text:
Another Appetite
By Judy Bratten • July 1976
July is the month when our bi-centennial fever may just do us in, when the epidemic of ashtrays, napkin rings, underwear, shower curtains, pendants and key chains — all emblazoned with Old Glory — will reach a tacky peak, and those who profess to be our leaders will succumb to the flatulence symptomatic of celebrations of the Fourth.
It would be tragic to give up on the patient, though, for America is a symbol of what people can do when they put their minds, bodies and souls into an ideal. We are citizens of a democracy, and despite the madness and corruption and power politics, we are a free people. Of course, we are free to sit back and numbly watch television, but that is not what those early patriots had in mind. Tom Paine, Sam Adams and Thomas Jefferson were men of high ideals and aspirations, of thought and action — and they liked adventure, too. Americans lament that there is no room for adventure anymore — but I don't think that's so. Many of us are now on a new kind of adventure, one that our founding fathers and mothers would fully approve of because we are using our freedom to try to create a new society, one truer to the ideals on which this country is based, infused with the spirit of God, the spirit of love.
It is often difficult, usually frustrating and seldom appreciated, but those of us who continue to live our lives faithful to our beliefs and ideals are truly patriots and lovers of freedom. We will make mistakes and there will be failures, but at least we will be able to say to our children that we tried. And if by some miracle we should ultimately succeed in devising a new order — where men and women attain their potential, where harmony between nature and our technological achievements is maintained, where the spirit of love and compassion and cooperation permeates government and economics (is that too far-fetched?), then we will have truly embarked on a great American adventure.
I offer you a favorite summer recipe of mine. Did you know that the tomato and eggplant are native to the Americas? So although this is a provincial French dish, it has an American heritage.
(pronounced Ra-ta-too-ey)
1/3 c. oil (preferably olive)
2 onions, thinly sliced
2 cups peeled and quartered tomatoes
4 zucchini in ½-inch slices
1 eggplant, peeled & diced
3 green peppers, thinly sliced
salt, pepper, oregano & basil
In a deep skillet, sauté the onions and garlic until golden. Then layer each of the vegetables, seasoning with salt, pepper, oregano and basil on each layer. Cover and simmer on very low heat 35-45 minutes (or bake in covered casserole at 350° for 45 minutes). Uncover and cook it 10 minutes longer to reduce liquid.
Excellent over rice, sprinkled with parmesan cheese, and with a crisp green salad.
Judy Bratten
While We Are Singing
By Jeffery Beame
Carrboro: Reflections Of A Small Town
By Gwen P. Harvey
Sleep Shore
By Dee Dee Small
By Wayne Hall
It's Her Choice
Katha Pollitt On The Struggle Over Abortion Rights
By Gillian Kendall
Jonathan Wilson-Hartgrove On Race, Faith, And Resistance
By Amanda Abrams


text:
\section{Introduction}

In the dynamics of surface waves, capillary effects become important when the geometry of the container is in the same order of magnitude as the capillary length or in low gravity conditions, where the main restoring force is the surface tension \cite{kopachevskii1972hydrodynamics,zhang2013capillary,berhanu2020capillary}. Several recent applications and experimental works make that the problem of calculating the damping and eigenfrequencies of gravity-capillary waves is still an active subject \cite{shao2021role,viola2018theoretical,horstmann2020linear,ibrahim2015recent}. When edge constraints are added (physical restrictions to the movement of the contact line between the free surface and the container), the change in the dynamic of propagating waves could become non-negligible. In fact, when the wave amplitude is in the order of few millimeters and when the geometry of the container is in the order of few centimeters, the type of boundary condition is crucial \cite{hocking1987damping}. Depending on the wetting conditions and the filling height of the container, the contact line can be pinned in a brimful container \citep{benjamin1979gravity,kidambi2009meniscus}, pinned with a low wettability (tendency of the liquid to be in contact with the solid surface and inversely proportional to the contact angle) \cite{shankar2007frequencies}, slipping with low wettability and surface displacement greater than the slipping threshold \cite{brochard1992dynamics,hocking1987damping,kidambi2009capillary} (see details of slipping threshold in \cite{cocciaro1993experimental}) or slipping with high wettability (hydrophilic boundary) \cite{de2004capillarity,de1985wetting}, in which the effects of edge constraints become negligible, i.e., the motion of the contact line can be considered as free and the dispersion relation of water waves is independent of the size of the container \cite{henderson1990single,wu1984observation,kim2020capillary}. In each one of these boundary conditions the dynamic of the contact line modifies the propagation of surface waves in damping and dispersion. Since wetting is a multi-scale problem, the	 characteristics length and velocity of the phenomenon determine together the mechanism that dominate the phenomenon. Indeed, the surface tension $\sigma$, the density $\rho$ and the gravity acceleration $g$ give the characteristic capillary length $\lambda_c=\sqrt{\sigma/\rho g}$ below which the surface tension is important with respect to the gravity. Besides, the ratio between $\sigma$ and the dynamic water viscosity $\mu$ gives the characteristic velocity $V_c=\sigma/\mu$ below which, as in this work, hydrodynamic losses dominate with respect to molecular features in the wetting process \cite{brochard1992dynamics,de2004capillarity}.

Several theoretical models have already been developed in the last decades, where some linear approximations \cite{benjamin1979gravity,hocking1987damping,miles1991capillary,henderson1994surface,shankar2007frequencies}, or non-linear approximations \cite{cocciaro1991capillarity, cocciaro1993experimental}, have tried to model the damping and eigenmodes of surface waves with different wetting-conditions. In particular, the linear models proposed by \cite{hocking1987damping,miles1991capillary,mccraney2021resonant} relates, at the lateral boundaries, the vertical velocity and the surface gradient normal to the wall. This linear boundary condition spans from a complete pinned contact line to a moving contact line. Some of the models have simplified the problem by considering a $90^{\circ}$ contact angle (brimful condition) for the static profile \cite{benjamin1979gravity,graham1983new,benjamin1985long, henderson1994surface}. Other models have considered a meniscus with contact angle different than $90^{\circ}$, in which, the inviscid limit has beeen explored in the studies by \cite{nicolas2005effects,shankar2007frequencies,kidambi2009capillary}. Besides, viscous conditions have been considered by \cite{nicolas2002viscous} for the case of $90^{\circ}$ contact angle or by \cite{kidambi2009meniscus} for the case of a circular geometry and concave meniscus with small contact angle. Moreover, an extensive study about the frequency and damping rates of the surface waves modes with pinned contact line in a vertically vibrating container can be found in \cite{howell2000measurements} and recent experimental works have focused on the measurement of wave damping due to the meniscus in non-wetting conditions \cite{michel2016acoustic}. In particular, the model developed by \cite{shankar2007frequencies} focuses on the propagation of progressive waves in a narrow channel where the static meniscus is curved with a small contact angle. This is the case of the present work where we have considered gravity-capillary waves in a rectangular channel propagating in one direction. The laterals walls, parallels to the direction of wave propagation, have a concave meniscus which is a very common case widely used in experimental investigations \cite{monsalve2019perfect,berraquero2013experimental,
bobinski2018backscattering,alarcon2020faraday,huang2020streaming}.

In this work, we present a direct measurement of the surface displacement and curvature in the whole field, especially close to the lateral walls where capillary effects become important. Our objective is to take advantage of the latest techniques developed in measuring the water surface \cite{cobelli2009global,maurel2009experimental} to verify experimentally the influence of the surface curvature and contact angle in the propagation of small amplitudes waves, in conditions where the Bond number $\mathrm{Bo}=\rho g W^2/\sigma$ and Reynolds number $\mathrm{Re}=\rho \textbf{u}W/\mu$ are small, with $W$ the channel width and $\textbf{u}$ the fluid velocity. The article starts by presenting the theoretical model that allows computation of eigenfrequencies. Then the experimental method and measurements are detailed before comparing, eventually, the experimental dispersion relation to the theoretical model.

\section{Theoretical model}

In this article we revisit the model developed by \cite{shankar2007frequencies} (and references therein) but inserting the experimentally measured values of the static meniscus as well as the transverse profile of the surface displacement from which we obtain a transverse modal decomposition.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
	\includegraphics[width=7.7cm]{figure1.eps}%
 \caption{Coordinate system of the rectangular channel for the propagation of surface waves with pinned contact line}
	\label{fig1}
\end{figure}

Let us consider a water waves rectangular channel of depth $h$ and width $W$. As shown in Fig. \ref{fig1}, we define the $x$-direction or longitudinal as the one of the wave propagation, and the $y$-direction as the transverse one. The coordinate system is located at the center of the channel in the transverse direction ($y$) and at the
 contact line in the vertical direction ($z$). The governing equations at the free surface $z=\hat{\eta}$ are
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial \hat{\eta}}{\partial t} + \left( \textbf{u} \cdot \nabla \right) \hat{\eta} =& u_z, \label{eq:eq1}\\
\frac{\partial \hat{\phi}}{\partial t} + \frac{1}{2}\left( \nabla \hat{\phi} \right)^2 + g\hat{\eta} =& \frac{\sigma}{\rho} \hat{c},
\label{eq:eq2}
\end{align}
where $\textbf{u}=\nabla \hat{\phi}$ is the water velocity, $\hat{c}$ the surface curvature and $\hat{\eta}(x,y,t)$ the instantaneous free surface position. The system satisfies the boundary conditions of impermeable lateral walls $\partial_y \hat{\phi} \left( y=\pm W/2 \right) = 0$ and bottom $ \partial_z \hat{\phi} \left( z=-h \right)=0 $. Besides, the surface is pinned at the contact line, that is, $\hat{\eta}\left(x,y=\pm W/2,t\right)=0$.

The surface displacement  around the still position is produced by small amplitude waves. In this case the still level corresponds to the static meniscus, which we denote $\eta_s$, and is equal to zero at the contact line for simplicity in the calculation $\left[\eta_s\left(x,y=\pm W/2\right)=0\right]$. The linearization of the system is done via formal expansions of the surface displacement, velocity potential and surface curvature,
\begin{align}
\hat{\eta}(x,y,t)=&\eta_s(x,y)+\epsilon \tilde{\eta}(x,y,t) + ..., \label{eq:eta expansion}\\
\hat{\phi}(x,y,z,t)=& \epsilon \tilde{\phi}(x,y,z,t) + ..., \label{eq:phi expansion}\\
\hat{c}(x,y,t)=&c_s(x,y)+\epsilon \tilde{c}(x,y,t)+...,
\label{eq:kappa expansion}
\end{align}
where $\epsilon$ is a small ordering parameter. We insert the above expansions in eqs. \eqref{eq:eq1} and \eqref{eq:eq2} to obtain, at the order $\epsilon^0$, the trivial static solutions $\partial_t \eta_s=0$ and $g\eta_s=\sigma/\rho c_s$, and at the order $\epsilon$, the linearized equations
\begin{align}
\frac{\partial \tilde{\eta}}{\partial t} + \left( \textbf{u} \cdot \nabla \right) \eta_s =& u_z, \label{eq:eq6}\\
\frac{\partial \tilde{\phi}}{\partial t} + g\tilde{\eta}  =& \frac{\sigma}{\rho} \tilde{c},
\label{eq:eq7}
\end{align}
where $\tilde{c}(x,y,t)$ is the three dimensional curvature of the water surface, whose expression is well known and detailed in the appendix \ref{appendixA}. It is worthwhile to mention that the linearized eqs. \eqref{eq:eq6} and \eqref{eq:eq7}, in the case without edge constraints (infinite domain in the plane $(x,y)$) lead to the dispersion relation of gravity-capillary waves
\begin{equation}
\omega^2=\left(g k + \frac{\sigma}{\rho} k^3 \right) \tanh kh,
\label{eq:DR}
\end{equation}
where $k$ is the wavenumber. Considering the harmonic regime we define
\begin{align}
\tilde{\eta}(x,y,t) =& \Re\left[ \eta(x,y) e^{-i\omega t} \right],\label{eq:harmonic_eta} \\
\tilde{\phi}(x,y,z,t) =& \Re\left[ i \phi(x,y,z) e^{-i\omega t} \right],\label{eq:harmonic} \\
\tilde{c}(x,y,z,t) =& \Re \left[ c(x,y) e^{-i\omega t} \right], \label{eq:harmonic_kappa}
\end{align}
where $\eta(x,y)$ and $\phi(x,y,z)$ are functions that satisfy the boundary conditions of impermeable walls and bottom, as well as pinned contact line $\left[\eta(x,y=\pm W/2)=0\right]$. Here and in what follows we have omitted the frequency dependence due to the harmonic regime, thus the theory is developed for a fixed frequency. At the lateral boundaries, the impermeable condition imposes a zero normal velocity ($u_y=0$).  However, a nonzero tangential velocity $u_z$ may exist in inviscid models like this, as written in the right hand of eq. \eqref{eq:eq6}. Thus, considering that we use an inviscid approximation in the dynamics close to a solid surface, i.e., viscous effects in the boundary layer are neglected, the condition of a pinned contact line forces the model to look for \textit{weak} solutions. A theoretical demonstration of the validity of this kind of solution can be found in \citep{benjamin1979gravity,prosperetti2012linear} and references herein.

We expand $\eta(x,y)$ and $\phi(x,y,z)$ as follows
\begin{align}
\eta(x,y)=&\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} A_n(x) \cos\left(\nu_n y\right), \label{eq:eta_projection}\\
\phi(x,y,z)=&\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}  B_n(x) \frac{\cosh \left[\lambda_n (z+h)\right]}{\sinh \left(\lambda_n h\right)} \cos\left(k_n y\right),
\label{eq:phi_projection}
\end{align}
with
\begin{align}
k_n =& 2(n-1) \frac{\pi}{W}, \hspace{20pt} n=1,2,3,...,  \label{eq:k_n} \\
\nu_n =& (2n-1)\frac{\pi}{W}, \hspace{20pt} n=1,2,3,..., \label{eq:nu_n} \\
\lambda_n^2 =& k_n^2+k_x^2, \hspace{20pt} n=1,2,3,...,  \label{eq:lambda_n}
\end{align}
where $k_x$ is the wavenumber in the direction of the wave propagation and is an independent variable (input of the model). For the case of the surface displacement, we present in Fig.  \ref{fig1} the profile of the first three transverse modes of the basis $\cos(\nu_n y)$. The functions $A_n(x)$ and $B_n(x)$ are obtained from the transverse decomposition along the axis of wave propagation. In particular $A_n(x)$ can be written as a superposition of a right- and left-going waves
\begin{equation}
A_n(x)=a_n\left(e^{ik_{x,n}x}+r_n e^{-ik_{x,n}x} \right),
\label{eq:tilde_a_n}
\end{equation}
which we use to fit the coefficients $a_n$, $r_n$ and the wave numbers $k_{x,n}$ (complex valued). Considering that we look for modes that are periodic in the $x$-direction (and in time at the frequency $\omega$), we have that $k_x=k_{x,1}=k_{x,2,}=...=k_{x,n}$. Thus, in the following we shall use only $k_x=k_{x,1}$ as the experimental measured value replaced in eq. \eqref{eq:lambda_n}.

We replace the expression in eqs. \eqref{eq:eta_projection} and \eqref{eq:phi_projection}  in eqs. \eqref{eq:eq6} and \eqref{eq:eq7}, and project the equations onto the basis $\cos \left(\nu_n y\right)$ to get the system of equations
\begin{align}
\frac{\omega}{4}a_i =& \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \gamma_{i,n} b_n, \hspace*{20pt} i=1,2,3,...,  \label{eq:17a}\\
\omega \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \delta_{i,n} b_n =& \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \xi_{i,n} a_n, \hspace*{20pt} i=1,2,3,..., \label{eq:17b}
\end{align}
where the matrices $\gamma_{i,n}$, $\delta_{i,n}$ and $\xi_{i,n}$ represent the integrals detailed in appendix \ref{appendixB}. The system of $2n$ equations \eqref{eq:17a}-\eqref{eq:17b} admits non trivial zero solutions if
\begin{equation}
 \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\xi_{i,n} a_n = \frac{\omega_i^2}{4} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \left[ \sum_{l=1}^{\infty} \delta_{i,l} \gamma_{l,n}^{-1} \right] a_n, \hspace*{20pt} i=1,2,3,...,
\label{eq:20}
\end{equation}
This equation is a matrix eigenvelue problem from which we can obtain the eigenfrequencies $\omega_i$. In practice, we consider only the first eigenfrequency $\omega=\omega_1$ which corresponds to the wave forcing frequency. In this work, considering that the surface displacement $\eta(x,y)$ is measured experimentally, $a_n$ can be obtained directly from the projection of the whole field $\eta(x,y)$ onto the transverse modes basis of eq. \eqref{eq:eta_projection} and from the fit in eq. \eqref{eq:tilde_a_n}.

\section{Experimental set-up}

Waves propagate through a narrow waveguide which, in order to change the channel width, consists of movable walls. A piston type wavemaker, driven by a linear motor (LinMot P10-70) covering the whole water depth and adapted to each specific width, generates waves in the frequency range $\omega=2\pi f \in [2\pi,10\pi]$ $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ with a precise frequency step of 0.1 Hz between experiments. In each experiment, carried out in a harmonic regime (fixed $\omega$), the motion of the wave maker is sinusoidal in the form $X(t)=A_{\mathrm{wm}}\sin (\omega t)$, with $A_{\mathrm{wm}} \in [0.3, 5]$ mm.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
	\includegraphics[width=12cm]{figure2.eps}%
 \caption{Experimental set-up: A piston-type wavemaker (1) generates waves that propagate in a waveguide. A fast camera (2) and a video projector (3) are used to measure waves by using FTP technique. An additional camera (4) is located in front of the wavemaker to record the transverse profile of the surface. In the inset, a view of the front camera shows the movable waveguides (5) and the fringes projected onto the water surface.}
	\label{fig1photo}
\end{figure}
As shown in Fig. \ref{fig1photo}, the water channel is $h=50$ mm deep, $L=1$ m long and the width varied between $W= [22,32,42]$ mm. The movement of the wavemaker was previously calibrated in $A_{\mathrm{wm}}$ vs $\omega$ in order to keep the wave amplitude at $a=0.4$ mm in all the frequency range. This wave amplitude is well below the capillary length $\lambda_c=\sqrt{\frac{\sigma}{\rho g}}=2.7$ mm. At the end of the channel an absorbing beach of 10\% slope avoids spurious wave reflections. The deformation of the water surface was measured using the FTP technique \cite{cobelli2009global,maurel2009experimental}, which measures the displacement of a pattern projected onto a diffusively  reflective surface. The pattern is composed of fringes  with a sinusoidal variation in light intensity. The fringes are projected perpendicular to the waveguides, being the phase gradient of the sinusoidal variation parallel to the direction of the wave propagation ($x$-direction). The phase shift between a reference surface and a deformed surface gives, via an optical relation \cite{takeda1983fourier}, the surface height in each pixel of the image. The spatial resolution was $dx=dy=0.7$ mm and the recording frame rate was $f_s=50$ fps. As we observe in Fig. \ref{fig1photo}, the sinusoidal pattern is projected in the $y$-direction. Thus, the classical filtering of the carrier mode of the projected pattern was computed in the $x$-direction \cite{takeda1983fourier}. Instead, no filtering was applied in the $y$-direction. For each experiment, FTP acquisition covers 12 s starting 1 min after the wavemaker to avoid the transient part and reach a stationary regime. In order to get a pinned contact line, experimental trials showed that the surface of a plastic (PVC) wall, when is cleaned with ethanol, gives uniform hydrophobic conditions which helps the contact line to stay pinned subject to the wave perturbations. Thus, before the experiments, the waveguides were previously treated with ethanol and then submerged slowly in still water in order to avoid wetting the zone above the contact line. For comparison, we have also set hydrophilic conditions by covering the lateral walls with a nylon wire-mesh with an opening of $0.1$ mm. The wire-mesh was previously wet in order to have a hemiwicking state \cite{kim2016dynamics}.

\section{Experimental results}
\subsection{Qualitative observations}

To begin, in order to get some qualitative observations, we carried out visualizations of the transverse profile in the plane $(y,z)$ by projecting a white line over an opaque surface (the water has been previously colored with titanium dioxide which does not modify the surface tension nor the wave damping as was shown in the comprehensive study by \cite{przadka2012fourier}). A fast camera located at the end of the channel (see Fig. \ref{fig1photo}) recorded the transverse profile when waves pass through the projected line. In Fig. \ref{fig2menisc} we show snapshots of the meniscus profile.  For comparison, different boundary conditions were tested. In Figs. \ref{fig2menisc}$a$ and \ref{fig2menisc}$b$ the waveguide has a bare face (hydrophobic) which pins the contact line during the wave induced motion. In contrast, in Figs. \ref{fig2menisc}$c$ and \ref{fig2menisc}$d$ a slipping contact line is imposed by using a wire mesh that keeps the wall wet. On both cases, left panels (Figs. \ref{fig2menisc}$a$ and \ref{fig2menisc}$c$) correspond to a wave trough and  right panels (Figs. \ref{fig2menisc}$b$ and \ref{fig2menisc}$d$) correspond to a wave crest.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
	\includegraphics[width=10cm]{figure3.eps}%
 \caption{Transverse profile in the meniscus zone for $\omega=4\pi$ $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ and $W=42$ mm. $a)$ Wave trough with pinned contact line; $b)$ Wave crest with pinned contact line; $c)$ Wave trough with slipping contact line; $d)$ Wave crest with slipping contact line. In this case $z=0$ corresponds to the still water level without waveguides.}
	\label{fig2menisc}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Quantitative results}

The static profile $\eta_s$ was measured using FTP by taking as a reference image the water surface without waveguides, it is, completely flat. Thus, the still water surface, deformed by the static meniscus was measured in the whole field, being as expected, invariant along the longitudinal direction $x$. An example is shown in Fig. \ref{fig4etaStatic}, where the static profile for the three channel widths are compared. The vertical axis in Fig. \ref{fig4etaStatic} was shifted in order to set the contact line at $z=0$. We observe how the curvature of the static meniscus changes the water level in the center of the channel ($y=0$), especially for the narrowest case.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
	\includegraphics[width=9cm]{figure4.eps}
 \caption{Static meniscus measured experimentally for three different channel widths. The vertical axis is shifted to set the contact line at $z=0$.}
 	\label{fig4etaStatic}
\end{figure}

Quantitative experiments were performed via the optical FTP technique. We measured the space-time resolved surface perturbation $\eta(x,y,t)$ from which we extract the linear mode from a temporal Fourier decomposition
\begin{equation}
\eta\left( x,y,\omega \right)=\frac{1}{T} \int_0^T \eta (x,y,t) e^{i\omega t} dt,
\label{eq:Fourier_decomp}
\end{equation}
where $T=2N\pi/\omega$ is the total duration of the experiment with $N$ integer. We have verified that the amplitude of the second temporal mode $\eta(x,y,2 \omega)$, for the lowest frequency ($\omega = 2 \pi$ $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$), is around 20\% of the linear mode. This amplitude decreases rapidly as a function of frequency up to $\omega \approx 20$ $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$ where it is smaller than 5\% of the linear mode. As we shall see further in the experimental results, the effect of pinned contact line starts to be important at $\omega>20$ $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$, thus we can consider that our system is dominated by the linear mode. Since in this case the FTP measures the perturbation from a reference already deformed by a meniscus in still water, the transverse profile of the perturbation at the boundary, as we can see in Fig. \ref{fig5pcolor}$a$, becomes curved ($|\partial_y \eta \left( y=\pm W/2 \right) | > 0$) for the pinned edge condition and flat ($\partial_y \eta\left( y=\pm W/2 \right) \approx 0$) for the slipping edge condition. The deformed surface for the case with pinned contact line can be decomposed in the transverse modal basis of eq. \eqref{eq:eta_projection} in order to get the $x$-dependent functions $A_n(x)$. The reconstruction of the transverse profile of an experiment with pinned contact line is shown in Fig. \ref{fig5pcolor}$a$ in dashed line, where the transverse modes decomposition was computed with $n=20$ modes showing good agreement in the whole profile. The surface curvature generated by the wave field in the pinned case can also be observed in Fig. \ref{fig5pcolor}$c$, where the isolines form closed ellipses due to the higher surface deformation in the center of the waveguide. In contrast, in the slipping case the wave field in Fig. \ref{fig5pcolor}$b$ is invariant in the $y$-direction. The difference between both experiments can also be observed in terms of wavelength. Considering that both experiments were measured at the same wave frequency ($\omega=25$ $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$) and with the same channel width ($W=32$ mm), we would not expect any difference in the $x$-direction. However, at a glance they show a different wavelength, a fact that make them with opposite phases after 3 wavelengths.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
	\includegraphics[width=14cm]{figure5.eps}%

 \caption{FTP measurements of the propagation of waves with slipping and pinned contact line conditions. $a)$ Transverse profile of the surface perturbation ($\omega=8\pi$ $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$; $W=32$ mm; $x=0.6$ m). $b)$ Wave field with slipping contact line ($\omega=8\pi$ $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$; $W=32$ mm; Wavemaker phase $\omega t=3\pi/2$); $c)$ Wave field with pinned contact line ($\omega=8\pi$ $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$; $W=32$ mm; Wavemaker phase $\omega t=3\pi/2$).}
	\label{fig5pcolor}
\end{figure}

The functions $A_n(x)$ are fitted with a linear propagating wave using eq. \eqref{eq:tilde_a_n} in order to get the coefficients $a_n$, $r_n$ and more importantly wave vectors $k_{x,n}$. In Figs. \ref{fig6k_fit_graph}$a-d$, for one fixed frequency, we present the real part of the functions $A_n(x)$, with $n=[1,2,3,4]$ and the fitted curves. We observe a very good agreement of the linear approximation and a decreasing amplitude as a function of $n$. In Fig. \ref{fig6k_fit_graph}$e$, varying $\omega$ between experiments, we present the fitted wavenumber $k_{x,n}$ (real part) for $n=1,2,3,4$, showing that, at each frequency, all the functions $A_n(x)$ have the same longitudinal wavenumber ($k_{x,1}=k_{x,2}=k_{x,3}=... =k_{x,n}$). Thus, without loss of generality we can use $k_x=k_{x,1}$ as an input in eq. \eqref{eq:lambda_n} to calculate $\lambda_n$  which is used in the transverse decomposition in eq. \eqref{eq:phi_projection} and further calculations. On the other hand, the imaginary part of $k_{x,n}$ gives the wave spatial damping. As expected, the spatial decay is inversely proportional to the channel with. As a function of $\omega$, the spatial decay is in the range: $\Im(k_{x,1}) \in [0.60,0.90]$ $\mathrm{m}^{-1}$ in the case $W=22$ mm; $\Im(k_{x,1}) \in [0.40,0.68]$ $\mathrm{m}^{-1}$ in the case $W=32$ mm; and $\Im(k_{x,1}) \in [0.35,0.55]$ $\mathrm{m}^{-1}$ in the case $W=42$ mm. We have verified that these values of spatial damping agree with the boundary layer approximation by \cite{hunt1952viscous}. Regarding the amplitude fitted coefficients in the whole frequency spectrum, the incident waves coefficients are in the range $a_1=0.4 \pm 0.1$ mm, and the reflected wave coefficients $r_1$ are smaller than 0.1. This verifies a linear regime with weak reflection where the maximum wave steepness is $k_x a_1<0.04$.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
	\includegraphics[width=14cm]{figure6.eps}%
 \caption{Longitudinal functions $A_n(x)$ (real part)  and fitted linear wave for the case $W=22$ mm and $\omega=24.5$ $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$. Panels $a)$, $b)$, $c)$, and $d)$ correspond to the functions $A_1(x)$, $A_2(x)$, $A_3(x)$ and $A_4(x)$ respectively. $e)$ Fitted wavenumber $k_{x,n}$ from the longitudinal functions $A_n(x)$ with $n=1,2,3,4$ as a function of frequency.}
	\label{fig6k_fit_graph}
\end{figure}

Having measured the static profile $\eta_s$, fitted the wave number $k_x$ and calculated the transverse decomposition, we can obtain $\omega$ from eq. \ref{eq:20}, which is plotted in Fig. \ref{fig7omegax}$a$ as a function of the number of transverse modes $n$. Here we want to compare three channel widths for a fixed wave number $k_x= 71$ $\mathrm{m}^{-1}$. We can observe small variations and a plateau after 5 modes confirming the accuracy, robustness and convergence of the frequency. Considering that at the same $k_x=71$ $\mathrm{m}^{-1}$ the curvature due to wave steepness is also the same, the difference in frequency observed in Fig. \ref{fig7omegax}$a$ can only be explained due to transverse constraints. In Fig. \ref{fig7omegax}$b$, we show the relative contribution of the fitted coefficients $a_n$ which is rapidly decreasing as a function of $n$. The contribution of the modes $n>8$ is in the order of 1\% of the first mode which is consistent with the convergence of the frequency. Analyzing more in detail the first 3 modes, we observe that at a fixed $k_x$, the narrower is the channel the smaller is the contribution of the modes $n=2$ (as we observe in the inset of Fig. \ref{fig7omegax}$b$) and $n=3$. The small contribution of higher modes ($n=[2,3]$) indicates a more stretched surface produced by the tension between the pinned contact line against the wave induced perturbation. In this case, the transverse profile of the surface perturbation is higher in the center of the channel, due to the proximity of the lateral walls. In contrast, when lateral walls are far from each other, the transverse profile of the surface perturbation tends to be flat (rectangular) with larger contribution of higher modes.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
	\includegraphics[width=14cm]{figure7.eps}
 \caption{Three experiments at the same wave number $k_x= 71$ $\mathrm{m}^{-1}$ and three different channel widths. $a)$ Frequency $\omega$ as a function of $n$ calculated from eq. \eqref{eq:20}. $b)$ Coefficients $a_n$ obtained from the expansion of eq. \eqref{eq:eta_projection} and the fit of eq \eqref{eq:tilde_a_n}, normalized by the first mode $a_1$. The inset shows a zoom over the mode $n=2$.}
	\label{fig7omegax}
\end{figure}

Next, we have varied $\omega$ between experiments to explore the whole dispersion relation. In order to quantify the contribution of the space-time resolved measurement of the static meniscus and the surface perturbation, we present in Fig. \ref{fig8_DR_exp_eigen_22mm} three curves obtained theoretically, with $n=20$ modes, and compared with the experimentally measured values for the case $W=22$ mm. First, we computed the frequency $\omega$ from eq. \eqref{eq:20} considering a flat static meniscus with $90^{\circ}$ contact angle, that is $\eta_s=0$, and calculating the eigenvectors $b_n$ from the minimization of the system of eqs. \eqref{eq:20}. This curve is plotted in dotted line and corresponds to the lowest estimation of the dispersion relation. The computation is improved in the dashed line when the static meniscus is considered, that is $\eta_s \neq 0$. This computed dispersion relation has the best agreement to the experimental data with a difference smaller than $0.5\%$. In Fig. \ref{fig8_DR_exp_eigen_22mm} errorbars represent the estimation of the error of the experimental measurements. The errors due to accuracy of the instruments are: the water depth with an error of $\Delta h =\pm 1$ mm, the channel width with an error of $\Delta W = \pm 0.1$ mm and the pixel size of the FTP technique with an error of $\Delta dx = \Delta dy= \pm 0.002$ mm.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
	\includegraphics[width=8cm]{figure8.eps}%

 \caption{Theoretical dispersion relation for the case $W=22$ mm considering the relative contribution of measured meniscus $\eta_s$. Dotted line indicates the case $\eta_s=0$, dashed line shows the case $\eta_s \neq 0$ (experimentally measured) and solid line shows the dispersion relation of water waves without edge constraints.}
	\label{fig8_DR_exp_eigen_22mm}
\end{figure}

Eventually, we present in Fig. \ref{fig9_graph_DR_omega_diff} the experimentally measured dispersion relation for the three channel widths with two different edge conditions: pinned contact line (bare wall) and slipping contact line (wire mesh). As we observe, with pinned contact line, the dispersion relation is shifted down when smaller is the channel width. In contrast, the condition of slipping contact line does not change the dispersion relation, independently of the channel width. Thus, for a fixed frequency, the slipping contact line wavenumber is always higher than the pinned contact line wavenumber. For example, at the maximum explored frequency, $\omega = 31.4$ $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$, the difference in wavenumber between the slipping and the pinned contact line conditions is $17.9$, $11.2$ and $8.1$ $\mathrm{k}^{-1}$ for the channel widths $W=22$, $32$ and $42$ mm respectively. In the other direction, for a fixed wavenumber, the pinned frequency is always larger than the slipping frequency. The theoretical dispersion relation for each channel width was calculated with $n=20$ transverse modes and takes into account the experimentally measured static meniscus $\eta_s \neq 0$.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
	\includegraphics[width=12cm]{figure9.eps}%

 \caption{Dispersion relation from the experimental data and the theoretical model. Symbols: experiments with pinned and slipping contact line for the three channel widths: $W=[22,32,42]$ mm; Solid line shows the dispersion relation from eq. \eqref{eq:DR}; Dashed, dash-dot ant dot lines show the theoretical model from eq. \eqref{eq:20} for the three channel widths.}
	\label{fig9_graph_DR_omega_diff}
\end{figure}

As we observe in Fig. \ref{fig9_graph_DR_omega_diff}, the agreement between the experiments and the theoretical model at high frequency ($\omega>25$ $\mathrm{s}^{-1}$) is worse for small channel width. The limited spatial resolution of the optical technique (FTP) makes that the number of points in the $y$-direction decreases with the channel width. Therefore, the resolution and accuracy in the measurement of the static meniscus $\eta_s$ and the surface perturbation $\eta(x,y)$ is necessarily lower in a very narrow channel. This problem rises from the experimental compromise between having a high spatial resolution or having a large number of spatial wave periods. In the first case, we can have a better resolution for the measurement of the static profile and the surface perturbation. However, errorbars in the measurements of $k_x$ would be larger due to limited number of spatial wave periods in the $x$-direction. In the second case, which is the case that we have chosen in this work, we have an accurate measurement of the dispersion relation but with a limited accuracy in the estimation of the influence of transverse constraints.
In this article we have preferred to show an accurate dispersion relation, which we consider an asset of our space-time resolved experiments. Despite this fact, the theoretical model is still in the errorbar of the dispersion relation, confirming the pertinence of the linear approximation.

\section{Conclusion}
In this article we report on the FTP measurements of the propagation of surface gravity-capillary waves in a rectangular channel. Two different boundary condition were tested: bare walls cleaned previously with ethanol setting hydrophobic conditions which pinned the contact line, and walls covered with a wire mesh setting wet conditions which allows an easy slipping of the contact line.

We have varied the channel width and measured the dispersion relation for both boundary conditions. We verified experimentally that a slipping contact line makes the dispersion relation independent of the channel width. In contrast, a pinned contact line modifies the dispersion relation up to 20\% lower in wavenumber when the channel width is divided by two. In Fig. \ref{fig9_graph_DR_omega_diff} we have shown an experimental confirmation of the model developed by \cite{shankar2007frequencies} where we have in addition inserted experimental measurements of the static meniscus and surface perturbation. Regarding the static meniscus, when we compare its contribution with respect to a flat still profile, the precision of the dispersion relation is improved around 4\%. These experimental results reveal that the pinned contact line exerts a force in the opposite direction of the wave displacement. This force, acts as an additional restoring force increasing, together with the gravity and the surface tension, the phase velocity of the wave. On the other hand, we have observed from the experiments, that the slipping contact line follows accurately the dispersion relation of gravity capillary waves, being the influence of the pinned contact line the only source of disagreement between both experimental series. Besides, we observed as expected, that the influence of the pinned contact line and its restoring force is local, that is, the larger is the fluid domain, the lower is the influence in the dispersion relationship.

The advantage of the space-time resolved measurement is a robust statistics, where we were able to compute the natural frequency by using all the points in the longitudinal direction (around 1000 points) to fit the functions $A_n(x)$, get the transverse coefficients $a_n$ and the wavenumbers $k_x$. That allows us to shift the natural frequencies ($\omega=\omega_1$ from eq. \eqref{eq:20}) closer to the experimental data. This verifies our hypothesis of improving the estimation of the dispersion relation by measuring precisely the actual surface deformation.

The present experiments can be easily applied to different geometries like cylindrical containers. The measure of the surface deformation in each point of the domain gives a statistically strong way to apply \textit{weak} solutions to this type of  problems where analytic solutions are difficult. An interesting continuation of this work may include the measure of the nonlinear effects of a sliding contact line in non-wetting (hydrophobic) or partial wetting conditions, by increasing the wave amplitude beyond the meniscus height to force the sliding of the contact line. Besides, different types of surfaces can also be tested, like porous, granular or inclined walls. The measurement of the contact angle and the theoretical relation of the small scale with the surface wave scale is also a relevant work for a comprehensive analysis of the problem.

\vspace{0.5cm}
E.M. acknowledges the support of CONICYT (ANID) Becas Chile Doctorado.

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


"I joined the session because I often feel stretched thin and I wanted to find ways to remain full of life when I feel full of stress. I was wary: Would I be forced to listen to platitudes about "not sweating the small stuff", about "living life to the fullest", and even more nauseating, about "becoming the best you can become"? I was very surprised. We looked at research and statistical data. We had to apply concepts directly to our lives. We didn't just look at our strengths; we analyzed how they become our inhibitors. We analyzed mindfulness, negativity, thriving relationships, body memory, rituals, and even post-traumatic growth. I came out the other side both humbled and empowered. Meghan Kirwin and Elizabeth Misener are thoughtful facilitators who tackled the most thorny issues with diplomacy, warmth and generosity, always keen to help us really learn from our reflections and discussions."
Psychology of Happiness for Individual Thriving is a six-week virtual learning experience focused on the application of positive psychology to your life. The experience is grounded in a highly practical and scientifically based approach to understanding happiness and how it can apply back to work and life.
Happiness is something we can cultivate, grow and build. Each member of the group will gain the necessary tools to create clear strategies to increase their happiness.
Through an interactive learning environment a small group of people will learn and grow together. The group will meet once a week with each session being 1 hour in length. Elizabeth Misener is a Co-Founder of Vitality at Work and she will be the facilitator for the program. Her creative approach to building happiness will involve discussions about the research and application of the learning to your life. The Virtual Learning Environment will allow for a very interactive learning experience and allows us to see eachother during our live sessions.
Heidi Smith, Registered Dietitian will also join us as a guest speaker for the session, "Honouring Your Body".
In between sessions, the facilitators will provide you access to important reading and videos for the topic area that week. You will need access to a computer for each session.
This program will run Friday's beginning May 3rd, 2019 until May 24th, 2019 from 12:00-1:15pm.


NewBay Media has published its first ever Best of Show IBC2014 digital edition to honour and celebrate new and outstanding products exhibited at this year's IBC.
Winners were selected by panels of professional journalists, users and editors, based on information provided through company nominations and stand visits.
All nominated products are featured in the special Best of Show Awards Guide, distributed in a digital edition format to those publications' readers after the show.
Winners will receive a prestigious trophy and dominate coverage in the Awards Guide.
The full Best of Show digital edition can be viewed on the TVBEurope website under the IBC section or directly here.


text:
Кара́синська сільська рада () — сільське поселення у складі Юргамиського району Курганської області Росії.

Адміністративний центр — село Карасі.

Населення сільського поселення становить 762 особи (2017; 862 у 2010, 1172 у 2002).

Склад
До складу сільського поселення входять:

Примітки

Поселення Юргамиського району

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
FinFabrik, co-founded by Alex Medana, aims to help in the push toward digitizing traditional assets, using proprietary blockchain and machine learning technologies. Photo: FinFabrik
Home Startup
Ben Ng - Feb 18, 2019 10:20am
FinFabrik to partner crypto exchange BitMEX in digitizing assets
Hong Kong-based financial technology startup FinFabrik announced last week the completion of its seed round of funding, led by BitMEX Ventures, an arm of the cryptocurrency exchange and derivatives trading platform BitMEX. Alex Medana, FinFabrik's co-founder and CEO, told EJ Insightthat his firm plans to work with BitMEX in a push towards digitizing traditional assets, using FinFabrik's proprietary blockchain and machine learning technologies.
In 2016, Medana co-founded FinFabrik, which aims to transform financial services by leveraging blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) to achieve broader financial participation. Targeting capital market players, institutions, and asset owners, its main products cover three areas: issuance (Crosspool), trading (CryptoFabrik) and market-making (QuantFabrik) of digital assets.
The company will utilize the fresh capital to expand its technology platform to drive innovative new products based on digital assets.
"Owners may digitize and fractionalize their tangible and intangible assets, raise capital, and reach investors in a frictionless manner using FinFabrik's proprietary blockchain and machine learning technologies," Medana said in an interview.
"Through our framework, we aim to transform traditionally alternative, illiquid assets into fungible digital asset-backed securities (DABS)," he added.
Asset digitization and tokenization have been the strongest trend in the cryptocurrency and blockchain industry. Real-world, tradable assets, like equities, fixed income, real estate, or fine art, are divvied up into fractional equity ownership and transformed into digital assets that use blockchain technology, the virtual ledger of activity that underpins cryptocurrencies like bitcoin.
Last year, crowdfunding platform Indiegogo enabled the owners of the St. Regis Aspen Resort in Colorado, the United States, to sell real estate security tokens on a blockchain. This is what's known as a security token offering (STO).
This January, Estonia-based DX.Exchange launched a trading platform allowing investors to buy shares of popular Nasdaq-listed companies such as Apple, Tesla, and Facebook, indirectly through security tokens, each of which is backed by one share of the company and entitles holders to the same cash dividends.
A key difference setting security tokens apart from other cryptocurrencies is that they are asset-backed and fall within regulatory parameters. For example, the digital stocks trading on DX's platform are regulated under the European Union's investment services regulation Mifid II directive.
Asked whether FinFabrik will develop products related to real estate tokenization, Medana said "real estate is one of the many assets we are focusing on… put very simply, we bring supply and demand together for quality assets from quality and trusted sources."
With the new investor onboard, Medana told EJ Insight that the two companies have several "exciting projects in the pipeline", which will be announced in due course. He noted that partnering with crypto asset custody providers, like BitMEX, is the best approach for FinFabrik to scale up.
Before starting his own venture, Medana spent 16 years in banks, mostly in the brokerage business. In 2015-2017, he launched his first company, WIP Solutions, a blockchain consultancy in Hong Kong. However, the venture failed as both the technology and the market were not ready at the time.
Riding on the wave of the cryptocurrency market, his current venture FinFabrik meets the growing interest in blockchain technology from enterprises and institutions. That said, the crypto industry has been hit by the crash in digital currency prices since early 2018.
Medana said in the interview that there is not enough historical data to make an informed comment as to where the industry is in the cycle of "crypto winter." But he noted that "2019 will be an interesting year for the crypto industry, particularly when it comes to STOs and DABS trading."
As the industry expects institutional investors to come into the space, Medana believes "they will only come to the fore in a regulated environment."
"In order to protect them, their clients, and their counterparties from undue risks, there must be clarity and certainty before institutions make a move toward STOs or DABS."
With regard to the regulatory landscape, regulators worldwide have been looking closely at how to oversee digital assets and cryptocurrencies, and whether the existing frameworks are sufficient. In November, Hong Kong's securities watchdog, the Securities & Futures Commission (SFC), set out a new regulatory approach for virtual assets, proposing a regulatory regime known as a "sandbox" for crypto exchanges in the Asian financial hub.
"Sandboxes" typically afford financial technology firms special regulatory waivers for a limited period of time.
Medana feels it's too early to assess the attractiveness of regulators' sandbox approach, but said "the creation of the framework indicates an important step forward for local projects and the wider industry in Asia," praising Hong Kong as a "renowned center for crypto and blockchain businesses."
BN/RC
HK vegan meat substitute Omnipork plans mainland push
Visa joins funding for no-password crypto startup Anchorage
EJ Insight writer

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The passing of the equinox marked a moment of balance. It's when day and night are of approximately equal duration across the globe. The equinox has been interpreted as a significant event throughout human history because of its balance.
Balance is synonymous with harmony. When a system finds balance, it sustains itself. A cycle of seemingly opposite forces complement one another. The Chinese philosophy of Yin and Yang illustrates such interconnection. We find principles of balance in nearly everything, even in the concentrations we study at UTSA–negative space in arts, economic concepts, the formulas of math and science.
The principle of balance shouldn't end in the concentrations; it must be a university-wide approach to education.
We've seen improvement, like the surge of investment in our university: the construction updates on the $95 million dollar Science and Engineering Building (SEC) remind us of that. We've also seen short falls: a number of farewells from beloved professors due to budget adjustments that favor some departments over other departments.
UTSA is a large system with many components. We won't see an absolute balance across the board, but it's good measure to keep an eye on uneven ground. Our students deserve a balance to optimize their education; without a concerted examination we may not get it.
The political science curriculum offers a science major insight about the system a student's potential research may depend on.
One concentration can't prosper without its counterpart. The argument can be made beyond Brogdon's classroom. Research needs the patents lawyers write; business needs communication expertise to grow; and engineering needs technical writing to produce trade manuals. Considering these relationships, it's clear widely different departments need one another–seemingly opposite educational pursuits complement one another.
It's no wonder that required course span across the departments. Students may gripe that particular classes have nothing to do with their major, but unless they're talking about AIS, these courses do touch your profession in some way–required composition courses may come in handy when it comes time to apply for scholarships or graduate school.
It's up to the university to determine what classes should be available to students and how resources are dispersed to the departments. If a balance isn't being met, we need to address it. The harmony of UTSA's education depends on it.


text:
8 Disney Theme Park Attractions That Were ABANDONED and Left to Rot
As a general rule, Disney takes much better care of its attractions than most other theme park operators. It is obsessive about clearing its parks of trash, and paintwork and other decorative elements are usually spick and span.
But what about when an attraction has reached the end of its useful life? Sometimes, they are dismantled and packed away neatly to make room for new additions. Other times, though, they are simply abandoned and left to rot. Here are 8 examples of attractions that have been left in place after closing.
8. The New Global Neighborhood at Epcot
Image: Nomeus, Flurbex.com
AT&T was the sponsor of Epcot's Spaceship Earth for some 20 years, between 1984 and 2004. In 1994, along with Disney, the company decided to give it a major overhaul. Many of the dark ride's scenes remained unchanged, but those showing current and future communications technologies were updated. The post-show was also changed, from "Earth Station" to "AT&T's Global Neighborhood". This featured hands-on exhibits designed to showcase AT&T's communications expertise.
Ahead of the new millenium, the old exhibits were removed and replaced by an enormous tree made of steel cable known as "The Network Tree". This was the star attraction of "The New Global Neighborhood".
When AT&T walked away from sponsoring the attraction in 2004, the New Global Neighborhood wasn't immediately removed. Instead, it was left in place and boarded up.
7. Discovery Island at Walt Disney World
Located in Walt Disney World's Bay Lake, Discovery Island first opened to the public in April 1974 as Treasure Island, and operated as a wildlife observation attraction until 1999. At that point, many of its captive animals were moved to the newly-opened Disney's Animal Kingdom.
While several alternative uses of the island have since been put forward - including turning it into an attraction based on Lost - it remains off-limits to guests. Urban explorer Shane Pérez reached the island in 2010, claiming to have discovered "abandoned buildings, cages, preserved snakes in jars, even old employee photos".
6. The Food Rocks! stage at Epcot
Kitchen Kabaret has to be one of the most unusual Disney attractions of all time. It was essentially a Vaudeville-style show featuring singing food items, and was designed to teach kids about the four food groups. It operated in the Land Pavilion at Epcot for 12 years before being replaced by the similar Food Rocks, which itself closed for good in 2004.
Eventually, Soarin' occupied some of the space that was used for Food Rocks. However, according to Modern Mouse Radio, the actual stage was left in place and hidden by walls. Even the animatronic figures are said to be resting just beyond your reach as you queue for the flight simulator ride.
5. The Original ImageWorks at Epcot
The abandoned ImageWorks as seen in 2011.Image: E82 - The Epcot Legacy (used with permission)
The original Journey to Imagination attraction at Epcot was very popular. After disembarking, guests were sent through the post-show ImageWorks area. This hosted a variety of games and hands-on exhibits, such as Magic Palette (a digital drawing station), Lightwriter (using lasers to write and draw) and Bubble Music (a projection that moved in time with sounds). The most famous of these was the Rainbow Corridor, which assigned a color to each guest and followed them throughout.
When the ride underwent a major refurbishment in 1999 (a move that was incredibly unpopular among fans of the original), ImageWorks was closed. It was left largely intact, being used for storage and special events.
Nick SimView Profile
Founder of Theme Park Tourist and a lifelong fan of everything Disney and Universal. He loved everything about Theme Parks and his goal in starting the site was to create a resource that could help fans make the most of their park trips, and to make visiting theme parks a little more affordable by capturing as many money-saving tricks as possible.
Submitted by Lindsay (not verified) on Wednesday, March 9, 2016 - 01:03
I think they should open up some of the abandoned attractions and allow people to go in. I would love to photograph and see how time and mother nature has taken over.
Submitted by JP (not verified) on Monday, December 21, 2015 - 15:06
Body wars has since been completely gutted and is used as a massive storage bay for food and wine.
Submitted by Ryan (not verified) on Monday, October 12, 2015 - 22:57
The food rocks stage is still there, but the animatronics are gone.
Submitted by kyle brown (not verified) on Wednesday, May 13, 2015 - 04:08
There are four rides at Disneyland ca that are abandoned that u can still see one is listed the others are not the track for the mini boats in tomorrow land wich is now a smoking area the sky way tram stations the people move track and fort wilderness wich is now storage for fantasmic
Submitted by Gemma (not verified) on Wednesday, May 13, 2015 - 00:34
I just finished my college program in January. ImageWorks looks the same as in those pictures, just a bit creepier cause some workers have been up there or something. The Rainbow corridor is still there though, just isn't colorful anymore. The EPCOT VIP lounge is there, they use it for training and whatnot. Great article! I really enjoyed reading it!
IP-Free: Can You Think of the Most Recent ORIGINAL Ride at Each Disney and Universal Park?
Brian Pacifico
This Controversial Disney Attraction is Just The Worst...
Jett Farrell-Vega
Animatronic On Board! 3 Attractions Where Robots Go Along for the Ride
10 Crazy (And Adorable) Things You Totally Did as a Disney Kid
Hall of Presidents Now Closed for Refurbishment at Walt Disney World
The 11 New Rides, Shows and Restaurants Coming to Walt Disney World by 2023 (January 2021 Edition)
Modified Festival of the Lion King Coming Back This Summer to Disney's Animal Kingdom
Behind-The-Scenes Look at WEB SLINGERS: A Spider-Man Adventure Featuring Tom Holland Released
Peyton E. Derrick
Related Park Guides
All Theme Parks


We're delighted to present our new show for 2010 - Hazizum 2. See below for details - we'd love to see you there.
The changing colours, costumes, moods, music and styles of dance will transport you to warm and exotic climes for a spectacular, sizzling, Arabian Night.
Tickets are available from the Stroud Tourist Information Office and on 01453 760960.
You'll find The Cotswold Playhouse at Parliament Street, Stroud, GL5 1LW. Click here for travel directions and parking information.
"I have seen Hazel Kayes dance several times at functions and parties in the Stroud area. She is an extremely skilled Egyptian dancer. She is graceful, delicate and exudes great charm. I look forward to seeing her dance again at the Guildhall in Gloucester on 24th April."
"I am looking forward to Hazel's new show "Hazizum" at Gloucester Guildhall on April 24th. I have seen Hazel Kayes dance items from her repertoire on four occasions now and each time I have been captivated. Her movements have such grace and elegance. Her material is authentic and well researched and transports you into the realms of the exotic."


text:
import BingMaps from '../src/ol/source/BingMaps.js';
import Geolocation from '../src/ol/Geolocation.js';
import Map from '../src/ol/Map.js';
import TileLayer from '../src/ol/layer/Tile.js';
import View from '../src/ol/View.js';

const view = new View({
  center: [0, 0],
  zoom: 2,
});

const map = new Map({
  layers: [
    new TileLayer({
      source: new BingMaps({
        key: 'ApTJzdkyN1DdFKkRAE6QIDtzihNaf6IWJsT-nQ_2eMoO4PN__0Tzhl2-WgJtXFSp ',
        imagerySet: 'RoadOnDemand',
      }),
    }),
  ],
  target: 'map',
  view: view,
});

const geolocation = new Geolocation({
  projection: view.getProjection(),
  tracking: true,
});
geolocation.once('change:position', function () {
  view.setCenter(geolocation.getPosition());
  view.setResolution(2.388657133911758);
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The exhibition presents Savoia's jewels produced by the best Italian goldsmiths from the 18th century as well as works of the 17th and 18th century coming from Santuario di Oropa.
The exhibition traces the most important stages in the history of knights, from the Middle Age to the Enlightenment through works by many artists, including Tiziano, Carracci, Rubens and Goya, ancient books, armours, jewels and the mysterious "Templecombe Head".
The exhibition focuses on Christ's physical dimension in Western art, presenting more than 150 masterpieces (sculptures and paintings) from the early Christian Age to Baroque, including works by ndrea Mantegna, Luca della Robbia, Giovanni Bellini, Antonio del Pollaiolo, Correggio, Titian, Paolo Veronese, Tintoretto, Annibale and Ludovico Carracci, Guercino, Donatello, Rubens and Michelangelo.
Lounge music and big events are scheduled from June to July in the Venaria Royal Palace. Leading Italian and international artists will perform live. Check the official programme on the website.
A prestigious exhibition dedicated to an fascinating tale of magic lantern and its relations with cinema, from silent to avant-garde films, with some experiences from contemporary art.
Over 350 masterpieces allow visitor to discover the "cultural capitals" of Italy before Unification: Turin, Florence, Rome, Milan, Venice, Genoa, Bologna, Naples, and Palermo. On display works from the Middle Ages to 1861 by great Masters including Giotto, Fra Angelico, Donatello, Botticelli, Leonardo, Raphael, Michelangelo, Correggio, Bronzino, Titian, Veronese, Caravaggio, Rubens, Tiepolo, Canova, Hayez, and others.
Participants can taste the regional specialties of Italian cuisine prepared by the finest chefs. The event includes 10 royal dinners, once a month, each devoted to one Italian region (cost 60,00 euros). Reservation required. Check the official calendar on the website.
The exhibition celebrates Italian fashion, tracing the history of high fashion and Italian style from the Unification to the present day. A section is dedicated to the prestigious Tirelli Collection.
An exhibition dedicated to the Italian Genius presenting one of the masterpieces of the Collections of the House of Savoy: Leonardo's Self-portrait, conserved at the Royal Library of Turin. It includes other drawings by Leonardo.
The public can admire Prince's Eugene's Collections: a selection of 130 works by Reni, Van Dyck, Brueghel and other famous Flemish and Dutch painters.


text:
Expand Your Awareness with Videos About Encounters & Events!
MUFON is dedicated to investigating UFO sightings and encounters to provide reference materials for scientific exploration, to educate the general public and the impact of the UFO phenomenon on society. In recent decades, videos have recorded some of these occurrences. While records using this media have been somewhat helpful in dispelling the assumption that UFOs are a myth, every video recording must be investigated and its integrity verified or dismissed.
Some of the most credible phenomenon, such as 1997's lights over Phoenix, AZ, have been recorded by witnesses as they occurred. Other compelling videos have featured eyewitnesses who have come forward, some decades later, to recount events that forever changed their thinking and their lives. Still others feature UFO researchers and field investigators who have met with witnesses to unexplained events and sightings who share their findings.
Still, with UFO sightings an almost daily occurrence, not every video or eyewitness account can be verified. Sadly, a percentage of the UFO videos available to the general public have been presented either by individuals who did not recognize a man-made object or event and mistook it for phenomenon or those seeking to delude the public outright. Below we present videos of testimonies given by highly credible witnesses with their views and personal experiences.
View These UFO Videos and Decide for Yourself!
These enriching and informative presentations include evidence of intercession by extraterrestrials in nuclear weapons programs, the existence of UFO craft in the United States, and advanced alien technologies. The speakers include highly-placed and covert-profile members of the United States governmental agencies, corporate leaders and civilians.
Perhaps the most famous UFO case on record surrounded a presumed UFO spacecraft crash, debunked by the U.S. government as a weather balloon, in Roswell, NM, in 1947. MUFON presents two videos about this event. The first from Major Jesse Marcel who himself was at the crash site and speaks of collecting metal pieces that he, with a vast knowledge of fabrication materials used by the aerospace industry, could not identify. Brigadier General Stephen Lovekin also addresses the issue in a video recorded in 2014. Additional audio recordings from the Kennedy and Eisenhower Presidencies underscore the level of awareness of the UFO incidents and their possible causes.
MUFON does not tell visitors what to think or what to believe. We believe and, perhaps after viewing these testimonies and doing some research on your own, you may as well. To learn more about our organization, check out our upcoming lectures and consider membership as well!
I looked for a place on the MUFON website to send this amazing video, but couldn't find an email address to send it to. Hope someone will send this on to the appropriate persons at MUFON. This is an amazing video of the Iranian military trying to shoot down a white glowing UFO at night. The shear fire power glowing against the night sky being directed at the UFO is crazy. This happened on Sept 7th, 2019. The location is the Iranian city of Saravan located on the border with Pakistan, in the border area of Sistan and Iranian Baluchistan. The video here is on some guy's Twitter account. Watch it before it is removed.
https://twitter.com/khaamenei_ir/status/1170901706269450240
We've assembled some interesting testimony on UFOs.


text:
Meth trafficking operation leads investigators to hidden drugs in child's playhouse
by: WATE 6 On Your Side staff
Posted: Jun 13, 2019 / 02:17 AM CDT / Updated: Jun 13, 2019 / 12:35 PM CDT
KNOX COUNTY, Ky. (WATE) – Three suspects are in custody after a methamphetamine trafficking bust that included the search and finding of the illicit drug in a camper as well as a child's playhouse.
The search was executed on Sunday, June 9 by Knox County Sheriff's Department officials after a two-month investigation and several complaints of illegal drug trafficking out of a camper in the Gray, Ky. area.
Sheriff's deputies were able to initially identify the first suspect, John Helton, 44, who was residing in the camper at the time of the search. Helton was already wanted on a Whitley County Bench Warrant for failure to appear on two counts of trafficking in controlled substance and persistent felony offender I, according to KCSD.
Deputies were able to obtain a search warrant on Helton's residence, finding approximately one pound of suspected crystal methamphetamine, along with a small amount of marijuana, digital scales, three loaded handguns and over $800 in cash.
Helton was then charged with trafficking in controlled substance, possession of firearm by convicted felon and possession of marijuana.
The second suspect, Nursilla Anita Helton-Fox, 39 of Gray, was also arrested and charged with trafficking in controlled substance, and possession of drug paraphernalia.
While investigators were searching the camper, new information was developed, according to KCSD, that led them to another residence in the Corbin area of Laurel County, Ky.
Once there, a search was conducted at that residence, where deputies found two pounds of suspected crystal meth and $8,000 in cash. The meth was located, hidden inside a playhouse being used by four children, KCSD said.
The third suspect at the Corbin residence, Patsy Hopkins, 63, of Corbin, was arrested and charged with trafficking in controlled substance, carrying concealed weapon possession of drug paraphernalia and 4 counts of wanton endangerment. The wanton endangerment charges are due to the suspected meth hidden inside the playhouse.


text:
Roger Lebas (2 December 1904 – 10 October 1940) was a French racing cyclist. He rode in the 1928 Tour de France.

References

1904 births
1940 deaths
French male cyclists
Place of birth missing


text:
A climber found a trove of gems in the Alps amid a 47-year-old Boeing 707 wreck. He gets to keep half.
Dec. 8, 2021 at 2:42 am Updated Dec. 8, 2021 at 6:24 am
The Air India passenger jet from Mumbai prepared to land in Geneva on Jan. 24, 1966, but never made it. The Boeing 707 crashed near the summit of Mont Blanc in the French Alps, killing all 117 people aboard and scattering wreckage across the mountainside.
There, a box marked "Made in India" kept its secret for nearly a half century.
Then, in 2013, a man in his 20s climbed atop a glacier and found the box. Inside, he discovered a trove of emeralds and sapphires worth a small fortune. The climber, whom authorities have not identified, turned his haul in to police.
On Friday — eight years later — authorities announced that, since their efforts to find passengers' heirs had proved fruitless, the anonymous climber would split the treasure with Chamonix, a French village that sits on the country's eastern edge and shares borders with Switzerland and Italy.
In total, the stones are worth about $169,000, Chamonix Mayor Eric Fournier said, according to the Guardian.
Two gemology experts sorted the gems into two equal groups, town officials said in a Facebook post. They gave half to the climber and half to Chamonix. Town officials said they plan to display their share — with its "unique geological and historical heritage" — at the Chamonix Crystals Museum.
Fournier told Agence France-Presse he was "very happy" that the question of the gems' ownership had been answered. He praised the mountaineer for his "integrity" in turning over the treasure to authorities, which is required by law.
After learning earlier this year that he would get some of the jewels, the climber told Le Parisien newspaper he didn't "regret having been honest" and said he would renovate his apartment with some of the money generated by selling them off, according to the Guardian.
The Boeing 707 carrying the gems was one of two Air India flights that crashed into Mont Blanc in the mid-20th century. The first — Air India Flight 245 — did so in 1950 during a storm, killing all 48 people aboard. Sixteen years later, Air India Flight 101 hit almost exactly the same spot, ejecting the gems. The cause of the crash has been the subject of conspiracy theories over the years, mainly because one of the passengers killed was Homi Bhabha, the father of the country's nuclear industry.
Investigators probed the cause of the crash for more than a year. They concluded the wreck happened because the pilot thought he had already cleared the mountain range as he descended for landing. The pilot reported to air traffic control where he believed the plane was; even though a controller gave the pilot the plane's actual location, the correction was misunderstood.
Climbers frequently find wreckage, luggage and remains from the two flights. In 1986, metal wire and landing gear emerged. Last year, the melting glacier revealed copies of Indian newspapers announcing Indira Gandhi was sworn in as the country's new prime minister, which happened the day of the crash. In September 2012, Indian officials reclaimed a bag of diplomatic mail from the 1966 flight.
This story was originally published at washingtonpost.com. Read it here.