text:
IJEP
SHERPA/JULIET
Journal of Pediatric Epilepsy
Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A: Central European Neurosurgery
Journal of Neurological Surgery Part B: Skull Base
CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 · International Journal of Epilepsy 2017; 04(02): 119-124
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijep.2017.07.001
Thieme Medical and Scientific Publishers Private Ltd.
Taurine supplementation to anti-seizure drugs as the promising approach to treat pharmacoresistant epilepsy: A pre-clinical study
Sandeep Kumar
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, India
Rajesh Kumar Goel
Correspondence author
Email: goelrkpup@gmail.com
06 May 2018 (online)
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Pentylenetetrazole kindling model
Lamotrigine pre-treated pentylenetetrazole kindling model
Neurochemical analysis
Induction of kindling
Development of resistance to anti-seizure drugs
Restoration of anti-seizure effect by taurine
Neurochemical changes
Background Pharmacoresistance leads to severe, irreversible disabilities and premature death in ∼30% cases of epilepsy despite adequate and appropriate treatment with available anti-seizure drugs (ASDs) without any underlying cause. In light of the large body of evidence which suggests the anti-seizure action of taurine in experimental animals and its wide safety margins in human, supplementation of this inhibitory amino-sulfonic acid to available ASDs seems promising to treat pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
Methods We examined the anti-seizure effect of lamotrigine (15 mg/kg), levetiracetam (40 mg/kg), carbamazepine (40 mg/kg), phenytoin (35 mg/kg) & taurine (50, 100 & 200 mg/kg) in lamotrigine pre-treated pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice (LPK) which mimic core features of pharmacoresistant epilepsy, either alone ASDs or in combinations whereby three different doses of taurine were supplemented with tested ASDs.
Results Both, the ASDs and the taurine were failed to suppress generalized tonic-clonic seizures in LPK mice. However, taurine supplementation clearly restored the anti-seizure effect of tested ASDs. Further neurochemical studies revealed that higher levels of taurine in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex restored the imbalance between major excitatory neurotransmitters glutamate & its inhibitory counterpart GABA.
Conclusions These findings emphasize that supplementation of taurine with ASDs may be useful to treat pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Thus, further clinical validation is encouraged.
Epilepsy - Kindling - Lamotrigine - Pharmacoresistant - Supplementation - Taurine
Persistent seizures is a characteristic feature of pharmacoresistant epilepsy as clear from ∼30% of 65 million total worldwide cases of epilepsy, despite adequate and appropriate treatment with available ASDs.[1] [2] [3] It leads to developmental delay, severe irreversible disabilities and premature deaths, suggesting that seizure control is important.[4]
In order to limit severity and frequency of persistent disabling seizures, ASD combinations possessing multiple mechanisms of actions can be considered[1] however; serious adverse effects and drug interactions often limit their usage.[5] Moreover, chronic polytherapy further aggravates epilepsy associated comorbidities such as depression and memory impairment.[6] On the other side, available non-pharmacological alternatives such as neurosurgery, central & peripheral neurostimulation are clinically underutilized, either due to ineffectiveness or inappropriateness.[7] [8] [9] [10]
Thus, epilepsy field suffers from pharmacoresistance despite intensive epilepsy research over the years and clinical availability of more than ten leading ASDs. Thus, much interest is in the development of safe and effective treatment approaches, with an emphasis to restore drug response in pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
The precise pathological mechanisms underlying pharmacoresistance in epilepsy stay elusive.[3] However, disturbance in regulatory roles of excitatory and inhibitory amino acids are thought to lead neuronal hyperexcitability in epilepsy.[11] [12] [13] In this context, uses of neuroactive amino acids have been recently drawn in for treatments of pharmacoresistant epilepsy.[14] [15] Another believed disturbance is the failure of neuronal regulation by taurine, an inhibitory amino sulfonic acid.[13]
In parallel to this, supplementation of taurine to available ASDs seems an promising approach to treat pharmacoresistant epilepsy, considering favourable effects of this inhibitory amino sulfonic acid such as neuroprotection from glutamate induced excite-toxicity,[16] [17] direct agonistic action at GABAA receptor complex,[18] [19] enhancement of GAD activity and GAD-positive neurons[20] [21] as well proven anti-convulsant effect[22] [23] with wide margin of clinical safety[24] made the choice convincing.
The Epilepsy Therapy Screening Program of National Institute of Neurological Disorder & Stroke (NINDS) offer a battery of well-established rodent seizure models to screen promising molecules. Among these, lamotrigine resistant seizures in Swiss albino mice mimics core features of pharmacoresistant epilepsy.[25] [26] [27] [28] Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate taurine supplementation to known ASDs, as promising approach to treat pharmacoresistance on LPK mice model of pharmacoresistant epilepsy.
Experiments were performed on total forty-two adult male Swiss albino mice (obtained from a breeder, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hisar, Haryana, India). Mice were kept in plastic cages (6 mice/cage) in the animal house condition, at controlled room temperature (22 ± 3 °C), humidity (50 ± 5%) and light-dark cycle (12 h light: 12 h dark, lights on at 8:00 am) with free access to food (standard pellets for rodents) and water (ad libitum), except during experimental schedules. The experimental protocol was duly approved by the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (protocol approval no. 107/99/CPCSEA/2014-08). Experiments were carried out as per guidelines laid down by the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India. The cages were cleaned regularly. Mice were acclimatized to the laboratory for a week, before these experiments. For pentylenetetrazole kindling model, n = 10 mice were used, termed as PK mice. For lamotrigine pre-treated pentylenetetrazole kindling model, n = 32 mice were used, termed as LPK mice. For both the models, mice were of twelve-week-age and individual body weight 25–28 g at the time of seizure induction.
# 2.2
The pentylenetetrazole kindling is a well-established rodent seizure model that mimics core features of pharmacoresponsive epilepsy and widely employed in the screening of potential molecules.[25] It involves a progressive increase in seizure susceptibility of rodents due to repeated pentylenetetrazole treatments.[29] [30] [31] For this, n = 10 mice were treated with a sub-convulsive dose of pentylenetetrazole (40 mg/kg) on alternate days. Pentylenetetrazole (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was dissolved in normal saline and administered via i.p route at every 48 ± 2 h intervals. After every injection, mice were placed individually in transparent plexiglass cages (20 × 20 × 30 cm) and convulsive seizures were recorded visually for a time period of 30 mins, as per modified Racine's scale which is mentioned as: Stage 0: no response; Stage 1: hyperactivity, restlessness and vibrissae twitching; Stage 2: head nodding, head clonus and myoclonic jerks; Stage 3: unilateral or bilateral limb clonus; Stage 4: forelimb clonic seizures; Stage 5: generalized tonic–clonic seizures with falling; Stage 6: hind limb extension. Pentylenetetrazole treatments continue for each mouse until it has achieved the criterion of 3 consecutive stage 5 seizures, whereby it is considered in a "stable kindled state".[29] [30] [31] Mortality was observed in 2 out of 10 mice.
The lamotrigine pre-treated pentylenetetrazole kindled mice mimic core features of pharmacoresistant epilepsy and described in detail.[25] [26] Briefly, this model has modified the traditional kindling protocol with the addition of lamotrigine pre-treatments during kindling acquisition phases, which does not inhibit kindling acquisition, but leads to the subsequent development of pharmacoresistant seizures in kindled animals. For this study, n = 32 mice received lamotrigine pre-treatments (5 mg/kg suspended in 0.5% methylcellulose, i.p) at 45 min before every pentylenetetrazole treatment (40 mg/kg at 48 ± 2 h intervals) till stable kindled state.[26] Mortality in this kindling protocol was low (2/32).
Starting 48 h after the kindling protocols, standard drugs were tested with v/s without taurine supplementations: 7 PK mice and 30 LPK mice were used for these experiments ([Fig. 1]). For this, PK mice were assigned as (i) pharmacoresponsive control group-I in which n = 7 PK mice received standard anti-seizure drug treatment without taurine supplementation. Another side, the LPK mice were randomly assigned into 4 groups (ii) pharmacoresistant control group-II in which n = 7 LPK mice received standard drug treatment without taurine supplementation (iii) Group-III in which n = 7 LPK mice received 50 mg/kg i.p dose of taurine 1 h before standard drug treatment (iv) Group-IV in which n = 7 LPK mice received 100 mg/kg i.p dose of taurine 1 h before standard drug treatment (v) Group-V in which n = 7 LPK mice received 200 mg/kg i.p dose of taurine 1 h before standard drug treatment.
Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the study design.
ASDs were tested at well-established therapeutic efficacious doses, in ascending order of their elimination half-life's i.e. 15 mg/kg lamotrigine suspended in 0.5% methylcellulose, i.p (obtained from Cadila Healthcare, India), 40 mg/kg levetiracetam in normal saline, i.p, t1/2∼ 1.5 h (Torrent, India), 40 mg/kg carbamazepine in 0.5% methyl cellulose, i.p, t1/2 ∼ 2 h (Sun, India) and 35 mg/kg phenytoin in normal saline, t1/2 ∼ 12 h (Troikaa, India) with adequate washout period of 48 h for each drug except 96 h for phenytoin.[32] [33] [34] In all five groups, mice were challenged with pentylenetetrazole (40 mg/Kg, i.p) with the time gap of 45 mins after standard drug treatment. The severity of convulsive seizures was scored according to modified Racine's scale. Additionally, anti-seizure effect of taurine per se was studied in all five groups, at an i.p dose of 200 mg/kg.
The levels of taurine, glutamate & GABA in cerebral cortex and hippocampus areas of mice brain were estimated by the HPLC-ECD method.[35] After therapeutic evaluation, the animals were decapitated. Cerebral cortex and hippocampus were dissected,[36] weighed and homogenized in freshly prepared ice-cold 10% w/v perchloric acid followed by centrifugation at 14,000g for 30 min at 4 °C (REMI C-24BL, cooling centrifuge, REMI, India) to get clear supernatant for rapid analysis of taurine, glutamate & GABA.[35] [37]
Briefly, chromatographic separations were made using a Waters HPLC system (Milford, USA) consisted of 515 binary pumps (Waters, USA) and Rheodyne manual injector (20 μl) with Hamilton syringe. Separations were achieved on reverse phase column (250 mm × 4.6mm × 5 μm; Sun fire, USA) at 35 ± 1 °C temperature followed by electrochemical detection (2465, Waters, USA). The acquired data was processed as an area under the curve (AUC) using Empower Pro-III Operating System (Waters, Milford, USA).
The mobile phase consisted of 100 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate: methanol (60:40) and 36 mg EDTA per liter. The solution was adjusted to pH 7.8 with o-phosphoric acid and filtered through a 0.45 μm membrane (Millipore, USA) and degaussed (Transonic T 570/H, Elma, Germany). The flow rate was set at 1.2 ml/min. Standard GABA was obtained from central drug house (New Delhi, India), glutamate from S.D Fine Chem. Ltd. (India) and taurine from Hi-media laboratory, Mumbai (India).
Statistical analysis was performed using Graph Pad Prism software version 7 (Graph-Pad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The nonparametric one-way ANOVA followed by Student Newman Keuls multiple comparison post hoc tests were used for statistical evaluation of data generated from drug testing experiments & neurochemical analysis. The data is expressed as mean ± standard error mean. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
No significant differences were observed in the mean seizure severity score of PK mice as compared with that of LPK mice, at any point of time throughout the kindling (independent Student's t-test; P > 0.05). Mice were kindled within 17 ± 2 pentylenetetrazole treatments in both the models ([Fig. 2]).
Fig. 2. Kindling development in pentylenetetrazole kindling model (n = 10) v/s lamotrigine pre-treated pentylenetetrazole kindling model (n = 32). Convulsive seizures are expressed as a mean seizure severity score ± standard error mean on y-axis v/s number of pentylenetetrazole treatments on the x-axis. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05 (Independent Student's t-test).
An acute lamotrigine treatment (15 mg/Kg, i.p) completely blocked the generalized convulsive seizures on PK mice i.e. group-I (mean seizure severity score 1.2, n = 6; [Fig. 3]). In contrast, similar treatment by lamotrigine was found to be ineffective on LPK mice i.e. group-II (mean seizure severity score 4.1, n = 6). This significant difference in the mean seizure severity scores (1.2 v/s 4.2, P < 0.05; Independent Student's t-test) represents the lamotrigine resistance in group-II.
Fig. 3. Anticonvulsant effect of lamotrigine (LTG: 15 mg/kg), levetiracetam (LVT; 40 mg/kg), carbamazepine (CBZ: 40 mg/kg), phenytoin (PHT: 35 mg/kg) & taurine (200 mg/kg) in control group-I v/s II; n = 6) & with taurine supplementation in group-III, IV, V; n = 6). Each value is expressed as mean seizure severity score ± standard error mean (y-axis). *: compared to pharmacoresistant control group for corresponding drug. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05 (One-Way ANOVA with Student Newman Keuls multiple comparison post hoc).
Furthermore, differences in mean seizure severity scores of group-I v/s II after: levetiracetam (40 mg/kg) was 1.0 v/s 3.5 (P < 0.05; Independent Student's t-test), carbamazepine (40 mg/kg)1.2 v/s 4.0 (P < 0.05; Independent Student's t-test), phenytoin (35 mg/kg) 1.3 v/s 3.7 (P < 0.05; Independent Student's t-test) & taurine (200 mg/kg) was 1.9 v/s 4.1 (P < 0.05; Independent Student's t-test). These results represent that in group-II resistance was not limited to lamotrigine but extended to levetiracetam, carbamazepine, phenytoin & taurine as well.
A significant difference in the anti-convulsant effect of lamotrigine (F(4,27) = 10.9, P < 0.0001), levetiracetam (F(4,27) = 16.2, P < 0.0001), carbamazepine (F(4,27) = 7.5, P < 0.0001) & phenytoin (F(4,27) = 16.0, P < 0.0001) was observed between group I to V
The anti-seizure effect of lamotrigine, levetiracetam, carbamazepine & phenytoin was significantly (P < 0.05) restored in taurine treated animals (group-IV & V) as compared to control pharmacoresistant animals (group-II). The difference in the mean seizure severity score of group-II v/s III, IV & V after lamotrigine treatment was 4.1 v/s 3.8, 3.0, 2.1 (P < 0.05 except II v/s III), levetiracetam treatment was 3.2 v/s 2.0, 1.4 & 1.0(P < 0.05), carbamazepine treatment was 4.1 v/s 3.7, 2.8 & 2.2 (P < 0.05 except II v/s III) and phenytoin treatment was 4.1 v/s 3.6, 2.4 & 2.1, (P < 0.05 except II v/s III).
In taurine treated animals, taurine levels were found to be significantly enhanced in the cerebral cortex (F(5,30) = 26.6; P < 0.001) and hippocampus (F(5,30) = 77.1; P < 0.001) in comparison to control animals that received drug treatment only (group-IV & V v/s I & II, in [Fig. 4a]).
Fig. 4. The levels of taurine (a), GABA (b) & glutamate (c) in μg/g of wet tissue on y-axis in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of control groups (I, II; n = 6) and taurine treated groups (III, IV, V; n = 6) on x-axis. Each value is expressed as a mean seizure severity score ± standard error mean. *: compared to pharmacoresponsive control mice. The naïve group is secondary data of n = 6 mice (same lab). Differences were considered significant with P < 0.001(One-Way ANOVA with Student Newman Keuls multiple comparison post hoc).
The control pharmacoresistant animals (group-II) showed significantly reduced GABA levels in comparison to control pharmacoresponsive animals (group-I; [Fig. 4b]). However, taurine treatment in pharmacoresistant animals (group-V) significantly up-regulated the GABA levels in cerebral cortex (F(5,30) = 9.90; P < 0.001) & hippocampus (F(5,30) = 10.9; P < 0.001).
The control pharmacoresistant animals (group-II) showed significantly elevated glutamate levels in comparison to control pharmacoresponsive animals (group-I [Fig. 4c]). However, taurine treatments in pharmacoresistant animals (group-V) significantly down-regulated the glutamate levels in cerebral cortex (F(5,30) = 25.3; P < 0.001) & hippocampus (F(5,30) = 77.1; P < 0.001).
Disturbance in the regulatory roles of neuroexcitatory and inhibitory amino acids are thought to lead neuronal hyperexcitability in epilepsy.[11] [12] [13] In this context, uses of neuroactive amino acids have been recently drawn in for treatments of pharmacoresistant epilepsy.[14] [15] Parallel to this, another disturbance that is believed to occur is the failure of neuronal regulation by taurine,[13] an inhibitory amino sulfonic acid.
A large body of evidence support to the anti-seizure effect of taurine[22] [23] [38] [39] is based on the agonistic action of taurine on GABAA receptors[18] [19] as well as its ability to enhance GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase) number & activity in the brain[20] [21] that potentiates GABAergic neurotransmission, in addition to its ability to protect neurons from glutamate induced excite-toxicity.[17]
However, in this first of its kind study several novel findings have been made on (i) anti-seizure effect of taurine on lamotrigine pre-treated pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice that mimic core features of pharmacoresistant epilepsy rather than its previously evident actions on pharmacoresponsive rodent seizures (ii) anti-seizure effect of standard drugs after taurine supplementation (iii) and interplay between the levels of taurine and major excitatory & inhibitory neurotransmitters i.e. GABA & glutamate, in cerebral cortex and hippocampus regions of LPK mice ([Fig. 5]).
Fig. 5. Schematic illustration of the findings.
In similar to the anti-seizure effect of standard drugs ([fig. 3]) the taurine suppressed generalized tonic-clonic seizure on pentylenetetrazole-kindled animals that mimic core features of pharmacoresponsive epilepsy[25] in line to the earlier reports suggesting its anti-seizure potential.[22] [23] It seems to be due to a direct agonistic action of taurine on GABAA receptors.[18] [19] However, seizure suppression was poor as compared to that of standard anti-seizure drugs justifying their clinical preference over the taurine.
However, unlike to expected anti-seizure effect of taurine as clear from the large body of evidences[22] [23] [38] and our observations with taurine on pentylenetetrazole-kindled animal in [Fig. 3], significant (P < 0.05) resistance to anti-seizure effect of taurine was observed on LPK mice that mimic core features of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. It suggests the possible inability of GABAA receptors mediated seizure suppression by taurine in LPK mice as well as the failure of standard anti-seizure drugs in the clinics.
In addition to the direct agonistic action of taurine on GABAA, indirect potentiation in the GABAergic neurotransmission by taurine is well reported.[20] [21] Moreover, its wide margin of clinical safety further prompt us to use it as a supplement with available ASDs. Here, we found that anti-seizure actions of lamotrigine (15 mg/kg), levetiracetam (40 mg/kg), carbamazepine (40 mg/kg) & phenytoin (35 mg/kg) were significantly (P < 0.05) improved after taurine supplementation with these drugs, at 100 and 200 mg/Kg, i.p dose of taurine ([Fig. 3]).
It is likely that taurine mediated improvement in the anti-seizure effect of tested standard drugs may be due to indirect potentiation of GABAergic neurotransmission, as evident that the taurine up-regulate GAD-positive neurons and as well as the activity of this key enzyme responsible for the conversion of excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate into inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA.[20] [21] Therefore, we estimated the levels of taurine, glutamate and GABA in cerebral cortex and hippocampus regions in mice brain.
According to results of this study, higher levels of taurine in the brain were strongly associated with significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulated GABA and down-regulated glutamate levels in taurine treated animals ([Fig. 4]) as compared to that of animals without taurine treatment. These neurochemical findings are favorable in justifying observed improvements in the anti-seizure effects of tested drugs after taurine supplementation, as one of the possible reason. Furthermore, significant lack of the anti-seizure effect of per se taurine reflects the true reversal of pharmacoresistance rather than additive effects of taurine and standard drugs.
Although, precise mechanism underlying poor anti-seizure response of standard drugs in LPK mice stay elusive,[26] [27] [28] however in light of neurochemical findings of this study ([Fig. 4]) one testable hypothesis is that resistance is due to degree of imbalance between the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA and excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in LPK mice as compared to relatively lesser degree of imbalance in PK mice, and is further supported intrinsic severity hypothesis of pharmacoresistant epilepsy.[40] Further studies need to explain secondary structural and functional changes associated with severity of this imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.
The authors have none to declare.
No conflict of interest has been declared by the author(s).
The authors would like to acknowledge the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) for the waters-chromatography system for neurochemical estimations vide No: 38(1339/12/EMR-II) and Department of Pharmaceutical Science & Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala (India) to provide infrastructures & other facilities to carry out research work.
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Retro Round Up :: Beach Time!
I don't know about you, but with the sun shining like this, all I want to do is pack everything up and head for the beach! So, I've taken that as my inspiration for today's Retro Round Up. All things beach/pool/nautical inspired. ENJOY!
Even if you can't enjoy the pool, I hope you can at least indulge your Barbie with this sweet vintage 1973 pool that can actually hold water so Babs can take a proper dip! From Etsy seller, Saturday Morning Matinee.
What is a trip to the beach without a sand bucket? Nothing! And fortunately, there are quite a few darling vintage ones that add a nice bit of charm to any sand castle building fun. I love the nursery rhymes around the edge of this one! From Etsy seller, Miss Chore Girl.
Look no further than here for the perfect beach robe. So cozy and made of absorbent terry cloth. Plus the little duck print is too cute for words! From Etsy seller, Cindy's Cozy Clutter.
OK, I'm going bananas over this little beach outfit for a 2-3 year old. Matching bloomers aren't shown, but it is on sale and I'm sure it will go fast! From Etsy seller, Lulu's Frou Frou.
These little plaid swim trunks are a great find! $20 each and in outstanding condition too. YEAH! From Etsy shop, Antiquesingmar.
This little hand-smocked sun hat is so darling for either a boy or a girl! From Etsy seller, InzeOdelia.
Miss Lish always has the cutest stuff! And this little bowtastic swimsuit is too cute not to share! Especially thanks to the sweet modeling job by Miss Tova. LOVE!
Why not settle down at the beach with a good read, like this one? Oh, those Bobbsey twins! From Etsy seller, Greta's Girl Den.
This little sailor sun suit is a little cup of heaven if you ask me! Sooo darling! From the gloriously named Etsy seller, Disco Divas.
Those last overalls are killer!
I had the 2nd edition of that pool!!! LOVE IT!! Thanks for the memories.
Love Tovie… So cute. And, as always, great finds.


It's been a little while, but Sly is back in business on the radio. Not Sly Stone, who was a DJ for the Bay Area station KSOL in the '60s, but Anthony "Sly" Ramirez, who has recently resurrected his popular four-year-old Internet hip-hop radio station 95Live after a brief hiatus to deal with a challenge to his domain name. While he was offline, there was a void in the local music scene, as the street-level sounds that are too raw for Clear Channel stations like KMEL and Wild 94.9 went without their only radio outlet. But now Sly has announced that 95Live has been picked up as an official iTunes station.
Sly is somewhat of a Howard Stern for the hip-hop set, giving the phrase "color commentary" a whole new dimension. On a recent evening, he waxed philosophical about how snitches should die, mixed in hot new beats from New York and Oakland, and pondered — in graphic detail — what Angelina Jolie might be able to do with those luscious lips.
"I'm trying to take it back to old-time radio," he says later, with no trace of irony.
Growing up in the Oakland area, Sly saw his share of what he calls "graphic stuff" at a young age. He says it made him a quiet kid who held a lot in, but even back then he craved a career in show business.
The station was born out of Sly's disgust with his tenure as a "slave" (aka, a Clear Channel radio intern). He wanted to see radio become less about rigidity and more about creativity. Now, with his free-form format, Sly makes the hip-hop scene proud and gives shock-jock enthusiasts a new voice to follow.


text:
Droplaugarsona saga est l'une des sagas des Islandais, probablement écrite au début du . Elle raconte la vie d'adultes de deux fils de Droplaug, Grimr et de Helgi, qui sont aussi apparus dans la Fljótsdæla saga. Les histoires des deux sagas se superposent parfois, et dans certains cas l'une contredit l'autre dans les détails. Cela n'est pas inhabituel dans une saga islandaise.

Liens externes
Traduction en islandais et en danois
Proverbes dans la Droplaugarsona saga, en islandais

Saga des Islandais

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A 27-year-old father named Zack Davis decided to take his three children on a hunting trip in Oregon. His children, all under the age of 7, were probably really excited to see their father shoot and kill an innocent animal.
But instead of impressing his kids by murdering some poor deer, he ended up almost murdering his children. At around eight in the morning, Davis got out of his vehicle because he thought he saw a deer.
While walking back to his truck, he accidentally fired his rifle. The bullet went through the driver's side door of the truck and into the back seat, which is where his three children were sitting.
The 2-year-old and the 4-year-old were hit by the bullet. The youngest one suffered a broken leg and was flown to Legacy Emanuel Hospital. The 4-year-old was shot in the shin. She had surgery to remove a metal fragment from her leg.
Both kids are expected to make a full recovery, but it could have been a lot worse. Deputies are still investigating the incident. In the past two years, seven minors in Oregon have been injured and one has been killed in accidental shootings.


Jorien Saelens obtained her Master's degree in Dutch and English Linguistics and Literature at the University of Ghent, where she graduated in 2014 with the greatest distinction. During her training, she already demonstrated her enthusiasm for language acquisition with a teaching assignment in the bachelor's program in which she taught younger bachelor students speaking and writing skills, and English lessons during the summer camps of Roeland Language Camps in Cottesmore, England.
At the Department of Translation, Interpreting and Communication at Ghent University, Jorien worked as a research and teaching assistant, focusing on language skills, academic linguistic skills and business communication. This was followed by the publication "A corpus-based analysis of V2 variation in Western Flemish and French Flemish dialects" and various conference presentations, including at the University of Cape Town, South Africa in January 2016.
In April 2016, Jorien founded her own business 'Talkative, Language Matters', which offers translations, proofreading and primarily customized language training. She has taught at a range of companies including Honda, Denys, PILZ, Syntra, CODA-CERVA and Actiris. To learn even more about entrepreneurship and teaching language skills, she moved to Manchester in 2017 with the Erasmus for Young Entrepreneurs program.
In addition, Jorien is affiliated with the Ghent University Language Center (UCT) as a Dutch-English teacher. She teaches practical language skills in both languages, business modules and various academic skills for doctoral students, such as presentation and writing skills. During the summer of 2018 she taught the Business Translation course of the Summer Course - Language, Profession and Culture, a collaboration between the Dutch Language Union and the UCT, in which bachelor and master students from all over the world improve their professional Dutch language skills.
In the brand new project MuziTaal, Jorien combines her love of language with a different approach: music, for which her enthusiasm is evidenced by her years of commitment in the choir Vox Mago. Together with Patrick Debrabandere, she wants to convince others that language education in combination with other stimuli, such as singing, making music and discovering Ghent's culture, has even more to offer. This approach is shared with others in an all-embracing Dutch immersion course full of music and culture in the inviting context of the city of Ghent.


Maintaining my weight used to be fairly easy. As a daily yoga practitioner and a runner who has been known to run a marathon or two, my fitness has always far surpassed my need to eat well, but it has always seemed to balance out. With very little effort, I was able to maintain a size 4 frame and weigh about 133 pounds.
All that has changed now in my late 30s.
It wasn't always like that. When I was a teenager, I was a little heavier and fought sliding into eating disorder territory, but once I discovered working out, my body seemed to morph into a natural happy weight that was easy to maintain even after my first pregnancy at 28 and my second at 30.
But my third at 35 threw me for a loop. It took me almost a year to get the baby weight off even though I was running five miles a day and working out like a fiend. Eventually, I got the weight off by following a strict Paleo diet for a couple of months, but I find that now if I go off Paleo even for a week or two, I end up gaining a good five pounds. Every time.
It's absurd given how much I exercise (about two hours every day). It feels incredibly unfair. But the fact is, I am in my late 30s now and my metabolism has simply thrown in the towel. I can fight it. I can cut out carbs and fast and be careful, but I also can't stop enjoying life. I love nachos and cake and pancakes and syrup. Obviously I can't eat those things every day, but to reach my ideal weight, I need to give them up completely.
The other day I was complaining to my closest friend and she gave me the best advice. "You have to decide how much you are going to care now," she told me. I can't deny that it pains me to weigh about seven pounds more than my ideal. But I also can't spend my life eating in the way I'd need to to keep that up. It simply isn't sustainable and my quality of life would suffer.
So I've decided to stop caring so much. I will watch what I eat generally just because it's good for me, but I will not obsess over every little pound on the scale. I have no intention to "let myself go," but I am also not interested in fighting the inevitable. I am not 25 anymore. But I still want to enjoy my life.
I am done counting every calorie.


text:
Alhaddad Alhamoui, Fadi (1)
Alharbi, Saad Dakilallah J. (1)
Harb, Ali (1)
Kaur, Gaganpreet (1)
Richter, Stefanie (1)
Salti, Loutfi (1)
Schützhold, Svenja (1)
Parodontitis (4)
Attachmentverlust (3)
Sondierungstiefe (3)
Zahnzahl (2)
clinical attachment loss (2)
Atemwegsobstruktion (1)
Deutsche Mundgesundheitsstudien (1)
Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Parodontologie und Endodontologie (7) (remove)
Estimating effects of craniofacial morphology on gingival recession and clinical attachment loss (2017)
Salti, Loutfi
Objectives: Currently, evidence for the association between face morphology, attachment loss and recession is lacking. Face type can be described by the ratio of facial width and facial length. We hypothesize, that the facial type might be related to gingival recession (REC) and clinical attachment loss (CAL) and that a broad face is associated with less recession and attachment loss than a long face. Materials and methods: Data from the 10 year follow-up of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-2; 2008-2012; 2333 participants) were used. Periodontitis was assessed by probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment loss (CAL). Generalized regression models were used to assess associations between specific landmark distances extracted from magnetic resonance images (MRI) head scans and clinically assessed gingival recession adjusting(REC) or clinical attachment loss(CAL) adjusting for relevant confounders. Results: Maximum cranial width was negatively associated with mean REC and mean CAL (p<0.05). Also, higher mean REC and higher mean CAL correlate positively with long face (B=0.361 with 95% CI), upper anterior facial height. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, gingival recession and clinical attachment loss were associated with higher Prosopic face and facial length indices results.
Aspects of oral health in the German Oral Health Studies (2015)
Schützhold, Svenja
The Institute of German Dentists [Institut der Deutschen Zahnärzte (IDZ)] conducted four national cross-sectional surveys of oral health in the German resident population [German Oral Health Studies, "Deutsche Mundgesundheitsstudien", (DMS)]: in 1989 (DMS I, only West Germany), 1992 (DMS II, only East Germany), 1997 (DMS III), and 2005 (DMS IV). In this study, the first two surveys (1989/92) were merged to achieve comparability with the last two studies. The Studies of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) are two independent regional cross-sectional population-based studies conducted during 1997-2001 (SHIP-0) and 2008-2012 (SHIP-Trend) in northeast Germany. In this thesis, we addressed three main questions: First, we aimed to explore the relative contributions of clinical oral health variables assessing caries, periodontal status, and prosthetic status to self-perceived oral health by means of an age-specific approach in DMS IV. Second, we aimed to assess the changes of dental health in West and East Germany between 1989 and 2005 in DMS I-IV. Third, we aimed to evaluate the changes of periodontal status and number of teeth within the last decade based on data from the DMS and the SHIP studies. To explore the associations of self-perceived oral health with clinical oral health variables, we developed separate multinomial logistic regression models for adults and seniors in DMS IV by using stepwise methods. To assess the changes of dental health in West and East Germany between 1989 and 2005, we applied regression models and assessed associations between region, survey year, their interactions and variables assessing dental disease status (number of missing, filled, decayed and sound teeth, the DMFT-index and the probability of having ≤20 teeth), adjusting for potential risk factors for caries. To assess changes of periodontal status in Germany, prevalences, percentages and numbers of teeth affected were defined. In summary, the number of unreplaced teeth showed the strongest association with self-perceived oral health in adults and was the second variable to enter the model for seniors during the stepwise selection process. Between 1997 and 2005, the number of missing teeth considerably decreased in DMS but East Germans had consistently more missing teeth than West Germans in each survey year. Further, during the last decade, the periodontal status significantly improved in SHIP and in West German adults, which might translate into a even higher tooth retention in the future.
Patterns and Outcomes of Restorative Treatment in Primary Teeth in Germany (2015)
Alharbi, Saad Dakilallah J.
Background: Restorative treatment for children's teeth is still an important aspect of dentistry. In the light of an only moderate caries decline in the primary dentition and a persistently low care index in Germany during the past years [DAJ 2010], there is still a demand for further work on recent patterns and outcomes of restorative treatments in primary teeth placed in everyday practices under the Germany National Health System. Objectives: The present study aimed firstly to describe the prevalence of caries and restorations in the primary teeth in Berlin and Germany from the representative Germany surveys [DAJ 2010], secondly, to describe the frequency and distribution of restorative treatment in primary teeth performed in everyday dental practice in Berlin including children age groups from 1- to 13-years of age, thirdly, to evaluate the outcomes of restorative treatment performed in everyday dental practices in these children and finally to compare results of the present study with data from the German National Health System [KZBV 2011] and randomized community data on the longevity of restorations in primary teeth in Denmark [Qvist et al. 2010a]. Material and Methodology: In the first part of present study data from representative German surveys [DAJ 2010] were interpreted to describe and compare the prevalence of caries and restorations in the primary teeth in Berlin and Germany. For the second and third parts data generated from German National Health System in Berlin (KZV-Berlin) on fillings done in everyday practices in primary teeth of 1- to 13-year-olds during 2010/2011 were collected. This data included: distribution of children with dental treatment regardless of the type of intervention provided, of children who received restorative treatments in primary teeth during dental care visits including total number of fillings per child, the number of filled tooth surfaces, retreatment with another filling, stainless steel crowns, pulp involvement and extractions after prior filling therapy. Information on the age of the original fillings at the time of retreatment was also included. The collected data then were entered into a data base for descriptive and analytical analysis. The results were compared with equivalent data from the German National Health System [KZBV 2011] and randomized community data from Denmark [Qvist et al. 2010a]. Results: Result showed a high similarity in patterns of caries and restorative treatment in primary teeth in Berlin and all of Germany as reported in the representative German surveys [DAJ 2010]. About of 84% of 1-13-year-olds insured in the German National Health System in Berlin received dental care during 2010/2011, with considerably lower rates in very young children. Fillings in primary teeth were performed in 31.17% of all children attending the dentist. Most restorations were placed in 5-8-year-olds. In 1-13-year-olds mostly just one filling was placed, more than five fillings were per child were recorded on average for very young age groups (1-4-year-olds). 55.60% of all fillings in primary teeth were two-surface restorations, whereas more than three-surface restorations comprised 6.17% of all fillings and they were performed most frequently in young children of 1-4-years of age. Retreatment to fillings in primary teeth was 7.66% of fillings placed in 1-13-year-olds. Most retreatments took place from 5 to 9 years of age with a peak in 6-year-olds. In 1-3-year-old children fillings showed shorter mean age at the time of retreatment compared to 7-year-olds and above. Retreatment of fillings in primary teeth by stainless steel crowns was very limited with only 5.16% of all retreatments and it was preferred in children from 3 to 7 years of age. The retreatment with pulp involvement was 11.27% of all retreatments. Extractions were almost as often as retreatment as another filling (ratio 4:5), but they were preferred in older children due to the course of exfoliation. Conclusions: Under the conditions of this retrospective study, the restorative treatment with fillings performed within the National Health System in primary teeth in Berlin was very successful with low rates of retreatment and the fillings shows comparable results to data on the longevity of restorations in primary teeth in Denmark. The study highlighted the need to a structured program for prevention in primary teeth, especially for very young children with high caries activity and possibly also different treatment structures with specialized dentists in this field who can perform oral rehabilitations with pulpotomies and stainless steel crowns.
Association between the Insulin-Like Growth Factor axis in serum and Periodontitis in the Study of Health in Pomerania: An exploratory study (2013)
Harb, Ali
Aim: To evaluate the association of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) I related variables with periodontitis in the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Material and Methods: From the cross-sectional SHIP, 2293 subjects with clinical attachment loss (CAL) data and 2398 subjects with tooth count data aged 20-59 years were analysed. Serum IGF-I and IGF binding protein (BP)-3 levels were determined by chemiluminescence immunoassays. Linear and logistic regressions with fractional polynomials were used to study associations between IGF-related variables and mean CAL or high tooth loss. For non-linear relations between IGFBP-3 and mean CAL, graphical presentations of fractional polynomials were used to deduce knots for linear splines. Results: In fully adjusted models, for serum IGFBP-3 values ≤1200 ng/mL, mean CAL increased significantly for decreasing serum IGFBP-3 levels (B=-0.027 (95% CI, -0.049; -0.005), p=0.02). The odds for high tooth loss decreased significantly for high serum IGFBP-3 values (OR=0.97 (0.95; 0.99), p=0.02). Serum IGF-I levels and the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio were not related to mean CAL or tooth loss after full adjustment. Conclusions: Low serum IGFBP-3 levels might be associated with higher levels of periodontal disease. Neither serum IGF-I nor IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratios were associated with periodontitis.
Sealing ability of ProRoot MTA when placed as an apical barrier using three different techniques (2013)
Alhaddad Alhamoui, Fadi
A one-visit apexification protocol with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) can be seen as an alternative to the traditional treatment practices with calcium hydroxide. The aim of this study was to investigate the sealing ability of ProRoot MTA when placed as an apical barrier using three different techniques. Sixty freshly extracted single-rooted human teeth were decoronated and standardized to a root length of 15mm. The root segments were prepared with Gates Glidden burs (size 1-6) to simulate the clinical situation of an open apex and randomly assigned into 3 experimental groups of 20 samples each. 5mm MTA was placed by pluggers (Group 1) paper points (Group 2) or ultrasonic tips (Group 3). Radiographs were taken to verify the placement of the apical barriers. After obturation of all samples with warm gutta-percha (Obtura) and AH26 sealer, the coronal portion of all samples was sealed with Cavit. The root segments were then double coated with nail varnish except for the open apex and were exposed to methylene blue dye for 48 hours at room temperature. Afterwards, the samples were sectioned longitudinally and the extent of dye penetration was measured with a stereomicroscope. The mean depth of dye leakage for Group 1 was 1.34mm (±0.5 SD) Group 2 1.25mm (±0.4 SD) and Group 3 1.14mm (± 0.4 SD). Statistical analysis showed that there were no significant differences among the 3 experimental groups (0.178<p<0.552). In conclusion, ProRoot MTA has a similar sealing ability when placed as an apical barrier with pluggers, paper points or ultrasonic tips.
Association between Periodontal Disease, Lung Volumes, and Airflow Limitation in the Population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) (2012)
Richter, Stefanie
Chronic infections, including periodontal infections, may reduce lung function. To date, there are hardly any population-based studies evaluating the association between periodontitis and lung function. However, there are some studies that used variables associated with obstructive pulmonary diseases (FEV1, FEV1/FVC). Thus, we aimed to assess the potential association of periodontal diseases with lung volumes and airflow limitation in the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Of 3300 participants aged 25-85 years of the 5-year follow-up (SHIP-1), 1809 subjects participated in lung function examinations. 1465 subjects were included in the analyses. Lung function was measured using spirometry, body plethysmography, helium dilution, and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide. Periodontal status was assessed by clinical attachment loss, probing depth, and number of missing teeth. Linear regression models using fractional polynomials were used to assess linear and non-linear associations between periodontal disease and lung function adjusting for confounders. Adjusting for age, sex, waist circumference, physical activity, diabetes, asthma, and time between core and pulmonary examination, mean attachment loss was significantly associated with variables of dynamic and static lung volumes, airflow limitation and hyperinflation. Total lung capacity and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide were not associated with mean attachment loss. Adjustment for smoking and height considerably changed coefficients indicating profound confounding. Including fibrinogen and high sensitive CRP into fully adjusted models did not change coefficients of mean attachment loss. Restricted to never smokers, mean attachment loss was significantly associated with FEV1, FVC, and RV/TLC. Relations with lung function were confirmed for mean probing depth, extent measures of attachment loss/probing depth, and number of missing teeth. Periodontal disease was significantly associated with decreased lung function. Systemic inflammation did not provide a mechanism linking both diseases. However, cohort studies evaluating lung function in the current manner are needed to confirm results from this study and to assess a causal relationship. Furthermore, it needs to be investigated with the help of randomized clinical trials whether prevention or treatment of periodontitis might have a beneficial impact on lung function.
Association between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes with Periodontal disease and Tooth loss in the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) (2010)
Kaur, Gaganpreet
Diabetes mellitus has been linked with an increased risk for oral diseases, especially periodontitis. However, studies results were not consistent. The present study was conducted to evaluate whether both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with increased prevalence and extent of periodontal disease and tooth loss compared with non-diabetic subjects within a homogeneous adult study population. T1DM, T2DM and non-diabetic subjects were recruited from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). Additionally, T1DM subjects were retrieved from a Diabetes Centre in the same region. The total study population comprised 145 T1DM and 2,647 non-diabetic subjects aged 20-59 years, and 182 T2DM and 1,314 non-diabetic subjects aged 50-81 years. Multivariable regression revealed an association between T1DM and mean attachment loss (B=0.40 [95% CI; 0.19, 0.61], adjusted). Also, T1DM was positively associated with increased number of missing teeth after full adjustment (p<0.001). The association between T1DM and tooth loss was enhanced in subjects aged 40-49 and 50-59 years (p for interaction=0.01). In T2DM subjects, mean attachment loss was significantly higher compared with non-diabetic subjects (B=0.47 [95% CI; 0.21, 0.73], adjusted). The effect of T2DM was significantly enhanced in 60-69-years-old subjects (p for interaction=0.04). The association between T2DM and number of missing teeth was not statistically significant after adjustment (p=0.25). Analyses showed that the effect of T2DM on tooth loss was pronounced in females compared with males (p for interaction=0.01). In accordance with previous literature, present results suggested that periodontal diseases and tooth loss can been seen as a complication of both types of diabetes. Generally, periodontal diseases are preventable and treatable. Therefore, appropriate goals and strategies for improving periodontal health in subjects with diabetes need to be developed. Further, early detection and careful managed therapeutics with the physician and dentist working hand-in-hand may prove beneficial to the patient–s general health.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Last July, Ashcourt Group, based in Hull, took delivery of a Terex Finlay 873 Spaleck heavy-duty screener, which was supplied by Finlay Plant Northern. The machine joins an extensive plant fleet.
The aggressive technology is powering through material at a rate of 300cu m an hour, feeding biomass boilers installed last year to provide sustainable energy for the company.
The 873 Spaleck is designed to work with aggregates, topsoil, sand and gravel as well as construction demolition and recycling applications.
Boasting nearly blockage-free screening, the stepped top deck design, combined with the Flip- Flow technology of the bottom deck, puts the plant in a class of its own.
With screwless mounted screen mats, downtime is kept to a minimum. The versatile screener can be fed by either a tracked mobile crusher, shovel or excavator.
The plant features a 1.2m-wide belt feeder which helps to keep weight down and transportation easy. The 3D screening segments ensure accurate screening so that long pieces of material do not pass into the middle grade.
At Ashcourt, the Spaleck is fed with wood brought to site by the local authority, producing an over-size and mid-size material used for supplying the biomass boilers along with fines, which are reprocessed for animal bedding.
A head drum magnet has been fitted to the machine to extract nails from the wood during the process.
The plant is designed to process difficult material and screen small sizes, meaning it does not struggle to remove fines from the mid-size product fed to the boilers – otherwise they would become chocked up.
Whatever the material, whether it is wood, compost, topsoil, metal or glass, the processing and separation capabilities of the Spaleck product make it the ultimate solution for this type of application.
Finlay Plant Northern is part of the Finlay Group, which comprises 10 standalone companies offering a diverse range of material processing equipment.
The group operates across England and Wales from its headquarters in Stafford, and acts as a dealer for Terex Finlay and other brands including Tesab, Trackstack, Allu, and Waste Systems.
Finlay Plant Northern offers an extensive range of screeners to suit the needs of any business within the waste and recycling sector.
Finlay Hire is also part of the group, and operates one of the UK's largest fleet of mobile screens, crushers, conveyors and washing equipment, which is offered for hire nationwide.
It also provides a 'try before you buy' service to ensure the right machinery is selected to meet specific needs.
The Ashcourt Group, which provides student accommodation in Hull in addition to construction, haulage and aggregates services, was established 17 years ago.
With a wide-ranging plant hire fleet and tactically placed quarries, the company is able to offer aggregates and recycling facilities across Yorkshire and the north-east.
In addition to this, last year the company introduced biomass boilers into its student accommodation business.
Site manager Paul Dobson said electricity bills have been reduced as a result of the move and revealed plans to extend the use of the 873 Spaleck to other areas of the group's business. He said the plant was working "exceptionally well on the job and producing an end product that is perfect for what we need". Ashcourt has reported considerable savings in electricity for its student accommodation – and says it plans to roll out this business model to others areas, with the 873 playing a key part.


One lucky couple from Pennsylvania will start 2017 with a $121.6 million prize after matching all five white balls plus the red POWERBALL in the December 17, 2016, drawing. The man and woman, who wish to remain anonymous, purchased the winning ticket at Selbyville Goose Creek, a subsidiary of Cato Gas & Goose Creek Food Stores, located at 38452 DuPont Blvd. in Selbyville, Delaware.
The man, who has been playing the Delaware Lottery since its inception in 1975, normally plays POWERBALL and MEGA MILLIONS when the jackpots get large. For years, he has played the same numbers. He originally bought a POWERBALL Quick Pick ticket a long time ago and liked those numbers, so he stuck with them ever since. It finally paid off.
"I figured it only takes one ticket to win," said the man. "I went to the machine and scanned my ticket, and all these numbers came up. I have never seen that many zeroes in my life! Once reality set in, my first reaction was to cry. I walked out of the store in tears and returned to my wife who was waiting for me in the car."
"He came to the car and had tears on his face," said the woman. "I didn't know what to think at first, but then he said anxiously, 'We are millionaires!' I was so confused I didn't believe him and thought he was joking, so I made him double check the numbers on his phone, and we got the same results."
The winners selected the $72.1 million cash option and told Lottery officials they already have big plans for their prize money. "This is just such a great experience, and we don't want to spend the money foolishly," said the woman. "I have strong feelings toward education and would want to make donations to schools or other charities in the future. We've also had our eyes on an RV. Since we travel a lot, it would be perfect for our family."
In addition, the man told Lottery officials it has always been a dream of his to own a hot rod, and he may get one down the road.
"Winning is not going to change me," said the woman. "I told him I don't want us to be different because of the money. We are very blessed to win."
The winners claimed their prize (less 25 percent after federal tax) at Delaware Lottery Headquarters in Dover on Friday, January 13, 2017.


Kathleen Joyce is an Illustrator and Designer who currently Phoenix InternationalPublications.
Kathleen Joyce graduated from American Academy of Art in lovely Chicago (where she has lived all her life). She previously worked atPop Art Print and Designin Skokie and taught atUnicoi Art Studioin Chicago. While creating children's illustrations was a passion that grew throughout college, her skills in design expanded through an internship with theChicago Children's Theatrein her senior year of college. She was privileged to continue work with them by creating artwork for the 2012/13 and 2013/14 seasons that ended up in popular magazines, the back of CTA buses, and several Chicago Tribune ads.
Her favorite forms of medium include watercolor, pen, and digital painting. She also has a love for film noir, advertising, color palettes and cheese .


Facebook's messy data scandal has brought investor concerns about data integrity and cyber security into focus, the Responsible Investment Association Australasia has said.
Speaking to Nest Egg sister site InvestorDaily, Responsible Investment Association Australasia (RIAA) chief executive Simon O'Connor said that exclusions and negative screenings tend to shift in line with societal expectations.
Mr O'Connor's comments come as Facebook faces scrutiny for its role in a data breach that saw 50 million users' private details made available to UK firm Cambridge Analytica.
ETF provider BetaShares removed Facebook from its global sustainability leaders product last Friday.
Mr O'Connor said the issue of data and privacy breaches was not just a matter for ethical investors, but for "any investor in Facebook", who should be scrutinising the comprehensiveness of Facebook's response to the privacy breach.
"So a lot of investors will be looking now to see: what is Facebook doing to catch up on security measures, to catch up on its privacy management, and to ensure this doesn't happen again?" he said.
Data and privacy were among a suite of emerging ethical concerns and themes, such as the screening of sugar and guns as well as cyber security, Mr O'Connor said.
"Definitely what we've seen over the last two or three years is a really heightened focus from the whole responsible investment community around cyber security, data breaches, these kinds of issues," he said.
"We see them as a massive risk for any company with a huge customer base and we've seen breaches.
BetaShares chief executive Alex Vynokur told InvestorDaily his company's removal of Facebook from its ethical ETF portfolio was based on its Responsible Investment Committee's (RIC) judgment that the breach was "very material" and creating a "real risk".
Mr Vynokur added that Facebook had, by its own admission, said they had been aware of some of the issues as early as 2015, demonstrating the company made moves to address the problem only after it had reached public attention.
In these instances, he noted the "significant positive" of having committees such as the RIC in the ongoing governance and monitoring of the index tracked by the ETF, as well as for keeping track of what society deemed were ethical issues.
"When you leave it only to algorithms to do certain data screens, you will be missing the human oversight which clearly is so important in this particular area," Mr Vynokur told InvestorDaily.
Thirty years ago, he pointed out that people would not have considered tobacco companies to be unethical, whereas today "any ethical investor would consider tobacco an ineligible area".
"I would probably say in the case of data, and privacy of data, it's in that very similar sort of category of issues which we treat today as being extremely serious and extremely relevant," Mr Vynokur said.


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Sunday Streamline #11: Japanese Designs
Posted by lord_k on November 28, 2010 at 6:30am
Look at this poster. Do you see a strange object under the flag?
What's it - a Shinkansen? No, this poster was printed almost three decades before the first Bullet Train, in 1937. The object represents a streamline narrow-gauge steam locomotive No. 5343. It belonged to quite unremarkable C53 class of Japanese Government Railways (today JNR), built by Kisha-Seizo and Kawasaki Works for 1,067mm gauge. From 1928 through 1931, 97 C53s entered service.
Nothing special, as you see - just a diminutive version of the Pacific (with 4-6-2 wheel arrangement), so popular in the Interbellum years.
Only one C53 was fitted with streamline shrouding in the mid-'30s.
This machine was quite slow, achieving top speed of only 95 km/h. But who cares for performance when you've got the looks?
The 5343 lost its shrouding and then went to the scrappers (its non-streamline "brother", the 5345, is preserved at the Umekoji Steam Locomotive Museum). Nowadays it became the railway modelists' darling:
Of 62 C55-class locomotives (also narrow-gauge Pacifics), built between 1935 and 1937, 21 were finished as streamliners.
They were soon reverted to a "conventional" form. I could not found a photograph of C55 streamliner, but there are models:
Ironically, it was a non-streamline C62-class No. 17 that set the world speed record for a narrow-gauge steam locomotive on December 15, 1954 when it reached 129 km/h (80 mph) on the Tōkaidō Main Line.
Poster via Boston Public Library
NEXT WEEK: PULLMAN RAILPLANE


Limestone's Candelabra is hot off the press and the College is planning a launch party for the magazine on April 29.
Each year, Limestone publishes the Candelabra, a literary and art magazine that displays the best works of contributors, including poetry, fiction, creative non-fiction, and visual art. The launch party will start at 5:30 p.m. in the Granberry Hall Art Gallery.
In celebration of the contributors and their works, artists and authors will have the opportunity to discuss their pieces and contributors can sign up for the open mic, where they can share their published work. Refreshments will also be provided for those who attend.
The Candelabra has a long history at Limestone College and dates back to the 1950s. This year's magazine is unique in that it includes contributions from both students and alumni. Student editors helped to produce the magazine.


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Mary-Anne Arsenault (born August 19, 1968 in Scarborough, Ontario, also known as Mary-Anne Waye when she was married) is a Canadian curler from Lake Country, British Columbia. She is a five-time Canadian Champion, and two-time World Curling Champion. Arsenault has skipped her own team since 2007.

Career

1999–2006
Arsenault joined up with Colleen Jones prior to the 1999 season. She had previously played with Jones, as her lead at the 1993 Scott Tournament of Hearts.  Together with Jones, Nancy Delahunt and Kim Kelly, the team would achieve great success, winning 5 Canadian Championships, and 2 World Championships. After a record winning 4 championships in a row, the team would struggle at the 2005 Scott Tournament of Hearts. Finishing round robin play, with a 6-5 record, the Jones team would end up in a four team tiebreaker. They would face Sandy Comeau of New Brunswick in the tiebreaker, where the opportunity to compete for a 5th Canadian Championship was lost, when Comeau defeated Jones 9-4. For the first time since 2001, the Jones team would have to win Provincials to return to the 2006 Scott Tournament of Hearts, which they did. After an impressive showing, the Jones team would finish second place in round robin play. After losing the 1-2 Game to British Columbia's Kelly Scott, they would meet team Canada, Jennifer Jones, in the semi-final. Nova Scotia would lose to Canada, giving the team a third-place finish and a bronze medal. At the end of the season, the team would split up ending a successful eight-year run.   With Jones, Arsenault played in every Hearts from 1999 to 2006.

2007–2013
Arsenault would join together once again with Kim Kelly, and Nancy Delahunt, adding long time Jones 5th Laine Peters to the team. They would qualify for the 2008 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in January 2008 by defeating Colleen Pinkney in the Nova Scotia final.  They would finish 6-5 in round robin, missing the playoffs.

In 2009 and 2010 Arsenault skipped her team in the Nova Scotia Scotties coming in at 6-1, and 5-2. She lost 7-4 in the 2009 final and 6-5 in the 2010 finals both times to Nancy McConnery who went on to represent Nova Scotia at the 2009 Scotties Tournament of Hearts and the 2010 Scotties Tournament of Hearts. At the 2011 Nova Scotia Scotties Tournament of Hearts, Arsenault finished second with a 5-2 record in round robin play. She would lose the semi-final to Heather Smith-Dacey, who would go on to win the Nova Scotia Championship and finish third at the 2011 Scotties Tournament of Hearts.

In 2011 Arsenault would reunite with former Jones teammate Kim Kelly, who joined Arsenault's team playing second.

For the 2012-2013 season Arsenault and Kelly reunited with former skip Colleen Jones, with the goal of reaching the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia. Jones throws second stones on the team, while acting as the rink's vice skip, or "mate" while Arsenault skips. Jennifer Baxter remains on the rink at lead, while Arsenault's former third of Stephanie McVicar, left the team to play with Heather Smith-Dacey, and Nancy Delahunt joined the team as the 5th. The team qualified for the 2013 Scotties Tournament of Hearts in their first season back together, and finished the event with a 5-6 record.

2013–2020
Colleen Jones left the rink in 2013, and was replaced by Christie Gamble at second (Kim Kelly moved to third). Kelly and Gamble left the team after one season and were replaced by Christina Black and Jane Snyder. Arsenault finally won her first career World Curling Tour event by winning the 2014 Gibson's Cashspiel. She followed this up by winning the Dave Jones Molson Mayflower Cashspiel a month later. The team played in the 2015 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, and finished with a 5-6 record. They failed to return the Scotties in 2016, having lost in the final of the 2016 Nova Scotia Scotties Tournament of Hearts to Jill Brothers.

In 2016, Snyder was replaced by Jennifer Crouse at second. The team had a disappointing record at the 2017 Nova Scotia Scotties Tournament of Hearts, finishing 3-4. After the season, Crouse and Baxter switched positions. With the new lineup order, the team won the 2018 Nova Scotia Scotties Tournament of Hearts and represented Nova Scotia at the 2018 Scotties Tournament of Hearts. There, Arsenault led her rink to a 9-2 round robin record and a spot in the playoffs. In the playoffs, she beat Northern Ontario's Tracy Fleury before losing in the semifinal to Kerri Einarson's "Wildcard" team, settling for bronze medal.

In 2018, Crouse was replaced at lead by Kristin Clarke. On the tour, the team won the New Scotland Clothing Ladies Cashspiel. At the 2019 Nova Scotia Scotties Tournament of Hearts, they lost in the final to Jill Brothers. In 2019 Clarke was replaced by Arsenault's niece Emma Logan. The team won another tour event, The Curling Store Cashspiel. Later in the year they won the 2020 Nova Scotia Scotties Tournament of Hearts and represented Nova Scotia at the 2020 Scotties Tournament of Hearts. At the Scotties, Arsenault led Nova Scotia to a 4-3 record in pool play, but lost in a tiebreaker to British Columbia, failing to qualify for the championship round.

2020–present
Following the 2020 Scotties, Arsenault announced she would be moving to British Columbia, where she will spend her retirement. On March 3, 2020, Arsenault announced she would be skipping Kelly Scott's former teammates Jeanna Schraeder, Sasha Carter and Renee Simons for the 2020–21 season. The team played in one event during the abbreviated season, finishing runner-up at the Sunset Ranch Kelowna Double Cash to Team Corryn Brown. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in British Columbia, the 2021 provincial championship was cancelled. As the reigning provincial champions, Team Brown was invited to represent British Columbia at the 2021 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, which they accepted, ending the season for Team Arsenault.

The next season, the team again reached the final of the Sunset Ranch Kelowna Double Cash, losing to the Kaila Buchy junior rink. They were able to compete in their provincial championship at the 2022 British Columbia Scotties Tournament of Hearts in Kamloops from January 5 to 9. After losing to Team Kayla MacMillan in both the A Final and 1 vs. 2 page playoff game, Team Arsenault defeated MacMillan 8–6 in the final to win the provincial championship. At the 2022 Scotties Tournament of Hearts, the team finished with a 3–5 round robin record, defeating Quebec, the Northwest Territories and the Yukon in their three victories. Also during the 2021–22 season, Arsenault skipped the British Columbia Senior Women's Team of Penny Shantz, Diane Gushulak and Grace MacInnes at the 2021 Canadian Senior Curling Championships. The team finished 8–2 through the round robin and championship pools, qualifying for the semifinal. They then defeated Nova Scotia before losing to Saskatchewan's Sherry Anderson in the final, settling for silver.

Personal life
Arsenault is a registered massage therapist and is a partner at the Academy of Curling. She is married to Alan Shepherd. She has one daughter, and is the aunt of Emma Logan.

Grand Slam record

Former events

References

External links

1968 births
Living people
Canadian women curlers
Canadian women's curling champions
Canadian people of Acadian descent
World curling champions
Continental Cup of Curling participants
Canada Cup (curling) participants
Curlers from Nova Scotia
Curlers from Toronto
Curlers from British Columbia
Sportspeople from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Sportspeople from Scarborough, Toronto
People from the Regional District of Central Okanagan


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A friend just wrote and asked whether my song Count My Heart could be heard on line anywhere, so I'm posting it here tonight, in loving memory of Nelson Mandela and all those who have worked, lived and died for justice in South Africa.
I wrote this song in 1994 after hearing a South African man and woman being interviewed on the radio as they stood in line waiting to vote in the first free South African elections. The man said, "That this has finally happened in our lifetime, I am filled with joy, like a dreaming child." The woman followed, "We only know what has gone before, we can't say what's coming now."


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NEW YORK – Stocks ended the session higher Monday as investors optimistically digested an impressive upgrade for the price target of Apple shares and oil prices that dipped slightly after climbing earlier on concerns about instability in Iraq.
The Dow Jones industrial average gained 32.51 points, or 0.31 percent, to close at 10,489.42. The technology-laced Nasdaq Composite Index was up 14.56 points, or 0.70 percent, at 2,085.19, while the broader Standard & Poor's 500 index was higher 6.90 points, or 0.59 percent, to end at 1,177.24.
Higher crude prices weighed on stocks earlier in the session because of their impact on corporate profits and consumer spending. A barrel of light crude was quoted at $48.50, down 39 cents, on the New York Mercantile Exchange (search). It rose as high as $49.55 on Monday.
Meanwhile, the dollar slid back toward last week's record low against the euro. A communique issued by the Group of 20 nations on Sunday made no explicit reference to currency swings, despite mounting concern in Europe and Japan over the dollar's slide and ballooning U.S. deficits.
The euro is up 0.18 percent against the dollar from late Friday levels in New York. One euro is buying about $1.3040 .
Stocks were down most of the session on fears that the economy could slow down further, spurred by Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan's warnings Friday that the U.S. budget deficit and trade deficit were causing undue pressure on the U.S. dollar and the economy.
"There's a lot of macroeconomic issues around that aren't going to be easily resolved, and that has investors' attention," said Jay Suskind, head trader at Ryan Beck & Co. "It's not really a sense of uneasiness, but more that there are some headwinds out there to continued growth."
Amid a light schedule for corporate news, struggling doughnut shop chain Krispy Kreme Doughnuts Inc. (KKD) reported a quarterly net loss because of impairment charges and store closing costs. Krispy Kreme shares fell $1.86 to $9.64. The stock hit a 52-week low of $9.37 earlier in the session.
However, not all was gloomy after Piper Jaffray raised its price target on Nasdaq component Apple Computer Inc.'s (AAPL) stock to $100 from $52. Shares were up $6.18, or 11.20 percent, at $61.35.
In other corporate news, Oracle Corp. (ORCL) slipped 7 cents to $12.68 after 61 percent of PeopleSoft Inc. (PSFT) shareholders agreed to Oracle's $24 per share takeover bid. However, PeopleSoft's board said the offer remains inadequate, setting the stage for a bruising takeover battle. PeopleSoft rose 19 cents to $23.36.
The board of Mylan Labs Inc. (MYL) rejected investor Carl Icahn's $5.4 billion offer to purchase the company, calling it a "self-serving" effort to intimidate the generic drug maker as it prepares to purchase rival King Pharmaceuticals Inc. (KG) Mylan skidded 23 cents to $18.65 while King climbed 14 cents to $11.29.
Shares of Internet search company Google Inc. (GOOG) fell 2.5 percent to $165.10 after its co-founders and chief executive outlined plans to sell sizable holdings in the company.
Campbell Soup Co. (CPB), the maker of Chunky soup, Pepperidge Farm cookies and Godiva chocolate, posted higher quarterly profit. Its shares rose nearly 5 percent to $28.71 on the NYSE.
Shares of Forest Laboratories Inc. (FRX) fell after Banc of America Securities cut its rating to "sell" from "neutral" due to risks associated with the Lexapro trial and the earlier-than-expected entrance of a generic for its antidepressant Celexa. The stock was down more than 8 percent, falling $3.49 to $36.80.
Trading was active, with 1.4 billion shares changing hands on the New York Stock Exchange, equal to the 1.4 billion daily average for last year. About 1.9 billion shares were traded on Nasdaq, higher than the 1.69 billion daily average last year. Advancing issues outnumbered decliners by about 2 to 1 on the New York Stock Exchange.
The Russell 2000 index of smaller companies was up 8.08, or 1.32 percent, at 621.52.
Overseas, Japan's Nikkei stock average tumbled 2.11 percent. In Europe, Britain's FTSE 100 closed down 0.58 percent, France's CAC-40 dropped 0.65 percent for the session and Germany's DAX index fell 0.26 percent.


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Fried Oyster used to be sold on tricycle with a 3 foot cast iron skillet rested above a makeshift wood fired stove which was fashioned out of an old oil drum. Since street hawkers were being moved to hawker centers in the early 1970 as part of the government's street hawkers resettlement program.
I seldom venture to the west side of Singapore for my food exploration but thanks to the Singapore Favourite Food 2013 Food Trail I got to visit Leng Kee hawker stall at Bukit Timah Market. The Fried Oyster ($4, $5, $6, $8) batter mixture of oyster juice and flour was fried to a nice crisp, garnished with cilantro and served with big juicy oyster. A good plate of fried oyster must accompanied with a good dipping sauce and Leng Kee did not disappoint with the sambal chilli and calamansi juice dip.
Besides the delicious fried oyster, the stall also sells delectable satay and chicken wings. The satay was nicely grilled to a nice smoky flavour paired with the peanut pineapple dipping sauce. The chicken wings were also beautifully marinated and flavourful.
If you stay around the vicinity of Bukit Timah and you are looking for your local food fix, I would recommend Leng Kee. The 3 in 1 stall will sure to satisfy your craving with its delicious hawker fare.


Learn how to make PERFECT fluffy Instant Pot Baked Potatoes in this post!! You will love how easy it is to make potatoes in your Instant Pot in just a few mins. Suitable for Gluten-free and vegan diets. Post includes Weight Watchers Points.
Is there anything better than a perfectly cooked baked potato? That fluffy, pillowy, potato-y goodness is just ready to be dressed with your favourite toppings (salt, pepper, cheese, butter, bacon, sour cream, scallions – whatever you fancy) and devoured in a moment of total potato-eating bliss.
Yeap, you're going to become that person walking out of the supermarket with sacks of potatoes. And you won't feel one bit bad about it.
These are especially delicious when served with this healthy and easy Pressure Cooker Chicken Breast Recipe.
So how does one make Instant Pot Baked Potatoes? Very easily – with just water, potatoes and your Instant Pot.
Step 1. Add water to the inner pot of the Instant Pot.
Step 2. Add in the steaming rack. Prick the potatoes with a fork and then place them on the rack.
Step 3. Cover and seal the Instant Pot.
Step 5. Allow the Instant Pot pressure to reduce naturally, this may take about 15 mins.
Step 6. Open, remove the potatoes and serve.
Super easy to get your fluffy baked potato.
If you select the steam programme and use the 'adjust' button, you will be able to choose from 3, 12 and 20 mins.
If you select the steam programme and use the '+/-' button, you will be able to adjust the time up or down by 1 min with each press.
How Long Should You Cook an Instant Pot Baked Potato?
Try to choose potatoes of the same size to ensure even cooking. You can easily do 2-8 potatoes this way (this will depend on the size of your Instant Pot; I have an 8 litre pot) but be careful not to overcrowd.
You do NOT store them in the fridge. This will spoil the flavour and cause spots to develop on the potato.
The best place to store a potato is a cool, dark place (a pantry or cupboard will work).
Do not store potatoes with onions as this will cause them to release gases and moisture that will lead to spoilage.
You cut off any sprouts before eating them. Sprouted potatoes are safe to eat but not the sprouts themselves; cut the sprouts off before cooking the potatoes.
Some people looove the fluffy insides of a baked potato and couldn't care less about the skin. Others live for that crispy potato skin and consider it part of the baked potato-eating experience.
If you live for crispy skin, don't worry – you can crisp up your Instant Pot Baked Potatoes with ease. If you want crispy skin then rub oil on skin, salt it and bake in a hot oven for up to 10 mins. That is it.
A baked potato bar is a great way to serve Instant Pot Baked Potatoes for your family or guests. (Kids will love this and adults will too – think girl's night, book club, other parties.) Much like the mac and cheese bar I talk about in my Instant Pot Mac and Cheese post, line up a variety of toppings and let guests choose their favourites.
There are 4 Freestyle Points in a serving of InstantPot Baked Potatoes.
Thank you for reading my Instant Pot Baked Potato recipe post. And please come visit again as I continue dreaming up recipes, traditional African recipes, African fusion recipes, Sierra Leone recipes, travel plans and much more for you. Thanks for supporting Recipes from a Pantry, UK food blog.
Don't forget to tag #recipesfromapantry on Instagram or Twitter if you try Instant Pot Baked Potatoes! It is really, really awesome for me when you make one of my recipes and I'd love to see it. You can also share it on my Facebook page. Please pin this recipe to Pinterest too! Thank you for reading Recipes from a Pantry.
You will love how easy it is to make potatoes in your Instant Pot in just a few mins.
Add water to the inner pot of the Instant Pot.
Add in the steaming rack. Prick the potatoes with a fork and then place them on the rack.
Select the steam programme, press the 'adjust' button until you get 12 mins and let cook till done.
Allow the Instant Pot pressure to reduce naturally, this may take about 15 mins.
Open, remove the potatoes and serve.
If you want crispy skin then rub oil on skin, salt it and bake in a hot oven for up to 10 mins.
There are 4 Freestyle Points in a serving of Instant Pot Baked Potatoes.
I'm all about finding ways to make everyday meals easier using the instant pot, this is such a good idea!
Oh my word! Who knew you could have fluffy baked potatoes so quickly!! This is life changing. Definitely trying this asap!
Whaaaat?! Is there anything you can't cook in an Instant Pot??! And why do I not have one?! So many questions, so many gorgeous recipes…. keep them coming! You must save so much time in an average week with all these super speedy instant pot suppers.
you sure are developing some amazing recipes with your instant pot. I am surely hoping to get one for Christmas!
I'm reading this having just eaten a baked potato! Cooking it sounds perfect in the Instant Pot – I hadn't thought of using it for them before. Genius.
I am so brand new at this . I just bought myself a pot and it has no book with it telling me what to do so I am writting everything I see into a tablet and saving it all till I get it figured out. Thank you so much for the basic ways to cook with it. Very very happy with your site!