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OpinionSummariesCase details
Girardi v. Gates Rubber Co. Sales Div., Inc.
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Full title:Amedeo GIRARDI, doing business as Girardi Bearing Company, Appellant, v…
Court:United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
Date published: Dec 31, 1963
325 F.2d 196 (9th Cir. 1963)
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
In Girardi v. Gates Rubber Company Sales Division, Inc., 325 F.2d 196 (9th Cir. 1963), the court reversed the decision of the district court in granting a directed verdict after the plaintiff's evidence was presented to the jury.
Summary of this case from Edward J. Sweeney Sons, Inc. v. Texaco
See 2 Summaries
No. 18008.
November 21, 1963. Rehearing Denied December 31, 1963.
Joseph L. Alioto, and G. Joseph Bertain, Jr., San Francisco, Cal., for appellant.
Dayton Denious, Denver, Colo., Heller, Ehrman, White McAuliffe, and Lawrence C. Baker, San Francisco, Cal., for appellee.
Before CHAMBERS, Chief Judge, and POPE and BARNES, Circuit Judges.
POPE, Circuit Judge.
This is a private treble damage suit under the antitrust laws. (Sec. 4 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 15). The appellee, here called Gates, is and has been at all times referred to herein, engaged in the business of manufacturing and distributing belts and pulleys which were commonly used for the transmission of power to various machines. Its business involved trade in commerce between California and other States of the United States. The principal charge made against it by appellant was that it conspired with another to fix resale prices in violation of Sec. 1 of the Sherman Act ( 15 U.S.C. § 1).
The home office of Gates was at Denver, and the sales referred to in the opinion were handled between the Denver office and the several California jobbers here referred to.
The appellant Girardi had been in the business of distributing power transmission equipment, including belts and pulleys, since 1944. He first had a store at Stockton, California, which was operated by Girardi and one Jones as partners. In 1950 the partnership was dissolved and Jones formed a partnership for the carrying on of the same type of business with one Les C. Oranges who apparently had bought out Girardi's interest in the original store. Girardi then in 1950 opened a similar business in Salinas, California, another in Modesto, California, and a third in Stockton, California. The Oranges-Jones partnership was dissolved prior to 1953. At that time Jones set up his own transmission business so that by the end of 1953 Girardi, Oranges and Jones were each engaged completively in that business. Each of them was then a distributor of Gates' line of belts and pulleys. The evidence in the record indicates that at that time Oranges, who was known as a "stocking jobber" of the Gates line, had become a leading distributor of these products.
Gates supplied its jobber distributors, including Girardi, with its catalog containing a schedule of prices for sale of the Gates products. Oranges invariably adhered to these prices. Girardi had such a catalog as early as March, 1951, and he followed the suggested pricing schedule until January or February, 1954. In January, 1954, he sent out to the trade a letter advising prospective customers as follows: "This is to inform you of a change in our monthly cash discount. We have found it advisable to increase our cash discount from the present 2% 10th prox. to10% 10th prox. This increase will become effective as of the first of February, 1954. You will continue to receive your authorized factory discount on all our merchandise. We are factory representatives throughout the Valley for the Fort Worth Power Transmission Company and carry a substantial stock of removable hub sprockets, pulleys, belts and chain. We are ready to serve you. * * * *"
The copy of this letter which was received in evidence read "__%" in place of "10%", but Girardi testified that the letter he mailed out advised that the new discount would be 10%.
This letter came to the attention of the Gates salesman who in January, 1954, discussed with Girardi this letter and the fact that Girardi had taken on a rival (Fort Worth) line of pulleys and belts. According to the testimony of Girardi, the salesman, one Price, stated, "What's this, you going out and giving 10% cash discount to people?" He said that Price also told him, "If you don't quit that, in 30 days you will be cancelled." Price denied that he made the quoted statements, although he admitted that he had questioned Girardi on that occasion respecting the matter of the 10% cash discount. At any rate, on April 6, 1954, Gates wrote to Girardi cancelling its contracts with the latter for the supply of Gates products for Girardi's Modesto and Stockton stores.
The letter cancelling Girardi's contracts stated that the contract for the furnishing of the Gates goods for the Salinas store would be kept in force only if the goods there handled were not sold outside the immediate Salinas trading area. On May 24, 1954, Gates cancelled the Salinas contracts.
Apparently the 10% discount letter was sent to Girardi's customers in the Modesto and Stockton area but not to those in the Salinas trading area.
The complaint alleges that the defendant Gates cancelled these contracts of distribution and refused to deal with the plaintiff pursuant to its plan and agreement to control and regulate resale prices charged by its distributors; that this agreement to regulate resale prices was done pursuant to a combination and agreement between the defendant and its distributors throughout the State of California in order to fix, stabilize and establish resale prices for the products of the defendant. This conduct, the complaint states, injured the business of Girardi; that this conduct was in violation of the antitrust laws; and the plaintiff prayed for recovery of three times his damages which he alleged were $35,000.
The complaint also alleged that the cancellation took place because Girardi dealt in competitive merchandise.
Although the complaint alleged that this was a combination and agreement between Gates and its distributors throughout the State of California, counsel for the plaintiff in the court below stated that plaintiff's effort was limited to an undertaking to show that "there was a conspiracy between Mr. Oranges and the Gates Company." At the conclusion of the plaintiff's evidence a motion was made to dismiss the action because of the plaintiff's failure to establish a prima facie case as to conspiracy and because the court would not be warranted in submitting the case as made to the jury. The motion was sustained and judgment of dismissal of the action followed.
Upon this appeal Gates asserts that even if it were permissible to infer from the evidence that Girardi was cancelled because of his refusal to adhere to retail prices fixed by Gates, this falls short of proving any conspiracy or concerted action, and that all that was established was that Gates through solely unilateral action merely exercised the right recognized in United States v. Colgate Company, 250 U.S. 300, 307, 39 S.Ct. 465, 468, 63 L.Ed. 992 — "the long recognized right of trader or manufacturer engaged in an entirely private business, freely to exercise his own independent discretion as to parties with whom he will deal. And, of course, he may announce in advance the circumstances under which he will refuse to sell."
The proof that is necessary to make a case of the sort appellant attempted to establish here, is very thoroughly discussed in United States v. Parke, Davis Co., 362 U.S. 29, 39, 80 S.Ct. 503, 509, 4 L.Ed.2d 505. Quoting from its earlier decision in United States v. A. Schrader's Son, Inc., 252 U.S. 85, 40 S.Ct. 251, 64 L.Ed. 471, the Court said: "* * * there is unlawful combination where a manufacturer `enters into agreements — whether express or implied from a course of dealing or other circumstances — with all customers * * * which undertake to bind them to observe fixed resale prices.'" The Court held that it is unnecessary in order to show an unlawful combination to prove that it arises from a price maintenance agreement, express or implied. The Court said that "such a combination is also organized if the producer secures adherence to his suggested prices by means which go beyond his mere declination to sell to a customer who will not observe his announced policy. * * * When the manufacturer's actions, as here, go beyond mere announcement of his policy and the simple refusal to deal, and he employs other means which effect adherence to his resale prices, this countervailing consideration is not present and therefore he has put together a combination in violation of the Sherman Act. Thus, whether an unlawful combination or conspiracy is proved is to be judged by what the parties actually did rather than by the words they used." 362 U.S. at 43-44, 80 S.Ct. at 511, 4 L.Ed.2d 505.
Fundamental to all this is the rule of United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., 310 U.S. 150, 223, 60 S.Ct. 811, 844, 84 L.Ed. 1129, that "a combination formed for the purpose and with the effect of raising, depressing, fixing, pegging, or stabilizing the price of a commodity in interstate or foreign commerce is illegal per se."
See also the following statement in White Motor Co. v. United States, 372 U.S. 253, 260, 83 S.Ct. 696, 700, 9 L. Ed.2d 738: "Price-fixing arrangements, both vertical (United States v. Parke, Davis Co., 362 U.S. 29 [80 S.Ct. 503, 4 L.Ed.2d 505], Dr. Miles Medical Co. v. [John D.] Park Sons, 220 U.S. 373 [31 S.Ct. 376, 55 L.Ed. 502]) and horizontal (United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., 310 U.S. 150 [60 S.Ct. 811, 84 L.Ed. 1129], Kiefer-Stewart Co. v. Seagram Sons, 340 U.S. 211 [71 S.Ct. 259, 95 L.Ed. 219]), have also been held to be per se violations of the antitrust laws; * * *."
From this it seems plain that if Oranges, a competitor of Girardi, objecting to the latter's cutting of the prices suggested by Gates in its catalog, persuaded Gates to cancel Girardi, or cooperated with it in eliminating Girardi from the field because of his price cutting, then Girardi would have made a sufficient case to require the questions of fact to be submitted to the jury, and it would be error to dismiss the action as was done here.
The concerted action which the plaintiff undertook to prove in this case was simple and uncomplicated. It was not asserted that there was extensive and massive concerted action by a group of manufacturers or producers of similar merchandise or products seeking to fix or stabilize sale prices generally. It is not claimed that Gates' disciplinary action was brought to bear upon numerous jobbers or dealers. There is no claim of an elaborate and extensive plan for espionage of the practices of dealers and jobbers, and there was no scheme for checking and keeping track of resale prices. There is no claim that Gates' share of the market was a major one, though of course it was the only source for Gates belts and sheaves. All that is claimed is that one single stocking jobber, Girardi, was eliminated from the handling of Gates' products at the instance of Oranges, Girardi's competitor, and this because Girardi was cutting prices. We are unable to perceive any reason why the simplicity and limited scope of the actions alleged to have been taken here would prevent the application of the rule of United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., quoted supra. Indeed, in the Socony-Vacuum case (310 U.S. at 224, 60 S.Ct. at 811, 84 L.Ed. 1129), the Court said: "Monopoly power * * * is not the only power which the Act strikes down, as we have said. Proof that a combination was formed for the purpose of fixing prices and that it caused them to be fixed or contributed to that result is proof of the completion of a price-fixing conspiracy under § 1 of the Act."
As in Interstate Circuit v. U.S., 306 U.S. 208, 59 S.Ct. 467, 83 L.Ed. 610.
As in United States v. Parke, Davis Co., supra.
As in Federal Trade Comm. v. Beech-Nut Co., 257 U.S. 441, 42 S.Ct. 150, 66 L.Ed. 307.
The situation here is similar to that referred to by the Court in Klor's v. Broadway-Hale Stores, 359 U.S. 207, 213, 79 S.Ct. 705, 710, 3 L.Ed.2d 741, where, after referring to the conduct of the defendants as having a "monopolistic tendency", the Court said: "As such it is not to be tolerated merely because the victim is just one merchant whose business is so small that his destruction makes little difference to the economy. Monopoly can as surely thrive by the elimination of such small businessmen, one at a time, as it can by driving them out in large groups. In recognition of this fact the Sherman Act has consistently been read to forbid all contracts and combinations `which "tend to create a monopoly,"' whether `the tendency is a creeping one' or `one that proceeds at full gallop.'"
It seems to us to be clear that if the facts here, as claimed by the appellant, are that Oranges as a competitor of Girardi, the price cutter, induced and participated in action which resulted in Girardi being cut off from a supply of this merchandise, then the case would be precisely within the rationale of United States v. Socony-Vacuum Oil Co., supra, for it is normally the competitor who is being hurt by price cutting who is likely to seek coercive action against the competitor who is hurting or likely to hurt him. We would think that a typical case of illegal conspiracy to fix prices would arise from the desire of one dealer to eliminate his price cutting competitor through concerted action with the manufacturer. The simplicity of the case claimed by the appellant is no argument against him.
Of course, in a case of this kind, it is hardly to be anticipated that either the officers of the appellee, or Oranges himself, would come forward to testify saying in substance: "Yes, we agreed that this competition through price cutting on the part of Girardi should be eliminated and that Girardi's jobber contracts should be cancelled because of his insistence upon these documents." Obviously, whether there was such concerted action by Gates and Oranges may be proven by circumstantial evidence; indeed, such is the only manner in which a case of this kind could ordinarily be established.
"It is elementary * * * that conspiracies are seldom capable of proof by direct testimony and may be inferred from the things actually done, * * *." Eastern States Retail Lumber Ass'n. v. United States, 234 U.S. 600, 612, 34 S. Ct. 951, 954, 58 L.Ed. 1490. "[T]he essential agreement, combination or conspiracy might be implied from a course of dealing or other circumstances." Frey Son v. Cudahy Packing Co., 256 U.S. 208, 210, 41 S.Ct. 451, 65 L.Ed. 892.
"As is usual in cases of alleged unlawful agreements to restrain commerce, the Government is without the aid of direct testimony that the distributors entered into any agreement with each other to impose the restrictions upon subsequent-run exhibitors. In order to establish agreement it is compelled to rely on inferences drawn from the course of conduct of the alleged conspirators." Interstate Circuit v. United States, 306 U.S. 208, 221, 59 S.Ct. 467, 472, 83 L.Ed. 610.
We turn then to the evidence adduced for the purpose of inquiring whether the proof as made was such as to warrant a jury to find that in fact a combination of the kind here referred to was made and carried into effect and resulted in the cancellation of Girardi's contracts.
The evidence shows that on February 5, 1954, a Mr. Pilcher, district manager for Gates, wrote to Gates in Denver a letter containing the following statement relating to Girardi and the market in the area here involved: "Our stocking jobbers are a little upset, not so much because we might allow him to take on a competitive line of sheaves, but because Girardi is breaking the market, which in the areas where he operates has been fairly stable. He is doing this by giving a 10% cash discount from the monthly statements to his customers."
Several inferences may be drawn from this letter: that Oranges, who was a stocking jobber, indeed the principal one, was among those jobbers who "are upset"; that Oranges and the others were upset by Girardi's discount or price cutting; that Pilcher or some representative of Gates had discussed this price cutting with Oranges (otherwise the fact of the "upset" could not be known); that complaint had been made by these stocking jobbers including Oranges; that in making such complaint to Gates and its representatives they were seeking help from Gates to stop this price cutting.
Pilcher's letter also stated: "I have not decided to move positively against this situation but I should like to know just what some of your thinking might be." Obviously some action by Gates was then being contemplated.
We have noted above the testimony that Price, the salesman, had discussed this discount matter with Girardi, and that according to Girardi, Price had protested it and suggested that Girardi might be "cancelled" if he kept it up.
That there was discussion between Oranges and the representatives of Gates concerning this discount letter of Girardi prior to the time that Girardi contracts were cancelled appears from the testimony of Oranges himself. Oranges testified that at some time in the month of January, 1954, he received a copy of the discount letter; he was then asked whether after he received it he had a discussion with Mr. Price with reference to this letter. He answered: "That is quite possible."
In arriving at the significance to be attached to Oranges' testimony, (we shall refer to additional testimony shortly) the jury could properly consider that as an accused co-conspirator Oranges was definitely in the position of a hostile witness. Under the circumstances it would appear proper to construe his answer "that is quite possible" as an affirmative one.
Again Oranges was asked: "Do you recall whether or not you made a complaint to Mr. Price at that time that Girardi was cutting prices." The answer was: "The subject probably was discussed." He was asked: "Do you recall whether or not in February, 1954 you were upset because Girardi was breaking the Market?" His reply was: "For a short time we were." Asked further respecting his discussion with Price in the first part of February, 1954, Oranges testified as follows: "Q. And at that meeting you were concerned with the price cutting activities of Mr. Girardi. A. That is correct." He testified that the conversation pertained to the discount letter. "A. The discussion would be pertaining to prices. Q. And do you recall what you said and what Mr. Price said? A. Not exactly, no. It would be rather difficult to remember a conversation that far back. Q. Do you recall whether or not you stated to Mr. Price that Girardi was breaking the market? A. That would be difficult to say whether I put it in that many words or not, but the discussion was brought up about prices."
Oranges testified that after he learned of Girardi's discount letter he went to the latter and protested his cutting prices.
In this connection it should be noted that in the course of this testimony Oranges denied that he requested Gates to take any action against Girardi. Although he testified that after he got a copy of the discount letter he was upset for a time because Girardi was breaking the market, he also said that thereafter he discovered Girardi's price cutting was not harming him because Girardi was a business failure. He said: "Q. And did you make any suggestion to Mr. Price as to whether or not Gates had better do something about it? A. What Gates did with Girardi was no concern of ours, but we didn't figure Girardi Bearing as any contention. Q. Did you make any statement to Mr. Price that Gates should do anything about Girardi? A. No. Q. You didn't tell Mr. Price that they better cancel Girardi out? A. No, by no means. We weren't interested whether Mr. Girardi sold Gates, Worthington, or Ft. Worth. Q. Were you interested in whether or not Mr. Girardi was giving a 10% cash discount. A. We were concerned a little at first. We discovered that concern was without foundation, that didn't matter."
It is plain that the jury were not obliged to accept as true the testimony last quoted or Oranges' assertion that he neither asked that Gates do something about Girardi's price cutting nor requested them to cancel Girardi's contracts. This is particularly true in view of Oranges' interest. If, as they might well do, the jury were to discount as untrue these assertions, the remaining evidence is sufficient to support an inference that Oranges did just the opposite — that he did suggest and request that Gates take the action which it did against Girardi.
It is quite clear from what we have previously noted that Oranges, and perhaps some other jobbers as well, complained to Gates about Girardi's price cutting. If Oranges complained, it would be a fair inference that his complaint was designed to get some action on the part of Gates. The very act of complaining carries the meaning: "I want you to do something about it." It seems to us that if Oranges was complaining, as Pilcher suggests in his letter, about Girardi breaking the market, he was making such complaint with a view of having Gates rid him of that competition.
The jury also would be permitted to infer that Gates had adopted a policy of refusing to sell its products to jobbers who did not adhere to a schedule of resale prices. The existence of such a policy, and Oranges' acquaintance with that policy, appears from a letter dated September 25, 1953, which Pilcher wrote to Price.
At that time Gates was considering giving a contract for Gates' products to the Jones Bearing Co. Oranges had registered some objection to this. He admitted that he was "a little disturbed" by the proposal to set Jones up as a competing dealer in Gates products. In the communication referred to Pilcher said to Price: "Les was not in a very good mood to receive my opinion that he would be better off with Jones handling Gates belts where we could exercise some control over his marketing practices than he would be were Jones compelled to take on one of the gyp lines and follow through with a price eroding marketing policy. However, you may be able to impress him with this point."
It thus appears that Pilcher had explained to Oranges that if Jones handled Gates belts it could be expected that Gates could exercise control over his marketing practices in such manner as to avoid a "price eroding marketing policy." Oranges would necessarily understand, as he already must have known, that Gates had a price scheduling program and one which it was in a position to control. More significantly, the jury could infer that Gates had adopted a policy of refusing to sell its products to those who did not adhere to a schedule of resale prices. In United States v. Parke, Davis Co., supra, the Court noted the significance of such a policy in Federal Trade Comm. v. Beech-Nut Packing Co., 257 U.S. 441, 42 S.Ct. 150, 66 L.Ed. 307, saying: "In Beech-Nut the company had adopted a policy of refusing to sell its products to wholesalers or retailers who did not adhere to a schedule of resale prices." 362 U.S. at 40, 80 S.Ct. at 509, 4 L.Ed. 505.
It is well settled that in considering the question whether the evidence was sufficient to go to the jury, this court is "of course, bound to view the evidence in the light most favorable to [plaintiff] and to give [him] the benefit of all inferences which the evidence fairly supports, even though contrary inferences might reasonably be drawn." Continental Ore. Co. v. Union Carbide, 370 U.S. 690, 696, 82 S.Ct. 1404, 8 L.Ed.2d 777.
That there was this concert of action to put Girardi out of business in the handling of Gates products is further evidenced by what these parties did to Girardi even after the latter's Stockton and Modesto contracts were cancelled by letter of April 6, 1954, giving 30 days notice of such termination. At that time Girardi's Salinas contracts had not been cancelled; they were cancelled on May 27, 1954. But in the interim Girardi was ordering Gates products, belts and sheaves. That he was attempting to do so must have become known to Gates' jobbers at Stockton (that would be Oranges and Jones) for there is evidence that they immediately "put a lot of pressure" upon Gates to refuse this merchandise to Girardi. On April 30, 1954, Pilcher wrote to Gates' assistant sales manager at Denver as follows:
"Jack, I spent yesterday up at Stockton and will not dictate two or three pages to describe to you what a hot-bed there is at that point. We have a case of all three of the primary belt jobbers hating one another and some of them are suspicious of us. There was a little rumor that Girardi was going to attempt to place a stock order with us before his contract expires on May 5, I have no intention of filling any stock orders for him. However, some one told me that Girardi shot an order in to Denver the other day. I haven't seen anything to confirm this, but just in case he does I do not want it filled under any condition. Will you please alert the necessary persons not to fill any orders whatsoever for any branch of the Girardi Bearing Co., whether it be for Stockton, Modesto, or Salinas.
"I think I am going to have to cancel out this Salinas deal without much more delay. * * * To further complicate the situation, old man Girardi is being quoted by our Stockton jobbers as having said that our cancellation of his contracts was of no concern or worry to him because he was the one who cut us off instead of us cutting them off, and furthermore, if he needed anything in our line he could still get it through his Salinas store. These Stockton jobbers are putting a lot of pressure on us to make this impossible for him."
When Pilcher testified at the trial, he stated that he could "not remember" any conversation with Oranges or Jones at Stockton on April 29, 1954, of the character referred to in the letter just quoted. Of course the jury, observing him and his manner of testifying and his interest could well disbelieve his testimony and believe that his written statement about "pressure" from "Stockton jobbers" was a true one. As against Gates, the statement in the letter is an admission of fact.
The correctness of what was stated in that letter is confirmed by the fact that shortly after this, on May 14, 1954, Girardi received a communication from Gates as follows: "Subject: Your purchase order #001674 attached. * * * We wish to advise that we are returning your order #001674. This step is necessary because your Jobber Contract has terminated and we can no longer accept your orders on a Jobber basis."
If, as the jury could well believe, "these Stockton jobbers" (Oranges and Jones) were at the end of April, 1954, putting "a lot of pressure" on Gates to cut off Girardi, that would be additional evidence that earlier that same month, when Gates first cancelled Girardi, Oranges was then also putting pressure on Gates to get rid of Girardi. A person's state of mind, his intention to accomplish a certain result, the existence of a conspiracy, is like any other condition which is the subject of proof in court. A subsequent existence of a certain condition may in proper circumstances, where the time lapse is brief, give rise to an inference that the same condition previously existed. The rule is as stated by us in Allen v. Matson Navigation Co., 9 Cir., 255 F.2d 273, 281, "Where the condition is of such character that a brief lapse of time would not affect it materially, the subsequent existence of the condition may give rise to an inference that it previously existed."
We think that the evidence in this case was sufficient to permit the jury properly to draw the inference that Oranges complained to Gates about Girardi's price cutting; that in making those complaints Oranges was expecting Gates to take action to put an end to that price cutting and thus relieve Oranges as Girardi's competitor from the adverse effects of a price eroding policy on the part of Girardi; that Gates acquiesced in this and by its conduct carried out a program jointly with Oranges to put an end to this price erosion; that when Oranges sought assistance from Gates he knew of Gates' fixed policy of refusing to sell to those who did not adhere to its schedule of prices and expected that Gates would exercise the control over Girardi that Gates' representative indicated could be exercised over the marketing prices of Jones if Jones were given a contract.
It is therefore our view that the trial court was in error in taking the case from the jury and dismissing the action.
No contention is made that Gates is protected under the minimum resale price proviso of § 1 of the Sherman Act because of the California Fair Trade Act (California Business and Professions Code, §§ 16900-16905). Such contention could not be made for there is no allegation or proof that Gates had any minimum price agreement of the kind there referred to.
The conclusion we have reached here makes it unnecessary to consider whether there may have been another respect in which there was evidence of a violation of § 1 of the Sherman Act; this because there was some evidence that Gates, in enforcing its price-fixing arrangement with Oranges, in effect may have imposed a boycott on Girardi. See Walker Distributing Co. v. Lucky Lager Brewing Co., 9 Cir., 323 F.2d 1.
The judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
BARNES, Circuit Judge (concurring).
While I do not and cannot agree with certain interpretations of the evidence relied upon by my brother Pope, it would serve no useful purpose for me to list them here.
This case comes before us by reason of the trial court having granted, after the plaintiff's case has been presented to a jury, a motion to dismiss. The district court thus held as a matter of law there was no sufficient substantial evidence of the conspiracy charged to go to the jury.
With this I cannot agree. There existed questions of fact that might well have been decided, either in favor of appellant or against him, upon a weighing of all the evidence by either a jury or judge acting as the trier of facts. I cannot agree there exists in the record no substantial evidence from which a conspiracy might not have been properly and legally inferred by such trier of fact, rather than a finding that a "Colgate" situation existed, giving the seller the sole discretion as to with whom he would or would not deal. And of course, we are required to view whatever evidence exists in the light most favorable to plaintiff and to give him the benefit of all inferences which are fairly supported by the evidence, even though we, as triers of fact, might arrive at a contrary conclusion.
I concur.
In Girardi, plaintiffs proved that defendant Gates Rubber established a suggested resale price for its products that was adhered to by its two distributors in the Stockton, California area; that when one of these two distributors threatened to offer prices below these suggested retail prices at two of its three resale outlets, it was threatened with termination if it did so; that Gates received complaints from its other distributor concerning Girardi's discounting activities, and that internal memoranda of the defendant showed that Girardi's competitors "are putting a lot of pressure on us to make this impossible for him."
Summary of this case from Roesch, Inc. v. Star Cooler Corp.


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Q: Word for swinging a weapon upward? I'm looking for a word that would represent the motion of swinging a melee weapon (Bat, Sword, hammer, axe, etc) starting at your legs and moving upward.
The end of the weapon would be starting on or close to the ground, then it would be making an uppercut motion.
Examples that don't quite fit:

*

*Bash - Thrusting a blunt object forward

*Slash - Diagonal upward or downward attack

*Stab - Thrusting a sharp object forward

*Sweep - Swinging from one-side to another

*Crush - Downward swing of a weapon (exact opposite of what I'm currently looking for)

A: Generally, for all weapons (axe, sword):

upswing: (v.) an upward swing or movement

Sword:

unterhau (v.) Medieval fencing term for upward or rising strikes made from below the waist

[YouTube]
Bat:

uppercut: (v.) hit with an upward batting stroke

A: 'Brandish or flourish'or even'uphold' may be used.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Bose launches hook-over, not p...
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WearablesBoseWirelessEarphonesSport
Daishi January 5, 2021 06:50 PM
This is one of my biggest problem with mobile phones lacking a 3.5mm jack. Hook over earphones are the only thing that seem to stay in my ear even when I'm not doing anything and all my hook over earphones are 3.5mm. Sadly they are $200 and need to be charged instead of the $15-$20 ones I have several pairs of in different locations that are always ready to go.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Author: Castleman
61 matching references were found.
Keesee, R.G.; Lee, N.; Castleman Jr., Properties of Clusters in the Gas Phase. 3. Hydration Complexes of CO3- and HCO3-, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1979, 101, 10, 2599, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00504a015 . [all data]
Keesee, R.G.; Castleman Jr., Hydration of Monomeric Metaphosphate Anion in the Gas Phase, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 25, 9015, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00207a004 . [all data]
Evans, D.H.; Keesee, R.G.; Castleman Jr., The Association of Ammonia with Halide Ions in the Gas Phase, J. Chem. Phys., 1987, 86, 5, 2927, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.452043 . [all data]
Shul, R.J.; Upschulte, B.L.; Passarella, R.; Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Thermal energy charge-transfer reactions of Ar+ and Ar2+, J. Phys. Chem., 1987, 91, 2556. [all data]
Knappenberger, K.L.; Clayborne, P.A.; Reveles, J.U.; Sobhy, M.A.; Jones, C.E.; Gupta, U.U.; Khanna, S.N.; Iordanov, I.; Sofo, J.; Castleman, A.W., Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional investigation of diniobium-carbon clusters, Acs Nano, 2007, 1, 4, 319-326, https://doi.org/10.1021/nn700167c . [all data]
Upschulte, B.L.; Schelling, F.J.; Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Thermochemical Properties of Gas Phase Mixed Clusters: Water and Sulfur Dioxide with Na+ and Cl-, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1984, 111, 4-5, 389, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(84)85526-8 . [all data]
Hunton, D.E.; Hofmann, M.; Lindeman, T.G.; Castleman, A.W., Photodissociation Dynamics of CO3-, J. Chem. Phys., 1985, 82, 1, 134, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.448786 . [all data]
Bell, R.C.; Zemski, K.A.; Justes, D.R.; Castleman, A.W., Formation, structure and bond dissociation thresholds of gas- phase vanadium oxide cluster ions, J. Chem. Phys., 2001, 114, 2, 798-811, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1329643 . [all data]
Sobhy, M.A.; Castleman, A.W., Photoelectron imaging of copper and silver mono- and diamine anions, J. Chem. Phys., 2007, 126, 15, 154314, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2721566 . [all data]
Sobhy, M.A.; Reveles, J.U.; Gupta, U.; Khanna, S.N.; Castleman, A.W., Photoelectron imaging and theoretical investigation of bimetallic Bi1-2Ga0-2- and Pb-1-4(-) cluster anions, J. Chem. Phys., 2009, 130, 5, 054304, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3069295 . [all data]
Peppernick, S.J.; Gunaratne, K.D.D.; Sayres, S.G.; Castleman, A.W., Photoelectron imaging of small silicon cluster anions, Si-n- (n=2-7), J. Chem. Phys., 2010, 132, 4, 044302, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3299271 . [all data]
Gunaratne, K.D.D.; Hazra, A.; Castleman, A.W., Photoelectron imaging spectroscopy and theoretical investigation of ZrSi, J. Chem. Phys., 2011, 134, 20, 204303, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3592371 . [all data]
Iordanov, I.; Gunaratne, K.D.D.; Harmon, C.L.; Sofo, J.O.; Castleman, A.W., Broad photoelectron spectrum and lowered electron affinity due to hydrogen in ZnOH: A joint experimental and theoretical study, J. Chem. Phys., 2012, 136, 21, 214314, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4725713 . [all data]
Wincel, H.; Mereand, E.; Castleman, A.W., Gas-phase reactions of ClONO2 with Cl-(D2O)(n=0-3) and NO2-, J. Phys. Chem. A, 1997, 101, 44, 8248-8254, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9701146 . [all data]
Knappenberger, K.L.; Jones, C.E.; Sobhy, M.A.; Iordanov, I.; Sofo, J.; Castleman, A.W., Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional investigation of vanadium carbide clusters, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2006, 110, 47, 12814-12821, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp065273g . [all data]
Sobhy, M.A.; Casalenuovo, K.; Reveles, J.U.; Gupta, U.; Khanna, S.N.; Castleman, A.W., Photoelectron Imaging and Density-Functional Investigation of Bismuth and Lead Anions Solvated in Ammonia Clusters, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2010, 114, 42, 11353-11363, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp1058148 . [all data]
Clayborne, P.A.; Jones, C.E.; Gupta, U.; Melko, J.J.; Khanna, S.N.; Castleman, A.W., Structural Evolution of Triniobium Carbide Clusters: Evidence of Large C-n Chains (n=3-4) in Nb3Cn- (n=5-10) Clusters, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2010, 114, 3, 1290-1297, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp905022p . [all data]
Gunaratne, K.D.D.; Berkdemir, C.; Harmon, C.L.; Castleman, A.W., Investigating the Relative Stabilities and Electronic Properties of Small Zinc Oxide Clusters, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2012, 116, 51, 12429-12437, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp3029374 . [all data]
Cheng, S.B.; Berkdemir, C.; Melko, J.J.; Castleman, A.W., Probing the Electronic Structures and Relative Stabilities of Monomagnesium Oxide Clusters MgOx- and MgOx (x=1-4): A Combined Photoelectron Imaging and Theoretical Investigation, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2013, 117, 46, 11896-11905, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp403134g . [all data]
Melko, J.J.; Ong, S.V.; Gupta, U.; Reveles, J.U.; D'Emidio, J.; Khanna, S.N.; Castleman, A.W., Anion Photoelectron Spectroscopy and First-Principles Study of PbxIny Clusters, J. Phys. Chem. C, 2010, 114, 48, 20907-20916, https://doi.org/10.1021/jp1089432 . [all data]
Tang, I.N.; Castleman, A.W., Mass Spectrometric Study of the Gas - Phase Hydration of the Monovalent Lead Ion, J. Chem. Phys., 1972, 57, 9, 3638, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1678820 . [all data]
Tang, I.N.; Castleman, A.W., Mass Spectrometric Study of Gas - Phase Clustering Reactions: Hydration of the Monovalent Bismuth Ion, J. Chem. Phys., 1974, 60, 10, 3981, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1680846 . [all data]
Tang, I.N.; Castleman, A.W., Gas - Phase Solvation of the Ammonium Ion in Ammonia, J. Chem. Phys., 1975, 62, 11, 4576, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.430331 . [all data]
Tang, I.N.; Lian, M.S.; Castleman, A.W., Mass Spectrometric Study of Gas - Phase Clustering Reactions: Hydration of the Monovalent Strontium Ion, J. Chem. Phys., 1976, 65, 10, 4022, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.432854 . [all data]
Castleman, A.W., The Properties of Clusters in the Gas Phase: Ammonia about Bi+, Rb+, and K+, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1978, 53, 3, 560, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(78)80069-4 . [all data]
Castleman, A.W.; Holland, P.M.; Lindsay, D.M.; Peterson, K.I., The Properties of Clusters in the Gas Phase. 2. Ammonia about Metal Ions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1978, 100, 19, 6039, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00487a011 . [all data]
Castleman, A.W.; Keesee, R.G., Electron and Ion Swarms, Proc. Second Int. Swarm Seminar, L. G. Christoforou, ed. (Pergamon Press, New York), 1981, 189-201. [all data]
Holland, P.M.; Castleman, A.W., The Thermochemical Properties of Gas - Phase Transition Metal Ion Complexes, J. Chem. Phys., 1982, 76, 8, 4195, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.443497 . [all data]
Stephan, K.; Futrell, J.H.; Peterson, K.I.; Castleman, A.W.; Wagner, H.E.; Djuric, N.; Mark, T.D., An Electron - Impact Study of Ammonia Clusters in a Supersonic Molecular Beam: Appearence Potentials of NH4+, (NH3)2H+, (NH3)3+, (NH3)3H+ and (NH2 NH3)+, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys., 1982, 44, 3-4, 167, https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7381(82)80023-5 . [all data]
Stephan, K.; Futrell, J.H.; Peterson, K.I.; Castleman, A.W.; Mark, T.D., An Electron-Impact Study of Carbon Dioxide Dimers in a Supersonic Molecular Beam: Appearance Potentials of (CO2)2+, (CO CO2)+ and (Ar CO2)+, J. Chem. Phys., 1982, 77, 5, 2408, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.444163 . [all data]
Peterson, K.I.; Mark, T.D.; Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Thermochemical Properties of Gas - Phase Mixed Clusters: H2O/CO2 with Na+, J. Phys. Chem., 1984, 88, 13, 2880, https://doi.org/10.1021/j150657a042 . [all data]
Upschulte, B.L.; Evans, D.H.; Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Unpublished results, referred to in missing citation, 1986. [all data]
Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Monomeric Metaphosphate: Does it Exist in Aqueous Solution?, Z. Naturforsch., 1987, 42b, 1585. [all data]
Shul, R.J.; Passarella, R.; Upshulte, B.L.; Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Thermal Energy Reactions Invoving Ar+ Monomer and Dimer with N2, H2, Xe, and Kr, J. Chem. Phys., 1987, 86, 8, 4446, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.452718 . [all data]
Breen, J.J.; Tzeng, W.B.; Kilgore, K.; Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Intracluster Reactions in Phenylacetylene - Ammonia Clusters Initiated through Resonant Enhanced Ionization, J. Phys. Chem., 1989, 90, 1, 19, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.456521 . [all data]
Farley, R.W.; Ziemann, P.; Castleman, A.W., Investigation of the Stabilities of Neutral and Ionic Lead-Antimony Clusters Under Single and Multiphoton Ionization Conditions, Z. Phys. D., 1989, 14, 4, 353, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01429285 . [all data]
Gleim, K.L.; Guo, B.C.; Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Thermodynamics for the Clustering of Ammonia Onto Pb+ in the Gas Phase, J. Phys. Chem., 1989, 93, 18, 6805, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100355a044 . [all data]
Guo, B.C.; Conklin, B.J.; Castleman, A.W., Thermochemical Properties of Ion Complexes Na+(M)n in the Gas Phase, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1989, 111, 17, 6506, https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00199a005 . [all data]
Guo, B.C.; Castleman, A.W., The Association Reactions of Pb+ Ion with CH3OH and CH3NH2 in the Gas Phase, Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Proc., 1990, 100, 665, https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1176(90)85101-7 . [all data]
Guo, B.C.; Purnell, J.W.; Castleman, A.W., The Clustering Reactions of Benzene with Sodium and Lead Ions, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1990, 168, 2, 155, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(90)85122-S . [all data]
Stanley, R.J.; Cook, M.; Castleman, A.W., Unimolecular Dissociation Rate Constants: Chlorobenzene Cations Revisited by Using a New Method, J. Phys. Chem., 1990, 94, 9, 3668, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100372a058 . [all data]
Wei, S.; Tzeng, W.B.; Castleman, A.W., Kinetic Energy Release Measurements of Ammonia Cluster Ions During Metastable Decomposition and Determination of Cluster Ion Binding Energies, J. Chem. Phys., 1990, 92, 1, 332, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.458434 . [all data]
Guo, B.C.; Castleman, A.W., The Bonding Strength of Ag+(C2H4) and Ag+(C2H4)2 Complexes, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1991, 181, 1, 16, https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(91)90214-T . [all data]
Guo, B.C.; Castleman, A.W., The Clustering Reactions of Na+ and Pb+ with Several Important Ligands, Zeit. Phys. D., 1991, 19, 1-4, 397, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01448337 . [all data]
Tzeng, W.B.; Wei, S.; Castleman, A.W., Stability, Structure and Binding - Energies of Solvated Cluster Ions - Ammonia Acetonitrile and Ammonia Acetaldehyde Systems, J. Phys. Chem., 1991, 95, 15, 5757, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100168a011 . [all data]
Wei, S.; Shi, Z.; Castleman, A.W., Elucidating the Origin of Magic Numbers - Trends in the Relative Binding - Energies of Xenon Cluster Ions and Their Implications, J. Chem. Phys., 1991, 94, 12, 8604, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.460043 . [all data]
Wei, S.; Tzeng, W.B.; Castleman, A.W., Structure of protonated solvation complexes - ammonia trimethylamine cluster ions and their metastable decompositions, J. Phys. Chem., 1991, 95, 2, 585, https://doi.org/10.1021/j100155a019 . [all data]
Shi, Z.; Ford, V.; Wei, S.; Castleman, A.W., Water Clusters - Contributions of Binding Energy and Entropy to Stability, J. Chem. Phys., 1993, 99, 10, 8009, https://doi.org/10.1063/1.465678 . [all data]
Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., Heats of formation of SO2Cl- and (SO2)2Cl-, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 1446. [all data]
Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., Gas phase studies of hydration complexes of Cl- and I- and comparison to electrostatic calculations in the gas phase, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1980, 74, 139. [all data]
Keesee, R.G.; Lee, N.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., Properties of clusters in the gas phase: V. Complexes of neutral molecules onto negative ions, J. Chem. Phys., 1980, 73, 2195. [all data]
Lee, N.; Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., The properties of clusters in the gas phase. IV. Complexes of H2O and HNOx clustering on NOx-, J. Chem. Phys., 1980, 72, 1089. [all data]
Peterson, K.I.; Dao, P.D.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., Photoionization studies of Na2Cl and Na2O and reactions of metal clusters, J. Chem. Phys., 1983, 79, 777. [all data]
Dao, P.D.; Peterson, K.I.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., The photoionization of oxidized metal clusters, J. Chem. Phys., 1984, 80, 563. [all data]
Peterson, K.I.; Dao, P.D.; Farley, R.W.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., Photoionization of sodium clusters, J. Chem. Phys., 1984, 80, 1780. [all data]
Castleman, A.W., Jr.; Keesee, R.G., Ionic clusters, Chem. Rev., 1986, 86, 589. [all data]
Keesee, R.G.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., Thermochemical data on Ggs-phase ion-molecule association and clustering reactions, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 1986, 15, 1011. [all data]
Echt, O.; Cook, M.C.; Castleman, A.W., Jr., Krypton dimers: resonance-enhanced MPI via gerade states in the region of atomic 4p55p configurations, J. Chem. Phys., 1987, 87, 3276-3280. [all data]
Albertoni, C.R.; Castleman, A.W., Jr.; Ferguson, E.E., Consideration of rotational tunneling in rare gas cluster ions, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 157, 159-163. [all data]
Gupta, U.; Reber, A.C.; Melko, J.J.; Khanna, S.N.; Castleman, W., Stability and electronic properties of isoelectronic heteroatomic analogs of Sn-5(2-), Chem. Phys. Lett., 2011, 505, 4-6, 92-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2011.02.035 . [all data]


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« Iran attempted to shoot down US drone over tanker attack site in Gulf of Oman | Main | US looks to build 'international consensus' around tanker attacks, says Iran interfered with the damaged ships »
Notre Dame Cathedral holds first mass since devastating fire
iStock(PARIS) -- Notre Dame Cathedral held mass on Saturday, its first since a devastating fire tore through the building two months ago on April 15.
Only a small group of about 30 people attended the mass, including the church's clergy, worshipers, media and construction workers. The mass was also transmitted live on a French Catholic TV station, and dozens of other Catholics attended the service from outside the cathedral, watching on their phones.
The small group convened in a chapel behind the large gold-covered cross that was miraculously found intact after the fire, which destroyed the building's roof, causing its iconic spire to collapse. For safety reasons, those attending the mass were asked to wear hard hats inside the church.
Paris archbishop Michel Aupetit led the service. He has pushed for the reconstruction of Notre Dame since the fire and wanted to hold the mass as a way to keep the energy around the monument's recovery alive.
French Minister of Culture Franck Riester that only 9% of the $955 million in donations that had been promised to Notre Dame's reconstruction had actually been received, according to Agence France-Press. He said some donors were waiting to send their donations because they wanted clear plans for how their money would be spent.
The mass was held a day before an annual celebration of the consecration of the church's altar, known as the feast of the Dedication of Our Lady, and Aupetit prayed to the statue of the Virgin Mary, saying that he was thankful to be there.
"It was extraordinary," he said, "to be able to celebrate again, even in this wounded cathedral. I was ordained bishop in this cathedral."
Aupetit called it "a little weird" praying with hard hats on and said that he took it off during the consecration because "come on."
He hopes he'll be able to hold mass again soon, though. "As soon as I'm given the authorization again, I will go again, because I used to go all the time," he said.
The church site is still being investigated by the French police. Investigators have now seized 100 samples from the crime scene to undergo laboratory examinations. However, they fear that a lot of the samples won't be useful.
Investigators believe that the fire started due to a short-circuit around the electrified bells in the spire. They also believe that there had been a human error in locating the fire, and that a security guard inspected the wrong sector of the church.
As the investigation continues, the church's reconstruction will remain on hold until it is fully cleared of rubble. Yet still, with this mass, the clergy around Notre Dame demonstrates that it's eager to start a regular church life again.
Saturday, June 15, 2019 at 8:50PM by Dana Schaeffer Permalink


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RejuvaWear Leggings Review: Compression Leggings for Long Haul Flights
Fashion & Beauty Apr 8, 2016
Caroline Morse Teel
Caroline Morse Teel is the Managing Editor for SmarterTravel Media. Follow her on Instagram @TravelWithCaroline.
Caroline joined Boston-based SmarterTravel in 2011 after living in Ireland, London, and Manhattan. She's traveled to all seven continents, jumped out of planes, and bungeed off bridges in the pursuit of a good story. She loves exploring off-the-beaten path destinations, anything outdoorsy, and all things adventure.
Her stories have also appeared online at USA Today, Business Insider, Huffington Post, Yahoo, Boston.com, TripAdvisor, Buzzfeed, Jetsetter, Oyster, Airfarewatchdog, and others.
The Handy Item I Always Pack: "Earplugs. A good pair has saved my sleep and sanity many times!"
Ultimate Bucket List Experience: Hiking Mount Kilimanjaro.
Travel Motto: "Don't be boring."
Aisle, Window, or Middle Seat: "Aisle (when the first class private suite isn't available)."
E-mail her at cteel@smartertravel.com.
See recent posts by Caroline Morse Teel
cteel@smartertravel.com
Compression socks have been my go to for avoiding swollen legs and lessening the possibility of blood clots on long flights, but I'm not a fan of how they look or feel. That's why I like the RejuvaWear leggings, which look like normal leggings but have 15-20 mmHg of compression. They have side panels that aren't compression, so nothing important gets squished. There's also an extra wide waistband which is comfortable when sitting for long periods.
RejuvaWear Leggings Review
Price and Where to Buy RejuvaWear Leggings: At the time of writing, the leggings were on sale for $44.97 on Amazon. Regular price: $69.99 on RejuvaWear's website.
How RejuvaWear Leggings Rate:
Usefulness: 10/10. Leggings are an essential part of my outfit anytime I have to fly somewhere. They're comfortable (but still look presentable), and keep you warm on a cold flight (but can be easily ditched once you get to a hot weather destination, assuming you're pairing them with a dress). I like that these offer the compression I like for long flights, but look like normal clothes.
Value: 5/10. $70 is a lot to pay for leggings, even if they are compression. If you can snag them at the sale price, it's definitely a better deal.
Durability: 10/10. These are sturdier and more opaque than most leggings.
Cool Factor: 10/10. The leggings come in different colors, and look like regular leggings.
Final Verdict: If you fly often, or have a job where you have to stand a lot (and suffer from leg swelling and fatigue), these leggings would be a beneficial upgrade for your wardrobe.
Caroline is always on the lookout for cool new travel gear. Follow her on Twitter and Instagram.
Editor's Note: Reviews are based on usefulness, portability, durability, value, and "cool factor." Some review products are sent to us free of charge and with no incentive to offer a favorable review. We offer our unbiased opinions, positive and negative, and will never accept compensation to review a product. If you have any questions or comments concerning our reviews, or would like to suggest a product for review, please email us at editor@smartertravel.com. (Photo: Leef)


Qingdao Sincerely Steel Group is an outstanding Manufacturer, Supplier and Exporter of steel products, with a factory in China. We supply and export consistently high quality galvanized & prepainted steel coil, stainless steel, alloy steel and carbon steel, and continually improve upon the manufacturing processes and work environment through total employee involvement and strict adherence to fair business ethics.
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Learn more about our host business Skyline Hospital, while enjoying an evening of networking and complimentary appetizers and beverages, thanks to our sponsors, A&J Select Market, Backwoods Brewing and Maryhill Winery. Bring your business cards and enter for your chance to win a $300 cash prize at the end of the year! We will also be selling raffle tickets for admission for 2 to the Gorge Blues and Brews Festival!


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Friends and advocates
Two passionate supporters of international human rights find friendship and solidarity at Harvard Law School
By Rachel Reed/HLS News Staff, October 27, 2021
Credit: Lorin Granger (L to R) Sondra Anton '22 and Anoush Baghdassarian '22
It was against the din of barroom conversation and clinking glasses at Grendel's Den that new first-year Harvard Law School students Anoush Baghdassarian '22 and Sondra Anton '22 first realized how remarkably similar their lives had been up to that moment.
They had both been raised in families scarred by mass atrocity. Both had studied in Latin America. Each had extensive experience advocating for those suffering from human rights abuses around the world. And most importantly, both came to law school knowing exactly what they wanted to do with their lives: to uncover, acknowledge, and address international human rights crimes.
The pair's serendipitous meeting that day formed the basis of a friendship that has bloomed over the course of their time at law school as they became members, then co-presidents, of Harvard Law School Advocates for Human Rights — complementing one another's strengths and continually pushing each other to pursue the important work they had come to Harvard Law to do.
'History repeats itself'
Credit: Lorin Granger Anoush Baghdassarian '22
Baghdassarian grew up in Long Island, New York, the daughter of Armenian parents whose families had survived and fled to Egypt, Greece, Uruguay, and Argentina after the genocide of more than one million Armenian Christians during the Ottoman Empire in the early part of the 20th century.
In middle and high school, Baghdassarian began raising awareness among her peers of the Armenian genocide, which the Turkish government does not recognize, by giving yearly lessons to her classmates. "There's a quote that is attributed to Hitler where he says something along the lines of, 'who, after all, today remembers the annihilation of the Armenians,' as a justification for going forward with the Holocaust," says Baghdassarian. "That was really striking to me — it was an explicit example of how history repeats itself. I thought that one way history might not repeat is if we all know about the past."
When, as a junior in high school, she was barred from further presentations on the subject after another student complained she was spreading lies and that the genocide had never happened, she refused to be silenced. Instead, she wrote an original play called "FOUND" about the genocide and put it on for the community at her local library — a powerful experience she says pushed her to think more broadly about mass atrocities.
I come from a family of survivors
Sondra Anton '22
At the same time, 500 miles away in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Anton was also coming to understand her place in the human rights field. Like Baghdassarian, Anton's family history was indelibly shaped by persecution and conflict: her maternal ancestors fled Jewish pogroms in Eastern Europe immediately prior to the Holocaust, and her father's family, who are Sri Lankan Tamils, escaped the country amidst ethnic persecution and violent civil war. "I come from a family of survivors," says Anton.
It wasn't until her first year in high school, however, that she began to fully engage with the transgenerational impact of human rights abuse. In May 2009, the nearly three-decades-long Sri Lankan civil war came to a gruesome finale. "Tens of thousands of Tamil civilians were killed while the world watched," says Anton. "As a second-generation Tamil, I struggled to make sense not only of the horror of the violence, but also with the disbelief that nobody seemed to care. As a member of the Jewish community who had been promised that 'never again' would the world stand by and allow such atrocities to happen, that was even tougher to process."
Anton began thinking more about the role devastating events like these have played throughout history and how she could make sense of her own family background through the study of human rights and international justice. "I realized that to come from two very distinct cultures that have suffered from such wide-scale human rights violations isn't just an unfortunate coincidence. It's about history repeating itself when we do not actively learn from the past and work to ensure other communities will never suffer from the same violations," she says.
As Anton became increasingly convinced that she wanted to pursue a career in international human rights, her family cautioned her to be sure she was not doing so out of a sense of obligation. "My parents said, 'you will always be Jewish, and you will always be Tamil, so a legacy of human rights will always be a part of who you are — but it does not need to define what you do as a profession.' They really encouraged me to make sure that this was a field that I was passionate about beyond my own cultural background," she says.
Parallel tracks
Credit: Lorin Granger Sondra Anton '22
To explore that passion, Anton took a course on U.S. involvement in the military dictatorships of Latin America during her first year as a William H. Danforth Scholar at Washington University at St. Louis. She was fascinated — and horrified — by how much of what happened was virtually unknown to most Americans. "There were so many atrocities that I'd never learned about growing up, in much the same way that had I not been Sri Lankan Tamil I would never have learned about what happened there either," she says.
Later, Anton studied in Santiago, Chile for nearly a year, working part-time at the Museum of Memory and Human Rights. While there, she received independent funding to conduct research into how communities fight for accountability in national and international courts, interviewing Chilean and Argentine torture survivors, human rights activists, and judges who had been part of the prosecution efforts against the former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. Seeking to understand how societies had come to terms with the brutality of the military dictatorships of the 1970s and 80s, Anton came to understand accountability mechanisms as an integral part of restoring justice in post-conflict societies.
After graduation, Anton headed to the University of Oxford for a master's in politics and comparative government, where she focused on examining the politics of global justice through the work of the International Criminal Court. During her time in the U.K., she joined the Bonavero Institute of Human Rights as a research affiliate and was awarded a grant to complete fieldwork in Colombia, using these opportunities to analyze how law is applied to address past atrocities. According to Anton, writing her graduate thesis on the problems facing the field of international accountability solidified her commitment to law school. "Despite all the obstacles that the human rights field faces and will continue to face, there is a need more than ever to tackle these issues head on in practice by implementing the lessons and experiences that we've seen throughout different places and points in history. While the law alone cannot address the monumental impact of mass atrocity, it can be a meaningful tool for communities seeking redress."
If we can understand why ordinary people repeatedly participate in genocide, maybe we can get closer to understanding how to prevent it.
Anoush Baghdassarian '22
Baghdassarian's route to the law is strikingly similar. As an undergraduate at Claremont McKenna College, she studied psychology and genocide studies, focusing on the psychology of perpetrators of mass atrocity, thinking that, "if we can understand why ordinary people repeatedly participate in genocide, maybe we can get closer to understanding how to prevent it." Outside of her classes, she again put on a production of her play about the Armenian genocide, and helped women who had been victims of human trafficking produce a dramatization of their own experiences. She joined the school's Mgrublian Center for Human Rights, and began learning about and advocating for victims of human rights abuses around the world through Human Rights Watch and other organizations.
Immediately after graduation, she pursued two human rights fellowships. The first, Humanity in Action, took place in Berlin and introduced her to a network of young people chosen for their potential to become leaders on issues related to human and minority rights around the world. A month later she began her fellowship with the Davis Projects for Peace, which seeded an archival project she had been dreaming up, called Rerooted. For the project, which Baghdassarian continues to lead, she and her co-founder traveled to Armenia to collect and preserve the stories of Syrians displaced by the recent civil war in that country. Because many of those who left Syria were descendants of Armenians who had settled there after the 1915 genocide, Baghdassarian says her goal was to share the stories of a people who have faced "100 years of displacement." She says it was important to her that this community was included in justice efforts for Syria, and that transitional justice in Syria was informed by affected voices from the ground, not just multilateral institutions and external actors. In pursuit of this goal, Baghdassarian has personally conducted more than 200 interviews with Syrian-Armenians, supervised summer interns from Harvard Law School, written reports to the U.N., and has secured partnerships with legal NGOs around the world working on accountability for Syria, including with the primary investigative and documentation-preserving body for Syria, the United Nations' International, Impartial, and Independent Mechanism on Syria.
"I've thought a lot about why recognition matters, why people care so much if somebody acknowledges what was done to them and why," she says. "It's because it denies you your humanity, it denies your dignity. The work that I'm doing is so that no other community has to go a century without justice."
After her fellowships, Baghdassarian served as an adviser to Armenia's Permanent Mission to the United Nations, attending the body's Third and Sixth Committee meetings on human rights, and law, respectively. She then continued her work as a master's student in Human Rights Studies at Columbia University the following year, during which she traveled to Armenia for her thesis to conduct surveys with Syrian-Armenians regarding what justice would look like for them in a post-conflict Syria. Like Anton, she increasingly thought about the law, and its ability — albeit an imperfect one — to facilitate justice, and to promote accountability for human rights crimes.
Credit: Courtesy of Sondra Anton '22 and Anoush Baghdassarian '22 (L to R) Anton and Baghdassarian in Gropius Hall during the spring semester of their 1L year.
Advocating for justice
After that first meeting for Section 5 students at Grendel's in 2019 the day before classes started, Anton and Baghdassarian became fast friends and allies. "It was so great to meet somebody who was also so passionate about something — who came to law school for a specific reason," says Baghdassarian. "It was really comforting and reassuring when many of our friends were going to law firms or when we were faced with a world of new possibilities in tangentially related fields, to be able to have one other to bounce ideas off of and stay grounded in our interests."
One of the first things both did was to join Harvard Law School Advocates for Human Rights, a student practice organization dedicated to human rights work and advocacy on campus and around the world. Working with Advocates and under the supervision of practicing attorneys, they found a supportive and collaborative environment and many different ways to get involved in human rights work.
That first year, Anton collaborated with a judge at the International Criminal Court, looking at how the court could expand its jurisdiction, while Baghdassarian researched whether airstrikes in Yemen violated international law. They enjoyed the experience so much that they joined the board as its only first-year students their second semester, and joked that they should become co-presidents of the organization during their 3L year.
During their second year at Harvard Law, as learning and working went remote due to the pandemic, Baghdassarian and Anton remained in close contact, despite being back in their home states. "We'd call each other and keep each other going on our projects," says Anton. "A lot of people are used to just hearing 'no,' or 'that's not feasible,' but we just kept pushing each other to keep going, to keep making a difference." That tenacity paid off: both Anton and Baghdassarian were named the school's Human Rights Program Summer Fellows in 2020.
Then, in the spring of 2021, the two fulfilled their first-year dream when they were elected co-presidents of Advocates. They say their complementary skill sets — Baghdassarian enjoys research and writing, while Anton prefers direct forms of activism — have helped to expand the depth and breadth of the organization's scope this year.
Anton recently built an Advocates student activism wing, dedicated to protest and other forms of direct action for change, from the ground up. "In addition to the work that we started last year supporting Uyghur human rights lawyer Rayhan Asat LL.M. '16 on advocating for her brother's release from a Chinese internment camp, we also now have a full team of students focusing on ensuring that grass-roots activism and a demonstrable commitment to social justice play a central role in how we perceive what it means to truly be an advocate for human rights," she said.
The 80 members of Advocates this year also continue to work on important human rights projects. Baghdassarian and Anton have ensured that initiatives span the globe, including one on arbitrary imprisonment in Russia, and a collaboration with an environmental justice group in South Africa looking to document the impact of coal mining and air pollution on children.
Anton adds that Advocates are not limited to existing projects: "We hope to encourage and empower any member with an interest in something to go ahead and start it," she says, adding that she and Baghdassarian are invested in fostering opportunities for first- and second-year J.D. students, just like a previous generation of Advocates did for them.
Baghdassarian herself established a project last September focused on the war that had broken out between Azerbaijan and Armenia in the disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. Her project group eventually produced a report to be sent to the State Department in support of Magnitsky Act sanctions. The project team is continuing this year, this time drafting reports to United Nations special rapporteurs on human rights abuses such as prisoners of war, destruction of cultural heritage, and racial discrimination. At the same time, Anton created a project in the International Human Rights Clinic on accountability litigation and strategic advocacy for Sri Lanka. Her project, which is also continuing into this year, included drafting and coordinating a joint open letter with 22 prominent international NGOs calling for the U.N. Human Rights Council to adopt a resolution for justice and accountability mechanisms to address past crimes against humanity and war crimes committed there.
Baghdassarian and Anton say that their collaboration and friendship have been an enriching and important piece of their law school journey, as have the opportunities granted to them by the faculty, the Harvard Human Rights Clinic, Advocates, and the HLS community overall. As they look toward the future, they say they're excited to see all that Advocates will achieve this year in the fight for justice for victims of mass atrocity. As for their own careers, both are deciding where they will go after graduation next summer, but each says it will involve international human rights. Maybe one day they could start a human rights litigation boutique together, Baghdassarian says, or maybe they will simply serve as one another's sounding board and confidant in a field that can sometimes be demoralizing. In any case, they say they expect they will always be friends, ready to push one another to do the work they have always wanted to do: fight for recognition and redress for victims of atrocities across the world.
"I have a feeling we are going to be seeing a lot of each other," says Anton.
Topics: Human Rights, International
Clinics & SPOs: HLS Advocates for Human Rights
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text:
Q: Is there a way to indicate/show "runas" user or administrative rights in the titlebar of a window in windows7? I sometimes start applications with elevated rights and forget to close them later because they are not distinguishable. Through something like an "Open File..." someone can easily abuse those apps if my normal account is "compromised".
The question is if there is a way to indicate that a window is created by application with elevated rights.
I noticed that the windows are handled differently internally and access control is enforced: e.g. that extensions like dexpot cannot hook to those windows.

A: Given the lengths that was required to get something like that to work for IE/Explorer ( see Privbar) , I do not think there is a solution that will affect all programs.

A: The only thing I know of is code to check for administrative permissions.
Maybe someone could write a tool that draws a red border around elevated windows...
Maybe something similar should be suggested to Microsoft to be included in one of the next releases..

A: A command prompt run as administrator adds Administrator to the title bar, but this seems to be the only case of this built in.

A: You have to find a way to parse username into tile windows.
You can test this in batch files:
title %USERNAME%
will add the user name to the title window.
I assume something equivalent for non-cmd/batch windows can be done via VBS.
Anyway, it's env variables you should use.


text:
Johnson Funeral Home
Has a death occured?
(503) 990-6936 24/7
Funeral & Cremation
Funeraria Cremación
Rosamond Thompson
January 24, 1917–December 30, 2018
About Rosamond Thompson
Rosamond Thompson, born Florence Rosamond Marshall on January 24, 1917, passed away peacefully with her family on December 30, 2018, at the age of 101. Rosamond was one of seven children born to James Robert Marshall and his wife MayBelle Shaw, in Monroe, Iowa. Rosamond was a free spirit and came to California in 1940 to make a life for herself and pursue her love of flying. She did her first solo flight in 1941, two weeks prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor. Rosamond then went to Nevada where she was able to complete her flight training, joining the Civil Air Patrol and the women pilots organization "Ninety-Nines" in 1949.
After marrying Eugene Thompson in 1946, Rosamond settled in Fort Bragg, California and with her husband established the Noyo Ice Company, the first icehouse in Noyo Harbor, building it from the ground up. In 1962, Rosamond moved with her daughter Helen to Cleone and ran the Noyo Ice Company until 1976 when it was sold to the Grader family. Following this, she opened Country Antiques at Cleone, adjacent to Margie's Pie Place. This allowed her to make frequent trips back to Iowa to replenish her shop and visit loved ones. Rosamond lived in Cleone for the remainder of her life, enjoying frequent visits from family and friends to her "sanctuary by the sea."
Rosamond is preceded in death by her husband, Eugene Clifford Thompson, and her only child, Helen "Holly" May (Thompson) Polk. She is survived by her her son in law, Raymond Polk, her 3 grandchildren, Rene (Polk) Hohls, Shaanette (Polk) Frederiksen, and Ty Polk, and her 4 great-grandchildren, Lauren and Erich Hohls, McKenna Frederiksen and Andrew Polk.
Interment for Rosamond, along with her daughter Helen, will take place Friday, June 28, 2019, at Cherokee Memorial Park in Lodi, California with a reception following.
A gathering of family and friends to celebrate their lives will be held Friday, July 5, 2019, at her former residence in Cleone.
Cherokee Memorial Park
Messages of Sympathy
I never met Rosamond but in reading her story I admire her spirit and zest for life. She lived an unusually long life but yet not long enough. God meant for people to live forever in a paradise and his promise is to be fulfilled in the near future. He will resurrect people back to earth and Rosamond will then continue to be a vibrant adventure seeker in praise to the creator. Psalm 37:9-11 Revelation 21:3,4
Staff of Johnson Funeral Home says:
What an amazing life she had. Thank you for trusting Johnson Funeral Home.
Share Your Sympathy Cancel reply
© 2019 Johnson Funeral Home


What is V-Screen®? Urinals present a common breeding ground for bad odours through the build up of uric salt. The V-screen® urinal screen offers an effective means of keeping drains and urinals free flowing, and combats odour control between washroom cleaning visits. How does the V-Screen® work? The V-Screen® fits over the drain or urinal and acts as a net to catch debris such as cigarettes, paper and other refuse. Incorporated within the V-Screen® is a mal-odour eliminating substance which has the ability to deodorise smells that may exist within the urinal. A pleasant fragrance is provided by use of an additional scent additive keeping the urinal fresh for up to 30 days.


text:
Q: Django self.request not filtering though query I am trying to achive some basic search in my search template, but when I search, it works in the URL, but doesn't change any of the posts in the template.
Views:
class SearchListView(ListView):
    model = Post
    template_name = "public/search.html"

    def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
        context = super(SearchListView, self).get_context_data(**kwargs)
        context['queryset'] = Post.objects.filter(live=True)
        context['category'] = Category.objects.all()
        return context

    def SearchListView(request):
        query = self.request.GET.get("q")
        if query:
            queryset = queryset.filter(title_icontains=query)

I am not sure if this is the right way to set things up as the tutorial I was watching was not using class based views.
HTML:

        <form method='GET' action=''>

Keywords:

            <input type="text" name='q' class="homebanner-search" placeholder="Enter your keywords" value='{{ request.get.q }}'>
            <input type="submit" value="search">
        </form>

        {% for post in queryset %}

{{ post.category }}

{{ post.title }}

{{ post.author|title }}

{{ post.sub_description|truncatewords:25 }}

        {% endfor %}

EXAMPLE:

A: your ListView with get_queryset method
class SearchListView(ListView):
    model = Post
    template_name = "public/search.html"

    def get_queryset(self):
       queryset = super().get_queryset().filter(live=True)
       query = self.request.GET.get("q")
       if query:
        queryset = queryset.filter(title__icontains=query)
       return queryset

    def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
       context = super(SearchListView, self).get_context_data(**kwargs)
       context['queryset'] = self.get_queryset()
       context['category'] = Category.objects.all()
       return context

A: You forgot self as the first parameter in your searchListView
def SearchListView(self, request):
    query = self.request.GET.get("q")
    if query:
        queryset = queryset.filter(title_icontains=query)

and for a better pythonic pep-8 style,The function name should be search_list_view.
check pep-8 for Method Names and Instance Variables
def search_list_view:
    ....

and for what you are trying to accomplish it's better override get_queryset from the ListView.
def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
    context = super(SearchListView, self).get_context_data(**kwargs)
    context['queryset'] = self.get_queryset()
    context['category'] = Category.objects.all()
    return context

def get_queryset(self):
    queryset = super(SearchListView, self).get_queryset().filter(live=True)
    query = self.request.GET.get("q")
    if query:
        queryset = queryset.filter(title__icontains=query)
    return queryset

A: Your issue is that you created a random function in your class which does not override anything. What you are trying to do is override get_queryset().
class SearchListView(ListView):
    model = Post
    template_name = "public/search.html"

    def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
        context = super(SearchListView, self).get_context_data(**kwargs)
        context['queryset'] = self.get_queryset()
        context['category'] = Category.objects.all()
        return context

    def get_queryset(self):
        queryset = super().get_queryset().filter(live=True)
        query = self.request.GET.get("q")
        if query:
            queryset = queryset.filter(title__icontains=query)
        return queryset

A: First of all, I would suggest visiting this to view the infrastructure of class-based views.
class SearchListView(ListView):
    model = Post
    template_name = "public/search.html"
    success_url ='where you want to redirect'

    def get_queryset(self): # method that returns the queryset is `get_queryset`
       query = self.request.GET.get("q")
       if query:
        queryset = self.model.objects.filter(title__icontains=query) # double underscore not single
       return queryset

    def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
       context = super(SearchListView, self).get_context_data(**kwargs)
       context['queryset'] = self.get_queryset()
       context['category'] = Category.objects.all()
       return context


text:
Ten Things All Kids Should Know About Tennis!
●Tennis ●History of Tennis ●Ten Things All Kids Should Know About Tennis ●Purchasing Tennis Equipment ●Tennis Terminology ●Why Participate in Tennis
10) You came, you saw, you'll conquer!
Find a tennis court with a net, or use your driveway with a homemade net, or the street with an invisible net or even a wall (a wall never misses).
9) That'll do!
Get a racquet (or a flat wooden board or a frying pan!). Most modern racquets are made of graphite. Find a handle size that feels comfortable: not too big, not too small.
8) If it bounces, use it!
Get a ball. Any kind of ball that bounces will do. There are three balls to a tennis can, so you don't have to run and fetch a stray ball every time you miss!
7) This is sooooo easy!
Bounce the ball and hit it over the net. Now you're playing!
6) Ready, aim, fire!
Hit the ball so it lands on or inside the sidelines. The near sidelines for singles (one against one) are 27 feet apart; for doubles (two players vs. two), the sidelines are 36 feet apart.
5) At your service!
When you are "serving" (the first shot in every point), you stand behind your own baseline and aim toward the diagonally opposite service box. The baseline is the line furthest from the net. The service boxes run from the middle of the court to the net on both sides of the court. You serve to "the left" for the first point, then to "the right" for the second point, and you keep alternating sides until the game is over.
4) Choices, choices… one if by bounce, none if by air!
Once the point begins, you can play the ball on one bounce or in the air. When you hit after one bounce, it's called a groundstroke (forehand or backhand); when you play a ball in the air, it's called a volley.
3) What's the score!?!?
The scoring is easy: 15 for the first point, 30 when you win two points, 40 when you win three, and when you win four points you win the "game." If your opponent also gets to 40, then it's called "deuce" and one of you must win by two. Whichever player gets to 6 games first, by a margin of at least two games, wins the "set." The first player to win two sets (out of a possible three) takes the "match." Game, Set, Match!
2) Just hit the ball back one more time!
After you get your serve in, or after your opponent gets their serve in, hit the ball back! After the serve is in, the player who wins the point is always the one who hits the ball back last.
1) Play 'Keep Away'!
Now that you've gotten all the basics, it's time for the most advanced tactic: Hit the ball away from your opponent. It's fun to run, but it's even more fun to make your opponent run!
Compliments of http://www.usta.com


The book of Sent Soví, composed around the middle of the fourteenth century, is the oldest surviving culinary text in Catalan. It is anonymous and, like the majority of medieval cookery books, is the product of a complex process of transmission, with multiple manuscript copies and readers who have left their mark on it. The contents are eminently practical. Successive cooks have recorded their own methods of preparing the dishes and recipes included, blending several culinary traditions in a single work. Sent Soví is also a reliable source of information on the cookery of the territories of the Crown of Aragon before the revolution caused by the arrival of products from the Americas.
This edition includes both an English translation and the original Catalan version. It has been the editor's aim to clarify the difficult passages in the book –sometimes corrupted because of the complex manuscript tradition– so that it can be understood as easily as possible by its twenty-first-century readers.


text:
Willow Lake
Willow Lake Electricity Rates
Commercial Electricity in Willow Lake
^ The average commercial electricity rate in Willow Lake, SD is 8.21¢/kWh.[1]
Residential Electricity in Willow Lake
^ The average residential electricity rate in Willow Lake, SD is 8.77¢/kWh.[1]
Industrial Electricity in Willow Lake
^ The average industrial electricity rate in Willow Lake, SD is 5.74¢/kWh.[1]
Willow Lake, SD Electricity Statistics
Commercial electricity rates in Willow Lake
The average commercial electricity rate in Willow Lake is 8.21¢/kWh.[1]
This average (commercial) electricity rate in Willow Lake is 1.36% greater than the South Dakota average rate of 8.1¢/kWh.[2]
The average (commercial) electricity rate in Willow Lake is 18.63% less than the national average rate of 10.09¢/kWh. Commercial rates in the U.S. range from 6.86¢/kWh to 34.88¢/kWh.[2]
Residential electricity rates in Willow Lake
The average residential electricity rate in Willow Lake is 8.77¢/kWh.[1]
This average (residential) electricity rate in Willow Lake is 12.91% less than the South Dakota average rate of 10.07¢/kWh.[2]
The average (residential) electricity rate in Willow Lake is 26.18% less than the national average rate of 11.88¢/kWh. Residential rates in the U.S. range from 8.37¢/kWh to 37.34¢/kWh.[2]
Industrial electricity rates in Willow Lake
The average industrial electricity rate in Willow Lake is 5.74¢/kWh.[1]
This average (industrial) electricity rate in Willow Lake is 12.63% less than the South Dakota average rate of 6.57¢/kWh.[2]
The average (industrial) electricity rate in Willow Lake is 13.94% less than the national average rate of 6.67¢/kWh. Industrial rates in the U.S. range from 4.13¢/kWh to 30.82¢/kWh.[2]
South Dakota Electricity Rates & Consumption
Commercial electricity in South Dakota
Commercial electricity rates in SD [3]
The average commercial electricity rate in South Dakota is 8.1¢/kWh, which ranks 41st in the nation and is 19.72% less than the national average rate of 10.09¢/kWh.[3]
Commercial electricity consumption in SD [3]
Commercial electricity consumption in South Dakota averages 5,513 kWh/month, which ranks 31st in the nation and is 11.62% less than the national average of 6,238 kWh/month.
Commercial electricity bills in SD [3]
The average monthly commercial electricity bill in South Dakota is $446, which ranks 43rd in the nation and is 29.09% less than the national average of $629.
Learn more about commercial electricity in South Dakota
Residential electricity in South Dakota
Residential electricity rates in South Dakota [3]
The average residential electricity rate in South Dakota is 10.07¢/kWh, which ranks 39th in the nation and is 15.24% less than the national average rate of 11.88¢/kWh.
Residential electricity consumption in SD [3]
Residential electricity consumption in South Dakota averages 980 kWh/month, which ranks 23rd in the nation and is 8.53% greater than the national average of 903 kWh/month.
Residential electricity bills in SD [3]
The average monthly residential electricity bill in South Dakota is $99, which ranks 32nd in the nation and is 7.48% less than the national average of $107 per month.
Learn more about residential electricity in South Dakota
Industrial electricity in South Dakota
Industrial electricity rates in South Dakota [3]
The average industrial electricity rate in South Dakota is 6.57¢/kWh, which ranks 23rd in the nation and is 1.5% less than the national average rate of 6.67¢/kWh.
Industrial electricity consumption in SD [3]
Industrial electricity consumption in South Dakota averages 78,516 kWh/month, which ranks 36th in the nation and is 30% less than the national average of 112,158 kWh/month.
Industrial electricity bills in SD [3]
The average monthly industrial electricity bill in South Dakota is $5,159, which ranks 37th in the nation and is 31.06% less than the national average of $7,483.
Learn more about industrial electricity in South Dakota
Household Income in Willow Lake, SD
Willow Lake, SD Income Breakdown [4]
Income Summary for Willow Lake, SD
Electric bills: The average residential electricity bill in South Dakota is about $99/month, ranking 32nd in the U.S. and 7.48% less than the national average of $107.[5]
Income: Willow Lake vs. Nation [4]
Additional information about Willow Lake
About Willow Lake
Willow Lake is a city located in Clark County in the state of South Dakota, and has a population of approximately 263.[6]
More about Willow Lake utilities
For more information about Willow Lake electricity, or for additional resources regarding electricity & utilities in your state, visit the Energy Information Administration.
Electricity fact: Appliances like televisions & toasters draw a small current even when they're off.
Additional Cities in SD
Akaska
Batesland
Flandreau
Nunda
Oacoma
Volin
Local Electricity Rates in Willow Lake, SD


text:
package com.haw.projecthorse.level.util.uielements;

import com.badlogic.gdx.Gdx;
import com.badlogic.gdx.scenes.scene2d.Actor;
import com.badlogic.gdx.scenes.scene2d.ui.ImageButton;
import com.badlogic.gdx.scenes.scene2d.utils.ChangeListener;
import com.badlogic.gdx.scenes.scene2d.utils.Drawable;
import com.badlogic.gdx.scenes.scene2d.utils.TextureRegionDrawable;
import com.haw.projecthorse.assetmanager.AssetManager;
import com.haw.projecthorse.audiomanager.AudioManagerImpl;

/**
 * Diese Klasse ist stellt das Standarddesign eines kleinen Buttons dar wie er
 * zum Beispiel für die Navigationsmenüs genutzt wird.
 *
 * @author Viktor
 * @version 1
 */
public class ButtonSmall extends ImageButton {

	/**
	 * Ein Enum für die Art des Buttons.
	 *
	 * @author Viktor
	 *
	 */
	public enum ButtonType {
		BACK, APPLY, CANCEL, LEFT, RIGHT, START, PAUSE, SETTINGS, LOOT, HOME, INFO;

		/**
		 * Liefert den zur Button Art passenden Dateinamen der zugehörigen
		 * Grafik.
		 *
		 * @return Der Dateiname
		 */
		String getFileName() {
			switch (this) {
			case BACK:
				return "backIcon";
			case APPLY:
				return "buttonApply";
			case CANCEL:
				return "buttonCancel";
			case LEFT:
				return "buttonLeft";
			case RIGHT:
				return "buttonRight";
			case START:
				return "buttonStart";
			case PAUSE:
				return "pauseIcon";
			case LOOT:
				return "buttonLoot";
			case HOME:
				return "buttonHome";
			case SETTINGS:
				return "settingsIcon";
			case INFO:
				return "buttonCityInfo";
			default:
				Gdx.app.log("ERROR",
						"Missing Filename string for " + this.name()
								+ " in ButtonType enum!");
				return this.name();
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Der Default Konstruktor.
	 *
	 * @param type
	 *            Die Art des Buttons
	 */
	public ButtonSmall(final ButtonType type) {
		super(getDrawable(type));
		addFeedback();
	}

	/**
	 * Gibt das zur Button Art gehörige Drawable zurück.
	 *
	 * @param type
	 *            Die Button Art
	 * @return Das Drawable
	 */
	private static Drawable getDrawable(final ButtonType type) {
		return new TextureRegionDrawable(AssetManager.getTextureRegion("ui",
				type.getFileName()));
	}

	/**
	 * Fügt dem Button ein akustisches und haptisches Feedback hinzu.
	 */
	private void addFeedback() {
		this.addListener(new ChangeListener() {
			@Override
			public void changed(final ChangeEvent event, final Actor actor) {
				AudioManagerImpl.getInstance().getSound("ui", "click.ogg")
						.play();
				Gdx.input.vibrate(50);
			}
		});
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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