Park.
Neither side could really carve out a golden opportunity to claim victory as they cancelled each other out in a contest lacking any real quality.
Ahead of kick-off, Russell Slade made two changes to his side as Sam Jones and Jamille Matt returned up front, with JJ Hooper and Scott Vernon dropping to the bench following Tuesday's draw against Colchester.
With a packed Blundell Park rocking, Town began brightly and had an early shout for a penalty turned down when Siriki Dembele's cross seemingly hit a Lincoln arm.
It was a bustling start to the game, but neither side could carve out any chances to test either goalkeeper during the opening 25 minutes.
In fact, it wasn't until the 27th minute when Town mustered the first attempt on target as Danny Collins' header was comfortably saved by Josh Vickers.
Lincoln immediately broke down the other end of the pitch where Matt Green was presented with the opportunity to put his side ahead, but he could only scuff his shot straight into the arms of James McKeown.
Nathan Arnold tried his luck from distance soon afterwards, and had a few in the ground holding their breath when it looked as though his effort might have nestled into the back of the net, but the shot had gone wide.
There was very little of note thereafter as both sides continued to cancel each other out and the first half ended, rather predictably, goalless.
The Imps came out for the second half on the front foot and went close when Harry Anderson's shoot wrong-footed McKeown, but the Town keeper managed to block the effort with his leg.
At the other end, Matt teed up Jones on the edge of the box, but his shot was deflected and rolled into the grateful arms of Vickers.
Woolford then tried his luck from distance, but couldn't produce enough power to test Vickers.
The pattern of the second half very much followed that of the first, and there continued to not be too many chances until Sam Jones turned well in the box before dragging his shot wide.
Michael Bostwick forced McKeown into another good save late on, but the two sides couldn't be separated and were forced to share the points.


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Murra steht für:

 Morra (Spiel) (sard.: murra), ein traditionelles Spiel mit den Händen, das vor allem in einigen Mittelmeerländern, besonders in Italien bekannt ist
 Prokop Murra (1921–2007), albanischer Politiker der Partia e Punës e Shqipërisë (PPSh)
 Murra (Municipio), Verwaltungseinheit im Departamento Nueva Segovia, Nicaragua

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Roncenay ist eine französische Gemeinde mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) im Département Aube in der Region Grand Est (vor 2016 Champagne-Ardenne). Sie gehört zum Arrondissement Troyes und zum Kanton Les Riceys. Die Einwohner nennen sich Roncenaysiens/Roncenaysiennes.

Geografie
Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 11 Kilometer südsüdwestlich von Troyes im Süden des Départements Aube. Die Gemeinde besteht aus dem Dorf Roncenay, das sich aus mehreren nun zusammengewachsenen Teilen entlang der wichtigsten Straßen gebildet hat. Die Ousse, ein kleiner Fluss, durchquert die Gemeinde und bildet streckenweise die Gemeindegrenze. Nachbargemeinden sind Saint-Pouange im Norden, Villemereuil im Nordosten, Villy-le-Maréchal im Osten, Assenay im Südosten, Saint-Jean-de-Bonneval im Süden, Villery im Südwesten sowie Bouilly im Westen.

Geschichte
Der Ort wurde 1200 unter dem lateinischen Namen Roncenaium erstmals in einem Dokument erwähnt. Eine erste französische Form tauchte als Roncenai in einem Dokument in den 1220er-Jahren auf. Roncenay war Teil der Vogtei (Bailliage) Troyes. Bis zur Französischen Revolution lag die Gemeinde in der Provinz Champagne. Von 1793 bis 1801 war Roncenay dem Distrikt Ervy und dem Kanton Saint Jean de Bonneval zugeteilt. Von 1801 bis 2015 lag die Gemeinde im Kanton Bouilly und ist seither Teil des Kantons Les Riceys. Seit 1801 gehört Roncenay zum Arrondissement Troyes.

Bevölkerungsentwicklung

Verkehr
Roncenay liegt unweit von bedeutenden überregionalen Verkehrswegen. Eine Haltestelle gibt es in der Gemeinde seit 1996 keine mehr. Damals wurde die Strecke von Troyes nach Saint-Florentin stillgelegt. Die noch bestehende Bahnlinie von Roncenay Richtung Troyes dient dem Güterverkehr. In Troyes gibt es gute Verkehrsverbindungen auf der Schiene und per Bus. Wenige Kilometer nördlich führt die E54 vorbei. Der nächstgelegene Anschluss ist in Saint-Thibault. Für den regionalen Verkehr sind die D109 und D190 wichtig, die durch das Dorf führen.

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Lavoir (Waschhaus) an der Ousse
 Gedenkplatte für die Gefallenen an der Fassade des Rathauses

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Ort in Grand Est
Ersterwähnung 1200


Instagram has released their annual list of the top models and brands with the most followers.
Unsurprisingly, Kendall Jenner — who recently dethroned Gisele Bündchen as the world's most-paid model — wears the crown in pretty much every category. Not only does she have the most followers (83.7M+), she also gained the most throughout 2017. The Keeping Up With the Kardashian's star also has the most-liked pic by a model, (which wasn't the social platform's overall best performer, the crown for the most liked pic is still worn by Beyoncé). Gigi Hadid gained 8.6M followers while her sister Bella gained the most story views.
The most followed brand is, of course, Chanel (25M+) with competitor Louis Vuitton following close behind with 19.9M+. As for the most talked about brands – a category that considers mentions, tags, captions and comments – Dior took the lead. Notably, even with their infamous meme campaign, Gucci still failed to hit the top of the 'buzzed' list.


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Court/Criminal
Read a digital copy of the latest Red Oak Express online.
Iowa graduation rates edge to an all-time high
Iowa's high school graduation rate edged up in 2018 to an all-time high of 91.4 percent, underscoring long-term progress, according to figures released today by the Iowa Department of Education.
Red Oak to run hard surface only route through Friday, March 15
From Red Oak Superintendent Tom Messinger:
The Red Oak Community School District will be operating buses and school vehicles on hard surfaces only from Wednesday, March 13, 2019 through Friday, March 15, 2019. The condition of the gravel roads has deteriorated with the melting snow, rain, and traffic on the saturated surfaces. This means buses will not be traveling on any gravel (rural) roads.
Summer STEM program coming to Red Oak in July
Nationally Recognized Summer STEM Program Coming to Garfield Elementary School
Camp Invention Inspires Local K-6 Students to Become Future Innovators
Red Oak, IA – March 11, 2019 - Camp Invention®, a nationally recognized, nonprofit summer enrichment camp program, is coming to Garfield Elementary School the week of July 8 - July 12, 2019.
Villisca school district informational bond referendum meeting March 5
A Villisca Community School District Informational Bond Referendum Community Meeting will take place at 6:30 p.m. March 5, in the Middle School Media Center. All interested persons are invited to attend.
The bond referendum is asking the Villisca Community to allow the Villisca Community School District to issue (GO) General Obligation bonds in an amount not to exceed $6,005,000 to provide funds to repair, improve, and equip the Enarson Elementary and Villisca Middle School buildings, including HVAC, fire alarm systems, plumbing and roof improvements.
Save Our School, Save Our Community meeting in Essex March 5
A "Save Our School, Save Our Community" meeting will be held at 6 p.m. in the Essex high school gymnasium. All interested persons are invited to attend.
This informational meeting is to discuss possible positive outcomes for the school and community. Meeting organizers wish to, "engage in friendly and supportive dialog which could lead to outcomes more desirable to the long term good and progress of the Essex Community."
Nominations open for annual Charles E. Lakin Outstanding Teacher Award
Nomination forms are available until March 31 at kmaland.com for the 12th annual Charles E. Lakin Outstanding Teacher Award Foundation will have awarded $400,000 to area teachers and school districts through the award program.. The award is named in honor of the late philanthropist, and Emerson native, who created the award in 2008 to recognize teachers who entice kids to come to school and see teaching as a calling, rather than a job.
Red Oak to be in session March 4, April 1 to make up for snow days
Red Oak Superintendent Tom Messinger said there will be school March 4, March 5, April 1 and April 2 to make up for days missed because of the weather.
March 4 and April 1 were originally scheduled as professional development days. March 5 and April 2 were built in the district's calendar as snow make up days.
Messinger said the district will continue with early outs per usual. He added days needed to make up for days missed will be added to the end of the year.
Red Oak BPA attends first contest
Recenlty, Macy Bozwell and Sebastian Vasquez participated in the very first State Business Professionals of America contest attended by Red Oak Schools.
Bozwell competed in Medical Office Procedures, placing 32 out of 74 competitors, and Interview Skills, where she placed 24 out of 58.
ROMS Jazz Band takes fifth
The Red Oak Middle School Jazz Band placed fifth at the 20th annual SWIBA/Dick Bauman Memorial Jazz Festival in Glenwood Monday, Feb. 18.
The band performed three selections for a panel of three judges, who supplied written and recorded comments. The first selection the band performed was a swing tune titled "Birdhouse Blues" by Terry White, and featured improvised solos by Brayden Sego on trumpet, Jonah Wemhoff on trombone and Joshua LeRette on drum set.
Red Oak Middle School Honor Rolls
2nd Quarter All A's Honor Roll
Grade 6: Brody Bond, Nicole Bond, Kennedy DeVries, Landon Gigstad, Maggie Gray, Raevyn Lucas, Christian Saldana-Ramos, Kyler Sandholm, Hope Schmadeke, Nevaeh Soar, Syriana Spann.
Grade 7: Max DeVries, Joshua LeRette, Cyrus Mensen.
Grade 8: Aiden Bruce, Lainey DeVries, Sam Fields, Michelle Grass, Josie Rengstorf, Tessa Rolenc, Jonah Wemhoff.
The Red Oak Express is your source for local news, sports, events and information in Montgomery County, Red Oak, IA, and surrounding areas.


« Is your lawn care business overlooking great opportunities?
How to make $200 an hour offering tilling services.
There are many ways to make money when running a lawn care business. One great strategy we will see here in this discussion from the Gopher Lawn Care Business Forum, is offering smaller services that can open the door to upselling even more. There are times when people may not need you for mowing, at least initially, but would like you to till their garden. Offering such a service may unlock doors to customers you previously had a hard time reaching out to.
One lawn care business owner wrote "something really struck me today as I was out giving quotes. When we offer a host of services, we may advertise just one to push it in a certain season but we can still sell a lot more services once we are in. Let me explain. For me the latest service I have been promoting is tilling. I can perform the service at a price I can profit at and it gives me a chance to meet new customers I might not have met if I only was marketing lawn mowing.
I looked at 5 tilling jobs today yet I walked away not only with the tilling but a host of other services, spraying, pressure washing, chipping and excavation at two. Yet that is not why they called me in the first place. Initially they saw my small newspaper ad for tilling and called for that service.
Offering a host of services allows us to really maximize the profit to be made at each clients property. To promote the different services I offer, I have a separate post card for every service I do. If I am driving by a home or if we are working next door and see the neighbor has a garden, I will give them a postcard to promote our tilling services.
To perform the tilling I use my compact utility tractor. I tilled 12 clients last week. The tractor set up I have for it is super fast and the results are amazing. I win every job I bid as I am able to do it in a fraction of the time and the results are far superior to a walk behind tiller, as my tractor tiller spins at a far higher rate and that back flap is heavy. My setup levels and smooths out the ground as you go. I can till 45,000 square foot area in about 30 to 45 min. By hand that would be over half a day's work to a full day. Operational cost is less than $1.00 in fuel and I am averaging close to $200.00 an hour while on site. If I subtract transportation and all the other costs the company is probably clearing in the $150. hr range.
The tiller does an amazing job making the ground smooth (lawns & gardens) to a certain point. If the customer has large bumps on their property, I can also switch out the tiller and use a box blade. I have been on sites where I only had the tiller so I would explain to the client we can go at it in three directions and make it smooth however there will be an additional time cost. Most accept and will get a smooth job. One last attachment I can us is a landscape rake with gauge wheels that make a job look like a fairway if the client wants that extreme.
Last year I performed about 60 tilling jobs, with more gardens than lawns. This year it's out of balance, and I am tilling 40% lawns and 60% gardens. People though still seem to be sick of their lawns and want them tilled under, rolled, top soil added and either seeded or sod planted. With all this activity, I haven't seen the competition on the roads yet performing these services.
Order the book 90% Of Lawn Care Businesses Fail In Their First Year. Learn How To Survive With These Tips! today.
This entry was posted on Tuesday, July 17th, 2012 at 7:38 pm	and is filed under Box Blade, Compact Utility Tractor, How to Estimate - Services To Offer, How to Estimate Jobs, How to sell, Landscaping Business, Lawn Care Business, Lawn Care Customers, Marketing, Postcards, Pricing, Residential Customers, Tiller, Tilling, Tractor, Upsells, lawn care equipment. You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


Cook Biotech Inc. develops and manufactures medical products for tissue repair and regenerative medicine applications using proprietary extracellular matrix (ECM) technologies and processes. Cook Biotech products are marketed and distributed under several brand names, including AxoGuard®, Biodesign, DynaMatrix®, FISH , HaloShield®, OASIS®, and tarSys®. Cook Biotech collaborates with partners and distributors, including AxoGen Inc., Aziyo Biologics, Cook Medical Inc., Cormatrix, Katena Products Inc., Keystone Dental Inc., Progressive Medical Inc., and Smith & Nephew Inc. to develop new products and provide technical support. Cook Biotech was established in 1995 and is a Cook Group company. For more information, visit cookbiotech.com.


text:
Q: Set a UITextField to write a maximum of 11 numbers using NSNumberFormatter i'm trying to configure a UITExtField to only accept 11 numbers, i'm using NSNumberFormatter and it works just fine with using numbers, but when I try to set the maximum numbers available it doesn't work.
Even assigning setMaximumFractionDigits, setMaximumIntegerDigits and setMaximumSignificantDigits it doesn't work like it should, or Am i missing something? please help.
here's my code…
-(BOOL)textField:(UITextField *)textField shouldChangeCharactersInRange:(NSRange)range replacementString:(NSString *)string {

NSNumberFormatter *num = [[NSNumberFormatter alloc] init];

[num setNumberStyle:NSNumberFormatterDecimalStyle];
[num setUsesSignificantDigits:YES];
[num setMaximumFractionDigits:0];
[num setMaximumIntegerDigits:11];
[num setMaximumSignificantDigits:11];

NSString *aString = [textField.text stringByReplacingCharactersInRange:range withString:string];
//[NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@%@", textField.text, string];
NSNumber *number = [num numberFromString:aString];

if (number) {
    return YES;
else
    return NO;
}

EDIT:
I reordered the code like Ian said and made the changes that Ink said too and still the same, i can write numbers only but i can write more than 11 numbers.
EDIT 2
Thanks Ian and Ink, now it works, I needed to check that aString.length were minor than 12 and it were a number.
    if (aString.length < 12 && number)
        return YES;
    else
        return NO;

Thanks for any help!

A: aString should be [textField.text stringByReplacingCharactersInRange:range withString:string]
return aString.length <= 11;

From there you could just check the length of the string, assuming you know that it's a numeric string.  If you can't assume that, then do what @Ian MacDonald suggested and reorder your code to look like this:
NSNumber *rawNumber = [num numberFromString:aString];

[num setUsesSignificantDigits:YES];
[num setMaximumFractionDigits:0];
[num setMaximumIntegerDigits:11];
[num setMaximumSignificantDigits:11];

NSNumber *number = [num numberFromString:aString];
return rawNumber == number;

Also notice that just seeing if the number formatter gave you a number isn't good enough.  You need to check and see if the number got trimmed by the formatter.

A: You are assigning number before setting your constraints on num... Try this instead:
[num setUsesSignificantDigits:YES];
[num setMaximumFractionDigits:0];
[num setMaximumIntegerDigits:11];
[num setMaximumSignificantDigits:11];

NSNumber *number = [num numberFromString:aString];

if (number) {
  return [[num stringFromNumber:number] length] <= 11 && [[num stringFromNumber:number] length] == [aString length];
} else {
  return NO;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Sister Drops
Small Relevant Details
She is sifting through the detritus, trying to find what is relevant. Her mind cannot rest. As the dentist tells her to sink back into the chair and relax she tries, but cannot focus her thoughts. The memories of it consume her. She tries to make sense of it all, to compartmentalise the details; the wintry branch scratching at one side of the window, the white flowers in the vase rising to meet it on the other. Details separated by glass, examined individually. The cat lolloping, stretching out in the winter sun. Which side of the branch? Where did the cat fit into the picture? Had it watched the whole thing through the window? She remembers seeing its eyes, staring. And behind it, the car. The passing car, red, a sedan, a family car, a bumper sticker. Ordinary people living their lives in the daytime.
She rinses with mouthwash and spits into the small white basin as the dentist instructs her. She recalls the toothpaste smeared down the tube and crusted up at the end, how his hair smelt minty because of the conditioner he used. She hears the small clinking of the glass on the tap, remembers reading the small print on the backs of their shampoo bottles. The mess in the bathroom. The privacy she felt in being near his skin. She sees the face he made when he put his contacts in, sees her underwear reflecting in the bathroom mirror, riding up just a little higher than it should. She feels a vacuum.
Harsh yellow light shines into her eyes as the dentist leans over to examine the inside of her mouth. The flowers, the cat, the window. She pulls out the details from the air, like pulling loose threads from her pajamas. The toothpaste, the glass, the mirror. These were the raw materials of their love, enough for a thousand novels, epics hidden in the minutiae of their lives.
The dentist moves the drill into her mouth and she remembers his fingers pressing into the small of her back, the surprise of his cold hands on her skin, remembers the glass being knocked, the arm involuntarily sweeping out over the bedside table, remembers the thud on the carpet and the clink on the side of the bed like a bell. She feels his body on hers. The memory of his weight pressing down on her makes her suddenly feel the space floating above, stark and negative, like she is making love to a ghost, there in the dentist's chair.
The memories fall apart, unravel like tied-up hair let loose. They scatter and multiply, bouncing light into a hundred other bathroom mirrors, reflecting, refracting, expanding. It was not yet night, it was evening, it was morning. The sun was moving. It was autumn, or spring. The room was a certain colour and the sheets were a certain colour and his belt was a certain colour. All this to wade through. Could it not all stick? Or else all simply disappear?
She does not see him anymore. His days and hers are filled with separate necessary details, unshared, as she pulls apart the love that they made and tries to find the small relevant details that made it all worthwhile.
The dentist scrapes metal in the gap between her teeth. He presses his fingers against the roof of her mouth. Her tongue quivers as it tries to avoid touching the fingers. All her attention is held for a moment. Her guard is down. A single detail flies like a black bird and smashes against the window – it is the shape of his eyes, his pupils bending back beyond themselves, like holes in arctic ice, like black stars burning, and it is suddenly all she can see, his eyes burning there still, shot through with pain like a phantom that cries as a black bird smashes into his eyes, his shapely eyes burning like ice that smashes like a bird a ghost a phantom stars slipping eyes into ice into eyes as she jerks breathless sputtering ice as birds smash into eyes face black eyes dead face birds black eyes ice face eyes face face face...
Michael Askew : 07 Dec 2010 18:44 | Tags: Assessment Fiction Modes-Of-Writing | Comments (0) | Close comments | Report a problem
He had rented the barn from a friend of a friend, a farmer who owned six acres of land out in the heart of the country. The arrangements had been made: he could live for the summer in the barn on the outskirts of the farm and would have to be out by the time of the harvest. They had hauled an old mattress up from the farmhouse for him, dragged it to the dead centre of the barn, where it was driest. The farmer had provided him with a small stove to cook on and enough gasoline to last him until the end of the summer.
The barn was a simple timber construction, built to fulfil a function. It was empty except for the mattress and a ladder resting in the corner. The floors were matted with years of hay and dark dry mud. Failures in the beams revealed the odd patch of sky, though the tin roof was sufficient to keep out the most of the rain. The wood was old and it creaked in the wind.
As well as the mattress and the gasoline, he had asked the farmer to load up the truck with reels of old tape. On his first day, he used the ladder in the barn to set up four reel to reel tape recorders in each of the four corners of the barn, resting high up on the wooden beams. For all the time he was there he kept them recording; noises of birds, rats scurrying along the beams, rain rattling on the tin roof. Each documented the summer from its own angle, reacting to the sounds as they echoed through the barn, emphasising those closest to them, offering their own perspective on the weeks that passed. Together they covered the whole space.
The man slept and ate and lived in the barn with the tapes recording for the whole summer. He took only the occasional walk and never strayed far from the barn. Some mornings, the farmer who owned the barn would bring up a few fresh items, milk, bread, sometimes cheese, and they would chat for a little while. He would ask after the farm and the farmer would tell him stories of the crops and the livestock. The farmer never mentioned the tape recorders, or how the gas canisters never seemed to deplete, or how the stove seemed unused.
Other than the farmer he saw no-one. As the summer stretched on, he tried to live as simply as he could in the space that the barn created. He rarely spoke aloud; he sat for hours just listening, absorbed in the very quiet noises around him. He was aware of his own presence in the barn altering the space. At times he exploited this, clapping his hands or tapping on the beams to see how the space reacted. But for the most part he listened passively, attentively, taking in the exact timbres, the depths and nuances in what he could hear. He felt most deeply content when he could hear no sound at all, when he could sit perfectly still on his mattress in the dead centre of the barn and hear nothing but silence, when the rain had stopped and the rats were sleeping and the birds had flown away, and there was nothing but the deep, empty, aching silence around him. He knew in his heart that the tapes recording from the corners would never be listened to, that at the end of the summer he would pile them up on the mattress and soak them in gasoline, that he would drop a match into the pile and fall back onto the tapes as they erupted in flames, that the silence on the tapes would burn and the barn would burn and he would burn with them, that the walls would fall down and the space inside would be opened up to the air and the space would no longer exist and the silence would no longer exist and the tapes would no longer exist. But as he sat in the silence it was nonetheless a comfort to know they were there, recording every moment, waiting.
Modes-Of-Writing (2)


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