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Research ArticleEVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY
Postweaning maternal care increases male chimpanzee reproductive success
View ORCID ProfileCatherine Crockford1,2,3,*,
View ORCID ProfileLiran Samuni1,2,4,
View ORCID ProfileLinda Vigilant1 and
View ORCID ProfileRoman M. Wittig1,2,3
1Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
2Taï Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
3Human Behaviour, Ecology & Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
4Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA.
↵*Corresponding author. Email: crockford{at}eva.mpg.de
Science Advances 18 Sep 2020:
Vol. 6, no. 38, eaaz5746
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz5746
Catherine Crockford
ORCID record for Catherine Crockford
For correspondence: crockford@eva.mpg.de
Liran Samuni
ORCID record for Liran Samuni
Linda Vigilant
ORCID record for Linda Vigilant
Roman M. Wittig
ORCID record for Roman M. Wittig
Humans are unusual among animals for continuing to provision and care for their offspring until adulthood. This "prolonged dependency" is considered key for the evolution of other notable human traits, such as large brains, complex societies, and extended postreproductive lifespans. Prolonged dependency must therefore have evolved under conditions in which reproductive success is gained with parental investment and diminished with early parental loss. We tested this idea using data from wild chimpanzees, which have similarly extended immature years as humans and prolonged mother-offspring associations. Males who lost their mothers after weaning but before maturity began reproducing later and had lower average reproductive success. Thus, persistent mother-immature son associations seem vital for enhancing male reproductive success, although mothers barely provision sons after weaning. We posit that these associations lead to social gains, crucial for successful reproduction in complex social societies, and offer insights into the evolution of prolonged dependency.
Among mammals, humans and great apes share an unusually extended immature phase spanning more than a decade between weaning and sexual maturity (1, 2). In humans, continuous provisioning (1–3) of food to weaned immatures throughout the extended period before attaining sexual maturity is thought to have profoundly shaped the evolution of humans by enabling extensive brain growth and affording immatures the social opportunities to learn complex foraging skills (1, 3). As with most mammals, in humans and great apes, mothers invest most in offspring care, primarily through lactation and carrying, and later potentially through agonistic support. We therefore posit that for selection to have favored postweaning maternal investment, immature offspring with living mothers should later have higher reproductive success relative to orphans, thereby providing an evolutionary mechanism for mothers to continue investing in immature offspring. However, the rarity of cross-generational data in long-lived species, including humans (4), makes it difficult to examine whether and how extensive postweaning parental investment affects the reproductive success of offspring. Here, we examine this topic using data from a closely related great ape, the chimpanzee.
Although few mammals provide or facilitate acquisition of food for weaned offspring (5, 6), maternal loss during the postweaning immature period affects offspring survival or development in some species with shorter life histories and smaller brain to body size ratios than apes. For example, maternal loss before sexual maturity (2 to 3 years) in red deer (Cervus elaphus) results in sons with smaller antlers and daughters giving birth later than those whose mothers remain alive (6). In baboons (Papio cynocephalus), maternal loss before sexual maturity (4 years) results in reduced offspring survival (7). Similar survival gains provided by mothers have also been demonstrated in two long-lived species with relatively large brain to body size ratios, orcas (Orcinus orca) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) (8, 9). These findings suggest that even in the absence of provisioning, mothers provide key benefits that aid offspring survival. Likely benefits are support against predators and conspecifics, information transfer, or acquisition of foraging patterns (7, 10).
In long-lived species, determining the impact of maternal loss upon later reproductive outcomes, a direct test of fitness, is problematic, as cross-generational data take decades to acquire. In humans, an additional problem is that sociocultural factors can be influential, such as those that provide buffering effects for orphans via "alloparental" care [e.g., (1, 4, 11)]. Hence, studies have examined the impact of maternal loss on survival, a less direct measure of fitness. In humans, motherless children under 2 years old have significantly reduced chances of survival compared to those with mothers. After weaning, in the societies tested, there is little effect of maternal loss on survival, likely due to the impact of effective alloparental care after weaning (11).
Looking to one of our closest living relatives, recent studies examining maternal loss in the postweaning immature phase in wild chimpanzees also reveal reduced survival (9). This is especially the case for sons (12), where maternal loss after aged 10 years continues to affect sons' but not daughters' survival. In addition, maternal loss slows growth during development in both sexes (13) and delays sexual maturity and first reproduction of daughters (14). Chimpanzees require a similar number of years to reach sexual maturity as humans (1), and both species maintain a flexible fission-fusion community structure so not all community members remain together every day (15). Nonetheless, chimpanzee offspring tend to travel, nest, and forage alongside their mothers until sexual maturity. After that point, sons, as well as daughters who do not emigrate, may continue to associate with their mothers at high rates compared to association rates with other female group members (16). Because of female-biased dispersal, typically, the only adult kin of mature females are their own male offspring. Chimpanzees have a polyandrous mating system, with no or limited paternal care (17, 18). Competition among males for reproduction is intense in chimpanzees (19–21), and while the presence of mothers may facilitate adult and adolescent son's paternity success in closely related bonobos, mother presence has limited effects in the chimpanzee communities studied thus far (22).
We examined the impact of maternal loss upon the reproductive careers of chimpanzee sons using a dataset including demography and paternity assignments across three communities of the Taï National Park, Ivory Coast, spanning, on average, 16.7 years (range, 5 to 27 years) per community. Our data include 48 paternity assignments from 12 and 11 males who were or were not "orphaned" by the mother's death before the son reached social independence—aged 12 years in this population (23). We did not assess the impact of maternal loss on the reproductive careers of daughters, as they typically disperse at sexual maturity, making assessment of their reproductive success extremely difficult. This population of chimpanzees exhibits considerable reproductive skew, wherein alpha males sire more offspring than any other male, with little variation between other males (20, 21). Thus, arguably the best assessment for male quality across the reproductive lifetime is alpha tenure rather than maximum or mean dominance rank, which assume a more linear distribution of paternities. If maternal loss reduces competitive ability, then we expect orphans to experience less time as alpha males. We further predict that maternal loss increases the age at first siring, effectively affecting the number of reproductive years available to each male. Last, we expect that maternal loss results in lower observed reproductive success as measured by the number of offspring sired per conception opportunity.
Because high rates of mortality occur within the first years of life in chimpanzees (24) and noninvasive genetic sampling of younger infants is extremely challenging, we could only estimate siring of viable offspring, that is, those surviving to ≥2 years of age (n = 48 assigned paternities). These represent more than 95% of all offspring surviving to 2 years during the study period. We corrected for the number of conception opportunities of viable offspring that each male was exposed to after sexual maturity and included those with ≥4 reproductive years. Sexual maturity is taken as the minimum known siring age for this population (10 years). Note that this is earlier than sons' social independence from mothers (12 years). In this sample, only two paternities were attributed to males younger than 12 years, and neither were orphans.
Impact of maternal loss on competitive ability
First, to determine whether maternal loss specifically affects their sons' quality over their reproductive lifetime, we tested whether orphans experience shorter alpha tenure relative to non-orphans (model 1). Here, we fitted a linear model using a Gaussian error structure with identity link function, with orphan status as the test predictor. Alpha tenure is the years spent holding the alpha position across each males' reproductive years (means ± SD, 1.75 ± 2.49 years; dataset S1). Those who never became alpha (n = 11) were marked as zero. We included a measure of male-male competition, the average number of sexually mature males in the community per conception during individuals' lifetime (aged 10 years until death or to current age), as a control variable. We also included the number of reproductive years per male as a control variable, as this is expected to affect alpha tenure in this high mortality population (24).
Maternal loss tended to negatively affect alpha tenure (P = 0.068), with orphans' alpha tenure length less than half that of sons who did not experience maternal loss before aged 12 years (full-null model comparison likelihood ratio test, F3,19 = 3.718, P = 0.068; Fig. 1A and Table 1). The Taї chimpanzee population has relatively high reproductive skew (21) with alpha males siring between 38 and 67% of offspring, when there are less than 10 males in a community (20), as is the case in this dataset. Each other male sires <20% of offspring (20, 25). However, to control for other possible influences of dominance, we repeated the model exchanging alpha tenure for average dominance rank across reproductive lifetime, including tenure of each rank. The full versus null model comparison was nonsignificant (likelihood ratio test, F3,19 = 0.026, P = 0.872).
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Fig. 1 The impact of maternal loss on male chimpanzees' reproductive careers.
Impact of maternal loss on (A) alpha tenure, (B) age at first sire, and (C) likelihood of siring offspring. (D) Impact of alpha tenure on likelihood of siring offspring. Boxes show the median, 25th, and 75th percentiles, and whiskers are interquartile range × 1.5. (D) Model line (dashed) and 95% confidence intervals (gray), and larger points denote larger number of observations.
Table 1 Models testing the impact of maternal loss on male chimpanzee alpha tenure, age at first siring and reproductive success.
Bold, P < 0.05; italic, P < 0.01. Reference category of factors is in parenthesis. Asterisk (*) indicates test predictor. Full versus null model comparisons: (1) Gaussian: F3,19 = 3.718, P = 0.068; (2) Gaussian: df = 1, F3,19 = 15.454, P = 0.0008; and (3) Poisson: df = 1, χ2 = 5.871, P = 0.015. Offset terms: average number of males present per conception and number of conceptions resulting in viable births across reproductive years per male. Z transformed: all continuous predictor variables. Effect sizes = R2.
Age at first sire
We next asked whether chimpanzee male orphans sire their first offspring at a later age compared with non-orphans (model 2). To do this, we fitted a linear model with Gaussian error structure, with orphan status as the test predictor, and once again, controlling for male dominance rank as a measure of quality. Here, maximum dominance rank attained until first siring was used rather than alpha tenure from model 1, as most males sired their first offspring before attaining the alpha position. We also controlled for male-male competition, here, the average number of adult males in the community per conception from aged 10 years until death or current age. Orphaned males sired their first offspring, on average, 3 years later (means ± SD, 16.32 ± 2.00 years) than non-orphans (12.93 ± 1.63 years) (full-null model comparison likelihood ratio test, F3,19 = 15.454, P = 0.0008; Fig. 1B and Table 1).
Impact of maternal loss on reproductive success
Third, to test whether postweaning maternal loss affects the number of offspring males sire when adult, we used the same dataset as in model 1 and fitted a general linear model with Poisson error structure and log link function, including orphan status as the test predictor (model 3). We also included alpha male tenure as a control predictor for male quality. Again, as in model 1, alpha tenure is likely to better account for reproductive skew than other dominance measures. Siring potential is likely to decrease with increased male-male competition. Therefore, to account for potential male-male competition, we included the inverted average number of males as an offset term. By including the inverted number, we account for an expected negative effect of the number of males on siring potential. Siring probabilities are also expected to increase with increased conception opportunities, and hence, conception opportunities across each male's reproductive lifetime are included in the model as an offset term. The dataset included n = 23 males, n = 48 offspring with assigned paternities, and n = 21 mothers of adult sons (dataset S1; table S1 shows the distributions of model variables).
We found that orphans (n = 12 males and n = 11 mothers) had, on average, half as many offspring per conception opportunity (n = 12 offspring) as other males (n = 11 non-orphans, n = 10 mothers, and n = 36 offspring) (full-null model comparison likelihood ratio test, χ2 = 5.871, df = 1, P = 0.015; means ± SD, orphan = 0.08 ± 0.12 and non-orphan = 0.2 ± 0.14 offspring/conception opportunity; Fig. 1C and Table 1). Males who held the alpha position for longer also had more offspring (P = 0.013; Table 1 and Fig. 1D). Fifty-two percent of males became alpha and sired 87.5% of the viable offspring. The 48% of males who never became alpha sired only 12.5% of the offspring, suggesting the potential for strong reproductive skew in this dataset. To control for other possible influences of dominance, we repeated the model exchanging alpha tenure for average dominance rank across each male's reproductive lifetime, which did not change the results (table S2).
Last, if prolonged maternal investment affects the quality and reproductive success of sons, then we expect age at maternal death to negatively correlate with alpha tenure and positively correlate with reproductive success. However, as the dataset was too small for reliable statistical inference of these effects, we tentatively show the predicted correlations in a supplementary figure (fig. S1).
Our results show that, in a species in which males experience considerable competition over mates, males whose mothers die when they are weaned immatures are subsequently less competitive than non-orphaned males in producing offspring. Specifically, orphaned sons lose out on alpha tenure, sire their first offspring at a later age, and have fewer offspring that survived to age 2 years during their reproductive years. Our combined measure of reproductive success demonstrates that either orphan males lose out on siring or that their offspring are less likely to survive to 2 years. Either way, we conclude that mothers continue to provide key benefits to sons throughout the prolonged postweaning immature phase, at least until sexual maturity at aged 12 years. It seems that these maternal benefits contribute both to sons' competitive ability as an adult and to sons' reproductive success.
Alpha tenure—the number of years each son maintained the alpha position—had a moderate positive effect on reproductive success, with doubling of tenure length increasing reproductive success by >50%. Maternal loss negatively affected alpha tenure, with orphans typically having less than half the alpha tenure length of non-orphans. A recent study in the same population showed that chimpanzees orphaned after weaning lose out on growth during development (13). Together, these results demonstrate that, although direct provisioning of food by mothers is rare, mothers' presence contributes to sons' growth during development and competitive ability as adults.
Maternal loss had an additional negative impact on reproductive success that was independent of alpha tenure (model 3). We posit that mothers may not only contribute to sons' competitive ability but a mothers' presence may also provide other kinds of benefits, which contribute to sons' fitness. In chimpanzees, given that subordinates do sire some offspring, and at higher rates in populations with more males than Taï (specifically Ngogo as well as Gombe and Sonso populations) (21), it is considered that attaining dominance is not the only reproductive strategy (and may explain why the number of males had little impact on reproductive success or alpha tenure). A potential alternative male strategy is building long-term relationships with females, which has been shown to increase the likelihood of gaining copulations with that female or of siring her offspring (16, 26, 27). Maintaining long-term affiliative relationships may require certain social skills, which are thought to vary across individuals (7, 28), and may be negatively affected by early maternal loss (7).
Thus, maternal presence may benefit weaned immature sons in several ways. First, mothers may provide indirect nutritional benefits. As ripe fruit specialists, chimpanzees experience contest competition due to the ephemeral patchy nature of ripe fruit (29, 30). Thus, mothers may contribute to their weaned offspring's nutritional status through providing agonistic support at food patches and, in addition, by reducing predation risk (31, 32). As weaned offspring typically travel with their mothers, mothers likely also assist in finding patchy, ephemeral foods. As well as individual learning opportunities, mothers may provide food-related social learning opportunities either directly from themselves (33) or indirectly by facilitating their sons' close association with other group members [e.g., (34)]. These social learning opportunities could include better nutrition obtained from learning extractive foraging techniques on nutrient-rich foods (33, 35) and acquisition of hunting skills (36–39). Mothers also sometimes directly share energy-rich, difficult-to-access foods and the tools required for extractive foraging with their offspring, such as nuts, honey, and insects (33, 35), although this is not considered to be at a frequency to constitute provisioning (1, 2).
Second, mothers may provide social benefits, such as through social buffering in the face of exposure to stressors. Social buffering can limit the risk of chronic hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function (23, 40), hence having a positive impact on health and survival (28). Mothers, for example, continue to groom offspring through the immature years into adulthood, where grooming kin is associated with the release of a neuropeptide, oxytocin (Fig. 2) (41). Oxytocin is thought to down-regulate HPA axis function, potentially reducing detrimental effects from repeated exposure to stressors (40). Little discussed in previous studies, social benefits may also accrue through social learning opportunities that facilitate adult social life, either through acquiring skills needed for the building and maintaining of social bonds or for using complex social and cooperation skills required to out-compete out-group members (23, 42) and in-group conspecifics (19, 21, 43, 44). This could be particularly pertinent in highly territorial, fission-fusion social systems, such as chimpanzees. Successful adult male chimpanzees need to not only navigate the social complexities of securing coalition partners to outcompete in-group rivals (19, 44) but also maintain territorial defense by cooperating with the same individuals with whom they compete intensely over mating opportunities (23, 45, 46). Research in humans and rodents show that the extent of maternal nurturing received may affect offspring's later adult social skills (47, 48). Thus, a broader take on the benefits accrued from prolonged maternal investment in species with extended immature periods to include social benefits may be justified in chimpanzees and other species.
Fig. 2 Mother, Sumatra, grooming her 9 year old son, Solibra.
Photograph by L.S.
In other long-lived species with prolonged immature periods, adult sons may continue to gain benefits from their mothers' presence. In orcas, living mothers continue to influence their adult son's survival, potentially due to maternal knowledge of ephemeral food sources (8). In primates, for sons, mothers' presence at the time of siring increases the reproductive success of sexually mature male muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides) (49) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) but not of chimpanzees (22). In each case, the reported influence is during adolescence or adulthood, whereby mothers who maintain bonds with their sons gain indirect fitness benefits in the form of grandoffspring. In species where females are the philopatric rather than the dispersing sex, coresidence and social bond maintenance of adult daughters with mothers is well known to provide direct and indirect benefits to both mothers and daughters, by increasing the survival of each other and of their offspring (50–52). In addition, in female baboons, maternal loss in the juvenile period is known to affect later survival (7). Here, we show specifically that the mother's presence during immature periods provides reproductive benefits to sons, apparently at least in part by enhancing their ability to out-compete other males in siring offspring. Additional studies with larger datasets could determine, first, if sons orphaned at younger ages experience greater deficits and, second, if orphans adopted by others, as can occur in chimpanzees (53), experience fewer deficits.
Across species, we see that mothers' presence after weaning affects survival, competitive abilities, and reproductive success. What remains unclear and needs to be addressed in future studies is by what mechanisms mothers' presence enhances reproductive success of her offspring and how much active investment and care is involved. Of particular interest in socially complex species that gain fitness through building long-term relationships (50–52) is how much mothers contribute to learning of social skills required to maintain these relationships.
We acknowledge the possibility that differences in reproductive success were driven by hereditary factors rather than maternal loss. For example, mothers who survive longer may do so, because they are better quality, and the genes responsible may produce better quality sons who gain higher reproductive success than rivals. This potential confound is common to studies of this type (22) and is difficult to address with the genomic and genealogical data available from slow life-history wild animals. Although hereditary factors may play a role in driving the patterns we observe, we argue that the particular structure of chimpanzee society featuring male philopatry and life-long associations between males and mothers makes our inference regarding the importance of the prolonged mother and offspring relationship highly plausible.
The maternal effects we observe are in contrast to a recent meta-analysis demonstrating the different contributions of maternal and heritable effects across 64 species including short-lived vertebrates and invertebrates. The meta-analysis showed that, on average, maternal effects accounted for 10% and heritability for 20% of phenotypic variation (54). Unlike in this study, the impact of maternal effects was not elevated for species that provided maternal care after egg laying or parturition compared to those that did not [but see (55)]. Thus, the strong effects of postweaning maternal investment reported in this study—and other studies on long-lived species (8, 9, 12)—are more pronounced than the maternal effects reported for the shorter-lived mammals in (54) and are greater than the heritable and maternal effects combined in the meta-analysis (55). This strongly suggests that maternal care in long-lived species with prolonged immature ontogeny may differ in kind from that provided by shorter-lived mammal and nonmammal species.
In summary, we provide evidence that prolonged association of mothers with their immature sons provides substantial reproductive benefits, despite evidence of only limited direct postweaning provisioning of food. In anthropology, a central hypothesis for explaining rapid encephalization in the hominid lineage, as well as human's prolonged juvenile dependency, is related to extended parental provisioning of food for years beyond weaning (1, 2). Our closest living relatives, the other great apes including chimpanzees, already show selection for rapid encephalization and prolonged juvenile dependency since the split from the catarrhine/old world monkey clade. These traits may then have been shared with the common ancestor of the great apes including humans and may be best explained by the social benefits of maternal investment described here, which we call the social benefits hypothesis. The addition of extensive food provisioning, potentially facilitated by alloparenting, may then explain the more extreme juvenile dependence and encephalization seen in humans, as suggested by the prolonged juvenile dependency hypothesis.
While further research is needed to ascertain exactly what chimpanzee mothers provide their sons with, we posit that benefits likely include both indirect nutritional gains and social benefits. In terms of social benefits, we expect that offspring are more likely to receive these benefits from mothers than from other community members. We expect social benefits to include, first, social buffering, which is known to be effective in stress reduction and, second, effective social learning of social skills required for navigating the complexities of chimpanzee adult social life. We expect both to affect reproductive success. We posit that the socioecological environment in which chimpanzees have evolved makes mother-offspring association throughout the extended immature period influential in producing males that can accrue high paternity success. Chimpanzees and humans share notable similarities in traits such as life history (similarly extended immature period), social structure (fission-fusion societies), and socioecological factors that lead both species to express highly territorial behavior, requiring group-level cooperation to defend territories. We suggest that these similarities make chimpanzees a good model species for examining the evolution of prolonged immature dependency, for which chimpanzee mother-offspring associations may constitute a precursor.
Data were collected at the Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire (5°45′N, 7°7′W) (56) on three different chimpanzee communities (north, south, and east). Systematic observation including collection of demography data covers the following periods (57) for each community: north: 1982 to present, mean adult (≥12) group size = 18.894, SD = 12.562, range size = 9.25 to 16.24 km2; south: 1993 to present, mean adult (≥12) group size = 22.962, SD = 4.586, range size = 15.49 to 36.59 km2; east: 2000 to present, mean adult (≥12) group size = 19.95, SD = 3.103, range size = 20.6 to 34.45 km2. For the spatial location of each territory, see (58). Behavioral data included nest-to-nest focal follows (59) of individuals of the different social groups on a daily basis by trained local assistants and researchers, providing a continuous record of births, deaths, dominance rank, and alpha male tenure length. We applied a likelihood-based adaptation of the Elo rating approach (60–62), standardized to a range between 0 and 1, to assess males' dominance relationships within each group using submissive unidirectional pant grunt vocalizations (63). To standardize dominance rank across periods with varying numbers of males, we converted ranks to a proportion between 0 and 1, depending on the number of males at any given time. This is necessary because the number of males varied across years, and thus, the same rank (R) held a different significance in different years (e.g., the sixth ranking male is the lowest ranking when the group consists of six males but is midranking when the group consists of 12 males). Thus, we standardized R to the number of sexually mature males aged ≥10 years in the hierarchy (nm) using the following formula: (nm − R)/(nm − 1) (64).
Parentage analysis using microsatellite genotyping of DNA obtained from noninvasive samples has been carried out on members of these study groups since 1999. The current dataset includes 259 individuals with an average of 83% complete genotypes at 19 loci. Briefly, ~100-mg samples of feces were extracted using either the QIAamp DNA Mini Stool Kit (QIAGEN) or the GeneMATRIX Stool DNA Purification Kit (Roboklon) as instructed. Aliquots were first amplified at all 19 loci simultaneously and then subsequently reamplified using fluorescently labeled primers as detailed in (65). Resultant genotypes were compared using the "identity analysis" function of CERVUS (66) to confirm identities, and the "parentage analysis" function was used to confirm maternities and assign paternities, using confidence assessments of 80 and 95%. Each of the paternity assignments received a high likelihood, and other potential sires were excluded by two or more mismatches. Parentage analyses revealed fathers and confirmed mothers for adult males for north group from 1990, south group from 1999, and east group from 2012.
We limited the dataset to males who survived at least four reproductive years, taken from the age of the youngest siring age known for this population (10 years old) until 14 years of age, and for whom we have a near-complete siring history (i.e., were at least 10 years old when fecal sample collection and paternity analysis were established such that >90% of offspring reaching 2 years old had assigned paternities). Last, we limited siring to viable offspring, those who survived ≥2 years of age. This gave us a sample across groups of n = 23 sexually mature males (≥10 years old) with known mothers (n = 21) and a near-complete siring history of offspring that survived to ≥2 years (with 95% of paternities known across the study period). n = 12 of these were orphans, defined as the mother dying before the sons reached social independence from their mothers, when males in this population associate and travel more with the adult males than with their mothers (12 years old) (37, 62). These orphans, who reached the minimum age of 14 years, lost their mothers between the ages of 4 and 12 years old (dataset S1), where weaning occurs between 4 and 5 years old (9, 31). Thus, the sample of orphans represents maternal loss during the postweaning period. This sample included n = 48 offspring with genetically identified fathers.
We conducted a series of models to assess the impact of maternal loss on male reproductive success.
First, to determine whether maternal loss affected alpha tenure, we fitted a linear model with orphan status (y/n) as the test predictor, using a Gaussian error structure and an identity link function. To control for the impact of the number of sexually mature males in the group influencing the likelihood of achieving alpha position, we included the average number of males present across conceptions that lead to viable offspring. To control for number of reproductive years until death or current age, we included the number of reproductive years per male as a control variable. We reran the model switching alpha tenure for average dominance rank, such that we calculated the average dominance rank across each males' reproductive lifetime while considering the duration each male held each dominance position [if a male held a position a for x duration, b for y duration, and c for z duration, then we calculated the average dominance rank as follows: (a * x + b * y + c * z)/(x + y + z)].
We fitted all models in R (version 3.5.3) (67), using the functions glm and lm of the R package "lme4" (68). For all models, we conducted appropriate checks on collinearity with all variables with variance inflation factor (< 3), model stability, and model assumptions. We verified the assumptions of normally distributed and homogeneous residuals by visual inspection of Q-Qplots and residuals plotted against fitted values. These evaluations did not reveal obvious deviations from model assumptions.
For the Poisson model, we checked for overdispersion, which did not reveal any issue, being <1. We log-transformed the response variable of alpha tenure (model 1) to better approximate a normal distribution. We analyzed the statistical significance of models using full-null comparisons and a likelihood ratio test for the Poisson model and with F tests for the Gaussian models. We measured the significance of each single term by comparing reduced models to the full model using the drop1 function in R (69). Model stability tests revealed no influential identities.
Second, to determine whether chimpanzee male orphans sire their first offspring at a later age compared with non-orphans, we fitted a linear model using a Gaussian error structure and an identity link function. We tested the age at first sire as the response variable with orphan (y/n) as the test predictor. To account for male quality and potential male-male competition, we added the control predictors of maximum dominance rank reached by the age at first sire and the average number of males present across conceptions that led to viable offspring from age 10 years until age of first sire, respectively. Given that chimpanzees had sired their first offspring before they became alpha, we used maximum dominance rank rather than alpha tenure in this analysis.
Third, to test whether postweaning maternal loss affects the number of viable offspring males sire when adult, we fitted a general linear model using a Poisson error structure and log link function. We tested the response variable, the number of offspring sired, against the categorical test predictor, orphan (y/n). To control for variation in male quality across each male's reproductive lifetime, we added the control predictor that we expected to best reflect their lifetime dominance rank history: alpha male tenure length (in years). Those who never became alpha were marked as zero. Siring potential is likely to decrease with increased male-male competition. Therefore, to account for potential male-male competition, we included the log of the inverted average number of males present for each conception during each male's reproductive lifetime as an offset term. In addition, as siring probabilities are expected to increase with increased conception opportunities, we accounted for the conception opportunities using the number of conceptions that led to viable offspring (2 years old) across each male's reproductive years by adding an offset term of the log of total number of births that reached 2 years of age during each males' reproductive years. By this, we simultaneously considered both the length of reproductive age and conception opportunities per male. Last, we reran the model switching alpha tenure for average dominance rank, such that we calculated the average dominance rank across each males' reproductive lifetime while considering the duration each male held each dominance position [if a male held a position a for x duration, b for y duration and c for z duration, then we calculated the average dominance rank as follows: (a*x + b*y + c*z)/(x + y + z); table S2].
To determine effect sizes, for the Gaussian models, we calculated R2 from the residuals' sum of squares (RSS) using the drop1 output and used the following formula: (RSS predictor A – RSS intercept)/RSS predictor A. For Poisson models, we calculated the log likelihood of the full model and reduced models, with the model missing one predictor at a time.
Supplementary material for this article is available at http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/6/38/eaaz5746/DC1
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Acknowledgments: We thank the Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique and the Ministère de Eaux et Fôrests in Côte d'Ivoire and the Office Ivoirien des Parcs et Réserves for permitting the study. We are grateful to the Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire and the staff members of the Taï Chimpanzee Project for support. We are grateful to R. Mundry for statistical support and A. Nicklisch, V. Staedele, and C. Rowney for lab work. We thank K. Langergraber for valuable comments reading an early version of this manuscript. Funding: This study was funded by the Max Planck Society under the Evolution of Brain Connectome Project and the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement no. 679787) awarded to C.C. Ethics statement: All methods were noninvasive and were approved by Ethics Committee of the Max Planck Society (4 August 2014) and the European Research Council. Author contributions: C.C. and R.M.W. conceived the study and compiled data from long-term Taï Chimpanzee Project database, including data from L.S. Genetic analyses were conducted by L.V. C.C. and L.S. compiled the data, conducted the behavioral analyses, and devised the figures. C.C. wrote the paper with important contributions from L.S., L.V., and R.M.W. All authors gave final approval for publication and agree to be held accountable for the work performed therein. Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Data and materials availability statement: All data needed to evaluate the conclusions in the paper are present in the Supplementary Materials. Additional data related to this paper may be requested from the authors.
Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).
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WENCY CORNEJO STARS WITH OTHER ROCK ICONS IN '90S FRONTMENT ACOUSTICIZED' AT MUSIC MUSEUM ON JAN. 31 & FEB. 1
wency cornejo
wency with dong abay, jett pangan and basti artadi
WENCY CORNEJO is best known as the vocalist of the band called AfterImage and they had various hit songs like "Next in Line", "Habang May Buhay", "Mangarap Ka". The last two were used as the title songs of hit movies in the 90s. He later went on solo and did more hits like "Hanggang", "Magpakailanman".
One of his songs, "Tag-araw", was just revived by Viva with a new arrangement in the megahit movie, "Miracle in Cell No. 7". Wency also went into musical scoring and scored some movies for Star Cinema like "Jologs" and "Milan". Last year, he tried musical theatre and starred as the Ringmaster in the circus show, "Side Show".
When we watched it, his mom, "24 Oras" news anchor Mel Tiangco, saw us and asked us how her son is doing. We told her he's very good and he should do more musicals. When we saw Wency at the presscon for "90s Frontmen Acousticized", we asked him how come he didn't have a follow up show with that.
"Ayoko na, hindi ko kaya," he says. "Masyadong nakakapagod. Hirap na hirap akong gumising nang maaga for our rehearsals. Kaya nga bilib ako kay Jett Pangan, he's really into musical theater."
He's now performing with Jett of The Dawn, Basti Artadi of Wolfgang and Dong Abay of Yano in "90s Frontmen Acousticized" and they're all excited as it's the first time the four of them, all music icons of the rock band era, will be singing together on the same stage. Will they be singing each other's hits, like would we hear him doing Wolfgang's "Halik ni Hudas"?
"It's a good idea but hindi siguro," says Wency. "Kasi iba-iba ang boses namin and if we'd do each other's hit songs, I'm afraid we might not be able to do justice to it the way the original singers did it."
The songs of other bands like Aegis, APO, Sugarfree and Eraserheads have been combined to make a full length musical. How about his songs being strung together to make a new musical?
"Parang ayoko. It's a form of self-aggrandizement. I'd rather write an entirely new musical, na noon ko pa talaga pinaplano. Mas gusto ko gumawa ng bago."
Their "90s Frontmen Acousticized" concert at Music Museum on January 31 and February 1 is produced by Advantage International Marketing. You can get your tickets at TicketWorld and Music Museum or call their office at 8726-5466, 8736-6740 or 0917-777-1213.
WENCY CORNEJO STARS WITH OTHER ROCK ICONS IN '90S FRONTMENT ACOUSTICIZED' AT MUSIC MUSEUM ON JAN. 31 & FEB. 1 Reviewed by mario on 5:33 PM Rating: 5

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The jurying will be in late November--date to be determined soon. Club members may submit up to three images. Gallery owner Kendall Reeves is looking for new work that has not been previously exhibited in Bloomington. Images must be submitted ready to hang. There is no submissions fee. Gallery406 takes a 40% commission on sales.


text:
Q: How to get a difference between two custom trees? A have the following classes that describe repository of files. There is a server that acts as a main repository and then there are multiple client machines.
class Entry
{
    String name;
    String filename;
    ZonedDateTime lastModified;
}

class Section
{
    String name;
    String directory
    List<Section> sections;
    List<Entry> Entries;
}

Section localRepositoryDescription = scanFilesystem();

Sometimes I need to update client repositories to the latest version. A client sends it's repo's description to the server. In order execute an update, I need to know what files have been updated - get a tree that would contain only updated entries (entryOnServer.lastModified > localEntry.lastModified). I've read about various algorithms to get a difference between two trees, but I am still not sure how to approach this task.
Once I've a got this diff tree, I would compress these modified files to archive and send corresponding responses to clients.

A: Assuming that you already manage the lastModified property, if in your Entry implements the hashCode()/equals(Object obj) method you can create two Set<Entry>, one in the client one in the server.
Then on the server side you can compare the two collections with a code like
List<Entry> updated = getServerEntries().stream().filter(serverEntry -> {
  return getClientEntries().contains(serverEntry);
}).collect(Collectors.toList());

Obviously this code assume that the client need to be synchronized based on the server side Set<Entry>, In general the contains method will search first for an Entry using hash then, if it find two equal hashCode, uses equals.
A simple hashCode could be
  @Override
  public int hashCode() {
    final int prime = 31;
    int result = 1;
    result = prime * result + ((filename == null) ? 0 : filename.hashCode());
    result = prime * result + ((lastModified == null) ? 0 : lastModified.hashCode());
    result = prime * result + ((name == null) ? 0 : name.hashCode());
    return result;
  }

The nice part is that you have all this is for free assuming that your app automatically update Entry.lastModified  when occurs.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Judge lifts clause in prominent custody case
On behalf of Mark Childress, PC posted in Child Custody on Tuesday, July 19, 2016.
Texas residents interested in family law matters might like to know about the heated custody battle involving the Philip Morris USA tobacco heiress and her spouse. Anne Resnik and Crocker Coulson are going through a divorce in Brooklyn, New York, and the couple has 7-year-old twins.
The couple was not going to introduce their children to any significant others while dissolving their marriage, but Coulson changed his mind in April and asked for their "no paramour clause" to be rescinded because his girlfriend is currently pregnant with his future child. He believed meeting her was in the children's best interests as she is the mother of their half-sister, and a judge agreed and lifted the ban on the clause.
Resnik's attorney argued that Coulson and his girlfriend got pregnant deliberately and also claimed that he visited a brothel in late December 2015. The attorney alleged to have surveillance photos with time-stamps showing the man at the brothel, but Coulson said that he only got a deep tissue massage at the Red Hook Spa. The judge called this claim an irrelevant "red-herring allegation."
Earlier, Coulson was also accused of bugging Resnik's iPhone because he thought she may be cheating and wanted to keep tabs on her. Bank records showed that Coulson did buy spyware programs, but he invoked the Fifth Amendment 58 times during a deposition about this matter.
It is normal for parents to want to protect their children in their own way, but each party must put differences aside when figuring out child custody matters. With exceptions when a child may be unsafe with a parent, judges typically believe both parents should be in a child's life. A parent who shows a willingness to work with the other parent and put a child's needs before his or her own has a better chance to receive joint or primary custody.
Related Posts: Britney Spears seeks greater access to her kids, Temporary versus permanent arrangements for children in divorce, Understanding mediation in a Texas child custody case, How fathers can overcome bias when seeking child custody


text:
Environmental Justice, Film Review, Food, Gardening, Interview, Podcast, Sustainable Living, Urban Agriculture, Wisconsin / 20.10.2017
Alice's Garden
It was the summer of 2017 and I was just coming off a major reporting project. I'd spent the better part of a year working on series of stories about the private land owners, farmers and ranchers and their relationship with the natural world. Modern agriculture is such a big deal, because things like soil health and water quality directly impact the nutrition, physical health and wellbeing of people all over the world. But farms no matter how big or small also have a profound effect on the...
Capital Region Business Journal, Charitable Giving, Environmental Journalism, Gardening, Madison, Magazines, philanthropy, Sustainable Living / 22.06.2011
Gardening, Urban Agriculture / 10.04.2011
Urban Agriculture Exercise – The Joy Trip Project
It's really cool to see the cycle come full circle. We just cracked open the last jar of pickles from the fall canning. And today we planted our first row of spring vegetables. After a long cold winter we still have a little pesto left in the freezer and soon we'll have fresh salad greens to enjoy through the summer. There's a lot of satisfaction in knowing where your food comes from. And as the seasons change the same appetites for outdoor recreation compels us to spade the ground with the fervor of paddling a kayak or an SUP board or peddling our bikes.
Capital Region Business Journal, Charitable Giving, Gardening, Madison, Magazines, philanthropy / 21.12.2010
The Underground Kitchen – The Joy Trip Project
Local and sustainably produced foods are enjoying a bit of renaissance across America. Surrounded by rich farmland and endowed with a long-standing tradition of agriculture the Madison area is no exception. A new restaurant called the Underground Kitchen aims to bring the bounty of Wisconsin farms to diners Downtown while supporting Capital Region charities that encourage good nutrition.
Commentary, Gardening / 20.03.2010
Seed Fair – The Joy Trip Project
Despite two inches of new snow overnight the spring growing season in Madison officially began today. The annual Eagle Heights Community Garden Seed Fair opened to a capacity crowd of hobby gardeners eager to till the soil in the warmer days yet to come.
"I am SO pumped for this!" said our plot mate Jennifer Harrington. "We're gunna have SO much yummy produce." My wife Shamane and I share a patch of land about two miles from our home with friends near the University of Wisconsin campus. More than 1,300 plots are available for area residents to grow a modest garden of vegetables or flowers. The cost is a mere $35 for the season. And local organizers during the fair provide an assortment of seeds free for the taking.
Capital Region Business Journal, Gardening, Madison, Magazines / 17.03.2010
Home grown lunch – The Joy Trip Project
Jesse Kurzicki is one of those rare kids who loves eating his vegetables, and not just the peas and carrots his mom piles on his supper plate. The 7th grader enjoys garden produce he grows himself. "I grew up with gardens," Kurzicki said. "Strawberry gardens my mom loves so much. And my dad who lives up north has a garden with corn and beans and carrots. All the green that comes from them, I think they're great!" At 12 years-old Kurzicki is a member of the Sherman Middle School garden club. This after school program provides a small plot of land for the cultivation of vegetables. There students can grow everything from tomatoes to broccoli to cucumbers. But in addition to offering a fun outdoor activity, the garden club also helps young people acquire a taste and an appreciation for fresh nutritious food.


text:
Franz Egg, auch Ögg (* 20. Februar 1861 am Fernpass, Gemeinde Nassereith; † 29. Juni 1922 in Innsbruck), war ein österreichischer Bildhauer.

Leben
Der Sohn eines Straßenmeisters besuchte die Volksschule in Nassereith und anschließend von 1872 bis 1878 die staatliche Bildhauerfachschule von Johann Grissemann in Imst. Von 1879 bis 1881 arbeitete er als Gehilfe beim Bildhauer Josef Waßler in Meran, anschließend bei der Altarbaufirma Huber in Augsburg. 1882/83 besuchte er einen Spezialkurs für Modellieren und Zeichnen an der Akademie der bildenden Künste München. 1890 berief ihn der Historienmaler Albrecht Steiner von Felsburg nach Innsbruck, wo er sich selbständig machte und Cäcilia Schmid, die Tochter des Architekten Josef Schmid, heiratete. Er unternahm Studienreisen nach Deutschland, Böhmen, Ungarn, Italien und in die Schweiz. 1897 war er einer der drei Gründer des "Vereins für Kirchenkunst und Gewerbe in Tirol und Vorarlberg", 1902 wurde er als Nachfolger von Edmund von Wörndle dessen Vorsitzender. 1904 zeichnete ihn Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand mit dem Titel eines Kammerbildhauers aus.

Egg beschäftigte sich hauptsächlich mit kirchlicher Kunst und schuf ornamentale wie figurale Holzschnitzereien für Kirchen in Tirol, aber auch in Ungarn, Böhmen und Sachsen, die sich meist an altdeutschen gotischen oder barocken Vorbildern orientieren.

Werke

 Ornamentik am Hochaltar, Chorgestühl, Pfarrkirche St. Nikolaus, Innsbruck, 1891/1894
 Kreuzigungsgruppe, Pfarrkirche Attinghausen, 1893
 Ornamentik am Herz-Mariä-Altar, Pfarrkirche Bozen, 1895
 Statuen der Athene und des Ares, Treppenhaus des Alten Landhauses, Innsbruck, 1898/99
 Altäre mit Figuren, Chorgestühl, Heiliges Grab, Pfarrkirche Jenbach, 1899–1908
 plastischer Schmuck an der Kanzel, Pfarrkirche Partschins, 1903/04
 Büste des Fürstbischofs Josef Altenweisel, 1905
 Heiligenfiguren für zwei Altäre der Pfarrkirche Völs am Schlern, 1906
 Hochaltar, Pfarrkirche Wörgl, 1907
 Statue der Immaculata, Pfarrkirche Doren, 1910
 Wegkreuz bei Keilfeld, Gemeinde Wattenberg, 1917
 Ornamentik und Engelsfiguren an der Kanzel, Herz-Jesu-Kirche, Innsbruck

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bildhauer (Innsbruck)
Person (Cisleithanien)
Österreicher
Geboren 1861
Gestorben 1922
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


White ceramic. Raised dot and rope pattern. Holds 1.5 quarts; 8"Dia. x 4"T. Dishwasher, microwave, oven, and freezer safe. Imported.
From the Berry and Thread Collection. White ceramic. Raised berry and rope detail. Scalloped edges. Holds 5 1/2 quart. 14"H x 11"W. Microwave and dishwasher safe. Imported.
Exotic blooms, ornate medallions, and lacy borders. Pattern based on an 18th-century Chinese export. 22-karat gold accents. 8.5" diameter. Made in Portugal.


Is highly ambitious project of Shivganga Charitable Trust, Sangli (SCT) named after Father of the engineering 'Sir Mokshagundam Vishveshwarya'. The trust SCT started to work on this social need from 2011. Today there are so many engineering colleges opened at every corner of country, but even today there is great need of employable engineering minded youth for India. SCT decided to start and run the Campus with engineering (Degree Diploma and PG level) and management programs at different level at Patgaon, Miraj Campus.
Our country has a lot of heritage and today the latest technology too is available. It is golden opportunity to grow with hand in hand and take our share in people's development. Education would fail ignominiously in its objective if it manufactures only a robot and called him an economic man stressing the adjective economic and forgetting the substantive man.A university cannot afford to ignore the cultural aspects of education whatever studies it specializes in.
"Quality Education with Knowledge and Value"


text:
As fires scorch New Mexico, the U.S. West braces for a hellish summer
May 9, 2022 12:02 PM CDT By Kate Yoder
J. Michael Johnson / U.S. Forest Service via AP
An early-season blaze has turned into New Mexico's second-largest on record, torching more than 165,000 acres. And the Calf Canyon fire, the biggest burning in the United States, is one of six wildfires in New Mexico right now, a worrying start to what's expected to be an unusually intense wildfire season in the West.
President Joe Biden declared a "major disaster" for the state on Wednesday, offering federal resources to help with recovery efforts. East of Santa Fe, the Calf Canyon fire has burned hundreds of buildings and prompted the evacuation of 6,000 homes. Evacuees left behind goats, rabbits, and dogs, while those who took pets with them struggled to find places to stay.
It's been an abnormally fiery spring in the United States, with fires burning across Florida, Texas, and Colorado in March. As of early May, wildfires had already torched 1.1 million acres in the U.S., double that of the same time last year.
The fires in New Mexico are being fueled by wicked winds as well as searing drought and warmer than average temperatures exacerbated by climate change. A megadrought is currently plaguing the Southwest, a region that is experiencing its driest period in 1,200 years. So it should not come as a surprise that this year's wildfire season is promising to be another ferocious one.
A forecast released from AccuWeather on Wednesday predicts above-normal wildfire activity for the western United States, exacerbated by hot temperatures and a dry winter. Some relief may come from La Niña patterns this summer, which will bring monsoon rains — but also lightning strikes, potentially igniting more infernos.
Climate change has amped up fires in recent years, with arid conditions and hot temperatures scorching vegetation and fueling ones that burn hotter and longer. The number of blazes that burn around the world could rise 50 percent by the end of the century, according to a report from the United Nations Environment Programme in February.
The Calf Canyon fire in New Mexico is the largest blaze the country has seen so far this year. Last week, it merged with the Hermits Peak fire, and as it grows, it could threaten 15,000 homes. The region at risk in northern New Mexico is home to descendants of Spanish settlers and Indigenous people who have lived in the mountains for centuries.
The state's largest fire occurred in 2012 when the Whitewater-Baldy fire torched close to 300,000 acres. In New Mexico as a whole, roughly that same amount of land has gone up in flames this year — more than the last two years combined.
"We've already burned more acreage than we do on average for an entire season, and it's now just the first week of May," Brian Guyer, a meteorologist at the Weather Service office in Albuquerque, told the Washington Post. "Usually our biggest fires are in May and early June."
This article was reposted from Grist.org.
Word nerd at Grist. Writing from Seattle about climate, culture, language, history, and our weird brains.
Europe begins 2023 with record-setting heat wave
Fossil fuel interests spent millions to push climate denial, misinformation around...
The world's oceans broke a heat record…again


text:
Music of Game of Thrones
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Music of Game of Thrones
In 2011 composer Ramin Djawadi was first asked to score a new TV series called Game of Thrones. In its first season much of the music was written for a small string ensemble, and filled out with synthetic pads and percussion. Over the course of the next six seasons the music budget got bigger and bigger to match the ever-increasing viewing figures the show was enjoying. This release celebrates the rich tapestry of music over the six series with the full firepower of an 80 piece symphony orchestra and choir. Game of Thrones really is a television phenomenon. HBO's epic small screen adaptation of George R.R. Martin's series of fantasy tomes continues to draw in record audiences around the world, and shows no signs of slowing down. Indeed some 8.9m people tuned in to the Season Six finale in the US and with repeats, recordings and on-demand viewings taken into consideration, it is estimated that Game of Thrones enjoys an average of 23m viewers per installment. With a whopping thirty-eight Emmy Awards (and counting), this series remains the darling of prime-time pay TV. With so much music created for the sixty episodes so far broadcast, this album can of course only take in so much. The particular cues and themes it does highlight, though, lend themselves beautifully to this symphonic re-imagining.
CD Album (SILKD6056)
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Main Title (Theme from "Game of Thrones")
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Goodbye Brother
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Season 1 Finale
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Warrior of Light
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Winterfell
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Mother of Dragons
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - A Lannister Always Pays His Debts
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Dracarys
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Mhysa
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Two Swords
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - You Are No Son of Mine
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - The Children
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Blood of the Dragon
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Dance of Dragons
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Atonement
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Son of the Harpy
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Light of the Seven
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Khaleesi
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Winter Has Come
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - Hear Me Roar
The City of Prague Philharmonic Orchestra - The Winds of Winter
Download Album (SILKED6056)
1 Main Title (Theme from "Game of Thrones") £0.79
2 Goodbye Brother £0.79
3 Season 1 Finale £0.79
4 Warrior of Light £0.79
5 Winterfell £0.79
6 Mother of Dragons £0.79
7 A Lannister Always Pays His Debts £0.79
8 Dracarys £0.79
9 Mhysa £0.79
10 Two Swords £0.79
11 You Are No Son of Mine £0.79
12 The Children £0.79
13 Blood of the Dragon £0.79
14 Dance of Dragons £0.79
15 Atonement £0.79
16 Son of the Harpy £0.79
17 Light of the Seven £0.79
18 Khaleesi £0.79
19 Winter Has Come £0.79
20 Hear Me Roar £0.79
21 The Winds of Winter £0.79


Display Events in Calendar Format Display events in a graphical User Intuitive way.
Copyright Must provide a link back to Web2Cal on all pages the calendar is used.
Custom HTML Templates Create Forms, Previews in Plain HTML.
Move and Resize Events Ability to move / resize an event.
Recurring Events Support recurring event, multiple options. View Demo.
Themes Support for Themes, Rounded Corners.
Additional Features Such as Moving Events from Main View to Mini Calendar. Public Functions. Additional Callbacks. Support for Day Light Savings.
Note that if you phone in your order, ShareIT will accept an email address from hotmail, gmail etc.
Premium version ships with different themes. With a completely different HTML Structure, it makes it easy to create custom themes.
Provides helpful debug functions to dump Data [events], allowing you to analyze and debug the application.
Ships with more examples to guide you through your integration.
If the calendar does not suit your need in some manner, we are here to custom develop the calendar to suit your needs for a very nominal rate.
Take a look at the License, Demo .


While we can now see a black hole that is 55 million light years away, Congress still can't see Trump's tax returns and millions of taxpayers saw a reduced tax refund or a tax bill instead of a refund, when filing returns to meet yesterday's April 15 deadline for the first time under Trump's new tax system.
There's "no question" that the advantages for businesses from the tax plan have just begun to kick in, Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin told Fox Business on April 15. He said many Americans are getting an extra $2,000 a year in tax cuts and others are getting "much more".
Tax payer's can also apply to settle for a smaller amount or request a temporary delay in payment from the IRS. In October, a New York Times investigation found that for years Trump engaged in schemes created to avoid taxes - some of which might have been illegal - as he became wealthy from his father's real estate empire.
Those disparities, and anecdotes about taxpayers getting hit by certain provisions of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, is sparking debate about whether the tax overhaul is delivering the benefits promised by GOP lawmakers. "That tax bill should have been a bill that would have not only brought some taxes down for working people but also could have funded a major infrastructure investment".
The tax breaks for these 4 companies could pay for health insurance for more than two-thirds of the 3.8 million children in the US still left uninsured.
A Trump opponent welcomed the president to Burnsville with a sign that said: "Demand Trump's Tax Returns and a List of his Creditors". An NBC/Wall Street Journal poll last week showed that most Americans didn't think they even got a tax cut.
More evidence came from a report by tax preparer H&R Block on Thursday that said Americans were undergoing a "confusing tax experience" this season. It doubled the standard deduction and enhanced the child tax credit. He says he won't release the returns because he's being audited by the IRS though the agency says an audit bars no one from making their returns public.


text:
Anthony Lagoon is a cattle station on the Barkly Tableland in the Northern Territory, Australia. It is situated approximately  east of Elliott and  south of Borroloola.  Eva Downs is run as an outstation of Anthony Lagoon and employs a separate manager, but is part of the same operation.

Description
The station when combined with neighbouring Eva Downs occupies an area of  and has a carrying capacity of approximately 60,000 head of Brahman cattle. The station is situated about  from Darwin so the majority of stock are trucked out for live export, generally to South East Asia. The neighbouring property to the north is Walhallow Station.

The station contains black soil plains covered in Mitchell grass and Flinders grasses and red soil country dominated by spinifex, saltbush and other herbage. The flooded lake country around the permanent water sources support stands of Coolibah, Lignum, Bluebush, Verbine and tussock grassland.

History

The property named after a permanent lagoon on the Cresswell Creek, discovered by Ernest Favenc in 1878. It became a watering hole for cattle stock being moved from the Kimberleys to Queensland. A police station was established here in 1895 to keep a watch over the cattle passing through the area. This was absorbed into the Avon Downs Police District in 1982.

Mr O. Wales of McLeod, Hunt and Company opened a general store at Anthony Lagoon in 1889.

Flooding occurred in 1891 when the rivers rose and the police station was submerged under  of water.

The station was inundated with heavy rainfall in January and February during the monsoon of 1895, the police station and post office both had  and Loxton' store had about , which was  higher than any flood previously experienced. More floods occurred in 1901 when the waters in the creek were over  wide and running very so quickly that it was too dangerous to even attempt a crossing.

The station is mentioned as a postal delivery point in chapter 12 of the novel We of the Never Never  by Aeneas Gunn published in 1908.

The Anthony's Lagoon Pastoral Company was established in 1929 with capital of £100,000. At this point the property had an area of  with a lease that would not expire until 1965. The first directors were James Malcolm Newman, A.J. Cotton, V.R. Cotton and B.T. Crawford.

In 1935 the property was owned by Mr. J. M. Newman, an engineer, who had other pastoral interests including the Cabulcha stud farm in Queensland used to breed bulls for use in his Territory herds. Newman still owned the station in 1948

The property was sold to the Scottish Australian Company in 1949. At this time the station had an area of  and about 12,000 head of cattle that were included in the deal. The Company introduced Shorthorn cattle to Anthony Lagoon as they had to their other Territory property, Austral Downs. The shorthorns were replacing the Aberdeen Angus herd which the campany found had fattened so well at Austral.

In 2006, Anthony Lagoon and Eva Downs stations were both sold by the current owner, Heytesbury, to Australian Agricultural Company. The airport code for Anthony Lagoon is AYL.

Several small parcels of land on the station were declared heritage areas by the state government in 2008, these included the Anthony Lagoon Davey Paxman Steam Engine, the 1906 cattle dip, the 1945 cattle dip and Police Tracker's Quarters and Gaol.

See also
List of ranches and stations
List of the largest stations in Australia

References

External links

Pastoral leases in the Northern Territory
Stations (Australian agriculture)


This is found in xinjiang and guangdong areas. It is spread among poultry and can infect human. However, only minor flu symptoms will be found in human. Non-fatal to both poultry and human, it can be treated with ordinary medications. It is under the R series, where R denotes "red", indicating that human can be infected by it.
This is discovered in 2004 and 2005. Human can be infected by in from poultry, and can be fatal to human if not handled properly. Minor h2h ability is found in infected patients. This virus is extremely dangerous to poultry, with a 100% death rate. The incubation period ranges from 2 to 60 days. Eggs of the infected poultry also contain another type virus derived from the H5N1 RW4. Currently, veterinary medications are found to be useless in infected poultry. However, medication used by human, in small dose, can suppress and eliminate the virus in infected birds.
First sampled in Qinghai, this is the most powerful strain found so far. This can be transmitted from poultry to human and from human to human. However, this strain of virus is unable to transmit from human to poultry. The diagnosis of this virus is extremely complicated. Incubation period is short and causes of deaths are mainly mis-diagnosis.
There are still 3 strains of H5N1 under research; they are named as the X series.
Sampled in qinghai, continuously mutating, a derivative of H5N1 RW4, current medications are not too effective against this strain.
Sampled in qinghai, hunan and ningxia, recombination occurred after patients infected by H5N1 RK7 as well as other infectious diseases. This can be transmitted from poultry to human and human to poultry.
Above is a translation of the boxun report describing the H5N1 isolates in China that are associated with human infections. The H5N1s are genetically diverse and rapidly evolving via recombination between H5N1s as well as other viruses from human dual infections.
The changes are being driven by recombination and the various H5N1 versions are spreading throughout China and beyond. The human infections have been denied by China, but so have widespread 2005 H5N1 bird infections, but the recent Nature paper on Qinghai isolates describes 2005 isolates from live markets in Fujian, Hunnan, Yunan, and Guangdong provinces (Shantou in Guangdong).
As noted above, RK7 is the most powerful and it is clearly the H5N1 found in at least five migratory bird species at Qinghai Lake Nature Reserve. Sequences from bar head geese, greater black headed gulls, and brown headed gulls were virtually identical. Although the sequences have not yet been made public, all 8 isolates have the PB2 polymorphism E627K, which is found in all human flu isolates and is virtually absent from bird isolates (the two H5N1 isolates with E627K were from mouse brains).
The H5N1 from Qinghai can kill laboratory chickens in 20 hours and lab mice in 3 days. As noted above and in additional boxun reports, it can passes from human-to-human with a short incubation period and an easily mis-diagnosed clinical presentation.
These documents reveal a diverse gene pool of H5N1, which is rapidly evolving via recombination. Human isolates from China have not been deposited or even acknowledge by China.
Clearly this is a major catastrophe that is evolving in China and will soon be exported worldwide.


text:
"Faded" je píseň norského diskžokeje Alana Walkera. Vydána byla jako singl (zpoplatněné stažení a kompaktní disk) dne 3. prosince 2015. Singl se vyšplhal do první desítky hitparád v mnoha zemích, přičemž v mnoha zemích (Česko, Belgie, Norsko, Švédsko a další) dosáhl první příčky. Píseň nazpívala Iselin Solheim. Součástí singlu byla rovněž instrumentální verze písně. K písni byl rovněž natočen videoklip (natáčelo se v Estonsku a vystupoval v něm Shahab Salehi).

Odkazy

Reference

Externí odkazy

Singly z roku 2015
Písně v angličtině
Písně Alana Walkera


Burgundy: the "in", trend colour of this season, there's a bunch of "burgundy-esque" offerings (clothes, accessories, handbags, shoes, makeup, nail polishes, you name it) ranging from oxblood to wine to cranberry to plum. I personally favour the more dirtied-brownish-red "old blood" ;-) end of the spectrum in my burgundy than the maroon-purple end, but that's just me.
Marc by Marc Jacobs Too Hot To Handle large tote in Cardamom. This is slightly darker than appearing in photos. At around €530 from Brown Thomas though, this one is going to be "have to think about it awhile" purchase.
On the other hand, there's this one - it's a limited edition side-tab clutch from DKNY, with the softest softest leather imaginable; slightly too soft in my opinion, as it's going to mark it you look crooked at it.
There's also the DKNY Saffiano tote, which I absolutely love, except for the leather, which is hard and feels more like a hard waxed fabric than a leather (and the reason I haven't purchased, despite waiting for it to arrive in-store months ago). It's a nice departure from the rest of the DKNY stuff, which is starting to look a bit samey-samey in the last while.
New Look do actually surprisingly affordable, comfortable, wearable and extremely on-trend shoes. Years ago, I stopped buying cheap shoes as they neither last nor are comfortable, but New Look always manages to produce shoes that are both cheap and comfortable, and that last! This burgundy patent offering (for less than €30!) are spot-on colour-wise, I would prefer them in a block heel however.
On the other hand, this one is cashmere, the gorgeous burgundy Annie cashmere dress from Whistles. Unexciting shape but think how wonderfully warm for the winter!
Am quite excited about this one: grown-up and combining the "in" colour with the "in" length (midi); ladylike but with a twist (zips around the waist at the back that can be worn open (for a peek-a-boo waist) or closed), this long sleeve dress by Ann-Sofie, purchasable from Asos. I like the fact that this is not fitted, although it would work as a fitted dress too.
My drooled-after Zara wool long-length biker coat with leather sleeves, which I gave up and bought over the weekend :-) This is even nicer when slightly more form-fitting, I recommend going down a size. The lapels look good either opened back or closed up. It's more on the red side of burgundy than the purple side, which I've mentioned I prefer! At €179, affordable if not cheap.
A cheaper alternative, and very cute, is this New Look faux leather sleeved short biker jacket. This one is around the €50 mark. New Look stuff flies out the door, and is one of the better inexpensive high street stores. I love the biker jacket shape and have a few, in a few different styles and colours, but this one, especially with the fabric panel down the front, the leather(ette) sleeves and the slightly draped neck, is bang on trend.
I love Oysho stuff, and the 80's are not far away with this lace body!
Waxed burgundy pants. I have a pair in black which I just love, and Zara do some gorgeous ones in a chocolate brown at the moment, but I really want some in burgundy. I know Miu Miu do 'em, but forgetabout it.
...will follow a post on burgundy makeup for the AW2012 season... Same bat channel. Keep watching! Update (30/10) - link to Burgundy Part II (The Makeup) here!


It was all over the news, and CNBC interviewed KnowBe4's very own Chief Hacking Officer Kevin Mitnick (note the StreetCred box on the right).
"Former hacker weighs in on Facebook's big security breach. Kevin Mitnick, computer security consultant and hacker, discussed recent reports that Facebook experienced a security breach that impacted about 50 million profiles. This is the link to the interview: https://www.cnbc.com/video/2018/09/28/facebook-security-breach-hacker.html?
It is too early to tell if the stolen information has specific data fields that can be used for highly personalized social engineering attacks, but you can count on the bad guys using this for credential harvesting attacks, with phishing emails arriving in the millions, claiming that you need to change your Facebook password.
Bad guys are attacking mobile platforms now more than ever. To start your National Cyber Security Awareness Month (NCSAM) here is a goodie for your users to kick things off.
Very similar to our unique job-aid: Social Engineering Red Flags™ with 22 things to watch out for in email, we created an InfoGraphic (PDF) about Mobile threats that you can send to all of them, or even print it, laminate it, and pin it on their wall. There is a lot more material to come, so stay tuned for ready-made NSCAM kits.
The InfoGraphic theme is: "Don't let your guard down just because you're on a mobile device. Be just as careful as you would on a desktop!"


text:
Q: Disable CCMenuItem until animation finished I have an CCMenuItem and I want to disable it until an animation is finished, but I don't want to disable all touches with:
    [CCDirector sharedDirector].touchDispatcher.dispatchEvents = NO;

Any easy solution?

A: Use CCSequence to first use the animation action and when that is done you create an action that calls a function with the CCMenuItem as parameter and in that function make it enabled.
Code example: (PS: It was a long time since I used cocos2d.)
{
...
CCMenuItem *menuItem = [CCMenuItem itemWith...];
menuItem.isEnable = NO;
CCMenu *menu = [CCMenu menuWithItems:menuItem, nil];
[self addChild:menu];

[menuItem runAction:[CCSequence actions:[CCAction actionWith...], [CCCallFunc actionWithTarget:self selector:@selector(enable:)], nil]];
...
}

-(void)enable:(CCMenuItem *)item {
    item.isEnable = YES;
}

A: You can disable the CCMenuItem with
CCMenuItem *item = [[CCMenuItem alloc] initWith...];
item.isEnabled = YES;

and enable it afterwards.


text:
Fri 5 Jul 2019 | 07:47
Wallabies play never-ending waiting game with injured star
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: Wallabies coach Michael Cheika is bullish about injury-plagued Australian great David Pocock being fit for the World Cup, rating him "a better chance" than 50-50.
The 31-year-old flank, a former national captain, has struggled with a calf injury all season, restricting him to just 138 minutes for the Brumbies. He has also suffered neck and concussion problems.
Considered a master of the breakdown and vital to Australia's World Cup hopes, he was omitted on Thursday from the Wallabies 34-man squad for their Rugby Championship opener against South Africa this month.
But Cheika is optimistic the 77-Test veteran, who is leaving Super Rugby to play in Japan next year, will be ready for the World Cup in September.
"I'd like to think that he's a better chance than 50-50, we're always very confident about that," he said on the Rugby Australia website Friday.
"Pocock's progressing nicely. We'll just get to the next step, I think the next milestone for him is his calf. It's been a bit of a battle but he looks like he's turned a bit of a corner.
"So we're positive about having him back at some stage of the Rugby Championship, but as opposed to putting a date on it we'll just wait until the next milestone and go from there."
A formidable ball-poacher and turnover specialist, Pocock was one of the Australia stars at the 2011 World Cup and again in 2015.
In his absence, uncapped backrowers Liam Wright and Rob Valetini were called up to the squad for South Africa.
On other news:
Australia Lealiifano in, Cooper out for Wallabies' South Africa clash SQUAD ANNOUNCEMENT: Cancer survivor Christian Lealiifano was recalled to the Wallabies for the first time in three years.
Australia Wallaby team for Bok Test unpacked SPOTLIGHT: With little time to rest, Australia will name their first Wallabies squad for the 2019 Rugby Championship this week.
Australia VIDEO: Veteran Wallabies lock rejects overseas deals CONTRACT NEWS: Wallabies and Waratahs lock Rob Simmons has opted to remain in Australia after he signed a new two-year deal.
Australia Wallabies silly to ignore O'Connor quality RUGBY CHAMPIONSHIP SPOTLIGHT: Former Wallaby Matt Giteau believes the one-time bad boy of Australian rugby James O'Connor deserves his shot at redemption.
Wallabies Play Never-ending Waiting Game With Injured Star - Australia | Rugby365


text:
Google Play Service – Google Play Service Update | Google Play Service Account
Before we talk more about the Google Play Service let's get a better understanding on Google. Whenever we ask about Google, the first thing that comes to our mind is a search engine.
Well, Google is more than just a search engine, it offers different kinds of services. These services include YouTube, virtual play store for android, and so much more. It also has a payment platform that people can use to make money online.
CHECK THIS POST >>> Uber – Uber App Download | Uber Drive
Google Play Service
What is Google Play Service?
Google Play Service Update
Google Play Game
Google Play Service Download
Download The Google Play Services
Google Play Service Account
It have an app on the virtual store today. Without this app, there are some games that you wouldn't be able to play. For instance, you can't play some certain games online if you don't have the Google play store.
In definition, Google play service is a proprietary background service for android. It also has an API package for Google android devices. This was first introduced in 2012, and provided access to the Google+ APIs and OAuth 2.0. Since its inception, it has been expanded to cover a large number of Google services.
This simply allows applications to communicate with common means. Another thing it does is that it saves your game data. The service is used to update Google Apps and other apps from Google Play.
It provides authentication across your Google services, and it helps sync your contacts, access to the latest privacy settings, and higher quality. Lower powered location-based services are also accessible with the service or app.
Google Play Services also helps to enhance you with a better app experience. Offline searches get a speedup, provide more maps and offer better gaming experience.
The Google play game service is being used by application developers to provide a competitive social experience with the use of leaderboards. It can be used with both public and friends. This can also show achievements and multiplayer sessions. The saved game API is available on the Google cloud infrastructure.
It allows people to continue from wherever they stop on any device they find themselves using. There is also a location API that allows you to provide specifications about your current location through the location technologies.
The Google play services are basically used to update apps and the apps downloaded from Google Play. This application provides core functionality for android users. It is this application that stores all your data and syncs it across your devices.
Did you know that contacts, pictures, and videos can be stored on your Google device? If you aren't aware of this, you're missing out a lot. I can assure you that been using Google to save all my contacts and have never had an issue with missing contacts. In fact, even if my phone and SIM card is misplaced, I would still have all my contact.
Google play services can be downloaded from any app store. It can even be downloaded from the Google play store. Follow the below instructions to get the app on your device;
Open your device app drawer.
Locate the Google Play Store on your device and tap on it.
Hit the search bar and type in "Google Play Services".
You would be redirected to the app page on the Google play store.
Scroll below or navigate to find the "Install" button and tap on it.
After clicking, the app would be downloaded. After downloading, the app would be automatically installed. You can now start using the app on your android device.
Creating a Google account is very simple and fast to do. The process can be done within seconds or minutes. To create, you can follow the steps below;
Go to Google.com.
Then select, "Create an Account".
Enter your First name and last name, choose a username (Email), create a password, and confirm it.
Indicate your date of birth.
Agree to the "Terms of Service and Privacy Policy" of Google. And hit on "Create".
Your new Google account would be created and you can start using it to access the Google Play Store in order to download Google Services.
SEE THIS POST >>> WaecDirect.org – Waec Examination Registration | Waec Examination Date
How To Login And Upload Twitter Videos
Duolingo Login – The world's best way to learn a language
Snapchat App Help – Snapchat Review | Snapchat App Download


text:
Up to the minute Tech News, Information, Editorial and Sports articles and product reviews.
Don't Miss the Meteor Showers this Week
ArticlesBy Modern Life Network October 2, 2017
On the heels of this summer's solar eclipse, get ready for some unique meteor showers this week. You might be able to see the shooting stars rain down for a spectacular meteor shower. It's all part of the dragon constellation roaring into life this week and will be at its peak on Sunday, October 8.
Do We Need Hurricane Resistant Windows?
ArticlesBy Modern Life Network September 22, 2017
Hurricane Harvey has damaged or destroyed more than 134,000 homes in South Texas according to the Houston Chronicle. FEMA estimates 25% of homes in the Florida Keys were destroyed while 65% suffered major damage from Hurricane Irma. Many of these homes were damaged or destroyed by high winds and flying debris. And not to be an alarmist, but we still have months remaining in Hurricane Season.
Relaxation Nation: The Happiest Cities in America
"Relaxation Nation" is Rick Limpert's monthly column on recreation, sports technology and travel that can be exclusively found on Modern Life Discussions. In the 80's singer and songwriter, Bobby McFerrin, said "Don't Worry, Be Happy." Here's a little song I wrote You might want to sing it note for note Don't worry, be happy In…
Esurance Using Technology to Expedite Flood Claims for Hurricane Harvey Victims
ArticlesBy Modern Life Network September 5, 2017
Esurance is using smart technology, such as predictive analytics and aerial images, to waive inspections, quickly settle claims, and reimburse customers who were severely affected by Hurricane Harvey.
"Catastrophes like Hurricane Harvey can be a devastating event and the best way we can is help is by being there for our customers when they need us most," said Jonathan Adkisson, president of Esurance. "We are acting fast and using our sophisticated tools to make it easier for customers to restore their lives."
Powerball Numbers that Seem to Pay
ArticlesBy Modern Life Network August 23, 2017
The Powerball jackpot is up to $650 million. Right now, it would be the third-largest payout on a lottery in the U.S., and the second-largest Powerball award. Even though the $650 million gets paid out over 30 years, and that Uncle Sam and your state government will claim a huge chunk, this is still enough to keep you in lattes for life — even at Starbucks prices.
Amazon Offering 'Instant Pickup' for Prime Members in Select Cities
Amazon introduced Instant Pickup, a free service offering Prime and Prime Student members a curated selection of daily essentials available for pickup in two minutes or less at five of Amazon's fully staffed pickup locations