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Halloween Dictionary
Halloween Terms/Words
Haunter Tool Box
Halloween Podcast
Scary Blogs and Websites Ψ
Get the fog out of here! Fog Tutorial 1
Get the fog out of here!
Fog Tutorial 1
Its getting closer to a another year for Halloween. This year you want to pull out the big guns and use a fog machine or you already have a fog machine and its more like a bunch of hooligans are smoking E-cigarettes in your front yard and not getting that Special FX your aiming for.
Your in for a treat because I got some tricks for you.
The Devils in the Details
Posted on April 23, 2018 by netherworldforest666
The Rise of the Art Haunt by August Rose – December 2010
Trick or Treat. Or shall it now be said, Trick and Treat? Tis the season for ghouls and goblins, witches and vampires, demons and children alike. And though the meanings and rituals are all but forgotten in contemporary celebrations, Halloween has only grown in its popularity, and its ability to inspire people to decorate their homes and yards. This explicit and expressive phenomenon, that once meant maybe a few pumpkins, fake spider webs or plastic signs, has exploded into vast, and increasingly expensive, productions. The quality and the aim, if not the point, of these haunts have improved and become a lifestyle, if you will, for many aficionados of All Hallows Eve. These efforts have been delineated and defined beyond the professional (pro-haunt) and the amateur (yard haunt) classifications to include the pneumatic, the static, the ambient, and more recently that which can only be defined as the art haunt.
Undoubtedly, the most well-known of all haunts are the pro-haunts, the classic haunted houses that open (and charge admission) every year with their well-known offerings. The 13th Door (www.13door.com) and The Asylum (www.asylumdenver.com), for example. Yet, it is the rogue yard haunt that has taken up the mantle of truly original, frightening (and free) experience. Masterful pioneers of the yard haunt, such as Pumpkinrot (www.pumpkinrot.com), The Davis Graveyard (www.davisgraveyard.com), and Hallowed Haunting Grounds (www.hauntinggrounds.org) to name but a few, have been setting up and displaying hand-crafted displays of eeriness and creepiness for decades, unwittingly inspiring scores of imitators and enthusiasts, while simultaneously entertaining and amazing trick-or-treaters that were growing weary of merely going door-to-door for a handful of candy. It is at these houses and in these yards that children, and more frequently and significantly the children-at-heart, are finding a lost connection to an emotive, if not entirely spiritual, experience that once dominated the human conditiona condition that ironically allowed for the popularity and rise of the pro-haunt in the first place.
It should come as no surprise then that the emotional fount that has been so long neglected by mankind is finding its voice again through the creative efforts of the yard haunter. A growing discontent for store-bought decorations, a burgeoning effort to fashion ever larger and more unique props, and a spirit that refuses to acquiesce to the commercialism that has taken over nearly every holiday have made a competition of sorts, although a friendly and cooperative one, of the Halloween-decorating community. Forums, like http://www.hauntforum.com and http://www.halloweenforum.com, and podcasts/blogs, such as http://www.thebloodshedbrothers.com, http://www.hauntcast.net, and http://www.garageofevilnetwork.com have sprung up to cater to the home-haunter and Halloween enthusiast alike to discuss and teach prop-building, speak to like-minded individuals, and spread the word to the normal world that they exist. And the more the word is spread, the more the efforts at creating, and outdoing even themselves, are re-doubled. There seems no end or limit to the expressions. These sentiments are indeed the origins of what should rightly be called the art haunt.
So what is an art haunt? In essence, it is a yard haunt that has gone to the extreme in style, in quality as well as quantity, and in the details. Yes, the devil is truly in the details. The most common yard haunt, which easily distinguishes itself from the individual home that offers a jack-o-lantern or a bag of leaves that looks like a pumpkin, etc, will display an inordinate amount of lighting, fog, tombstones, ghosts, ground-breaking skeletons and corpses and more while not necessarily hiding the fact that there is a house behind them or a vehicle in the driveway. The art haunt utilizes these decorations but zealously attempts to ensure that all semblances of a normal home, or even a driveway, are hidden if not entirely eradicated, taking not one day but sometimes weeks to set up. For the art haunter, it is not enough to display a prop merely; that prop must look real, organic, and exist within a world of its own, a world that itself exists unbetrayed by the presence of the everyday common world that was originally meant to hold no sway at Samhaim. The unadulterated nascent reality of another world is at the heart of an art haunt.
This is not to say that the art haunter is an elitist, only that the effort is highly dramatic and extremely passionate. To be sure, any effort should be commended on a day that a majority of mankind finds is frivolous at best and downright evil at worst. Remember that Halloween is meant to be a celebration of what has been reaped through sowing, a memorial to that which has or to those who have passed, and a bridge from yesterday to tomorrow. The scares associated with Halloween are symptomatic of cultures that have long since decayed and traditions that no longer apply in the ways they once did. Most amateur yard haunts also aim to startle and excite the base emotions of fear and surprise with their pneumatics and animatronics. However, it is the newly-tapped domain of the art haunt, to move beyond these aims, capitalize on the best efforts of the ambient haunt, and manifest not just a scene but rather an entirely separate reality that makes the visitor feel as if the real world does not reside on those grounds – in essence to Trick and Treat.
Rose , August. "The Devils in the Details." Http://Www.darkrosemanor.com, Dec. 2010, filialuna.wix.com/darkrosemanor#!__devils. So what is an art haunt?
Prop book
Posted on November 10, 2017 by garrettwisemanblog
Amanda – the Possessed Doll
It's a staple in modern horror films,most recently in the hit The Conjuring:the doll, often belonging to a little girl,who is possessed by a demon or ghostor murderer and proceeds to try toslaughter every cast member in themovie. It's incredible what a (supposedly)inanimate object like a doll can get up towith a little supernatural help.
It always starts small, however -the eyes blink, the head turns, and youjust know that something's not right withlittle Lucinda's favorite dolly. And somepeople would argue that that moment isthe one where things start to get creepy.
Now, getting a doll to walk aroundand kill people is well beyond the scopeof this book. However, making a creepydoll whose head turns slowly at randomintervals is not only easy, but is anexcellent introduction to the art andscience of animatronics. With a little bitof engineering, a microcontroller, andsome makeup, you can make someserious Halloween props – much better thanthan the cheesy ones you'll find at the localthe local department store.interested? Good! Like I said, nothing toocomplicated here, but hopefully you'll bepleased with the results. Read on!
Parts list:
One doll – Size and kind is up to you,though I recommend a slightly largermodel to make modifying it easier.Amanda, for instance, is about 18 inches(46 cm) tall. I suggest looking in secondhand stores and thrift shops, as the olderthe doll is, the creepier it will seem.Amanda was donated by a friend. Thedoll should have a detachable plastic orrubber head, and should have a stuffedbody, though it may be possible to workwith a rigid plastic body as well.
Image © lara604(https://secure.flickr.com/photos/60058591@N00)
One continuous rotation servo – not astandard servo. The difference isimportant, and I'll explain it when webegin programming. I recommend theParallax model 900-00008.
One length of PVC pipe with an internaldiameter large enough to allow you toinsert and attach the servo. It should beas long as your doll's torso plus about 3inches (8 cm). The one used for Amandahas an inner diameter of 2 inches, insideof which the Parallax servo fits perfectly.
One small jewelry box, large enough forthe doll to comfortably sit on. This boxwill hold (and hide) the batteries andelectronics for your doll.
One wooden disc, approximately thesame diameter as your doll's neck.
One Arduino, either pre-built (the Uno,the Duemilanove, etc.) or a bread-boarded version.
One 9V battery.
One rechargeable battery pack, suchas from a RC toy.
Miscellaneous wires, jumper wires,etc.
Miscellaneous screws, bolts, etc.
Miscellaneous paints, pens, makeup,etc.
Welcome letter to being added to the sites
This is the Dark lord of the Nether World Forest and Haunter Dictionary.
Top 13 scary videos
13 Bob Kowal Attic Hatched infestation
https://www.facebook.com/attic.hatch
12 Jeff and Chris Davis Davis Graveyard
Please note: Davis Graveyard is NOT a haunted house, it is viewed from the street only –
The Story of the Davis Graveyard
A Tale of Halloween
How does one become obsessed enough with Halloween to dedicate months of time, hundreds of dollars and the better part of their home to the transformation? It all started with our family and friends. We love Halloween. They love Halloween. We've always wanted to create an elaborate yard display … so have they. And faster than you can say "trick or treat" the plan is hatched. Next thing you know, they're spending every available minute at your house, transforming the garage, driveway, front yard and house into a realistic graveyard. From this initial haunt, the 1031 Club was born. When we purchased the house we live in today. From the moment we laid eyes on the yard, we knew its destiny was that of the ultimate Halloween cemetery. It took several years to bring the dead and dying to life, but the dream has become a reality. For over 10 years, we have created a creepy crawly yard haunt that has attracted people from all over the Portland area. It has become a spectacle of spectres that we are all quite proud of. But none of this would have happened had it not been for our good friends and family members who started us down this path, as well as the inspiration from fellow yard haunters throughout the country. From our family of freaks, fiends and the gratefully undead to yours, happy haunting.
The Ghosts With The Most…
http://davisgraveyard.com/
11 Chris Baker The village Mire Yard Haunt
http://villagemire.blogspot.com/
Dr. Wolfram's creatures once again terrorized the Village Mire in the Captain's Village South Yarmouth on All Hallows Eve.
10 Gina and Chris Hollywood Haunters
Hollywood Haunter is a husband and wife team that loves to take Halloween decorating to the extreme. Using their scenic design and fabrication experience, they try building different themed environments which gives their community the sense that they are walking onto a movie set in their own neighborhood. They also enjoy sharing their process with the haunt community on YouTube in an educational but entertaining way. In 2014 Hollywood Haunter was a contestant on ABC's "The Great Halloween Fright Fight" competing for the most extreme yard haunt in America. Hollywood Haunter is looking forward to Halloween 2016 and another year to take Halloween to the extreme.
http://www.hollywoodhaunter.com/
9 Matt Ford House at haunted hill
http://www.houseathauntedhill.com
Address: 4400 Saltillo St, Woodland Hills, CA 91364
The House at Haunted Hill is a high-tech haunted attraction at a home in Woodland Hills, California. The attraction showcases a number of age-old tricks such as Pepper's ghost, and advanced special effects and multi-channel audio.
8 Boney Island
7 http://www.darkrosemanor.com/
6 Dead with Dave
5 Wallace Manor Haunt
4 Good Speed
3 Tara
2 Raven Manor UT
1 Skull and Bones Miss Rose
A tale of two cities and two haunters. It beings in the year 2005. Rob a professional art designer and home haunter from San Luis Obispo CA. Had come up with a new back story with his haunted cemetery display a young beautiful school teacher heading out at night to elope with her bow. Had become hopelessly lost in the forest wondering endless with no avail she eventually came to exhaustion and despair and fell to the ground. The next day her seemly lifeless body was discovered and pronounced dead and entombed alive. As in often the case with unfortunate souls meaning such a hora mais despise. Her ghost from that day onward walked the earth ringing her hand bell searching in vain for beloved. A tragic
love story poe himself would have loved this is good stuff. The haunt would be seen by a lot of people because Rob was already very well know on the haunt forms by a large number of haunters under the name skull and bone his online tutorial mainly for home haunts were becoming quite popular over the last year. people were eager to see his new props and lighting showcased by his creative use of light this year a more powerful street light outside of his home had forced him to to completely redo his design haunts lighting scheme and as fortune would have it the new lighting plan worked perfectly with the new backstory background elements light his house and certain manor props lite by warm ambers and reds with lots of candles and lampes well for ground elements shaped areas creeper more sinister props lite with cool blues and purples pellet and detailing took on the richness and texture of a renaissance painting and the contrast of warm and cool tones made the landscape more creepy and beautiful the haunting of miss rose was those born in that year and the 3 that would follow would become one of the more appreciated and emulated haunts in North America. As many people told him its not only gorgeous it just plane just had class main while far north in a town just outskirts of portland oregon a fledgling haunter and his family by the name of Guy. preparing for their first Halloween in their new home. Guy his wife and their 3 kids had moved to the portland area from San francisco where they had always lived in an apartment or areas with no children he always loved haunts he always wanted one of his own but circumstances never promoted. New they had a house with a lawn and a neighborhood full of kids. In a Halloween friendly town. This first year still under the financial biren of having just moved so they made do with some jack o lanterns backlights in the windows and guy looked forward to building haunt of his dreams in the years to follow he discovered the online haunter forms and under his new online haunter as Doctor killinger set about learning all he could from many different forms and websites including that of our friend skull and bones he fell in love with the miss rose haunt and held it as a shining example display can achieve the sort of ingenuity and care that skull and bone took in making his we move head now 3 years halloween 2008 night had ended doctor killenger still without his haunt. He did have a really cool window display with a few props and a FCG a guarantee traffic stopper in any neighborhood
he year haunt still eluded him not willing to settle for the yard haunt that looked hurry burry of a garage sell he wanted a complete unified display something with a sense of continuity and purpose
Top 13 Home haunts part 1
Top 13 Halloween music bands
1. www.midnightsyndicate.com
For two decades, composers Edward Douglas and Gavin Goszka have been known as Midnight Syndicate, creating symphonic soundtracks to imaginary films that facilitate a transcendental and adventurous escape into the secret dimensions of the mind's eye. To many of their fans, they are Gothic music pioneers brewing a signature blend of orchestral horror music and movie-style sound effects. To others, they remain the first "haunted house band" that forever changed the Halloween music genre and became a staple of the October holiday season. And some know them as the duo that created the first official soundtrack to the legendary Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game. Their critically-acclaimed works are reminiscent of sweeping, complex masterpieces by artists such as James Horner, Danny Elfman, Black Sabbath and King Diamond and have been featured as a part of groundbreaking films, television shows, video games and at haunted attractions, amusement parks and live performances worldwide.
2.Nox Arcana
3.Dark Sanctuary is a neoclassical darkwave group founded in Paris, France in February 1996. Their songs can be categorized primarily as "dark
4.Dargaard is a neoclassical darkwave band from Mistelbach, Austria. Typically in dark and somber moods, the music of Dargaard presents medieval and…
5. Buzz-works is a collaboration between Jeff Hartz of Buzz-Works.com and Joseph Vargo of Nox Arcana. Their dark atmospheric albums are of mixture
6.Prelude to a nightmare phantoms in the attic
Halloween Clock
Halloween DayOctober 31st, 2017
The Big DayOctober 31st, 2018


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PMG Chapter 2287: Killing the King-type Body
Edited by RED
Lin Feng knew why Saint Jue was wasting time. He didn't intend to release his wife and son, and now he was inviting him to spend some days with them? That was just a fool's play.
"Lin Feng, Ling Long is from the Snow Clan. The blood of the Snow Clan is flowing in Zhe Tian's veins. You should be friends with the Snow Clan, why are you so aggressive?" said Saint Jue. He was getting nervous, but he forced himself to keep calm. He ignored the fact that Lin Feng was threatening him and the Snow Clan.
"Twenty years ago, you didn't think that way," said Lin Feng. When he saw that Saint Jue tried to look calm and aloof, he was even more furious. If this guy hadn't been a Saint, Lin Feng wouldn't have wasted time with him.
At that moment, Huo Xing Zi and the other members of the Fire Shrine had probably contacted the Fire Shrine and informed them that they had found Lin Feng in the Snow Clan!
"The Snow Clan is really disappointing," said Shi Jue Lao Xian with a sigh. "Twenty years ago, you considered everybody and everything beneath your notice, you were mindlessly aggressive. You wanted to slaughter him in Qi Tian Holy Town. Then, we agreed on something. Now, you have lost both battles and you're breaking the rules of the agreement. I will inform everyone that the Snow Clan is shameless, everywhere I go." Shi Jue Lao Xian shook his head and sighed.
Saint Jue's face didn't change. He was furious on the inside, though. He really wanted to kill both Lin Feng and Shi Jue Lao Xian!
Actually, Lin Feng was really talented. If they had known that twenty years before, they would have never offended him. At most, they would have drawn a clear line between them, especially now, since the Shrines were looking for Lin Feng to kill him. But now regretting what they had done in the past was useless. They had to solve the situation. Lin Feng's existence was dangerous for the Snow Clan, especially since he was becoming stronger so damn quickly…
Twenty years ago, he was an insignificant emperor, and Xue Jing Xiao was at the top of the Di Qi layer. Twenty years later, Lin Feng defeated Xue Jing Xiao!
Lin Feng closed his eyes, snowflakes fell onto his body. He tried to calm down. Time passed, each second seeming endless.
It was the Snow Clan; they could kill him easily, but they didn't because Lin Feng was a member of the Fortune Shrine. However, if Lin Feng didn't leave, the strong cultivators of the Fire Shrine would kill him and the Snow Clan wouldn't have to bear the responsibility for that.
The time needed for a joss stick to burn was short, but at that moment, time passed so slowly.
In the distance, some people arrived. Someone said to Lin Feng, "Lin Feng, the members of the Fire Shrine are here."
Lin Feng snapped opened his eyes; they were filled with death strength, Death intent floated around his body. He said coldly, "Since the Snow Clan decided to break the agreement, the battles are not over."
White lights flickered, the crowd was astonished. The strong cultivators of the Snow Clan were astonished and all grimaced. Lin Feng had come with some strong cultivators of the Fortune Shrine? They had been there for a while already…
"Everybody, the Snow Clan has never offended the Fortune Shrine," said Saint Jue. His face stiffened. He hoped the Fire Shrine would move fast, but Lin Feng had brought so many strong cultivators from the Fortune Shrine. They attached great importance to him! The Snow Clan had never thought that in only twenty years, a Shrine would attach so much importance to him…
"The Snow Clan shouldn't get involved. He's our disciple. And we don't like it when people bully our disciples. If anyone dares attack him, apart from those two people, other people will die."
"If anyone dares attack him, they'll die!" said the strong cultivators coldly.
The members of the Snow Clan felt cold themselves. They had not thought the Fortune Shrine would do so much for Lin Feng…
Qi began to whistle. Saint Jue's face finally changed. He had not thought the Fortune Shrine would do so much for Lin Feng.
"Wait, we'll release his son and wife," said Saint Jue. "Lin Feng, I'll release Ling Long and Zhe Tian."
Lin Feng glanced at Saint Jue coldly. He had wasted enough time, now so he agreed. Some strong cultivators of the Fire Shrine were probably there already.
"It's too late. If you release them, it's good, if you don't it's the same," said Lin Feng, jumping forwards. He looked at the cultivators of the Ao Clan standing front of Xue Ao.
He had been merciful; he hadn't killed Xue Ao and he hadn't even really thought of killing Xue Jing Xiao. The Snow Clan had gone too far. He truly hated them!
"Lin Feng, what are you doing?" asked the old woman hastily. She released a terrifying and oppressive strength. It was saint's energy; that woman seemed to be in charge of many things in the Snow Clan, and she was probably a Saint, too.
"You want to destroy the Snow Clan?" hissed the old woman coldly.
The ice around her exploded and vanished. She turned around and looked at an ancient Saint floating there.
The Fortune Shrine had sent two Saints! With Shi Jue Lao Xian, they were three on Lin Feng's side!
Three Saints could compete with the Snow Clan, but would the Snow Clan dare fight against them?
The Snow Clan wasn't a Shrine; if a Shrine destroyed them, it would be too tragic!
They couldn't play with Shrines!
The Snow Clan hadn't thought that the Fortune Shrine would send two Saints for Lin Feng, and they had also sent many Saint Emperors, it was too domineering. Those people could easily destroy a Holy Sage Ruler Clan!
The Snow Clan had severely underestimated Lin Feng's position within the Fortune Shrine. Lin Feng had informed the Fortune Shrine that he had to go to the Snow Clan, and the Fortune Shrine knew that it might draw the other Shrines' attention, so they had watched the Snow Clan carefully. Lin Feng was a Forbidden Person, he couldn't die. The others could die, they didn't care as much.
The Diviner had been cautious. Apart from the two saints in the Snow Clan, just outside of the Snow Clan were more people from the Fortune Shrine, and preventing another group of people from entering. Those people were from the Fire Shrine, and they were extremely strong. Luckily, the Fortune Shrine had intercepted them!
A Saint, three Saint Emperors, many Celestial Emperors; they knew that Lin Feng was there, so they had sent many strong cultivators. But when they noticed the cultivators of the Fortune Shrine, they understood that their group wasn't enough.
All the top ten cultivators of the Meeting of the Continent of the Nine Clouds were targets. The Shrines wanted to kill all of them because they all posed a threat to them. The Shrines also thought that the top five cultivators were even more dangerous, and the top three were even more dangerous. Lin Feng was one of their most important targets.
They had dispatched people to the lower world to find Lin Feng, and they had sent many strong people to the Snow Clan today.
"We're going to the Snow Clan. What is this supposed to mean, Fortune Shrine?" demanded a Saint of the Fire Shrine calmly.
"The Fortune Shrine is sorting out some issues in the Snow Clan right now. When we're done, you can go in," replied a Saint of the Fortune Shrine indifferently.
"Ridiculous! We have to wait because the Fortune Shrine is sorting out some issues in the Snow Clan?" said the other one, smiling coldly.
"If you don't want to wait, you can leave and come back some other time," answered the Saint of the Fortune Shrine indifferently. Both of them knew what they were doing. The members of the Fire Shrine were surprised that the Fortune Shrine was really making great efforts to protect the top ten cultivators of the Meeting of the Continent of the Nine Clouds. They had also received a message from Huo Shang, informing them that two Saints from the Fortune Shrine were inside!
Lin Feng is even more dangerous than the others it seems, thought that Saint. Of course, he couldn't be sure, the Fortune Shrine had covered things up back then. They had sent Chu Chun Qiu to Ganges Time in the Supreme Animal World, so everybody thought that Chu Chun Qiu was most likely the Forbidden Person.
But well after that, the sky had broken in Purple Clouds and forbidden strength had appeared there, so the probability that Chu Chun Qiu was the Forbidden Person had decreased. Now, maybe they were pretending again…
The members of the Fire Shrine said nothing. They could only wait.
In the Snow Clan, Lin Feng slowly walked towards Xue Ao. Xue Ao grimaced. Saint Jue looked at him coldly.
"Lin Feng!" shouted Saint Jue.
However, as he shouted, Lin Feng raised his hand and punched out in Xue Ao's direction explosively. Xue Ao screamed. He was now terrified of Lin Feng's death strength!
Lin Feng wanted to kill him, he had a king-type body! Lin Feng was going to kill him in front of everybody else, he had never thought such a thing would be possible!
"You can only blame yourself," Lin Feng told Saint Jue. He released death Qi which drove into Xue Ao's body. Millions of death stamps and Death Dao assaulted him.
"Ah…" Xue Ao howled furiously.
"Try and dare!" shouted Saint Jue explosively.
"You're waiting for people from the Fire Shrine to kill me, and you think I won't dare?" More death strength surrounded Xue Ao. He could only scream pitifully. Slowly, his voice became weaker and weaker, and then he disappeared.
Only death strength remained where he was standing seconds before!
notsaneinthebrain	2018-11-07T09:47:47+00:00	October 22nd, 2018|Peerless Martial God|3 Comments
Cory Hawks November 11, 2018 at 7:27 am	- Reply
OK are there all of a sudden a lot of Saints? Or is supposed to be a lot of Saint-Emperors?
Ezura December 12, 2018 at 4:05 am	- Reply
Those Shrine's are so dumb it's unreal. They want to kill these guys 'just in case' something bad 'might' happen to them in the future, in turn making the ten guys hate them for real and grow faster in order to retaliate. Basically turning a stupid possible outcome into a definite one. Self fulfilling prophecy morons. Idiots. Why would LF destroy the Shrines? He has no enmity with them, in fact he's linked to both the Demon one and the Ice one as well as the Destiny Shrine. But now after years of persecution, targeting his family and friends he'll not rest until he's gotten his revenge. Ridiculous. Brought it all upon yourselves…
Vincent Lee February 20, 2019 at 9:21 am	- Reply
2200+ Chapters of, "Try and Dare!!!" and "Why wouldn't I dare?" Do I Dare? Do I Dare? How dare you???? Can't wait to be over this one. Its like, After reading so many chapters, it would be a shame not to finish the story.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Die schwarze Kugel steht für:

 Die schwarze Kugel (1913), deutscher Film von Franz Hofer
 Die schwarze Kugel (1917), deutscher Film von Walter Schmidthässler aus der Reihe Joe Jenkins (Filmreihe)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Mental Health Survival Kit, Chapter 2: Is Psychiatry Evidence Based? (Part 4)
Peter C. Gøtzsche, MD
Editor's Note: Over the next several months, Mad in America is publishing a serialized version of Peter Gøtzsche's book, Mental Health Survival Kit and Withdrawal from Psychiatric Drugs. In this blog, he discusses the risk of suicide and other causes of death from psychiatric drugs, focusing on neuroleptics. Each Monday, a new section of the book is published, and all chapters are archived here.
Suicides, other deaths, and other serious harms
It is a well-guarded secret how many people are killed by psychiatric drugs. This has been obscured in many ways.
The easiest way is to wipe the deaths under the carpet, "so that we don't raise concerns," as a Merck scientist was told when he was overruled by his boss.51 The scientist had judged that a woman on Merck's arthritis drug Vioxx (rofecoxib) had died from a heart attack, but the cause of death was changed to unknown, also in Merck's report to the FDA. Other sudden cardiac deaths on Vioxx disappeared before the trial results were published.
When the many deaths could no longer be hidden, Merck withdrew Vioxx, in 2004. I have estimated that Vioxx killed around 200,000 people, most of whom had not even needed the drug.51
Fraud with lethal consequences is common in drug trials,4,51 and our major medical journals, in this case the New England Journal of Medicine, often willingly contribute to it by publishing flawed trials and by not taking action when action is clearly needed in order to save patients' lives.51
Psychiatry is no exception. Only about half the suicides and other deaths that occur in psychiatric drug trials are published.81
Another big problem is cold turkey withdrawal in the placebo group. Since virtually all trials suffer from this design defect, they will underestimate how deadly psychiatric drugs are.
Neuroleptics
Neuroleptics are very toxic and likely the deadliest of all psychiatric drugs.4 When I wanted to find out how deadly they are, I decided to focus on elderly, demented patients. I assumed that few of them would be in treatment before they were randomised and that there would be enough patients to draw a conclusion because many of them die, whether they are on drugs or not.
I found a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials in dementia with a total of about 5,000 patients.82 After only ten weeks, 3.5% had died while they were on one of the newer neuroleptics, olanzapine (Zyprexa), risperidone (Risperdal), quetiapine (Seroquel) or aripiprazole (Abilify), while 2.3% had died on placebo. Thus, for every 100 people treated for 10 weeks, one patient was killed with a neuroleptic. This is an extremely high death rate for a drug.
Since half of the deaths are missing, on average, in published research,81 I looked up the corresponding FDA data based on the same drugs and trials. As expected, some deaths had been omitted from the publications, and the death rates were now 4.5% versus 2.6%, which means that neuroleptics kill two patients in a hundred in just 10 weeks.83
I also found a Finnish study of 70,718 community-dwellers newly diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, which reported that neuroleptics killed four to five people per year compared to patients who were not treated.84 If the patients received more than one neuroleptic drug, the risk of death was increased by 57%. As this was not a randomised trial, the results are not fully reliable, but taken together, these data show a death rate so big that I cannot recall having seen another drug the patients don't need that is so deadly.
Can we extrapolate these results to young people with schizophrenia? Yes. In evidence-based healthcare, we base our decisions on the best available evidence. This means the most reliable evidence, which are the data just above. Thus, absent other reliable evidence, we will need to assume that neuroleptics are also highly lethal for young people. We should therefore not use neuroleptics for anyone, also because an effect on psychosis has never been demonstrated in reliable trials.
We don't need to go any further, but it might be interesting. According to the FDA, most of the deaths in the demented patients appeared to be either cardiovascular (e.g., heart failure, sudden death) or infectious (e.g., pneumonia).83 Young people on neuroleptics also often die from cardiovascular causes and suddenly.
And I would expect some of them to die from pneumonia. Neuroleptics and forced admission to a closed ward make people inactive. When they lie still in their bed, the risk of pneumonia increases. Depression pills, sedatives/hypnotics, and antiepileptics also increase the risk of pneumonia. Furthermore, a closed psychiatric ward is not a department of internal medicine, and if a patient develops pneumonia while lying zombie-like in a bed, it might not be noticed.
The psychiatrists are fully aware—and have often written about it—that the lifespan for patients with schizophrenia is 15 years shorter than for other people, but they don't blame their drugs or themselves, but the patients.84
It is true that these people have unhealthy lifestyles and may abuse other substances, in particular tobacco. But it is also true that some of this is a consequence of the drugs they receive. Some patients say they smoke because it counteracts some of the harms of neuroleptics, which is correct because tobacco increases dopamine while the drugs decrease dopamine.
It is also indisputable that neuroleptics kill some patients with schizophrenia because they can cause huge weight gains, hypertension, and diabetes, but how common is it?
When I tried to find out why young people with schizophrenia die, I faced a roadblock, carefully guarded by the psychiatric guild. It is one of the best kept secrets about psychiatry that the psychiatrists kill many of their patients with neuroleptics.
I described my experiences with the roadblock guards in 2017 on the Mad in America website, "Psychiatry Ignores an Elephant in the Room,"85 but subsequent events were even worse.
Large cohort studies of people with a first-episode psychosis provide a unique opportunity for finding out why people die. However, as there is too little information in these studies, or no information at all, about the causes of death, you need to ask.
The TIPS study: 12% of the patients died in just 10 years
In 2012, Wenche ten Velden Hegelstad and 16 colleagues published 10-year follow-up data for 281 patients with a first-episode psychosis (the TIPS study).86 Although their average age at entry into the study was only 29 years, 31 patients (12%) died in less than 10 years. However, the authors' detailed article was about recovery and symptom scores.
They took no interest in all these deaths, which appeared in a flowchart of patients lost to follow-up and were not commented upon anywhere in their paper.
In the text, they mentioned only 28 deaths (11%), so it was not even clear how many died. In March 2017, I wrote to Hegelstad and inquired about the causes of death. Most patients were still on neuroleptics 10 years after they started, which I considered very frightening because around half of them would have developed tardive dyskinesia (a terrible movement disorder, which is often irreversible but masked by ongoing treatment) and because many, if not all, would have developed permanent brain damage at this point.
I sent a reminder ten days later and was told I would get an answer shortly. Two months later, I wrote again and mentioned that it was important for the world to know what all these young patients had died from. I also asked if we needed to file a Freedom of Information request to get this information.
Hegelstad replied that they were preparing a manuscript detailing the information I asked for. The paper came out the next month, in World Psychiatry, but the number of deaths was now different from their first paper, and the information I had requested wasn't anywhere.87
Two months later, Robert Whitaker and I wrote to the editor of World Psychiatry, professor Mario Maj, asking for his help in getting a unique insight into why so many patients had died so young. We hoped he would ensure that the knowledge the investigators had in their files became public by publishing our short letter to the editor and by asking them to respond. "That would be a great service to psychiatry, the patients, and everyone else with an interest in this vitally important issue."
We explained in our letter that the authors had reported that 16 patients died by suicide, seven by accidental overdoses or other accidents, and eight from physical illnesses, including three from cardiovascular illness:
"In order to attempt to separate iatrogenic causes of death from deaths caused by the disorder, we need to know: When did the suicides occur? Suicides often occur early, after the patients have left hospital,88 and are sometimes iatrogenic. A Danish register study of 2,429 suicides showed that, compared to people who had not received any psychiatric treatment in the preceding year, the adjusted rate ratio for suicide was 44 for people who had been admitted to a psychiatric hospital.89 Such patients would of course be expected to be at greatest risk of suicide because they were more ill than the others (confounding by indication), but the findings were robust and most of the potential biases in the study were actually conservative, i.e. favoured the null hypothesis of there being no relationship. An accompanying editorial noted that there is little doubt that suicide is related to both stigma and trauma and that it is entirely plausible that the stigma and trauma inherent in psychiatric treatment—particularly if involuntary—might cause suicide.90
What does accidental overdoses and other accidents mean? Did the doctors overdose or did the patients overdose themselves by mistake, and which types of accidents were involved? Psychotropic drugs can lead to falls, which can be fatal, and suicides are sometimes miscoded as accidents.91
It is surprising that 8 young people died from physical illness. What were these illnesses exactly and what were the cardiovascular illnesses? If some of these people suddenly dropped dead, it could be because antipsychotics can cause QT prolongation."
Eight days later, we were told by Maj that, "Unfortunately, although it is an interesting piece, it does not compete successfully for one of the slots we have available in the journal for letters."
So, there was no space in the journal for our letter of 346 words, no longer than a journal abstract, and no interest in helping young people survive by finding out what kills them at such a young age. This was psychiatry at its worst, protecting itself while literally killing the patients.
Five days later, I appealed Maj's decision:
"Allow me to add that people I have talked to in several countries about deaths in young people with schizophrenia—psychiatrists, forensic experts and patients—have all agreed that we desperately need the kind of information we asked you to ensure we get from the very valuable cohort of patients Melle et al. reported on in your journal.
There is widespread and well-substantiated suspicion that the reason we have not seen a detailed account of causes of death in cohorts like the one in the TIPS study by Melle et al. published in your journal is that the psychiatrists prioritise protecting their guild interests rather than protecting the patients. By declining to publish our letter and get the data out that Melle et al. have in their files, you contribute to that suspicion. We previously asked one of the investigators, Wenche ten Velden Hegelstad, to provide us with these data but were told on 10 May this year that they would be published … They have not been published, as what Melle et al. have published in your journal is not an adequate account of why these young people died.
Therefore, we call on you to ensure these data get out in the open, for the benefit of the patients. We believe it is your professional and ethical duty—both as a journal editor and as a doctor—to make this happen. This is not a matter about the slots you have available in the journal for letters. It is a matter of prioritization."
We did not hear from Maj again. In contrast to the authors of the TIPS study, Danish psychiatry professor Merete Nordentoft was forthcoming when I asked her about the causes of death for 33 patients after 10 years of follow-up in the OPUS study, also of patients with a first-episode psychosis.92
I specifically mentioned that suicides, accidents and sudden unexplained deaths could be drug related. Nordentoft sent a list of the deaths and explained that the reason cardiac deaths were not on the list was probably because the patients had died so young. In the death certificates, she had seen some patients who had simply dropped dead, one of them while sitting in a chair.
This is how it should be. Openness is needed if we want to reduce the many deaths that occur in young mental health patients, but very few psychiatrists are similarly open as Nordentoft. I asked Hegelstad about the conflicting numbers of deaths and also asked to get details on the causes of death. I didn't hear from Hegelstad again.
TIPS was supported by grants from 15 funders, including the Norwegian Research Council, the US National Institute of Mental Health, three drug companies (Janssen-Cilag, Eli Lilly, and Lundbeck), and other funders in Norway, Denmark, and the USA. I asked all the funders for detailed information on the deaths, emphasizing that funders have an ethical obligation to ensure that information of great importance for public health, which has been collected in a funded study, gets published.
The silence was daunting. In December 2017, the Norwegian Research Council published its policy about making research data accessible for other researchers, which left no doubt that this should happen, without delay, and not later than when the researchers published their research.
Janssen-Cilag replied: "We find the data on mortality published by Melle et al. 2017 in World Psychiatry fully satisfactory." Both they and Eli Lilly encouraged us to contact the authors, which was absurd, as I had written to the companies that the authors had refused to share their data with us. Lundbeck did not reply.
Five months after I had written to the Norwegian Research Council, I received a letter from Ingrid Melle who had been asked by the council to respond to me. I was told I had misread Figure 1 in the original paper86 where I had counted 49 deaths. I hadn't. Their figure is seriously misleading because flowcharts otherwise always show numbers of patients who were lost or died during a study.
I have redrawn the figure here:
Overview of Patient Participation in a Long-term Follow-up Study of Early Detection in Psychosis
The reason that there were 31 deaths, and not 28, in Melle's paper was because they had added one to three years of observation time, which didn't exactly make it more transparent what the researchers had been doing.
Melle sent me a table, which was not particularly informative:
Melle explained that accidental drug overdose means taking too much of an illegal substance, or substance, or too strong a substance by accident, and that is does not refer to prescription drugs. If information about overdoses was ambiguous, it was defined as probable suicide.
This was really interesting. Why did 16 young people (6%) commit suicide in just 10 years? And why was this vitally important information not explored by the researchers? We cannot conclude it was their schizophrenia that led to suicide.
It is more likely the drugs enforced upon them, other forced treatments, involuntary admissions to psychiatric wards, humiliation, stigmatization and loss of hope, e.g. when patients are told that their disease is genetic, or can be seen in a brain scan, or is lifelong, or requires lifelong treatment with neuroleptics.
I am not making this up.4 It all happens, and some patients get it all. It is no wonder they might kill themselves when there is no hope.
The accidental drug overdoses are also of interest. The term is a bit tragicomic because patients with schizophrenia are usually overdosed by their doctors with prescription drugs and if they take an illegal drug as well, it is rarely possible to say that it was the illegal drug that killed them and not the prescription drugs. It could be the combination, and it might not have happened if the patient had not been forced to take neuroleptics and other dangerous drugs, e.g. depression pills and antiepileptics, both of which double the risk of suicide (see Chapter 1).
Finally, there were eight deaths from "natural causes." It is not natural for a young person to die. I would have liked to know in detail what happened. It might be "natural" for psychiatrists that young people die in psychiatry but that's because the psychiatrists ignore their own role in this.
I wrote again to the Norwegian Research Council, pointing out that Melle had told me that the data on causes of death contained the full information available to the doctors writing out the death certificates. I requested to see this information, in an anonymised format. I also noted that neuroleptics had been used liberally in the study and that some or all the deaths could have potentially been caused by the drugs the patients were on, which often involve polypharmacy.
I found it curious, considering the very high death rate of 12% (see Table 1 just above), that the authors had not discussed whether the deaths could have been caused by the drugs and had not reported which drugs the patients were on.
Finally, I noted that Melle had asked me: "Since you are writing with a Nordic Cochrane Centre letterhead, I'm curious if Cochrane has any plans for doing anything in this area?" I noted that I did not understand the relevance of this question. Why would I not use the letterhead for my own centre?
I heard no more. But Melle's inappropriate comment about my centre's letterhead, which I used in all official correspondence, seems to have been part of a concerted effort with the aim of removing me from my job as Cochrane director.36
Harassment from psychiatrists and Cochrane
In my letter to the 15 funders, the final paragraph was:
"You may consider this a Freedom of Information request, which means that if your organisation does not have detailed information on the deaths in the TIPS study, we expect your organisation to obtain this information from Hegelstad and to send it to us. Anything short of this would be unethical in our view, and we are convinced that patients with psychotic disorders agree with us (I am Protector for the Hearing Voices Network in Denmark)."
This would seem straightforward, but the US Stanley Medical Research Institute did not write to me. Instead, psychiatrist Edwin Fuller Torrey, associate director of research at the institute, complained about me in two letters to the CEO of the Cochrane Collaboration, journalist Mark Wilson, where he, among other things, wrote:36
"The Cochrane Collaboration's credibility rests upon the assumption of objectivity … Such objectivity appears to be very much in doubt for Dr. Peter C. Gøtzsche who identifies himself as the Director of the Nordic Cochrane Centre and as the Protector of the Hearing Voices Network in Denmark. This organization promotes the belief that auditory hallucinations are merely one end of a normal behavioural spectrum, thus casting doubt on whether schizophrenia actually exists as a disease, and that hearing voices are caused by trauma in childhood, for which there is no solid evidence. Given such clear lack of objectivity, I personally would not find any Cochrane publication on mental illness to be credible."
Torrey also wrote that the Hearing Voices Network encourages people who take neuroleptics for their schizophrenia to stop taking their medication, and that, "It is very difficult to imagine how anyone with these views could possibly be objective regarding a Cochrane study of antipsychotics, thus impugning your credibility which is your most important asset."
This was bizarre. How can my objectivity be "very much in doubt" when I merely ask for the number of deaths and their causes? Furthermore, contrary to Torrey's assertions, there is solid evidence that psychosis is related to childhood traumas, with a clear dose-response relationship.29,30
Torrey also drew the logically false conclusion that because I am protector of the Hearing Voices Network, no Cochrane publication on mental illness is credible. There is no relation between these two things. Here is an excerpt of a comment the Network sent to me:
"We take issue with Torrey's attempts to discredit the Hearing Voices Movement to add leverage in his attempt to discredit Professor Peter Gøtzsche. In 2016, we invited Gøtzsche to be protector because of his pioneering work regarding psychiatric research. We are honoured to have him as our protector.
We believe that Torrey's comments to Mr. Wilson regarding Gøtzsche being our protector to be bordering on the ridiculous when he attempts to discredit the whole Cochrane Collaboration.
We would ask that Torrey stops using the network as a platform to insult a respected professor along with the Cochrane Collaboration. We would also suggest that he considers apologizing for his disrespectful remarks about voice hearers."
The motto of the Cochrane Collaboration is "Trusted evidence," which Wilson had demanded we should all use, also in our letterheads, as if we were a drug company and not an independent scientific organisation registered as a charity. He also required we used short names for our centres, which created great confusion among journalists who often wrote the "Cochrane Nordic Centre" even though my centre's name was the "Nordic Cochrane Centre":
Cochrane's motto is highly misleading when it comes to its reviews of psychiatric drugs. As I have explained above, very few of them can be trusted.
My criticism of the drug industry's organised crime,4,51 psychiatric drug trials, and the overuse of psychiatric drugs was never popular at Cochrane headquarters after Wilson took office in 2012 and changed an idealistic grassroots movement into a business with a focus on brand and sales.36
Wilson and his deputy's harassments of me were particularly damaging after I published the article about 10 myths in psychiatry that are harmful for the patients in 2014,38 and when I explained in the BMJ in 2015 why long-term treatment with psychiatric drugs causes more harm than good.36,94
Wilson also bullied me on this occasion. Instead of dismissing Torrey's complaint, which was the only right thing to do, Wilson wrote to me that I had broken Cochrane's Spokesperson Policy by using my centre's letterhead and my title and that this would reasonably lead any reader to assume that the request was from the Nordic Cochrane Centre and that the views expressed were those of the centre.
Wilson wanted to apologise to Torrey for "any confusion in this regard." Quite interesting, that one bully wanted to apologise to the other bully when the person between the bullies had done nothing wrong.
The setup was ridiculous, and even Cochrane's own hired lawyer didn't find I had broken the policy, neither in this case, nor in another similar case that was also about psychiatry,36 but such trifles don't matter for bullies. There was no problem, but Wilson invented one. It was clear that the request came from the centre; that I as Director was authorised to speak on behalf of my centre; and my views were even shared by my staff. Furthermore, my letter was not a public announcement, but a letter to a funder. No one could become "confused."
US lawyer Ryan Horath described the farce this way:36
"Cochrane leaders became obsessed about Gøtzsche using Nordic Cochrane letterhead to send this request. And a very large number of people seem to agree with the board's obsession … JESUS CHRIST, WHAT IS WRONG WITH YOU PEOPLE? A researcher is making inquiries about the suppression of information regarding children who died in a clinical trial and everyone is worried about what letterhead it is written on? … Even worse, it is clear the outrage over use of Cochrane letterhead is feigned outrage, as this was a private letter. Was Fuller Torrey confused about whether the letter represented Cochrane's views? Apparently not … Instead, Torrey argued that Gøtzsche was not 'objective' and this damaged Cochrane's reputation—something totally different … So, Cochrane leadership's use of this complaint in its case was misleading. The complaint is about one thing, and they used it as evidence of another (false allegation). That is how kangaroo courts operate."
What is the bottom line of neuroleptics?
Countless unreliable studies have been concocted to fabricate a fairytale about neuroleptics helping people survive their psychosis. I have dissected some of them in my previous book.4 They have serious flaws and the patients that are being compared—those on neuroleptics and those not—are not comparable to begin with. Particularly a Finnish doctor, Jari Tiihonen, has published one misleading study after the other.4
Don't pay any attention to these reports. Whitaker once wrote to me that it required extraordinary mental gymnastics by the psychiatrists to conclude that these drugs, which cause obesity, metabolic dysfunction, diabetes, tardive dyskinesia, lethal cardiac arrhythmias, and so on, protect against death.
Furthermore, as noted above, the psychiatrists often take away the patients' hope of one day living a normal life. Why bother about having a healthy lifestyle, if life will never be worth living? It is not only neuroleptics, often in combination with many other psychiatric drugs, that kills the patients, it is the whole package psychiatry delivers to them.
If acutely disturbed patients need something to calm them down, benzodiazepines are far less dangerous and even seem to work better.95 When I have asked patients if they would prefer a benzodiazepine or a neuroleptic next time they developed a psychosis and felt they needed a drug, all of them have said they preferred a benzodiazepine. Why don't they get it then?
Do everything you can to avoid getting treated with a neuroleptic.
Do everything you can to avoid anyone dear you to get treated with a neuroleptic.
If a doctor insists, give the doctor a copy of my book and say you will sue, if the doctor ignores you.
Ensure you can document that you warned the doctor, e.g. by recording the conversation, bringing a journalist to the meeting, or demanding a written note from the doctor on the spot, not later. If doctors get in trouble, they often deny what happened, and they might even change the written records.45
To read the footnotes for this chapter and others, click here.
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Peter C. Gøtzsche, MD has published more than 70 papers in the top five general medical journals and his scientific works have been cited over 150,000 times. He has published several books including Deadly psychiatry and organised denial, Mental health survival kit and withdrawal from psychiatric drugs, and Death of a whistleblower and Cochrane's moral collapse (UK link). He is currently crowdfunding for his Institute for Scientific Freedom with the goal of preserving honesty and integrity in science.
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bcharris March 29, 2021 at 6:04 pm
Being on vitamins for 45 years, I find myself reading the psychiatric excuses for this sort of thing amusing, in a dark sort of way. If these Big Time Shrinks found out about me, they'd beg me to stop poisoning myself and get into proper treatment with safe proper drugs. This article helps me realize that Big Time Psychiatry is led by delusional medicos (and who'd want to be doped up by delusional individuals with poisonous neurochemicals?).
Someone Else March 29, 2021 at 9:08 pm
Great, and very accurate, information regarding the neuroleptics. Thank you, Dr. Gøtzsche. And you are absolutely correct that the psychologists and psychiatrists lie to their clients and their families, claiming their "invalid" DSM disorders are "lifelong, incurable, genetic" illnesses. Which, of course, destroys marriages and takes away hope. Unless one knows, for a fact, that they have zero history of "mental illness" in their family.
And, as one who was made "psychotic" with the neuroleptics, I will mention that the neuroleptics/antipsychotics can make people "psychotic," via anticholinergic toxidrome.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxidrome
And, as to the relationship of "hearing voices" and childhood trauma. As the mother of a child abuse survivor, I learned the hard way that psychologists and psychiatrists often function as the child abuse covering up arms of the paternalistic religions, at least my childhood religion. The leaders, of which, are being pointed out, as the systemic child abuse covering up criminals, that they actually are, by the ethical within.
https://books.google.com/books?id=xI01AlxH1uAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
But an ethical pastor of a different religion did confess the crimes, to which my family had been subjected, to be "the dirty little secret of the two original educated professions," implying it's likely most religions. And I have met with Catholic child abuse survivors', and their parents, to whom I had to recommend Whitaker's book, "Anatomy."
But since I was able to get my child away from the child molester quite quickly, my child was able to heal, and go from remedial reading, after the abuse, to graduating from university with highest honors (Phi Beta Kappa), even also winning a psychology award. His psychology professors couldn't have gushed more about how brilliant and well adjusted my son was at his graduation.
"If doctors get in trouble, they often deny what happened, and they might even change the written records." Yes, I was handed over medical records with big black Sharpie marks all over them, covering up the name of a child abusing pastor, as well as his pedophile best friend's, and his wife's, names. And I was not handed over a few of my and my family's medical records at all.
And I will say, those ELCA psychologists I worked with will stop at nothing, to cover up their, or other psychologist's, their pastor's, bishop's, and the psychiatrists', systemic child abuse covering up and profiteering crimes.
Thank you so much, for reporting on the truth, despite the attacks, Dr. Gøtzsche. In my personal opinion, you're doing God's work, while being defamed for being an ethical scientist. Thank you so much for all you are doing.
Fiachra March 30, 2021 at 4:20 am
4. Do you honestly believe a doctor might deny what happened, or change the written records?
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1vYO9r1FkdJSv8Bi8Q3c3u9WXNZXkmxvO/view?usp=drivesdk
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1bTUsvmamFk3-CA0wKPDlJMakxLGUJFBq/view?usp=drivesdk
Or that a Coroner might?
https://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/commentanalysis/arid-40071311.html
https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/munster/arid-40234565.html
https://www.irishpost.com/news/cork-man-kills-his-two-brothers-with-axe-before-drowning-himself-in-suspected-double-murder-suicide-204822
https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/cork-murder-suicide-father-may-have-persuaded-younger-son-to-take-part-1.4413853
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akathisia#:~:text
AKATHISIA = 1. Out of Character and.. 2. Extreme Behaviour 3. ..following the (a). Stopping (b). Starting (c). or Changing (dose of) a Psychiatric Drug (i.e. Neuroleptic/'Antidepressant').
Fiachra March 31, 2021 at 7:19 pm
I notice people tend to shy away from the more frightening practices in "MH", like treatment induced death and disability, but these need to be faced up to, so that situations can be improved.
Marie March 30, 2021 at 10:08 am
There is no doubt that antipsychotics are extraordinarily toxic, are over prescribed, and don't "cure" psychosis. In addition, I have no doubt that few psychiatrists explain the dangers of antipsychotics to their patients, which is nothing less than malpractice. Nonetheless, some people suffer so much from a psychotic condition that antipsychotics may be the only help currently available. Such a prominent psychiatric critic as Joanna Moncrieff, for example, has written, "I still think antipsychotics can be useful, and that the benefits of treatment can outweigh the disadvantages, even in the longterm for some people."
Other toxic drugs are prescribed at times because nothing else is available, for example, chemotherapy for cancer. That antipsychotics may have limited usefulness under some circumstances does not mean that they are not misused most of the time.
Willoweed March 30, 2021 at 7:35 pm
But there isn't evidence neuroleptics have even short term benefits for psychosis. Studies claim so do so by claiming withdrawal means the drugs are good, or that sedating and disabling someone is a "benefit". Those who want to claim disabling and drugging some one into a coma like state is a good thing, need to be up front that their idea of a benefit is social control and silencing people.
rebel April 3, 2021 at 1:16 pm
Oh yes, there are benefits. They help to cause psychosis or more psychosis and thus the psychiatrists need to up their dosage to the patient or add other anti-psychotics or other drugs to create for the patient, an even more deadlier drug cocktail. Oh, I forgot to mention who received the benefits—the psychiatrists and big pharma, etc. And the benefits for the patient….Stammer, stutter, well they've got to be there somewhere like the check that never ever was in the mail. Thank you.
Lametamor April 3, 2021 at 10:31 am
These "drugs" are very even abused. The "usefulness" of those remedies always consists of one thing. – – In suppressing the will of man. They help themselves. Yet to someone. But only not to the one whom they undertake to "treat".
Rosalee D March 30, 2021 at 4:17 pm
So thankful there are warriors for the truth like yourself Dr. Gotzsche striving to protect patients. Thank you for your continued research in the face personal attacks for seeking truth and facts.
"Finally, there were eight deaths from "natural causes." It is not natural for a young person to die. I would have liked to know in detail what happened."
My brother died suddenly and without explanation while in psychiatric 'care'. He had temporary sadness over his divorce and children moving with their mother. He was sent to a psychiatrist and put on psych drugs. He was a musician, engineer and physically fit but instead of improving he went downhill on the drugs. He became disoriented and experienced cognitive dysfunction and when he could no longer work he was given ECT. He died suddenly one night while trying to get out of bed. No cause of death was determined, it was simply ruled inconclusive. As you state, it is not "natural" for a healthy person at 40 years old to suddenly die – with no explanation. We were shocked his death didn't warrant any investigation and strongly believe his early death was due to psychiatry.
sam plover March 31, 2021 at 9:31 am
Rosalee, I wonder if you started grieving him even more, with a new awareness of just what transpired
and how there is nothing that can be done, no one to convict.
Psychiatry is an insidious disease. They really are like a pathogen.
Once it enters the body, it feeds itself.
He went for support, and entered the wrong door. It's always about the wrong place, wrong time and wrong people.
When I first heard one of my friends committed suicide it was hard. Later I discovered the research on how every major psych drug more than doubles suicides, and how they cause akathisia which my friend had. I cried daily for two weeks, racked with guilt that I hadn't discovered the research earlier and saved him.
I proceeded to go around mental health forums posting the research as a form of catharsis. Many people were helped including myself but for the most part the responses were insults, lies and logical fallacies followed by censorship. Turns out being pro-science to most people is defined as ignoring the evidence and covering up with illogical assumptions. Many people also view it as stigmatizing if you do not tell people they are mentally defective. It is a brave new world, drugs, conditioning, biological classes and all.
Steve McCrea March 31, 2021 at 10:06 pm
A lot of people are "pro-scientist" rather than "pro-science." They thing science is something that other smart people in lab coats do, and they then report their findings honestly and all we need to do is follow their recommendations. The idea that scientists could be dishonest or corrupt or just plain incompetent and narrow-minded is too much for them to process. It's more like a religion than a logical conclusion. Real science is scary to those people, because it requires them to personally sift and evaluate the evidence, instead of deferring to "the authorities." So they get very upset at people who question their "pro-scientist" dogma!
kindredspirit April 1, 2021 at 10:56 am
I believe good people do bad science under the "publish or perish" conditions in which most academic researchers exist. Other good people do bad science under "do this or lose my job" economic conditions of corporate research. I don't believe that most researchers who contribute to bad science are personally bad people. Just consider the way this country treats whistleblowers.
In my experience, people love to speculate about the choices they would make in various situations but you don't actually know until you're the one choosing between speaking up and protecting your livelihood. When you're having to decide if some situation is really all that bad.
This is a cultural issue where we are all regularly choosing between protecting ourselves and protecting others. I once violated a company policy against telling a security client calling into our inbound call center to escalate to calling 911. I lost my job and I'm not sorry. I don't know what happened to my caller but I'm convinced her life was in danger. But my managers took me into private meeting when I arrived for my next shift to explain how I had violated the company policy. I was told I could continue on probation or I could resign. I chose to resign. I was a low level employee and a job was a job to me. But for those at higher levels, with more years experience, they have a lot more to lose and may have made a different choice. They may have gone against their instinct and followed policy to begin with despite what they could hear on the line. The point is, we often don't know the factors that drive individuals to make the choices they do. Good people often make "bad" choices for personal protection. And we need to understand the reasoning before we vilify them.
oldhead April 3, 2021 at 12:28 am
@Steve — The operant contradiction is the worship of science as a value in & of itself vs. seeing it as a means to an end. Science can be used to achieve beneficial ends and incontrovertibly evil ones (ever hear of napalm?), so giving something credibility because it's "scientific" is like automatically trusting someone because they're "spiritual."
Steve McCrea April 3, 2021 at 1:53 am
True, but a slightly different issue from what I'm talking about. The idea of science being "value neutral" is extremely problematic, as Robert Pirsig so eloquently elucidates in "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance." But what I'm talking about is a form of almost religious worship of Scientists as the All Knowing, so smart and informed that us mere parishioners are too ignorant and easily misled to be able to understand their deep knowledge. Doing what the Scientists say makes us Smart and Clever free from the curses of Superstition and Blind Faith! The fact that this is another form of Blind Faith does not occur to the faithful. Science is Truth, and to question this is Sacrilege! Oops, I mean Unscientific! Psychiatry is able to use this kind of blind faith to maintain its hegemony despite the fact that their own scientific researchers (not to mention basic logic) have proven that their diagnoses are nonsense and that their "treatments" tend to make people worse rather than better, and in fact to shorten their lives. To question Psychiatry is to question Science, and who are we to question the wisdom of the Great Scientific Gurus!
oldhead April 3, 2021 at 2:55 pm
I don't think we're talking about different things at all, maybe slightly different inflections. Science AND psychiatry have replaced religion as something to believe in for many "rational," "progressive" people. And psychiatry is hardly the only form of tyranny invoking "science" as its justification.
Steve McCrea April 3, 2021 at 4:07 pm
I agree 100% on THAT point! I think I'm emphasizing more what people's attitudes have become, and you are emphasizing more how that attitude has been used to mislead the public. There is nothing "rational" about believing some subset of humanity, with sufficient intelligence and training, can somehow determine what is "true" for the rest of us. It's just as superstitious as believing in evil spirits. Maybe a little more so!
Science is a means to an end. Science can serve both good and evil in equal measure. Therefore, science can in no way be a moral guideline.
Quite so. Science is about establishing what is TRUE, not what is RIGHT.
You should read "Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance." It speaks to this very issue! One of the best books I've ever read!
Lametamor April 4, 2021 at 1:09 am
A devilish substitution of concepts takes place here. The word "science" takes on a moral meaning. (Whereas it is only a means.) And from the moral comes the next "jump" – she takes on a legal meaning. And then she becomes power.
This substitution is clearly visible in the example of psychiatry. Psychiatry replaces legal concepts with psychiatric ones. Instead of guilt – disease. Instead of evidence – diagnostics. Instead of punishment – treatment.
Steve, science isn't even about establishing what is true. Old scientific laws and theories are being updated all the time. Science is about developing knowledge through testing and validating hypotheses. A true scientist does not try to make the data fit the conclusion. A true scientist begins with curiosity and when the conclusion does not match the hypothesis, he says "hmm, that's interesting!"
Most current "science" is junk because the motive to conduct it is not the accumulation of knowledge but rather profit or prestige. When the advancement of your career depends on you coming up with another tome of bullshit, people comply in the essence of self-interest. Ph.Ds are called "piled higher and deeper" for a reason. There has been a lot of bullshit published in the name of science that humanity could simply compost.
kindredspirit April 7, 2021 at 1:11 pm
This is what makes physics so interesting. Physicists seem the most in pursuit of contradicting everything we think we know about how the universe works! They handle ambiguity really well. And you have to be barking mad to even conceive of some of the more recent experiments going on at CERN.
https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/07/science/particle-physics-muon-fermilab-brookhaven.html
That's how REAL scientists act! Maybe we can get them to take a similar approach to psychiatry! I'm sure they'd be appalled.
Many people were helped including myself but for the most part the responses were insults, lies and logical fallacies followed by censorship. Turns out being pro-science to most people is defined as ignoring the evidence and covering up with illogical assumptions. Many people also view it as stigmatizing if you do not tell people they are mentally defective. It is a brave new world
Well, this is the state of modern "discourse," with Newspeak being a major component. "Science" is defined by what "all the cool kids" think — not based on repeatable experiments and bias-free interpretation of data, but determined by taking polls of selected people with "official" credentials of "scientist."
bcharris April 3, 2021 at 10:05 am
You have to distinguish the difference between science and scientism. The only real connection between science and scientism are the letters s, c, i, e, and n. Scientism is a dogma that claims the infallibility of past and present scientific conclusions, while actual science seeks to know if such conclusions are really true.
Steve McCrea April 3, 2021 at 11:33 am
Right you are! The very essence of science is skepticism, the willingness to invalidate any and all conclusions in the face of new data, and in fact, the drive to do all we can to try and invalidate a particular theory that SEEMS to be true, and only accepting it as truth when all other explanations are proven to fail. And even then to be prepared for new data to force modification. The concept of "scientific truth" is badly misused, as "scientific truth" by definition is always subject to change. Even Newton's Laws of Motion, long held up as the ultimate in "proven fact," ended up being approximations. Who knows what we'll discover in the future, if we stop pretending that some "smart people" already know everything and that we can stop looking and just let them tell us what is true!
Rosalee D March 31, 2021 at 10:47 pm
Yes Sam, you are right with that analysis. For the first few years after his death I was confused as nothing made any sense as to why he spiraled down AFTER he was supposedly getting 'help'. Then came my own encounter with a psychiatrist during cancer treatment with psych labels and many psych drugs pushed on me while I was still battered by chemo and so dizzy I had fallen and suffered a head injury. I was shocked at how dishonest and toxic the psychiatrist was, just dismissing everything and mocking the side effects and I began to question more what happened to my brother. After finding MIA I realized my concerns and fears were well founded. I do grieve his death more knowing it didn't have to be and that he was not 'defective' as psychiatry likes people to believe but instead was drugged into a stupor for having a normal reaction of grieving his losses.
Rosalee D April 1, 2021 at 6:08 pm
And there's this Sam, the system is so broken you can't trust the coroner either.
https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/why-cant-you-hear-me-tickets-147545958935
Peter, thank you so much for speaking to this pandemic in a conscious way.
I just noticed that there is a new Town Hall coming up with open dialogue being the discussion, and how this might unfold with perhaps the use of "less medication".
What bothers me about that is the use of the word "medication". It is very obvious that the dialoguers do not want to "offend" psychiatry. People are very afraid of looking and sounding nuts or like a fruitcake, so they kiss the industry ass. The media ass.
But then it's a business, a new one. Pretense that OD can be incorporated into the, (as Sami Timimi points out) "Rotten to the core" psychiatry.
One would think that people who have been in the system, have seen it operate, would be totally honest about it's language.
I can't speak for anyone else but it may in part be a strategy in order to get people to consider the discussion and look at the evidence. The common response from people if you go and present science research showing psych drugs have no benefits is being bombarded with insults. People won't even look at the evidence or consider entering a discussion unless you give enough lip service to their mass willful ignorance.
I'm not sure this lip service is at all effective but I understand people utilizing it. I tried various forms of changing how I presented the science in order to get people to objectively look at it. I'm now of the opinion that it has little to do with how it's presented and more to do with people's inability to admit they are wrong and have caused harm.
Dr Peter, even though English isn't your first language, you are easy to understand and compulsively readable. This book really gets the needed message across.
Stuart Shipko April 1, 2021 at 7:13 pm
Peter, I can't thank you enough for this article and this whole series. It is hard to imagine that professionals will go to such extremes to defend/deny the lethality of what they are doing. Crusaders such as yourself are making a change in public perception, slowly but surely. I am only sorry that your efforts should be met with such opposition.
streetphotobeing April 3, 2021 at 5:34 am
"Science can be used to achieve beneficial ends and incontrovertibly evil ones"
https://odysee.com/@shortXXvids:e/WHOGatesCorruptionPartIII:3?src=open
wallenfan April 3, 2021 at 8:32 am
Dear Prof. Gøtzsche,
Thank you this life-saving information. I would offer the patients self-help measures for sedation, instead of benzodiazepines (which are highly addicitve and dangerous drugs):
1. Increasing doses of a mixture of sedative herbs (at least six herbs) until an effective dose is found.
2. Increased air temperature, additional clothes. Hot baths can be added too.
3. Walking outdoors for 1-2 hours daily.
4. Eat raw honey with each meal.
5. Another sedative food is animal fat, either raw or boiled in water (not fried). For example, tail fat without meat or beef fat without meat. It is safe to eat raw tail fat (and it is tasty) if it is bought in a kosher or halal store (no risk of dangerous pork parasites). The fat can be eaten with a salad or soup or alone.
6. Eat more raw nuts (preferably pulverized), another sedative food.
7. Breath-holding exercises, 3 repeats with an interval of 2-3 minutes, 2 or 3 sessions per day.
8. Complete relaxation (possibly a nap) in the middle of the day for 20 min.
9. It is important to stop all activating measures, such as sunbathing, cardio exercise, cold showers, and stimulatory foods and drinks (tea, coffee, cacao, soft drinks, chocolate, any foods containing raw meat or fish, such as sausages, cured meats, sushi, etc.)
10. The person who needs sedation or experiences hallucinations has to review his/her lifestyle comprehensively and make corrections, for example, a person eating mostly junk food and smoking cannot expect to have good mental health. Excellent ideas about healthy nutrition were published by dentist Weston A. Price almost 90 years ago, as a result of his extensive travels and examination of various uncivilized populations across the globe. His book "Nutrition and Physical Degeneration" is now freely availabe on the Internet (in the public domain). He found that such primitive populations who have no access to modern foods based on refined sugar, canned foods, white flour, etc. have no equivalent of prisons and mental hospitals because they don't need them. Many such populations are 100% free of tooth decay even though they don't brush their teeth.
Most of the above measures make sense, are safe, easy to try, do not require payments to a special interest group, and do not need "scientific" proof. Actually, if one or two patients with a schizophrenia label are cured by this regimen, then this is stronger evidence than a double-blind randomized controlled trial, which is inherently not designed to detect a cure.
justsayno86 April 5, 2021 at 11:14 pm
This is the part of the article I liked the best. :
" They took no interest in all these deaths, which appeared in a flowchart of patients lost to follow-up and were not commented upon anywhere in their paper. "
That last sentence says everything about the kind of people we are dealing with here. : mass murdering psychiatrists with a reckless disregard for human life. ( Since they are fully aware of what their drugs do. ) It's just too bad that the good doctor Peter Gotzsche has to grovel to the study authors with letter after letter to get answers about the cause of the deaths. If the Western Hemisphere had an even halfway decent legal system that actually worked for the people; legal force could make the doctors talk.
It is the only medical "treatment" where the odds of survival are DECRASED by receiving "treatment!"
At the end of this article, it is asked why don't the patients who were prescribed neuroleptics offered a prescription for a benzodiazepine. However, it is well known that "benzos" as they affectionately called are probably equally as dangerous and as addictive. Withdrawal from either types of drugs can usually only be described as "hell." I have been prescribed "benzos" without a neuroleptic (briefly) and then neuroleptics with an accompanying "benzo" prescription. The "benzo" prescription, I was told by the psychiatrist, was to offset the side effects of neuroleptics, specifically the T.D. and the restlessness and anxiety associated with the neuroleptic. I was taken off the neuroleptic and the "benzo" abruptly due to a near comatose incident that put me in the hospital. I was reintroduced to several different neuroleptics, but, I was not prescribed any "benzos" again in my recollection. In psychiatric drugs, it does not depend on which type, the only answer that should be given is "NO!" Not even briefly can they be used. These drugs are THAT dangerous! Thank you.


Land and views! This home is close to everything and overlooks Downtown, Dodger Stadium, Griffith Park and has a view of Century City - all on over 20,000 sq. ft. of land. The two-story contemporary with large basement offers nearly an acre of additional lots for purchase to ensure your gorgeous surroundings stay private. There is also a permitted accessory dwelling unit, a huge level back yard, terraced grape vines, and many citrus trees. This home offers recessed lighting, in-wall audio, and multiple home theatre possibilities. There is also a large family room off the main room in addition to a 2nd story master bedroom with a fireplace, en suite bathroom and a walk-in closet. Two of the three bathrooms have multiple showers, jetted tubs and a steam room. The floor plan includes a large deck, two patios, two driveways suitable for multiple cars, a boat or R.V. parking. This house has views from nearly every room. You are surrounded by serenity and space yet only moments from Downtown.
Parking for 5 cars, R.V., boat.


Let me share one of my family favorites with you. It's a simple meat dish but everyone in my family loves it. Not one complaint when I make it. It's not hard to make and you can also cook it ahead and heat it up just prior to serving. It's actually Salisbury Steak but my kids just call it Hamburger steak & gravy.
I usually consider this to be one of my winter rotation meals but, I'll be making this in the summer too. And, I don't mind. It's just that good. Plus, it's one of the few recipes everyone in my family loves.
Mix breadcrumbs with 1/4 cup water. In a medium sized bowl, mix breadcrumbs, hamburger, mustard, Worcestershire sauce and beef bouillon. Honestly, you need to get those hands right in there to mix everything thoroughly. I personally, have started using disposable kitchen gloves for these types of jobs. Once everything is well mixed, make 6 patties.
Heat frying pan on medium high, and add hamburger patties. Unless you have a HUGE pan, like I do, you may have to cook in two batches. I normally under cook meat just a bit because it will finish cooking in the gravy (yummmm!). Place the burger patties on a plate and set aside.
I take a couple of paper towels and wipe out the meat grease.
Then add about 2 teaspoons of oil (like a vegetable oil). Add sliced onions and cook until the onions are very tender and browned. Can I tell you I'm not a huge onion fan. And my kids can't stand onions. BUT, in this recipe, you need them. They are the catalyst to amazing gravy flavor!
Add 2 cups beef stock, and 1 tsp Worcestershire sauce to onions. Keep meet on a low/medium heat to keep gravy at a gentle simmer.
In a small bowl, add about 1/4 cup cold water. Add 1 heaping tsp corn starch into the cold water and stir vigorously. Add this into the beef stock mixture and stir well. Using the cold water with the corn starch is what prevents your gravy from being lumpy. No one likes lumpy gravy!
Simmer for another couple of minutes and your gravy will start to thicken. Add the beef patties back into the pan and simmer a couple of minutes on each side in the gravy. If your kids don't like onions, don't let them see the onions in the gravy!
Serve with your favorite vegetable. Mashed potatoes are wonderful with this. Hint, it's the gravy! Just make sure you hide those onions! Enjoy!
Do you have a recipe that everyone in your family loves? Please share!
Inspired by Ree Drummond's recipe, Salisbury Steak.
« Puppy Chow | Muddy Buddies – A chocolate, peanut buttery, sweet treat!
Susan, I would call this an oldie but a goodie. That being said I have never made it before. I know, shocking. I'm putting this on my dinner list for the week. I don't know about you but coming up with ideas for dinner is always a chore for me. Thanks for inspiring me.


text:
Suicide Crisis
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Welcome to the Suicide Crisis website
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Our Suicide Crisis Centres can support you if you live in Gloucestershire. We also have a Trauma Centre.
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We're based in Cheltenham in Gloucestershire. We are a registered charity.
If you are feeling suicidal, please click on The Suicide Crisis Centre link above.
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Our work is now attracting national attention. In 2016 we were asked to give oral evidence about our Suicide Crisis Centre to the Parliamentary Select Committee which undertook an inquiry into the measures needed to prevent suicide. We were also asked by the Government's adviser on suicide to give a presentation about our work to the national advisory group which he chairs.
The Chief Constable of the British Transport Police has described our work as "pioneering". Our work has also been described as "inspirational" and "extraordinary" by the South West Zero Suicide Collaborative, one of three pilot schemes for the Government's zero suicide initiative.
Our Suicide Crisis Centre has been featured on BBC Breakfast News, the BBC 6 0'Clock News, Sky News and in national and international newspapers.
Our charity is funded by a combination of small grants and public donations.
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Copyright © 2012–2019 Suicide Crisis. All rights reserved. Proudly powered by WordPress


And I carried your heart in mine my love, carried your heart in mine.
And ne'er a shadow darkened our growth.
I carried your heart in mine my love, carried your heart in mine.
Time passes by. The earth turns completely around once every day.
Seasons continue to change, and still from my front door I see the same piece of sky.
The itch did pass without a scratch.
Prepared our shelter for the next storm.
Pulled and laughed and learnt the truth.
But I carried your heart in mine my love, carried your heart in mine.
Still my need for you is ripe.
I will carry your heart in mine my love, carry your heart in mine.


Amazon is discounting the Ultimate Ears BOOM 2 LE today as part of its Gold Box Deal of the Day, dropping the price all the way down to just $63.99. Making this a great time to pick up a new Bluetooth speaker, especially if you were wanting one that is able to do 360-degree audio. The Ultimate Ears BOOM 2 LE is going to make a really great stocking stuffer this year, and won't last long at this price - today only! This is in stock and will definitely arrive before Christmas. It is also offering up free shipping on all orders, but if you want it a bit faster, you'll want to get Amazon Prime and you can sign up for a 30-day trial here.
The BOOM 2 LE is a Limited Edition version of the BOOM 2 and the only real difference here is the paint job. This one looks really cool in the black and gray color scheme. It also does 360-degree audio, so it can really fill up an entire room with sound, which is definitely nice to see here. The BOOM 2 LE is going to allow you to play your favorite music all day long with its nearly 20 hours of battery life.


text:
Q: Render output of Pandas 'to_latex' method in a matplotlib plot Python Pandas DataFrame has a to_latex method:
import pandas as pd
from numpy import arange

a = pd.DataFrame(arange(4))
a.to_latex()

Output:

'\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|}\n\hline\n{} &  0 \\\n\hline\n0 &  0
  \\\n1 &  1 \\\n2 &  2 \\\n3 &  3
  \\\n\hline\n\end{tabular}\n'

I would like to overlay this table on a matplotlib plot:
import pylab as plt
import matplotlib as mpl

mpl.rc('text', usetex=True)
plt.figure()
ax=plt.gca()

plt.text(9,3.4,a.to_latex(),size=12)
plt.plot(y)
plt.show()

However, I get this error:

RuntimeError: LaTeX was not able to process the following string:
  '\begin{tabular}{|l|c|c|}'

My question is:
How do I render output of Pandas 'to_latex' method in a matplotlib plot?

A: The problem is that matplotlib doesn't handle multiline latex strings well.  One way to fix it is to replace the newline characters in the latex string with spaces.  That is, do something like this:
ltx = a.to_latex().replace('\n', ' ')
plt.text(9, 3.4, ltx, size=12)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Nkeiruka Emmanuela Udeh, Aruh Anaga, Isaac Uzoma Asuzu.
Aim: Acute and sub-chronic toxicity studies were performed on Gnetum africanum Welw leaves using well established guidelines and methods. In spite of its use as a herbal remedy, there is dearth of data on toxicity studies of the plant extract.
Methods: Gnetum africanum leaves were identified by a plant taxonomist, air-dried, pulverized and extracted with 80 % methanol for 48 hours in July, 2015. The extract was concentrated in-vacuo and stored as Gnetum africanum extract (GAE) at 4oC. Thirty five male albino rats randomly divided into 7 groups (n=5) were used for acute toxicity test which was done in August, 2015. Rats in groups 1-6 were given GAE at 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg/kg, respectively while group 7 rats received 10 ml/kg distilled water. Feed and water were provided and they were observed for signs of toxicity for 48 h. A 90-day sub-chronic toxicity study was conducted using 56 rats of 4 groups (n=14) in December 2015-March, 2016. Group 1 received feed without GAE, while groups 2-4 were given feed with GAE at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg respectively. Four rats from each group were bled on days 30, 60 and 90 for clinical biochemistry and sacrificed for histopathological examination.
Results: LD50 was greater than 5000 mg/kg while no-observed-adverse-effect-level was 40 mg/kg. Serum marker enzymes and creatinine were not increased in rats given extract in feed while there were no histopathological lesions in the organs studied.
Conclusions: The extract is safe at both acute and sub-chronic levels.


Kylie Poole is an EMBA student at Cass Business School, currently studying in the 19th intake, and is one of four Cass Coca-Cola Global Women's Leadership Scholars.
She has 10 years' industry experience working as a successful broker and account manager within interdealer financial markets. She manages a broad range of investment banking client relationships, and has had exposure to a range of asset classes including commodities, derivatives, and bonds.
Kylie has a first class Economics degree from the University of Essex and won the McGraw Hill final year prize in 2006 after obtaining the highest graduating classification. Kylie is passionate about the benefit to companies of supporting higher female participation at senior levels, and is excited to be part of the Cass Global Women's Programme at inception.
Can you tell us about your career to date?
"I started as an operations junior at an interest rate swap trading house, and worked my way into the front office via the ICAP graduate training scheme. I've 10 years of financial trading experience, most of that spent as an interdealer broker in the commodities and derivatives space. The majority of our business used to be conducted via the phone but as markets have developed and matured, technology and data have grown into vital and central aspects of the future of financial markets.
"Working within sales is exciting and dynamic but you're often executing upon decided strategic direction, rather than shaping it. I'm interested in the reasoning and decision processes made at the core of a business, and I'd like to give myself the tools and confidence to become more involved in those types of originating decisions.
How are you finding your MBA?
How do you apply what you have learned in your day job?
Have you had any particular female role models or mentors in your career so far?
Kylie recently wrote for the MBA blog about here experience of studying at Cass. Read more here.


text:
Я́ків Сергі́йович Шарабу́рко  — радянський військовик, генерал-майор. Депутат Верховної Ради УРСР 1-го скликання (1938–1947).

Біографія
Народився  року в родині шахтаря в селі Беседовичі (тепер Хотимського району Могильовської області Білорусі). З тринадцятирічного віку працював лампоносом, а потім вибійником на Марківському руднику в Донбасі. Брав активну участь в робітничих страйках. З 1914 по 1915 рік перебував у в'язниці міста Таганрога за участь в страйковій боротьбі.

З 1915 року — на службі в російській армії: рядовий, старший унтер-офіцер. У липня 1917 року був заарештований владою Тимчасового уряду Росії за агітацію проти війни. Під час перевезення в арештантському вагоні утік із станції Рудники. Перебрався до Петергофу, де у жовтні 1917 року вступив до Червоної гвардії, був призначений командиром взводу. 5 січня 1918 року був поранений у боях, деякий час лікувався.

Член РСДРП(б) з 1917 року.

З 1918 року — у Червоній армії. Учасник громадянської війни і боротьби з басмачами в Середній Азії.

З січня 1918 року — командир ескадрону 1-го радянського партизанського полку, потім 3-го партизанського Могилівського полку. Із вересня 1919 року — помічник командира ескадрону, командир сотні. З грудня 1919 року командир ескадрону 13-го кавалерійського полку 3-ї Туркестанської кавалерійської дивізії.

З 1921 по 1924 рік навчався у вищій кавалерійській школі РСЧА в Києві.

З вересня 1924 року — викладач кавалерійських курсів. З жовтня 1925 року — командир кулеметного ескадрону 22-го і 23-го кавалерійських полків 4-ї кавалерійської дивізії. З лютого 1927 року — інструктор кавалерійської справи 3-го прикордонного загону ОДПУ в Петрозаводську. З вересня 1927 року — знову командир ескадрону 23-го кавалерійського полку.

У 1931 році закінчив Військову академію імені Фрунзе.

З грудня 1931 року — командир кавалерійського дивізіону Об'єднаної військової школи. З липня 1932 року — командир полку кавалерійської школи імені 1-ї Кінної армії в Тамбові. З 8 січня 1934 року — командир 70-го кавалерійського полку 4-ї кавалерійської бригади. З березня 1938 року — командир 5-ї кавалерійської дивізії Київського особливого військового округу.

26 червня 1938 року був обраний депутатом Верховної Ради УРСР 1-го скликання від Проскурівської виборчої округи Кам'янець-Подільської області.

Учасник вторгнення СРСР до Польщі у вересні 1939 року як командир 5-ї кавалерійської дивізії РСЧА. З квітня 1941 року — заступник із стройової частини командира 23-го механізованого корпусу Орловського військового округу.

З початком німецько-радянської війни із липня 1941 року — в.о. командира корпусу сформованого на базі 23-го стрілецького. З 1 вересня 1941 по 30 квітня 1942 року — командир 76-ї кавалерійської дивізії. З 16 травня 1942 по 28 грудня 1942 року — командир 116-й кавалерійської дивізії. З листопада 1942 року — в.о. помічника командувача військами, одночасно інспектор кавалерії Північно-Кавказького фронту. З 21 березня 1943 по 6 червня 1943 року — командир 7-го гвардійського кавалерійського корпусу. З вересня 1943 року — заступник командира 12-го гвардійського стрілецького корпусу. З травня 1944 року — в шпиталі. З 6 листопада 1944 по 11 травня 1945 року — командир 93-го стрілецького корпусу.

5 липня 1945 року попав в автомобільну аварію і знаходився на лікуванні у шпиталі.

З 1946 року — у відставці. Помер  року в Москві.

Звання
 комбриг (22.02.1938)
 комдив (4.11.1939)
 полковник
 генерал-майор (4.06.1940)

Нагороди
 два ордени Леніна (22.02.1938,)
 чотири ордени Червоного Прапора (27.08.1942, 1.04.1943,)
 орден Суворова ІІ ступеня (6.04.1945)
 медаль «XX років Робітничо-Селянській Червоній Армії» (1938)
 медалі

Посилання
 Військово-історичний сайт «Память»

Джерела
 Шарабурко Яків Сергійович : облікова картка депутата Верховної Ради УРСР // ЦДАВО України, ф. Р-1, оп. 31, спр. 5, арк. 284.
 Список депутатів Верховної Ради УРСР першого скликання, обраних 26 червня 1938 року // ЦДАВО України, ф. Р-1, оп. 31, спр. 2, арк. 81.
 Список депутатів, обраних до Верховної Ради УРСР // Вісті [ЦВК УРСР] : газета. — Київ, 1938. — № 148 (5338). — 29 червня. — С. 1.
 Яків Сергійович Шарабурко // Червоний кордон : газета. — Кам'янець-Подільський, 1938. — № 126 (2613). — 3 червня. — С. 2.

Члени КПРС
Депутати Верховної Ради УРСР 1-го скликання
Учасники Громадянської війни в Росії
Випускники Військової академії імені Фрунзе
Учасники Польського походу РСЧА
Радянські генерали Другої світової війни
Радянські командири кавалерійських корпусів у Другій світовій війні
Радянські командири стрілецьких корпусів Другої світової війни


when zinc calcined oxide is used as flux in low temperature frit glaze, the general dosage is between 5% and 10%, and the general dosage is about 5% in low temperature raw glaze.
calcined zinc oxide is added to glaze containing high chlorine trioxide, which can improve the turbidity of glaze surface.Because zinc oxide can form zinc spinel crystal with Al2O3. In a zinc-containing opacified glaze, chlorine trioxide can increase the whiteness and opacities of the glaze, while silicon oxide can increase the gloss of the glaze.
in the crystal glaze of art glaze, zinc oxide is an indispensable crystallizer. When the glaze is rapidly cooled, it forms a large crystal pattern, which is very beautiful. In the crystal glaze, the amount of zinc oxide is as high as 20-30%.
calcined zinc oxide is a very important flux in the cobalt sky blue glaze, which can make the cobalt oxide form a beautiful sky blue in the glaze.