Fatal and nonfatal pancreatitis has occurred during therapy with VIDEX used alone or in combination regimens in both treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients, regardless of degree of immunosuppression. VIDEX should be suspended in patients with suspected pancreatitis and discontinued in patients with confirmed pancreatitis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues alone or in combination, including didanosine and other antiretrovirals. Fatal lactic acidosis has been reported in pregnant women who received the combination of didanosine and stavudine with other antiretroviral agents. Coadministration of VIDEX and stavudine is contraindicated because of increased risk of serious and/or life-threatening events [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Suspend treatment if clinical or laboratory findings suggestive of lactic acidosis or pronounced hepatotoxicity occurs.
Didanosine is available as VIDEX, a Pediatric Powder for Oral Solution [see HOW SUPPLIED] and as VIDEX® EC Delayed-Release Capsules, containing enteric-coated beadlets [consult prescribing information for VIDEX EC (didanosine).
VIDEX® (didanosine, USP), also known as ddI, in combination with other antiretroviral agents is indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection [see Clinical Studies].
The preferred dosing frequency of VIDEX is twice daily because there is more evidence to support the effectiveness of this dosing regimen. Once-daily dosing should be considered only for patients whose management requires once-daily dosing of VIDEX [see Clinical Studies]. The recommended adult total daily dose is based on body weight (kg) (see Table 1).
The recommended dose of VIDEX (didanosine) in pediatric patients between 2 weeks old and 8 months old is 100 mg per m2 twice daily, and the recommended VIDEX dose for pediatric patients greater than 8 months old is 120 mg per m2 twice daily but not to exceed the adult dosing recommendation.
Reconstitute the product to 20 mg per mL by adding 100 mL or 200 mL of Purified Water, USP, to the 2 g or 4 g of VIDEX powder, respectively, in the product bottle.
Instruct the patient to shake the admixture thoroughly prior to use and to store the tightly closed container in the refrigerator.
The bottles of powder should be stored at 59° F to 86° F (15° C to 30° C). The VIDEX admixture may be stored up to 30 days in a refrigerator, 36° F to 46° F (2° C to 8° C). Discard any unused portion after 30 days.
Pancreatitis resulting in death was observed in one patient who received VIDEX (didanosine) plus stavudine plus nelfinavir in Study AI454-148 and in one patient who received VIDEX plus stavudine plus indinavir in the START 2 study. In addition, pancreatitis resulting in death was observed in 2 of 68 patients who received VIDEX plus stavudine plus indinavir plus hydroxyurea in an ACTG clinical trial [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
below 300 mg per m2 per day and in 5 of 38 (13%) patients treated at higher doses. In study ACTG 152, pancreatitis occurred in none of the 281 pediatric patients who received didanosine 120 mg per m2 every 12 hours and in less than 1% of the 274 pediatric patients who received didanosine 90 mg per m2 every 12 hours in combination with zidovudine [see Clinical Studies].
Exocrine Gland Disorders – pancreatitis (including fatal cases) [see BOX WARNING, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], sialadenitis, parotid gland enlargement, dry mouth, and dry eyes.
Hepatobiliary Disorders – symptomatic hyperlactatemia/lactic acidosis and hepatic steatosis [see BOX WARNING, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]; non-cirrhotic portal hypertension [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]; hepatitis and liver failure.
Ophthalmologic Disorders – retinal depigmentation and optic neuritis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Clinical recommendations based on the results of drug interaction studies are listed in Table 8. Pharmacokinetic results of drug interaction studies are shown in Tables 12 and 13 [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
ciprofloxacin ↓ ciprofloxacin concentration Administer VIDEX at least 2 hours after or 6 hours before ciprofloxacin.
delavirdine ↓ delavirdine concentration Administer VIDEX 1 hour after delavirdine.
ganciclovir ↑ didanosine concentration If there is no suitable alternative to ganciclovir, then use in combination with VIDEX with caution. Monitor for didanosine-associated toxicity.
indinavir ↓ indinavir concentration Administer VIDEX 1 hour after indinavir.
methadone ↓ didanosine concentration Do not coadminister methadone with VIDEX pediatric powder due to significant decreases in didanosine concentrations. If coadministration of methadone and didanosine is necessary, the recommended formulation of didanosine is VIDEX EC. Patients should be closely monitored for adequate clinical response when VIDEX EC is coadministered with methadone, including monitoring for changes in HIV RNA viral load.
nelfinavir No interaction 1 hour after didanosine Administer nelfinavir 1 hour after VIDEX.
VIDEX and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate may be taken together in the fasted state. If tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is taken with food, VIDEX should be taken on an empty stomach (at least 30 minutes before food or 2 hours after food). Patients should be monitored for didanosineassociated toxicities and clinical response.
Exposure to didanosine is increased when coadministered with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Increased exposure may cause or worsen didanosine-related clinical toxicities, including pancreatitis, symptomatic hyperlactatemia/lactic acidosis, and peripheral neuropathy. Coadministration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with VIDEX should be undertaken with caution, and patients should be monitored closely for didanosine-related toxicities and clinical response. VIDEX should be suspended if signs or symptoms of pancreatitis, symptomatic hyperlactatemia, or lactic acidosis develop [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Suppression of CD4 cell counts has been observed in patients receiving tenofovir disoproxil fumarate with didanosine at a dose of 400 mg daily.
Azole antifungals ↓ ketoconazole or itraconazole concentration Administer drugs such as ketoconazole or itraconazole at least 2 hours before VIDEX.
Quinolone antibiotics (see also ciprofloxacin in Table 8) ↓ quinolone concentration Consult package insert of the quinolone.
Tetracycline antibiotics ↓ antibiotic concentration Consult package insert of the tetracycline.
Hydroxyurea ↑ risk of pancreatitis, fatal hepatotoxicity, and severe peripheral neuropathy Use should be avoided.
a Only if other drugs are not available and if clearly indicated. If treatment with life-sustaining drugs that cause pancreatic toxicity is required, suspension of VIDEX is recommended [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Fatal and nonfatal pancreatitis has occurred during therapy with VIDEX used alone or in combination regimens in both treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients, regardless of degree of immunosuppression. VIDEX should be suspended in patients with signs or symptoms of pancreatitis and discontinued in patients with confirmed pancreatitis. Coadministration of VIDEX with stavudine is contraindicated [see CONTRAINDICATIONS].
When treatment with life-sustaining drugs known to cause pancreatic toxicity is required, suspension of VIDEX (didanosine) therapy is recommended. In patients with risk factors for pancreatitis, VIDEX should be used with extreme caution and only if clearly indicated. Patients with advanced HIV-1 infection, especially the elderly, are at increased risk of pancreatitis and should be followed closely. Patients with renal impairment may be at greater risk for pancreatitis if treated without dose adjustment. The frequency of pancreatitis is dose related [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues alone or in combination, including didanosine and other antiretrovirals. A majority of these cases have been in women. Obesity and prolonged nucleoside exposure may be risk factors. Fatal lactic acidosis has been reported in pregnant women who received the combination of didanosine and stavudine with other antiretroviral agents. Coadministration of VIDEX and stavudine is contraindicated [see CONTRAINDICATIONS and Use In Specific Populations]. Particular caution should be exercised when administering VIDEX to any patient with known risk factors for liver disease; however, cases have also been reported in patients with no known risk factors. Treatment with VIDEX should be suspended in any patient who develops clinical signs or symptoms with or without laboratory findings consistent with symptomatic hyperlactatemia, lactic acidosis, or pronounced hepatotoxicity (which may include hepatomegaly and steatosis even in the absence of marked transaminase elevations).
Hepatotoxicity and hepatic failure resulting in death were reported during postmarketing surveillance in HIV-infected patients treated with hydroxyurea and other antiretroviral agents. Fatal hepatic events were reported most often in patients treated with the combination of hydroxyurea, didanosine, and stavudine. Coadministration of VIDEX and stavudine is contraindicated; the combination of VIDEX and hydroxyurea should be avoided [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS, and DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Peripheral neuropathy, manifested by numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands or feet, has been reported in patients receiving VIDEX therapy. Peripheral neuropathy has occurred more frequently in patients with advanced HIV disease, in patients with a history of neuropathy, or in patients being treated with neurotoxic drug therapy. Discontinuation of VIDEX should be considered in patients who develop peripheral neuropathy [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS, and DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Retinal changes and optic neuritis have been reported in adult and pediatric patients. Periodic retinal examinations should be considered for patients receiving VIDEX [see ADVERSE REACTIONS].
Advise patients that a serious toxicity of VIDEX, used alone and in combination regimens, is pancreatitis, which may be fatal. VIDEX is contraindicated in combination with stavudine [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Closely monitor patients for symptoms of pancreatitis.
Advise patients that lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues alone or in combination, including didanosine and other antiretrovirals [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Inform patients that hepatotoxicity, including fatal hepatic adverse events, has been reported. The safety and efficacy of VIDEX have not been established in HIV-infected patients with significant underlying liver disease. VIDEX is contraindicated in combination with stavudine [see CONTRAINDICATIONS]. Avoid the combination of VIDEX with hydroxyurea [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Inform patients that non-cirrhotic portal hypertension has been reported in patients taking VIDEX, including cases leading to liver transplantation or death [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Inform patients that peripheral neuropathy, manifested by numbness, tingling, or pain in hands or feet, may develop during therapy with VIDEX. Patients should be counseled that peripheral neuropathy occurs with greatest frequency in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease or a history of peripheral neuropathy, and that discontinuation of VIDEX may be required if toxicity develops [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Inform patients that retinal changes and optic neuritis, which may result in blurred vision, have been reported in adult and pediatric patients. Advise patients to have regular eye exams while taking VIDEX [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Inform patient that loss of body fat (e.g., from arms, legs, or face) may occur in individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy including VIDEX. Monitor patients receiving VIDEX to monitor for clinical signs and symptoms of lipoatrophy. Patients should be routinely questioned about body changes related to lipoatrophy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
VIDEX may interact with many drugs; therefore, advise patients to report to their healthcare provider the use of any other prescription of non-prescription medication or herbal products, including alcohol, which may exacerbate VIDEX toxicities [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS].
Inform patients that there is an antiretroviral pregnancy registry to monitor fetal outcomes of pregnancy women exposed to VIDEX [see Use In Specific Populations].
Inform patients that it is not known if VIDEX can be passed to the baby by breast milk and whether it could harm the baby. Advise mothers with HIV-1 not breastfeed because HIV-1 can be passed to the baby in breast milk [see Use In Specific Populations].
Reproduction studies have been performed in rats and rabbits at doses up to 12 and 14.2 times the estimated human exposure (based upon plasma levels), respectively, and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to didanosine. At approximately 12 times the estimated human exposure, didanosine was slightly toxic to female rats and their pups during mid and late lactation. These rats showed reduced food intake and body weight gains but the physical and functional development of the offspring was not impaired and there were no major changes in the F2 generation. A study in rats showed that didanosine and/or its metabolites are transferred to the fetus through the placenta. Animal reproduction studies are not always predictive of human response.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of didanosine in pregnant women. Didanosine should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk.
Fatal lactic acidosis has been reported in pregnant women who received the combination of didanosine and stavudine with other antiretroviral agents. It is unclear if pregnancy augments the risk of lactic acidosis/hepatic steatosis syndrome reported in nonpregnant individuals receiving nucleoside analogues [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. The combination of VIDEX and stavudine is contraindicated [see CONTRAINDICATIONS]. Healthcare providers caring for HIVinfected pregnant women receiving didanosine should be alert for early diagnosis of lactic acidosis/hepatic steatosis syndrome.
To monitor maternal-fetal outcomes of pregnant women exposed to didanosine and other antiretroviral agents, an Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has been established. Physicians are encouraged to register patients by calling 1-800-258-4263.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that HIV-infected mothers not breastfeed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV. A study in rats showed that following oral administration, didanosine and/or its metabolites were excreted into the milk of lactating rats. It is not known if didanosine is excreted in human milk. Because of both the potential for HIV transmission and the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, mothers should be instructed not to breastfeed if they are receiving didanosine.
Use of didanosine in pediatric patients from 2 weeks of age through adolescence is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of VIDEX in adult and pediatric patients [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, ADVERSE REACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Clinical Studies].
In an Expanded Access Program for patients with advanced HIV infection, patients aged 65 years and older had a higher frequency of pancreatitis (10%) than younger patients (5%) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Clinical studies of didanosine did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 years and over to determine whether they respond differently than younger subjects. Didanosine is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of toxic reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function. Because elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, care should be taken in dose selection. In addition, renal function should be monitored and dosage adjustments should be made accordingly [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
Patients with renal impairment (creatinine clearance of less than 60 mL per min) may be at greater risk of toxicity from didanosine due to decreased drug clearance [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. A dose reduction is recommended for these patients [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
There is no known antidote for VIDEX (didanosine) overdosage. In phase 1 studies, in which VIDEX was initially administered at doses ten times the currently recommended dose, toxicities included: pancreatitis, peripheral neuropathy, diarrhea, hyperuricemia, and hepatic dysfunction. Didanosine is not dialyzable by peritoneal dialysis, although there is some clearance by hemodialysis [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Coadministration of didanosine and stavudine is contraindicated because of the potential for serious and/or life-threatening events notably pancreatitis, lactic acidosis, hepatotoxicity, and peripheral neuropathy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS].
Coadministration of didanosine and allopurinol is contraindicated because systemic exposures of didanosine are increased, which may increase didanosine-associated toxicity [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].
Coadministration of didanosine and ribavirin is contraindicated because exposures of the active metabolite of didanosine (dideoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate) are increased. Fatal hepatic failure, as well as peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, and symptomatic hyperlactatemia/lactic acidosis have been reported in patients receiving both didanosine and ribavirin.
Didanosine peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) and area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) were decreased by approximately 55% when VIDEX tablets were administered up to 2 hours after a meal. Administration of VIDEX tablets up to 30 minutes before a meal did not result in any significant changes in bioavailability [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. VIDEX should be taken on an empty stomach.
Data from two studies in adults indicated that the apparent oral clearance of didanosine decreased and the terminal elimination half-life increased as creatinine clearance decreased (see Table 11). Following oral administration, didanosine was not detectable in peritoneal dialysate fluid (n=6); recovery in hemodialysate (n=5) ranged from 0.6% to 7.4% of the dose over a 3-4 hour dialysis period. The absolute bioavailability of didanosine was not affected in patients requiring dialysis [See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
The pharmacokinetics of didanosine have been studied in 12 non-HIVinfected subjects with moderate (n=8) to severe (n=4) hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B or C). Mean AUC and Cmax values following a single 400 mg dose of didanosine were approximately 13% and 19% higher, respectively, in patients with hepatic impairment compared to matched healthy subjects. No dose adjustment is needed, because a similar range and distribution of AUC and Cmax values was observed for subjects with hepatic impairment and matched healthy controls. [See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION].
The pharmacokinetics of didanosine have been evaluated in HIV-exposed and HIV-infected pediatric patients from birth to adulthood. Overall, the pharmacokinetics of didanosine in pediatric patients are similar to those of didanosine in adults. Didanosine plasma concentrations appear to increase in proportion to oral doses ranging from 25 to 120 mg per m2 in pediatric patients less than 5 months old and from 80 to 180 mg per m2 in children above 8 months old. For information on controlled clinical studies in pediatric patients, [see Clinical Studies and Use In Specific Populations].
Tables 12 and 13 summarize the effects on AUC and Cmax, with a 95% confidence interval (CI) when available, following coadministration of VIDEX (didanosine) with a variety of drugs. Drug-drug interactions for VIDEX buffered tablets are applicable to the VIDEX pediatric powder formulation and are noted in Tables 12 and 13. For clinical recommendations based on drug interaction studies for drugs in bold font, see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION ( for Concomitant Therapy With Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate), CONTRAINDICATIONS , and DRUG INTERACTIONS.
a The 95% confidence intervals for the percent change in the pharmacokinetic parameter are displayed. b HIV-infected patients.
maintained it to Week 48.
The efficacy of VIDEX was demonstrated in two randomized, double-blind studies comparing VIDEX, given on a twice-daily schedule, to zidovudine, given three times daily, in 617 (ACTG 116A, conducted 1989-1992) and 913 (ACTG 116B/117, conducted 1989-1991) patients with symptomatic HIV infection or AIDS who were treated for more than one year. In treatmentnaive patients (ACTG 116A), the rate of HIV disease progression or death was similar between the treatment groups; mortality rates were 26% for patients receiving VIDEX and 21% for patients receiving zidovudine. Of the patients who had received previous zidovudine treatment (ACTG 116B/117), those treated with VIDEX had a lower rate of HIV disease progression or death (32%) compared to those treated with zidovudine (41%); however, survival rates were similar between the treatment groups.
Build-up of an acid in your blood (lactic acidosis). Lactic acidosis can happen in some people who take VIDEX or similar medicines (nucleoside analogues). Lactic acidosis is a serious medical emergency that can lead to death. There have been deaths reported in pregnant women who get lactic acidosis after taking VIDEX and ZERIT (stavudine). Do not take VIDEX with stavudine.
For more information about side effects, see "What are the possible side effects of VIDEX?".
are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if VIDEX will harm your unborn baby.
Pregnancy Registry: There is a pregnancy registry for women who take antiretroviral medicines, including VIDEX during pregnancy. The purpose of the registry is to collect information about the health of you and your baby. Talk to your healthcare provider about how you can take part in this registry.
Loss of body fat (lipoatrophy) from the arms, legs, or face can happen during treatment with VIDEX. Your healthcare provider will monitor you for changes in your body fat. It is important to tell your healthcare provider if you notice any changes.
Store VIDEX oral solution in a tightly closed container in the refrigerator between 36° F to 46° F (2° C to 8° C) for up to 30 days.


text:
Highest paid Bollywood actors
A report in The Hindustan Times that compares Bollywood actors' earnings in 2015 has placed the three Khans — Salman, Shahrukh and Aamir — at the top spot, with each earning between INR 40-45 crore per film.
This doesn't come as a surprise, but what is rather shocking is the huge disparity between the estimated earnings of male stars versus female stars.
While a rising male actor like Ranbir Kapoor is said to earn 20-25 crore per film, Anuskha Sharma, who starred in and produced surprise hit NH10, is said to earn only 6-8 crore per film.
"I don't know why the pay gap exists, but I think it's because it's in our society, " said Anushka Sharma recently. "Boys are [seen as] more important."
Ajay Devgn, who starred in just one film this year (Drishyam, also starring Tabu) is said to have raked in anywhere between 35-40 crore for his performance. Ditto Akshay Kumar, whose films Baby, Gabbar Is Back, Brothers and Singh Is Bling placed him just a few crore shy of joining the Khans' earning bracket.
In stark contrast, 2015's stand-out actress Kangana Ranaut is said to earn just 10-12 crore per film. With hits like Tanu Weds Manu Returns under her belt, we're wondering why the discrepancy.
Likewise, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan is said to earn between 5-7 crore per film.
But perhaps most surprising are the estimates for Priyanka Chopra and Deepika Padukone, which place the actresses firmly in the 7-8 crore-per-film club.
With Priyanka making waves in Hollywood with TV series Quantico and Deepika stealing the show in Piku, we expected heftier remuneration for the actresses.
With Priyanka making waves in Hollywood with TV series and Deepika stealing the show in Piku, we expected heftier remuneration for the actresses.
Anushka Sharma has spoken up the issue; she recently joined a host of Hollywood celebs who raised their voices in 2015 to speak out against gender-based wage differentials in the entertainment industry.
"A male newcomer and female newcomer will get paid differently, " said Sharma in an interview with Anupama Chopra. "You're a newcomer... no one knows who you are, man or woman doesn't matter. It's just assumed that men need more money. I think people think that men need to run a family and women are looked after. I'm not saying this out of greed — I'm just saying value me. At the end of the day, you want respect. And when you pay me less money, you're telling me I'm not as valuable."
"I don't know why [the pay gap exists], but I think it's because it's in our society, " she continued. "Boys are [seen as] more important."
Source: images.dawn.com
Top 10 Bollywood Highest Paid Actor
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Dharam Singh Deol (Hindi: धर्मेंद्र सिंह देओल, Punjabi: ਧਰਮਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਦਿਉਲ, born 8 December 1935 in Ludhiana, Punjab, India, better known as Dharmendra, is an award-winning Hindi film actor who has appeared in more than 247 Hindi-language films as of 2011. In 1997...
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We will do a trekking thru the jungle in the back of our village in which we will have the try to spot monkeys, flora and fauna explanation and have a direct contact with the jungle, you will end up at a native natural reserve.
Boat activity to spot grey or pink dolphins, we will visit lakes and navigate thru tributaries.
Night walk for the observation of insects, different Amazonian fauna and flora.
If you arrive to Leticia by plane before 10 am, we can take the 12 pm boat to start activities around 2 pm. (You will begin with the afternoon activity).
For the four day we have this activity we will be pretty flexible to do activities depending on your likes. We have an Amazing tour on an interesting jungle by a native community. The itinerary will go up to 3.30 pm for the boat transfer to Leticia.
Transfer to the reserved hotel (We only cover free transfer to hotels in Leticia centre, not in the km or away from Leticia).
This price will only apply if you start tour on Monday – Tuesday – Thursdays – Saturdays at 7:00 am or 12 p.m.
This includes the 2 nights accommodation, 3 meals per day (breakfast, lunch, dinner), water, tours, translator if needed, coffee (with breakfast) and fruit juices (with lunch and dinner), activities and transportation. Alcohol you will need to pay for separately.
A small day sack (25-30L) is sufficient for a 3 or 4 day tour. We can store your larger bag in the office. The following list is advisory only, wear whatever you think will make you feel comfortable! Bear in mind that black clothing can attract more mosquitos so, if possible, bring lighter coloured clothing.
Tourism is just new in Colombia, I mean like more tourist than normal in the last years. We really were not prepared that lots of non Spanish speakers foreigners where going to come so nobody or barely someone speak English in Leticia Amazonas. I can count with my fingers who speaks English in Leticia and surroundings.
People, our history haven't been really cool. Since slavery, destruction, animal trafficking, ngo, land invasion, excessive huntig, Pablo Escobar and other stuff I think we are getting recover. Our Amazonas is a big zoo but I dont have animals in a jail. Climate changes, full moon, people using deet 100% or making lot of noise can be more difficult to spot animals but we spent lot of time while we are not working to find the spots. Some animals are just difficult to spot such as a manatee, jaguar or anaconda.
From February to late May is all flooded in one area which we will do lot of boat activity. From later July is all dry and we can do trekking on the flooded area.


text:
\section{Introduction}

  The Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on board the {\it Hubble Space Telescope (HST)}
has begun breaking new grounds in our exploration of the early universe. Using
the ultra-deep observations taken by the ``HUDF09'' program (PI: Illingworth),
samples of candidate galaxies at $z\approx 7$ have been greatly enlarged
(Oesch et al. 2010; Bunker et al. 2010; McLure et al. 2010; Yan et al. 2010a),
and candidates have been found at $z\approx 8$ (Bouwens et al. 2010b;
McLure et al. 2010; Yan et al. 2010a) and possibly out to $z\approx 10$
(Yan et al. 2010a; Bouwens et al. 2010c). The studies of the stellar
populations of galaxies at $z\gtrsim 7$ are now underway (e.g., Bouwens et al.
2010a; Labb\'{e} et al. 2010a, 2010b; Finkelstein et al. 2010). The pencil-beam
HUDF09 data are augmented
by the shallower but $8\times$ wider observations (Windhorst et al. 2010) of
the WFC3 Early Release Science Program 2 (ERS2; PI: O'Connell), which provide
us a unique opportunity to study the bright end of the luminosity function
(LF) at $z\gtrsim 7$ because of the much increased sample size of bright
candidates (Wilkins et al. 2010a, 2010b; Bouwens et al. 2010d;
Yan et al. 2010b).
Even with the ERS2 data, however, we are only barely able to probe the
bright end at $L\sim L^*$. It is important to extend our investigation to the
brighter regime, as it could be where the progenitors of the high stellar-mass
($\gtrsim 10^{10}M_\odot$) galaxies at $z\approx 6$--5 would locate
(Yan et al. 2006). Such studies will need to survey larger areas, and
preferably along different sightlines in order to reduce the bias caused by the
underlying large scale structures (a.k.a. ``cosmic variance"; see, e.g.,
Robertson 2010).

   Our Hubble Infrared Pure Parallel Imaging Extragalactic Survey, or
``HIPPIES'', was designed for this purpose. This program utilizes the unique
``pure parallel" observing mode of {\it HST}, which enables simultaneous
observations using instruments that are not doing the primary observations.
As the pointings of the primary observations are drawn from a wide variety of
programs of different objectives, the associated parallel observations are in
effect observing completely random fields, and hence are ideally
suited for minimizing the impact of cosmic variance. In {\it HST} Cycle 17,
there were two pure parallel programs using WFC3 as the imaging instrument, one
led by our team (PID 11702, PI: H. Yan) and the other led by M. Trenti et al.
(PID 11700). Our program has been extended to the coming Cycle 18 (PID 12286).
HIPPIES will incorporate the data from all these programs for its science
objectives, one of which being addressing the very bright-end of galaxy LF at
$z\approx 7$ and beyond. Here we report our initial results based on the data
taken by the end of Cycle 17. Throughout this Letter, we use the following
cosmological parameters: $\Omega_M=0.27$, $\Omega_\Lambda=0.73$ and
$H_0=71$~km~s$^{-1}$~Mpc$^{-1}$. The quoted magnitudes are all in the AB
system.

\section{Data Description}

   In Cycle 17, pure parallels were only allowed when the prime instrument was
either the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) or the Space Telescope Imaging
Spectrograph (STIS). Programs 11700 and 11702 only requested the high galactic
latitude opportunities at $|b|>20^{\rm o}$, and only
requested long-duration opportunities ($\gtrsim 3$~orbits) so that the
observations could be sufficiently deep. The observations and data from these
two programs are described below.

\subsection{Observations}

   These two programs used
both the infrared (IR) and the UV-optical (UVIS) channels of WFC3. The IR
images were taken in the same three bands in both programs, namely,
F098M, F125W, and F160W (hereafter $Y_{098}$, $J_{105}$, and
$H_{125}$, respectively). In the UVIS channel, program 11700 used F606W
($V_{606}$), while program 11702 used F600LP ($LP_{600}$). The left panel of
Figure 1 shows the system response curves in these passbands.

   Our current work includes 26 WFC3 pure parallel fields acquired by the
end of Cycle 17 (2010 August). The total exposure time in these fields ranges
from 6 to 34 ks, with the median of 10.8 ks ($\sim$ 5 orbits).
The distribution of exposure time in the four bands roughly follows the ratio of
UVIS:F098M:F125W:F160W$=1:2:1:1$, but varies significantly among the fields.
The CCD observations in UVIS  always have at least two CR-SPLIT exposures that
enable the rejection of cosmic rays. Most of the IR observations also have at
least two exposures each band in each field. As the IR array was always
non-destructively read-out multiple times during the exposure
(at least five times for these observations), cosmic ray rejection generally
is not a problem, even with single exposures.

\subsection{Data Reduction}

   Our data reduction starts from the outputs from the {\it HST}
On-the-Fly Reprocessing (OTFR) pipeline, which are photometrically
calibrated images in units of count rate (i.e., the ``*\_flt.fits''
images fetched from the {\it HST} data archive).

  The vast majority of our parallel observations are non-dithered because the
primary COS or STIS observations are not dithered. This makes it difficult to
reject image defects using the usual outlier clipping method in the stacking
process. Most of the defects are flagged in the ``data quality'' (DQ)
extension of the processed image, which records the pixels that are diagnosed
by the processing software to be problematic for various reasons (e.g., bad
pixels, problems in telemetry, unstable response, etc.). In
order to reduce their chance of contaminating our dropout sample, such image
defects in the IR were filled by interpolation of nearby pixels. Using
the archival ERS2 data, we also identified several thousands of additional
outlier pixels that deviate from linear response at 5$\sigma$ level, and these
pixels were also fixed in the same way. The defected pixels were not treated
for the UVIS images in the current work, because these images are only used for
the ``veto'' purpose in the dropout selection, and hence such image defects in
UVIS do not likely cause any contamination.

   The MultiDrizzle software (Koekemoer et al. 2002) was then used to correct
for the geometric distortions and to stack the images in each band. For each
field, the World Coordinate System (WCS) of the first image in $Y_{098}$ was
always chosen as the reference to align all images. The final pixel scale that
we adopted is $0\farcs 09$~pixel$^{-1}$. The pixel noise of the drizzle-combined
images is correlated at small scale because of the subpixel sampling. We
followed the procedure utilized in the GOODS program (Dickinson et al. 2004)
to calculate the correlation amplitudes in our mosaics, and then to derive the
so-called ``RMS maps" that register the absolute root-mean-square noise in each
pixel.

\subsection{Photometry}

  Matched-aperture photometry was carried out by running the SExtractor program
of Bertin \& Arnouts (1996) in dual-image mode. The $J_{125}$-band mosaics were
used as the detection images. We adopt the SExtractor MAG\_AUTO magnitudes,
which were measured using the default (Kron factor, minimum radius) of
(2.5, 3.5). A 2-pixel, $5\times 5$ Gaussian filter was used to convolve the
$J_{125}$-band images for detection; the detection threshold was set to
1.5$\sigma$, and a minimum of four connected pixels above the threshold was
required. The RMS maps were used to measure the noise in the pixels within the
MAG\_AUTO apertures. We only include sources at S/N$\geq 5$ in the
$J_{125}$-band (within the MAG\_AUTO aperture) for further analysis.

  The depth of our mosaics varies significantly because the exposure time and
the background condition vary significantly among the HIPPIES fields. For
reference, the median 5$\sigma$ depths measured within a $0\farcs 2$-radius
aperture are 27.36, 27.08, 27.16, 27.05, and 26.68 mag in $V_{606}$, $LP_{600}$,
$Y_{098}$, $J_{125}$, and $H_{160}$, respectively. The source count at
$J_{125}\leq 25.2$~mag is complete in every field, and is complete at
$J_{125}\leq 26.0$~mag for 20 out of the 26 fields.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{fig1.eps}
\caption{(left) System response curves of the WFC3 passbands used in the current
pure parallel observations. Both programs used the same filters in the IR.
In the UVIS, program 11700 used $V_{606}$ while program 11702 used $LP_{600}$.
The vertical dotted line indicates the location of Ly${\rm \alpha}$ line
redshifted to $z=7.4$.
(right) Color-color diagram demonstrating the selection of $Y_{098}$-dropouts.
The black dots are the field objects. The shaded area indicates the selection
area, where the two objects in our final sample are shown in solid red squares
and the peculiar $Y_{098}$-dropout that has an indication of variability is
shown in open red square. The connected circles to left show the color track of
a typical young galaxy at high redshifts using the model from Bruzual \&
Charlot (2003 (BC03); $\tau=0.3$~Gyr and age of 100~Myr), and attenuated by the
intervening H I absorption along the sightline using the formalism of
Madau (1995). Different colors are used to code different redshift
ranges along these tracks: blue is for $z<6.4$, magenta is for
$6.4\leq z\leq 7.3$, and black is for $z\geq 7.4$. The selection area is well
separated from the regions occupied by the potential sources of contaminations.
The yellow stars show the colors of Galactic brown dwarfs (e.g.
Leggett et al. 2002). The green symbols show the colors of a typical red galaxy
at $z\approx 1$--3 simulated using a BC03 model ($\tau=50$~Myr and age of
2.0~Gyr). The cyan symbols represent the colors of the same red galaxy but with
a strong [OIII] emission line of restframe equivalent width of 100\AA. The
black and the green arrows represent the reddening vectors in these passbands
appropriate for $z=7.4$ and $z=2$, respectively, using the reddening law of
Calzetti (2001) and $E(B-V)=0.5$~mag.
}
\end{figure}

\section{Candidate Galaxies at $z\gtrsim 7.4$}

  In this section, we describe the selection of candidate galaxies at
$z\gtrsim 7.4$ as $Y_{098}$-dropouts using HIPPIES data.

\subsection{$Y_{098}$-dropout selection}

    Because $Y_{098}$ does not overlap with $J_{125}$, it is possible to adopt
a large color decrement such that the selection is less prone to the confusion
with the 4000\AA\, break of red galaxies at low redshifts and less affected by
photometric errors. Following Yan et al. (2010b), our main color criteria are
$Y_{098}-J_{125}> 1.3$ mag and non-detections (i.e., S/N$<2$) in the ``veto''
$V_{606}$ and/or $LP_{600}$ images. Based on our simulation using a large
number of galaxy templates from the models of Bruzual \& Charlot (2003) and the
line-of-sight H I absorption recipe of Madau (1995), the adopted
$Y_{098}-J_{125}$ color decrement is appropriate for selecting galaxies at
$z\gtrsim 7.4$. As our UVIS images are not very deep, and
we do not have data at longer wavelength (such as {\it Spitzer} IRAC data;
see, e.g. Yan et al. 2010a, 2010b),
we further require that a legitimate candidate should have
$J_{125}-H_{160}<0.3$ mag in order to further reduce the chance of
contamination from red galaxies at low redshifts.
The right panel of Figure 1 shows the selection of $Y_{098}$-dropouts on the
$J_{125}-H_{160}$ versus $Y_{098}-J_{125}$ color-color diagram.

   The selected candidates were visually inspected to exclude objects that were
formally reported to have S/N$<2$ in the UVIS image but still visible to eyes.
In this step, we also rejected objects that were caused by artifacts and image
defects that are not identified in the data reduction process (see Section 2.2).
A last concern about the contamination is that the interpolation of the
identified defected pixels might leave some residuals that could mimic the
colors of $Y_{098}$-dropouts by chance. To deal with this problem, we created
masks of the interpolated pixels (see Section 2.2) for the individual images,
and ran MultiDrizzle to project them to the same reference frame of the science
images. The locations of the candidates were examined on these projected masks,
and we only kept the objects that do not have any defects in the
central $6\times 6$ pixel area.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{fig2.eps}
\caption{Image stamps of the two $Y_{098}$-dropouts in our sample.
Images are $5\farcs 4\times 5\farcs 4$ in size. The
red circles are $0\farcs 5$ in radius. North is up and East is to left.
}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Sample}

   Our selection above resulted in a total of three $Y_{098}$-dropouts over 26
HIPPIES fields that amount to 122.8 arcmin$^2$ in area. The colors of these
three $Y_{098}$-dropouts are superposed in the right panel of Figure 1
(solid red squares). Their image are shown in Figures 2 and 3,
and Table 1 lists their photometric information.

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{fig3.eps}
\caption{(top) Same as Fig. 2, but for the variable object
(YsDrop03). The field was observed by both programs 11700 and 11702, and hence
has UVIS data in both $V_{606}$ and $LP_{600}$.
(bottom)
Light curves of HIPPIES YsDrop03. The $J_{125}$ and $H_{160}$ data
points are matched-aperture MAG\_AUTO magnitudes obtained using the master
$J_{125}$ stack as the detection image, while the arrows are the 2$\sigma$
upper limits measured within an $r=0\farcs2$ aperture. The errors are
1$\sigma$ error within the MAG\_AUTO aperture.
}
\end{figure}

   One of these three objects, YsDrop03 (see Figure 3), shows an indication of
peculiar variability, which makes its candidacy as a high-redshift galaxy
less certain.  We performed photometry in each individual image, and obtained
its light curves as shown in Figure 3. The variability is the most obvious in
$H_{160}$, where it is the brightest in the first image, declines by
$\sim 1.0$~mag within 2 days, and remains nearly constant in the following
$\sim 1.2$ days. Similar trend is also seen in $J_{125}$, albeit less
significantly. However, such a variability does not seem to present in $Y_{098}$
or the two UVIS bands, where this object always remains undetected although
the observations in these bands were executed both before and after
the first images were taken in $H_{160}$ and $J_{125}$. Therefore, this object
still remains a legitimate $Y_{098}$-dropout after this scrutiny. If it is not
at $z\gtrsim 7.4$, the only viable explanation for its color and its variability
is that it is a flaring brown dwarf star within our Galaxy (e.g., Schmidt et al.
2007). However, this interpretation is less favored, because this object has
full width at half maximum (FWHM) of $\sim 0\farcs 3$ in both $J_{125}$ and
$H_{160}$ stacks and hence seems to be resolved. Another possibility is that
this object is an active galactic nucleus (AGN; see, e.g., Cohen et al. 2006)
at $z\gtrsim 7.4$, or a transient at a similar redshift.
Without further data, it is difficult to determine its nature. In any case, it
does not fit in the conventional picture of an LBG, and therefore we do not
include it in our final sample.

  The remaining two are good candidate galaxies at $z\gtrsim 7.4$. None of them
show time variability. Both are resolved (FWHM $\gtrsim 0\farcs 3$--$0\farcs 4$)
in $J_{125}$ and $H_{160}$ bands and hence are not likely brown dwarfs.
Finally, they are not likely red galaxies at $z\approx 1$--3 whose 4000\AA\,
break could mimic Lyman break, as their $J_{125}-H_{160}$ colors are much bluer
than those of such interloppers. This is particularly true for YsDrop02,
which has a very blue color of $J_{125}-H_{160}\approx -0.2$~mag. A few similar
cases have already been observed in candidate galaxies at $z\approx 7$ and
beyond (e.g., Oesch et al. 2010; Bouwens et al. 2010a; Yan et al. 2010a, 2010b).

\begin{figure}[tbp]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{fig4.eps}
\caption{
Comparison of the surface density of $Y_{098}$-dropouts at the very bright
end inferred from our sample (red solid pentagons) and the predictions from
various LFs at $z\approx 7$ and 8 (curves). The inset zooms in the region at
the very bright end. The $z\approx 7$ LFs are taken from
Bouwens et al. (2008; Bo08), Ouchi et al. (2009; Ou09), McLure et al.
(2010; M10), Oesch et al. (2010; Oe10), Bouwens et al. (2010d; Bo10d), and
Yan et al. (2010b; Y10b), while the $z\approx 8$ LFs are taken from Bo10d, M10
and Yan et al. (2010a; Y10a). The $z\approx 7$ LFs are integrated over
$6.4\leq z\leq 7.7$, while the $z\approx 8$ ones are integrated over
$7.4\leq z\leq 9.4$. The surface density of galaxies at $z\approx 7$
inferred from the $z_{850}$-dropouts in the HUDF (black open squares; Yan et al.
2010a) and the ERS2 field (black solid squares; Yan et al. 2010b) are also
plotted.
}
\end{figure}

\section{Discussion}

  The two $Y_{098}$-dropouts in our final sample are the brightest candidate
galaxies at $z>7$ discovered by WFC3 to date. Even assuming that their
redshifts are at the lower end of the selection window ($z\approx 7.4$), we
obtained their absolute magnitudes of $M=-21.6\pm 0.16$ and $-21.2\pm 0.15$~mag
for YsDrop01
and YsDrop02, respectively, which are at least $2\times$ brighter than any
current estimates of the $M^*$ value at $z\approx 7$ or 8. Earlier surveys
over contiguous fields have resulted in a number of $z$-band dropouts
(candidate galaxies at $z\approx 7$) of comparable brightness (e.g.,
Ouchi et al. 2009; Hickey et al. 2010; Castellano et al. 2010) or even brighter
(Capak et al. 2009), and our current work indicates that such high luminosity
galaxies could exist at $z\gtrsim 7.4$.

  Using the formalism of Madau et al. (1998), the rest-frame UV luminosities of
our candidates correspond to star formation rates (SFRs) of $23.7^{+3.5}_{-3.1}$
and $16.4^{+2.4}_{-2.1}$~$M_\odot$~yr$^{-1}$. As an
order-of-magnitude estimate, if they keep forming stars at the same rates to
$z\approx 5$, they could accumulate stellar masses of
0.7--$1.1\times 10^{10}M_\odot$ in the next $\sim 473$ million years. Therefore,
our $Y_{098}$-dropouts could be the progenitors of the
high-mass LBGs observed at $z\approx 5$ that have stellar masses to the order
of $\sim 10^{10} M_\odot$ (see e.g., Yan et al. 2005; Stark et al. 2007).

  The existing LF estimates of LBGs at $z\approx 7$ and beyond are largely
based on observations at $L\lesssim L^{*}$. For this reason, it is interesting
to see whether the number density of such very bright candidate galaxies at
$z\gtrsim 7.4$ is consistent with the expectations from such LFs. This
comparison is shown in Figure 4, where the result from this study is shown as
the red pentagons.
As the formal redshift selection window of $Y_{098}$-dropout spans
$7.4\lesssim z\lesssim 9.4$, we compare to the predictions from the LFs at both
$z\approx 8$ and 7. Our data point is apparently higher than the predictions
from the $z\approx 8$ LFs, including the one of Bo10d that
predicts the highest surface density. If we single out the brightest object
YsDrop01, the discrepancy is more obvious. The Bo10d $z\approx 8$ LF predicts a
cumulative surface density of $\sim 2.7\times 10^{-3}$ per arcmin$^{2}$ to
$\leq 25.6$~mag over $7.4\lesssim z\lesssim 9.4$, which is a factor of three
lower than the density inferred from our YsDrop01 ($8.1\times 10^{-3}$ per
arcmin$^{-2}$). On the other hand, the LF of Yan et al. (2010b;
$M^{*}=-20.33$, $\alpha=-1.80$ and $\Phi=5.52\times 10^{-4}$~Mpc$^{-3}$)
predicts the highest bright-end surface density at $z\approx 7$. This LF, like
others that are mostly based on the WFC3 $z_{850}$-dropout results, is
applicable over the redshift range of $6.4\lesssim z\lesssim 7.7$. It predicts
a cumulative surface density of $\sim 1.5\times 10^{-2}$ per arcmin$^{2}$ to
$\leq 25.6$~mag, which seems to be able to explain the existence of YsDrop01
if it is at $z\lesssim 7.7$.

\section{Summary}

   In this Letter, we present the initial results from the HIPPIES program. To
date, our analysis includes 26 widely separated {\it HST} WFC3 pure parallel
fields at $|b|>20^{\rm o}$ obtained in Cycle-17, which amount to
122.8~arcmin$^2$ in total area. Using these data, we search for candidate
galaxies at $z\gtrsim 7.4$ as $Y_{098}$-dropouts. One candidate that we found
shows an indication of peculiar variability in $J_{125}$ and $H_{160}$ but
remains undetected in the bluer bands, and its nature is unclear. Excluding
this object, our current sample consists of two very bright candidates at
$L>2L^{*}$, which, based on their SFR estimates, could be linked to the
progenitors of high-mass LBGs observed at lower redshifts (up to $z\sim 5$).
While its size is still very limited, our
sample is constructed from a large number of random fields and thus the impact
of cosmic variance is minimal. The surface density inferred from our brightest
candidate is not well explained by the existing LF
estimates at $z\approx 8$, but could be explained by the prediction of LFs
at $z\approx 7$ if it belongs to the high-redshift tail of the $z\approx 7$
galaxy population. Our new HIPPIES
data soon to be taken in the coming {\it HST} cycle ($\sim 42$ pointings) will
enable us to search for different $Y_{105}$-dropouts in a similar way, and the
comparison of the two results will shed light to the evolution of the star
formation activities in the early universe.

\acknowledgements

We thank the referee for the helpful comments.
We acknowledge the support of NASA grant HST-GO-11702.*.
HY is supported by the long-term fellowship program of the Center for
Cosmology and AstroParticle Physics (CCAPP) at The Ohio State University.
BER is supported by Hubble Fellowship Program number HST-HF-51262.01-A.
RAW is supported by NASA JWST Interdisciplinary Scientist grant NAG5-12460
from GSFC. We dedicate this Letter to the memory of John Huchra, who during his
life has been a very staunch supporter of the {\it Hubble Space Telescope}
project.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Słownik Kangxi () – wielki słownik języka chińskiego, skompilowany na początku XVIII w. na rozkaz cesarza Kangxi z mandżurskiej dynastii Qing i wydany po raz pierwszy w roku 1716. Ustabilizowano wówczas istniejący wcześniej słownik Zihui oparty na wykorzystaniu 214 tzw. kluczy, czyli podstawowych elementów znaków pisma chińskiego. Słownik Kangxi obejmuje 47 tysięcy znaków, podaje wymowę słów w tradycyjnym systemie fanqie.

Przygotowanie
Redaktorzy słownika Kangxi, Zhang Yushu (張玉書) oraz Chen Tingjing (陳廷敬), opierali się na dwóch słownikach napisanych w czasach dynastii Ming: Zihui z 1615 roku (字彙, Zbiór znaków) autorstwa Mei Yingzuo (梅膺祚) oraz Zhengzitong (正字通, Właściwe użycie znaków) z 1627 roku, napisany przez Zhang Zilie (張自烈).

Ponieważ cesarski edykt nakazywał utworzenie słownika w zaledwie 5 lat, jego pierwsza wersja roiła się od błędów. XIX-wieczny cesarz Daoguang polecił znaleźć je i nanieść do słownika stosowne poprawki. Wydane w 1831 roku nowe wydanie słownika, zatytułowane Zidian kaozheng (字典考證), zawierało wykaz 2588 błędów w słowniku Kangxi, w większości w cytatach.

Nowe wydanie słownika zawierało 47035 znaków i 1995 graficznych wariantów znaków o tej samej wymowie i znaczeniu. Łącznie dało to 49930 różnych ideogramów. Kolejność znaków w słowniku oparto na wykorzystaniu 214 tzw. kluczy, czyli podstawowych elementów znaków pisma chińskiego, oraz na ilości kresek w każdym znaku. Choć 214 kluczy po raz pierwszy użyto w słowniku Zihui, dopiero po wydaniu Kangxi zidian udało się spopularyzować ten podział zapisu tradycyjnych chińskich znaków. Dlatego klucze te do dziś noszą nazwę "kluczy Kangxi".

Słownik Kangxi został zapisany i opublikowany w wielu formach, począwszy od pochodzących ze starej dynastii Qing drewnianych bloków, poprzez tradycyjną chińską oprawę na specjalnym papierze, skończywszy na dostępnej w internecie formie cyfrowej.

Struktura słownika Kangxi
 Wstęp cesarza Kangxi: ss. 1-6 (御製序)
 Instrukcja użycia słownika: ss. 7-12 (凡例)
 Wymowa znaków: ss. 13-40 (等韻)
 Szczegółowa tabela kluczy: ss. 41–49 (總目)
 Uproszczony spis treści: ss. 50-71 (检字)
 Słownik: ss. 75–1631
 Główny tekst słownika: ss. 75-1538
 Uzupełnienie – spis treści: ss. 1539–1544 (補遺)
 Uzupełnienie: ss. 1545–1576
 Aneks – spis treści: ss. 1577–1583 (備考)
 Aneks: ss. 1585–1631
 Posłowie: ss. 1633–1635 (後記)
 Badania nad tekstem: ss. 1637–1683 (考证)

Zobacz też
 Wang Xihou

Przypisy

Bibliografia
 Teng Ssu-yü, Knight Biggerstaff, An Annotated Bibliography of Selected Chinese Reference Works (ang.), Wydanie 3., Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1971. .

Linki zewnętrzne
 康熙字典網上版 Internetowa wersja słownika Kangxi

Język chiński

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I'm making a list and I'm hoping you'll check it twice. What does not belong on this list, what should be added?
Game Of Thrown Under The Bus By Brexit?
Television and movie producers currently have a good deal in Great Britain, not in small part due to stability in various markets and some funding. For example, Game of Thrones, an HBO production, is filmed in Norther Ireland with funding from the European Regional Development fund.
Both the stability and some of the funding for various productions is now at risk because of the Xenophobic whiny baby Leavers.
This may be on the smaller end of negative effects of the UK leaving the EU, but it is a microcosm of the bigger problem, and likely to get a disproportionate share of attention if The Doctor has to run, or Residue gets tossed in the trash, or other programs lose funding or find themselves operating in an environment of uncertainty.


text:
Home » Blog » Publications » Fox Chase Cancer Center Forward
Fox Chase Cancer Center Celebrates 50 Years Since the Discovery of the Hepatitis B Virus
Originally published in Forward, Spring/Summer 2017
By Paige Allen
Scientists are seekers. Their inquiries may lead them to the far reaches of the world, or inward to incomprehensibly small molecular worlds. At a time before research on individual genes was possible, the late Nobel Laureate Baruch S. Blumberg combined these approaches, saving millions of lives.
With Fox Chase Cancer Center as his base, he traveled the world collecting blood samples from diverse populations to study genetic variations among humans. Fifty years ago, in 1967, he discovered the hepatitis B virus.
Hepatitis B can develop into liver cancer or cirrhosis, and can cause liver failure. The discovery of the virus was significant, but what Blumberg did next was unconventional and deeply impactful. He began developing a vaccine.
"He went straight from fundamental discoveries into an approach we now term translational medicine, which was an unusual course to take and far ahead of its time," said Jonathan Chernoff, chief scientific officer at Fox Chase. "Barry was an unconventional thinker, one of those guys who went outside the boundaries of his discipline frequently and without embarrassment. He was an epidemiologist, a virologist, a molecular biologist, and more, who did whatever he needed to do to find answers."
Blumberg and his colleagues prevented transfusion-related cases of hepatitis B by developing a sensitive blood test that allowed blood banks to screen for it. They also devised a way to make a vaccine, harvesting its outer protein from the blood of chronic carriers. This approach was critical, because the virus could not be grown in tissue cultures at the time. Meanwhile, on field trips to Africa and Asia, Blumberg and others amassed important evidence showing the link between primary liver cancer and hepatitis B.
The virus is now thought to cause at least 80 percent of liver cancers as well as many cases of cirrhosis. In 1981 the vaccine received Food & Drug Administration (FDA) approval. It was the first vaccine capable of preventing a type of cancer in humans. "That vaccine prevented between 10 and 100 million cases of liver cancer around the world," Chernoff said. "It is probably the most effective cancer prevention agent ever devised, and had an impact the like of which we'd never seen before or since."
Following the vaccine's FDA approval, a number of nations launched vaccination programs in consultation with Blumberg and his colleagues. Targeted to infants, these prevention programs may have reduced the incidence of primary liver cancer by as much as 80 percent or more in future generations, and they are credited with preventing millions of cases of acute and chronic hepatitis.
The combination of the discovery of the hepatitis B virus and the vaccine development led Blumberg to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1976. "The discovery and the vaccination made a huge difference in livelihood for many people," Chernoff said. "His work transcended science into general culture."
In 1993, Blumberg and his co-inventor, Irving Millman, were elected to the National Inventors Hall of Fame for their invention of the vaccine and diagnostic test.
Fox Chase Cancer Center Forward
(NCI)-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center
Find out what it means and the benefits of being treated at a center with this distinction.
Fox Chase Publications
See the full range of publications from Fox Chase Cancer Center, including archives of current and back issues.
How A Chance Meeting Turned into a Nobel Prize Winning Discovery
Sanjeevani Arora, PhD


text:
Jide Kosoko's biography, fact, career, awards, net worth and life story
Intro Nigerian actor
Is Actor
Film actor
Television actor
From Nigeria
Type Film, TV, Stage & Radio
Birth 12 January 1954, Nigeria, Nigeria
Star sign Capricorn
Yaba College of Technology
Jide Kosoko is a Nigerian actor.
He was born on January 12, 1954 in Lagos to the Kosoko royal family of Lagos Island. He studied business administration at Yaba College of Technology. He began his acting career as a child actor in 1964 in a television production Makanjuola. He has featured in several Nollywood movies of both English and Yoruba Languages.
The young Kosoko grew up in Ebute Metta and was inspired by the success of Hubert Ogunde to go into acting, when an acquaintance who was working with the Ifelodun Traveling theatre troupe invited him to audition for a role in Makanjuola, a tele-movie, Kosoko accepted the invitation, he auditioned and was chosen for the role, playing a played a character called Alabi. Kosoko continued with acting, he performed with the Awada Kerikeri group consisting of Sunday Omobolanle, Lanre Hassan and Oga Bello, and had guest appearances on the T.V. Show, New Masquerade. In 1972, he formed his own group theatre troupe.
He has written and produced his own films and stage plays including Ogun Ahoyaya.
Kosoko became visible during the Video film era, producing his own film, Asiri n la in 1992, starring in Asewo to re Mecca and Tunde Kelani's Ti Oluwa Ni'Le part 2.
He is married to two wives; Karimat and Henrietta with children and grandchildren.
He is the father of popular Nollywood actresses Bidemi, Shola, Temilade, Tunji, Muyiwa, Tunde kosoko
Nkan La (1992)
Oro Nla (1993)
Out of Luck
The Department (2015)
Gidi Up (2014) (TV Series)
Doctor Bello (2013)
The Meeting (2012)
Last Flight to Abuja (2012)
I'll Take My Chances (2011)
The Figurine (2009)
Jenifa
The Royal Hibiscus Hotel
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Main / World News TV / What does the un symbol represents
What does the un symbol represents
They are also aspirational symbols, for they speak to the hopes and dreams of people The design is "a map of the world representing an azimuthal equidistant. You may not use any trademark, official mark, official emblem, flag or logo of the United Nations, or any of its other means of promotion or publicity, to represent. would become the official seal and emblem of the United Nations. themselves: the olive branch is a symbol of peace, while the world map represents.
The symbol of the UN is a map of the world as seen from the North Pole, surrounded by olive branches. The map symbolizes the UN's global area of concern. The flag of the United Nations was adopted on December 7, , and consists of the official The olive branches are a symbol for peace, and the world map represents all the people and the countries of the world. White and blue are the. rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols. The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization that was tasked to maintain The UN is the largest, most familiar, most internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world. In 24 October
The United Nations logo is very symbolic and has many meanings. Each element is unique and has its own meaning and about each of them you can in the. The use of the name and logo of UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Your comments and suggestions will help us to improve it. What Is the United Nations (UN)? Almost every country in the world is represented in the UN, including the U.S. A few states lack membership. It has a light-blue background, with the emblem in the centre, and four lightning flashes which symbolize telecommunications and speed in police action. These descriptions offer an insight into what the symbol represented for Su-un and the part it played It can be concluded, therefore, that Su-un chose them for .
All kids want to know about the World Flags: Why do Countries have Flags? Flags in front of the United Nations building meaningful to them, some of the symbols are even universal, that is they have the same meaning all over the world. The emblem consists of the United Nations symbol surmounted by a staff with a purposes by means of trade-marks or commercial labels, of the emblem, the. The rapid increase in the Arctic means that the difference with areas farther The UN emblem is everywhere on the premises, from the water. As you can see, in each of these Masonic symbols, they are surrounded by olive branches on the sides the same as the U.N. Flag. These "olive branches,".
around the world and the international organizations like the United Nations A dove and olive branch has also been used in the secular world as a The symbol represents peace in the conflict-stricken the Middle East. See if you can come up with an inspiring peace symbol of your own. The letter " N" is represented by holding two flags in a downward position, It forms part of the flags of the United Nations, the League of Arab States, Cyprus and Eritrea. The UN symbol can either be included with a lowercase "u" over a Any one of the following three styles represents an example of the kind of.
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So what happens is that, if you do not deal with your stressors, then you can become burnt out, or stressed out. And this is the phenomenon that occurs when your coping skills are not able to handle all the stressors that you're encountering. So when you are burnt out or stressed out, then this can lead to a departure from your job. Because what happens is that you become irritable, depressed, start having sleep problems, start calling in sick, and your job performance decreases.
So what commonly occurs when you are stressed out is that you might have an adjustment disorder, and you may have anxiety and depressive symptoms. So what happens is that you might depart from your job as either you just don't show up, or you might get fired because of performance issues. If you don't address the adjustment disorder, then this can lead to a depressive disorder or an anxiety disorder, and then you will need to seek treatment from your medical doctor and a therapist.
So the end result of being stressed out or burnt out, or having anxiety/depression, is that it could lead to departure from your job either from you being late for work or not showing up anymore, or for poor job performance issues.
So the key here is to address your stress by intervening and handling your stressors when they occur, so that it does not lead to burnout. The interventions can include things such as self-help, finding out more information on how to help yourself, or visiting a therapist. Many employers also have an employee assistance program, also known as an EAP, where you can talk with a counselor in your EAP program for help with your stressors, so that it does not affect your job performance.


The blanket is beautiful. I'm just in love with blue hues at the moment 😉 and it brings out the pattern really nicely!
Love your colour choices and the pattern you've chosen for the blanket. Adding it to my Ravelry favourites!
The shrug is divine, both the colour and the pattern. Love the blues of the baby blanket.
I accidentally deleted a comment after I published it because I was trying to delete an email (this is the 2nd time I have done this . . . stay away from the comment emails and wait until you get on blogger self!). I am sorry.
Are you on Ravelry? If so, what is your ID?
Luv the Ravensclaw you made, but unable to locate it on Ravelry.
I have not posted my projects to Ravelry, and I think the pattern I used might have not have been Ravenclaw. I used over 100 stitches and the pattern was 35 rounds blue, 3 gold, 5 blue, 3 gold, and I made 15 repeats plus 35 more rounds of blue. I think the yarn was around DK weight.


The Women of Distinction event was initiated in 1991, to acknowledge women who through their boundless commitment to the community through their service to others and through their compassionate leadership, help improve the quality of life for everyone in their communities. The women recognized at this event represent the diversity of women's interests, talents and achievements. Since 1991, more than 270 women have been recognized. In addition to recognizing outstanding women leaders, the event also raises money to support YWCA programming throughout the year through corporate sponsorship and event ticket sales.
Can I nominate my partner/spouse if she is my business partner?
Yes. You may nominate your partner or spouse even if you are not in business together.
Can I nominate a someone who was previously nominated?
Should I include the nominee's resume or articles written by or about the nominee?
No. The information on the form is the only information the selection panel can consider. You may submit one additional page of material. This rule was devised to simplify the selection process and to make their decision process as fair as possible for all nominees.
Women of Distinction Award – Purpose: to acknowledge women who in their spare time go above and beyond their families and careers to make a difference in the Riverbend community.
I/We wish to nominate the woman listed below as a 2019 Woman of Distinction.
Get the approval of your nominee prior to submitting the nomination.
The nominee lives, works, or volunteers in Madison or Jersey County.
You may include 2 to 3 letters of support (no more than 1 can be from an immediate family member). Please be clear and concise.
Please no binders, laminations or paper clips. Staple only.
Additional sheets may be attached, if the space provided is not sufficient.
Submit nomination packet – nomination application and support letters to the YWCA of Alton by 5:00 p.m. on February 27, 2019, via e-mail to wod@altonywca.com or drop off a printed copy at 304 East Third Street, Alton, or mail to 304 East Third Street, Alton, IL If mailed – must be postmarked no later than 5:00 pm February 27, 2019. No exceptions to this deadline will be made.
You may make additional copies of the Nomination form.


Trust Locums are recruiting for a number of GP's interested in ad-hoc positions at various HUB sites we have in South East and South West London. We currently have ad-hoc sessions available Monday- Saturday for times between 1140 - 2000.
4 hr slots generally made up of 17 face to face appointments, 8 x 5 minute tel calls and 3 x admin slots.


How to learn if the concurrent engineering is made for a specific company or not?
If there is certainly competitive pressure to develop services.
If there exists any sort of delays in product start.
Budget of producing product is greater than acceptable.
Customer requirements are not known obviously.
No copy of knowledge in one product development task to another.
Any kind of shifting of responsibility for product development from one function to some other.
Is there determination to improve for improvement in the company?
Is senior management that devoted and dedicated to work?
Able to encourage and support team work.
Needs of customers, suppliers, quality control, marketing, sales and manufacturers are healthy and prioritized.
The process change is executed within 1-2 years.
Focus is basically on process advancements.
Implementation is a significant challenge.
Cross functional change initiatives have high rates of failures.
It consists of radical ethnic change in an area that is incredibly complicated and pressurized.
If management will not support the employees or there is inadequate incentive systems or say customers or provider involvement is bad.
Computer aided designs and tools are no available.
If there are insufficient training and expertise.
If company faces difficulty in handling or controlling specialized processes.
Realignment of organizational operations and structures.
Concurrent engineering is basically a product development method and it is quite different from the traditional development approach as it employs simultaneous rather than sequential process. The firms implementing CE believe that by completing duties in parallel product development is accomplished more efficiently looked after will save cost.
This is basically a management idea and any organization or company can put into practice this whether it small, medium or large. That is a systematic method of the integrated concurrent design of products and their related procedures including production and support. The work is performed through cross functional teams where engineers and professionals of different disciplines interact simultaneously in expanding product and process design.
Basic motive of this approach is that it cause the designers from the outset to consider all components of the product life pattern from concept disposal which includes conditions like quality, cost, schedule and consumer requirements.
Concurrent executive process is also known as iterative development method. It needs continual review of a team's improvement and regular revision of project plans. The rationale behind this creative thinking is ahead looking methodology which is effective because problems can be learned easily and they're less costly to correct at initial periods.
Above were the factors that permit us to ascertain that if the company requires adopting the process of concurrent anatomist for product development or not. It is very important to learn that whether the company has ability to implement the process within company. Belows will be the factors that help to learn that whether the organization can implement the required process in there company or not.
The previously listed is the diagrammatic representation of process which include product specification, strategy, details, build-up, trials, manufacturing and providing too. The processes as shown in the diagram are two way operations mistakes are also together examined as thus its name is concurrent process.
This is a organized approach to the built in product development which emphasizes respond to customer expectations and embodies team values of cooperation, trust and writing in that manner that decision making proceeds with large intervals of parallel working by all life-cycle perspectives synchronized, by relatively quick exchanges.
CE is a management school of thought which is focused on the improvement of client satisfaction through upgraded quality and reduced costs. The development time also reduces. Time to market also reduces and brings about reconciliation of conflicting requirements in product development.
These tasks are a popular way to achieve radical changes to current working methods on small company, where conditions are handled and are been able by elderly people or project market leaders. Introduction of pilot projects was done to lessen the size of initial changes within corporation and to examine potential impact. By this method high levels of execution cost, risk and time can be reduced.
There are two sub-components of pilot assignments. The first one can be involved with collection of right pilot. It really is easier to choose the appropriate project so that it is easy to show as success. But what happens in a few organizations is the fact older management is under time constraints and also sometimes the next project is labeled as project. A couple of organizations that choose pilot projects that are of low risk to business and this is principally done to lessen overall inability.
The second sub aspect deals with the visibility and campaign of the task within the inner organization. Usually the organizations consider pilot project as high profile. This causes organizations profit margins, creates newness to market and senior management's initiatives in internally symbolizing the task by the utilization of posters, newsletters and each one of these activities boosts overall competitive market position.
Change agents illustrate the older management knowledge of the amount of commitment required in execution of concurrent engineering successfully. Inner change realtors include engineering champions, product champions, and arranged change teams of individual from different levels of the organization formulated with both in your free time and regular customers. Some have hierarchical change agents. It helps to improve people's ideals and actions.
Concurrent engineering entails the procedure of bringing together knowledge and skills from different areas in early phases of product development process. Team development causes improvement of casual communication and practical integration.
The team members and market leaders selection is done in informal and unstructured manner. This calls for two important functions; team engagement is the very first process includes how associates and market leaders are selected and how they can be found to are a team device. The next process is of empowering the team to carry out its product development activities effectively. The two main elements are task of new assignments and duties for team members and leaders.
Functional skills and know-how are not required at a constant level throughout the task and generally in most organizations the mixture of full-time and in your free time associates.
The permanent collocation of core team members from different functional departments and the team leaders and dispersion of the extended team members was the most prevalent method of bettering multi-disciplinary relationship.
Team empowerment contains clarifying team market leaders and jobs of associates and their duties. Sometimes team leader's roles and duties are made through forma methods. The primary purpose is to clarify the associates and market leaders their roles and duties within team working environment.
In some of the organizations this is performed basically to keep carefully the employees focused and so help them achieve there target. This proves to be quite beneficial in both early product development phases that are product specification and task plan.
In organizations senior management and interior change agencies tended to make use of functional managers to gain information. In a few of the instances educators and informants of concurrent executive are given home functions.
Over the previous few years, there are extensive administration sponsored and intiated studies have highlighted the need for the improvement of efficiency and competitiveness of the united kingdom building industry.
This is performed because it causes reduce costs, project durations, upgraded quality, task procurement tactics that are being used in UK construction industry.
It includes multi disciplinary clubs in which task programmers from different areas work together and parallel.
These cross efficient contains systems executive, mechanical engineering, electric anatomist, systems producibility.
This process has everything also the purchasing, marketing, development, quality confidence, the field and other efficient groups.
The implementation of CE requires three main areas which can be people, process and technology. It includes major organizational changes because it requires the integration of people, business methods and technology.
It has greater role in concurrent executive in Weapon System Acquisition.
There is greater role of concurrent executive in human reference management.
It pays to as a collaborative method for educational assignments in engineering education.
Role in education task is that it helps in setting up clear goal and define task limitations for students and educators, it can help define good constructions for information handling, especially for supervisors and bring in a customer role that continuously could define project requirements.
There is higher role of concurrent anatomist in the purchasing ability.
Companies which have implemented concurrent anatomist report that they are producing top quality products at lower costs and in less time than these were able to recently.
It involves self management and authority.
CE takes on an important role in product modeling.
It also takes on a essential role in system executive management.
General electric plane machines division's uses concurrent anatomist for the introduction of engine. The clubs achieved greater percentage reductions in design and procurement circuit times during full level component exams.
Second example is that of Boeing's Ballistic Systems Section where concurrent anatomist was used in 1988 to build up a mobile launcher and could reduce design by 40% and cost by 10% in building proto-type.
Third example can be of Polaroid's Corp's Captiva instant camera which is again the consequence of concurrent engineering.
Concurrent engineering practitioners declare that this design management system offers several benefits.
There are some disadvantages from the initial implementation of concurrent engineering, including the need for extensive organizational restructuring and considerable retraining of employees.
Such possibly disruptive changes and added work requirements may be fulfilled with amount of resistance from professionals and other employees.
Also, there are usually sizeable difficulties in transferring data among employees in various departments, which may require the additional tracking applications. Furthermore to these significant up-front investments, organizations going after a concurrent executive work model must typically hang on many years before finding the benefits associated with this change.
empowerment of women in development.
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investigate the dynamics OPEC has faced in the global market in the last ten years.


Using an RF module with the RedRat-X, it is possible to automate TV/STB control via RF protocols.
Windows GUI applications for experimentation with the module. They are designed to test the main elements of RF remote control functionality, such as discovery of STBs, pairing and connecting to them and then sending commands using an on-screen remote control.
This is an HTTP REST API which provides the above functionality via HTTP API calls, making integration with third party applications and frameworks quite straightforward. It runs on both Windows (.NET) or Linux/Mac (Mono) and supports RF modules hosted in a RedRat-X via either USB or LAN.
Designed to work with the RedRat-X - providing either Bluetooth or RF4CE functionality.
Use with your existing RedRat-X - easily installed by slotting into the available socket or order an X with a module already fitted.
Please contact RedRat first to ensure that your TV/STB is supported (see below).
Please contact us at info@redrat.co.uk if you have a project requiring TV/STB control via Bluetooth or RF4CE.
The use of RF protocols is significantly more complex than traditional infrared (IR) remote control, often requiring custom engineering work to create the correct configuration and particular behaviour for a given TV or STB.
As a result, we only sell RF modules as part of a project which includes experimentation with your particular TV or STB, then development of any custom firmware/software and lastly deployment support.


text:
Name : Kabilar Kundru
Kabilar Kundru or Kabilar rock is a hill rock in the middle of the Ponnaiyar River near Tirukoilur in Viluppuram district, Tamil Nadu, India.
East of the Tirukoilur has the Sivan Temple situated on the banks of River Pennar. Near to the temple on the banks of the river, there exists Kabilar(Saint) Kundru (tiny mountain).
Tirukoilur is one of the "Ashta Veeratanams" [Ashta - eight Veeratanam - Place of Bravery].
Lord Shiva took various forms(incarnations) to destroy evil and establish justice, of which eight Avatars(forms) are very famous and Tirukoilur is one of them.
Kapilar (Tamil: கபிலர்) was refliterature Sangam poet. He was a contemporary of Karikala Chola, Irunkōvēl and Vēl Pāri. He was the close friend and confidant of Vēl Pāri, one of the Vēlir kings. He was born in Thiruvadhavur in the Pandyan Kingdom. Initially a poet at the Pandyan court, he would leave at an early age and show his talent at various places before finally ending up at the court of Vel Pari.Kapilar would hear about the generosity and virtue of Vēl Pāri, a powerful Vēlir King who ruled over Parambu nādu, a heavily fortified kingdom that comprised about 300 villages, and pay him a visit. They would go on to become the thickest of friends. He would be his confidant and stay with Vēl Pāri until the latter's last breath.
During this period the three crowned Tamil kings were in the process of expanding their empires and turned the independenet Velir chiefs into sub-ordinates or eliminated them. When the three crowned Kings besiege the kingdom of Parambu, Vēl Pāri a warrior like no other will refuse to bow and face them head on. Kapilar would sing some of the most notable poems in praise of his patron during this time. In the end, Vēl Pāri would finally be killed by treachery after defying them for years.
Kapilar, a true friend, would then take the two daughters (Angavai & Sangavai) of Vēl Pāri and go in search of appropriate grooms. He would knock on the doors of the other Vēlir kings and unsuccessfully plead with each before finally giving up. He would be let down each time as the other Vēls would fear retribution from the 3 crowned kings. The most notable of these encounters is when he sings to Irunkōvēl and the latter would throw an insult and shut the door on the great poet. He would finally leave the two princesses in the care of Brahmins.
The death of his friend will affect him so greatly that he would perform vadakirrutal, one of the Tamil acts of committing suicide. He would sit facing north and starve himself to death. The place where kabilar committed suicide by starving is now called as Kabilar Kundru.
It is one of the protected monuments in Tamil Nadu by the Archeological Survey of India.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabilar_Kundru
http://www.theautomotiveindia.com/forums/voyage-junction/17129-not-easily-seen-but-exceptional-temples-tamil-nadu-villupuram-dist.html
Labels: Hindu Temple, India, Kundru, River, Shiva temple, Tamilnadu, Viluppuram District