text:
For most learners it is often the individual stories that bring the past to life. Indeed overarching structures and ideas of a particular moment can sometimes only be fully appreciated through lived experiences. When considering the biographies of historical actors.
Just by way of an example – the life and struggles of the self-emancipated James Somerset are a case in point. His very existence in England in the 1770s caused havoc for those involved. An English legal system with little by the way of codified race laws was brought into conflict with a society which had constructed codified racial hierarchies both at home and abroad. Somerset's biography thus reveals so much of the complex workings of race and colonialism at the time.
Students are therefore encouraged to use the 'Key Figure Notetaker' to follow the stories of historical actors in order to build a deeper appreciation of the history as a whole.
Historians are also included in this list – with a coloured background- to support students' appreciation of different interpretations of this past. As most scholars of the British Empire will tell you, not only is a 'balance-sheet' approach (good vs. bad) incredibly frustrating for those still living with the legacies and ongoing impact of the British Empire, it's boring. The debate just isn't that lively beyond the comments page of a Niall Ferguson piece in the Telegraph.
Instead there is so much more interesting a debate ongoing about the nature, causes, changes and continuities of the British Empire and it's ongoing significance. Specifically around the history of British rule in Jamaica during this period; debates over economics, race, politics and resistance spring out from the academic literature.
Students should therefore gain a meaningful appreciation of the active role they also play in reshaping our understandings of the past.
Key People NotetakerDownload
Anonymous Morant Bay Author(s)
The inspiration behind this enquiry.
In August 1865 an Anonymous placard was found, posted up on a tree in St-Thomas in the East, South East Jamaica. The placard read… Remember that, " he only is free whom the truth makes free." You are no longer slaves, but free men…
What happened from there became known as the Morant Bay War.
Adam Hochschild
Born in 1942. An American historian who discussed the importance of various figures in the British Abolitionist movement in his 2005 book Bury the Chains. Hochschild emphasises the significance of the establishment of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade in achieving abolition and in particular the roles played by Thomas Clarkson, Olaudah Equiano and Granville Sharp.t Bay War.
Barnor Hesse
Associate Professor of African American Studies, Political Science, and Sociology – University of Essex (UK). Critical Race theorist who provides an analysis of how the constructions of racial hierarchies were constructed and reocnstructed as part of Transatlantic Slavery. Features in the BBC Four's (2007) Racism: A History documentary.
Carl Frederik von Breda
(1759 – 1818). A Swedish painter who resided for a time in Great Britain and famously exhibited in 1789 at the Royal Academy in London with the title Portrait of a Swedish Gentleman instructing a Negro Prince. Von Breda's portrait depicts a Swedish abolitionist liberating Peter Panah, son of the king of Cape Mesurado (in present-day Liberia) and tells us something about abolitionist ideas of race at the time.
Catherine Hall
Born 1946. A prominent historian focused on the 18th and 19th centuries, and the themes of gender, class, race and empire. Hall provides a response to both Williams' decline thesis and Drescher's econocide thesis. Instead Hall – as part of the Legacies of British Slave-Ownership Project – maps out the ongoing economic and political dominance of the 'West Indian' classes into the 19th century.
Born 1966. Former Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who in 2013 was shown to have had descendants who benefited from Slavery and the Slave Compensation scheme of the 1830s and 1840s. Has spoken about the history of the British Empire before in a positive manner that reflects large parts of the British population today.
Born 1972. A British Labour Party politician serving as Member of Parliament (MP) for Tottenham since 2000. Lammy provided a prominent critique of the government and home office during the 'Windrush Scandal' and emphasised links with the history of both Slavery and migration in the Caribbean.
Edward Long
(1734 – 1813). Edward Long was a Jamaican planter/ slave owner, pro-slavery activist and self-styled 'Historian'. His 'Histories' – published in multiple volumes – were written soon after the Mansfield Judgement in the Somerset Case (1772). Although initially well read, his work became even more popular after the abolition of Slavery by racist theorists, scientists and philosophers in Britain such as Thomas Carlyle in 1847. Some even used it as justification for British colonialism in West Africa in the late 19th Century.
Elizabeth Heyrick
(1769 –1831). An English philanthropist and campaigner against the slave trade.
1824 she wrote a pamphlet entitled Immediate, not Gradual Abolition. Heyrick was almost as critical of the abolitionist establishment as she was of the West India planters, rounding upon the abolitionist establishment for its lack of immediacy in demanding emancipation.
Eric Williams
(1911 – 1981). Anti-Colonial campaigner and the first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, from 1962 until his death in 1981. He was also a noted Caribbean historian and in 1944 wrote Capitalism and Slavery, which argued that the Abolition of the Slave Trade only came after a decline in the profitability of Caribbean slave production for the British. He also – in The Negro in the Caribbean (1942) argued that there had been considerable continuities in the conditions of most Black peoples in the Caribbean even after their eventual emancipation in 1838.
Lieutenant General John Vaughan
(c. 1731 – 1795). A British soldier and a Member of Parliament in both the British and Irish Parliaments. In 1794 – as the revolt in St. Domingue began to develop into a revolution led by formerly enslaved workers, he was commander of British forces on Jamaica. Vaughan wrote an urgent letter to the Secretary of War in London suggesting that the British should raise an army to fight in the Caribbean.
George Canning
(1770 – 1827). A British Tory politician who occupied various senior cabinet positions including Prime Minister. Crucially, as Foreign Secretary, his name was lent to the 'Canning Resolutions' or the AMELIORATION OF THE CONDITION OF THE SLAVE POPULATION IN THE WEST INDIES in March 1824 – measures which sought to 'ameliorate' the conditions of the enslaved peoples under the British Empire.
(1792 – 1878). A British caricaturist and book illustrator, praised as the "modern Hogarth" during his life. His book illustrations for his friend Charles Dickens, and many other authors, reached an international audience. In 1826 he notably produced the image 'John Bull taking a clear view of the Negro Slavery Question' which provided a particularly critical view of the Abolitionist movement and the plight of the enslaved peoples in the Caribbean.
George Hibbert MP
(1757 – 1837). Member of the notable Hibbert family, George was a West India merchant, slave and plantation owner, collector and philanthropist and member of Parliament. Crucially he was both Chairman of the West India Dock Company and a key figure in the Society of West India Planters and Merchants.
George William Gordon
(1820 – 1865). A wealthy mixed-race Jamaican businessman, magistrate and politician, one of two representatives to the Assembly from St. Thomas-in-the-East Parish. He was a leading critic of the colonial government and the policies of Jamaican Governor Edward Eyre and was executed without trial by Eyre under martial law during the Morant Bay massacre.
Governor Eyre
(1815 – 1901). An English land explorer of the Australian continent, colonial administrator, and a Governor of Jamaica. Infamously Eyre was responsible for the brutal response of the colonial administration during the Morant Bay war – including the summary executions of Paul Bogle and George William Gordon under Martial Law. Eyre himself became the centre of a political debate over the massacre in England – subsequently known as the Eyre Controversy that historians have argued came to shape late Victorian ideas of empire and race.
Granville Sharp
(1735 – 1813) A lifelong campaigner against Slavery and – as Adam Hochschild argues – the founding father of 18th century abolitionism in Britain. Sharp was notably involved in several important court cases; Strong (1765), Somerset (1772) and Zong (1783). In May 1787 Sharp, alongside Thomas Clarkson and ten others (including nine Quakers) established the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade. Sharp was also a key driver behind an attempt to set up a 'Province of Freedom' for formerly enslaved Africans in what is modern-day Sierra Leone.
(1713 – 1769). Sir Henry Moore, 1st Baronet was a British colonial leader who served as governor of Jamaica and as royal Governor of Province of New York from 1765 to 1769. Crucially Moore served as Jamaican Governor during Tacky's Revolt in 1760.
Hilary Beckles
Born in 1955. Hilary Beckles is a Barbadian historian, and is the current vice-chancellor of the University of the West Indies (UWI) and chairman of the CARICOM Reparations Committee. In Britain's Black Debt, Beckles argues the case for reparations. He also identifies continuities in the wealth and power of the West Indian merchants after emancipation, partly as a result of the compensation scheme that parliament put in palce for the Slave Owners.
(1806 – 1873). A British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of classical liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory, and political economy. In response to actions of Governor Eyre at Morant Bay in 1865, English 'abolitionists' formed the Jamaica Committee to protest the Governor's actions and demand an investigation by parliament. Crucially Mill was chosen as it's head – alongside other liberal luminaries such as Charles Darwin. Mill engaged in debate with Thomas Carlyle – head of the Governor Eyre Defence Committee – that would, according to many historians, shape late Victorian ideas of race and empire.
James Hakewill
(1778–1843). An English Architect and acclaimed painter took the opportunity to tour Jamaica in the 1820s upon the hospitality of planters and ultimately impress upon them the merits of having their estates immortalized – memorably in the 1820-21 'Plate depicting a monument to Thomas Hibbert on his plantation'.
(1833 – 1869). A speech therapist and founder of the London Anthropological Society in 1863, which after his death merged with the more established Ethnological Society of London to become the Royal Anthropological Institute. In 1866 in Hunt's Third Annual Address, he reflected upon Morant Bay and the 'Eyre Controversy' by constructing a scientific, racial justificaiton for Eyre's actions.
James Somerset
(c.1741 – c.1772). A west African man of unknown origin, who became the centre of a crucial legal case brought by Abolitionist Granville Sharp in 1772 : Somerset v Stewart. Somerset had been kidnapped and brought to America to be sold in the Colony of Virginia. He was then taken to England with his master Charles Stewart in 1769, where he was able to run away in October 1771. After evading slave hunters employed by Stewart for 56 days, Somerset was caught and set to be trafficked to Jamaica and sold before three Londoners successfully applied to Lord Justice Mansfield for a writ of habeas corpus. Mansfield eventually reached the judgement that chattel slavery was unsupported by the common law in England and Wales, although the position elsewhere in the British Empire was left ambiguous. This did not instantly free any enslaved person but left the legal justifications for slavery slightly more vulnerable. Somerset disappeared from public view after his trial and is presumed to have died in Great Britain sometime after 1772.
James Walvin
Born in 1942. Professor of History Emeritus at University of York. Walvin features in the BBC Four's (2007) Racism: A History documentary. Walvin – in his 2011 work Why Did the British Abolish the Slave Trade? Econocide Revisited fundamentally supports Drescher's econocide thesis, identifying "tectonic" shifts in late 18th century ideas (rather than economics) as crucial to the changes that then occur in Transatlantic Slavery.
John Hubert Washington Hibbert
(1804-1875). The nephew of Thomas Hibbert Snr (1710-1780), John Hubert grew up at the end of Transatlantic Slavery. His father died when he was young leaving him an inheritance of £20,000 – a considerable amount of money gained through Slavery. John Hubert lived of his family wealth and invested in dozens of Victorian projects – including the Eyre Defence Fund in 1865.
Earl Mansfield (William Murray)
(1705 – 1793). William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield was a British barrister, politician and judge noted for his reform of English law. Mansfield sat in judgement in both the Somerset case (1772) and Zong case (1783).
Dr. Katie Donnington
Historian and lecturer in History at London South Bank University and historian of cultural, commercial, political and familial world the slave-owners made in both Jamaica and Britain. As part of the Legacies of British-Slave Ownership project, Donnington argued for the existence of significant continuities in 'West-Indian' power and wealth after emancipation.
An inspiration for this enquiry.
London Society of West India Planters and Merchants
Formed in 1780. An organisation established in London to represent the views of the British West Indian planters (and their related businesses). It played a major role in resisting the abolition of the slave trade and that of slavery itself. The organisation played a major role in resisting the abolition of the slave trade and that of slavery itself. The society evolved into the West India Committee, which now declares itself a British-based organisation "promoting ties and trade with the British Caribbean". It also boasts of being the "oldest body representative of the Commonwealth" with very little mention of it's active role in stopping and delaying abolition and emancipation.
Marcus Rediker
Born in 1951. An American professor, historian, writer, and activist for a variety of peace and social justice causes. His specialism is in Atlantic history and his book The Slave Ship provides a vivid and terrifying picture of the trafficking of African peoples as part of Transatlantic Slavery.
Mary Prince
(1788 – 1833). A British abolitionist and autobiographer, born in Bermuda to an enslaved family of African descent. Prince successfully escaped whilst travelling to England with the man who claimed ownership of her – thanks in part to the 1772 Somerset Judgement. She subsequently became the first woman to present an anti-slavery petition to Parliament and the first black woman to write and publish an autobiography, 'The History of Mary Prince: A West Indian Slave ' in 1831, Her became a key tool for abolitionists seeking for the end of Slavery in the 1830s.
Michel-Rolph Trouillot
(1949 –2012). A Haitian academic and anthropologist, he was Professor of Anthropology and of Social Sciences at the University of Chicago. Trouillot memorably identified the political purposes for particular silences in history – such as the pure shock of white European politicians when confronted with the news of a slave-led revolution in St. Domingue and the subsequent telling of the story by historians and commentators.
National Human Genome Research Institute
A US institute of the National Institutes of Health, which began in 1990 to map the human genome.
Nicholas Draper
Former Director of the Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slave-ownership at UCL. Draper's research formed a huge part of the project and his consideration of both Williams' decline thesis and Walvin's econocide thesis has been central to current historical debates on the legacy of Transatlantic Slavery in Britain.
Another inspiration for this enquiry.
During our period of study this referred to enslaved people who ran away and set up their own communities in mountainous regions. Their relationship with the Slave-Owning authorities was complicated. In Jamaica, after a war with them in 1730s (the First Maroon War 1728-39) a treaty was signed which gave them a certain amount of political autonomy on the island. In return several Maroon leaders agreed to return any runaway slaves. Some tension therefore between Maroon and enslaved communities on the island. For instance, during Tacky's Revolt in 1760-61, the Jamaican government called upon the maroons to honour their treaties and come to their assistance. Some Maroons played a similar role during both the Baptist War (1831-32) and even after emancipation during the Morant Bay War (1865). However tension remained between the Jamaican government and Maroons throughout the period. The Second Maroon War of 1795-96 took place at a time of great fear and instability for white rule on the island. Maroon forces were eventually forced to surrender and many were deported from the island.
Today the term Maroon now also refers to their descendants, many of whom still live in distinct communities on Caribbean islands.
Olaudah Equiano
(1745 – 1797). Known for most of his life as Gustavus Vassa, Equiano was a writer and abolitionist from (according to his memoir) the Eboe region of the Kingdom of Benin (today southern Nigeria). He purchased his own freedom in 1766 (having worked as a Slave upon British ships). The publication of his memoir – The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano – and his campaigning were central in promoting the abolitionist cause according to historians such as Adam Hochschild.
Patrick Wolfe
(1948 – 2016). A writer and historian who lived and worked in Wurundjeri country near Healesville, Australia. His books include Traces of History: Elementary Structures of Race – in which he identifies the material bases of ideas about race in America, Palestine and Australia. For our enquiry, Wolfe's definition of "race as colonialism speaking" is particularly useful to understand developments in ideas of race during our period of study.
Priya Gopal
Born 1968. Gopal is a Reader at the Faculty of English at Cambridge University and her research interests are in colonial and postcolonial literature and theory. Gopal's recent book Insurgent Empire provides an account of the lessons learnt by activists in Britain from anti-colonial struggles in the Empire. In particular Gopal identifies the radical potential in some of J.S. Mill's responses to the Eyre Controversy that followed the Morant Bay war.
Paul Bogle
(1820 – 24 October 1865). A Jamaican Baptist deacon and activist, who led the 1865 Morant Bay protesters. After leading the Morant Bay rebellion, Bogle was captured by government troops and maroons (on the orders of Governor Eyre), tried and convicted by British authorities under martial law, and hanged on 24 October 1865 in the Morant Bay court house
Members of The Society of Friends who believe that individuals have a direct relationship with the divine. They are known for their pacifism and charity. Many Quakers were opposed to slavery – nine of whom were founding members of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade, but some others were slave-owners.
Richard Gott
Born in 1938. A British journalist and historian. Richard Gott is currently an honorary research fellow at the Institute for the Study of the Americas at the University of London. His 2011 work Britain's empire: resistance, repression and revolt lays out a potted history of resistance from enslaved workers to British rule in the Caribbean. In it he claims that the Haitian Revolution encouraged unprecedented resistance to colonial rule in the British West Indies. .
Robert (Jnr) Hibbert
The son of John Hibbert (1732-1769) and Janet Gordon (1740-1779) and nephew of Thomas Hibbert Snr. Robert Jnr was a planter – most notably running the Coventry plantation during the Baptist War in 1831-2. He also wrote a widely read pro-slavery pamphlet in 1825 'Hints to the young Jamaica Sugar Planter', which suggested the horrific conditions of Slavery had in fact been exaggerated by abolitionist literature. In 1817 Robert Junior invited Reverend Thomas Cooper, a Unitarian missionary, Revered Thomas Cooper, to his estates to preach to the enslaved workers. The move, conceived of as an ameliorative gesture of a benevolent planter, backfired when Cooper published a critical account of his time in Jamaica.
Robert Milligan
(1746 – 1809). A prominent Scottish merchant and ship-owner, and was the driving force behind the construction of the West India Docks in London – where a statue of him remains to this day. Having grown up on his wealthy family's sugar plantations in Jamaica, Milligan left Jamaica in 1779 to establish himself in London. There he worked alongside George Hibbert MP and the West India Docks Company to establish the West India Dock Company and construct the first purpose built docks in London for goods produced by enslaved labour in the Caribbean. Milligan was also a key member of the Society for West Indian Planters and Merchants and campaigned heavily against the abolition of the Slave Trade in the British Empire.
Samuel Sharpe
(1804 – 1832). An enslaved Jamaican man who was a self-taught Baptist preacher and the leader of the widespread 1831-32 Baptist War slave rebellion in Jamaica.The uprising lasted 10 days and spread throughout the entire island, mobilizing as many as 60,000 of Jamaica's 300,000 enslaved population. Sam Sharpe was captured and executed in Market Square, Montego Bay on 23 May, 1832. He was proclaimed a National Hero of Jamaica in 1975 and his image is on the $50 Jamaican banknote.
Seymour Drescher
Born in 1932. An American historian and a professor at the University of Pittsburgh, known for his studies on Alexis de Tocqueville and Slavery. Drescher famously refuted Eric Williams' decline thesis and instead in his 1979 work Econocide, argued that the British had abolished the Slave Trade inspite rather than because of it's profitability. The debate between Drescher and Williams (and those that have followed their line of arguments) has animated the study the economic history of Transatlantic Slavery ever since.
Slave Factors
Factors bought enslaved persons from the Slave Traders in large amounts and held them in large 'pens' in Slave Port towns like Kingston, for the process of 'seasoning' in which they readied them for the brutalities of life working in the West Indies.
Factors made a profit (usually 4-7% increase) on the difference in price the enslaved person was bought for from the 'Slave Traders', and the price the enslaved person was then sold for to the 'Slave Owners'.
Slave Owners
In this context, they were commonly landowners in the West Indies – sometimes referred to as 'Planters'. Many Slave Owners would visit the West Indies for short periods but were commonly 'absentee landowners' – such as Edward Long – who paid other white men to purchase, manage and discipline the enslaved workforce whilst they lived across the Atlantic in Britain. Slave Owners made profit most commonly from the goods produced by Enslaved Persons and sold on the market (usually Sugar).
Slave-Traders
The vast majority of buying and selling enslaved persons during Transatlantic Slavery was conducted by Europeans who would arrive on the shores of West Africa and buy enslaved persons from West African Slave Traders.
Slave-Traders made their profit primarily on the difference between price they bought the enslaved person on the coast of West Africa and the price they sold the enslaved person for (usually to the Slave Factor).
Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade
Established on 22 May 1787 by Thomas Clarkson, Granville Sharp and ten others (including nine Quakers) in a London print shop. The society worked to educate the public about the abuses of the slave trade and ultimately obtain an act of Parliament. It later was superseded by development of the Anti-Slavery Society in 1823, which worked to abolish the institution of slavery throughout the British colonies. They were regularly mocked and attacked by anti-abolitionists – most notably the pro-slavery London Society for West Indian Planters and Mercants (SWIPM). But they were also subsequently criticised by others- such as Thomas Carlyle and even the radical William Cobbett for the supposed lack of concern for the plight of white workers in England.
c.1760. The supposed leader of 'Tacky's Revolt', Tacky (Akan spelling: Takyi), was originally from the Fante ethnic group in West Africa and had been a paramount chief in Fante land (in the Central region of present-day Ghana) before being enslaved. Great historical debate exists over the nature of the revolt however Edward Long subsequently- in his Histories of Jamaica – described the revolt as "more formidable than any hitherto known in the West Indies."
The British Public
A term to be defined, re-defined and scrutinised. What did they really think about Slavery? What do they think about the legacies of it today?
(1795 – 1881) was a British historian, satirical writer, essayist, translator, philosopher, mathematician, and teacher. Carlyle, in 1849, published the infamoussatirical article The Occassional Discourses on the Negro Question – which, under a pseudonym, agrued for the restoration of Slavery in the West Indies. The article was taken up by other pro-Slavery advocates and racial theorists who, in 1865, rallied around Governor Eyre during the parliamentary enquiry into the massacre at Morant Bay. Carlyle himself became a central figure of the Eyre Defence Committee and engaged in revealing debates with J.S. Mill (of the Jamaica Committee) that historians have argued came to define late Victorian ideas of race and empire.
Thomas Clarkson
(1760 – 1846) was an English abolitionist, and a leading campaigner against the slave trade in the British Empire. He helped found The Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1787 and, according to historian Adam Hochschild, was the key builder of momentum behind the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807 – working with Wilberforce steering it through parliament.
Touissant L'Ouverture
(1743 – 1803), also known as Toussaint L'Ouverture or Toussaint Bréda, was a formerly enslaved Haitian general and best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution.
W.E.H. Lecky
(1838 – 1903) was an Irish historian, essayist, and political theorist whose major work was an eight-volume History of England during the Eighteenth Century. He famously argued that Britain had engaged in an "inglorious crusade" against the evils of Slavery.
West African Slave-Traders
Provided Enslaved People to European 'Slave Traders' who arrived on the coast seeking workers to transport across to the 'Americas'.
They made profit (in money and goods) through kidnapping other West Africans (commonly of other 'nationalities' within the region) and trading / selling them to 'Slave Traders' who overwhelmingly European.
Relevant Lessons:
West India Dock Company
1790s – 1810s. Established by Robert Milligan and other members of SWIPM such as George Hibbert MP. It's aim was to construct a purpose-built dock for goods produced by enslaved workers in the West Indies and thereby ensure losses due to theft and delay at London's riverside wharves were halted. The Docks were authorised by the West India Dock Act 1799 and opened in 1802. They were closed to commercial traffic in 1980 and a statue to Milligan remains overlooking them.
West India Merchant Consignees
Consignees' were investors in the industries that used enslaved labour in the West Indies (sometimes individuals, usually families such as 'The Hibberts'). These investors, or Consignees, were crucial in getting goods produced by Enslaved persons to the market to be sold. This was not always guaranteed. Indeed a whole industry (Marine Insurance) arose out of Consignees' fears that their goods (produced by enslaved Labour) would not reach their destination. Companies such as Aviva specialised in this type of insurance. This was just one more way in which profit was collected from goods produced by enslaved labour. Consignees maximised their profits through using their networks to take percentages at all stages and historians such as Nicholas Draper have argued that some functioned in a similar way that Multinational Corporations do today.
(1763 –1835). An English pamphleteer, independent journalist, Member of Parliament who was seen as a 'radical' supporter of democracy in Georgian England. His publication – the Political Register- regularly criticised the powerful and wealthy. However Cobbett was heavily critical of the Abolitionist movement – which he saw as hypocritical – with figures such as William Wilberforce denouncing exploitation in the Caribbean whilst remaining silent on exploitation in England. However Cobbett, in later life, was – according to historian Seymour Drescher, forced in to an anti-slavery position by his working class supporters who saw reasons for building solidarity with abolitionist struggles and an opportunity to economically injur the wealthier classes by abolishing Slavery in all it's forms.
William Knibb
(1803 – 1845). An English Baptist minister and missionary to Jamaica who was outspoken in his criticism of Slavery and the slow pace in which emancipation was delivered after the 1833 Act of Parliament. Knibb proclaimed in his diary the 'Monster is dead' upon the arrival of emancipation in August 1838.
William Wilberforce
(1759 – 1833). A British politician, philanthropist, evangelical Christian and a parliamentary leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade. Wilberforce was central to the passing of the 1807 Act to abolish the Slave Trade in the British Empire. Historians such as Eric Williams, Adam Hochschild, Hilary Beckles and Katie Donnington among others have argued his role in the emancipation of enslaved peoples has been exaggerated.
Windwood Reade
(1838 – 1875). A British historian, explorer, and philosopher. Reade spoke at the 1866 Anthropological Society Meeting at which James Hunt also spoke and outline a 'Social Darwinist', race-based justification for the massacre at Morant Bay. In reference to Governor Eyre's actions – and as a direction for future British imperialists, he argued "'if you must fight with natives, kill them down. Kill them down not only for self-protection, but from a philanthropic principle. It seems paradoxical to say so, but there may be mercy in a massacre . . . had not Governor Eyre shown such prompt severity, we should now be sending out troops to save white men's lives, instead of a Commission to sit upon black men's carcases.
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Marcus Santoro Join Forces With Isabelle Stern On New Fresh Single "It's Not About You"
by Miriam
Photo Credits: Michelle Grace Hunder
Electronic music rising star Marcus Santoro Links Up With Isabelle Stern for New Single "It's Not About You" via Enhanced
The new track 'It's Not About You' from Marcus and Isabelle, is an exhilarating release that merges a polished, rollicking progressive house instrumental with themes of yearning and desire.
The two harmoniously blend their respective skills to create a lush and vibrant record that is easily pleasing to fans and listeners. With spring around the corner, this record is easily perfect for a drive with the windows down.
It's not about you – Marcus Santoro & Isabelle Stern
A mainstay on beloved trance and house mixes such as Above & Beyond Group Therapy and A State Of Trance, Marcus Santoro has also had a wealth of support from artists like Axwell, Tiesto, Martin Garrix, Hardwell, and more. He's also worked on remixes for Meduza, Joel Corry, and Nicky Romero.


text:
Bennaria formosana är en insektsart som beskrevs av Nast 1950. Bennaria formosana ingår i släktet Bennaria och familjen kilstritar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Kilstritar
formosana

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Mortis Operandi 2 - Hostile Takeover
UnwrittenDreams
Chapter 7 - User Guidelines
Fiction Page
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Gretta drank a potion that enhanced her beauty. She stood in an alley currently in the form of a human woman. Young, blond, and with the shapeshifting amulet the right amount of assets. A few days had passed since Eft had asked her to include the adventuring group. In different forms, she had watched which barmaids the 'guys' had responded to.
Taking a deep breath and arranging her 'equipment', Gretta ran into the tavern.
"Help, help, evil has infected my town of Woodale," Gretta said as she ran in. She stepped towards the target group and tried to make seductive eye contact with each. "Ogre magi are corrupting the city folk."
A blast of black lighting burst through the open doorway of the tavern. Striking Gretta in the back. She screamed in real pain as her body jerked and life was drained. A hand of force appeared and grabbed her by the feet before quickly dragging her outside. Two ogres stood in front of the tavern and as soon as Gretta was close by, the other ogre cast a teleport spell. They disappeared in a cloud of black smoke.
Gretta and the ogres appeared on the outskirts of Woodale. With a command word from Gretta, they quickly floated up into the sky. Once they reached a thousand feet or so, another teleport spell transported them into a large inn room. The only light from the window which overlooked the entrance of the tavern Gretta had just been dragged from. Gretta moved towards the window and peered from the side.
A group of three stood outside where the ogres had teleported from. Several other individuals wandered around looking for tracks, but the group of four stood right on the spot. One of them appeared to be looking at something in the air. The other three were keeping watch around.
Gretta opened the window a crack and pressed her ear to it. Her left ear grew warm as the magic in it activated.
"I don't know her, any of you recognize her?" a tall muscled figure in black said.
"Na, but she looked like she knew us. It felt like she was talking to me." The figure who was looking at the air in the teleport spot. He was wearing a dark blue robe that sparkled.
"She must have been looking for me," the tall muscled figure in black said.
"Not everyone is interested in you."
"Maybe it is a quest? One of divine providence?" A figure in white said. The figure swiped a finger through the air then tasted it. "Evil, we must go to Woodale."
"But we still need 200 more goblin ears." A short figure that appeared out of nothing said. Suddenly the group was five.
"I'm sure there will be enough evil there to satisfy your blood-lust Rovi." The figure in white said while looking at the short figure who suddenly had a dagger in each hand.
"I'm sure your god approves of us killing all goblins we come across," Rovi said as his hands and daggers disappeared in his cloak.
"I know not the mind of my…" the figure in white started to say but was interrupted.
"I can teleport us to where they went. Prepare for battle." The sparkly blue figure said.
In a practiced motion, the group of four joined hands with the tall figure setting a hand on the blue figures back. The spell was cast and the group disappeared.
Gretta turned towards the ogres sitting in the room. The smile on her face was visible even in the dark. She shifted her form back to the human male she had been wearing.
"Utul, will our guests find the present?"
"Yesh, I deposited the body where you said. Poured smoke on it too." One of the ogres said.
"Excellent, can you transport me back there?"
"Not tonight must rest first," Utul said. The ogre carefully laid back on the floor and closed his eyes.
Gretta sighed and quickly tried to think of people she knew who could teleport her. After a few minutes of thinking and coming up with no one, aside from Mortis Operandi, who she wasn't supposed to contact. Gretta instead decided to pass the time by scrying on the area the adventuring group teleported to.
It took Gretta a few minutes to spot the group. They had moved quickly and were already at Woodale once she located them. In the quiet of the slumbering town, she was able to hear them while keeping the scrying focus away.
"The Ogres seemed to have disappeared after teleporting." Blue robe said.
"Either the tracks I found were fake or somehow we lost the trail," Rovi said appearing from a shadow nearby.
"I seem to recall this area was once the center of a powerful ogre clan. Could it be they were not truly extinguished?" the white figure said.
"We can either keep looking or get a room for the night." Blue robe said.
"Let's go back to the teleport spot and start from there. Perhaps we missed something." The tall figure in black said. A yawn from both the blue robe and Rovi answered before anything else. The figure glared at the two yawns. "I'll go by myself, you guys get rooms."
"Never split the party," the tall figure in black said.
"Fine, let's get a room, and get an early start on tomorrow," Rovi said causally flipping a dagger in one hand.
The group started heading towards the night district. Pausing at the first few inn's to see if rooms were available. Gretta smiled when she saw they ended up at the Two Copper Inn, the most expensive place in Woodale. Stopping her spell, she settled down for sleep, tomorrow was going to be a busy day.
Gretta woke up a few hours later once the ogres awoke. The large creatures were not quiet in their yawns, stretching, and clearing out their nasal passages. After changing her from back to a human male, Gretta had to instruct the ogres to clean up any large balls of snot left on the walls. She then stepped out to get breakfast for herself and Utul.
The ogres were very happy when Gretta returned with some chunks of meat on sticks. Once they were done Gretta scryed on a secondary location nearby Woodale to teleport to. It was a few hours walk away from the town so no-one will see the ogres. After verifying the coast was clear, Utul transported them to the location.
Suddenly Gretta was surrounded by Ogres. She stifled a yelp as she immediately recognized Toogu, the fifteen-foot-tall ogre leaned against a sword just as tall. The massive ogre gave a slight bow.
"Stupid ones in a day or two," Utul said to Toogu. The taller ogre nodded and smiled.
"I give you corpses in two days then," Toogu said, then lifted the sword and started walking towards the ogre camp. A group of slightly smaller but still rather large ogres stood around a fire eating some cooked animal.
"You ok if Toogu and his men die?" Gretta said in a low tone once the bigger ogre was a way away.
"She," Utul gave emphasis on the word, "cousin, also if ogre can't kill little pink thing, they not worthy of being an ogre," Utul said. "If she succeeds, I'll take her as mate."
Gretta nodded, the sentiment was similar among non-educated goblin tribes. Which made it difficult for integration, once you knew how to read and think, it was difficult to go back. Civilized Goblin tribes tended to exist in human cities, hiding in the slums or underground. As much as she hated most humans, they did know how to live.
Turning away from the ogres, Gretta started jogging towards the town. Still, in human form, she forced herself to think of himself as a human male. Tre easily strode through the woods, the longer legs allowing him to lope through the terrain.
Tre arrived at the city in an hour. The gates were open and he strolled through them without hassle. One of the guards even recognized him and waved. Most people in Woodale knew Treagt the new semi-wealthy owner of the new armor shop, Armour-Us. Once he arrived at the shop, he smiled as it was already open. The assistant was a good kid who followed instructions. Stepping in he smiled at the young lad.
"I'm going to get breakfast, you want anything?" Tre said.
"Aye, some bread and cheese if not too much trouble." The young man said from behind the counter. Tre quickly left and headed towards the Two Copper Inn. The joke was the rooms were so expensive all you would have left was two copper. Walking in, Tre easily spotted the group eating at a table.
Ignoring the group, Tre walked up to the Innkeeper.
"Treagt, hows my favorite armorer?" the Innkeeper said.
"Tired, I think I found a clue to what happened to the old owner," Tre said.
"Everyone already knows, ogres dragged him out and killed him in the middle of the night." the Innkeeper said.
"Well yeah, but I mean why." Tre leaned in closer and lowered his voice but not too much. "He found a camp of theirs." The innkeeper's eyes widened.
"Did you tell the city guard?" the Innkeeper said.
Tre beckoned the Innkeeper even closer, then lowering his voice a little more but enough so it could carry he said.
"I think there is treasure there, I just need some muscle to get it."
The innkeeper's eyes darted to the side towards where the adventuring group was sitting. He smiled at Tre.
"I wish you the best of luck, but I doubt your good fortune is why you stopped by."
Tre put his order in and was soon walking out of the Inn with a little bag of food. He didn't even need to look behind him, he was certain a little shadowed figure was following him.
A note from UnwrittenDreams
Sorry for the delay,
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Thursday, 16 May 2019 18:57:12
http://www.unwrittendreams.com/
Bio: Life long gamer and geek, after decades of RPG's, decided to start telling his own tales. Ones where the players can't derail.
I love fantasy and sci-fi. Have for decades, from the first time I read Dragons of Autumn Twilight to Stormlight archive, the worlds created have entrapped me. Now after years of attempting to complete a story, I've finished a few and am working on a new ones.
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text:
Mar 13 : Trump, Gorsuch, and the Concentration of Economic Power
Trump, Gorsuch, and the Concentration of Economic Power
4:00 - 5:30 PM EDT
Throughout his campaign, President Donald Trump railed against concentrated economic power, promising to take on monopolies, banks, and other firms that put their corporate interests ahead of the American people. Yet, Trump has signed executive orders and put forward agency nominees that intend to undo important consumer and regulatory protections and concentrate economic power even further. And in one of his most important first acts as president, Trump nominated conservative Judge Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court. A former corporate defense attorney and antitrust expert, Gorsuch, if confirmed, could have a dramatic impact on antitrust law, labor law, and other areas that affect consumers, workers, and the middle class.
On Monday, March 13, the Center for American Progress will explore the concentration of economic power in America, the role that conservative legal philosophy has played in enabling it, and what the Gorsuch nomination means for its future. Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-MN), a member of the Senate Judiciary Committee and the ranking member of its Subcommittee on Antitrust, Competition Policy, and Consumer Rights, will kick off the event with remarks about the growing concentration of economic power; steps we can take to make antitrust enforcement a more effective tool to address this problem; and the broader economic benefits vigorous enforcement will provide to workers, consumers, and small businesses.
A panel of legal experts will follow with a discussion of the ways the growing wave of concentration—as well as the Trump administration's changes to the nation's administrative, civil rights, and other laws—affect the lives of everyday Americans and what the Gorsuch nomination may mean for the future.
Introductory remarks:
Winnie Stachelberg, Executive Vice President for External Affairs, Center for American Progress
Opening keynote:
Sen. Amy Klobuchar (D-MN)
Featured panelists:
Todd A. Cox, Director of Policy, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, Inc.
Deepak Gupta, Founding Partner, Gupta Wessler
Jonathan Kanter, Partner, Antitrust Group, Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP
Lillian Salerno, former USDA Deputy Undersecretary for Rural Development
Elizabeth Wydra, President, Constitutional Accountability Center
Sabeel Rahman, Assistant Professor of Law, Brooklyn Law School


I am ready to submit Analog III (the successor to Simple Analog 2) to the Apple App Store.
However, I am being told that I need to review the updated Paid Applications Schedule. The address Apple has is an old one. Even though I am not wanting to submit Analog III as a paid application, this needs to be updated. I see no agreement to accept. It's in the Agreements, Tax, and Banking module.
I see a Request Amendments item. I click request for Paid Applications. I see the agreement, I click the I have read and agree to the amendment presented above. I click submit. I get this, "There was an error processing your request. Please try again. If the error persists, you can follow up by using the Contact Us module." Each time I try.
I have contacted Apple to see what needs to be done. Right now I can't create a new Application until this is resolved.
Happy the app is ready. Also noted your tweet that the account thing is fixed. Really looking forward to the new version.
And if you make it a paid app, I'll be happy to buy it.


Ever wanted to work out but have fun while doing it? You could try Zumba. Zumba fitness, as it is better known, is an exercise and weight loss regime that is set to music. Wondering about what the technique is based on and if it really helped in weight loss? We asked Zumba trainer, Swetha Jairam about the exercise regime and what it involved.
What is Zumba? Why has it become so popular?
Zumba Fitness is a Latin-Inspired, easy-to-follow, calorie-burning dance fitness party and it works for weight loss, weight management, fat loss and body toning. It takes the basic steps from Latin dance styles like the merengue, cumbia, salsa, latin-pop, reggaetton, bachhata, calypsio, samba and many more and merges a fitness formula to it.
Zumba Fitness allows you to feel like you're in a night club instead of an exercise class. It uses great spicy Latin music and Latin dance styles fusing it with fitness. In Zumba you work out from head to toe using muscles you never would have in a normal gym class. Its tagline 'Party Yourself into Shape' explains its reason for popularity. You come out of a Zumba Fitness class with a lot more energy, with a bag full of stress out of your system and most importantly with a smile. I believe that if fitness is fun, you would stick to it and this explains its committed following and popularity.
Zumba uses all the basic fitness formulae. It works on the concept of intermittent training, i.e. a fast paced song that takes your heart rate racing which increases your stamina, followed by a slow paced song breaking you into a sweat, toning your muscles and burning more fat. With Zumba one can lose weight and tone up rather quickly and reach a fitness high and that too in a fun way. In a typical Zumba class you can burn about 700-1000 calories, all this in just one hour of pure fun.
Yes, Zumba can be practised by anyone. It is open to all age groups. Zumba Fitness is back-safe and knee-safe (provided if done on correct flooring).
I have had clients who have come out of their injuries and ailments with Zumba Fitness. According to Savli, one of my students, "I was suffering with neck spondylitis, I used to come to class with a neck support unable to move properly, but within a month my doctor saw great Improvements in my condition and trust me she was surprised with my progress".
People with an existing injury or ailment (after prior physician's permission) should take it easy, wear protection if required and allow their body to grow with every class. At the same time one must make sure that the instructor has prior knowledge of the details of the condition and must be well-qualified and well-equipped both educationally and experientially to handle such delicate cases.
Do people need to be dancers to learn Zumba?
No, you don't have to be a dancer to take a Zumba Fitness class. One must remember that it is aimed at fitness; it's not a traditional dance class. The moves are simple and easy-to-follow.
Are there standard moves and music in Zumba the world over?
Yes, Zumba Fitness has some basic standard moves and music that are typical to a particular style practiced and followed world over. For example, a merengue song will have typically a four-beat rhythm and steps that are typical to the merengue style, where as a salsa song has a basic three-beat rhythm and steps typical to the salsa style. However, there is always scope for improvisation. We instructors can add our own touch to it to make it interesting for our class. Zumba music is given solely to those licensed Zumba Instructors who are active ZIN (Zumba Instructor Network) Members. We get copyright music from the Zumba Company itself. Typically, 70% of the music will be standard in all Zumba Classes and 30% will be international hits and can vary.
Can pregnant women practice Zumba?
Zumba has proven to be safe for pregnant women as well especially between the third and seventh months. But I strongly advise a prior permission from their gynecologist for the same, as this decision would vary according to the physical condition of the individual.
What about people with BP, heart disease and other health problems? Can they practice Zumba?
Zumba Fitness improves all lifestyle related disorders, especially BP, Cholesterol, Blood Sugar, PCOS etc. People with a heart disease or a prior heart surgery need to take a physician's advice for any kind of physical activity. Zumba Fitness works on reducing bad cholesterol (LDL) and improves good cholesterol (HDL) thus improving cholesterol-related issues and BP. Blood sugar reduces with increase in activity levels, hence reducing the risk of diabetes. However, people with conditions such as these have to make sure their diet supports their activity to see an improvement in their condition.
Are there programmes aimed at various groups of people? Are there levels?
Zumba® Fitness – This is the basic Zumba class open for all adults. These classes feature exotic rhythms set to high-energy Latin and international beats.
Zumba Gold® – Zumba Gold is meant for that part of the population who find it difficult to pick up in a regular Zumba Class, and also for senior citizens who cannot take a regular Zumba Class. It takes the Zumba formula and modifies the moves and pacing to suit the needs of the active older participants, as well as those just starting their journey to a fit and healthy lifestyle. What stays the same are all the elements the Zumba Fitness-Party. It's a dance-fitness class that feels friendly, and most of all, fun.
Zumba® Toning – Zumba Toning uses toning sticks along with basic Zumba moves to sculpt and tone your body at the same time as you enjoy the moves of Zumba Fitness. It combines targeted body-sculpting exercises and high-energy cardio workout with Latin-infused Zumba moves to create a calorie-torching, strength-training dance fitness-party. Students learn how to use lightweight Toning Sticks to enhance rhythm and tone all their target zones, including arms, abs, glutes and thighs.
Aqua Zumba® – Aqua Zumba popularly known as the Zumba 'pool party', integrates the Zumba formula and philosophy with traditional aqua fitness disciplines, blending it all together into a safe, challenging, water-based workout that's cardio-conditioning, body-toning, and most of all, exhilarating.
Zumbatomic® – Zumba Atomic is designed especially for kids (ages 4-12). These classes are high-energy fitness-parties packed with specially choreographed, kid-friendly routines and all the music kids love, like hip-hop, reggaeton, cumbia and more. It benefits children in ways such as increasing their focus and self-confidence, boosting metabolism and enhancing coordination.
Zumba® in the Circuit – It is 30 minutes of intense, Latin-inspired dance-fitness moves combined with circuit training, a series of strength exercises at timed intervals. Students move from one exercise station to another while also doing the basic Zumba Moves. This is a time-friendly intense workout to boost metabolism and improve body strength and the same time enjoying every move.
Zumba® Gold-Toning – The Zumba® Gold-Toning is a safe and effective strength training program that can be done by individuals who are new to fitness and those of the senior citizen age group. Through dynamic lightweight resistance-training and exciting international rhythms, Zumba Gold-Toning classes help participants build muscle strength, increase bone density, and improve mobility, posture and coordination.
Zumba Sentao™ – The Zumba Sentao™ is a chair-based choreography to strengthen, balance and stabilize your core, and step up your cardio work in a whole new way, using own body weight to enhance muscle strength, improve definition and endurance, and tone your physique.
Where all can one find Zumba classes in India?
Zumba Fitness is now getting very popular and all the larger gyms, health clubs as well as studios have actively participated and started with a class. So just check the closest health club and find details about your favorite Zumba Class.


Azerbaijan intends to increase the share of insurance fees in the country's non-oil GDP, Executive Director of the Financial Markets Supervision Chamber of Azerbaijan Ibrahim Alyshov said on June 20 during his speech at the conference "Insurance in Azerbaijan: New Prospects".
He noted that, the main goal is to bring the share of insurance fees in non-oil GDP to eight percent.
"Currently, this share is only 0.8 percent. Our strategic goal is to increase this figure to eight percent. In particular, by the end of 2018, we intend to increase the share of insurance fees to 1.4 percent," Alyshov said.
Alyshov noted that according to the data as of the end of May, insurance fees in Azerbaijan reached almost 351 million manats, which is 46.1 percent more than in the same period last year.
"Thus, we can say that the insurance market of the country continues to grow. Out of the total amount of fees, 73 percent or 255.4 million manats fall on voluntary insurance, 27 percent or 95.4 million manats - on compulsory insurance. I would like to note that life insurance takes a large share in the fees for voluntary insurance, the fees for which amounts to 138 million manats," the Executive Director of the Chamber said.
He noted that, another task is to increase the share of the insurance sector assets in the total assets of the financial sector.
"In recent years, we have not been able to increase the share of insurance market assets in the total volume of financial assets. This figure does not exceed two percent. This year, it has again decreased slightly. So, while at the end of last year, the assets of the financial sector amounted to 1.76 billion manats, in the first five months of 2018 they decreased to 1.114 million manats," Alyshov said.
The conference "Insurance in Azerbaijan: New Prospects" started in Baku on June 20.
Experts and insurers from Azerbaijan, Russia, Poland, Turkey, Czech Republic, Germany, Ukraine, Romania, UAE and the Netherlands take part in the event.
The conference participants will discuss macroeconomic trends and their impact on the insurance sector of the region, microinsurance and its prospects in Azerbaijan, digitalization and development of new drivers of growth of the insurance sector, experience of different countries in agricultural insurance and other issues.
There are 21 insurance companies in Azerbaijan.
The official exchange rate for June 20 is 1.7 AZN/USD.


text:
using System;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.Common.Core.Services;
using Microsoft.Common.Core.Shell;
using Microsoft.R.Components.InfoBar;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Imaging;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.R.Package.Shell;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Shell;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.Shell.Interop;

namespace Microsoft.VisualStudio.R.Package.InfoBar {
    internal sealed class VsInfoBar : IInfoBar {
        private readonly Lazy<IVsInfoBarUIFactory> _factoryLazy;
        private readonly IVsInfoBarHost _infoBarHost;

        public VsInfoBar(IVsInfoBarHost infoBarHost, IServiceContainer services) {
            _factoryLazy = new Lazy<IVsInfoBarUIFactory>(() => services.GetService<IVsInfoBarUIFactory>(typeof(SVsInfoBarUIFactory)));
            _infoBarHost = infoBarHost;
        }

        public IDisposable Add(InfoBarItem item) {
            VsAppShell.Current.AssertIsOnMainThread();

            var infoBarModel = new InfoBarModel(item.Text,
                item.LinkButtons.Select(kvp => new InfoBarHyperlink(kvp.Key, kvp.Value)),
                KnownMonikers.StatusInformation,
                item.ShowCloseButton);
            var infoBar = _factoryLazy.Value.CreateInfoBar(infoBarModel);
            return new InfoBarEvents(infoBar, _infoBarHost);
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


ivvi's predictive insights enables top brands to identify rising stars, while optimizing budgets to extend campaign success. ivvi strategizes with leading companies such as Universal Studios, Samsung, Musical.ly, Live.me, Sid Lee and more, through leading predictive analytics technology.
The first of its kind, ivvi is a new entertainment tool that does the filtering for you so that you get only the best trending videos out there and share them with your friends. Not only can you watch great videos on the go, but you can save them to your 'watchlists' for viewing and sharing.
ivvi's aim is to scour, sort and curate the very best, top trending internet videos and conveniently deliver them to user's mobile devices. This allows ivvi users to stay on top of what is culturally and socially relevant. The app allows users to curate personalized watchlists, as well as share videos their favourite videos with their friends.
ivvi, is the first video discovery tool sourcing, sorting & sharing as a full video social network. Think Imgur for video.


Their innocence lost, they had to be braver and more generous than children should have to be. ~ Eustacia Cutler, speaking of her other children – Temple's siblings.
These kids – these amazing little people – carry the weight of the world on their far too fragile shoulders.
They live in a world that we all lament is too slow to evolve. Yet they have sped past it at lightening speed – self-actualizing like a trick of time-lapse photography – Behold! Before our very eyes the caterpillar, the chrysalis, the butterfly – all in the blink of an eye because they live a life that demands that they have wings.
But sometimes the weight – the weight of this fast tracked evolution is just too damned much.
These babies are pushed into a wisdom so far beyond their years. We demand from them – and they continually surprise us with – a spiritual maturity and depth of understanding that leaves their peers standing in the dust on the playground. And while we celebrate their maturity – An old soul! A tiny sage! Oh, how grown-up you are! – we've handed them the double-edged sword of insight – that which makes the plodding emotional development of their peers a frustrating and terribly unfunny joke.
An understanding of human nature that forces their eyes to see in stark relief the cruelty that passes for interaction between children their own age. An integrity that forces them to stand against injustice where they find it – and don't they find it everywhere? And don't we? We, the people who have walked this path with their siblings, who blinked and winced against the blinding light that came upon us in a flash and forced us to see – to really, truly, painfully see – how we treat one another.
And as hard as it was to come to terms with our new lives under that light, we came armed with the accumulated tools of a lifetime. With some measure – albeit dramatically varied among us, but nonetheless at least some collected measure – of finesse with which to face the cruelty that we could no longer not see. And along with the finesse, the luxury of choosing with whom we will engage and when we will, Gambler style, know when to walk away.
But our kids – these siblings who see so much, understand so much, who have hearts eight times the size of their fear – they have no tools. They stand unarmed before a world of children that would chew them up and spit them out by lunch-time if it might get them closer to the cool kids' table at lunch.
Fifth-grade girls try on different personalities like they're changing their clothes. But our kids, our beautiful, wise, precious kids see through the flimsy facade. And they search and they search for any shred of integrity because they've learned – just as we have – that what's REAL is all that matters. And they lean into friendships, diving deep, fumbling to find what lies beneath the facade. They give their hearts the only way they know how – in full. And when those hearts are carelessly tossed aside they crumble the only way they know how – completely. Because what we give so too we stand to lose. And practiced as they may be as defender – and no matter the relish or reluctance with which they play the role, they know it by heart – they have no defense left for themselves.
Because they know too much. They know that barbs disguised as jokes aren't funny. They know that insecurity fashioned into ammunition hurts. They know that careless words leave indelible marks.
And with a sense of right and wrong so deeply entrenched as to be inescapable, they walk out into the world brandishing their pistol at the first sign of unfairness, injustice – their fingers itchy to pull the trigger. But the gun shoots blanks.
And in the middle of it all is the desperate fight to stay under the radar – not to draw attention because by God isn't it enough that they live under the unbearably unpredictable spotlight of Oh My God This Is So Embarrassing – and yet – and yet! – every bit of their desperate desire for anonymity fights with their even more desperate need for attention. Because we all need attention. And there is never enough to go around.
And they leave the minefield at home and run headlong every day into a landscape dotted with overt and hidden perils. A land, where just as we do, they see it all. Because they, like us, can't help but see vulnerability. They sniff it out like bloodhounds and attach to it because it's what they know – and guarding it from danger is the role they play. And because their hearts are stretched so far beyond the boundaries of their precious youth, they feel so deeply the sting of knowing that each and every human being matters and each and every human being feels and thinks and sees and smells and knows what's being said about and around and above and through them and they know – just as WE know that each and every boy is some other mother's son and each and every girl is another mother's daughter – that so too each might be loved by a sibling.
And by God, how would they want someone else to act in their shoes, on their behalf should it be their sibling who is being hurt by careless words and not-so-harmless harmless pranks? And always, always they take the perspective of the other because how often – how often? – do we tell them, show them, demand of them, that they must?
And where are THEY in all of this? Where do THEY live and shine and breathe and say Screw it, I don't care what you think. Where are they to draw their OWN lines, make their OWN decisions, find, somewhere in a world that feels so far out of their control the ability to chart THEIR OWN course?
Where do they get to stop pleasing and be pleased?
Stop worrying and be worried about?
Stop defending and be defended?
I know they will change the world.
I know that they already are.
But in this moment, it's too much.
Wow Jess you got me on this one…..our kids are very different than others and I don't mean our "special" ones. I know how deeply my kids or should I say, young adults feel for their brother. When they were growing up, there were times when all we could do was try to keep it together. We are all on unchartered territory and hopefully Katie will come through it with her heart intact and her love for her sister that much stronger. Good luck and try to keep smiling….
I have no words right now but I thank goodness you do!
Just when I think you there couldn't be anything else that hits me so close, you write this.
This…is my son too. My oldest.
The weight of the world. The desire to please all with the strict sense of right and wrong. The need for one safe haven but not finding it.
Our kids need their village too. just like we have the safe spaces to let our hopes and fears out, our kids need that place too.
Thank you for giving a voice to all the feelings I've been holding.
Thank you so much for writing this. My son has mild autism but I am also an autism sibling — my grown brother has severe autism. You hit the nail on the head. Reading this was very freeing. Not long ago I found a note my dad had written to me when I was about 12 that I had never read closely until now, though how I wish that I had…it said that I didn't have to carry the burdens I was carrying, that he wanted me to come to him and not try to carry things on my shoulders. I think if parents of special needs siblings could just do that sometimes, just let their typical kids know that sometimes it's okay to be imperfect and be selfish and be KIDS, it can make all the difference. They will be different and more compassionate and empathetic and responsible and all of that…it's the pressure of feeling they HAVe to be that makes the burden heavier.
This is also for my sweet Cooper, my youngest son. Thank you, Jess.
Thank you. I see this over and over in my little girl who is 8 looking out for her older brother. I am amazed time and again at the way she protects her brother and tries to shield him from anything that would harm him, when all she wants is to be like the other kids. I have seen her too many times get off the school bus in tears because of something one of her friends has said about her brother, yet she will jump right back to defend him with no hesitation. I am a big bear of a man, but my daughter is so young-yet I think she has had to be more protective of her brother in the school setting then I will ever know.
Katie has been especially on my mind since that day (last week?) that you made a reference to a playground "something." This is so well written but I know you would exchange all the well-crafted writing in the world to take the burden off her shoulders for a bit. You're doing great, mom.
Oh Jess. Very powerful for me and I feel your pain… though my little guy doesn't have a sibling who is there for him like your Katie is for Brooke. I cry for that.
With every "my heart is breaking" that you write, I cling even tighter to the steadfast feeling I have that it's a blessing as well as a heartache. Even though Katie is being forced to grow up very quickly, you are blessed that you can see the person that she will most likely be in the many years to come. I am wondering how my little guy will develop…. but then he's not the sibling. He is the focus on my and my husband's lives and I worry that we are babying him too much. Some of that comes because we do not have another child who can share that attention maybe too lavishly showered on our only one.
Jess, I know you and your husband are doing a great job with providing quality experiences for Katie (as well as Brooke). We can't or maybe should not cry over the circumstances of our lives, but we work with them and they will hopefully work for us. In your case, you are indeed, also so proud of Katie and who she has become right before your eyes.
I really feel for your observation of what Katie has to deal with in her social world, knowing things beyond her years. Yes, it's a lot to bear, but at least she won't ever be snowed by peer pressure. She still might feel it, but won't be fooled. There are blessings here and you are blessed…. We all are.
Beautifully said–things I feel quite often in regards to my own family. Thank you for sharing. I will share too.
I can tell through your words that this came from a deep place. All I can say is thank you for this, so much, and that this was so needed today … much more than you can know. If I may, I might share this with Betty's teacher, who just yesterday told me she would be referring her to an "at-risk" program because of her "perfectionism and low self-esteem." That's only at the very surface; she has no idea what lies beneath.
You've just told her for me, and I thank you.
You have magnificently articulated my fears for my first born. He is the most awesome 9 year old boy you'll ever meet, he will make some girl the luckiest wife in the world and be the best Dad ever but….its going to be a long painful road to get there. I worry so about how I can protect him. Can we get all of our sibs together somehow? They need to know they are not alone!
Beautiful, emotional and so very important.
Thank you. I have 4 year old twins, a boy and a girl. My daughter has autism, but not her brother… For a while I was having a hard time explaining things to my son. He understood that they share a birthday and that they were babies together but he did not understand why some things were acceptable for her to do but not for him. Last fall I felt very guilty enrolling him in an all day preschool program when he was only 3, but his sisters schedule of school and therapy was hard to keep up with and he was always bored waiting. I was worried that I was making him grow up too soon, 3 year olds should get to stay home and play all day- but now I see on many levels it was the right thing to do.
At 4 they are both still very young but he understands that there is a difference between them now. He knows to set a good example for her to follow, and he is very protective of her. He is in all essence her big brother. I'm relieved that he's beginning to see it, but at times I worry it's too much for him too soon… But those were the cards we were dealt, as they say. I praise him for being a good example when he isn't acting like a typical 4 year old, and thank him often for not participating in his sisters meltdowns. I also make sure to spend one on one time with him and I make sure he gets the same thing with dad since so much of our focus has to be on his sister.
The siblings are amazing. I feel for them too. This strikes me as a bit mellow dramatic though. Perspective. There are kids being followed in the street and shot because of the color of their skin. There are children starving every day with no place to live. Somehow I don't think that compares to my son, who is wonderful, amazing and also very blessed to live with a loving family (with a brother who happens to have autism) in a nice house in a nice town.
Perspective? My 4th grader (sib) unleashed years worth of penned up feelings tonight in total $^%# storm. It ended with "I wish I was dead. I don't want to be alive anymore. You love (brother) more than me." These kids have it rough, rougher than they deserve. I think Jess is right on.
<> Yup! This is my girl too. Bless you!!! You nailed it!
Dragonmommoe said it so beautifully, I'll simply say I agree. And I hate that so many children, siblings experience this. While I know it affects every child in some way, you're right; the siblings of children with special needs have to grow up so much faster and it is, indeed, a double-edged sword.
I forget that my 8 year old isn't my age.
That comment set off my sleep last night. First, because my Miss M can take as much damned time as she wants to do any project. And second, because my 8 year old should be allowed the freedom of not being measured or compared to her older sister. And vice versa.
When we live in that world – where people act like their kids live here – these guys need to be held like precious and tender Faberge eggs.
Yes to the siblings they need the love and understanding too. They grow up quicker and more compassionate and more vulnerable. They carry the weight too.
Perspective. Knowing the horrors of the world, near and far, doesn't make Katie's pain any less significant or real.
My Jack is to Ethan as Katie is to Brooke: anchor, defender, interpreter, provider of neurotypical moments that only a parent could love. When I see Jack navigate a group of older and younger boys all together, as I did last night, keeping his eye out for the younger ones, making sure they are included and not on the outside, alternately encouraging and teasing gently, turning to find the one who wandered away, my heart bursts with pride. But it also breaks with what that's born of. He's growing big shoulders, my boy, but I wish they didn't carry quite so much.
I feel the same for Katie. She's be just as talented and lovely if she wasn't an autism sibling, and through these posts I see how her experiences with brooke allow her compassion to shine. Still. It's heavy opportunity cost.
Okay, Jess, I think last week someone said beautifully "you don't owe us anything." So true. But, um, maybe a few more pictures of sidetable and sidetable? Does Brooke do Tickety?! My personal fav in the Blues Clues family.
Oh my goodness Karin…you just reduced me to tears again too. My boys need each other as much as they need to be themselves. Wow. Thank you.
not enough can be said about the special-ness, the goodness of katie. she may bend, but she won't break.
Your title caught my eye as I turned on my phone to check my e-mails and I had to read your post. Tears ran down my face as I read, for your Katie, for the lost innocence of my 13 year old son, and for all the others. How many times have they had to play a role beyond their years? Too many!
Yet, there is one thing I know for sure, your Katie, my son, and all the others make this world a better place. Your Brooke, my daughter, and all of the special needs sibs give them a gift that their peers fail to see. They are able to see the heart of people.
I hope and pray their hearts are not broken too often by this gift. God bless you for writing from your heart and sharing your beautiful words! May our children know less pain and more joy as they find their way in this world!
You took the words right out of my head… the words I couldn't get together but usually come out in the form of tears.
And this is why we decided not to have more children. My child was adopted. We were asked many times when we'd adopt again. We thought about it. But we had to wait. Then while waiting we found out our daughter (7 y.o. now) was diagnosed to be under the autism spectrum. So we got to work, went full gear. Then a year passed and we were asked when we'd add to our family. We weren't sure. Then another year passed, b/c when you have a child w/ special needs life takes over and speeds through. And we were asked again. But we decided it wasn't fair to the next child. There would be so much that second child would have to do, give up, share, deal with. It just didn't seem fair. So we made a decision.
What a piece you have written ! I'm going to share this with family, teachers, friends and my two daughters who have always been there for their younger sister who has autism. I don't think I tell them enough how wonderful they are for being there for her. Thank you !!
This is so My Little Girl always sticking up for others and getting hurt feelings when mean girls come around.
I love this; it made me think of my daughter.
Jess, I cannot thank you enough for sharing…and for so graciously baring your soul. I too grieve for the weight that sits on my daughter's shoulders, but I also rejoice in the incredible individual she is becoming because of what she has faced. She and all the other sibs will make this world a better place.
Ok …no tissue alert here…:) Having three daughters, Amanda is 23, and twins are about to turn 18, Ricki-Lee and Jessica. My twin daughters both have cerebral palsy, both girls are confined to wheelchairs, with one daughter being more severe then the other. The content of this post Jess was something I have been recently really thinking about. I look at my oldest daughter and see what she has been through being the older "healthy" sister, but also from Jessie's perspective. Jessie has had her own disability to deal with, but often times the truth is I have been consumed with Ricki-Lee because she is so much more involved then Jessica. Now of course we meet Jessie's needs as well but there have been many a time where she in fact had to be the "healthy" one while we meet the needs of Ricki-Lee. Jessie has had to become the "big" sister in so many ways while dealing with her own challenges. With that being said she is the most AMAZING person I know. She is also the most determined person I have ever known, graduating in June with honors in a public high school. She is going on to college planning to study medicine with her dream being to be a pediatrician. She is wise beyond her years and is so much more mature and has more common sense then many 30year old people I know. Thank you for your post today it just helped remind me that I am so proud of all three of daughters, but each of them have needs of their own. I have done the best with what I knew to do… and am thankful and in awe of the woman they have become! Again thank you for the reminder!!!!
I prefer to think it's their self-absorption lost, which is a good thing. And remember… no accidents. These kids were hand-picked for the job.
I am at a loss for words and I have tears in my eyes… neither of which happens very easily.
I have a 22 month old little girl and her older brother has ASD. I see her trying to be his little helper already and I often think of the future. I think you need a hug.
Send this to the school……………………………………………Just send it! None could say it better, NONE!
Heartbreaking……………all I can say. A sad commentary indeed.
Yes this nails it! My son is 10 he has Aspergers and ADHD and tourettes. Needless to say our homelike for our 16, 12 and 5 year old girls is disruptive. I know he gets a lot of attention and time spent on him. He can be annoying and demanding. It gets embarrassing when he throws a fit. I have heard his sisters say, I wish you were dead. It is horrible but thy get overwhelmed. It is heartbreaking. It takes a toll on a family.
Wow thank you for writing this. I myself am a sib and I know what its like to cave under all the pressure, to be the defender and a pleaser. It is nice to know I am not the only one to go through this.
As a mother of children (one with autism and one without), it is always a struggle to find balance in raising them up the right way. You have different expectations from both of them but most of the time, you put the pressure on the child without the disability, only to realized that they are both affected by it, differently but they are.Your blog is a window for all the siblings whose voice we don't quite often hear because they are usually drowned by the loudness that autism has brought into our home. Thank you for enlightening those who haven't realized this yet and thank you for speaking up for the children who we oftentimes we rely on be more understanding, to be brave and to be our rock in times of needs.


text:
Mark Ingram ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Mark Ingram Sr. (* 1965), US-amerikanischer Football-Spieler
 Mark Ingram Jr. (* 1989), US-amerikanischer Football-Spieler


Woodstock's Dragonfly Bell features three dragonflies.
From butterflies to blue whales, the earth teems with life. Areas that sustain life are called habitats, and each habitat is part of an interconnected system that makes the richness of our life on Earth possible.Our Woodstock Habitats series celebrates the variety of nature around us.
The Dragonflies Windbell is made of cast metal, these designs incorporate some of our favorite animals and other reminders of nature which can enhance your habitat.


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Health claims must be backed by robust scientific evidence and will only be permitted on foods that meet certain nutrition requirements. You need to be familiar with the regulations, set out in Standard 1.2.7 of the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code.
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have the robust scientific evidence base to support a general level health claim, without being 'pre-approved' by FSANZ. This claim is self-substantiated by the food business.
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The first thing that your lawyer is going to want to do is gather evidence to prove that you were not at fault for the accident. This evidence can include photographs of the injuries and location where the indecent occurred, as well as witness statements. If witness statements weren't gathered at the scene, then your lawyer may need to go out and find witnesses who can make official statements.
Before your lawyer can actually start the process of filing your claim, your doctor must release you from their care, as well as state that you have recovered or at least are stabilized from your injury. It is not until this point that your lawyer can actually gather up medical bills and records. Besides, you want to be fully recovered from your injury in order to know exactly how much compensation you need for your medical bills.
Once your lawyer has gathered the evidence, as well as medical records, they will send it to the insurer of the opposite party. Once the insurance company receives this information, they will send out an offer for a settlement. It's up to you and your lawyer's discretion to determine whether or not this offer is acceptable. If not, then you can begin negotiating.
Sometimes, your accident lawyer will not easily be able to negotiate with the insurance company, in which case it is best to proceed by filing a lawsuit. The insurance company will have a certain amount of time to respond and then your case will be sent to trail, in which a judge will determine the fair amount of compensation to be paid to you.
Since the process can be extended all the way to having to file for a lawsuit, it is always best to be prepared and have an accident lawyer by your side who can help you through each of these lengthy steps.