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Fuel and fuel cycle
Aiming at export
Although South Korea makes nuclear fuel for domestic use, it has limited export capability as the fuel was designed in partnership with Westinghouse. KNF is now developing new third generation fuel, expected around 2017, in support of its plans to become an international vendor. By Kyu-Tae Kim
South Korea imported nuclear fuel in the 1970s and 1980s when nuclear power plants were first introduced. Then, it established a nuclear fuel localization programme through which first generation fuel was designed and manufactured.
Typical fuel loading pattern in OPR1000
South Korea started to develop an advanced (second generation) nuclear fuel from 1999, with Westinghouse, and succeeded in regional application of this advanced fuel from 2006. It is continuing to develop innovative nuclear fuels to upgrade nuclear reactor safety and economics as well as to secure exclusive ownership, which will enable it to sell fuel abroad.
NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME
Due to the limited amount of coal and hydro as indigenous energy sources, South Korea had to rely heavily on imported fossil fuels during its initial stage of economic development. However, oil shocks in the 1970s became a turning point for the country, leading to a change of South Korean energy policy from heavy dependence on oil to diversification of energy sources, including nuclear energy.
South Korea's nuclear programme, launched in the 1970s, can be divided into three stages. The first stage consisted of three units constructed under turn-key contracts in 1970s, as domestic infrastructure was not matured. During this stage, foreign suppliers carried out all of the design, manufacturing and construction, which meant South Korea's accumulation of nuclear technologies was very poor.
During the second stage – construction of six 900MWe-class units – the utility was in charge of project management, although design and manufacturing of the primary system was contracted to foreign suppliers. Under this approach, participation of the domestic industry was expanded and self-reliance in nuclear technology was further enhanced.
After the second stage, domestic industries participated in nuclear power programme as main contractors based on experiences gained through previous two stages.
At the end of 2009, South Korea had an installed nuclear capacity of 17.7GW, which accounted for almost 24% of the country's total generation capacity. In 2009, nuclear power generation reached 147.8TWh, equivalent to around 34% of the country's electricity generation.
Today sixteen PWRs and four PHWRs are in operation in South Korea. Eight more PWRs are due to be built by 2017, and another two by the start of 2020.
Eight of the operating PWRs are Westinghouse-type nuclear power plants (NPPs). They include one 14x14 NPP (Kori 1), one 16x16 NPP (Kori 2) and six 17x17 NPPs (Kori 3&4,Yonggwang 1&2 and Ulchin 1&2).
The other eight operating PWRs are 16x16 Optimized Power Reactors (OPR1000s), formerly known as Korea Standard Nuclear Plant (KSNP). They include Yonggwang 3,4,5&6 and Ulchin 3,4,5&6.
The PWRs to be built are four OPR1000s and six Advanced Power Reactors (APR1400s). The four OPR1000s are already under construction: Shin-Kori 1&2 and Shin-Wolsong 1&2. The units at Shin-Kori are expected online in December 2010 and December 2011, respectively. Two APR1400s, Shin-Kori 3&4 are also under construction and due to come online in September 2013 and 2014. Another two APR1400s are planned for Shin-Ulchin 1&2, and two more at Shin-Kori 5&6 are due to come online at the end of 2018 and 2019, respectively.
The operating conditions of the PWRs in South Korea are summarized in Table 1. The fuel design parameters including lattice parameters of the South Korean PWRs are shown in Table 2.
It should be noted that the fuel assembly used in the Westinghouse-type NPPs has eight spacer grids, 24 small guide thimble tubes and a top nozzle with leaf holddown springs, while the fuel assembly used in the OPR1000 has 11 spacer grids, four big guide thimble tubes and a top nozzle with coil-shaped holddown springs. The typical fuel-loading pattern employed in the OPR1000 is given in Figure 1.
NUCLEAR FUEL PROGRAMME
Nuclear fuel cycle costs account for 25-40% of the total power generation cost. Although the cost of nuclear fuel fabrication only amounts to around 10% of the fuel costs, the key to cost savings and efficiency enhancements in the entire nuclear fuel cycle lies in advancement of nuclear fuel technology.
If a country plans to supply its own fuel to nuclear power plants, it needs to secure a proven nuclear fuel design and manufacturing technology. This proven fuel technology can be developed through fuel component and materials design activities, manufacturing activities for out-of-pile tests, in-reactor verification activities, and nuclear fuel performance analysis and licensing activities. However, in order to set up a fuel fabrication programme, numerous manufacturing facilities, test facilities and performance analysis models and codes, etc., have to be developed, and it may take more than 20 years to set up this infrastructure.
South Korea decided to import nuclear fuel assemblies for Kori unit 1, which began operating in 1978, because the nuclear fuel technology localization was not economical for a few operating nuclear power plants. South Korea Nuclear Fuel (KNF) was established in 1982 to localize nuclear fuel technology, and the transfer process began in mid-1985. By the 1990s, eight PWRs were operating in South Korea and the government was determined to localize nuclear fuel design and manufacturing technology (although not fuel development technology). This was achieved via technology transfer from international fuel vendors, including Siemens/KWU, Combustion Engineering and Westinghouse Electric Company. The technology transferred was for first generation fuel, such as Vantage 5H (V5H) for Westinghouse PWRs and Guardian (GDN) for OPR1000 reactors.
However, world-leading fuel vendors continued to develop advanced nuclear fuels such as Areva's AFA3G for French 17x17 Westinghouse PWRs, Areva's (formerly?Siemens') HTP for US 17x17 Westinghouse PWRs, Areva's (formerly Siemens/KWU's) FOCUS for German 16x16 Siemens PWRs, Westinghouse's RFA for US 17x17 Westinghouse PWRs, Areva's AGORA for 17x17 Westinghouse PWRs, and so on. In parallel, the nuclear industry has been developing innovative design concepts such as annular fuel, hydride fuel, nanofluids and ceramic cladding.
In order to become more competitive, in 1999 South Korea teamed up with Westinghouse to develop advanced nuclear fuels based on Westinghouse's fuel development technology and out-of-pile test facilities. The second generation fuel developed in partnership with Westinghouse (PLUS7 and ACE7) meant that South Korean-made fuel became more competitive with respect to fuel reliability, high burnup capability and fuel economics. But unfortunately South Korea does not have the ownership of the second generation fuel and consequently its use is limited to South Korea.
So it is able to export nuclear fuel, South Korea has decided to develop its own (third generation) fuel technology, over which it will have exclusive ownership. This will give KNF the capability to sell advanced fuels for reactor projects abroad, for example the four reactor APR1400 project it was awarded in the UAE at the end of last year. The development of the third generation fuel (HIPER for OPR1000/APR1400 and X2-GEN for Westinghouse-type PWRs) is due to be completed by the end of 2016. The first reactor in the UAE is due to go online in May 2017.
Through its second and the third generation fuel development programmes, South Korea has established a nuclear fuel development procedure. It can be divided into six phases:
1. Conceptual design and screening
2. Preliminary design and economics/manufacturablity evaluation
3. Detailed design and drawing/specification generation
4. Out-of-pile verification
5. In-reactor verification
6. Licensing and commercial use
The history and design characteristics of the first, the second and third generation fuels, and South Korea's future fuel development plans are described in more detail below.
FIRST GENERATION FUEL
Nuclear fuel design and manufacturing technology for Westinghouse-type PWRs was transferred from the former Siemens/KWU (to make the Korea Optimised Fuel Assembly, KOFA). The fuel design technology for the OPR1000 was transferred from the former Combustion Engineering, however it should be noted that the Siemens/KWU manufacturing technology was used for the OPR1000 fuel manufacturing.
After the technology transfer, South Korean-made fuels started to replace imported fuels such as Westinghouse's Optimised Fuel Assembly (OFA), Standard Fuel Assembly (STD) and Robust Fuel Assembly (RFA) that had been used in the 14x14, 16x16 and 17x17 Westinghouse-type NPPs since 1989.
However, some fuel components such as fuel cladding, spacer grids, top and bottom nozzles still had to be imported. KNF began localization of fuel component manufacturing in the early 1990s. By the end of 2008, South Korea could domestically produce the components required for to manufacture nuclear fuel, with the exception of the Zr alloy TREX.
As of February 2010, KNF's capabilities include: re-conversion of imported enriched UF6 to UO2 powder; fabrication of UO2 pellets; fabrication of cladding and guide tubes with imported TREX; fabrication of fuel rods and fuel assembly components such as spacer grid top and bottom nozzles; and manufacturing of fuel assemblies from fuel rods and fuel components fabricated by KNF.
The first generation fuel (Guardian) is susceptible to fuel failure such as grid-to-rod fretting, debris-induced fretting, excessive oxidation, etc. Its allowable burnup capability is limited to less than 45,000MWd/MTU (batch average). In addition, the first generation fuel can only be used in South Korea since its ownership and right for use beyond South Korea have not been secured. In other words, South Korea cannot export the first generation fuel and its technology without permission of the foreign fuel vendor with the fuel technology ownership.
First-generation fuel is lime green; second-generation fuel is purple; third-generation fuel is blue
SECOND GENERATION FUEL
Once they had transferred fuel technology to foreign countries, including South Korea, international fuel vendors such as Areva and Westinghouse developed advanced fuels such as AFA3G, HTP, TURBO, etc. These advanced fuel designs, with enhanced plant safety, reliability and economics, made South Korea's localized fuel technology out of date.
The domestic fuel customer, South Korea Hydro Nuclear Power, asked the South Korean fuel vendor, KNF, to supply more advanced fuel in terms of the nuclear power plant safety, reliability and economics. Therefore, KNF established mid- and long-term nuclear fuel development programmes, and started an advanced nuclear fuel development programme in 1999. Based on the programme, KNF has developed advanced PWR fuel for the OPR1000 (PLUS7), and for the Westinghouse-type plants (ACE7).
However, it should be noted that the second generation fuel was based on Westinghouse fuel development technology and out-of-pile test facilities, since KNF did not have them when started its fuel development programme. Consequently, KNF has no ownership of the second generation fuel, and only limited usage rights beyond South Korea. So, even though KNF has become competitive with respect to fuel reliability, high burnup capability and fuel economics, it cannot compete on the international market.
KNF Plus 7 fuel rod (left) and complete fuel assembly
KNF started to develop the PLUS7 fuel in 1999, and completed the design and out-of-pile verification tests by 2001. KNF carried out an in-reactor verification programme with four lead test assemblies (LTAs) from 2003 to 2007 at Ulchin 3. Based on the out-of-pile and in-reactor verification test results, the PLUS7 fuel has been licensed for regional use and has been commercially available since 2006.
The benefits of PLUS7 fuel compared with the first generation Guardian fuel are:
• An overpower margin increase of up to 13%
• Increase in burnup by up to 12%
• An electricity generation cost saving of about $1 million per plant
• Better seismic-resistance
• Improved fuel reliability against grid-to-rod fretting and debris-induced fretting
• Enhanced manufacturability
Table 3 shows the design differences between PLUS7 and Guardian.
In parallel with the PLUS7 fuel development, in 2001, KNF started to develop the 16ACE7 and 17ACE7 fuels for the 16x16 and 17x17 Westinghouse-type NPPs, respectively. The fuel designs and out-of-pile verification tests were completed by 2004 at Kori 2&3. An in-reactor verification programme with four LTAs began in 2004, and ended in 2008. The 16ACE7 and 17ACE7 fuels have now been licensed for regional use and were commercially supplied from 2008 and 2009, respectively.
The benefits of the ACE7 fuel compared with first-generation fuel (V5H) are almost the same as those of the PLUS7 fuel mentioned above compared with first-generation fuel. The design parameters of 17ACE7 fuel are compared with those of its predecessor, V5H and its successor, X2-GEN in Table 4.
South Korea must have an advanced nuclear fuel with exclusive ownership in order to export nuclear fuel and its technology. Therefore, from 2005, KNF started to develop third generation fuel, over which it will have exclusive ownership. The third generation fuel is based on the fuel development technology and verification test facilities accumulated during the second generation fuel development.
THIRD GENERATION FUEL
The development of the third generation fuel can be divided into three phases. The activities of the first phase include fuel component concept design; screening tests; key design candidate selection; detail design of fuel components and fuel assembly; manufacturing technology development; out-of-pile verification tests; and final design.
The second phase covers LTA manufacture; LTA?loading in nuclear power plants; in-reactor verification tests with LTAs; poolside examination of LTAs and performance evaluations; and licensing for regional use.
Activities during the third phase will include the commercial supply of the fuel, surveillance of in-reactor performance and export of the fuel, if any.
Development of third generation fuel (HIPER) for the OPR1000 and APR1400 started in 2005, and is expected to be complete within ten years, by 2015. Development of X2-GEN, the third generation fuel for the 17x17 Westinghouse-type NPPs began in 2008 and is due to finish by 2016.
The design targets for the third generation fuel are an overpower margin increase of at least 5% compared with second generation fuel, increased burnup of up to 12%, improved fuel reliability (that is, improvement against grid-to-rod fretting and debris-induced fretting), and improvement of manufacturability.
All the out-of-pile test facilities except the critical heat flux (CHF) test facility have been set up at KNF and Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) during the second and third generation fuel development programmes. KNF is now verifying out-of-pile performance of the HIPER fuel, with the use of the fuel assembly and component test facilities at these two locations. KNF is also manufacturing Lead Test assemblies (LTAs) of the HIPER fuel to be loaded in one of the OPR1000s from 2011. The CHF tests will be performed in the near future at the CEA?research centre?in France.
As of March 2010, second generation fuel is being commercially supplied to South Korean nuclear power plants. PLUS7 fuel is supplied to the OPR1000s, and 16ACE7 and 17ACE7 fuels are commercially supplied to the 16x16 and 17x17 Westinghouse-type NPPs, respectively.
KNF has already established a surveillance programme to evaluate the in-reactor performance of PLUS7 and ACE7, which will generate fuel degradation performance data in the high burnup range up to 75,000MWd/MTU. Based on these data, the high burnup fuel performance models and codes beyond the current licensed fuel rod burnup of 60,000MWd/MTU will be developed, verified and validated. They will then be submitted to the licensing organisation to expand the licensed burnup to about 75,000MWd/MTU.
KNF has completed the first phase of the HIPER fuel development that generated the final fuel designs. The second phase of the HIPER fuel development will be started from 2011 and completed by the end of 2016. During the second phase, the LTAs will be loaded and irradiated in one of OPR1000s until the end of 2016 to generate burnup-dependent fuel degradation performance data. The first phase of the X2-GEN fuel development is also underway.
In parallel with the LTA in-reactor verification tests in South Korea, KNF is expected to try to perform LTA in-reactor verification tests in foreign NPPs to speed up the export of the HIPER and/or X2-GEN fuel. This approach will likely be taken considering the length of time required for fuel qualification and licensing: at least 3 years for in-reactor verification and more than two years for licensing.
Another possibility for South Korea is the export of CANDU fuel. KNF is now supplying the standard CANDU fuel to the four PHWRs in South Korea (Wolsong 1-4) and may plan to export it to the PHWRs in Canada and China, based on its good operating experience.
Author Info:
Professor Kyu-Tae Kim, Dongguk University, College of Energy & Environment, 707 Seokjang-Dong, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk, Republic of South Korea. Email: [email protected] The author worked as project manager for the PLUS7 and HIPER fuel development at KNF from March 1999 through February 2009, after which he moved to Dongguk University. His recent work was supported by Nuclear Research & Development Program of National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science & Technology (Grant code: 2009-0075907).
The UAE reactor order – why is it so significant?
First fuel gets loaded into Shin-Kori 1
0-1400MW in 10 years
KEPCO and NPCIL ink cooperation agreement
Fuel fabrication – outside of the fuel cycle?
KEPCO takes a 10% stake in Imouraren
Table 1. Reactor operating conditions of PWRs in South Korea
Table 2. PWR fuel assembly designs in South Korea
Table 3. Comparison of fuels for OPR1000 and APR1000
Table 4. Comparison of fuels for Westinghouse type 17x17 NPPs
Korean fuel programme, 1985-2020, by reactor type


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What's in this section
We are currently closed, we reopen weekends in March 2022 for general admission.
Seasonal Opening Hours
We are currently closed until weekends in March.
Sign up to our newsletter to be the first to hear when tickets are available.
School Holidays: 9:30am-5.30pm (last admission 4pm), Term Time week days: 10am-4:30pm (last admission 3pm), term time weekends: 10am-5.30pm (last admission 4pm)
Admission & Prices
Events: £31 per Car (max 5 people per car), £11 per additional passenger or £11 per pedestrian. Under 3s are free
Term Time: £26 per car or £9 per pedestrian weekdays, £31 per car or £11 per pedestrian weekends. Under 3s are free
No motorhomes or motorbikes.
An adventure in the great outdoors for all the family.
Dogs are welcome in all areas of the Mother Shipton's park, apart from the adventure playground which is clearly signposted. Out of respect for other visitors, we ask that dogs are kept on a lead at all times.
The Cave and Petrifying Well in Mother Shipton's Park are both natural rock formations, situated in the centre of a mile-long, woodland park. Access can only be gained via three sets of twenty-five steps. Two sets you could describe as 'standard', like stairs in a shopping centre. The other set is considerably shallower. All steps are outside and have handrails. There are rest areas between with seats provided. The attraction, however, may not be suitable for people with impaired mobility. There is no access for pushchairs for these steps, pushchairs must be parked at the bottom of the steps under the shelter provided or bring a sling if possible. There is no wheelchair access. We do not have blue badge parking. For more information please download the accessibility document.
Accessibility Document Leaflet 2021
Our toilets are open. We have toilets at the main entrance and portable toilets in the middle of the attraction.
We serve a selection of hot drinks, soft drinks, cakes, ice creams and refreshments. We have plenty of benches and scenic spots for picnics.
Visiting Knaresborough.
Mother Shipton's Cave is located in Knaresborough, a historic and picturesque North Yorkshire market town. Knaresborough's railway station is just five minutes walk from the entrance and frequent buses stop near the main entrance. Knaresborough is a 1 hour train journey from Leeds.
VISIT KNARESBOROUGH PUBLIC TRANSPORT
Large group & school booking
Special discount rates apply for school visits. A visit links well with Key Stages 1 to 3 in history, science, geography and English. Please contact us for more information or to arrange a visit.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Top Times (PDF)
Swim Camp
All-Time Top-Five (PDF)
Coach Clark Campbell
Results Photo Gallery
🏊♀ Jayhawks Celebrate Eight Seniors on Senior Day
LAWRENCE, Kan. – Kansas swimming & diving celebrated eight seniors on Senior Day, as the Jayhawks fell to the Arkansas Razorbacks, 165-134, inside Robinson Natatorium on Saturday.
The eight seniors that were celebrated included Dewi Blose, Katie Callahan, Claire Campbell, Greta Olsen, Alison Grass, Paige Riekhof, Kate Steward and Kaitlyn Witt, who were joined by their families.
Following the senior day ceremonies, the Jayhawks took the pool, winning five events including the 1,00-yard freestyle (Kara Church), 3-meter dive (Jiayu Chen), 500 freestyle (Addi Barnes) 100 butterfly (Autumn Looney) and the 200 individual medley (Kate Steward).
In the 1,000-yard freestyle, Church led the Jayhawks to a 1-2-3 finish, placing firth in 10:23.10, followed by Barnes in second in 10:24.21 and Callahan in 10:28.45.
In the diving portion, Chen led the way for the Jayhawks by winning the 3-meter dive, scoring 324.90, narrowly defeating Arkansas' Macyi Richards, who placed second with a score of 321.15.
In the 500-yard freestyle, the Jayhawks once again took the top-three spots, with Barnes leading the way in 5:03.43, Church in second in 5:05.43 and Callahan in third in 5:08.43.
One event later, Looney put together a strong finish in 55.31 to narrowly beat Arkansas' Eleonora Camisa in 55.35.
Steward finished off the day for the Jayhawks in the 200-yard individual medley, racing to a first place finish in 2:02.96, closely followed by Kansas' Dannie Dilsaver in second in 2:03.02.
Kansas will return to action on February 4-5, when they travel to Ames, Iowa to compete in a double-dual against the Cyclones. KU will then compete in the Big 12 Championship in Morgantown W.V., from February 23-26.


Mortal Kombat demo was released for all PSN owners on Tuesday. If there is any concern whether Mortal Kombat will fail. Allow me to say that so far that this new game is back to basic. The demo allows you to play with four characters which consist of, Johnny Cage, Sub Zero, Scorpion and Mileena. The game plays like the old school Mortal Kombat games. A fighting game with the side scrolling appeal to it. The combos and fatalities are easier to perform. This is actually a welcome for people who never played the series. Fatalities are three arrow buttons and one button. Gone are the long combinations. This might upset some gamers, but I love it. Another great tactic added to the game is the X-Ray feature. When your fighting gauge is filled, press the shoulder buttons to unless a deadly attack, that is worthy of being the new Brutality. All I will say is Johnny Cage X-Ray attack is the most disrespectful to any man lol. The graphics are wonderful. The detail is environments are nice and we have stages from the good old 16 bit days. So far, so good. Mortal Kombat will be released April 19th 2011.


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Another good, conservative judicial nominee is expected to get the courteous treatment that the Right has come to expect from radical Leftists.
A Lynch Mob Gathers
The nomination of Justice Janice Rogers Brown of the California Supreme Court to become a federal Court of Appeals judge has brought out vicious special interest groups with their long knives — and a long record of smears and character-assassination, going back to the campaign of wholesale misrepresentations that defeated the nomination of Judge Robert Bork in 1987.
Leading the charge against Justice Brown, as it did against Judge Bork 16 years ago, is the grossly misnamed organization "People for the American Way." This is a far-left group with only contempt for American traditions and culture. They want judges who will dismantle the Constitution of the United States for the sake of current left-wing fashions like racial quotas and unlimited abortions.
They obviously think that the pious words in their name will conceal the brutal realities of what they are and what they do.
Judges who believe that their job is to uphold the Constitution, instead of replacing it with left-wing social engineering, are anathema to "People for the American Way." That they are spearheading the character assassination of Justice Janice Rogers Brown is completely predictable.
Because Justice Brown is black and conservative, she is being denounced as "another Clarence Thomas." Like Clarence Thomas, she is also being denounced as "unqualified" by people who have never read a word she wrote. Anyone who does read Justice Brown's opinions will discover a wealth of knowledge, a command of logic and an unflinching honesty about the law and about some efforts of her colleagues to compromise legal principles.
"Error," Justice Brown said in one dissent, "does not improve with repetition. The third time is not the charm." In another dissent, this time in a child-custody case, Justice Brown said: "Today's decision maximizes the self-interest and personal convenience of parents, but poorly serves the state's children who deserve as much stability and security as legal process can provide."
What the left-wing can never forgive her for is upholding the right of California voters to ban racial quotas. More than four and a half million Californians voted for Proposition 209, which outlawed group preferences and quotas. But liberals wanted the state Supreme Court to over-rule the voters. Janice Rogers Brown refused and instead wrote the majority opinion upholding the voters' right to make the laws under which they live.
In the country at large, the real issue behind all the sound and fury is that special interest groups like "People for the American Way" want judges to impose items in the left-wing agenda that cannot be imposed through the democratic process.
Nowhere in this country are racial quotas likely to get voter support. But such quotas exist because elected officials do not have to risk their careers by voting for quotas because they can leave that to judges.
That includes not only liberal judges but also weak-kneed "conservative" judges like Justices Sandra Day O'Connor and Anthony Kennedy, who on issue after issue tend to split the difference and go along to get along.
What really scares the left about Janice Rogers Brown is that she has guts as well as brains. They haven't been able to get her to weaken or to waver. Character assassination is all that the left has left.
Look to see Justice Brown portrayed as evil incarnate and a threat to the republic. Already the character assassins are throwing around words like "extremist" and a conservative "activist." The truth has not cramped their style in the past and is unlikely to do so during the current confirmation hearings.
The real question is whether the administration that nominated Justice Brown will mount a serious counter-attack or leave her out there, twisting in the wind, the way it did with Miguel Estrada and its other judicial nominees.
Have you seen anything by anybody, anywhere, defending Janice Rogers Brown? The attackers have been mobilizing for months but there is very little sign that those who nominated Justice Brown have made any timely efforts to mobilize counter forces.
Bush Official Caught in Church Dragnet
The Partial-Birth Abortion Debate Revealed Much
Written By Thomas Sowell
Dr. Sowell is a senior fellow at the Hoover Institution and author of "Applied Economics" and "Black Rednecks and White Liberals."


Posted by cath in Cooking Links, general info, Info and Cooks Notes, ingredients, shopping notes, Thai food.
Orient Thai Market (162-164 Bruntsfield Place, Edinburgh) has a small selection of fresh imported Thai goods (and can do special orders on request) and a wide range of canned and dried goods. There is a small Japanese section which could also be of interest.
It looks like another good place to go and pick up some fresh Thai basil leaves, galangal (ginza) and chillies. One more thing they have on offer is a recipe card and help finding the appropriate ingredients in store, and a Thai Tourism publication which has lots of information about Thai cuisine, ingredients and some recipes.
This means it's time for me to get typing and give you all some new thai dishes to try too….


CHARLESTON, W.Va. (AP) â¿¿ The United Mine Workers of America is suing Arch Coal Inc. and Peabody Energy Corp. in southern West Virginia over pension and health-care benefits for bankrupt Patriot Coal Corp.'s active and retired miners.
Peabody spun off Patriot in November 2007, and Patriot later acquired mines that Arch spun off into Magnum Coal.
The lawsuit filed this week in U.S. District Court in Charleston says Arch and Peabody set up spinoff companies to rid themselves of their benefits obligations. But it argues they are still responsible for those benefits under the federal Employee Retirement and Income Securities Act.
"The companies bragged about getting those liabilities off their balance sheets," said union President Cecil Roberts. "And as people with long experience in the coal industry, they knew that the cyclical nature of the industry would inevitably lead to Patriot's inability to pay for those liabilities.
"It was a company set up to fail," he said.
Some 10,000 miners and another 10,000 dependents in West Virginia, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky and Ohio are affected.
Arch declined comment, but Peabody insists that Patriot was a viable company when it was spun off.
All three companies are based in St. Louis.
In a statement, Peabody said that changed because of plummeting demand for U.S. coal, softening steel markets and the slowing of the global economy, and sharp declines in price for a competing fuel, natural gas.
It also cited the impact of "more burdensome regulations."
Patriot, which employs about 2,000 union workers at mines in West Virginia and Kentucky, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in July.
When it filed for bankruptcy, Patriot called the pension and health care programs "unsustainable labor-related legacy liabilities."
It has yet to submit its proposed reorganization plan but did report an 84 percent decline in net income for the third quarter this week.


Well, this next recipe isn't quick or simple, and the featured ingredient, chestnuts, may be seasonal, but turns out they aren't likely local unless you live in Italy. Not much of an endorsement? Well it turned out to be delicious, gluten-free without trying to be, and to be honest, I just want to remember it so I can make it again! Chestnut recipes are actually not that plentiful on the internet. Dessert chestnut recipes at least.
I kind of stumbled upon this recipe in a round about way. I impulsively picked up a bag of fresh chestnuts at Trader Joe's, thinking it would be a fun way to get into to the holidays. When I lived in Spain, street venders came out once the weather turned chilly to sell fresh roasted chestnuts. So, last week our house filled with the smell of chestnuts roasting… while I yelled at Baby to stay back from the oven each time I opened it, "HOT!" (She loves to say "hot" now.) From my time in Europe, I also had vague memories of a sweet paste made from chestnuts and set out to make that.
I roasted the chestnuts according to the package. They were okay. I kind of felt like I was eating acorns though. Then I found this video on how to make chestnut puree from fresh chestnuts. After roasting and peeling the chestnuts, you boil 2 cups of them in 2-3 cups of water with 1 cup of sugar and a vanilla bean (I used two vanilla beans.) They boil for 30 minutes and are then pureed with a little orange zest. Mine tasted delicious but it never got super smooth. Perhaps I should have roasted them longer or if I had a better blender, but mine still had a little bit of texture to it. Don't get me wrong, I still ate quite a bit straight from the spoon. Sugar and vanilla definitely highlight and feature the somewhat bland taste of chestnuts.
I still wanted to do something good enough to share with friends as we were going to a holiday party. I thought the little harder bits of chestnuts would be less than ideal in a creamy dessert, like a Mont Blanc, but good in a cake. I finally found the recipe below deep in a foodie thread and it ended up being delicious… sweet, but not too sweet, and with an excellent crumb. As a bonus, the recipe calls for almond meal instead of flour which was perfect since one of my good friends is gluten intolerant. One thing: learn from my mistakes: I greased my pan but skipped flouring it. I should have "floured" it with almond meal. I also let my cake cool over night in the pan. Uggh, it meant that the cake was really hard to get out. Mine actually fell apart a little. I had to think on my feet and patched it together with a little melted unsweetened chocolate, mixed with half and half and a little sugar. That was probably another happy accident as well!
7 stiffly beaten egg whites.
Pour into a greased and floured baking tin or bundt mold. Bake for 60-65 minutes at 350F/180C.
The poster suggested reducing the butter by half. I was happy with the results from 4 oz. or 1 stick of butter.
To easily make this cake gluten-free, substitute the flour with almond meal when preparing the pan or bundt mold.
Step 1: Preheat oven to 425° F. With a very sharp and pointy knife, cut a small "X" into the flattest side of each chestnut. Roast the chestnuts for 20-30 minutes, until the skins start to peel at the "X". (Note: another option might be to boil the chestnuts.) Once they are cool enough to handle, but before cooling completely, peel off the tough outer shell and brown inner skin.
Step 2: Boil 2 cups of the roasted and peeled chestnuts with enough water to cover them, and 1 cup of sugar. Cut the vanilla bean lengthwise, scrape out the seeds and add the seeds and the bean to the pot. Boil for 30 minutes until the liquid has reduced to a syrup. Remove from the heat and let cool.
Step 3: Remove the vanilla bean and puree the chestnuts and syrup with the orange zest and optional cognac in a food processor or good blender. (I skipped alcohol since I shared a little with Baby.) Add a little more water, as needed.
This entry was posted in Dessert, Entertaining, Food, Recipes for the Whole Family and tagged gluten free, gluten free baking, naturally gluten free. Bookmark the permalink.
Hi! I started Baby Birds Farm after the birth of my first daughter. I started sharing seasonal recipes featuring produce from our garden, eggs from our chicken, and homemade cheeses from our goat milk co-op. Fast forward a few years, another daughter, another business, and now we are just surviving and enjoying our busy life and food as much as we can. Join our journey of good food, farm-to-table restaurants in San Diego and healthy living!
Abigail Burd, Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Psychotherapist, provides women's mental health in San Diego, CA. Specialities include managing anxiety and depression during pregnancy, postpartum and parenting. Learn more about my practice, Burd Psychotherapy, in Clairemont (San Diego) at www.burdtherapy.com.
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Experiment details: "Quenched-flow experiments were performed using a Biologic QFM-5 rapid mixing module, operated at room temperature (21 °C). For refolding in 2.4 M urea, the lyophilized, 15N-labeled protein was first dissolved (to 40 μM) in 6.5 M urea, 50 mM acetic acid, 15 mM NaCl, and 1 mM DTT (pH 4.1) in D2O (reading unadjusted for isotope effect). This buffer was mixed in a 1:12 ratio with 50 mM acetic acid, 15 mM NaCl, and 2.06 M urea (pH 4.1) in H2O, to produce a refolding environment of 3 μM protein, 2.4 M urea, and pH 4.1. Delays for monitoring the time course of refolding ranged from 6 to 340 ms. To initiate amide hydrogen exchange, the buffer was mixed in a 13:12 ratio with 180 mM glycine and 15 mM NaCl (pH 9.8). The resulting pH was 9.3, which promotes rapid H-D exchange (0.6 ms). The exchange delay was 20 ms. Exchange was quenched by addition in a 25:9 ratio of 1.5 M acetic acid and 15 mM NaCl. The final pH was 3.7, essentially stopping exchange of all interior amides."
Experiment details: "The sample was lyophilized from NMR buffer (pH 4.15) and then redissolved in D2O at time zero. 15N HSQC spectra were recorded with 8 scans and 128 tt increments. Experiments were started at times 11, 30, 50, 69, 89, 108, 128, 157, 186, 216, 249, 279, 309, 338, 367, 464, 524, 583, 642, 702, 761, 820, 880, 939, 998, 1058, 1117, 1176, 1236, 1295 and 9920 min, sampling over one 24-h period with an additional experiment one week later. Temperature during exchange was maintained at 298 K. For each residue, peak volumes were measured in FELIX, and the natural logarithms of the peak volumes were plotted as a function of time. This representation gives a line with slope equal to the negative of the exchange rate for that residue."


Belhar Gardens recently achieved an EDGE preliminary grading from the Green Building Council of South Africa, meaning it has been recognised for Excellence in Design for Greater Efficiencies. Each of the 630 units has been fitted with water flow restrictors and water meters that measure the amount of hot and cold water used. In so doing, the household or tenant is aware of their water usage at all times, and can implement their own water saving methods. Instead of conventional geysers there are heat pump stations at every block of units saving up to 48% in electricity.
The City of Cape Town has partnered with Airports Company of South Africa (ACSA) and the False Bay Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) College to implement a multi-million rand skills development programme for 91 residents from Blikkiesdorp who will receive construction industry training at False Bay TVET College. This ACSA-initiated project will train residents from Blikkiesdorp who have been enrolled for various courses, including a National Certificate in Community House Building and Modular Training in Bricklaying. The duration of the courses ranges between 3 and 12 months.
The City of Cape Town's Belhar Gardens housing project has been recognised as the Best Social Housing Programme in the Western Cape, while the Ocean View Mountain View People's Housing Process project walked away with the joint first prize in the category for the Best Enhanced People's Housing Process.
The City of Cape Town's Transport and Urban Development Authority (TDA) received the International Public Transport Strategy Award at the UITP World Summit in Montreal, Canada.
UITP is the international organisation for public transport authorities and operators, with more than 1400 members from 96 countries. Its summit draws mobility professionals from all over the world. The UITP awards recognise successful projects that are implemented around the world which place public transport at the heart of the urban and local mobility system.
TDA's all-female road repair team programme, Women at Work, received the Most Innovative Women Training Programme Award at the annual Women in Construction Awards in May 2016. The award was a recognition of TDA's efforts to empower women in the workplace by providing them with skills for manual work that is generally associated with men and equipping them with the skills and entrepreneurial abilities to assist in finding permanent employment.
Transport for Cape Town's Transit-Orientated Development Strategic Framework has been shortlisted as a finalist in the global C40 Awards under the Sustainable Community category. The Transit-Orientated Development Strategic Framework was launched in March 2016 and is now the primary informant of all the City's spatial development plans.
Transport for Cape Town (TCT) – the City of Cape Town's transport authority – received special recognition at the 61st UITP World Congress and Exhibition in Milan, Italy.
UITP is the international organisation for public transport authorities and operators, with more than 1400 members from 96 countries. Its biennial congress draws mobility professionals from all over the world. Last night the President of UITP and Commissioner of Transport for London in the United Kingdom, Sir Peter Hendy, presented Melissa Whitehead, Commissioner of Transport for Cape Town, with a recognition award for achievements in public transport and for establishing a transport authority to address the transport needs of residents and visitors to Cape Town.
The City's public transport interchange in Nomzamo won the community upliftment category at the 80th IMESA/CESA Excellence Awards in East London on 25 October 2016.
Dave Buerger, Manager: Capital Programme, received NDoT Service of Excellence Award for the Category Best Project Manager in Transport in 2014.
Cape Town received the Sustainable Transport Award Honorable Mention in 2012 in recognition of it's visionary achievements in sustainable transport and urban livability from the Institute for Transportation and Development Policy.
Wallacedene Taxi Rank for the Western Cape Premier's 110% Green initiative.
Bigen Africa Captains of Industry Design Challenge Award for the Wallacedene Public Transport Facility being the first green public facility of its kind.
The Siemens African Green City Index has recognised the City's MyCITI network as a leader in the field of African public transport systems.


text:
Q: override default import of csv to tibble in newest R studio (R version 3.4.0) I recently downloaded and installed the latest versions of R/Rstudio, and have noticed that one of the new changes is that when importing csv's, Rstudio now defaults to importing the file as a tibble. While I realize the developers had very good reasons for making this change, I personally find it extremely annoying.
Many of the data files I work with have many (>10) columns, and many of the functions I frequently use to look at the data (i.e. head(), tail(), or even pulling out specific rows from the data such as data[1:5,]) don't function as I would like. In particular, using these functions on a tibble results in the right-most columns not being displayed, which is extremely problematic as I am often most interested in those columns. Even though I have not been working with these new version very long, I am already tired of having to use the View() function every time I want to look at the data or having to convert every imported file using as.data.frame() in order to get my data to display the way I would like. While I realize this probably seems like a fairly minor concern, I personally feel like coding is often frustrating enough that adding in any additional concerns or difficulties only makes coding harder and more time-consuming.
Simply for the sake of maintaining my own sanity, is there anyway to override this default setting and make it so that all of the csv's I import get imported as data frames rather than tibbles?

A: May be it is not exactly what are you looking for but you can change print method for tibbles so they will be printed as data.frames.
library(tibble)
tibble_iris = as.tibble(iris)
head(tibble_iris)
# # A tibble: 6 x 5
#         Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
#           <dbl>       <dbl>        <dbl>       <dbl>  <fctr>
# 1          5.1         3.5          1.4         0.2  setosa
# 2          4.9         3.0          1.4         0.2  setosa
# 3          4.7         3.2          1.3         0.2  setosa
# 4          4.6         3.1          1.5         0.2  setosa
# 5          5.0         3.6          1.4         0.2  setosa
# 6          5.4         3.9          1.7         0.4  setosa

# here we change print method
# it is needed only once at the begining of your script
print.tbl_df = print.data.frame

# check that new 'print' method will be used
head(tibble_iris)
#   Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
# 1          5.1         3.5          1.4         0.2  setosa
# 2          4.9         3.0          1.4         0.2  setosa
# 3          4.7         3.2          1.3         0.2  setosa
# 4          4.6         3.1          1.5         0.2  setosa
# 5          5.0         3.6          1.4         0.2  setosa
# 6          5.4         3.9          1.7         0.4  setosa

A: @yeedle is correct about how you can change read_csv to read.csv in the import window, but @Marius has provided the best answer. You've got to get over your frustration with coding because it will save you time in the long run (i.e. having to worry about the new import data default in the GUI).
read.csv still works the same even though the GUI changed... You should type:
read.csv("TAB
Select the file you'd like to load using the arrow keys and pressing enter, and then type ,TAB and all of read.csv's options will be displayed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Easter Bunny Express |
Welcome to Cooperstown 607-547-9983
Add Listing Sign out
Visitor Center and Kiosk
Doubleday Field
Getting to Cooperstown
Trolley & Parking
Downtown Music
Chamber Hall of Fame
We recommend you check the details of Pricing Plans before changing.	Click Here
Unlimited Listing
Business Marketer
Easter Bunny Express
Apr 04 2020 - Apr 11 2020
Adults $21, Seniors $20, Children (3-12) $18, Under 3 FREE - Reservations Required
Cooperstown and Charlotte Valley Railroad
cacvrr@yahoo.com
https://www.lrhs.com/
Cooperstown & Charlotte Valley Railroad
136 Rt 166, Milford, NY
Dear Passengers:
As everyone is now aware, the COVID-19 Virus (Coronavirus) has had a dramatic impact on almost every aspect of our lives. The Cooperstown & Charlotte Valley is no exception as we prepare for the start of our 2020 Operating Season in April. We are currently monitoring the situation, and will make a final decision on March 21, 2020 as to the feasibility of operating our 2020 Easter Bunny Express Trains. This decision will be based on recommendations from both the CDC and the New York State Department of Health, as well as any recommendations presented by local health agencies. The health and safety of our passengers and volunteer crew members has and always will be our number one concern. That fact will be the utmost determining factor moving forward. If the decision is made to cancel our Easter Trains, ticketed passengers will be informed and their ticket purchases will be refunded.
Bruce J. Hodges, President
Leatherstocking Railway Historical Society
The Leatherstocking Railway Historical Society (LRHS) and the Cooperstown & Charlotte Valley Railroad cordially invites you to join us for fun filled train rides with the Easter Bunny and friends on Saturdays and Sundays, April 4th, 5th and 11th, 2020 at 1:00PM. Our Easter Bunny Express Trains all depart from the Milford Depot on NYS Route 166 (136 East Main Street) in Milford, NY, located 8 miles south of Cooperstown, for a two hour train ride. The Easter Bunny and friends will be on the train entertaining passengers, and complementary snacks and refreshments will be available on board for all to enjoy, with additional snacks and souvenirs available for sale.
At the Railroad's beautifully decorated O'Neill Station we will disembark passengers for an Easter Egg Hunt before returning to Milford. On the return trip to Milford we will host our Easter Egg Roll Game in our Open Air Car with all children participating receiving a treat. And throughout the ride there will be plenty of opportunities for photographs with the Easter Bunny and his friends. Fun for the entire family!
Trains will be heated if the weather warrants it, but passengers are advised to dress warmly depending on conditions.
Tickets are $21 for adults, $20 for seniors, $18 for children (ages 3-12), & children under the age of three ride free! A $1 off discount rate is available for groups of 10 or more paying passengers purchasing all tickets at once.
Seating is limited and reservations and prepayment are required. To make a reservation please visit the online ticketing page on our website at cooperstowntrain.com. For more information call the LRHS at (607) 432-2429, visit our website, or email cacvrr@yahoo.com.
The Cooperstown & Charlotte Valley Railroad is owned, operated, and staffed by the volunteer members of the Leatherstocking Railway Historical Society, a 501(c)(3) not-for-profit educational corporation based out of Oneonta, NY.
Tags: Easter, family, Holiday, train
Cooperstown Chamber of Commerce
31 Chestnut Street
© 2021 Cooperstown Chamber of Commerce | Privacy Policy


Families are stronger when they are together, and their presence helps a sick child heal faster and cope better.
While we cannot make medicine taste better or take away painful treatments, we can help lessen the burden and ensure families have the stability and resources to get and keep their child healthy and happy.
RMHC in Evansville offers parents and family members a respite from hospital waiting rooms 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. Our House provides the essential comforts of home: comfortable beds, hot showers, home-cooked meals, kitchen and laundry facilities and more.
We are able to impact the health and well-being of children and their families through three programs: Ronald McDonald House, Happy Wheels Cart and Grants.


ALWAYS REBLOG WHEN YOU SEE SOMETHING LIKE THIS PLEASE; ITS SO MUCH MORE THAN IMPORTANT TO PEOPLE. IT MEANS EVERYTHING TO SOMEBODY AND EVEN THOUGH YOU MIGHT NOT SEE THIS IN THE SAME LIGHT, SOMEONE MIGHT. INFACT YOU REBLOGGING THIS COULD STOP SOMEONE TAKING THEIR LIFE TONIGHT.
Please reblog. I love every single one of you. You're not alone.


The entire Star Wars saga is encompassed in this piano sheet music collection! Set amid stunning imagery from the films, these piano arrangements bring the magic of Star Wars to life as they masterfully invoke the grand romanticism of John Williams's epic, award-winning scores. Included are the most definitive and memorable pieces from each of the six Star Wars episodes arranged for big note piano by Tom Gerou. Titles: 20th Century Fox Fanfare · Across the Stars · Anakin's Theme · Battle of the Heroes · Binary Sunset · Cantina Band · Duel of the Fates · The Imperial March · Jawa Sandcrawler · Luke and Leia · May the Force Be with You · Princess Leia's Theme · Star Wars (Main Title) · The Throne Room · Yoda's Theme.


Getting to grips with what you're ordering at a fish restaurant in Peru is your secret to getting a terrific meal. Frequently somewhat confusing with all the language barrier and also the weird and terrific titles of classic plates, I've written a brief article which can allow you to realize the menu better and make you seem like a routine where place you opt to dine.
How often have you sat in a restaurant in a foreign nation and thought'this menu seems amazing, if I understood what it meant'. When you attempt to request the waiter precisely what the dish is, matters are further complicated as you can not understand him. I've lived in Peru for several decades now, and have researched many menus in several restaurants (I really do prefer to eat!) . Generally you have to see the exact same old things again and again, and before you know it you're an expert in staying away from the things you do not enjoy and ordering the things that you do!
Even though some of my friends appear to be practitioners in fish based menus, so I on the other-hand think you have to have some kind of specialist qualification to fully master the craft of purchasing fish.
Before I introduce you to a number of the very mouth-watering and most wholesome dishes , it's most likely worth taking a minute to talk where the best fish restaurants can be found in Peru. Peru is a large country, really the third biggest in South America and contains many different metropolitan areas, for example, Jungle (two-thirds of this nation ), the sierra and the shore region. As you would expect the top restaurants are located on the shore, where every day fresh fish and fish's are offloaded in the numerous markets in major coastal towns and cities. Even though there are a couple of decent restaurants in the highlands, it's most likely better to adhere to the standard foods there, and save your cash for cerviche in the event the shore.
The very first thing that you want to get to grips with is that the language barrier, and comprehend the fundamental words for several kinds of fish and creatures of the ocean. I feel a day study session of 10 minutes daily for two weeks before you depart for your Peru holiday ought to be sufficient time to perfect your Spanish.
Alright, so you've this firmly dedicated to memory, today all you have to get to grips with is that the titles of their most well-known dishes. Listed below are the top 5 most well-known dishes which you're likely to discover in your Peru holiday and in my estimation the 5 finest meals too!
This really is the most typical dish, and also the one which many Peruvians go weak in the knees . Cebiche might not be to everybody's taste, because it efficiently utilizes raw fish, just just cooked, but also for others it places the taste buds at overdrive, and is the best dish to consume whist relaxing with friends and sipping some big cold beer.


MADRID – Berkeley Energia has appealed to Spain's Supreme Court against the nomination of new members to the country's nuclear safety council (CSN), which is due to assess the Australian company's uranium mine project near Salamanca.
The court, in a document released on Thursday, said it had rejected a request from Berkeley to urgently suspend a government decree last week which named four new members to the CSN's five-strong board, which rules on the safety of nuclear and radioactive facilities.
The proposed new members include an ecological activist, who has campaigned against Berkeley's mine project.
The court gave the government 10 days to offer its side of the story before deciding how to proceed.
The CSN needed to be reshuffled as most of the mandates were expiring. One of the tasks awaiting the new board is to assess Berkeley's only project in Spain, the as-yet unopened uranium mine, which sources told Reuters last year the Socialist government had decided to block.
The mine was granted preliminary approval in 2013 under a previous government, but still needs final authorisation. If the CSN approves the project, it is up to the government to give the green light, but if the CSN finds against it, the government cannot issue permits.
The court did not say what reasons Berkeley gave for its appeal. Berkeley and the CSN declined to comment.
The court also refused an urgent request from Spain's main opposition People's Party (PP) to suspend the nominations, which the PP said had been announced on the same day that the government called a snap election.
In a statement, the PP homed in on one of the new members, a doctor of physics named Francisco Castejon who has campaigned against nuclear energy generation, and specifically against Berkeley's mine, which would be located in Retortillo, near the northwestern town of Salamanca.
"The (PP) group has appealed to the Supreme Court because it was not able to debate the suitability of the candidates, particularly that of Francisco Castejon Magana," it said.
Castejon "is a known activist on anti-nuclear platforms and campaigns, which, in the opinion of the PP group, means that there is a clear conflict of interest", the group continued.
Ahead of a demonstration last year, Castejon tweeted: "I am going so that they do not open the Retortillo mine. So that they close the nuclear plants and we move towards a new energy model."
Spain's Energy Ministry and Castejon declined to comment.
Once the court receives the government's response to the appeal, it must decide whether to suspend the nominations. In the ensuing months, it will rule on whether they were legal.


text:
Picture: GRG7_70_0_8_484
Home Finding Information Discover our Collection Education and Employment Railway Employees
Railway Employees
We hold employee records for the South Australian Railways, State Transport Authority and successor agencies.
Many of these are registers or employee sheets showing basic information about the employee. Correspondence files may show more detail.
A current volunteer project is aiming to improve the arrangement of a major series of railway employee records.
For other government employment pages, see Police, Mariners and Sailors and Teachers.
Records containing personal, financial or disciplinary information are usually open for public access after 60 years. Less detailed records may be open sooner.
Researching the records
Railway employee records may be in the custody of State Records or the National Archives of Australia, depending on when they were archived.
Series beginning with GRG or GRS that are in the custody of State Records can be found in our ArchivesSearch catalogue. Series beginning with a D prefix were orignally located at the National Archives of Australia, but may now be in our custody.
Records archived by the Australian National Railways after 1975 are held by the National Archives of Australia
Staff registers, 1853-1913
Staff registers - South Australian Railways, 1853 - 1913 (GRG 42/131)
Index to GRG 42/131, Staff registers - South Australian Railways, 1853-1913 - arranged alphabetically by surname
These records are available on microfilm in our Research Centre. Information includes name, date of birth, date entered service, station, position and rate of pay.
Appointments confirmed, 1889-1926
Register of appointments confirmed - South Australian Railways, 1889 - 1926 (GRG 42/73)
Index to GRG 42/73 Register of appointments confirmed - South Australian Railways, 1889-1926 - arranged alphabetically by surname
Information includes name, date of birth, date appointed, position, where stationed, rate of pay and other remarks.
Certificates of competency - Engine Driver's Board, 1910-1962
Applications for certificates of competency - Engine Drivers' Board, 1910 - 1962 (GRG 64/19)
Index to GRG 64/19 Applications for certificates of competency - Engine Drivers' Board, 1910 - 1962
Includes certificates for a range of driver classifications.
Other records without an index
Record of employment sheets – South Australian Railways, c1880–c1976 (GRS 10638)
Our volunteers have re-arranged these records into alphabetical order by surname for this continuing project. Ask our staff for assistance to order these records.
Classified lists of officers and employees - South Australian Railways, 1889-1943 (GRS 116)
These records are available on microfilm in the Research Centre. The years 1927 to 1929 are missing.
Record of officers with annual salaries - South Australian Railways, 1911-1913 (GRS 87)
Staff includes engineers, clerks, station masters and foremen.
Record of employees - South Australian Railways, 1882-1885 (GRS 88)
This volume shows surnames from A to L only. Arranged chronologically by date of employment.
Staff history cards, - South Australian Railways, c1907 - c1961 (GRS 1427)
These cards are available on microfiche. Names beginning WE to WH are missing.
Record of appointments and transfers - South Australian Railways, 1917-1963 (GRS 91)
Volumes 1-2: General and Traffic, 1917-1943
Volume 3: Locomotive, 1918-1942
Volume 4: Transportation, 1943-1952
Volume 5: Maintenance, 1917-1963
Ask our staff for assistance to order these records.
Employees' record of war service – South Australian Railways, 1914-1953 (GRS 6232)
Information includes name, number, rank, unit, location of service, honours received, date enlisted and reason for and date of discharge. Signed by Employee and Supervisor.
Information recorded ensured employees did not lose leave and pay benefits while on military service.
Register of Service, Resigned or Dismissed Employees of the South Australian Railways, 1920-1978 (D 1843)
South Australian Railways was established in 1856 with the passing of the South Australian Railway Act (Act No. 27 of 1855 – 1856).
In August 1975 responsibility for railways was split:
country lines became the responsibility of the Australian National Railways Commission (Commonwealth)
metropolitan lines became the responsibility of the newly formed State Transport Authority (State).
Access Records using Freedom of Information
Your rights as a member of the public under the Freedom of Information Act 1991
Passenger Lists 1845 - 1940
Passenger lists dating from 1845 to 1886 record emigrants selected by the Colonization Commissioners London. Their passage was paid for out of the Emigration Fund.
Making a Freedom Of Information Application
As a member of the public make a Freedom Of Information application directly to the agency holding the documents you wish to access.


text:
Emissions are already way down in China, the world's largest yearly contributor to climate change.
Humans have seemed unable to get a handle on climate change, with global emissions of greenhouse gases continuing to grow every year. But a microscopic pathogen, so structurally simple that it does not even have a single cell and is arguably not even alive, may be capable of accomplishing what our political leaders thus far cannot.
Experts say that greenhouse gas emissions in China, the worlds largest current contributor to climate change, are down 25 percent in recent weeks as the country conducted a massive societal intervention to stop the spread of the virus. Air pollution is also down, due to decreased driving and less coal burning.
Meanwhile, as the virus enters a second phase, spreading beyond China to other countries, it is dampening global demand for oil and air travel, and threatening overall global economic growth. All of these are strongly linked to greenhouse gas emissions.
While its too early to say for sure, if these trends continue, the coronavirus could join rare company. Since the year 1900, greenhouse gas emissions have risen dramatically. During that period, the escalation of emissions has been nearly constant, with 2019 projected to set yet another record high. And when significant declines have happened, its usually been because of world wars, sweeping economic contractions or large-scale geopolitical events such as the fall of the Soviet Union.
When it comes to an emissions decline, "whatever the driver, it will have to be big, and global, said Glen Peters, an expert on carbon emissions at Norways Center for International Climate Research and a contributor to the Global Carbon Project.
Global crises have spurred the largest emissions drops
2008 financial crash
30 billion metric tons
of carbon dioxide
'70s oil shocks
Source: Global Carbon Project
30 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide
The biggest drop in emissions coincided with the global economic crash
Emissions declined at the start of the pandemic but the end of WWI was a likely contributor
An OPEC move and later the Iranian Revolution caused sharp oil price spikes and global recessions
30 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide per year
'70s energy shocks
The last time global emissions fell noticeably was in the wake of the Great Recession, from 2008 to 2009 when U.S. GDP fell 4.3 percent, unemployment doubled from 5 to 10 percent, housing prices crashed and the stock market lost, at the nadir, more than half of its value.
But even in that moment of economic and societal trauma, the global emissions decline was fleeting. Emissions started to rise again almost immediately.
Still, if the current emissions contraction that happened first in China spreads around the world, and is sustained, then it might cause a similar impact.
Elizabeth Economy, a China expert at the Council on Foreign Relations, said the nations emissions have increased every year for the past three until coronavirus paralyzed entire regions.
If there is a bright side to the coronavirus," she said, "it is that the drop in industrial production, manufacturing, and automobile use will produce a noticeable drop in CO2 emissions for at least the first two months of the year.
Granted, the bounce back could be rapid if China tries to juice its economy through some type of stimulus once the situation stabilizes. South Korea has already enacted roughly $10 billion in stimulus in the wake of the viruss spread, and Italy is planning an infusion of $8.4 billion.
The reductions are substantial, but they are most certainly only temporary, and there will likely be a rebound effect, said Joanna Lewis, an expert on Chinas energy sector at Georgetown University. Once people go back to work and factories restart, they may try to make up for lost time. This could result in a surge in emissions.
Still, the change since the start of the year in the worlds most greenhouse-gas-intensive economy has been striking to behold.
[Sign up for our Coronavirus Updates newsletter to track the outbreak. All stories linked in the newsletter are free to access.]
Lauri Myllyvirta, lead analyst at the Center for Research on Energy and Clean Air, found that carbon emissions in China are down at least a quarter over the month of February. He estimates it amounts to a reduction of 200 million tons of carbon dioxide compared with emissions levels in 2019.
Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, or NO2 which are produced by cars, trucks and energy-intensive industries are down about 40 percent during the same stretch, he found. In addition, small-particle air pollution also has fallen across the country.
Myllyvirta said that while emissions have rebounded a bit over the past week, its still very far from normal levels.
Oil demand and demand for things like coal and steel have fallen, he said. The impact on many of the major industrial sectors is very profound.
Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, a pollutant released by burning fossil fuels, are down over China in the five weeks following the Lunar New Year, when compared with last year
Less NO2
More NO2
Feb. 5 to March 12
Jan. 5 to Feb. 29
Source: Washington Post analysis of Sentinel-5P satellite data via the European Space Agency
Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, a pollutant released by burning fossil fuels, are down over China in the give weeks following the Lunar New Year, when compared with last year
Jan. 25 to Feb. 29
The emissions fallout
Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, a pollutant released by burning fossil fuels, are down over
China in the five weeks following the Lunar New Year, when compared with last year
He said sales of real estate are likely to fall sharply over the first quarter of the year in China. The outbreak will impact construction projects and investment decisions for months to come, all factors that could hinder economic growth and slow emissions.
The effects seen in China may ripple around the world.
The International Air Transport Association recently announced that global January air travel, while still showing growth, saw the lowest monthly increase since April 2010. And Februarys figures could be even worse.
United Airlines recently announced plans to cut domestic flights by 10 percent and international ones by 20 percent for April and May. Its asking staff to volunteer for unpaid leaves to help adjust for the decline in revenue.
Aircraft account for roughly 3 percent of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions, so changes here could have a major impact.
I expect where the coronavirus is going to be hitting is one of the more energy intensive aspects of the economy, which is travel, said Kenneth Gillingham, a professor of economics at Yale University.
I do expect emissions to decline, Gillingham added. Not that I think that that is a particularly good thing in this context, because the coronavirus is an absolute tragedy.
Meanwhile, OPEC and the International Energy Agency both recently lowered their forecasts for oil demand in 2020, thanks to coronavirus. On Thursday, OPEC proposed cutting production by an additional 1.5 million barrels a day through the end of the year, which would be the biggest cut since the 2008 financial crisis.
The OECD, meanwhile, said that in a scenario of broad global spread of the virus, economic growth could only tally 1.5 percent in 2020, as opposed to a prior prediction of 3 percent before the outbreak occurred.
That itself is revealing, though, notes Peters from Norways Center for International Climate Research.
If global growth goes from 3% to 1.5%, then it is very low by historical standards, but nowhere near as low as negative growth from the financial crisis, Peters said in an email.
From 2008 to 2009, during that seismic economic event, global emissions declined about 1.4 percent, according to figures from Peters and the Global Carbon Project. Thats equivalent to a reduction of about 450 million tons of carbon dioxide.
But then growth quickly resumed, and 2018s global emissions, nine years after that downturn in 2009, were 16 percent higher. Thats equivalent to an additional 5 billion tons of CO2 per year.
The Global Carbon Projects data show even larger temporary declines, on a percentage basis, in the past during moments of global upheaval.
Take the Great Depression the longest-lasting and most severe economic decline affecting the United States and the world since 1900. U.S. unemployment climbed as high as 25 percent and thousands of banks failed. Global emissions, which were then far lower, dropped 25 percent from 1929 to 1932, and did not exceed their 1929 levels again until 1937.
Theres also evidence of an emissions decline from 1918 to 1919, in the wake of the deadly Spanish Flu, the worst pandemic of the modern world 50 million people around the globe died. At least initially, this looks like a clear case of a biological event, rather than an economic, political, or military one, driving down emissions which shrank by more than 400 million tons of carbon dioxide in just one year.
However, that period came in the immediate wake of World War I, and it isnt clear that the decline was solely due to the pandemic. Emissions also fell as combatants laid down arms, explained Robbie Andrew, also a researcher at Norways Center for International Climate Research. Peace also brought an end to wartime spending and a contraction of the emission-intensive steel and arms industries.
The years immediately after WWI are likely to show a combination of effects that overlapped, he said in an email.
Other episodes of emissions declining, or flattening, underscore that thus far in history, it has generally required a massive societal or economic upheaval for such a decline to occur.
In October 1973, OPEC retaliated against the United States for its role in the Arab-Israeli war, imposing an oil embargo. The oil cartel slashed production, quadrupling crude prices, fueling inflation broadly, squeezing consumers and throwing the world into recession through 1974. It was then the deepest of four year-long downturns since the mid-1940s. And greenhouse gas emissions declined slightly for a few years.
In 1978, another oil shock, this time stemming from the Iranian Revolution and the drop in its oil output, badly hurt the global economy at the worst possible time. In the face of soaring inflation and the falling value of the dollar, the Federal Reserve slammed on the brakes, raising interest rates as high as 19 percent in 1981. Inflation eased by the end of 1982. At the time, it was the most severe recession since the Great Depression. Emissions declined for three years and did not exceed their 1979 levels until six years later, in 1985.
In the early 1990s, the world economy suffered from a U.S. slowdown and the collapse of the Soviet Union leading, once again, to a modest and temporary emissions decline.
Myllyvirta said the parallels to past episodes when the world has seen its emissions fall are limited. A pandemic, after all, is hardly a humane, desirable or logical way to count on combating climate change.
To reduce emission in a sustained way, you need the world to run in a clean way and forever, he said. You cant just lock everyone in their homes and say you shouldnt go to work.
A complete switch from coal to low-carbon generation or a modest carbon pricing policy can provide emissions reduction on the same order of magnitude as a war, recession, or a pandemic,Gillingham added. This provides at least a sliver of a reason for optimism.
Steven Mufson contributed to this report.
'RuPaul's Drag Race' has disqualified season 12 queen Sherry Pie after she allegedly posed as a casting director and catfished several men into sending intimate videos.
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text:
configuration Sample_klSQLServerDatabaseConnection
{
    param
    (
        # Target node to apply the configuration
        [parameter(Mandatory = $true)]
        [ValidateNotNullOrEmpty()]
		[System.String]
        $NodeName
    )

    # Import the module that defines custom resources
    Import-DscResource -Module klDeploy

    Node $NodeName
    {
        # Normal SQL server connection string, will use trusted connection as username and password are empty
        klSQLServerDatabaseConnection klsql1
        {
            ConnectionId = New-Guid
            Ensure = "Present"
            FilePath = "C:\VA\Sites\va.com\App_Config\ConnectionStrings.config"
            Name = "core"
            Server = "tcp:(local)\SQLEXPRESS,1433"
            Database = "VA_Sitecore_core"
            Username = ""
            Password = ""
            Metadata = ""
            Application = "www.va.com"
        }

        # EntityFramework connection string because there is something in Metadata property. Will use sql server username and password
        klSQLServerDatabaseConnection klsql2
        {
            ConnectionId = New-Guid
            Ensure = "Present"
            FilePath = "C:\VA\Sites\va.com\App_Config\ConnectionStrings.config"
            Name = "log"
            Server = "tcp:(local)\SQLEXPRESS,1433"
            Database = "VA_Log"
            Username = "sqluser"
            Password = "P@ssw0rd"
            Metadata = "res://*/EntityModels.LogModel.csdl|res://*/EntityModels.LogModel.ssdl|res://*/EntityModels.LogModel.msl"
            Application = "www.va.com"
        }
    }
}

Sample_klSQLServerDatabaseConnection -NodeName "10.10.10.85" -OutputPath .\TST

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Gov. Ned Lamont has asked state ethics officials for an official opinion on potential conflicts of interest for his wife, a highly successful venture capitalist.
A Greenwich multimillionaire, Annie Lamont has been involved in millions of dollars worth of deals during her career in venture capital, where her firm helps provide funding to companies mainly in the areas of health care and financial technology.
Prompted by Lamont's request, the Citizen's Ethics Advisory Board voted Thursday to move forward with writing a formal advisory opinion on any potential conflicts.
Robert W. Clark, a former Superior Court judge who serves as general counsel in the governor's office, wrote a detailed letter to the board that sought advice on potential conflicts.
Even though she is not elected, Annie Lamont is still considered to be a "public official" under the law and must abide by the ethics rules, officials said.
As co-founder and executive managing member of a firm known as Oak HC/FT Management Company, LLC, Annie Lamont also oversees "certain general partnerships for private investment funds managed by Oak HC/FT," Clark wrote. Oak manages funds in about 30 portfolio companies.
Although Clark said he believes a conflict is "highly unlikely to arise," he sought a formal opinion in writing to provide guidance in future circumstances.
"Nevertheless, out of an abundance of caution, the governor and Mrs. Lamont intend to take proactive measures to eliminate any possibility of a 'substantial conflict of interest' or a 'potential conflict of interest' in the case of Mrs. Lamont," Clark wrote the ethics board. "Specifically, Governor Lamont and Mrs. Lamont intend to proactively recuse themselves from taking any official action that directly and specifically involves Oak ... or any of their respective portfolio companies."
As part of this move, Lamont will tell his budget office -- known as the Office of Policy and Management -- to avoid approving "any sole source contracts with any business on the recusal list" of Oak, he said.
Clark wrote that both Lamonts "must abstain from taking official action on any matter that presents a substantial conflict for them, their immediate family or any associated business." A conflict means that they could "derive a monetary gain or suffer a direct monetary loss by reason of [their] official activity," Clark wrote.
Ned Lamont is the first business owner to become governor in decades. But he sold his stake in the telecommunications company he founded before running for governor.
In a November interview, Annie Lamont said she had already received dozens of messages from contacts all over the world who were eager to connect with the new administration.
"We're excited about leveraging that," she said. Asked about any potential ethical conflicts, she said, "we're going to be very careful and transparent about that."
Clark outlined two scenarios of potential conflict, including getting involved in negotiations for a state contract. Currently, Oak and its companies do not have any state contracts.
"In the ordinary course of state business, neither the governor nor Mrs. Lamont would be involved in such contract negotiations, enter into any contracts on behalf of the state, or be responsible for their implementation or oversight," Clark wrote.
The second scenario is if the state legislature passes any bills that would benefit Oak or its associated businesses. The standard in those cases is whether the legislature's action "accrues equally to all members of such profession, occupation or group" and that Oak does not benefit more than others, officials said.


New Delhi: Headline inflation inched closer to the double-digit mark in August, rising to 9.78 percent on the back of soaring prices of food and manufactured products, which may prompt the RBI to continue with its monetary tightening policy.
Overall inflation, as measured by the Wholesale Price Index (WPI), stood at 9.22 percent in July. The rate of price rise stood at 8.87 percent in August, 2010.
As per data released by the government Wednesday, the overall inflation figure for June this year has been revised upward to 9.51 percent from the provisional estimate of 9.44 percent.
On an annual basis, food items became 9.62 percent more expensive during the month under review. Onions grew 45.29 percent costlier, while fruit prices were up 22.82 percent and the rates for potatoes rose by 12.53 percent.
Overall, vegetable prices witnessed 11.80 percent inflation during August, 2011.
Inflation in overall primary articles, which have a share of over 20 percent in the WPI basket, stood at 12.58 percent in the month under review.
Non-food primary articles, which include fibres, oil seeds and minerals, became dearer by 17.75 percent.
Prices of manufactured products, which have a weight of around 65 percent in the WPI basket, went up by 7.79 percent year-on-year in August.
Inflation in manufactured products has been steadily rising since February this year, when it crossed the 6 percent-mark.
Among manufactured items, edible oil became dearer by 12.94 percent, tobacco product prices rose by 13.17 percent, cotton textiles grew 16.86 per cent more expensive and wood and wood products were 9.72 percent costlier year-on-year.
In addition, iron and semis grew dearer by over 20 percent, while prices of basic metal alloys rose by 11.56 percent during August, 2011.
Inflation in the fuel and power segment stood at 12.84 percent year-on-year in the month under review, as per the index.
This is the ninth consecutive month when headline inflation has been above the 9 percent-mark.
The jump in inflation to close to double digits is likely to put pressure on the Reserve Bank to continue with its policy of monetary tightening, according to experts.
The apex bank has already hiked key policy rates 11 times since March, 2010, to tame inflation. The bank's next mid-quarterly policy review is scheduled for September 16.
India Inc has said the string of rate hikes, which have raised the cost of borrowing, have acted as a dampener to fresh investment and hindered growth.
Industrial production plunged to a 21-month low of 3.3 percent in July. Meanwhile, economic growth during the April-June period stood at 7.7 per cent, the slowest expansion rate in the past six quarters.
Both the government and the RBI have projected headline inflation to remain elevated till the third half of the current fiscal, mainly on account of pressure from international commodity prices.


The AC1310-01 floor heating sensor works with floor heating thermostats that require a 10K sensor at 25 °C.
*When installing your floor heating system: add a second sensor in the floor whose tip can be stored in the thermostat housing. This additional sensor can be plugged in and used as a replacement without altering your floor heating system.