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Train Wreck at Dutchman's Curve - News Report
When the Nashville Tennessean reported the deadly train wreck at Dutchman's Curve, its July 10, 1918 article began with these words:
Because somebody blundered ...
The article—displayed above, which you can click-on to greatly expand the view—continues with words painting a picture of unbelievable chaos set against the backdrop of a quiet summer cornfield.
Because the disaster occurred during America's Jim-Crow era, the article uses the words and the customs of the day:
Because somebody blundered, at least 121 persons were killed and fifty-seven injured shortly after 7 o'clock on Tuesday morning, when Nashville, Chattanooga & St. Louis Railway passenger trains No. 1 from Memphis and No. 1 [actually No. 4] from Nashville crashed head-on together just around the sharp, steep-graded curve at Dutchman's Bend, about five miles from the city near the Harding road.
Both engines reared and fell on either side of the track, unrecognizable masses of twisted iron and steel, while the fearful impact of the blow drove the express car of the north-bound train through the flimsy wooden coaches loaded with human freight, telescoped the smoking car in front and piling high in air the two cars behind it, both packed to the aisles with negroes en route to the powder plant and some 150 other regular passengers.
Just where lies the blame, it is impossible now to say. Officials of the road are silent. But one of three things is reasonably sure -- that the engineer of No. 4 was given wrong instructions, ran by his signal, or overlooked, the schedule on which he was supposed to run. That he knew the Memphis train to be a little late, leads to the conjecture that he was attempting to reach the switch at Harding station, a short distance beyond the scene of the wreck, before the inbound train arrived at that point.
Engineer Given Wrong Signal.
As Engineer Kennedy's train approached the signal tower in the new shops, it is authoritatively stated, he blew for his signal and was given a clear board. Before the train had passed under the tower, however, the red board was dropped, signaling him to stop. The supposition is that he never saw this signal, as both the tower man and switch engineer tried in vain to attract his attention. Besides this, getting a clear signal gave him no right to proceed, as he knew that another passenger train having the right-of-way was approaching at no great distance.
Orders given him upon leaving the station are said to have advised him, that train No. 1 would meet train No. 7 (a accommodation from Waverly) at Harding Station, and are also reported to have given the engine number of train No. 1. The conductor of Kennedy's train is understood to have stated that he was busy taking up tickets after leaving the station and did not notice that the train had run past the double tracks, which extend for three quarters of a mile beyond the new-shops, until it was almost at the scene or the wreck.
The speed of the two trains when they met is estimated by old and experienced railroad men as being not less than sixty miles an hour.
Scene of Horror Indescribable.
The scene immediately following the collision is indescribable. Those escaping unhurt or with lesser injuries fled from the spot in a veritable panic. The cornfield on both sides of the track was trampled by many feet, and littered with fragments, of iron and wood hurled from the demolished cars. The dead lay here and there, grotesquely sprawling where they fell. The dying moaned appeals for aid or, speechless, rolled their heads from side to side and writhed in agony. Everywhere there was blood and suffering and chaos.
From the wreckage, beneath which many still lived, shrieks and muffled cries arose, and here and there helpless yet visible victims prayed for speedy deliverance or death.
As soon as possible every available doctor and nurse was rushed to the scene, and a steady stream of ambulances and automobiles, turned over by their owners to assist in the work of mercy, began the task of transporting to local hospitals and undertaking establishments the dying and the dead.
Among the very first to arrive and who plunged immediately into the work of rescue, doing much effective "first aid'' before even the doctors or the wrecking train reached the scene were Alfred T. Levine, Frank Sanderson, Frank David, John .J. Vertrees, Jr., and Harry Friedman. At a time when conditions were at their worst, these men labored practically without tools and struggled tirelessly against great odds.
Mutilated Bodies Beneath Debris.
In spite of the most strenuous work, however, the labor of recovering the bodies of the dead, many of whom are mangled beyond the possibility of recognition, has not yet been completed. At a late hour in the afternoon the bodies of six negroes, fearfully mutilated, were discovered beneath a pile of debris thought to be merely a scrap heap from the demolished engines.
All morning long attention centered about the telescoped smoking car of the outbound train, train crews working hard to raise with jacks the heavy body of the express coach beneath which was pinioned or crushed most of the white victims. In one of the seats, his body held as in a vise, sat one of the passengers, still conscious, but with three of the dead crushed against him. Here the work began. The side of the car was chopped away and the man released, apparently in a dying condition.
From beneath the express car, some thirty men were later removed, only the last of their number being alive. His name could not be ascertained, but in the band of his hat were stamped the initials E. T. B.
The last victims to be discovered were found in a portion of one of the coaches upon which the boiler
[sic: break in text due to typesetting error]
beyond the possibility of recognition, was not completed until late at night. At a late hour in the afternoon the bodies of six negroes, all fearfully mutilated, were discovered beneath a pile of debris thought to be merely a scrap heap from the demolished engines.
Wearing apparel of every description strewed the ground, among which were several women's slippers, but it is believed that they belonged to the few negro women passengers who either fled the scene or are numbered among the unidentified or undiscovered dead.
Five Men of Train Crews Dead.
Of the train crews five are dead: Engineer William F. Floyd and Fireman Thomas Kelley of train No. 4 and Engineer David C. Kennedy, Fireman Luther L. Meadows and Baggage Master Tom Dickinson, of train No. 1. The first four resided in Nashville.
Of the known dead at least 80 per cent were negroes. In the majority of cases the end came to them without warning. Corpses were piled everywhere beneath the heaps of iron and shattered wood and tin work of the fragile cars. An entire day was employed in undoing the work of devastation that an instant had wrought.
Fortunately fire played no part in piling on the horrors of the day, a slight blaze started at the end of one of the coaches being almost instantly extinguished by those first arriving on the scene.
Huge Crowds Flock to Scene.
Huge crowds, some seeking friends and loved ones thought to have been on the wrecked train, but in the majority of cases composed of morbid curiosity seekers reveling in the gruesome sights lined the viaduct and crowded the adjoining fields. Only the prompt and efficient work of Chief of Police Barthell and his men prevented their crowding so close as to actually hinder the work of the wreckers in removing the bodies of the dead to awaiting ambulances and cars.
Chief Rozetta and engine company No. 7 also arrived on the scene at an early hour and rendered great assistance throughout the day.
Heroic Efforts Made.
To hundreds of men and women of Nashville, besides the doctors, nurses and others, are due unstinted praise for their labors in the work of rescue and aIleviation of the suffering. Splints and bandages were in abundance, large quantities of ice were sent out from the city, and calls for assistance of any kind were promptly answered by those nearest at hand. Deputy sheriffs, du Pont police, special agents from the Department of Justice and members of the home guard afforded the police, valuable assistance in handling the immense crowd of souvenir collectors that crowded everywhere, but no thefts of valuables were reported, although suitcases and other baggage was strewn broadcast over the grounds.
Up to a late hour Tuesday night all streetcars leading to the scene of the wreck were packed with sight-seers, and taxicabs did an enormous business during the entire day and evening. It is estimated, by members of the police department that during the day fully 50,000 persons visited the site, and that no accidents occurred is largely due to those officers on whom the duty devolved of keeping the huge throng in order.
Late corners were disappointed, however, as the wrecking crews labored so effectively that the tracks were cleared and put in order in time for train No. 2 to leave the Union Station on time for its regular run at 10 o'clock Tuesday night.
This, it is stated, is the first passenger train wreck on the N., C. & St. L. in many years, although a disastrous rear-end freight collision occurred several months ago within a few hundred yards of the site of the present wreck, on which occasion three of the train men were killed and many heavily loaded cars smashed to bits.
Negro Dead.
Crowds of curious colored people visited the establishments of A. N. Johnson, Taylor & Co. and W. H. McGavock, undertakers, to view the dead of the wreck which occurred Tuesday morning. Each place was a beehive of activity. The morgues were filled to overflowing with the dead and the halls were used to accommodate the bodies in some instances. The dead were brought in every conceivable gruesome shape. A. N. Johnson had trucks to assist in transferring the bodies. These trucks were open, and the bodies laid crosswise piled high as possible not to roll off. One body was brought in a wash tub. Others had heads, hands and arms cut off, while some were split in two.
Several women were among the colored workers who were coming from Memphis and other stations en route to work at the Government powder plant. Colored doctors and nurses were rushed to the scene, and rendered all aid possible. Many who reside here and were expecting relatives today thronged the street and visited the undertakers' establishments. A large number of helpers were kept busy moving bodies from ambulances, while as many others were kept busy inside the establishments, which were filled to capacity. Extra embalmers were secured to prepare the bodies for identification, if possible. A number of women and children are among the dead.
George Hall, railroad porter on the train going out from Nashville, was among the dead. He was a resident of Nashville, and his body is at Taylor & Co.'s.
In speaking of their escape, several survivors at the "Y" said when the impact came between the two trains, they were miraculously thrown out of the windows clear of the wreck.
At the City Hospital.
The City Hospital was taxed to its utmost in caring for the injured. Almost every available cot and bed was pressed into service, and the staff of physicians 'was totally inadequate to give immediate attention to the victims. Realizing the urgency of the situation, a number of physicians volunteered their services, much to the relief of Dr. W. F. Fessey, the superintendent. Not only did the physicians volunteer their services, but a number of them went to the hospital accompanied by their nurses, who remained until every one of the sufferers had been attended and made as comfortable as circumstances would admit.
Among the physicians who voluntarily went to the hospital and did what they could in alleviating the suffering of the victims were : Dr. Otterson, Dr. Sharpel and two nurses. Dr. John W. Gaines, Dr. Henry Litterer, Dr. Whitfield, Dr. Buckner. Dr. Dake, Dr. Crockett and others. A number of nurses also called at the hospital in person or 'phoned to know if their services were needed, and if so, they would report any time the hospital physicians might designate.
In all the hospital received about seventy-eight of the injured. Thirty-one of these received first-aid treatment and were able to leave the institution, six of the number died during the day, and there still remains at the hospital about forty, many of whom it is thought will not survive their injuries.
Latest reports from the scene of the wreck are to the effect that eight more bodies have been discovered in a portion of one of the coaches upon which the boiler of the engine of train No. 1 had fallen. They were burnt and mutilated beyond recognition. Six of them were men, the other two being a woman with a baby still clasped in her arms. The remains were so badly scalded and charred, however, that it was impossible to tell whether they were whites or negroes.
Orders given Engineer Dave Kennedy of the outgoing train are said to have stated that train No. 1 would meet train No. 7 (an accommodation from Waverly) at Harding station, and are also reported to have given the engine number of train No. 1. The conductor of No. 4 is also reported to have said he was busy taking up tickets after leaving the station, and did not notice that the train had run past the double tracks, which extend for three quarters of a mile beyond the new shops, until it was almost at the scene of the wreck.
Officials of the du Pont Company reported late Tuesday night that after a careful investigation it had been ascertained that of the negroes en route to this city to work at the powder plant, 11 were from Memphis and twenty from Little Rock and were accompanied by two bosses, both of whom escaped from the wreck uninjured.
From this number 78 are reported as uninjured, 16 slightly and 18 seriously hurt, 2 dead and identified, and 19 as yet unaccounted for. Relatives of all those identified have been notified by telegraph.
Scenes at the Morgues.
The scenes at the morgues beggar description. At Dorris, Karsch & Co., a stream of spectators formed a line and all luring the day passed back into the morgue, searching for relatives and friends, or, drawn by an irresistible force of unknown origin, yielded to the impulse and gazed upon the most horrible sight that was ever witnessed in this city. Idle curiosity was lost, and even those without missing relatives or friends seemed as deeply affected as did the dazed relatives who mutely gazed at the mangled remains without word or outcry.
Few of the bodies were in a condition to meet the gaze of the friends that seemed so anxious to pay any tribute in their power. In some cases the bodies were completely severed in two, while in other the flesh was crushed into a pulp. In nearly every instance death must have been almost instantaneous. There were no marks of suffering.
Narrow Escapes Recalled.
In some instances the escape of the more fortunate bordered on the miraculous. Noticeable among this number was the case of Milton Frank, a brother of John P. and James Frank, the Fourth avenue clothiers.
Young Frank was with his friend Milton Lowenstein, when the latter proposed that they go into the smoker and have a smoke. When they reached that car, Frank objected to the crowded condition and returned to his car, where he went into the smoking compartment and smoked alone. When the crash came he was thrown to the floor, hut finding a convenient hammer, broke the glass and crawled to safety. Others were recovered from beneath the wreck practically unhurt.
The establishment of Dorris, Karsch & Co. was soon taxed to capacity and the bodies arriving later were sent to the other undertaking firms in the city, while several embalmers were called from neighboring towns to assist in caring for the remains.
Scenes Most Pitiful.
While the scenes at the white morgues were heartrending, those at the establishments of A. N. Johnson and Taylor & Co. were most pitiful. At the former place there were twenty-four unidentified bodies of negroes and all day long a line passed in and out in the vain hope of identifying some absent relative or friend. At a late hour no identifications had been made.
Three identifications were made at Taylor & Co.'s by relatives or white friends. The color line was forgotten and the whites rushed to the aid of the brother in black, offering any and every assistance in their hour of trouble.
To the lot of W. H. McGavock fell the care of the bodies of the negroes from Pegram Station and Burns. He succeeded in getting the names of all but one of the bodies sent to his place.
Coffins were stacked on trucks as long as they could be piled and rushed to the several establishments where attendants worked until late into the night preparing the remains for shipment or burial. So anxious were the undertakers to do their full duty in the emergency that all bodies were prepared for burial without awaiting the arrival of relatives or the identification of the remains.
Never before have such scenes been witnessed in this city, and the horror of the day will long remain in the minds and memory of the thousands that viewed the greatest holocaust the South has witnessed in a generation.
After relating information known at press time, the article then switches to the relief effort. Featured, most prominently, are stories about the Red Cross and its volunteers.
Red Cross Chapter.
The first sad day's experience for the Nashville chapter of Red Cross in handling disaster relief was experienced Tuesday in caring for the needs of the victims of the railroad wreck. Mrs. Percy Maddin, chairman of the administrative board, was on the scene of distress by the time the alarm of fire had reached the city. The men working among the wreckage under the bridge, kept calling up to all to come down and help; all women present responded in every way they could, taking charge of driving the automobiles, and thus releasing the men drivers for the sturdier work of lifting and carrying the wounded to places of comparative ease.
The Emergency Canteen Committee was officially represented on the scene by Mrs. Garnet Morgan and Mrs. Louis Sperry, who have charge of the medical supplies. Mrs. Harry Evans, chairman of this most efficient standing committee of the chapter, was engaged most of the day identifying the soldiers who were killed. Identification papers must be officially prepared and sent immediately to the commanding officers; flags must be purchased for the sad service of enshrouding. The canteen uniform carried with it an easily read message of friendship; many were the calls upon these women; frantic relatives seeking some definite identification of loved ones; every undertaker's establishment, every hospital in Nashville was visited during the day by Mrs. Evans.
Committees Apportioned Tasks.
Called upon for immediate work, this committee assembled at the Canteen House in the Union station and were apportioned their respective tasks for the day. Continued service of every kind was given there at headquarters by Mrs. Jo Howell, Jr., Mrs. I. W. Miller, Mrs. Ridley Wills, Mrs. Leigh Thompson and Miss Kitty Berry.
The Marine Recruiting Office thanked the women for a list of names furnished to them; a mute testimonial to the tenderness of these practical workers, is a collection of a variety of little "keepsakes'' rescued from the debris of wreck, and carefully filed. One lot is a towel, a wet tooth-brush, and other articles of toilet care, and a postcard saying that the writer is nearing Nashville and will go and freshen up, and so on; strains on the towel and articles indicate that death or serious hurt was met while the toilet was in operation. The women say they never before felt so deeply the sacredness of their work; not because of the work itself, but what their coming meant to the suffering people.
Mrs. Evans was handed two $5 bills while she sat at luncheon today, by interested people whose line of work kept them from the actual service of relief.
Bodies Draped With Flags.
Wonderful flags were purchased. 2 1/2 x 3 3/4 yards. These flags were tenderly arranged about the bodies of the soldiers by one worker who claimed this privilege.
To the canteen workers the activity of military relief seemed to naturally gravitate, while the civilian relief department assisted in that of the disaster in its relation to the civilian.
Mrs. Maddin tendered the use of two automobiles the entire day; Miss Carrington, civilian relief; making the rounds of the hospitals several times, accompanied by Miss Nan Dorsey, public health and Red Cross Nursing Service.
It would be impossible at a time when all are stunned to recount the many acts of loving service rendered. Accompanying Miss Carrington's party of the afternoon, was Miss Mary Stahlman. 16 slightly injured men were most anxious to reach their home people and to get a full account off to them tonight: there was little time, and Miss Stahlman undertook the task, typewriting, addressing and mailing the letters, each with an encouraging personal message from the men to the dear ones at home; in forty-five minutes these letters were mailed in time to catch the first outgoing train which could carry them.
Addresses of certificate holders in the first aid and the home nursing classes were given the Nurses' Corps with telephone numbers; these class members are expected to hold themselves in readiness to fill the duties of assistant to any nurses' aid, who might call on them at any hour, through Miss Carrington or Miss Dorsey.
Tommy Little, Tennessean cartoonist, was around headquarters at noon, seeking opportunity to render service in any way that he might be called upon to act for the Red Cross workers. The civilian relief committee was especially attentive to any not requiring hospital accommodation. Immediate notice was given to the du Pont Company that the committee was at its call. Cots were sent to the negro Y. M. C. A. and excellent work done for the colored men.
This recounts the official service of the Red Cross chapter departments; all tendered help, and all yet await the call in any capacity. The relief train of the railroad and the professional medical and nursing workers of Nashville were so absolutely ready and prepared that the Red Cross workers, others than those who have already assisted in this first call, stand awaiting further commands or demands as desired by the medical or nursing corps of the city.
Article online via "Internet Archive Wayback Machine."
Bos, Carole "Train Wreck at Dutchman's Curve - News Report" AwesomeStories.com. May 16, 2015. Jul 19, 2019.
<http://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Train-Wreck-at-Dutchman-s-Curve-News-Report>.
Questions to Ponder ?	Media Stream
Jim Crow Laws
America's Deadliest Train Wreck


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Home Breaking "Paris St Germain" wants to buy a goalkeeper in the England squad
"Paris St Germain" wants to buy a goalkeeper in the England squad
champion of France "Paris Saint-Germain" is going to buy a goalkeeper "Manchester United" and England's Dean Henderson. Currently, the 22-year-old Henderson is in rent in "Sheffield United".
a graduate of the "Manchester United" in 2018 went on loan club championship "Sheffield United", and helped "blades" to return to the Premier League. This season Dean also stands for "Sheffield". The rookie of the Premier League is at the top of the table, and Henderson himself was invited to the national team of England. Successful game the young goalkeeper has not gone unnoticed.
Gate "Manchester United" protects Spaniard David De GEA, so Dean wouldn't want to settle for a backup role. It is not excluded that in the summer he would leave his native club. Poor "Sheffield United" will not be able to buy out the contract of England. Henderson want to see in their ranks a few Premier League clubs. But their dispute is ready to intervene "Paris St Germain" which sees Dean's successor age of the Costa Rican Keilor Navas.
England Sheffield United FC Paris Saint-Germain Dean Henderson
football English Premier League League 1
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Today we will talk about a match played in tennis where women players play against the male player in the court. Such matches are called the "Battle of Sexes." See in this video when such matches were played.
Recently, there was a match in Hopman Cup where two tennis legends were playing against each other. We are talking about Switzerland's star Roger Federer and America's experienced player Serena Williams.


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Q: Nginx reverse proxy and a URL rewrite I would like to rewrite the URL in a reverse proxy so that it removes the first segment but leaves any following segments intact. I need this to happen before it hits the proxy pass.
Example:
/admin/auth/local ----> (REWRITES TO) /auth/local
/admin/auth/register -------> (REWRITES TO) /auth/register

My Location block:
  location /admin {
        #add_header Access-Control-Allow-Origin *;
        add_header Access-Control-Allow-Methods 'GET, POST, OPTIONS';
        add_header Access-Control-Allow-Headers 'DNT,X-Mx-ReqToken,User-Agent,X-Requested-With,If-Modified-Since,Cache-Control,Content-Type,Authorization';
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-Ip $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $remote_addr;
        proxy_pass_header Set-Cookie;
        proxy_read_timeout                 30;
        proxy_buffers 64 8k;
        rewrite /admin / break;
        proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:9000;

I tried the following with no luck:
rewrite /admin / break;

A: I believe you just need to add your first segment(admin) to the proxy pass.
proxy_pass http://www.example.com/admin/;

A: There are two parts here. First one is how nginx routes incoming requests via proxy_pass.
There one can map incoming requests for / to backend with /admin/ prefix with the following configuration:
location / {
    proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:9000/admin/;
}

No rewrite statement is needed.
Second part is the URLs that are generated by the application that is running at 127.0.0.1:9000. You need to configure that application to generate URLs without the /admin prefix to have URLs that match nginx routing setup.
Nginx cannot reliably do this change on the content generated by the backend.

A: You can try the following snippet. Works for me.
location ~* /admin/(.*) {
  ...
  rewrite .* /$1 break;
  proxy_pass http://127.0.0.1:9000;
}

(.*) from the first line is retrieved in the block as $1. The idea is to retrieve the URI after admin/, and replace all with that URI.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


SANTA ANA RIVER LAKES: The trout bite has been good with weekly plants, including some very large trout. Best fish reported this past week was a 22-pound rainbow landed by Jose Chua, San Gabriel, while using garlic PowerBait for bait. Other big fish included, an 11-11 landed by Paul Hansen, Newport Bach, on a B-Line worm, and an 11-8 caught by Blake Brewart, Pacific Palisades. Information: 714-632-7851.
IRVINE LAKE: Lake concession lease ends in March and no more trout plants are going in this year. Fishing has been slow to fair with very few trout and catfish showing. The best action has been on bass, which are pretty fair on plastics around deeper structure. No limit on trout or catfish. All boating, including use of rental boats, has been suspended here as of Sept. 5. Information: 714-649-9111.
LAGUNA NIGUEL LAKE: A 2,000-pound trout plant was slated to go in this week. Next plants will be Feb. 15 (1,500 pounds), Feb. 29 (1,800 pounds), Mar. 14 (1,000 pounds), and March 28 (1,000 pounds). There are no fishing fees this season, only the $5 parking fee on weekends (or $3 during the week). For more information, 949-923-2240.


While I have addressed pricing and other money matters here before, it's been awhile and the confounding mystery of it continues. Honestly, I still have an agonizing time determining retail prices for anything I make, but I do have a helpful way in. So when I was asked to present some pricing ideas and practices at a workshop for the current crop of local Open Studios artists, I decided to describe the considerations looming below the surface of the topic in addition to the how-to methods we generally seek above.
Work hard to separate your pride (or your unvoiced shame) about your work from your pricing.
It's not a "once and done" effort.
No single axiom/approach works every time or over time.
Confidence in pricing requires research, soul-search, preparation, experimentation and experience.
What motivates you? Personal expression? Recognition? Money? If Money is the strongest motivator, you'll be fine. If not, keep reading.
What's your level of satisfaction in your career and current style? Tentative? Changing? Loud and proud? Giddy?
Are you able to see your work objectively? If not, how can you create some professional distance?
Ask whatever you like, but what does it sell for?
Do you price the pieces you personally like higher? Should you?
Describe your ideal collector in detail. You might already know them. How is this person like you?
Whatever story and meaning you carry for your pieces, others won't see them like that and will apply their own rationales and interpretations.
Folks, even sophisticated well-heeled art lovers, buy art impulsively: they recognize it and fall in love. Price is just one part of this buying experience.
Where are they located? Do they have any particular cachet or limitations? Are they focused primarily on selling art or on eating and entertainment?
How is your work displayed, labelled, interpreted and lighted?
How do you or your representatives engage with visitors?
Local or Global, it affects expectations and behaviors.
Discretionary Money = Less available and more accounted-for funds.
Impulsive Money = More available and less watched.
Great if you like to parse hours and receipts.
Maybe it's useful if your materials are costlier or your methods time-consuming.
As you become more efficient and/or find cheaper materials sources, what does it do to your prices?
Try it for yourself; it'll be eye-opening.
In 2D you can size by square inches or by perimeter measurement and use a base cost multiplier.
Does this method work for 3D media using cubic volume or weight? Should it?
These methods can have scaling inconsistencies and other irrelevancies.
You still have to determine your multiplier.
Try it for yourself, some folks swear by this.
Price new work on the low end.
If it sells easily, be quick to raise your price a bit. Raise again if it keeps selling and so on.
Find the price point at which the sales slow up noticeably and hold or back down slightly, your choice.
This is "green feedback." Stay curious because your actual marketplace is speaking.
Try it yourself over and over.
Use your entire body of work and assign a range of prices to ALL of it. Does it make sense?
Do your price-points match the market for similar work? Why or why not?
There is wiggle room for anomalies and one-offs, but price them after you understand the range you determine.
Try it for yourself but beware, as it ventures well into perceived aesthetics, comparables and subjectivity.
Sometimes you just "know" the prices that work for you and your perfect people, your venue and economy.
And it's probably based on personally internalizing your whole iceberg.
You don't "try" this, you just do it when you're ready. Maybe now?
It's probably a good thing to develop a stance regarding all of them. What's your practice/policy?
Detached confidence and practice helps. That's why the head of iceberg lettuce is even more suited to the notion of pricing being a more-than-meets-the-eye thing: it's organic, integrated leaf by enfolding leaf, revealing itself slowly. Pricing art is a nearly untranslatable alchemy anyhow because it requires an artist to range from suchness to materiality, aesthetics to a number. Good luck with forging your pathways, whether adapted here or yet to be discovered.
–Liz Crain, who enjoys this observation of Oscar Wilde's: "When bankers get together for dinner, they discuss art. When artists get together for dinner, they discuss money." She's been both a banker and an artist and says it's true.
Early on I was told to price my work expecting to be asked for a discount. And this does occur. Also I recently noticed at an Art Festival an artist posting a "gallery price" and below that a greatly discounted "festival price". At the same event, an artist was offering an "artist's" discount. Any thoughts on discounting?
Liz, lots of great bullet points.
Wow! I do believe you've written the Ten Commandments of pricing art. I need to print this out and re-read it every time I get ready to put a piece in a show, store, or gallery… thank you!
Thank you Su. So much!!! This pricing thing has bothered me for all the same reasons it bothers everyone else. It's one very obvious but ultimately very tangential part, but again, very pivotal, and again, very easy to mention, but again, NOT what our art is about. Bah! I also just did not trust the simple formulas because they didn't work for me or anyone else I knew. Somewhere in there I realized the wholeness and layered aspects and I am so glad it resonates with you too.


fulfillment, intimacy, friendship, laughter, financial security.
The truth is that marriage, at the start, is an empty box. You must put some things into it before you can take anything out of it.
There is no love in marriage; love is in people, and people put it into their marriage. There is no romance in marriage; people have to put it into their relationship.
out more than you put in, the box will always be empty!


text:
Local Students Participate in CSAY Calendar Contest
The Council on Substance Abuse and Youth (CSAY) is committed to the prevention and reduction of youth and adult substance abuse in Westmoreland County. Sarah Opalinski, community mobilizer/ prevention specialist for Westmoreland Drug & Alcohol Commission, Inc., and who works for WEDAC on the coalition CSAY, said, "We are dedicated to working together to provide education, encourage recovery, and create social change, and to empower individuals to take a stand to end substance abuse in our neighborhoods."
Raven Anderson of the Monessen School District designed the September page of the CSAY calendar to focus on childhood depression.
One of the latest projects in this effort is a calendar, sponsored by WEDAC and CSAY, which includes designs submitted by students from Westmoreland County schools. Opalinski said CSAY, which was formed in 2008, normally goes to the schools for various activities, such as student health fairs or to take pictures, "but we weren't able to do that this year. So we wanted to do something special and we came up with this calendar contest."
She explained that various organizations set aside certain awareness times throughout the year. For example, March is Problem Gambling Awareness Month, September 30 is Overdose Awareness Day, the week before Thanksgiving is the Great American Smoke-Out, etc. The students were directed to choose one of these awareness periods and design a corresponding picture.
The contest was open to students in grades 6 – 12 from all Westmoreland County School Districts, and Opalinski said submissions came in from Belle Vernon, Franklin Regional, Hempfield, Monessen, and Mt. Pleasant. CSAY members voted on the artwork for each month, with the winners each receiving a $50 Amazon gift card, while the ones chosen for the front and back covers each received a $100 Amazon gift card.
The winners were Anna G. Moore, Franklin Regional School District; Isabella Dunford, Josh Hodge, Gianna Patricelli, Emilie Robbins (front cover), Claire Shapiro, Jade Varhola, and Julia Varhola, Hempfield Area School District; Raven Anderson (calendar page plus back cover) and AhRaeia Henderson, Monessen School District; and Emily Brown, Paige Eperjesi, and Aydan Gross, Mt. Pleasant Area School District.
"They did such a great job," Opalinski said. "I love to see kids do anything that gets them feeling good and for which they get recognition; that's what they need – more recognition for good activities. We call it social involvement."
When the calendar is printed, each student will receive copies to share, and calendars will be delivered to schools, as well as to organizations that are involved with CSAY.


BW Group Holdings Ltd is a structural warranty provider working with builders, developers, housing associations and homeowners throughout the UK. As part of our expansion, a fantastic opportunity has arisen for an MRICS Surveyor to head up our Technical Audit department.
Although not essential, experience within the construction warranty sector would be an advantage.
The start date for this role will be March/April 2019 and will be based in our Gateshead office.
To apply, please send your CV in the first instance to Human Resources using the application form below.


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Ameresco, Inc. (NYSE:AMRC) EVP David J. Corrsin Sells 54,543 Shares
Posted by Rob Hiaasen on Jan 14th, 2021
Ameresco, Inc. (NYSE:AMRC) EVP David J. Corrsin sold 54,543 shares of the company's stock in a transaction dated Monday, January 11th. The shares were sold at an average price of $58.84, for a total transaction of $3,209,310.12. Following the sale, the executive vice president now directly owns 216,397 shares of the company's stock, valued at $12,732,799.48. The transaction was disclosed in a filing with the Securities & Exchange Commission, which is available at this link.
Shares of AMRC opened at $59.04 on Thursday. The firm has a market cap of $2.83 billion, a PE ratio of 54.17, a PEG ratio of 2.89 and a beta of 0.55. The firm's 50 day moving average price is $49.38 and its 200 day moving average price is $37.73. The company has a debt-to-equity ratio of 0.60, a quick ratio of 1.32 and a current ratio of 1.35. Ameresco, Inc. has a twelve month low of $13.38 and a twelve month high of $63.45.
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Ameresco (NYSE:AMRC) last issued its quarterly earnings data on Monday, November 2nd. The utilities provider reported $0.38 earnings per share for the quarter, beating the consensus estimate of $0.25 by $0.13. The firm had revenue of $282.51 million for the quarter, compared to analyst estimates of $244.86 million. Ameresco had a net margin of 5.15% and a return on equity of 12.88%. On average, sell-side analysts anticipate that Ameresco, Inc. will post 1.01 earnings per share for the current fiscal year.
A number of institutional investors and hedge funds have recently modified their holdings of AMRC. Captrust Financial Advisors acquired a new position in Ameresco during the second quarter valued at approximately $26,000. Exane Derivatives acquired a new position in Ameresco during the third quarter valued at approximately $26,000. Hudock Inc. acquired a new position in Ameresco during the third quarter valued at approximately $45,000. Winslow Evans & Crocker Inc. acquired a new position in Ameresco during the third quarter valued at approximately $61,000. Finally, Bank of Montreal Can grew its holdings in Ameresco by 371.0% during the second quarter. Bank of Montreal Can now owns 2,534 shares of the utilities provider's stock valued at $70,000 after purchasing an additional 1,996 shares during the last quarter. 39.67% of the stock is currently owned by hedge funds and other institutional investors.
A number of research firms have commented on AMRC. B. Riley upped their price objective on shares of Ameresco from $48.00 to $50.00 and gave the company a "buy" rating in a research note on Tuesday, November 3rd. Craig Hallum increased their price target on shares of Ameresco from $38.00 to $50.00 and gave the stock a "buy" rating in a research report on Tuesday, November 3rd. Canaccord Genuity increased their price target on shares of Ameresco from $36.00 to $50.00 and gave the stock a "buy" rating in a research report on Thursday, October 15th. Oppenheimer increased their price target on shares of Ameresco from $33.00 to $43.00 and gave the stock an "outperform" rating in a research report on Tuesday, November 3rd. Finally, Zacks Investment Research raised shares of Ameresco from a "hold" rating to a "buy" rating and set a $57.00 price target for the company in a research report on Tuesday, January 5th. Seven research analysts have rated the stock with a buy rating, The stock has a consensus rating of "Buy" and an average price target of $46.14.
Ameresco Company Profile
Ameresco, Inc engages in the provision of energy services, including energy efficiency, infrastructure upgrades, asset sustainability, and renewable energy solutions for businesses and organizations throughout North America and Europe. It operates through the following segments: U.S. Regions, U.S. Federal, Canada, Non-Solar Distributed Generation (DG), and All Other.
See Also: What is a Fibonacci Channel?
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OneAscent Financial Services LLC Boosts Holdings in iShares Russell 2500 ETF (BATS:SMMD)
The Goldman Sachs Group (NYSE:GS) PT Raised to $320.00 at JMP Securities
$0.15 Earnings Per Share Expected for Lufax Holding Ltd This Quarter
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ING Groep Earns "Equal Weight" Rating from Morgan Stanley
North American Construction Group Ltd. Buys 10,000 Shares of North American Construction Group Ltd. Stock
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$0.15 Earnings Per Share Expected for Lufax Holding Ltd (NYSE:LU) This Quarter
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Berberis Place is a small, select development which comprises of just twelve luxury 2, 3 and 4-bedroom new homes in Shadoxhurst, Ashford.
These contemporary homes are designed to meet the ever-changing demands of modern living. Each of these attractive properties features private parking and a high specification throughout; designer kitchens, spacious en-suite bathrooms, fitted wardrobes and exceptional finishes.


A Building Company To Tend To All Your Renovation Needs!
Construction and renovation companies are all around us. Their architects look to create firm structural stabilises as well as a beautifully designed building which will leave us turning out head to see the building time and time again. The designs we see within a building are not ones which we should miss out either. Modern architecture has come a long way, you won't even be able to gauge the inside of a home's design by the outside. The interior can give way to a whole new level of elegance and artistic design.
The First Class Building Group does exactly that, they tend to whatever construction you want in and around your house as well as renovating and redesigning your home from the inside as well as the outside. Their work reflects their artistic sense as well as the strictest professional codes of conduct which they follow when carrying out their activity. They have employed some of the best carpenters and labourers for their projects to ensure that they are conducting work in the most efficient way and will get the job done whilst maintain the highest level of quality and professionalism the entire time. They will make sure that the client is satisfied at the end of the project and maybe come back again for other projects which they may have.
Are you looking to have your kitchen remodelled to meet the modern style requirements of our society? Or are you looking to have your bathroom redone to be one of those ultra-fancy elegant bathrooms which radiate elegance? Either way, the First Class Building Group will be able to help you with whatever needs you may have.
Moreover, if you would be looking at having your office remodeled in any way, they even tend to commercial activity in terms of designing and redesigning office spaces to make them the most comfortable and tasteful places to work in.
Other than that, they even tend to the construction of indoor and outdoor residential and commercial pools, the perfect thing place to cool off in the summer heat, in the classiest way possible.
The First Class Building Company is one which ensures that the staff employed is following the most strict quality and safety standards. Safety for both the clients, as well as the workers themselves.
The team goes through rigorous training both on and off the job to ensure that they are operating in the most efficient way and meeting the right health and safety requirements. All the staff employed is put into knowledge-based training and expected to attend training sessions whenever they are being offered to ensure the best operating practices in their daily work.
Therefore, as far as the quality and safety matters are concerned, you can be sure that these guys will get the job done in the best way possible and leave the customer satisfied with the work and coming back time and time again for other jobs, or referring them to friends and family.
For some of the work they have done and been involved in you can visit their gallery on their website. It gives a glimpse of the style which they put forward in their house extensions Gold Coast and renovation. Other than that it shows the quality which people will be worried about before they call them out to get the job done. Go over some of the commercial and residential projects as well as some of the pools which they have constructed.
The First Class Building Company has a section on their page for testimonials. These are the honest reviews and feedback which people have given about the company. This is a great way to gauge whether you would like to go ahead with their services or find another company.
Finally, head on over to their website for more about their services, and a deeper look at exactly what they do. You can even find their contact information on their site. Perhaps get in touch with them an convey your ideas to them about exactly what you want to be done, then, leave the rest to them!
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Do Paid Social Ads Really Work? You Bet They Do.
The simple answer is yes. Paid social does work. It's just what you need to increase revenues and keep loyal customers coming back for more.
This year, over 3 billion people actively use social media. Those numbers continue to rise. It's up 13% in just the last year. 42% of the 7.5 billion Internet-users are active social media users.
Nearly 3 million are doing so from mobile devices. Social media is where the people are. But as a realistic person, you know that this alone doesn't mean social media ads work.
Statista Research Group estimates that ad revenues for 2018 will exceed $51 Billion, an 11% increase over the year before.
A CMO survey found this: As businesses continue to get results through social media, they're increasing their social media advertising budgets by 32% this year.
Experts expect it to nearly double in 5 years.
Let's explore the how, where, what and why's needed to get social media advertising to work for you.
To get results with social media advertising, know why people use social media and build strategies around it.
Buying things comes in at number 8, a respectable showing for something that many people don't want to admit they use social media for.
Incorporate your paid social goals with one or more of the 4 top reasons people use social media. That's when paid social works at its best.
Over 45% of Internet users have ad blockers. Even if your ads aren't getting blocked, this highlights the fact that people today are tired of traditional ads.
An Adobe study found that 50% of people ignore ads when they see them. They think it's easy to do so.
There's likely some overlap. But if we say 45% (ad blockers) plus 50% (ignorers), that's almost everyone.
Paid social works best when it doesn't feel like advertising. Ads don't feel like ads when they're highly relevant and seek to engage first.
Advertisers are catching onto this. 57% of Millennials and 41% of Gen X think that advertisers are getting better at sending them more relevant ads that don't feel like ads on social media.
If you're not, your ad campaigns will struggle. It might even feel like social ads don't work.
You may automatically think of Facebook when we say "Paid Social". Facebook is a top choice for many businesses with good reason. It allows business to really hone in on and send ads to their most likely customers. But it may not be the best place for you to put your ad dollars.
This platform will often be where you've gotten results in the past. But it's important to understand that the social media landscape changes from year to year and even month to month.
For example, Twitter, which is still great for some businesses, lost a lot of active users last year. This summer, they deleted over 1 million fake accounts. They'd been watching these accounts for some time and finally made the move.
In the long run, this is a great thing for Twitter. In the short term, it impacts some users.
Recent changes to Snapchat left some users in an uproar, hitting the company's market value by over $1 billion. It's still a great place to advertise. But this may have impacted your target audience.
At the same time, Instagram is gaining users at phenomenal speed. They've teamed up with Facebook's Ad service to deliver ads across both platforms. YouTube is becoming a more viable ad platform as its parent company Google continues to improve your ability to target audiences.
A lot can happen in a relatively short time.
Don't get stuck trying to advertise on a platform that's not a good fit for your business. You have so many options. Do your research. Track your campaigns. And choose wisely. If you're questioning whether social ads work, consider whether you're just not on the right platform.
Just like social media advertising isn't all about Facebook. It's not just one thing when it comes to how you choose to use the platform to advertise.
Understanding the different ways to advertise helps you choose the right ones for you. Here are the basic types of paid social. But keep in mind that beneath these broad categories, you may have more options to choose from on specific platforms.
Your own social media profile is a great place to test potential ads for "free". Or you may find that a post unexpectedly got a lot of attention.
Now what? How do you make the most out of this? Don't let this opportunity slip away.
It will be called different things on different platforms. But what you'll do is boost the post to get more visibility.
You pay for people who aren't following you or finding you naturally through hashtags to see the post in their feeds.
There's a right and wrong way to boost posts.
Do use the tools available to target who sees the post. If you're a local business or sell only in the U.S., be sure to target geographically as well. This will reduce accidental clicks and reach people who are likely to become customers.
Don't boost posts that are about other influencers or businesses. Sharing other people's content is important to everyday social media engagement. But in the case of a boosted post, that's free advertising for them, not you.
Choose posts that highlight your best content. Depending on how the platform works, they should generally link to your website and encourage people to like, comment, share or click.
Track their performance just like you would a regular ad. Integrate boosted posts into your over-arching social media campaigns.
Some platforms will show your ads in various placements. For example, on Facebook, you can choose to appear in the feed, beside the feed, on Instagram or on their affiliate networks. If you're new to social media advertising, it's best to let the system choose where you appear.
But as you get savvier, you'll find your winners and losers. Then it's time to optimize.
These organic ads appear naturally in a person's social media feed with a small "sponsored" label.
Because it's in the feed, it's more likely to get shared. Once shared, it seems more like a friend's recommendation than an ad. This is a great way to get the word out and get more customers.
Some platforms show ads outside of the newsfeed. These will be seen as ads by your target. But they get a lot of visibility. That's great for brand awareness even if they don't click the ad.
Use the platform's targeting tools to make them very relevant for the people seeing them and they can perform very well. In terms of cost, you'll pay about the same for a newsfeed ad as a sidebar ad.
They can be equally effective.
Facebook has teamed up with affiliate websites to show your ad on other websites. The click-through-rates on these are lower. And conversion rates tend to be lower because people are more likely to misclick.
But this is reflected in a lower cost per click. Think of this as discounted advertising. You may find that this perfectly balances the reduced performance, making this type of ad worth your while.
Remarketing is a technique that involves redirecting people who visited your site back to your site. Social advertising is a great way to remarket.
Remarketing can increase intended clicks by 400% and double revenues.
When you sign up and follow the easy setup, a social media platform will place a cookie in the browser of someone who visits your website. Then when they come back to the social media site, they see the ad inviting them back to your website.
It could be a special offer or just a visual reminder that they have unfinished business.
You can also remarket to people who've visited your profile. Remarketing is all about second chances.
Sometimes, people get distracted when they first visit. Remarketing is a great way to bring them back.
Another way to pay for social media advertising is to "work around the system". Instead of paying the social media platform to give you more exposure, you may a person who has a following to mention your brand, share your posts or take other actions.
This can cost anywhere from a couple hundred to thousands for a small business. And sometimes, it doesn't work. But the influencer keeps the money for services rendered.
You may be trying to buck the system. You don't want to pay for a click. This may be a good option for you. But mistakes can be costly in influencer marketing. Here's are some quick tips you need to know.
Have a significantly engaged following. Anyone can get 1000 Twitter followers. But are they engaging?
Also consider looking for creative deal opportunities. How about share-swapping with a non-competitor? Or agree on lower upfront costs with a performance-based bonus.
Look for influential people who are already talking about you on social media. Thank them. See if you can work something out.
We've talked about the where, the what and the how. Now, let's look at the why. In order for paid social to work for you, you need to know why you're using it.
That requires goal setting. Know what you want to achieve.
Ultimately, you want to increase profits and grow. But vague goals like this indicate a misunderstanding about how social media or any marketing campaign works. You need smaller SMART Goals that you can build around and measure.
Specific — It's not vague.
Measurable — It can be tracked and measured through free and/or paid analytics tools.
Attainable — You can achieve it. Setting pie in the sky goals that you can't attain will sabotage your efforts.
Relevant — It helps you work toward your overarching goals, like increasing revenues. Be careful with this one. Does getting more likes on Twitter help you increase revenues? It might. But, by itself, it might not correlate closely enough to make a good goal.
Timebound — You have clear deadlines by which you plan to achieve benchmarks or the whole goal.
Your goals don't stand alone. They work together to paint a performance picture.
Once you have a SMART goal, it's clearer how to put strategies in place to achieve it.
Let's look at some common social media goals and how you could use social advertising to achieve them.
Email is the best way to nurture leads into paying customers and increase customer lifetime value (CLV). Paid social media is a very effective way to build that list with high-quality leads.
Do this by creating a content marketing funnel. The paid social media ad will be the top of the funnel.
Entice a person to provide their email by offering a chance to win something that your target will find valuable. Or offer them valuable content or a free trial in exchange for an email.
Once subscribed to your email list, continue to send them relevant content to increase revenues. As you do, you're leading them into the funnel where they become your customers.
Having more followers amplifies your paid social efforts. Your followers help you test ad concepts. They click, engage and share without you having to pay for a click.
To get more followers, your social ads should focus on delivering amazing content to your target audience. Amazing content is the kind that your target wants more of. They'll check out your profile when they see it. Many of them will then follow you to get it.
Getting more website traffic offers many benefits. It helps improve your visibility in the organic search results with the help of great SEO. It gives you a more controlled environment in which to nurture a lead or make a sale.
Boost posts that drive people to content on your website like a video or blog.
Use remarketing ads to get people who know you back to your website.
In addition to leading people to your website, make sure it's ready to receive them. A poor website experience will negate the benefits of increased traffic.
Building a landing page for your ad campaign that urges the clicker to do something while there helps you make the most out of this visit. It will set you up for success with that visitor as they become a customer.
Social media engagement provides social proof to people who don't know your brand. If other people like them are interested, they'll take a closer look. It helps set you apart from the thousands of non-name brands they see each week.
To increase social media engagement, use ads to target people who've already visited your profile and/or website. On average people will have 7-13 touch points with your brand before they become customers. By targeting these people who already know about your brand, increase and speed up the touch points.
Depending on your business model, the "quick sale" may or may not be the best way to approach advertising. For example, high priced and more complex products/services often require nurturing. Low priced items that people often buy on impulse are ideal for quick sale strategies.
Depending on which kind of offerings you have, you'll approach the quick sale differently on social media.
Use paid ads to significantly increase visibility. Increase your reach as much as possible while still targeting your ideal customers. Use repetition combined with very visually stimulating ads. Add a compelling offer that's hard to refuse.
Be aware that this will earn you a lot of clicks very fast. You have to pay for each one. Monitor your conversion rates and other analytical data closely when you launch this kind of campaign. Make changes as necessary to make sure you're actually making the sales.
Failing to do this can cost you a lot of money quickly with little return on investment.
If you're new to social media advertising, set a lower end max spend for the day. You can set it as low as $10/day.
As you become more confident that you're conversions are sufficient, up your spending. That is as long as you can handle the influx of orders.
Also, note that this isn't a good long-term strategy. Your acquisition costs will be higher than they should be. Complement quick sales tactics with other strategies to keep costs low and profits high.
You can still increase quick sales on purchases that require some thought and consideration. You just need to reach people at the right place in the buyer's journey.
That's people who are already in the final stages of a buying decision. They're already well aware of the problem your product/service solves. They're also familiar with your brand. Or they can quickly assess you through social proof and great reviews.
They've been doing their research. They're ready to buy.
Use ads to speak directly to people toward the end of the buyer's journey. Encourage people who've been on the fence about taking the "leap" to buy a more complex or expensive product.
This is yet another place where remarketing can be very effective. You're targeting people who already know about your brand.
If you don't have a lot of great reviews or social proof, it will be more difficult to make a quick sale on complex offerings. Instead, focus on building these up through the other strategies discussed.
It costs 5X more to acquire a new customer than it does to retain an existing customer.
You have a 70% chance of selling something to an existing customer. You have around a 5% chance to sell to someone who doesn't know you.
Repeat customers on average spend 31% more with each new visit. You can almost double your revenues simply by increasing retention by 5%.
To get the most out of your social media advertising, it's important that you have systems in place to re-engage your existing customers. Keep them coming back and spending more money. Don't let them get lured away by the competition.
Despite the importance of repeat customers, only 18% of business have processes in place to retain customers beyond basic customer service.
How do you use social media advertising to increase loyalty and customer value?
68% of customers say they prefer to receive exclusive offers that recognize their loyalty versus a coupon everyone gets. Target your customers and offer them discounts or add-ons that reward loyalty.
Continue to engage these customers specifically. In addition to basic social media analytics, track the average time between purchases. And look at the average spend per customer per visit and over a specified time period. See those numbers go up. Know your strategies are working.
Facebook will allow you to upload your customer contact list. They can then find your customers on Facebook and Instagram by matching up the information.
Yes, paid social works. But getting the most out of your social media advertising budget requires an understanding of… Where do you place your ads? How do you reach people on social media? What types of ads will work best for your business, customers and goals? And why are you running your social media ad campaigns in the first place?
Are you struggling to get paid social to work for you? It's time to talk to a professional. We can help you apply the right social media strategies to grow your business. Contact us to request a consult.
This is amazing, looking forward to seeing a more relevant articles like this.


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Q: Dataflow is failing when the File Path is provided with more than one directory level I have created a dataflow in ADF and in the File Path variable of the dataset, i am passing the directory structure where my input files are present over Azure containers.
When this directory structure comprises of only one level(For Eg: source ), then everything works fine. But when this directory structure has more than one value(For Eg: source/database_files) then i start getting error. Below is the error that i receive:
{"message":"Job failed due to reason: at Source 'input': abfss://source/database_files@stgresourcedfs.core.windows.net/ has invalid authority

A: Here I repro'd to pass multilevel directory by the parameterization.
Create linked service and dataset with the parameter.

Provide file path dynamically from the dataset parameters.
In the Container path it cannot accept '/' so we need to parameterize the path.

We are able to preview data of the dataset.


Trying out the new Hahnemühle grey sketchbook. A chance to try some opaque gouache mixed in with my watercolour palette on the grey to try to pick up those yachts in the background. Didn't really work out – I over did it! The sketchbook is actually designed for markers, but it was the only coloured sketchbook I could find, seems to work ok though.
It's a great overall effect Murray and it's nice to see all the experimentation on that grey paper.


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10.4236/ojped.2017.73017
Asthma in Children at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of University Hospital of Brazzaville (Congo)
Engoba Moyen1,2*, Esthel Lee Presley Bemba1,3, Judicael Kambourou1,2, Gaston Ekouya-Bowassa1,4, Evrard Romaric Nika2, Grace Nkounkou2, Verlem Bomelefa-Bomel2, Annie Rachelle Okoko1,2, Georges Moyen1,2, Jean-Louis Nkoua1
1Faculty of Health Sciences, Marien Ngouabi University of Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Congo
2Pediatric Intensive Cares Unit, University Hospital of Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Congo
3Department of Pneumology, University Hospital of Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Congo
4Department of Neonatology, University Hospital of Brazzaville, Brazzaville, Congo
Received: June 2, 2017; Accepted: August 1, 2017; Published: August 4, 2017
Objectives: To describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of asthma in children at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of University Hospital of Brazzaville. Patients and methods: We reviewed the records of children hospitalized in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of University Hospital of Brazzaville from January 1 to December 31, 2015, and retained those from two months to 17 years hospitalized for asthma. The study variables were: age, sex, influence of seasons, history of atopy; the factors triggering the crisis, the type of follow-up, the degree of severity of asthma exacerbation, the type of treatment instituted and the course of the disease. In total, out of 2012 hospitalized children, 65 children met the inclusion criteria. Results: The hospital prevalence of asthma was 3.5%. Among 65 children of study, 42 (59.2%) were male and 29 (40.8%) female. The mean age was 3.9 ± 2.9 years (range from 2 months to 14 years). Children aged 30 months to 5 years were the most represented (40%). They were known as asthmatics, n = 18 (27.7%). Family atopy was found, n = 11 (16.9%). Acute Otorhinolaryngologic infections were in all cases the factors triggering the crisis. The peak frequency of hospitalizations for asthma occurred during the short rainy season. The crisis was moderate n = 46 (70%) and severe n = 19 (29%). Beta 2 mimetics were administered in all cases, by subcutaneous in 18 cases (27.7%) and inhaled in 47 cases (72.3%). The outcome was favorable in all cases with a mean hospital stay of 1.46 ± 0.92 days. Conclusion: Childhood asthma remains a public health challenge and severe asthma is the paradigm of uncontrolled and costly asthma. This first work suggests that a large-scale study be carried out for a better knowledge of it.
Asthma, Children, Pediatric Intensive Care, CHU, Brazzaville
Asthma is the most common chronic respiratory disease in children [1] . This is a public health problem. It concerns about 235 million people worldwide [1] [2] . In France, its frequency is 10% [3] , in Burkina Faso, 0.5% in pediatric hospitals [4] . In Congo, the hospital based frequency of asthma in adult patients service was 10.22% [5] . On the other hand, the pediatric frequency is not known. We have therefore undertaken this study with the aim of reporting the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of asthma children at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of University Hospital of Brazzaville (Congo).
We carried out a retrospective and descriptive study in the pediatric intensive care unit of the University Hospital of Brazzaville, covering the period from January 1st to December 31st, 2015. We reviewed all medical records of children aged from 2 Months to 17 years, hospitalized during the study period and included those whose exit diagnosis included the asthma item. The diagnosis of Asthma was retained in children over three years of age presenting cough episodes with or without sputum, wheezing, expiratory dyspnea, wheezes, and a reversibility of signs spontaneously or due to the effect of bronchodilators.
In children under three years of age, this diagnosis was retained when they had at least two previous episodes of bronchiolitis. Children who had obstructive upper airway malformation and/or other chronic diseases such as kidney failure, heart disease, or malnutrition, were excluded.
The variables studied were age, gender, influence of seasons, existence of a history of atopy and asthma, factors triggering the asthma attack, type of follow-up, pre-hospital background therapy, existence of prodromes, degree of severity of asthma exacerbation, radiological imaging, established treatment, progression and duration of hospitalization. The exacerbation of asthma was defined by the persistence of the crisis beyond 24 hours. As before, this exacerbation was classified as a mild, moderate and severe crisis [6] [7] .
2.1. Patients
During the study period, 2012 children were hospitalized in the service. Of these, 71 (3.5%) children as an exacerbated asthma attack, among which were 42/1089 (3.8%) of male and 29/923 (1.2%) of female. For this work, only 65 cases involving 42 male (59.2%) and 29 female (40.8%) were selected.
2.2. Statistical Analysis
The data were entered and analyzed using the Epi Info 3.5.3 software. The statistical tests used were the chi-square and the Students t-test. For all tests, the significance level was set at 5%.
3.1. Sociodemographic Parameters
The 65 children selected for this study were aged of 3.9 ± 2.9 years (range: two months and 14 years). In 30 (46.1%) cases, they were under 30 months of age; in 18 (27.7%) cases, between 31 and 71 months; and in 15 (23.1%), cases between 6 and 10 years. Only two children, 3.1% aged 11 and 12 years. They were 42 (59.2%) male and 29 (40.8%) female, a sex ratio of 1.45.
Compared to the general population of the service, the frequency was 3.9 for 1089 male and 3.1 for 923 female, a sex ratio of 1.18.
3.2. Influence of Seasons
Admissions for asthma occurred in 36 (55.38%) cases between March and June, while in other months, only an average of four children were admitted per month (Figure 1).
3.3. Antecedents
All 65 children were born at term. They had a history of bronchiolitis in 25 (38.5%) cases. They were known to have asthma in 18 (27.7%) cases, 8 (12.5%) of which were followed by a pediatrician. In follow up children, treatment consisted to the administration of beta 2 mimetics in spray as a background treat-
Figure 1. Distribution of patients by month of hospitalization.
ment. These patients were aged 5.4 ± 3.5 years versus 3.2 ± 2.9 years for those who did not know asthma (p = 0.006). The history of familial atopy was found in 11 (16.9%) children, in all cases it was a history of asthma. No case of passive smoking was found.
3.4. Circumstances of Hospitalization
The triggers of the asthma attack were an otorhinolaryngologic infection in all cases.
Patients came directly from home (n = 50; 79.4%) or referred by a secondary health center (n = 15; 20.6%). The mean time between onset of symptoms and consultation was 2.28 ± 1.72 days with extremes of 12 hours to 7 days. Dyspnea was the main reason for hospitalization in all cases.
3.5. Clinical Aspects
The functional and general signs are given in Table 1.
Signs of pulmonary auscultation, some associated in the same patient, were observed in the following proportions: wheezes alone 58 cases (89.2%), wheezes associated with ronchi 5 cases (7.7%), and with crackles 17 cases (26.1%). Seizures were considered moderate in 46 (70.8%) patients and severe in 19 (29.2%) patients.
3.6. Radiographic Aspects
The chest X-ray, performed in 45 patients (69.2%), was normal in 25 cases (55.6%), showed thoracic distension in 18 cases (40.0%), atelectasis and alveolar image in one case each (2.2%).
3.7. Treatment
The treatment consisted in all cases of administration of beta 2 mimetics, subcutaneously (n = 5; 7.7%) or inhaled (n = 60; 92.3%) by spray (n = 39; 60%) or in nebulization (n = 21; 32.30%). In combination with oxygen therapy in all cases, corticosteroids were administered in 52 (80.0%) cases, as slow intravenous methylprednisolone to 50 children (76.9%), and betametasone per os 2 (3.1%). Antibiotic therapy was administered in 16 (24.6%) cases. It was a beta-lactam in 5
Table 1. Functional and general signs.
(31.0%) cases, a macrolide in 1 (6.0%) case, and a combination of beta-lactam and macrolide in 10 (63.0%) cases. There was no significant difference between the type of antibiotic prescribed and the age groups (p = 0.64).
3.8. Evolution
The outcome was favorable in all cases. The mean hospital stay was 1.46 ± 0.92 days (range= 12 hours - 6 days). For severe seizures, and 1.7 ± 1.4 days (range 1 - 6 days) for seizures: significant difference (p = 0.04).
4.1. Analysis of Methods
Asthma occurs in various forms: mild or intermittent asthma, moderate, and severe [8] . Some recommendations [9] classified the severity of asthma in terms of symptom intensity, level of obstruction, and variability in respiratory function in four categories: intermittent, moderate persistent, and severe. The intermittent forms, the most numerous, are followed in outpatient medicine. However, mild to moderate persistent types can be managed in general pediatric hospitalization. On the other hand, exacerbations of life-threatening asthma attacks should be treated in intensive care units. This means that the hospital frequency reported in this work (3.5% of intensive care hospitalizations) has a recruitment bias. In terms of diagnosis, only 67.7% of asthmatic children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit had a chest radiograph. The realization of this examination, simple and inexpensive, should be systematic in the management [10] . In addition, none of our patients have received spirometry: this is a key diagnostic examination [1] , whose contribution to follow-up is important [11] .
4.2. Frequency
In a hospital and pediatric population, frequencies of 0.51% have been reported in Ouagadougou [4] , 1% in Lomé [12] , and 2% in Dakar [13] . In a hospital clinic for adults and children in Dakar [14] , the frequency of asthma was 7.5%. In Congo, a hospital survey [5] assessed the frequency of asthma but recruited mainly adults. However, through the use of a simple and validated questionnaire, one survey [15] reported that 19.9% of Congolese aged 13 - 14 years had asthma. In France, three national surveys carried out in children [3] reported frequencies from 12.3% to 13.4%.
The mean age of onset reported in our work (3.5 years) is comparable to the French [16] and Malaysian [17] ones, with respectively 3.9 ± 3.3 years and 3 ± 2.5 years. Other African authors [4] [12] reported higher mean ages of 6.5 and 7 years, respectively. This difference could be explained by the size of our sample.
4.3. Circumstances of Occurrence
Our study covered only 12 months. It reported a higher frequency of admissions from March to June, a period corresponding to the small rainy season, whereas this recrudescence was observed during the Great dry seasons in Togo [18] . In both cases, these are the seasons whose common denominator is the existence of dust. This is, with cold and respiratory infections [4] [5] [11] [18] [19] as a factor triggering asthma attacks. Indeed, asthma is a complex disease with multifactorial etiology, with atopy being the most frequently identified risk factor [4] [11] [16] . In children, 95% of cases originate from the hereditary allergic field, compared with 70% - 80% in adults [11] . The exact cause of asthma remains unknown, but might be the result of a complex interaction between environmental factors and various individual or genetic factors (predisposition or family history). Thus, according to Burrows et al. [20] , the risk to the child of developing an allergic disease is all the greater as the number of individuals affected in the family is high.
4.4. Clinical and Para-Clinical Aspects
The clinical expression of asthma attacks included, in our work, the usual signs reported elsewhere [3] ; The majority of which were cough in 81.5%, rhinorrhea (67.6%), and wheezes (89.2%). This clinical expression and the evolution with regard to the therapeutic means implemented suggest that we have recruited many cases of severe acute asthma. However, some signs such as the fever observed in 43 patients (66.1%), the radiological images of atelectasis, and the use of antibiotic therapy in n = 16 (24.6%) cases make it possible to discuss the possibility of bacterial pneumonia in children under five years of age [21] .
4.5. Therapeutic Aspects and Evolution
We used β-mimetics in 39 children (60%), as in the Burkinabe study of OUADRAOGO et al. [4] (60%), and 82.8% for THIAM et al. [14] . It is now admitted [6] [22] [23] , on the one hand that short-acting β-mimetics are first-line treatment irrespective of the age of the child or the level of severity of the crisis, and on the other that their preferred way of administration is the inhaled route. In line with current practice recommendations, we used this approach in 60 (92.3%). Children, the administration of corticosteroids was frequent in our experience: 52 cases, i.e. 80.0%. This was consistent with the degree of severity in that we used the parenteral way in 96.1%. Indeed, corticosteroids are indicated by oral inhalation [24] in the crisis and exacerbation of asthma. Having not demonstrated superiority to the oral way, the parenteral way should be reserved for children unable to ingest treatment or because of vomiting [22] . Glucocorticoid therapy should be administered in short cures because of the effects on growth. Indeed, the use of short courses of corticosteroids during seizures was recently re-evaluated [25] by three tests: measurement of markers of bone turnover, ACTH test, and bone densitometry. These tests are not significantly altered in children receiving an average of five courses a year.
The daily administration of inhaled corticosteroids, in combination with long- acting β-mimetics if necessary, is the background treatment of childhood asthma to prevent exacerbations and achieve daily symptom control [26] . In mono- therapy, it has been shown to be superior to other treatments such as anti-leu- kotrienes [27] . None of our patients used a background treatment, although eight of them were monitored. In this retrospective study, we were not able to classify the asthmatic disease according to the type of evolution.
The importance and frequency of asthma in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit in Brazzaville require that preventive measures be implemented. These go through the education of patients and parents of the asthmatic child, the use of written instructions that proved beneficial, and compliance with the coding of its care.
Moyen, E., Bemba, E.L.P., Kambourou, J., Ekouya-Bowassa, G., Nika, E.R., Nkounkou, G., Bomelefa-Bomel, V., Okoko, A.R., Moyen, G. and Nkoua, J.-L. (2017) Asthma in Children at the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit of University Hospital of Brazzaville (Congo). Open Journal of Pediatrics, 7, 140-148. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojped.2017.73017
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13. Ba, M., Camara, B., Ndiaye, O., Diouf, S. and Ba, A. (2002) Asthme des Enfants au Sénégal: Caractéristiques Epidémiologiques et Cliniques dans les Hopitaux. Dakar Médical, 47, 128-133.
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19. Moussaoui, R. and Kettani, E. (2004) Les Asthmes Aigues Graves en Réanimation Pédiatrique. Journal Maghr d'anesthésie Réanimation et de médecine d'urgence, 11, 22-25.
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