text:
Home>How the Brain Fights off Fears That Return to Haunt Us
How the Brain Fights off Fears That Return to Haunt Us
By bp Magazine
A group of neurons have been discovered that are responsible for frightening memories re-emerging unexpectedly. The findings could lead to recommendations about the treatment of anxiety, phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder.
April 1, 2019, Austin, TX—Neuroscientists at The University of Texas at Austin have discovered a group of cells in the brain that are responsible when a frightening memory re-emerges unexpectedly, like Michael Myers in every "Halloween" movie. The finding could lead to new recommendations about when and how often certain therapies are deployed for the treatment of anxiety, phobias and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
In the new paper, out today in the journal Nature Neuroscience, researchers describe identifying "extinction neurons," which suppress fearful memories when they are activated or allow fearful memories to return when they are not.
Since the time of Pavlov and his dogs, scientists have known that memories we thought we had put behind us can pop up at inconvenient times, triggering what is known as spontaneous recovery, a form of relapse. What they didn't know was why it happened.
"There is frequently a relapse of the original fear, but we knew very little about the mechanisms," said Michael Drew, associate professor of neuroscience and the senior author of the study. "These kinds of studies can help us understand the potential cause of disorders, like anxiety and PTSD, and they can also help us understand potential treatments."
One of the surprises to Drew and his team was finding that brain cells that suppress fear memories hid in the hippocampus. Traditionally, scientists associate fear with another part of the brain, the amygdala. The hippocampus, responsible for many aspects of memory and spatial navigation, seems to play an important role in contextualizing fear, for example, by tying fearful memories to the place where they happened.
The discovery may help explain why one of the leading ways to treat fear-based disorders, exposure therapy, sometimes stops working. Exposure therapy promotes the formation of new memories of safety that can override an original fear memory. For example, if someone becomes afraid of spiders after being bitten by one, he might undertake exposure therapy by letting a harmless spider crawl on him. The safe memories are called "extinction memories."
"Extinction does not erase the original fear memory but instead creates a new memory that inhibits or competes with the original fear," Drew said. "Our paper demonstrates that the hippocampus generates memory traces of both fear and extinction, and competition between these hippocampal traces determines whether fear is expressed or suppressed."
Given this, recommended practices around the frequency and timing of exposure therapy may need revisiting, and new pathways for drug development may be explored.
In experiments, Drew and his team placed mice in a distinctive box and induced fear with a harmless shock. After that, when one of the mice was in the box, it would display fear behavior until, with repeated exposure to the box without a shock, the extinction memories formed, and the mouse was not afraid.
Scientists were able to artificially activate the fear and suppress the extinction trace memories by using a tool called optogenetics to turn the extinction neurons on and off again.
"Artificially suppressing these so-called extinction neurons causes fear to relapse, whereas stimulating them prevents fear relapse," Drew said. "These experiments reveal potential avenues for suppressing maladaptive fear and preventing relapse."
Source: University of Texas at Austin / ScienceDaily, 1 April 2019
Journal Reference: Anthony F. Lacagnina, Emma T. Brockway, Chelsea R. Crovetti, Francis Shue, Meredith J. McCarty, Kevin P. Sattler, Sean C. Lim, Sofia Leal Santos, Christine A. Denny, Michael R. Drew. Distinct hippocampal engrams control extinction and relapse of fear memory. Nature Neuroscience, 2019; DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0361-z
memory, Research
Crissy May 23, 2019 at 7:51 am
I'm not sure this is good or bad. Personally, I don't want to have to revisit my trauma in therapy nor anywhere else. It is exhausting and counterintuitive for me, and only seems to be a digging expedition for them.
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Hope & Harmony Headlines: How to Stop Impulsive Spending
May 23, 2019 • Volume 12, Issue 21Subscribe to Hope & Harmony Headlines Taking the Reins on Spending Sprees Tidying expert Marie Kondo may be the world's most famous decluttering diva; however, not all of us can relate to her wisdom: "Quests to faraway places or shopping sprees are no longer necessary. All...
Just a Few Drinks Can Change How Memories Are Formed
Researchers have found that alcohol hijacks a conserved memory pathway in the brain and changes which versions of genes are made, forming the cravings that fuel addiction. October 25, 2018, Providence, RI—A new study in flies finds that alcohol hijacks this memory formation pathway and changes the proteins expressed in the neurons, forming cravings....
Stress Can Be Passed On!
Scientists have discovered that stress transmitted from others can change the brain in the same way as a real stress does. March 8, 2018, University of Calgary, ALBERTA, CA—In a new study in Nature Neuroscience, Jaideep Bains, PhD, and his team at the Cumming School of Medicine's Hotchkiss Brain Institute (HBI), at the University...
What You Eat Could Impact Your Brain and Memory
You may be familiar with the saying, "You are what you eat," but did you know the food you eat could impact your memory? January 28, 2019, AMES, IA—Auriel Willette, assistant professor, and his team of researchers in Iowa State University's Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition discovered a satiety hormone that, at higher...


text:
package org.kuali.kfs.module.purap.document.web.struts;

import java.util.List;

import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;

import org.kuali.kfs.module.purap.PurapAuthorizationConstants.PaymentRequestEditMode;
import org.kuali.kfs.module.purap.PurapConstants;
import org.kuali.kfs.module.purap.PurapConstants.PaymentRequestStatuses;
import org.kuali.kfs.module.purap.businessobject.PurApItem;
import org.kuali.kfs.module.purap.businessobject.PurchaseOrderItem;
import org.kuali.kfs.module.purap.document.PaymentRequestDocument;
import org.kuali.kfs.module.purap.document.service.PurapService;
import org.kuali.kfs.sys.KFSConstants;
import org.kuali.kfs.sys.context.SpringContext;
import org.kuali.rice.core.api.config.property.ConfigurationService;
import org.kuali.rice.kew.api.WorkflowDocument;
import org.kuali.rice.kns.document.authorization.DocumentAuthorizer;
import org.kuali.rice.kns.service.DocumentHelperService;
import org.kuali.rice.kns.web.ui.ExtraButton;
import org.kuali.rice.kns.web.ui.HeaderField;
import org.kuali.rice.krad.util.GlobalVariables;
import org.kuali.rice.krad.util.KRADConstants;
import org.kuali.rice.krad.util.ObjectUtils;

/**
 * Struts Action Form for Payment Request document.
 */
public class PaymentRequestForm extends AccountsPayableFormBase {

    /**
     * Indicates whether tax has been calculated based on the tax area data.
     * Tax calculation is enforced before preq can be routed for tax approval.
     */
    protected boolean calculatedTax;

    /**
     * Constructs a PaymentRequestForm instance and sets up the appropriately casted document.
     */
    public PaymentRequestForm() {
        super();
        this.setNewPurchasingItemLine(setupNewPurchasingItemLine());
        //on PO, account distribution should be read only
        setReadOnlyAccountDistributionMethod(true);
    }

    @Override
    protected String getDefaultDocumentTypeName() {
        return "PREQ";
    }

    public boolean isCalculatedTax() {
        return calculatedTax;
    }

    public void setCalculatedTax(boolean calculatedTax) {
        this.calculatedTax = calculatedTax;
    }

    public PaymentRequestDocument getPaymentRequestDocument() {
        return (PaymentRequestDocument) getDocument();
    }

    public void setPaymentRequestDocument(PaymentRequestDocument purchaseOrderDocument) {
        setDocument(purchaseOrderDocument);
    }

    @Override
    public void populateHeaderFields(WorkflowDocument workflowDocument) {
        super.populateHeaderFields(workflowDocument);

        if (ObjectUtils.isNotNull(this.getPaymentRequestDocument().getPurapDocumentIdentifier())) {
            getDocInfo().add(new HeaderField("DataDictionary.PaymentRequestDocument.attributes.purapDocumentIdentifier", ((PaymentRequestDocument) this.getDocument()).getPurapDocumentIdentifier().toString()));
        }
        else {
            getDocInfo().add(new HeaderField("DataDictionary.PaymentRequestDocument.attributes.purapDocumentIdentifier", "Not Available"));
        }

        String applicationDocumentStatus = "Not Available";

        if (ObjectUtils.isNotNull(this.getPaymentRequestDocument().getApplicationDocumentStatus())) {
            applicationDocumentStatus = workflowDocument.getApplicationDocumentStatus();
        }

        getDocInfo().add(new HeaderField("DataDictionary.PaymentRequestDocument.attributes.applicationDocumentStatus", applicationDocumentStatus));
    }

    /**
     * @see org.kuali.kfs.module.purap.document.web.struts.PurchasingFormBase#setupNewPurchasingItemLine()
     */
    @Override
    public PurApItem setupNewPurchasingItemLine() {
        return new PurchaseOrderItem();
    }

    /**
     * Build additional payment request specific buttons and set extraButtons list.
     *
     * @return - list of extra buttons to be displayed to the user
     *
     * KRAD Conversion: Performs customization of an extra button.
     *
     * No data dictionary is involved.
     */
    @Override
    public List<ExtraButton> getExtraButtons() {
        extraButtons.clear(); // clear out the extra buttons array
        PaymentRequestDocument paymentRequestDocument = this.getPaymentRequestDocument();
        String externalImageURL = SpringContext.getBean(ConfigurationService.class).getPropertyValueAsString(KFSConstants.RICE_EXTERNALIZABLE_IMAGES_URL_KEY);
        String appExternalImageURL = SpringContext.getBean(ConfigurationService.class).getPropertyValueAsString(KFSConstants.EXTERNALIZABLE_IMAGES_URL_KEY);

        if (canContinue()) {
            addExtraButton("methodToCall.continuePREQ", externalImageURL + "buttonsmall_continue.gif", "Continue");
            addExtraButton("methodToCall.clearInitFields", externalImageURL + "buttonsmall_clear.gif", "Clear");
        }
        else {
            if (getEditingMode().containsKey(PaymentRequestEditMode.HOLD)) {
                addExtraButton("methodToCall.addHoldOnPayment", appExternalImageURL + "buttonsmall_hold.gif", "Hold");
            }

            if (getEditingMode().containsKey(PaymentRequestEditMode.REMOVE_HOLD) && paymentRequestDocument.isHoldIndicator()) {
                addExtraButton("methodToCall.removeHoldFromPayment", appExternalImageURL + "buttonsmall_removehold.gif", "Remove");
            }

            if (getEditingMode().containsKey(PaymentRequestEditMode.REQUEST_CANCEL)) {
                addExtraButton("methodToCall.requestCancelOnPayment", appExternalImageURL + "buttonsmall_requestcancel.gif", "Cancel");
            }

            if (getEditingMode().containsKey(PaymentRequestEditMode.REMOVE_REQUEST_CANCEL) && paymentRequestDocument.isPaymentRequestedCancelIndicator()) {
                addExtraButton("methodToCall.removeCancelRequestFromPayment", appExternalImageURL + "buttonsmall_remreqcanc.gif", "Remove");
            }

            if (canCalculate()) {
                addExtraButton("methodToCall.calculate", appExternalImageURL + "buttonsmall_calculate.gif", "Calculate");
            }

            if (getEditingMode().containsKey(PaymentRequestEditMode.ACCOUNTS_PAYABLE_PROCESSOR_CANCEL) ||
                    getEditingMode().containsKey(PaymentRequestEditMode.ACCOUNTS_PAYABLE_MANAGER_CANCEL)) {
                if (PurapConstants.PurchaseOrderStatuses.APPDOC_CLOSED.equals(paymentRequestDocument.getPurchaseOrderDocument().getApplicationDocumentStatus())) {
                    //if the PO is CLOSED, show the 'open order' button; but only if there are no pending actions on the PO
                    if (!paymentRequestDocument.getPurchaseOrderDocument().isPendingActionIndicator()) {
                        addExtraButton("methodToCall.reopenPo", appExternalImageURL + "buttonsmall_openorder.gif", "Reopen PO");
                    }
                }
                else {
                    if (!paymentRequestDocument.getFinancialSystemDocumentHeader().getWorkflowDocument().isDisapproved()) {
                        addExtraButton("methodToCall.cancel", externalImageURL + "buttonsmall_cancel.gif", "Cancel");
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        return extraButtons;
    }

    /**
     * Determines whether the current user can continue creating or clear fields of the payment request in initial status. Conditions:
     * - the Payment Request must be in the INITIATE state; and
     * - the user must have the authorization to initiate a Payment Request.
     *
     * @return True if the current user can continue creating or clear fields of the initiated Payment Request.
     */
    public boolean canContinue() {
        // preq must be in initiated status
        boolean can = PaymentRequestStatuses.APPDOC_INITIATE.equals(getPaymentRequestDocument().getApplicationDocumentStatus());

        // check user authorization
        if (can) {
            DocumentAuthorizer documentAuthorizer = SpringContext.getBean(DocumentHelperService.class).getDocumentAuthorizer(getPaymentRequestDocument());
            can = documentAuthorizer.canInitiate(KFSConstants.FinancialDocumentTypeCodes.PAYMENT_REQUEST, GlobalVariables.getUserSession().getPerson());
        }

        return can;
    }

    /**
     * Determine whether the current user can calculate the paymentRequest. Conditions:
     * - Payment Request is not FullDocumentEntryCompleted, and
     * - current user has the permission to edit the document.
     *
     * @return True if the current user can calculate the Payment Request.
     */
    public boolean canCalculate() {
        // preq must not be FullDocumentEntryCompleted
        boolean can = !SpringContext.getBean(PurapService.class).isFullDocumentEntryCompleted(getPaymentRequestDocument());

        // check user authorization: whoever can edit can calculate
        can = can && documentActions.containsKey(KRADConstants.KUALI_ACTION_CAN_EDIT);

        //FIXME this is temporary so that calculate will show up at tax
        can = can || editingMode.containsKey(PaymentRequestEditMode.TAX_AREA_EDITABLE);

        return can;
    }

    /**
     * @see org.kuali.rice.kns.web.struts.form.KualiDocumentFormBase#shouldMethodToCallParameterBeUsed(java.lang.String, java.lang.String, javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest)
     */
    @Override
    public boolean shouldMethodToCallParameterBeUsed(String methodToCallParameterName, String methodToCallParameterValue, HttpServletRequest request) {
        if (KRADConstants.DISPATCH_REQUEST_PARAMETER.equals(methodToCallParameterName) &&
           ("changeUseTaxIndicator".equals(methodToCallParameterValue))) {
            return true;
        }
        return super.shouldMethodToCallParameterBeUsed(methodToCallParameterName, methodToCallParameterValue, request);
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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My latest plaster bust has landed! And in looking for a title I discovered a word I had never heard before - apparently a female aviator is known as an aviatrix.
Which seemed the most fitting name for someone with an aeroplane on their headdress!
The silhouette is very angular and quite stark, typical of 1940s costume. I purposefully emphasised the asymmetry by letting her headdress almost cantilever from her head on one side. I like the un-balance of the form.
In the event it turned out fine and wasn't too fragile (which I had been worried about). The way the collar half conceals the face makes the figure more real I think and gives an air of mystery.
I like the way the folds in the fabric of the headdress look so sculptural and solid - and I like the contrast of the plain, matt surface with the texture and pattern of the back of the costume.
It's nearly a year since I started my plaster bust collection - I found the first of the template busts which I use for the head and face at a Depot Vente in Caen, Normandy last January. I wonder where the ideas behind this collection will take me in 2011 - looking forward to getting back to my studio to start finding out!
Thanks to all my blog subscribers and visitors for taking the time to follow the development of my work - I'm very glad if people have found something of interest in the back-story I'm revealing here. It's fascinating to see how many countries my visitors come from - a lot!
I can't believe I've written 72 posts since I started the blog about 15 months ago. It's been great to have an outlet for my ideas and has really made me focus my thinking - visual and conceptual.
I like her very much. You may have thought about a 1940's silhouette but there are so many other influences in the finished piece. She spans several centuries. I am looking forward to seeing your inspiration and direction as well. Happy New Year!
wow, she is beautiful, full of intrigue. What a gift for the new year. Really like the way you approach your work and the detail you manage to incorporate........... The collar, without a doubt has given this piece integrity. Happy New Year to you and look forward to seeing more of your work as the year unfolds.


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Support and enjoy local artists while giving to your neighbourhood food bank (The Mustard Seed Food Bank).


text:
Haraldssund () település Feröer Kunoy nevű szigetén. Közigazgatásilag Kunoy községhez tartozik.

Földrajz
A sziget keleti partjának déli részén fekszik, az azonos nevű (Kunoyt és Borðoyt elválasztó) szoros partján. A Galvsskorafjall hegy lankáin épült. Tőle északra találhatók az elpusztult település, Skarð romjai: miután a falu férfi lakosai egy halászbalesetben odavesztek, 1913-ban elnéptelenedett.

A falu településszerkezetileg két részre oszlik; a déli rész az 1980-as-1990-es években épült ki.

Történelem
A falu a viking honfoglalás idejéből származik.

A településtől 2 km-re délre romok találhatók, ahol a hagyomány szerint egy holland közösség élt sok évvel ezelőtt.

1705-ben egy helyi gazda elveszítette a földjét, mivel a hatóság rábizonyította, hogy két pár zokniért dohányt vásárolt egy holland hajóról. Ebben az időben Feröeren kereskedelmi monopólium miatt csak egy kijelölt társaságtól vásárolhatott volna.

Népesség

Közlekedés
Nyugat felé a Kunoyartunnilin alagút köti össze Kunoy településsel, kelet felé pedig egy töltés, a Borðoy szigetén fekvő Klaksvíkkal. Mindkét útvonalat az 1980-as évek végén építették ki. A falut érinti a Klaksvík és Kunoy között közlekedő 504-es busz.

Jegyzetek

További információk
 faroeislands.dk – fényképek és leírás
 Pictures from Haraldssund, faroestamps.fo
 Haraldssund, fallingrain.com

Feröer települései

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
NYT: Kushner resisting restricted access
The New York Times reports that White House senior adviser Jared Kushner is in a power struggle with Chief of Staff John Kelly over access to classified information.
Posted: Feb 22, 2018 10:42 AM
Updated: Feb 22, 2018 11:01 AM
White House officials Jared Kushner and John Kelly are privately feuding over Kushner's access to classified information despite having only an interim security clearance, according to a report in The New York Times.
The report said Kushner is concerned that Kelly, the chief of staff, had targeted him specifically with a recent directive to overhaul the White House clearance system.
Citing White House officials and others briefed on the matter, the Times reported Tuesday that Kushner is pushing back on giving up access to classified information. Kushner's security clearance has provided the senior White House adviser and son-in-law to President Donald Trump with highly classified information -- including the Presidential Daily Brief or "PDB" -- despite the fact that he lacks permanent clearance, according to the Times.
Nearly a year into the Trump administration, some senior-level staffers -- including daughter Ivanka Trump and her husband, Kushner -- remained on interim clearances even as other senior advisers were granted full security access, according to information obtained by CNN from a US government official.
The White House security clearance process has been under scrutiny after former White House staff secretary Rob Porter was forced to resign when allegations of abuse from his previous spouses surfaced. Kelly, under fire over the White House's handling of the domestic abuse allegations against Porter, ordered an overhaul of the security clearance process for current and incoming top administration officials.
In a five-page memo, Kelly called for all background check investigations into potential top White House officials to be delivered directly to the White House Counsel's office by the FBI and for the FBI to share "significant derogatory information" uncovered in the course of investigations into senior staff with the White House within 48 hours, according to a copy of the memo released by the White House.
Kelly also directed his staff to discontinue top level security clearances for any staffer whose background investigation or adjudication process has been pending since before last June. He also requested "status reports" on pending background investigations "at least once a month."
White House press secretary Sarah Sanders said earlier Tuesday that Kelly's new security clearance directive would not affect Kushner's work as a top White House staffer. Sanders declined to get into Kushner's clearance status but said "nothing that has taken place will affect the valuable work Jared is doing."
In a statement later Tuesday, Kelly said he would not comment on security clearances but that he had expressed his confidence in Kushner's ability to "continue performing his duties in his foreign policy portfolio including overseeing our Israeli-Palestinian peace effort and serving as an integral part of our relationship with Mexico."
"Everyone in the White House is grateful for these valuable contributions to furthering the President's agenda. There is no truth to any suggestion otherwise," Kelly's statement said.
Abbe Lowell, Kushner's lawyer, said Kushner "has done more than what is expected of him in this process."
"The new policy announced by General Kelly will not affect Mr. Kushner's ability to continue to do the very important work he has been assigned by the President," Lowell added.
NYT: Kushner offered Saudi Crown Prince advice
NYT: Kushner is pushing back on giving up his access to classified info
NYT: Raid sought 'Access Hollywood' records
NYT: Kushner company got loan after WH meeting
NYT: Facebook gave big tech access to user data
NYT: Kushner's business got $500M in loans after White House meetings
NYT: Trump asking John Kelly for help in pushing Ivanka, Kushner out of White House
NYT: Federal prisons director resigns amid Kushner, Sessions infighting on prison reform
NYT: Kushner likely paid little or no federal income taxes for years

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How are wide chars handled atomically? Some languages have wide chars. A wide char can have multiple bytes. When you type a wide char in console or X, you are actually sending several bytes. A single-byte char is by itself atomic, in the sense that it's either transmitted or not transmitted, received or not received. But this is not true for a wide char. For example, delivering only the first byte of a 3-byte char would generate garbage. How does the underlying system guarantee an application always receives a wide char atomically? A good answer should explain what happened in sequence when a user types a wide char in console, X and ssh, respectively. To start the story: When a user types a wide char, an interrupt is generated...

How does the underlying system guarantee an application always receives a wide char atomically?
Since there are multiple layers in the stack, the terminology in this question probably has confused some people. What I actually mean is: Think about you are writing a GUI app with an edit box. When you type a wide char, it is either shown in full or not shown, never partially shown. So the underlying system includes everything below the app (in this case, the application framework, GUI library, etc.).

A: They aren't.
A (text) application receives a byte stream on standard input. The application is free to read as many or as few of them as it likes, and indeed a read call is free to return fewer than the requested number of bytes. It is free to interpret that byte stream however it wishes, to request reading more bytes, or to treat everything as opaque binary data. If it wants to interpret some of the bytes as part of one distinct, discrete chunk, it's able to do so, and it's able to keep looking until it decides it has that chunk. Nothing guarantees it gets it all at once unless it's a single byte.
That is the short answer and you can stop reading now if you like: the premise of the question is faulty, up to the application being able to do whatever it wants to get the result it chooses.
Below we'll carry on with some of the ways things may (or may not) work out, and when they may or may not be "atomic" from someone's point of view.

For the rest of this answer, we're going to ignore network and socket traffic. We're also going to adopt a fairly fuzzy definition of what a "character" is, since that seems to be the starting point, and perhaps refine it as we go. We'll consider things from the final application's perspective. At the very end, we'll look briefly at the (mostly off-topic) path starting from the keyboard hardware. It's still going to be too long.

The application wants to get an input character
The application asks to read some bytes from its input. It is then also free to interpret the bytes it received in any way that it likes, or to have a library do so for it. In the case where it is expecting text, it will interpret those bytes through some character encoding, that determines what a byte sequence means. Hopefully, it agrees with the data source or terminal on what encoding is in use (but it doesn't have to!). For whatever encoding the application decides to interpret things as:

*

*If that encoding is ASCII, all is well, since everything is single-byte anyway.

*If that encoding is UCS-2, for a 16-bit wchar_t, it had best know how many bytes it's read already so that it can ask for another if need be (since read may return an odd number of bytes at any time, giving you half a code unit).

*If that encoding is UTF-9, it probably needs to do some bit mangling of its own to get the code unit out, and it's virtually impossible to deliver it atomically on modern systems.

*If that encoding is KEIS, atomic delivery at the level you're expecting isn't even possible, because the interpretation of a sequence depends on stateful mode shifts earlier in the stream. The application needs to remember what it saw already to know what this piece of input means.

*If that encoding is UTF-8, which these days is overwhelmingly likely, the application can synchronise using any single byte because it is a self-synchronising encoding: the high bit is 0 for single-byte code units, and 1 for any part of a multi-byte sequence. The first byte of a 2-, 3-, or 4-byte code unit has 110, 1110, or 11110 respectively, and continuation bytes start 10. Reading one byte tells you how many more you need, or that you're in the middle of something already.
If necessary, the application may then wish to make a second read for the following byte(s). It needs to remember the partial element it's already read, and combine the two pieces together at the end. It might even need to make a third or fourth read.
It can then process them discretely as it wishes, perhaps emitting a single 32-bit value for the code point. It might be sensible to abstract this away into a function or library for reuse.
There are other encodings available with all of those properties, and more. Some of those are not permitted by POSIX as system encodings, but might be agreed upon between applications. More likely than not, if you have a multi-byte system encoding on a Unix-like system today, it's UTF-8.

But what is a character anyway?
My multi-byte character "é" might be two bytes of UTF-8 (C3 A9) or three (65 CC 81), because it might be a single code point (U+00E9 LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE) or two (U+0065 LATIN SMALL LETTER E + U+0301 COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT). "" is going to be even more complex. What does your application consider atomic? That's up to the application, as in fact everything up to this point has been.
Unicode calls these multi-codepoint characters "grapheme clusters". If what you want atomically is one of those, then you do all of the above to read a codepoint - and then you check it against your UAX29 Text Segmentation state table, and decide whether it is possible for another codepoint to follow in the same cluster. If so, you try to read all over again, and keep doing so until you reaches the start of a new cluster, a dead end in the state machine, or the end of input.
A library within the application may abstract away any or all of this, and deliver a stream of bytes, code units, grapheme clusters, or something else. If you program is in Swift, for example, you get grapheme clusters. If it's in C, you get bytes, where "you" includes all your libraries - you can choose any integrated behaviour you want as long as you work against the API of the library that provides it.
Other multi-byte sequences, like the console escapes for the arrow keys or backspace (press Ctrl-V Left and see what you get), are a similar thing again: are they one unit, or not? How do you tell? Sometimes you can't, and you have to guess. For example, zsh's zkbd system asks you to press certain keys so it can remember them for keybindings - but it just uses a timeout to tell when one sequence's input is finished. Later on, it knows if it's seeing a prefix of a sequence it recognises, and it looks to see if it gets the whole thing before it acts (what happens over SSH on a bad connection?). In context, that works well enough for what's being done at the time, but in other situations it might not. That's an application question like the others.

None of that is addressed by the (Unix-like) system, which only delivers bytes. A byte is atomic at the Unix API level, but essentially nothing else is. Everything else is up to the application to enforce for itself.
Text representation is hard. There is no clear, correct, universal answer. The application is able to construct one that works for itself, but the system doesn't attempt to provide anything more than the ability to construct it.

How did they get there in the first place?
As far as the keyboard goes, it sends a message to the system, which gives it to the kernel keyboard driver, which gives it to X, which gives it to the terminal emulator, which sends some encoded bytes to standard input. Each of those messages has its own encoding, and its own way of exchanging, and may even be split into multiple parts from the previous layer (or coalesced) - for example, XCompose allows converting sequences of one or more key presses into single or multiple virtual inputs - and you can consider how you might go about making all of those messages "atomic" as well if you want.
The first message is likely to be "keys 213 and 71 are down, caps lock is off, num lock is on"; the penultimate an X KeyPress event (try xev); the last a series of bytes as discussed. Essentially none of that is on-topic here, as one of systems programming, general programming, or hardware design, but may be suitable on some other network sites. The whole stack is too broad to answer all at once anywhere.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


January is a great time to set goals, but February through December is when acting on them really counts. This year, I'd like to challenge you to consider some steps towards the goal of improving the lives of our children.
Perhaps you, like many people started the year with a few resolutions. Not me. Now I consider my goals and decide what small steps I can take to reach those goals throughout the year. January is a great time to set goals, but February through December is when acting on them really counts. This year, I'd like to challenge you to consider some steps towards the goal of improving the lives of our children.
• Every parent/guardian read to their child(ren) 15 minutes a day.
According to reading specialist, Jim Trelease, "The single most important activity for building the knowledge required for eventual success in reading is reading aloud to children. It is a practice that should continue throughout the grades."
We all have very busy lives, but there are ways to incorporate reading together. Keep a stack of books in the car and if you're waiting in a carpool line with your toddler, grab one. Waiting at a doctor's office? Bring a book. Fixing dinner? Ask an older sibling to take a few minutes to read with a younger child. Take advantage of "waiting time," and resist the temptation to pull out the electronics. And of course, a bedtime story is a great way to get those 15 minutes in.
• Every parent/guardian hugged their child(ren) every day.
Hugs are healthy! Try a "Good morning" hug," a "Thank you" hug, an "I'm sorry" hug, and a "Good night" hug. There's plenty of research to show how important sincere hugs are for most children, but we must also respect the neuro-diversity of every child. If you have a child with sensory disorders, you may need to show your love in another way. A smile, a thumbs up, or a blown kiss could be the best approach.
• No child in America went hungry.
The No Kid Hungry campaign says, "3 out of 4 teachers say their students regularly come to school hungry."
Keep an extra bag in the car. Every time you're in the grocery store, you can buy just one extra canned good or box of mac and cheese. If you have a child with you, explain to them about hunger and why you are buying extra food. With your child(ren) in tow, take the filled bag to a food pantry. You'll be teaching them how they can help.
• Every child was exposed to some form of the arts every day.
Arts education has been disappearing for years, the result of tight budgets, a long list of state mandates that overly crammed the classroom curriculum, and an overall message that arts are not essential.
"There's lots of evidence that kids immersed in the arts do better on their academic tests," says Tom Horne, Arizona's superintendent of public instruction.
Instead of television, turn on music, any music. Maintain an arts and crafts area in the house. Visit the library and check out books for kids on the arts. There are plenty! Check out a book on Jackson Pollack and invite your child(ren) to create a Pollack-like masterpiece.
One of my grandson's favorite activities is to create a wacky character from his "costume attire" and then record a "show" or "dance" as this character.
Take advantage of the free performances in your community on the weekends. In addition, this can be a wonderful way to expose your child(ren) to diversity within the arts.
To a child, everything they say, big or small is important.
Like so many other things, talking and listening are important skills. As with any skill, you get better with practice.
Encourage your child(ren) to talk with you, and look at them. Really listen and respond in a sensitive way. Watch their body language. Some kids are resistant to sharing their feelings. Model effective ways to do this. Share your feelings in an honest way.
"Today at work, my co-worker laughed when I tripped over the trash can. It really hurt my feelings." (Wait for response) If none ask, "What do you think I should do?" Let your child be part of the solution. When they do begin to share their perspective, give positive reinforcement. "Thank you for sharing that with me."
It's 2016 and we still have a lot of it left. Can you take some steps towards improving the lives of children?


text:
En la historia de Brasil, se conoce con el nombre de campaña de nacionalización al conjunto de medidas adoptadas durante el Estado Novo de Vargas para reducir la influencia de las comunidades inmigrantes en Brasil y en el extranjero para obligar a su integración con la población brasileña.

Inicialmente, en 1938, se ocupó de la nacionalización de la educación: la enseñanza exclusiva de la lengua Portuguesa, la obligación de las escuelas de tener nombres brasileños, sólo brasileños nativos podrían servir en posiciones de liderazgo, los maestros debían ser brasileños nativos o naturalizados graduados en escuelas brasileñas, las lecciones debían ser enseñados en portugués, prohibió la enseñanza de lenguas extranjeras para los niños menores de 14 años, donaciones de gobiernos extranjeros e instituciones fueron prohibidos, fueron introducidas las materias obligatorias de educación moral y cívica, y la educación física (que debería ser llevada a cabo por instructores militares).

En 1939 se implementaron nuevas medidas: la prohibición de hablar idiomas extranjeros en público, incluso durante las ceremonias religiosas (el Ejército debía revisar las "zonas de colonización extranjera"). Las asociaciones culturales y recreativas tuvieron que cancelar todas las actividades que pudieran estar asociados con otras culturas.

Así comenzó la represión de los idiomas de las minorías étnicas, a través del proceso conocido como "nacionalización de la educación" y que tenía la intención de sellar el destino de las lenguas de la inmigración en Brasil, especialmente los alemanes e italianos en la región colonial de Santa Catarina y Rio Grande do Sul.Fue en estos dos estados en los que la estructura de los pequeños agricultores y la colonización de determinadas regiones homogéneas garantizar las condiciones adecuadas para la reproducción de alemanes e italianos, en especial la represión lingüística en el concepto jurídico de "crimen idiomático", inventado por el Estado de Nueva alcanzó su mayor dimensión

También los medios de comunicación se vieron afectados, con la censura de programas de radio y restricciones a la prensa de lengua extranjera. En una primera etapa los periódicos estaban obligados a tener un escritor brasileño (a cargo de la censura) y publicar ediciones bilingües y artículos de autores brasileños patrióticos. Luego vino la prohibición permanente, con la desaparición de la mayoría de periódicos y revistas afectados. nombres de las calles, señales y carteles de las tiendas y fábricas, y el nombre de los clubes y asociaciones se han visto afectados.

En 1942, con la entrada de Brasil en la Segunda Guerra Mundial hubo represión, con restricciones a las libertades individuales: la necesidad de permiso para viajar dentro del país, la incautación de libros, revistas, periódicos y documentos, la destrucción de parte de la memoria histórica de inmigración y posible encarcelamiento de aquellos que no hablaran portugués. Se creó el "Crimen idiomatico", por el cual las personas podrían ser presas por no hablar portugués (en casa o en público).

Desde el resurgimiento del proceso en 1942, los arrestos aumentaron de en la ciudad de Blumenau, por ejemplo, de 282 en 1941, sobre todo por acontecimientos comunes, tales como la embriaguez o peleas en los bailes, a 861 al año siguiente, el que 271, es decir, el 31,5%, por la única razón de haber hablado un "idioma extranjero". Esto significó la detención de un 1,5% de la población total del municipio durante este año y llevó al silenciamiento de la población. Ese mismo año el Ejército brasileño, específicamente el Batallón 32 de Cazadores, integrado principalmente por soldados transferidos desde el Nordeste, se mudó a Blumenau a "enseñar los catarinenses a ser brasileños", sellando toda la correspondencia al Vale do Itajaí con la frase del exgobernador y excanciller, Lauro Müller: "Quién nació en Brasil o es un brasileño o es un traidor"

Las políticas anti-idiomaticas de Vargas solo abandonaron oficialmente en 1986.

Referencias
 SEYFERTH, Giralda. Os imigrantes e a campanha de nacionalização do Estado Novo. In:Repensando o Estado Novo.Organizadora: Dulce Pandolfi. Rio de Janeiro: Ed.Fundação Getulio Vargas, 1999. 345 p.

Asimilación cultural
Política de Brasil


Call +1 800 877-2745 or contact your local dealer.
Upgrades to Cobalt v11 may be purchased at a discount during the pre-release period (purchased prior to 7/1/18). Everyone who purchases in the pre-sale may enroll in the in the beta program and choose to use it at their discretion, or wait for the full release.
See all available purchase options including upgrades.


Sometimes you just want a big ol' ice cream sundae. And by you, I mean me. Rather than pick some Haagen-Dazs from the market as I so often do, I decided to have an impromptu sundae date. Yes, a sundae date. I texted my pal Adriana to see if she was interested in meeting me for sundaes. A quick response of 'yes!' and the sundae date was born!
When I think of ice cream sundaes, I think of diners. And when I think of diners, I think of 101 Coffee Shop. I frequent 101 Coffee Shop for their awesome milkshakes, but prior to my sundae date I had never tried their non-shake ice cream treats.
I was inclined to keep things simple and straightforward with a classic hot fudge sundae until I saw the brownie waffle sundae on the menu. Brownie waffle sundae? Excuse me? Yes please!
I was expecting to get brownie chunks atop ice cream all within a waffle bowl, but what I got was much better. The brownie waffle sundae (aren't you just drooling from the picture above?) is a chocolate Belgian waffle with ice cream, hot fudge and whipped cream on top. Soft, doughy, chocolatey and warm, the waffle was the perfect contrast to the vanilla ice cream. That waffle was insane.
We didn't stop with the brownie waffle sundae, we ordered a banana split too. It was everything a banana split should be, simple and satisfying. Chocolate ice cream, vanilla ice cream, and strawberry ice cream nestled between bananas, slathered with whipped cream and drizzled with hot fudge. Eating this I felt like a kid again, in a the nicest way possible.
Ice cream sundae dates – I highly recommend having them!
i can't believe i've never been there before – good to know they're just as good for dessert!
Love the idea of a brownie waffle! Pure genius!
Um, hello?! Awesome sundaes walking distance to my house? Must go.
Anna- I thought the same, why don't ppl make brownie waffles for breakfast!
I love how simple the menu is here! JGold says that the hot fudge sundaes at Twohey's in San Marino are bomb. Come with?
OMG! I'm re-living it right now!!! I need to recreate this STAT! Oh and remember how good it went with a coffee?! AHHH! WANT!


The first day of the month is always well designated to be the start of a new challenge! Exercise more, drink more water, sleep earlier, "keep my room clean for a month", I always come up with something new! Back in May 2013 it was "eat more fruits and veggies". That's when I discovered green smoothies.
I was used to making smoothies at home, but the idea of incorporating greens in them was totally new to me. I learned about green smoothies through Simple Green Smoothies, a company ran by two awesome mommy friends who, after discovering the benefits of green smoothies, decided to spread the word and get as many people involved in improving their health by creating the Green Smoothie Challenge. It's a 30-day challenge during which we have to drink one smoothie a day. It's all about eating more fruits and greens on a daily basis in a easy and fun way. Rest assured, it's not a diet; the smoothies don't replace any meals (although they make for a great breakfast). It's all about improving your lifestyle so that the habit of eating better stays with you even after the challenge. You'll feel more energized, less bloated, and might even lose a few pounds along the way!
I totally encourage you to sign up for the upcoming challenge which will begin April 1st! People seeing you chug down a jar of "green stuff" might think it's part of some April's Fools Day shenanigans, but that's okay. You'll get the disgusted and/or intrigued faces all the time, and that's okay too. Just look at these people in the eyes, smile and keep drinking, like "I know you're wondering what's in my glass Carole, just come and ask me already!".
I love drinking my smoothies in the metro because I know people will look (after reading the news and playing Candy Crush, people watching is every commuter's preferred activity). And some people's faces are priceless! I can tell they're trying to guess what gives my drink that bright green color! I'd have coworkers at work telling me how nasty my smoothies must taste because of the spinach, and I'd be like "do I look like the kind of person who would willfully drink something that tastes awful?". Next thing you know, it was the Green Month at work, and I was asked to make green smoothies for the whole department. The ones who were the most reluctant to try it at first were the ones who asked for refills!
The smoothie I did that day is called Beginner's Luck. It's the best introduction to green smoothies ever! It contains water, spinach, pineapple, mango and bananas. You just can't go wrong with it! There's another version of it called the Beginner's Luck Remix, in which you simply replace the water for coconut water (so delicious and hydrating). This recipe and many more are part of the challenge, and you can try out a few of them here before the next one begins. If you sign up for the challenge, they'll send you weekly grocery shopping lists for the upcoming week's recipes and a ton of health tips.
*Always blend your liquid base with the greens first to get rid of all the leafy chunks, then add the fruits. I always use at least one frozen fruit to make my smoothies chilly. I personally like to add some lemon juice in the mix as it enhances the flavors!
Even Simba loves green smoothies!
For those of you who already are green smoothie lovers, what are your favorite recipes? Let me know in the comment section!


Transparent Merchant Services offers a unique interchange + 0.0% price model with very few monthly fees. This model could be a good fit for mid-sized businesses that want simplified pricing. But probably not a great fit for small or very large companies.
If you're in the merchant services business and you call yourself "Transparent," you had better back it up. While we scoured Transparent Merchant Services' site and found a few odds and ends that we weren't happy with, in general, they lived up to their name. Transparent might be a perfect fit for a mid-sized U.S. business that conducts over 500 transactions per month.
Transparent's claim to fame is their unique pricing model. They use interchange plus pricing and actually charge Interchange Plus 0.00%. There's literally not a cent of profit in that, so the company makes up for it by charging a markup in the per transaction fee, and a monthly fee ($49 or $99 depending on your business size). This can be very attractive to merchants who are sick of getting nickeled and dimed through monthly fees or downgraded transactions.
While their pricing is transparent, their ownership structure is a little muddled. The company is under the same ownership as Vantage Payments, and affiliated with Base Commerce, however, who is their ISO.
In sum, Transparent's simple pricing with no interchange upcharge, and merchant friendly terms like month-to-month contract with no early termination charge make this an attractive option for mid-sized companies, but probably not a good fit for small or very large merchant services companies.
Below is a detailed review of Transparent Merchant Services offering. The review is broken down into the following categories.
Transparent does offer a lot of features through their hardware bundles, but only the iConnect POS can integrate everything such as eCommerce and QuickBooks.
Pro: $49.97 per month + $.19 per transaction on 500 or less transactions per month.
Elite: $99.97 per month + $.09 per transaction on 500 or more transactions per month.
The Pro and Elite price points are based on processing no more than $100,000.00 monthly or $1.2 million dollars annually. If you conduct process more than $1.2 million you'll need to contact the company directly to learn more about their "Enterprise Pricing."
Our Experience: Transparent is not for the hobbyist who is selling on eBay or Etsy, because even the base monthly fee is too high if you're only doing a few transactions a month. If however, you're a mid-sized merchant doing about $50,000 to $75,000 in monthly transactions, this could be a good fit. If you're doing volume much beyond that, you can probably get a cheaper per transaction rate elsewhere, so this isn't likely your best fit.
If your company is in that $50 - 75k per month range, the savings comes on the low, low transaction fees (even for manually keyed-in sales), the non-existent interchange markup, and the lack of gateway fees and other hidden "gotchas" (see below).
Our Take: The one thing that Transparent is selling me is simplicity. Although there's a charge for PCI compliance and chargebacks, Transparent deals with that issue through their equipment and software. The flat rate fees paid in the levels shown above this section cover all the hidden costs minus the "gotchas" that other companies might charge. The other plus is the month-to-month contract with no early termination fee.
ID Tech Shuttle: This is the name of their card reader, which operates on mobile phones. This device operates on iOS and Android, but also with Blackberry and Windows phones. They have a downloadable spreadsheet available on the site for compatible phone makes and models. No apparent pricing for this tool.
Ingenico iCT250 Terminal: This POS terminal offers the ability to process EMV, NFC-based mobile transactions as well as swipe, PIN and manual transactions. This is an all-in-one machine to process payments, print reports, and for branding functions like loyalty cards and gift cards. Rental is $9.95 per month, wholesale price is $249, and the machine is complimentary for businesses that conduct over 300 transactions per month (limited time offer).
iConnect POS: This system works with iPad, iPhone, and Web. The system contains a built-in CRM and is available in multiple languages. It takes any form of payment along with customer loyalty perks and offers complete and advanced QuickBooks integration. Pricing varies and we'll cover that cost below.
Various: The available software is part of the hardware solutions listed above.
The cloud-based POS system listed last under hardware (iConnect POS) comes in various price ranges depending upon the size of your business. All options contain a full-featured set of tools and tech support. and preferred credit card rates (whatever that means). Currently, it appears that all options offer a 15-day free trial.
SMALL: $35 per month for one employee.
MEDIUM: $80 per month for five employees.
LARGE: $120 per month for 25 employees.
Transparent states on their home page that they will not charge for a reprogramming fee, so think about getting that hardware somewhere else if you can find it cheaper. We found a complete iConnect bundle that included a iPad Air, 1616 cash drawer, cable, barcode scanner, and card reader for $1,320.50. That's a big one-time payment, but a heck of a lot better than renting indefinitely.
Also, we discovered that the swiper might be free for the merchant depending upon the merchant's situation. Be sure to ask for the free one.
Transparent Merchant Services can handle payments from and for merchants in the United States. They also allow merchants to accept cross-border and international cards at a higher rate.
Transparent offers a month-to-month contract with no early termination fees. As always, read your contract carefully to confirm before signing, but this looks great. Also, be aware that service with Transparent needs to be formally terminated well in advance, because they'll continue to extract your monthly fee from your bank if you merely discontinue using their equipment and service. The PCI compliance fee is nonrefundable.
Processor: Transparent Merchant Accounts are provided by Base Commerce, LLC, a registered ISO/ MSP of Synovus Bank, 1125 First Avenue, Columbus Georgia. Transparent is located in Scottsdale, Arizona. Base Commerce is located in Tempe, Arizona. The sales person we spoke with stated that they operate their own gateway, which could account for lower processing fees.
Account Sales: Transparent keeps up active social media sites and they offer affiliate relationships to marketing companies, web hosting services, consultants, and anyone seeking an opportunity to market Transparent's services. Because they have a unique pricing model, they don't have to do a ton of marketing, as others, including word of mouth, do it for them.
Account Service: Transparent offers a pop-up chat window at their site that readers can utilize to ask questions. We had a spotty experience with that tool, as someone came on to ask us about our business and how they could help - we didn't respond immediately and lost contact. Otherwise, Transparent isn't very transparent about their customer support. They do have a contact page that is clear about their hours and location.
I called the sales number and was met with a limited phone tree. I chose "sales," and was put on hold with a number (I was number one in line at the time). A receptionist picked up and seemed confused about my call, even when I asked twice for the sales department. She finally patched me through to Patrick after putting me on hold for about a minute.
Patrick sounded like he was in a tunnel, and I'm fairly certain he had me on speaker phone. I asked about the cost of the swiper, which he stated was free for certain accounts. He wasn't certain about the chargeback fees (which are not included on the site that we could see), and had to look up that information. He seemed to be preoccupied with some other business, so I let him go at that point.
Our Verdict: This is one case where the website is pretty, but the back end appears muddled. If we owned a mid-sized business, we'd be pretty concerned about the confusion on the front end of the call. Small businesses might tolerate a little confusion, but for a company whose pricing makes it geared to mid-sized companies, we'd expect better customer service than this.
Transparent is a fairly new company (2008), which could explain the lack of complaints (we found none). Their BBB listing began in 2014, which also could explain a lack of complaints or compliments. We'll see how this section grows down the road.
Mid-Sized Businesses: Getting interchange + 0% with a monthly flat fee model is really attractive for mid-sized businesses. If our experience with customer service was the norm, however, you may be trading those cheap prices for not so great customer service. Of course, it might have been an anomaly, so they're certainly worth checking out.
Non-Detail Oriented Business: If you own a mid- to large-sized business and you'd prefer a simple solution to your credit card processing needs, Transparent offers that simplicity. Their flat monthly fee and interchange plus model means that you won't get many billing surprises here.
Small Businesses: If you're processing below $2,500 per month, you're better off using a company with no or low monthly fees and just paying a slightly higher per transaction rate. See if you can find a company in this list.
Large Businesses: If you're running a business that is doing over $75,000 per month in transactions, you can get very low interchange plus rates, with lower per transaction charges, meaning an overall cheaper experience. Not to mention, the company has a cap of $100,000 per month in total transactions, so you'd be stifling your company's growth by using them.
Internationally Focused Merchants: Transparent probably won't turn down international sales, but check to see if they're willing to take the risk with you. If so, you might be able to work something into your contract, especially if you operate an "Enterprise" business.
Detail-Oriented Businesses: Simplicity is key with this service, so look for complicated somewhere else.


Police make an arrest in a Lancaster County homicide. East Lampeter Township Police say 19-yearold George Dower-Hinton, Jr. stabbed Jeffrey Brent to death during an altercation.
It happened December 9th around 3:00 a.m. at the Budget Host Inn on Lincoln Highway East.
Dower-Hinton is charged with criminal homicide.
this could have been obamma's son!
Police arrest suspect in 2018 shooting death of Harrisburg resident Donnell Williams Jr.


Can someone make TELLYVISUALS work on a mac so as VDJ comes out with New builds we can continue doing business. One of the things that I loved about VDJ was everything was built into one program we didn't have to buy or go to a exterior programs like mix emergency or IWall. Don't get me wrong I lake change when we ADD-TO to make it better. it is when we take essential working tools away to add one or two new ones. We will once again have to go back to an early build or remap my controller.
You can't use a shader/text on deck? Is it not there under fx > video fx?
Each one of the left/right FX unit offers Effect controls for the Left and Right assigned decks or TR Sampler and can operate in 2 modes. The Single Effects mode offers one effect slot but more parameters controls per effect. The Multi Effects mode offers 3 effect slots (to trigger more than 1 effect at the same time – chained effects). The selection between those 2 modes is done by pressing the TAP (51) button while SHIFT is held.
Shift + tap doesn't put you back into multifx mode?
Just tried, but if I load a video to deck 1, and activate Text overlay from the deck 1 effect section it shows on top of the video.
So it's there when the video is playing and disappears when you pause or stop the track on deck 1?
Will you change the title of this thread. It is mostly about getting some simple text working and not TellyVisuals.
For me if I use one of the vob or mpg videos that had and still have problems then the text is smeared across the video when video is loaded. If I play the video or seek into the video then the text clears up.
I used anoha_0.mpg and dolby_aurora.vob to test. I believe I sent you both. anoha is worse I think in that any seek when not playing causes the smear then when the seek code finishes it clears up.Maybe seek is just faster with dolby_aurora. When not playing and you seek to start the smear is there for both the files. Here just Hello scrolling across screen. May be related to OPs problem.


text:
The Simulated Universe
What's an Simulated Universe? The Simulated Universe argument suggests that the universe we live in is a complex simulation that is the actual universe. Every aspect of life, including animals as well as plants and bacteria are included in the simulation. This extends beyond Earth. It is believed that all planets asteroids, comets galaxies, stars as well as black holes and the nebula also are in the simulation. Actually, the whole Universe is a model running within a highly sophisticated computer system created by an intelligent species that lives in a cosmic parent. In this essay I present an overview on the Simulated Universe argument and explain the reasons why philosophers believe there is a strong chance that we are in the form of a simulation. I will then go over the kind of evidence will be required to determine whether we actually exist in the simulation. Then, I will discuss two points of opposition to the argument, before concluding that, while intriguing however, we must reject any Simulated Universe argument. It's a Possibility The possibility of living in a simulation of the universe an idea that is derived from the notion that there is a possibility for computers to mimic everything that functions as the computer. Computers can simulate any mechanistic system which follows the rules of a Unimuda Sorong set of pre-defined rules. Since it is true that the Universe is a rules-based system that is operating according to the finite physical law that can be understood and comprehend, it is logical that it could be recreated by computers. The advocates in the Simulated Universe argument suggest that the event it's feasible that we imagine the universe, then it's probable that we are in a simulation of the universe. Why do they believe this notion? It is because those who support the Simulated Universe argument suppose that the moment it becomes feasible to construct this kind of simulation, then we'll likely create one in the near future, provided that our human desires and preferences remain the same as they are today (Bostrom 2001: pg 9). They also argue it is likely that any animal species which develops within the simulation could develop its individual Simulated Universe. It is possible to build their own simulations since they exist and they exist within an imaginary universe. There is a possibility to keep this creation of universes for as long as you want with each universe producing intelligent species that construct the simulations of their own. In the present, with the nearly endless number of universes with children there is a greater chance that we are as a part of one of billions of different simulations than the single parent universe. This is especially evident when we think about the possibility that in these universes could exist multiple worlds with intelligent lifeforms, all of which are developing their own versions of reality. How does it all work? When you view computers running in a virtual universe, it's not necessarily an option to turn on a TV monitor or computer screen to see the universe from afar. It is not a computer that contains virtual reality-based creations of individuals living in their universe. It's not like playing games like "The Sims" or "Second Life". There aren't any graphics in the game. From the outside what you see is numbers. All you see is numbers. A complex manipulations of numbers. Like any software the numbers are created via the hardware of the computer. They are saved in permanent storage devices, like Hard-drives. Then, they are then transferred into RAM for processing by Central Processing Units (CPUs). The numbers of the simulation program are the physical laws of the universe. The numbers also represent the energy and matter in the universe. While the program runs the numbers are altered by the rules of the program, which are algorithms that represent the physical laws. The manipulation results in various numbers that remain controlled by the rules of the program. Numerous data structures made of numbers are shifted around in the memory of computers as it interacts with different data structures. As the universe that is simulated grows the structures get more complicated, but the rules which govern their operation remain unchanging and constant. Therefore, from the design perspective, the universe simulated is nothing more than complex data structures. For the creatures who reside within the simulation universe, it's all real. They sit in their windows and admire stunning sunsets. They wander around the yard and take in the scent of fresh-cut grass. They can look at the stars in their skies and think about traveling to other planets. For the people living in the simulation universe, everything is tangible and solid. Like in the actual universe it's everything is reducible into numbers, rules and. It is vital to realize that the computer isn't modeling each subatomic particle that exists that exists in our universe. In his 2001 paper, Nick Bostrom points out that it is not feasible running a model to this amount of depth. The simulation only needs to simulate local events to an extremely high degree of detail. Galaxies and distant objects are able to have compressed representations since we don't see them sufficiently well to discern each atom (Bostrom 2001: pg 4). This is an idea we could further explore. It is possible that the whole universe and local phenomena is compressed in some manner. The simulation might appear to be "interpreted" by its inhabitants as being comprised of subatomic particles and atoms however, in reality it's quite different. If we take a look at contemporary physical science, we can realize it is possible to make this a possible possibility. Think about the indeterminacy principle that is used in quantum Physics. A person cannot observe the speed and location of a particle at the same time. In addition, it appears subatomic particles do not have a precise position or velocity until the observation is taken. This is due to the fact that subatomic particles are not present in the same way that we have come to experience at the macro scale. Because we don't directly experience subatomic particles, we can say the existence of subatomic particles is a reflection of a reality to which we do not have direct access. In a simulation Universe, that reality may appear in the form of data arrays, which represent energy and matter.
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JONES' 'New York' EP illustrates she doesn't need flashy production, or a full band in order to allow herself to shine.
East London singer JONES is known for her ability to experiment and her new EP is proof. With a selection of songs steeped in soul, heartache and blissful tenderness, JONES has journeyed from love to loss and back again and makes us all the wiser for listening to her feelings as she pours them out for the world to hear.
New York is the second installment in a trio of acoustic EPs each dedicated to a different one of her favourite cities. Ever entrancing, JONES showcases her raw talent. Backed mainly by a piano or a guitar on the songs, her voice radiates a heavenly velvet quality that is both timeless and timely. From experimenting with R&B, jazz, electronic, pop and more on her debut album to mashing up dance and soul on its follow-up singles, JONES has never fit perfectly into one category. The four songs on New York demonstrate she doesn't need flashy production, or a full band in order to allow herself to shine.
The first song, "Silver Screen" touches on searching for what JONES wants out of life, especially love. She wants the kind of love we see in the movies, that perfect, charming enticing kind that makes us desire the perfect life of a heroine. It's subtle and sweet and warm. You can feel the longing in her voice, which is refined and pure.
JONES is a rare singer who can take gargantuan emotions, and filter them down into something so intimate, it is impossible not to connect with each lyric. Her voice commands you listen, and not because she feels the need to belt out an Adele-style ballad to draw out a reaction. It's something much more simple at play. She acknowledges there are many small moments such as the touch of a hand, that possesses the power to ignite the a slow-burn romance.
On the second track, "Waterfalls" JONES paints a scene of messy sheets and flushed skin. There's admiration, lust, adoration and everything all bound up together by a melody that echoes in one's head long after the song is finished. She croons dreamily, creating a world where a bed is an ocean and all the listener has to do is dive in.
"If You're Gonna Love Somebody" is the most enticing song on the EP, as JONES proclaims she is the one her lover has been looking for. She croons about uncertainty, spinning a classic tale of unrequited feelings: she is invested and lays it all out on the table but cannot tell if she is setting herself up for disappointment. Her voice never wavers proving her confidence in her own feelings, which are steadfast and true. All she can do is hope he feels the same.
JONES' lovelorn songs are often her richest, as her authenticity is impossible to ignore and translates so clearly and completely through her songwriting that you can feel what she feels alongside her. She refuses to be lulled into the trap of boring and dreary ballads that have no substance. Instead, simple piano amplifies her yearning, growing into a magical few minutes that are passionate and ambitious.
Another one of JONES' more melodically-pleasing songs, "Worst Nightmare" is so pretty, it sounds less like a sassy promise of breaking someone's heart, and more like a tentative warning. It's jazz-tinged structure and soulful delivery begs for comparisons to the playful sounds of Corinne Bailey Rae on her second album. She coyly remarks that his heart is hers to toy with, and there's nothing anyone can do about it.
Though New York is only 4 songs, its superb quality makes up for what it lacks in quantity. The subtle gracefulness is inherent to each track. As a whole, New York perfects a daydream centered in love and shaped by the sense of hope and excitement that only a place like New York can inspire.


text:
Il voivodato di Podole () fu un'unità di divisione amministrativa e governo locale del Regno di Polonia dal XIV secolo fino alla spartizione della Polonia, avvenuta negli anni 1793-1795. Insieme al voivodato di Bracław formava la provincia storica della Podolia. Oggi la regione appartiene all'Ucraina.

Governo municipale
Sede del governatorato del voivodato (Wojewoda):
 Kamieniec Podolski

Consiglio regionale per tutte le terre di Rutenia (sejmik generalny):
 Sądowa Wisznia

Sede del Consiglio regionale (sejmik poselski i deputacki):
 Kamieniec Podolski

Geografia antropica

Suddivisioni amministrative
 Contea di Kamieniec (Powiat Kamieniecki), Kamieniec Podolski
 Contea di Czerwonograd (Powiat Czerwonogradzki), Czerwonograd
 Contea di Latyczów (Powiat Sanocki), Latyczów

Voivodi
 Stanisław Odrowąż (dal 1535)
 Tomasz Zamoyski (dal 1618)
 Marcin Krasicki (1630-1632/1633)
 Marcin Kazanowski (1632/1633-1636)
 Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki (1636-1653)

Voivodati confinanti e regioni contigue
 Voivodato di Rutenia
 Voivodato di Volinia
 Voivodato di Kiev
 Voivodato di Bracław
 Moldavia

Altri progetti

Podole
Podole
Podole


text:
Meningitis Angels
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Haemophilus influenzaeType b Invasive Disease and Meningitis
I. Disease Description
Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) invasive disease is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae. Hi may be either encapsulated (typeable) or unencapsulated (nontypeable). Six antigenically distinct capsular types of Hi (types a–f) that can cause invasive disease in persons of any age have been identified. Nontypeable strains may also cause invasive disease but are less virulent than encapsulated strains and cause only infrequently serious infection in children.
Meghan had Hib meningitis before the vaccine. She is deaf. Thre is a vaccine now. Hib is a required vaccine for infants.
Invasive H. influenzae diseases include clinical syndromes of meningitis, bacteremia or sepsis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, pericarditis, and cellulitis. In contrast, syndromes of mucosal infections such as bronchitis, sinusitis, and otitis media are considered noninvasive disease. The noninvasive syndromes are not nationally notifiable.
Before the introduction of effective vaccines, H. influenzae serotype b (Hib) was the cause of more than 95% of invasive Hi diseases among children younger than 5 years of age. Hib was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis in the United States among children younger than 5 years of age and a major cause of other life-threatening invasive bacterial diseases in this age group. Meningitis occurred in approximately two-thirds of children with invasive Hib disease, resulting in hearing impairment or severe permanent neurologic sequelae, such as mental retardation, seizure disorder, cognitive and developmental delay, and paralysis in 15%–30% of survivors. Approximately 4% of all cases were fatal.1
II. Background
Before the introduction of Hib conjugate vaccines for infants in late 1990, an estimated 20,000 children younger than 5 years of age (approximately 1 in 200 children) developed invasive Hib disease each year in the United States; nearly two-thirds of all cases occurred among children younger than 18 months. By 2000, the incidence of all Hi invasive disease among children younger than 5 years of age reported to CDC declined by 96%—from 41 cases per 100,000 in 1987 to 1.6 cases per 100,000 in 2000.2–5 Laboratory-based surveillance data from the Active Bacterial Core surveillance (ABCs) system, which included serotype information on all invasive Hi isolates, provided direct evidence of a decline in Hib disease. From 1989 to 2000, there was a 99% reduction in Hib invasive disease among children younger than 5 years of age, which coincided with the introduction and use of Hib conjugate vaccines among infants and children.2–5 Continued monitoring of Hi invasive disease through ABCs demonstrated a decrease in invasive Hib rates in children younger than 5 years of age, with the average incidence from 2000 to 2004 being 0.14 cases per 100,000.6–10
Because Hib has become a rare cause of invasive disease in the United States, the need to correctly identify the serotype of Hi isolate from any invasive disease has increased. Serotyping by slide agglutination can sometimes be inaccurate, especially since it is not performed routinely in most laboratories. One study found that 28 (70%) of 40 Hi isolates from ABCs sites that had been reported as "Hib" to CDC were actually nontypeable Hi isolates.11 Another study found discrepancies between the results of slide agglutination subtyping performed at state health departments and those of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) capsule typing performed at CDC for 56 (40%) of 141 isolates.12 Accurate serotype data on all Hi isolates from children younger than 5 years of age is critical for monitoring Hib vaccine effectiveness. These studies emphasize the importance of quality control and quality assurance in laboratory serotyping.
III. Importance of Rapid Case Identification
Rapid case identification is important for early administration of Hib vaccine and, if needed, for chemoprophylaxis to household and childcare classroom contacts of case-patients.13 In addition, early notification of Hi invasive disease cases in children younger than 5 years is needed to obtain the Hi isolate before it is discarded so that it can be serotyped. State health departments with questions about serotyping should contact the CDC Meningitis and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Branch laboratory at 404-639-3158.
IV. Disease Reduction Goals
Hib disease has declined rapidly because of widespread immunization of infants and young children with conjugate vaccines and because humans are the only known reservoir for Hib. The elimination of Hib disease among children younger than 5 years of age in the United States has been proposed as an objective for the year 2010.
Resouce www.CDC.gov


How can B&W speakers be made to sound so transparent, so natural - in effect, to "disappear",leaving only the actual music to be enjoyed? B&W research and development foundthat certain cabinet designs, driver design and materials were essential to create transparent speakers. They engineered internal cabinet brace and sound flow configurations, coupled with driver materials like Kevlar and carbon Fiber, for unrivalled clarity.
Designed to provide great sound wherever you need it, the weather-proof AM-1 is the most durable loudspeaker B&W has ever made! With the AM-1 you can add pleasing soundscape to your home's outdoor and transitional spaces. Experience the perfect sonic atmosphere and add extra kick in seasonal living to your deck, sunroom, or patio areas! Imagine enjoying your favorite relaxation music, or a soothing audio stream, or perhaps creative radio on a gorgeous late afternoon, while at the grillside, or even under romantic moonlight! The B&W AM-1 effortlessly extends the musical mood of the listening room to your home's seasonal living spaces!
The new Bowers and Wilkins AM-1 weatherproof outdoor monitor loudspeakers deliver the performance and durability that we've come to expect from B&W, and it brings the UK firm's signature sound to new areas of sound quality and aesthetics. Qualified installation of the B&W AM-1 provides an entirely new dimension of sound quality and visual appearance to your seasonal living areas.
The sleek contours and shaping of the B&W AM-1 will excite your senses and fade all preconceptions or past experiences with conventional outdoor speakers. These new units are so beautiful and elegant, they would be equally at home in your indoor living area! A choice of black or white finishes will compliment virtually any home's transitional or outdoor layouts.
The sound of the B&W AM-1 is startling, with an articulate, exciting and powerful "presence", a sound devoid of the sonic compromises normally found in conventional outdoor loudspeakers, delivering high end performance we've come to expect from B&W's larger and far more expensive designs. B&W "steps out" and keeps right in tune with these unique new soundscape loudspeakers!
The B&W AM-1's two way design features a unique inverted layout, whereby the 1" aluminum dome tweeter is mounted below the 5" glass/fiber bass-midrange driver. This design allows for a highly improved dispersion and throughput of mid to high frequencies when the speaker is mounted high upon a wall or under an eave. The sonic magic of the B&W AM-1 projects into outdoor spaces with greater saturation at lower volume levels as a result. Bass response of the B&W AM-1 is further extended by incorporation of a rear-mounted auxiliary bass radiator, code named "ABR". (remember this is a UK design, from the same culture that coined terms like QE2, MI5 and 007!) The ABR, unlike a conventional bass reflex port, provides an exceptional bass response for a cabinet of its size, and unlike a port, the ABR as a continuous airtight seal to protect against the elements, a design element developed in the UK that also makes perfect sense for New England.
Bowers and Wilkins have yet again set the standard with the B&W AM-1, a higher performing outdoor loudspeaker, with striking, dare say truly stylish design and superb sonic performance, qualities that will evoke ear to ear smiles, each and every time you enjoy music in your home's transitional and seasonal spaces. Fantastic sound taken outside!


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John Selwyn Brooke Lloyd, Baron Selwyn-Lloyd CH PC CBE TD (n. 28 de julio de 1904 - f. 18 de mayo de 1978), más conocido como Selwyn Lloyd, fue un político inglés del  Partido Conservador que sirvió como Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores entre 1955 y 1960, y luego como Ministro de Hacienda hasta 1962. Fue Presidente de la Cámara de los Comunes entre 1971 y 1976.

Antecedentes y primeros años
Lloyd fue educado en Fettes College y Magdalene College, donde fue presidente de la Cambridge Union Society y el club Cambridge University Liberal. Fue Parlamentario Liberal, candidato de Macclesfield en las Elecciones generales del Reino Unido de 1929, quedando tercero.

Servicio en el Gobierno Local
Sirvió como Consejero en el Consejo del Distrito Urbano de Hoylake entre 1932 y 1940.

Servicio en la Segunda Guerra Mundial
Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial alcanzó el rango de brigadier y fue Diputado en Jefe de la Segunda Armada Británica.

Elección al Parlamento
Lloyd fue elegido a la Cámara de los Comunes para representar Wirral en las Elecciones generales del Reino Unido de 1929. Originalmente fue miembro del Partido Liberal, para luego volverse parte de los "Young Turks", facción del Partido Conservador.

Cargos Ministeriales

Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores
Cuando los Conservadores regresaron al poder bajo el mando de Winston Churchill en 1951, Lloyd sirvió bajo el mando de Anthony Eden como Ministro de Estado de Relaciones Exteriores entre 1951 y 1954.

Ministro de Oferta y Ministro de Defensa
Sirvió como Ministro de Oferta entre 1954 y 1955. Luego, en 1955, fue Ministro de Defensa.

Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores
En 1955 se convirtió en Secretario de Relaciones Exteriores. Durante su mandato vio la Guerra del Sinaí, lo cual llevó a la caída del gobierno de Eden. Continuó en esta posición gubernamental bajo el gobierno de Harold Macmillan hasta 1960.

Ministro de Hacienda
En 1960 fue nombrado como Ministro de Hacienda, cargo que ejerció hasta 1962.

Sin poder solucionar los problemas económicos británicos de comienzos de la década de 1960, enfocandse en la impopular medida "Pay Pause", siendo despedido durante el recambio de su Gabinete llamada "Noche de los Cuchillos Largos", regresando a ser un diputado sin cartera. Fue reemplazado por Reginald Maudling, para luego ser visto como un potencial líder del Partido Conservador, y cuya misión era para reactivar la economía antes de entrar en las elecciones generales programada para final de 1964.

Lord del Sello Privado y Líder de la Cámara de los Comunes
En 1963 fue llamado de vuelta al Gobierno por Alec Douglas-Home, quien lo nombró Lord del Sello Privado y Líder de la Cámara de los Comunes hasta la derrota del Partido Conservador en la until the Conservative defeat in the Elecciones de 1964.

Presidente de la Cámara de los Comunes

En 1971, luego que los Conservadores regresaran al poder, Lloyd se convirtió en Presidente de la Cámara de los Comunes. En un quiebre del protocolo, los partidos Liberal y Laborista se disputaorn su asiento en las elecciones de 1974, pero logró retenerlo y retener la posición hasta 1976.

Nobleza
En 1976 obtuvo el cardo nobiliario de Baron Selwyn-Lloyd, de Wirral en el condado de Merseyside.

Muerte y Legado
Lloyd falleció dos años después de dicho nombramiento. Una biografía suya fue publicada en 1989 por D. R. Thorpe.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Lloyd en la Enciclopedia Británica (en inglés)

Miembros del Parlamento de Reino Unido
Miembros del Partido Conservador de Reino Unido
Secretarios de Estado de Asuntos Exteriores del Reino Unido
Secretarios de Estado de Defensa del Reino Unido
Metodistas del Reino Unido
Británicos del siglo XX
Nacidos en Liverpool


On the hunt for used MINI Hatch John Cooper Works cars in Blackheath? Stephen James Group can help! There is a great choice of used MINI cars on offer at our showroom in Woolwich, just a short journey from Blackheath. MINI Hatch John Cooper Works cars are high-quality, enjoyable to drive, and inherit the brand's original look. All of our used MINI Hatch John Cooper Works cars are taken through a meticulous testing process before sale to confirm that they are road-ready, so you can drive away in confidence when you purchase your motor from us. Check out our full catalogue our website and don?t hesitate to call us to set up a test drive. Our closest site to Blackheath is in Woolwich. It should only take twenty minutes to get to Stephen James Group MINI on Plumstead Road from Blackheath if you take the B210 or the A206, or you can find our approved used BMW cars by continuing past our MINI dealership to Duke of Wellington Avenue.


text:
Marler
Last name: Marler
Recorded as Marle, Marler and Marlor, this is an English surname. It is of pre 7th century origins deriving from the word "marl" and hence an occupational name for a person who quarried this soft rock which when crushed was for many centuries used as a fertilizer or sweetner for land. The name may also on occasion be locational from a place such as Marley in Yorkshire, originally recorded as Merleia and Merlegh in the pipe rolls of the county in the years 1183 and 1242 respectively. However where that is the case the meaning is apparently different, originating from the Olde English word gemaer, meaning a boundary. Locational surnames were developed when former inhabitants of a place moved to another area, usually to seek work, and were best identified by the name of their birthplace. Early recordings of the surname include Thomas le Marlere of Ely in Suffolk in 1277, and William Marlor of Yorkshire in the accounts of the manor Wakefield in 1297, whilst in on November 28th 1546 in the reign of King Henry V111th, Robert Marle married Katherine Harper at the church of St. Martin Orgar, in the city of London. The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of William de Merlai, which was dated circa 1145, in the Book of Seals for Durham. This was during the reign of King Stephen of England, known as the "Count of Blois", 1135 - 1154. Surnames became necessary when governments introduced personal taxation. In England this was sometimes known as the Poll Tax. Throughout the centuries, surnames in every country have continued to "develop" often leading to astonishing variants of the original spelling.
Surname scroll for: Marler


im just a simple person looking for a long relationship.
You can see when wee meet.
Hello, just registered here, I can't read messages from other people.
Hello, I am Chinese mainland people, I am now in Suzhou, Jiangsu, want to find a girlfriend, hope is Ukraine, or other countries white, divorce can also.
I am a passionate and cheerful man.
I am a very simple person. I love to travel in other countries. I live music and watching movies. I love nature and going to the beach.


When I was sent an early copy of Ken Wytsma's book "Pursuing Justice", I was intrigued by the title but the subtitle caught not just my eye but my heart also. "The call to live and die for bigger things". Let me say that again, "The call to live and die for bigger things". The subtitle brought hesitation. To live and die? How do you really do that?
I grew up in church. My grandparents were missionaries and used to take me on trips to the beautiful country of Mexico with them. They also loved serving New Mexico and the Navajo's with the old days of tent revivals. Lives changed and the love that was shown will always stay with me. My grandparents always taught me that it is for the cause of the message to be heard by all that they continuously pursued justice for others.
The pages of Pursuing Justice is not about living or dying in the physical but to live and die in the spiritual. It's about putting others before yourself. Ken talks about finding happiness in serving others. That we can't just be a "Static" Christian or become a "Dynamic" Christian. Static in short is seeing others do something but dynamic is those that just don't see, but do.
It's a revamp of the Golden Rule.
We as Christian's, as people of this world, as partakers of life, we should be doing.
I am partaking in a local child advocate non-profit in our community to give children a voice from broken homes. Which I am really excited about. Then this week I will be meeting with a woman that is over another non-profit that brings women back into society from being in prison. A second chance if you will. Hoping to share this group of women with our Life Group in service. And then I get a call from Food for the Hungry to come with them on a mission's trip. My heart says yes.
Thank God for his perfect timing and reading Pursuing Justice. This book showed me that life is found in the happiness you find in helping others. In giving YOU to those that need YOU in theirs. It showed me that as the world is constantly trying to pursue happiness with material things or titles, we pursue happiness by pursuing justice for others.
Death. What Ken talks about death is dying to your wants, your desires, your comforts and dying for God's. Being willing to walk away from the American Dream and live His dream instead.
Dying to self, self wants, self-desires and doing His desires, His wants. That is living and dying for bigger things.
Pursuing Justice will shake the core of your being. My prayer is that it makes you DO.


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When the application is authorized, the state will send your fee to the county seat in the county where you reside. At this time, a letter will be sent notifying you that the county has received approval of your fee. The letter also consists of information such as the deal with exactly where you will be sworn in to office and when your fee begins and finishes.
A detached villa ought to be your option if you are seeking seclusion, but will come at more prices. If you are looking for Spanish experience you should be searching at city or village qualities.
Bring legitimate identification and the money needed to file the paperwork. Travis County Clerk's office only accepts cashier's checks, money orders, and cash. The initial fee is $13.00, but your own name and the company name each count as additional names, so, for example, mine price $14.00 since I filed as a sole proprietor.
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