text:
Community orchestra features 'reborn flutist'
Christmas Concert at Chatelech
Rik Jespersen / Coast Reporter
Flutist Jonathan Baker gets in a little practice at his Sechelt home.
- Rik Jespersen Photo
Jonathan Baker may be remembered in Vancouver as a municipal politician and lawyer, but here he might be better known as the flutist for the Sunshine Coast Community Orchestra.
Baker, who retired to the Coast with his wife Dominique in 2015, will be playing with the orchestra – as he has for a few years now – in its Christmas Concert at the Chatelech Secondary School Theatre on Sunday, Dec. 15.
As a promising young flute player in his native Atlantic City, New Jersey, Baker planned to be a full-time professional on the instrument. He was taken on as a student while still in high school in the mid-1950s by virtuoso U.S. flutist William Kincaid. "When I took lessons with Kincaid, I basically had to promise that I was going into music," Baker said in an interview at his Sechelt home. "He only took students who were planning to make it a career."
While still a teenager, Baker became a member of the Atlantic City Symphony Orchestra and the Ice Capades Orchestra. But after his admission to prestigious Amherst College in Massachusetts, Baker also developed an interest in political science. When the Philadelphia Orchestra – with whom Baker's teacher Kincaid was principal flutist – came to play at the school, Kincaid was surprised to see his young protégé there. "He said, 'what the hell are you doing here,'' Baker recalls. He told Kincaid of his newfound academic interests. "He was not terribly pleased with me," said Baker, who soon put aside his dreams of a musical career.
Baker went on to graduate with a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania before moving to Vancouver in 1964. There he developed a long and successful law practice and served on city council from 1986 to 1990. But his flute was always close at hand.
"From 1970 on, I'd pick it up occasionally," Baker said. "But when I got up here, [my interest in playing] was basically reborn." Which was a lucky turn for our musical community and for Baker, who is quick to point out that the orchestra has "really good musicians, and the conductors are excellent."
The Sunshine Coast Community Orchestra Association includes five different ensembles, all of which will be playing at the Dec. 15 concert. Baker plays regularly with two of them, the symphony orchestra and the band.
The orchestra, under the baton of Jonathan Der, will perform the prelude from the opera Hansel and Gretel and the perennial favourite, Water Music by Handel. The band, led by Tak Maeda, will play A Mad Russian Christmas, popularized by the rock group Trans-Siberian Orchestra. Following that, will come waltz, march and jazz variations of Let it Snow, then Polar Express, from the popular animated movie, and a swing version of Jingle Bells. Performances by the Coast Chamber Strings and two young people's ensembles will also be a part of the program.
The concert begins at 2:30 p.m. Adults $20, accompanied children 12 and under are free. Tickets are available at Strait Music in Sechelt and at the door.
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Paced by a strong effort by rookie pitcher, Ricky Romero, the streaking Toronto Blue Jays defeated the Oakland A's 1-0 before 22,164 cheering fans in Toronto. By virtue of the win the Blue Jays have the best record in the entire American League, 10 wins and 4 losses.
The 24-year old, left-handed Ricky Romero used an arsenal of pitches, including an 88-92 mph fastballs and an up-and-down sinker to stymie Oakland batters. Ricky Romero (2-0 with a 1.71 ERA) tossed 7 innings, yielded just 4 hits, 2 walks and struck out 6. Relievers Scott Downs and B.J. Ryan (save) each pitched a scoreless inning.
A fine pitching job by A's starter Dallas Braden (1-2 with a 2.79 ERA) went for naught as Oakland failed to penetrate the runs column. The 25-year-old lefty surrendered just 5 hits, 3 walks, and 4 Ks, in 7.1 innings. Russ Springer was called in from the bullpen and pitched the final 2/3 of an inning, no-hits, 1 K.
The Jays scored their only run in the second inning when first baseman Lyle Overbay singled in DH Kevin Millar who walked and advanced the bases.
Oakland A's right-fielder Jack Cust failed to safely reach base for the first time in 40 games, going back into the 2008 season. The Athletics fell to 5-7 for the young season.
Umpires for Sunday's Game in Toronto were Andy Fletcher at Home… Tim McClelland at 1B… Ted Barrett at 2B and Greg Gibson at 3B.


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¹Administrator privileges are required to properly install the program on Windows Vista®, Windows® 7, Windows® 8.1 and Windows® 10.


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This blog is dedicated to bringing World War II era documents to the general public, with an overall focus on armoured warfare. Questions? Requests? Comments? Email me at tankarchives@gmail.com or find me on Twitter @Tank_Archives.
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World of Tanks History Section: Prokhorovka Interview
The winter of 1942-1943 proved difficult for German soldiers. The Wehrmacht took heavy losses of vehicles and men. The Stalingrad catastrophe sapped the Reich's reputation, accentuating internal and external political problems. No one spoke of victory, the Germans could only hope to end the war with minimized losses.
In order to restore political and military prestige, the nazi leaders needed a successful campaign against its main enemy: the Soviet Union. This was the seed of Operation Citadel, an offensive at Kursk. Despite the fact that German commanders were sceptical about the chance of success, it was carried out anyway, and ended with a predictable German defeat.
One of the key moments of the battle was the tank battle at Prokhorovka. The amount of vehicles used was one of the greatest in all of WWII. Valeriy Nikolayevich Zamulin, Candidate of Historical Science, tells us details of this battle.
Valeriy Nikolayevich, the greatest tank battle at Kursk happened at Prokhorovka, on July 12th, 1943. There is much information about this battle, and it is largely contradictory...
Let's start with the fact that the Battle for Prokhorovka happened not only on July 12th. This day was only the culmination, its most dramatic moment. It started on July 10th, when the 2nd SS tank corps acted on the orders of the commander of the 4th tank army, General Hoth, to take Prokhorovka, to later deliver a strike to the rear of the defending Soviet forces, namely the 69th Army. The corps was composed of three motorized SS divisions: Death's Head, Adolf Hitler, and Das Reich. The battle lasted until July 16th. In the night of July 17th, German forces began their retreat to the Belgorod-Tomarovka-Borisovka line, their initial positions.
Data on the amount of vehicles that participated in the July 12th battle differs noticeably between American, Soviet, and German sources. How many tanks were really used?
The main events that used a large number of vehicles on July 12th at Prokhorovka happened in two placed. West of the station, in the so called "tank field", 514 Soviet tanks and SPGs faced off against 210 German tanks and assault guns for 9-10 hours. South of the station, 158 Soviet tanks and SPGs fought against 119 German vehicles. In total, 1001 armoured vehicles, according to documents declassified in the late 1990s.
The popular Soviet figure of 1500 vehicles is too high. It initially was an estimate in a report from the 5th Guards Tank Army for July of 1943, and migrated into historical literature from there.
Why overestimate the amount of vehicles?
The commander of the army needed to show that the losses for only 10 hours of battle were not the results of mistakes or miscalculations, but the army participated in an unbelievably grandiose battle. The losses from such a battle could not be small. In the open, these numbers were first encountered in the "Battle of Kursk: Summary" brochure, published in 1945.
What vehicles were used in battle?
The USSR used mostly T-34 medium tanks (70%), and light T-70s with a 45 mm gun, as well as three SPG regiments using SU-76, SU-122 and SU-152 vehicles. The 5th Guards Tank Army of Lieutenant-General P.A. Rotmistrov had two regiments of English Churchill MkIV tanks. As for heavy KV-1 tanks, there were only two of them during the entire 7 days of battles here, and neither was used directly in combat.
The SS divisions had ordinary PzIII and PzIV tanks, StuG assault guns, and Hummel and Wespe SPGs for fire support. There were Tigers, but very few. On the eve of the famous battle, on July 11th, only 15 Tiger tanks were recorded as functional. Adolph Hitler division, which fought a the "tank field", only had 4.
Panthers and Ferdinands are often mentioned in connection with this battle, but there weren't any here. The Panther battalion that was destined for Prokhorovka was partially defeated by Katukov's 1st Tank Army west of Prokhorovka, and partially broke down. All Ferdinands were in the north, at Ponyri station.
I want to highlight that the main causes of the failed Soviet counterattack on July 12th were the difficult terrain and the fact that Adolph Hitler division transferred to a defense. The greatest losses were suffered not from enemy tanks, but from artillery.
When the battle is described, the image of a massive field where tanks fight "point blank" appears. How was it really?
There are many stereotypes of the Prokhorovka tank battle, and they are far from reality. For instance, the terrain the 5th Guards advanced through did not allow for a massive tank rush which we often envision when reading about the battle. If this was possible, the Germans would have been overrun within the hour, as the main strike was delivered by the 18th and 29th Tank Corps, counting 368 tanks and SPGs, that's theoretically 60 tanks per kilometer, not counting the SPGs.
And there were even more, over 200 tanks of the 5th Guards Mechanized Corps in the second echelon of the army. A successful Soviet counterattack would have been disastrous for the Germans, even though they were facing the better equipped enemy units.
Unfortunately, the Soviet counterattack was wedged between the Psel river and Storozhevoye stow, only 900 meters, where a single tank battalion (26 tanks) could deploy with difficulty, let alone a brigade or a corps.
General I.F. Kirichenko's 29th Tank Corps could only send 30-35 tanks in two echelons at a time between the Oktyabrskiy farm and height 252. As a result, a "tank rush" could not be achieved, and the tanks were sent to battle in small numbers, with significant intervals, under heavy enemy fire. Our forces took heavy losses at the start of the battle, and the knocked out tanks impeded the vehicles advancing behind them.
A large ravine impeded the neighbouring 18th Corps, passable by tanks in only one place. Even after passing it, the tanks could not form up for an attack, they needed to drive a few hundred more meters under enemy fire. The real advance of Soviet forces was as follows: 3-4 groups of 30-35 vehicles in two rows, one brigade after another, with intervals of 30 minutes to one hour.
Estimates of losses of both sides at Prokhorovka differ by orders of magnitude. Which are the closes to reality?
The most complicated situation is with the Germans. 80, 130, 350 losses are mentioned. There is also utter idiocy: 5 German tanks. Historians, me among them, consider that the SS lost 122-163 vehicles on July 12th, 20-30 permanently.
The small number of permanent losses creates an illusion, but make no mistake, the SS was heavily bloodied. Despite the fact that they controlled the field of battle until July 17th and could evacuate their vehicles, the majority of them was sent home to Germany for restoration. These may not be permanent losses, but long-term.
Our forces lost 340 tanks and 19 SPGs on July 12th. Of those, 193 tanks and 14 SPGs could not be recovered. This is caused by the Germans destroying Soviet vehicles as they were retreating.
What happened in the vicinity of the station after July 12th?
On the night of the 13th, the command of the Voronezh Front received a report that the 5th Guards Tank Army, due to heavy losses, was no longer battle capable. The best tank unit, which was necessary for a push to the Dnieper, lost near some railroad station in 10 hours, moving only two kilometers forward in the center, at the cost of a 4.5 km retreat at the flanks. The neighbouring 5th Guards Army, who also participated in the attack, faced similar difficulties.
Rotmistrov's guardsmen were incapable of holding the flank of the 69th Army, as heroically as they fought. As a result, the SS tank corps and the 3rd tank corps, newly arrived from the Belgorod direction, managed to encircle the 48th Infantry Corps of the 69th Army, four infantry divisions, at the Donets interfluve on July 15th. At dawn, the encircled units broke out, but with heavy losses. That marked the end of the Battle of Prokhorovka.
How important was the Battle of Prokhorovka to the Red Army?
A counteroffensive was planned on July 12th, the main part of which was the battle between the SS tank corps and the 5th Guards Tank Army. The goal of the offensive, the destruction of the SS tank corps, was not achieved; in those conditions, it would be impossible. The enemy held a large number of forces and caused them noticeable losses. Soviet propaganda inflated it to "the largest tank battle of all time". This was not it.
Nevertheless, the result of the tank battle was a victory, not a tie, as the German military historian Karl Frieser insists. The battle of Prokhorovka is a culminating moment in the Battle of Kursk, after which enemy resistance decreased drastically. I must remark that many publications have a logistical mistake: correlation equals causation! I don't want to equate the events called Battle of Prokhorovka and the battle at Prokhorovka on July 12th, 1943. The tank battle is only one part, if an important part, of the battle.
The Soviet forces achieved their objective: they did not let the enemy break through their defenses and caused serious losses to their enemy.
About the interviewee: Valeriy Nikolayevich Zamulin is a military historian, a Candidate of Sciences. In 2009, he defended his thesis on the historical issues of the Battle of Kursk, the defensive operation of the Voronezh front from July 5th to 23rd. From March 1996 to August 2009, he worked as a director and then deputy director of scientific work at the Federal Cultural Office "State Military-Historical Museum-Preserve "Prokhorovka Field"". He is the author of over 60 scientific publications, including 5 monographs in Russian and English. He participated in a number of documentary films and series on Russian television channels, as well as several radio shows on the Battle of Kursk.
Original article available here.
Labels: 1943, Churchill, Ferdinand, Kursk, KV-1, Panther, Prokhorovka, PzIII, PzIV, StuG, SU-122, SU-152, SU-76, T-34, T-70, Tiger, World of Tanks
Oktyabrskiy farm and height 252 - This area was from 1500-2000 meters wide. You can find it with Google Earth. The 32nd and 181st Tank brigades were eviscerated trying to take Oktyabrskiy farm.
critical mass 30 September 2016 at 06:48
The interview is reasonable, except for that it repeats inflated numbers of german tank losses in view of openly accessible strength reports of the three divisions.
The total number of knocked out tanks, StuG and SPG of the three divisions was above 48 but not by much. The on-hand strength reports indicate that the strength dropped from 23:00 on 11th of July to 23:00 12th of July by 48 tanks, StuG and SPG (Marder). On top of this number, one needs to add the number of tanks repaired between the nights of 11th and 12th. The numbers vary according to the defintion and theory behind the calculation but careful examination of the reports indicates that there is evidence to suggest that the IInd SS PzCorps had to sustain a minimum of ~60 knocked out tanks and a maximum of about ~70 knocked out tanks, StuG and SPG. Of these, only seven tanks/StuG/SPG were eventually recorded on this or the following days as total write off (four from LSAH and three from TOTENKOPF).
It´s possible that the number of lossed units is understated by the fact that both sides had a number of captured enemy tanks in their possession, and might have used and/or lost a number of these. Captured tanks fail to make it into the officially reported statistics.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We believe it necessary to set forth in a concise fashion the cornerstone truths of our church as guided by Scripture.
Our Statement of Faith summarizes essential Christian beliefs, shows unity in Christ, and guards the church from error. We affirm the Holy Bible as the inspired Word of God and as the basis for our beliefs.
This church accepts "The Baptist Faith and Message", as amended June 14, 2000, as our general statement of our faith.


text:
package cloudup

import (
	"github.com/golang/glog"
	api "k8s.io/kops/pkg/apis/kops"
	"k8s.io/kops/upup/pkg/fi"
	"k8s.io/kops/upup/pkg/fi/loader"
	"k8s.io/kops/upup/pkg/fi/utils"
	"k8s.io/kops/util/pkg/vfs"
	"k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/util/sets"
)

type SpecBuilder struct {
	OptionsLoader *loader.OptionsLoader

	Tags sets.String
}

func (l *SpecBuilder) BuildCompleteSpec(clusterSpec *api.ClusterSpec, modelStore vfs.Path, models []string) (*api.ClusterSpec, error) {
	// First pass over models: load options
	tw := &loader.TreeWalker{
		DefaultHandler: ignoreHandler,
		Contexts: map[string]loader.Handler{
			"resources": ignoreHandler,
		},
		Extensions: map[string]loader.Handler{
			".options": l.OptionsLoader.HandleOptions,
		},
		Tags: l.Tags,
	}
	for _, model := range models {
		modelDir := modelStore.Join(model)
		err := tw.Walk(modelDir)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
	}

	loaded, err := l.OptionsLoader.Build(clusterSpec)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	completed := &api.ClusterSpec{}
	*completed = *(loaded.(*api.ClusterSpec))

	// Master kubelet config = (base kubelet config + master kubelet config)
	masterKubelet := &api.KubeletConfigSpec{}
	utils.JsonMergeStruct(masterKubelet, completed.Kubelet)
	utils.JsonMergeStruct(masterKubelet, completed.MasterKubelet)
	completed.MasterKubelet = masterKubelet

	glog.V(1).Infof("options: %s", fi.DebugAsJsonStringIndent(completed))
	return completed, nil
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


For use with Ewing Excavator steel wheelbarrow.
Kit includes (1) Flat free tire, axel, spacers and assembly hardware.
Combine with your existing wheelbarrow tire for dual wheels.
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Convenient transport and storage with innovative removable handles.
16 inch wheel assembly with knobby, 4-ply tire for easy maneuvering.
Steel bushings and grease fittings for smooth rolling and long life performance.


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          GROUND TO GLORY

SAE BAJA is a national undergraduate engineering event run by the Society of Automobile Engineers India. It is organised in two parts. First is the virtual round in which teams present their plans. While in second round teams are required to bring vehicles fabricated by them on to the track.
The event SAE BAJA invites a participation of over 400 colleges with a footfall of around 6000 students on site with faculty advisors and various companies like Mahindra, Altair, John Deere, Larsen Toubro, Volvo, Chevrolet, ARAI, Bosch, Ansys, ACMA and SIAM  to name a few.
The team prepares throughout the year for the event in the month of February where they are judged on the basis of their design, fabrication with a series of rigorous tests. They are also required to present their planning and promoting strategies to the judges for evaluation.

      &nbsp Endurance Run

      &nbsp Suspension & Steering Test

      &nbsp Acceleration Test

Effi-Cycle SAE

          NEVER BACK DOWN

EFFI-CYCLE" derived from Efficient-Cycle, SAE NIS EFFI-CYCLE is an Inter collegiate design competition providing opportunity to the students to design and fabricate a human-electric hybrid powered vehicle, capable of seating two passengers. The vehicle must be aerodynamic, engineered for performance & safety and ergonomically designed. The objective of the competition is to promote innovation and generate consciousness amongst the young engineers towards environment friendly mobility solution. Around 250 teams from all over India participate in the event, with a footfall of around 1500 people at main event. Main sponsors of the event are Maruti Suzuki, ICAI and LPU. Teams are judged on basis of their design, performance in the dynamic event in the month of October every year.

      &nbsp Endurance Run

      &nbsp Figure of 8 Test

      &nbsp Acceleration Test

      Copyright 2017 Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur


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text:
New World players despair over the neverending waves of fishing bots
By Rich Stanton
They do come up with ingenious ways to kill them though.
(Image credit: Amazon Games)
Update 12/02/2021: Amazon Games Studios sent us the following statement. "We're aware of player reports about increased bot activity in New World. Bots pose a persistent challenge for MMOs, and our team has deployed dedicated resources and tooling to identify and combat them. We are committed to continuous improvement in our fight against bots, and yesterday alone, we banned over 7,700 accounts for using bots. Our goal is to ensure New World is fun and fair for all players. We'll post updates to the New World forums (opens in new tab) and Twitter (opens in new tab) as we have them."
Original story follows.
Pretty much since launch New World (opens in new tab), as with any decent-sized MMO, has been targeted by bots. Initially our mindless friends focused on fishing and ore-gathering, which is still largely the case, though they now seem to be branching out into other careers and, most notably, hitting fairly high levels. Let's put it this way: When you've got a bot at level 30 plus, that is a lot of fishing XP, and suggests how long that bot has been active.
"Over the last week I have seen a huge influx of bots on my server again," writes JustDaveinTheLBC (opens in new tab). "But they're all higher level now, 20's & 30's. They're out harvesting and mining in full effect. Are other servers seeing this again? I've reported the same bot three times in three days, its starting to get really annoying competing for materials with bots...."
There's no shortage of video evidence doing the rounds, where players observe characters that are clearly not being controlled by a human player.
The player Rheality_, meanwhile, has been tracking a bot called yhnmd, reporting it regularly, and the bot's still merrily going about its business ten days later. Though at least sometimes it misses a step and leaves lots of lovely leather to collect (opens in new tab).
(Image credit: Amazon Game Studios)
Player frustration at Amazon Game Studios apparent inaction is twofold: It makes it feel pointless gathering one's own resources when prices are going through the floor thanks to an abundance of bot activity; And when players have consistently reported what seem like obvious bots, nothing has been happening (perfect example on the official forum (opens in new tab)).
"Give up on gathering resources to craft," writes WickoCity on the game's Steam forums. "The bots are constantly running their routes over and over. Sometimes you can watch them follow each other only seconds apart. Reporting does nothing. Time to move on."
"There is a fishing bot on my server that sits in the same spot at least 18 hours a day," writes Chance_Waters (opens in new tab), including the server and bot name. "[It] has single-handedly destroyed the price of multiple items, ruined fishing on the server, has received hundreds of reports, and still isn't banned."
More New World guides
(Image credit: Amazon)
New World tips (opens in new tab): Get started in Aeternum
New World crafting (opens in new tab): How it works
New World leveling guide (opens in new tab): How to get ahead
New World weapons (opens in new tab): Which to use
New World servers (opens in new tab): Find the one for you
New World factions: Which to choose
New World gems (opens in new tab): How to enhance your gear
New World AFK timer (opens in new tab): How long you've got
New World endgame (opens in new tab): What's waiting for you
There are caveats to this, the first being that some folk do tend to act like the sky is falling in when these spikes happen. It may be that New World turns out to have long-term and serious problems with bots, but it's also a little early to be making that call: Dealing with bots and scammers of various stripes is simply a fact of life for any sizeable MMO, and New World is far from the first to tackle the challenge.
While players wait for Amazon Game Studios to get a better grip on the problem, there are of course good old human solutions. The classic method for dealing with bots in New World is unchanged: players aggro a mob like a boar or a crocodile, lead it to the bot, and through careful positioning make it start attacking the bot. Another amusing tactic is building little 'u' shapes out of tents on the bot routes: If a bot gets 'caught' in it, its pathing isn't complex enough to get it out.
Whatever the reality may be, Amazon Game Studios is again in the position of having an in-game problem that New World's community feel is not being dealt with, or treated with the seriousness it deserves. A recent duping glitch was being reported long before action was taken and, while the developer retrospectively banned players who'd taken advantage and fixed the issue (opens in new tab), it had to turn off the game's entire economy while doing so (opens in new tab). I've contacted Amazon to ask what plans there are for dealing with bots, and will update with any response.
Rich Stanton
Rich is a games journalist with 15 years' experience, beginning his career on Edge magazine before working for a wide range of outlets, including Ars Technica, Eurogamer, GamesRadar+, Gamespot, the Guardian, IGN, the New Statesman, Polygon, and Vice. He was the editor of Kotaku UK, the UK arm of Kotaku, for three years before joining PC Gamer. He is the author of a Brief History of Video Games, a full history of the medium, which the Midwest Book Review described as "[a] must-read for serious minded game historians and curious video game connoisseurs alike."


text:
The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice, often referred to as the Beijing Rules, is a resolution of the United Nations General Assembly regarding the treatment of juvenile prisoners and offenders in member nations.

History
In September 1980, the United Nations held its Sixth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders in Caracas, Venezuela. The UN had previously declared 1980 the "Year of the Child".

Dahn Batchelor, who holds a certificate in criminology and participant at that Congress, presented a paper about the need for a bill of rights for young offenders. The United States delegation supported the paper. Much drafting of the policy took place at a conference in Beijing, China. It was originally proposed as a Bill of Rights for Young Offenders, but was eventually renamed the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules on the Administration of Juvenile Justice.

The proposed draft was then discussed at length at the United Nations Seventh Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders in Milan, Italy, in September 1985.

It was adopted on 29 November 1985 by the United Nations General Assembly.

See also
United Nations Standard Minimum Rules
Convention on the Rights of the Child
Defense of infancy

External links
Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice

Juvenile law
United Nations General Assembly resolutions
1985 in the United Nations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Learn How EWI Handles an Environmental Investigation Close to a Stream
March 3, 2020 By Greg Katski
Each service station site presents unique challenges and opportunities for scientists at Environmental Works, Inc. (EWI). For example, our Investigation/Remediation (I/R) department in Kansas City is currently monitoring for petroleum at a site in Northwest Missouri uphill from a perennial stream.
The Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) tested for and documented petroleum hydrocarbon impacts in the groundwater on site at the station, prompting the need for further testing and assessment. Petroleum hydrocarbon is a term used to describe a large family of several hundred chemical compounds that originally come from crude oil, according to the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry.
The service station filed a claim with the Missouri Petroleum Storage Tank Insurance Fund (PSTIF), which provides pollution liability insurance to owners and operators who store petroleum products in underground or aboveground tank systems. A $10,000 deductible applies to each incident, and revenues for PSTIF come primarily from a "transport load fee," which is currently $28 per 8,000 gallons, assessed on each load of petroleum brought into Missouri, according to the PSTIF website. The Missouri PSTIF is one of many such state and federal insurance programs.
EWI was called in to manage the station site, and initiated an ecological risk assessment, according to Suzanne Bailey, Senior Project Manager in I/R. Environmental risk assessments are often mandated by regulators like MDNR as part of the site evaluation process, and results of environmental risk assessments often drive the need for remedial actions and support the derivation of cleanup levels.
The station has not been subject to one particular "catastrophic release," according to Bailey. Instead, she suspects that any product found on site or downgrade from the station is "probably related to leaking product lines, cumulative spills at the dispenser islands, leaking underground storage tanks, or all of the above."
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The site is made more complicated by the fact that it was built uphill from a hardwood forest with a perennial stream running through it.
"I think the station has been there since the 1970s, and back in that time, nobody really gave any consideration to what environmental receptors (streams, etc.) could potentially be adversely affected by a gas station," Bailey says. "Given the proximity of the creek to the petroleum release, groundwater flows toward the creek, and we have documented petroleum hydrocarbon impacts in the groundwater, per MDNR, we have to evaluate whether there is potential for impacted groundwater to enter the creek and create an ecological risk. So, that triggers an ecological risk assessment and evaluation of the stream protection pathway."
EWI installed 17 monitoring wells around the service station property – including "three in the woods," says Bailey.
"We put wells in between the creek and the petroleum release site (at the station) and will see if groundwater concentrations are high enough to warrant sampling of the creek itself," she adds.
Next, EWI will conduct quarterly sampling.
"Typically, once we have defined the vertical and horizontal extent of petroleum impacts to soil and groundwater, we move on to doing four to six quarterly groundwater sampling events to establish whether dissolved concentrations in groundwater are increasing, decreasing, or are stable," says Bailey. "This data is used to indicate whether the petroleum impacts in groundwater are migrating or not. The data will be statistically evaluated, and the results presented to the regulatory agency. If the evaluation indicates increasing or non-stable trends, additional groundwater monitoring events are in order. In such a case, one or two more events may be done and then the data is again examined statistically."
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EWI has not tested the water quality of the stream, yet.
"We have not yet tested the water, as it hasn't been warranted so far," says Bailey. "If our groundwater results from wells between the site and the creek are above Missouri water quality criteria, we would recommend testing the water in the creek. If groundwater results are below Missouri water quality criteria, we can assert that impact to the creek is unlikely."
That said, EWI scientists have inspected the creek every time they have been on site.
"We will also look at the creek to see if there is any indication of petroleum impacts (visible rainbow sheen, for instance)," says Bailey. "So far, we have not seen anything like this on the water. We also have not seen any evidence of stressed vegetation between the creek and the site. We simply have not seen any indication in soil or groundwater of gross contamination."
According to Bailey, all indications are that the site will not require active remediation, which is a good thing for the station owners, as well as the health of the hardwood forest and perennial stream.
"Active remediation is only warranted when soil and/or groundwater results exceed risk-based target levels and there is no way to develop engineering or institutional controls to prevent risk to potential receptors. So far, our results do not indicate that active remediation will be required at this site," Bailey says. "The site is an active petroleum fueling station with both gasoline and diesel underground storage tanks and associated underground piping. The tanks are in compliance with Missouri underground storage tank requirements. As long as the site is active and in compliance, it is unlikely that source removal will be required."
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Filed Under: Education, News Tagged With: ecological risk assessment, environmental risk assessment, Environmental Works, EWI, gas station, groundwater impact, I/R, investigation, Kansas City, MDNR, Missouri, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Missouri Petroleum Storage Tank Insurance Fund, perennial stream, petroleum hydrocarbon, PSTIF, remediation, service station, soil impact


One of the most notorious and controversial services of the East German state was the Grenztruppen der DDR (Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic). At it's peak, the force numbered 47,000 soldiers tasked with patrolling East Germany's borders and repressing any attempt at escaping the communist state. The Grenztruppen was the primary agency tasked with guarding the Berlin Wall and the Inner German Border Zone with West Germany. Beyond the Soviet Union, no other country in the Warsaw Pact had a border guard force as large as East Germany. Subsequently, the Grenztruppen was responsible for many deaths along the Berlin Wall and the Inner German Border Zone.
The Grenztruppen der DDR was officially created in 1961, after a complete reorganization of the Deutsche Grenzpolizei (German Border Police) an agency which was created under the supervision of the Soviet Union in 1946. The Grenztruppen were reorganized along the lines of their Soviet counterparts the Border Troops of the USSR. As part of this reorganization and restructuring the Grenztruppen were realigned from the Ministerium der Innern (Ministry of the Interior) and given the status of the fourth armed force under the National Volksarmee (National People's Army). In 1973, they were removed from the control of the National Volksarmee and aligned directly under the Ministerium für Nationale Verteidigung (Ministry of National Defense) or MfNV.
With the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 and closure of the Inner German Border with West Germany, East Germany essentially became a prison state and the Grenztruppen were the guards of that prison tasked with subduing all would be escape attempts from the East German republic into the West or into other Warsaw Pact nations.
Although they wore the standard stone grey colored uniforms of the National Volksarmee they adopted their own waffenfarbe color of dark green arm-of-service color. On their service and dress uniforms they wore a distinctive green cuff title with white lettering reading 'Grenztruppen der DDR' on the cuff of the left sleeve. From 1973 on, service in the Grenztruppen der DDR was voluntary and no draftees involuntarily served in its ranks after 1973, as opposed to the National Volksarmee. The majority of the Grenztruppen troop strength was concentrated along the border with West Germany in comparison to a mere force of 600 troops monitoring East Germany's borders with Poland and Czechoslovakia.
For most western travellers, their exposure to the Grenztruppen personnel was through the Paß- und Kontrolleinheiten - PKE or Pass & Control units assigned to the designated Grenztruppen Grenzübergangsstellen (border crossing points) across East Germany and East Berlin. These troops processed travellers and although they served with the Grenztruppen they were actually members of the Hauptabteilung VI ( 6th Main Department) of the infamous Stasi, the Ministerium für Staatssicherheit der DDR( (Ministry of State Security) effectively East Germany's secret police force.
Border Troop regiments were trained similar to the regular infantry units of the National Volksarmee, but were generally more lighter equipped than comparable Landstreitkräfte infantry formations, with their heaviest weapon being the RPG-7 grenade launcher. In an attempt to increase their capability to search for persons attempting to flee the GDR, most units had German Shepherd dogs. A regiment consisted of around 1,500 men divided into three battalions of four companies each. These regiments also had an anti-tank battery, a mortar battery and an engineer company. The units of the Grenzkommando Mitte were mechanized, with PSzH-IV and FUG armored vehicles.
- First, to call out "Halt, stehenbleiben, oder ich schieße!" ("Stop, stand still or I will shoot").
- Next, to fire a warning shot; typically the border police carried Kalashnikov AK-47 assault rifles.
- Finally, if the fugitive failed to comply, an aimed shot, preferably aimed at the legs, was to be fired to stop the person.
The border troops were told to avoid shooting in the direction of the territory of West Berlin and West Germany. Recently uncovered evidence shows that not even children were spared under the shoot to kill order. After an unsuccessful escape attempt in which a fugitive was shot, the shooter would be rewarded and granted a special leave. In some circumstances awarded a gold watch as a gift from the SED communist party. Any incidents along the border region were kept secret. Often the soldier would be transferred to another military unit and ordered to keep silent about his exploits. In retrospect when a fugitive successfully crossed the border, harsh disciplinary measures were taken against border guards often including prison terms in the infamous military prison at Schwedt. Many soldiers tried to avoid being accused of letting a fugitive escape by deliberately shooting off-target.
A Grenztruppen der DDR soldier monitors the border region through a pair of binoculars from one of many observation towers lining the Inner German Border in an attempt by the East German government to prevent its citizens from escaping into the West.
Each attempted or successful escape was followed by a formal investigation by the military prosecution authority and the Stasi. When would-be escapees were killed, strict regulations were imposed on the victim's family regarding the funeral service; for example no obituaries for the deceased were allowed to be printed in local newspapers. East German law only allowed crossing the border at designated checkpoints known as Grenzübergangsstellen, such as Checkpoint Charlie. Elsewhere, warning signs were posted telling people not to enter the border strip. Any violation was considered a criminal act and was punishable by death under the sentence of Republikflucht essentially "desertion from the republic".
The uniform displayed here shows uniforms of an Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) in the Grenztruppen der DDR (Border Troops of the German Democratic Republic). Like conventional military units of the NVA, Grenztruppen personnel wore rank grades similar to the armed forces and maintained a similar system of waffenfarbe for their respective organization. Note the dark green piping signifying the wearer's affiliation of the Grenztruppen. The Grenztruppen uniform is of the same distinctive stone grey color of all East German military uniforms.
The visor cap shown here for a Grenztruppen officer in the stone grey color of National Volksarmee uniforms along with its associated dark green piping of the Grenztruppen der DDR. It retains the East German national roundel in the center surrounded by a metal wreath insignia and officer's silver braiding cap cord around the base above the visor.
Note the interior marking of NVA for the East German National Volksarmee. This visor example shown here carries a letter 'L' designation meaning the visor was manufactured in 1973, the letter L was also used again for visors manufacturerd in 1987. The number beneath the NVA stamp represents the size of the hat in centimeters, this example is 56cm or roughly 7in by American sizing equivalents.
Shown here is the Kragenspiegeln (Collar Insignia) of a Grenztruppen officer. It is of the silver bar type which is standard to all officer uniforms of East Germany but with respective green interior of the Grenztruppen against a black background signifying it's status as an armed service.
Shown here is a close up of the shoulderboard insignia for a Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant Colonel) in the Grenztruppen with the silver officer braiding and gold pips of a senior officer against the green backing of the Grenztruppen.
Shown here worn over the left breast of the dress tunic is the Medaille für Reservisten der Nationalen Volksarmee in Gold (Medal for Reservists in the National People's Army in Gold). The pin back hangar is of metal in black, red and gold the colors of the German flag with the East German coat of arms bearing a hammer and compass in a round with the words NVA underneath and an image of an NVA soldier complete with field helmet and the inscription "Reservist der Nationalen Volksarmee" (Reservist of the National People's Army).
On the left side of the dress tunic was worn a ribbon bar, this example using paper ribbons protected by a hard plastic and pinned against above the left breast pocket of the tunic to display the awards presented to the soldier.
Shown here on the chest of this jacket is the Verdienstmedaille der Grenztruppen der DDR in Gold (Merit Medal of the Border Troops of the GDR in Gold), Verdienstmedaille der Grenztruppen der DDR in Silber (Merit Medal of the Border Troops of the GDR in Silver), Verdienstmedaille der Nationalen Volksarmee in Bronze (Merit Medal of the National People's Army in Bronze), Medaille für vorbildlichen Grenzdienst (Medal for Exemplary Border Service), Medaille für Treue Dienste der Grenztruppen 20 Jahre (Medal for Long Service in the Border Troops 20 Years), Medaille für Treue Dienste der Grenztruppen 15 Jahre (Medal for Long Service in the Border Troops 15 Years), Medaille für Treue Dienste der Grenztruppen 10 Jahre (Medal for Long Service in the Border Troops 10 Years) & the Medaille für Treue Dienste der Grenztruppen 5 Jahre (Medal for Long Service in the Border Troops 5 Years).
Displayed here is a close up of the distinctive 'Grenztruppen der DDR' Ärmelstreifen (Cuff Title). Cuff titles were a form of insignia placed on the sleeve of German military and paramilitary uniforms, first noticed during the Second World War during their use by specialized units of the Wehrmacht such as the Waffen SS. The East German Nationale Volksarmee continued the tradition of cuff titles, most notably worn by specialized and elite duty units such as the Border Guards and Guard Regiments which were named after famous German communists.
The cuff title is around 18 inches/ 45cm long and sewn onto the left sleeve. This cuffband is of the distinctive dark green arm-of-service color with the branch of service 'Grenztruppen der DDR' stitched against the background in white lettering.
Displayed here is the gray dress shirt issued to regular soldiers in the armed forces for wearing underneath the uniform tunic along with the dark grey NVA tie and the stone grey trousers worn by the Grenztruppen complete with the green piping running down the length of the pant leg. On certain occasions the jacket could be removed and this variant of the uniform worn. All shirts in the East German government had loops on the shoulder for mounting rank shoulderboards when not wearing the jacket. In summer and warm climates, the tie could be removed and the shirt collar worn open.
A close up of the grey NVA service tie.
The stone grey service trousers worn by NVA and Grenztruppen personnel, this distinguishing mark of Grenztruppen trousers being the green stripe running along the length of the pant leg as seen here.
The interior of the trousers shows a stamping of the NVA with the size tag of M 48-1. The M being the letter code for Average Height, and the 48-1 being the code for slightly larger than average but the equivalent of a size 33-36 waist in American equivalent charts.
During parades such as the annual Ehrenparade (Honor Parade) commemorating the founding of the East German nation in 1949, the straight legged trousers were replaced with riding breeches, the ends of which were wore inside the tall length of the polished black jackboots. The breeches being a distinct tradition inherited from the Prussian Army. Also worn would be a thick leather belt around the waist of the service tunic.
Here is a close up shot of the NVA breeches, all breeches regardless of service were worn unpiped with no striping along the legs. Breeches were seen as a distinctive German military trait and were maintained throughout the existence of the NVA until its collapse in 1990 despite it's often misaffiliation with the Nazi Wehrmacht of the previous regime.
Here is a close up of the brown leather belt worn around the waist of the service tunic. Adusting the belt to size was made possible by a sliding loop and secured using two metal prongs which secured through holes in the belt.
Displayed here is the stamping of the belt as issued by the National Volksarmee with it's size being (to the outermost belt holes) Size 110 or 40" in American measurements and 100.4cm in British/European measurements. Also note the name 'Friedrich' possibly of a former soldier written on the inside of the belt.
Shown here is a picture of the belt around the waist and secured about the midsection of the service tunic.
In winter time, all NVA personnel were issued a Wintermantel (Great Coat) gabardine (smooth fabric) grey-green overcoats. In some instances, Grenztruppen der DDR cuff titles were added on to the left sleeve of the Wintermantel as well. All great coats maintained loops for attaching shoulder insignia when worn over the service tunic.
The main difference between the overcoats worn by conscripts and other non-career soldiers and those above is that the basic fabric of the non-career overcoats was wool instead of gabardine, which gave them a courser appearance than the more polished look of gabardine.
A close up picture of the he collar of the Great Coat notice the thickness in construction of the coat to retain warmth in the chilling European winters.
The interior displaying the sewn in liner of the coat.
Mounting holes and slots for mounting rank shoulderboards to the coat. All ranks of the East German armed services wore shoulderboards to display ranks.
Here is a close up picture of the six button smooth pebbled silver button arrangement of the double breasted coat.
In winter conditions, the visor cap was also substituted for a light grey colored ushanka hat reflective of Soviet armed forces, the hat was made of a synthetic fur material and had detachable ear flaps that could be worn down to protect the ears during cold weather. In the center of the ushanka face is like on the visor caps a metal cockade insignia of the East German coat of arms and a silver wreath signifying an officer.
The East German SED communist party issued many commemorative items and memorabilia in honor of service to the GDR state. Most prominent of these were Ehrenteller (Honor Plates).Many of these commemorated specific milestones of particular units in service of duty to East Germany. This usually came with fixed mounting areas for ease of hanging and display within the home or office. The plate shown here is for the Grenzregiment Neithardt von Gneisenau (Border Regiment Neithardt von Gneisenau) celebrating 25 Years in service of the East German state.
The plate is Olive drab green the official color of the Grenztruppen being green and features two Border Guard soldiers with a DDR boundary marker in the front and a Grenztruppen watch tower in the background. It measures roughly 9.75 inches (24.1 cm).
Here is a close up of the centerpiece of the plate showing the detail of the border marker, the soldiers and the relief of the border watch tower behind them. Also note the palm leaf which is supposed to signify peace as the Grenztruppen were seen as 'protecting the East German people from fascist aggression from the West' it is ironic considering the Grenztruppen were responsible for many deaths along the Berlin Wall and the Inner German Border Zone with West Germany as they shot would be deserters attempting to flee East Germany for freedom in the West.
Here is a shot of the back of the plate.
An East German observation tower along the Inner German Border Zone from which Grenztruppen soldiers monitored the border ever vigilant for any signs of would be deserters attempting to escape to the West.
A Grenztruppen soldier in his field uniform stares across the border monitoring Allies border patrol forces along the Inner German Border Zone.
A motorized reconnaissance unit of the Grenztruppen pause for a break in a patrol somewhere along the sensitive border area. What's ironic about this picture is that these soldiers are actually on West German territory.