text:
Justia Patents Electrical DevicesUS Patent for Use of mesa structures for supporting heaters on an integrated circuit Patent (Patent # 7,465,903)
Use of mesa structures for supporting heaters on an integrated circuit
Nov 5, 2003 - Avago Technologies Fiber IP (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
An integrated circuit is joined to a liquid container. The integrated circuit includes a passivation layer. A resistor is used as a heater to heat fluid in a liquid container. A mesa structure is formed over the passivation layer. The mesa structure is in contact with the resistor and is used to more effectively deliver heat from the resistor to the liquid container.
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The present invention relates to components useful in optical switching devices and pertains particularly to the use of mesa structures for supporting heaters on an integrated circuit.
Optical fibers provide significantly higher data rates than electronic paths. However, effective utilization of the greater bandwidth inherent in optical signal paths requires optical cross-connect switches.
One type of optical cross-connect switch utilizes total internal reflection (TIR) switching elements. A TIR element consists of a waveguide with a switchable boundary. Light strikes the boundary at an angle. In the first state, the boundary separates two regions having substantially different indices of refraction. In this state the light is reflected off of the boundary and thus changes direction. In the second state, the two regions separated by the boundary have the same index of refraction and the light continues in a straight line through the boundary. The magnitude of the change of direction depends on the difference in the index of refraction of the two regions. To obtain a large change in direction, the region behind the boundary must be switchable between an index of refraction equal to that of the waveguide and an index of refraction that differs markedly from that of the waveguide.
One type of TIR element is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,699,462 which is hereby incorporated by reference. The TIR element taught in this patent utilizes thermal activation to displace liquid from a gap at the intersection of a first optical waveguide and a second optical waveguide. In this type of TIR, a trench is cut through a waveguide. The trench is filled with an index-matching liquid. A bubble is generated at the cross-point by heating the index matching liquid with a localized heater. The bubble must be removed from the crosspoint to switch the cross-point from the reflecting to the transmitting state and thus change the direction of the output optical signal. Efficient operation of such a TIR element requires effective placement and operation of heating devices within and around the TIR elements.
An integrated circuit is joined to a liquid container. The integrated circuit includes a passivation layer. A resistor is used as a heater to heat fluid in the liquid container. A mesa structure is formed over the passivation layer. The mesa structure is in contact with the resistor and is used to more effectively deliver heat from the resistor to the liquid container.
FIG. 1 shows a resistor formed on a mesa structure in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows layered resistors formed on a mesa structure in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a simplified top view of the layered resistors and mesa structure shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 4 shows vias connected to a resistor formed on a mesa structure in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 shows a resistor formed within a mesa structure in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a simplified top view of the resistor formed within the mesa structure as shown in FIG. 5.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
FIG. 1 shows a resistor 13 formed on a mesa structure 12. Mesa structure 12 is formed over a chip passivation layer 11. For example, chip passivation layer 11 is formed using TEOS or another type of oxide deposition process or other passivating material process. Mesa structure 12 is formed, for example, using two layers of TEOS formed by depositing a first layer of TEOS, performing a resistive etch back, and then depositing a second layer of TEOS. Resistor 13 is, for example, a resistor ring with two ends showing in FIG. 1. The resistor ring is not a complete circle, but is at least a semi-circle. For example, resistor 13 is made of Tantalum Aluminum (TaAl).
Mesa structure 12 places resistor 13 closer to a trench 18 in planar light circuit (PLC) 14. PLC 14 is joined to the integrated circuit containing mesa structure 12, for example, by wafer bonding or soldering along the edges of the integrated circuit and PLC 14. Resistor 13 is used as a heater for bubble formation in trench 18. Trench 18 intersects a waveguide within PLC 14. Mesa structure 12 also increases the thermal resistance and decreases the fluidic resistance for the gap between PLC 14 and the integrated circuit on which passivation layer 11 is formed. A typical gap distance between passivation layer 11 and PLC 14, as represented by arrow 15, is 5 microns. A typical gap distance between mesa structure 12 and PLC 14, as represented by arrow 16, is 3.5 microns. A typical gap distance between resistor 13 and PLC 14, as represented by arrow 17, is 2.9 microns. Mesa structure 12 and resistor 13 can alternatively be joined to a vertical inkjet tube and used for heating droplets of ink ejected from the tube.
FIG. 2 shows layered resistors formed on a mesa structure in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention. The mesa structure is useful, for example, in constructing a heater used in a TIR element or an inkjet tube. Over integrated circuit circuitry 21 is placed a passivation layer 22 of field oxide (Fox). For example passivation layer 22 is approximately one micron thick. Over passivation layer 22 is placed a mesa structure 23. For example, mesa structure 23 varies in thickness with a maximum thickness of approximately one micron. Mesa structure 23 is composed of, for example, reflowed BoroPhosphoSilicate Glass (BPSG) or some other insulating material.
Over mesa structure 23 is placed a bottom resistive layer 24. For example, bottom resistive layer 24 is composed of Tantalum. A bottom metal lead 25 and a bottom metal lead 26 are formed on top of bottom resistive layer 24. Current between bottom metal lead 25 and bottom metal lead 26 flows only through bottom resistive layer 24, generating heat. An insulating layer 27 is placed over bottom metal lead 25, bottom metal lead 26 and exposed portion of bottom resistive layer 24. For example, insulating layer 27 is composed of SiO2 or some other insulating material. For example, insulating layer 27 is approximately 1.2 to 1.4 microns thick.
Over insulating layer 27 is placed a top resistive layer 28. For example, top resistive layer 28 is composed of Tantalum Aluminum (TaAl). A top metal lead 29 and a top metal lead 30 are formed on top of top resistive layer 28. Current between top metal lead 29 and top metal lead 30 flows only through top resistive layer 27, generating heat. A passivation layer (not shown) can be placed over top metal lead 29, top metal lead 30 and exposed portion of top resistive layer 27. Additional layers of resistors and metal leads can be used to add additional resistors.
FIG. 3 is a simplified top view of the layered resistors and mesa structure shown in FIG. 2. Bottom metal lead 26 is shown connected to a voltage source (Vpp) region 33 and a Vpp region 34. Bottom metal lead 25 is shown connected to a ground region 35 and a ground region 36. Top metal lead 29 is shown connected to a Vpp region 31. Top metal lead 30 is shown connected to a ground region 32.
As shown in FIG. 3, the portion of bottom resistive region 24 not covered by metal leads has a larger area than the portion of top resistive region 28 not covered by metal leads. For example, the uncovered portion of bottom resistive region 24 has an area of 18 microns by 50 microns while the uncovered portion of top resistive region 28 has an area of 6 microns by 40 microns. The use of multilevel resistors, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, allows more total power to be put in an area, while reducing the current necessary for each resistor. For example, bottom resistive region 24 can be used to assist heating during a "burn-in" period of top resistive region 28. Bottom resistive region 24 then can optionally still be used as a "warming" resistor with top resistive region 28 until bottom resistive region 24 begins to "age". Then during the remaining life of the circuit, top resistive region 28 can be used exclusively to produce heat.
FIG. 4 shows an alternative embodiment in which a via 45 and a via 46 are used to connect to separate ends of a resistor ring 48. A mesa structure is composed of an insulating layer 42 and an insulating layer 43 placed over a metal layer 41. For example, metal layer 41 is composed of aluminum. For example, insulating layer 42 and insulating layer 43 are formed of TEOS or another insulating material. After insulating layer 42 is deposited on metal layer 41, a resistive etch back is performed before insulating layer 43 is deposited on insulating layer 42. Insulating region 47 is composed of TEOS or another insulating material or combination of insulating materials. Via 45 and via 46 are composed of, for example, Aluminum (Al) and Tantalum Aluminum (Ta+Al) or another conductive material. A resistor ring 48 is deposited over via 45 and via 46. FIG. 4 shows the two ends of resistor ring 48. At locations not occupied by resistor ring 48, a passivation layer 44 composed of, for example, SiC and Si3N4, is formed. A ring pillar structure 50 is used to radiate heat from resistor ring 48 along sidewalls within the bubble chamber formed by the volume within ring pillar structure 50 and the volume within trench 53 of PLC 52. For example, resistor ring 48 is formed of Tantalum Aluminum. For example, ring pillar structure 50 is composed of gold, a metal layer coated with an insulating layer, or an insulating structure covered with a metal layer. A gap length between PLC and passivation layer, represented by arrow 17, is five microns. The mesa structure is useful, for example, in constructing a heater used in a TIR element or an inkjet tube.
FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of the present invention where resistors 64 are formed beneath a mesa structure 63.
Over integrated circuit circuitry 61 is formed a passivation layer 62 composed of, for example, SiO2. Resistors 64 are formed over passivation layer 62. Mesa structure 63 is formed over and around resistors 64. For example, mesa structure 63 is composed of a pyrolytic material such as porous silicon. For example, mesa structure 63 is formed using sputtered silicon. For example, when forming mesa structure 63 on SiO2 regions, underlying adhesion layers or coatings are selected for matched stress with mesa structure 63. For example, depending on the particular implementation, an adhesion layer can be formed of a material with a layered structure of titanium tungsten (TiW), silicon and TiW.
Resistors 64 are used for bubble formation in trench 66 within PLC 65. Trench 66 intersects a waveguide within PLC 65. Regions 67 and 68 of trench 66 are necks which do not include reflecting walls. The remaining length of trench 66 (outside of the necks) has reflecting walls used to transmit or reflect light, depending upon whether trench 66 is filled respectively with liquid or a bubble. The pyrolytic material used to form mesa structure 63 is chosen and formed to have heat transfer in a vertical direction that is significantly more efficient than heat transfer in a horizontal direction. This allows for an optimized transfer of heat vertically from resistors 64 to the reflecting walls of trenches 66. Mesa structure 63 is a standoff structure with a large area which reduces stress when PLC 14 (shown in FIG. 5) is joined to the integrated circuit containing integrated circuit circuitry 61, for example, by wafer bonding or solder. Mesa structure 63 is easy to deposit and pattern and forms part of a high temperature compatible stack where voiding and hillocking do not occur during manufacture or later use. Mesa structure 63 and resistors 64 can alternatively be joined to a vertical inkjet tube and used for heating droplets of ink ejected from the tube.
FIG. 6 is a simplified top view that shows location of trench 66 with respect to resistors 64 and mesa structure 63. For example trench 66 has a width of 9 to 12 microns. Trench 66 extends along resistors 64 a length of approximately 60 microns. Dashed line 69 outlines the top plane of mesa structure 63.
The foregoing discussion discloses and describes merely exemplary methods and embodiments of the present invention. As will be understood by those familiar with the art, the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. Accordingly, the disclosure of the present invention is intended to be illustrative, but not limiting, of the scope of the invention, which is set forth in the following claims.
1. An optical switch comprising a planar light circuit (PLC), an integrated circuit (IC) and a mesa structure, the PLC comprising a waveguide and being joined to the IC, the mesa structure being interposed between the PLC and a top surface of the IC, a trench being formed in the underside of the PLC and filled with a liquid, the trench intersecting the waveguide at a cross-point disposed above the mesa structure, the mesa structure being disposed above the IC and separated therefrom by a passivation layer, at least top and bottom resistive layers being formed atop the mesa structure and operably connected to metal leads corresponding thereto, the top and bottom resistive layers being separated by an insulating layer disposed therebetween, a first portion of bottom resistive layer not covered by the metal leads having an area larger than a second portion of the top resistive layer not covered by metal leads, the top and bottom resistive layers being configured to heat the liquid in the trench and thereby effect a change in an index of refraction of the liquid in response to electrical current passing through the top and bottom resistive layers, at least portions of the mesa structure projecting upwardly above the passivation layer and the top surface of the IC, wherein at least a portion of the bottom resistive layer is conformably disposed above the projecting portion of the mesa and thereby placed within close proximity to the liquid in the trench to effect efficient heating of the liquid.
2. The optical switch of claim 1, wherein the mesa structure comprises pyrolytic material.
3. The optical switch of claim 1, wherein the mesa structure comprises sputtered silicon.
4. The optical switch of claim 1, wherein the mesa structure comprises TEOS.
5. the optical switch of claim 1, wherein electrical connections are established to the top and bottom resistive layers through metal leads formed above the mesa structure.
6. The optical switch of claim 1, wherein the mesa structure has a maximum thickness of about one micron.
7. The optical switch of claim 1, wherein the PLC is joined to the IC by at least one of wafer bonding and soldering.
8. The optical switch of claim 1, wherein at least one of the top resistive layer and the bottom resistive layer comprises aluminum, tantalum or tantalum aluminum.
9. The optical switch of claim 1, wherein the bottom resistive layer is configured to assist heating of the top resistive layer during a burn-in period.
10. The optical switch of claim 1, wherein at least one of the top resistive layer and the bottom resistive layer is configured to form a bubble in the liquid when electrical current is passed therethrough.
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Assignee: Avago Technologies Fiber IP (Singapore) Pte. Ltd. (Singapore)
Inventor: Tyler Sims (Knoxville, TN)
Primary Examiner: Tu Hoang
Assistant Examiner: Vinod D Patel
Current U.S. Class: Electrical Devices (219/209); Switch (i.e., Switching From One Terminal To Another, Not Modulation) (385/16); Reflective-type Switch (385/18); Stationary Waveguides With Movable Opaque Element (385/19)
International Classification: H05B 1/00 (20060101); G02B 6/42 (20060101);


Designers or artists who inspired me, for different reasons, were Terence Conran, Andy Warhol, David Hockney, David Byrne of the Talking Heads, some of Corbijn's early images and videos for U2 and Depeche Mode, and I loved the graphic simplicity of the Sinclair ZX Spectrum and its visuals.
Why Terence Conran? Mainly because of the early Habitat furniture designs, the simplicity, and the early Habitat ethos of design for the masses.
Andy Warhol because of the graphic simplicity of his art from the '60's – the iconic imagery he used – an early observation of the brand-driven society that the world would become? And offering 15 minutes of fame to a boy from North Wales? Wow.
David Hockney, an artist with a graphic, almost impressionist, style of painting. And a creator of a set of works which was a great inspiration – the photocollages. He was also an early advocate of using the computer to draw with… Some kind of 80's paintbox if I remember. Something he still does now in fact, utilising the iPhone and iPad.
All of these people inspired me – could I become a car designer, a computer games designer, a commercial artist? A painter? A set designer? A graphic designer?
Frequent visits to the Oriel Galley in Llandudno, The Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, school trips to London and visits to the National Gallery were also a great source of inspiration and ideas.
So, there you go. No Nevile Brody. No David Carson. No obvious 'graphic design' choices in there.


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A German authoritative bureau has ordered Audi to anamnesis 127,000 agent vehicles, Reuters reports, over apropos about emissions.
Audi says those cartage articular by German civic regulator KBA were included in an beforehand autonomous anamnesis of about 850,000 TDI-powered Audis application V-6 and V-8 engines. The recall, which didn't accommodate U.S.- or Canadian-market agent engines, apropos itself with those vehicles' agent administration software. According to a account from the aggregation in July, the anamnesis would accommodate a software retrofit to advance emissions in real-world active above accepted regulations.
Although accompanying to Volkswagen, Audi has never been clearly affiliated to the defeat accessories begin on some TDI diesels (including VW-designed engines begin in Audi cars). Those devices, apparent in 2015, accept blah Volkswagen's acceptability to body low-emissions diesels, banishment the aggregation to abjure from the U.S. light-duty agent market. Audi followed clothing anon after, and currently, the aggregation doesn't action any oil-burning engines in the affluence market.
Whether KBA's requested anamnesis expands on Audi's antecedent fixes charcoal to be seen; the aggregation has not commented added on the authoritative body's requests, according to Reuters.


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Plandry (deutsch Preitenhof) ist eine Gemeinde in Tschechien. Sie liegt fünf Kilometer nordwestlich des Stadtzentrums von Jihlava und gehört zum Okres Jihlava.

Geographie
Plandry befindet sich in der Böhmisch-Mährischen Höhe linksseitig der Jihlava an einem kleinen Zufluss. Der böhmische Ort liegt nördlich der durch die Jihlava gebildeten historischen Landesgrenze zu Mähren. Östlich des Dorfes verläuft die Straße von Jihlava nach Větrný Jeníkov.

Nachbarorte sind Šipnov und U Vašíčků im Norden, Hybrálec im Nordosten, Hamry und Bukovno im Osten, Staré Hory im Südosten, Horní Kosov, Hosov und Damle im Süden, Rantířov im Südwesten, Vyskytná nad Jihlavou im Westen sowie Bílý Kámen im Nordwesten.

Geschichte
Das Gebiet links der Igel gehörte seit dem Mittelalter zu den Besitzungen des Klosters Seelau.
Die erste schriftlich Erwähnung von lipowy dwuor prope Iglaviam erfolgte 1458 im Zuge der Überlassung der seit den Hussitenkriegen verwaisten Seelauer Güter die Trčka von Lípa. Beim Lindenhof befand sich zu dieser Zeit bereits eine Kaskade von drei Bergwerksteichen. Der Ziegelteich, Höfischteich und Englischteich dienten der Aufschlagwasserversorgung der Altenberger (Staré Hory) Silberbergwerke. Eine weitere Silbergrube wurde am Hornický hrádek betrieben.

1596 verkauften die Trčka die Güter an die mährische Stadt Iglau, die den neu erworbenen Besitz zum Neuen Gut in Böhmen zusammenfasste. In den Iglauer Zehntregistern von 1604 und 1606 wurde der Hof nunmehr als Plattenhof bezeichnet. Ab 1630 ist eine Familie Brandl auf dem Plattenhof nachweisbar, nach denen der Hof in der Folgezeit als Brandelhof bzw. Brandenhof bezeichnet wurde. Auch der Name der zum Hof gehörigen Brandlmühle an der Igel leitet sich von dieser Familie ab. Bei der Besetzung Iglaus durch die Schweden wurde der Brandenhof verwüstet und lag von 1648 bis 1662 wüst. 1666 verkaufte Marie Brandl, die seit 1663 den Hof anstelle ihres dem Wahnsinn verfallenen Mannes Friedrich Brandl geführt hatte, den Brandenhof an Johann Sebastian von Pötting. Ihm folgte Johann Baptist Ritter von Minetti auf Windig Jenikau, von dem 1730 der Iglauer Tuchhändler Joseph Ignaz Zebo den Hof kaufte.

Zebo, der zwischen 1730 und 1734 an der Ostseite des Hofes ein barockes Schloss mit L-förmigem Grundriss erbauen ließ, wurde 1733 wegen seiner Verdienste als Lieferant von Uniformstoffen der k.k. Armee durch Karl VI. mit dem Prädikat von Braitenau in den Adelsstand und 1741 durch Maria Theresia in böhmischen Ritterstand erhoben. In dieser Zeit entstand der Name Breitenhof, der sich später in Preitenhof wandelte. Nach dem Tode von Joseph Ignaz Zebo Ritter von Braitenau wurde das Gut und Schloss Breitenhof 1765 öffentlich versteigert. Meistbietender war Anton Adolf Zebo Ritter von Brachfeld, ein Bruder des Verstorbenen.

In den 1770er Jahren erbte dessen Sohn Vinzenz den Besitz. 1778 ersteigerte Vinzenz Zebo Ritter von Brachfeld die Güter des Iglauer Siechenhofen sowie die Böhmische Mühle und schlug sie gemeinsam mit seiner Frau Aloisia, geborene Vančura von Řehnice, zu Preitenhof hinzu. 1810 erbte Vinzenz´s Tochter Aloisia († 1817) die Güter und brachte sie in die Ehe mit Emanuel Franz Freiherr Schirndinger von Schirnding (1782–1833) ein. Dessen Erbin und Tochter Aloisia heiratete 1835 nach Erreichen der Volljährigkeit den k.k. Kammerherrn Wenzel Peter II. Dobrženský von Dobrženitz auf Úhrov, Uhelná Příbram und Nejepín.

Nach der Aufhebung der Patrimonialherrschaften bildete Preitenhof ab 1850 einen Ortsteil der Gemeinde Deutsch Gießhübel im Bezirk Polna und ab 1878 im Bezirk Deutschbrod. Preitenhof gehörte zur Iglauer Sprachinsel und mehrheitlich von Deutschen bewohnt. 1862 erbte Aloisia Franziska Dobrženský von Dobrženitz, die Tochter Wenzel Peters II. das Gut und Schloss.
Sie starb 1897 und vermachte Preitenhof testamentarisch zu zwei Dritteln ihrem Neffen Karl Freiherr von Wiedersperg. Einen Anteil von einem Drittel erhielt ihr Bruder Wenzel Peter III., diesen erbte 1921 dessen Witwe Josefa Aloisia, geborene Proházka.

Nach der Gründung der Tschechoslowakei entstand in den 1920er Jahren der tschechische Name Plandry. Karl von Wiedersperg bekannte sich zur tschechischen Nationalität und engagierte sich für die Errichtung einer tschechischen Minderheitenschule in Preitenhof. Zugleich unterstützte er die Schaffung einer eigenen politischen Gemeinde Preitenhof / Plandry und die Loslösung von der rein deutschsprachigen Gemeinde Deutsch Gießhübel. In den 1930er Jahren übergab er die Güter in die Verwaltung seines Neffen Theodor Josef von Wiedersperg, der sich im Gegensatz zu seinem Onkel auf die Seite der Deutschen stellte. Er trat nach der deutschen Besatzung der NSDAP bei und wirkte als Regierungskommissär. Theodor Josef von Wiedersperg wurde nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg zusammen mit der anderen deutschen Bevölkerung vertrieben.

Karl von Wiedersperg konnte in der Tschechoslowakei verbleiben und lebte bis zu seinem Tode bei Verwandten in Žamberk. Seinem letzten Wunsch zur Beisetzung in der Familiengrablege an der Kapelle des hl. Johannes von Nepomuk wurde nicht stattgegeben. Der größte Teil der Kunstschätze des Schlosses, wie Gemälde, die Porzellansammlung und Glassammlung wurden 1945 in das Museum in Jihlava verbracht.

Seit 1949 bildet Plandry eine politische Gemeinde im Okres Jihlava-okolí, seit 1961 gehört sie zum Okres Jihlava. Das Schloss und Gut wurden in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts als staatliches Saatzuchtgut (Státní semenárský statek) und danach von der landwirtschaftlichen Produktionsgenossenschaft JZD Hybrálec bewirtschaftet, wobei alle erforderlichen Erhaltungsmaßnahmen unterblieben. Nach einer Untersuchung im Jahre 1989, bei der festgestellt wurde, dass die Statik des zur Ruine verkommenen Schlosses stark beeinträchtigt und das Bauwerk gesundheitsgefährdende Mängel aufwies.

Wegen des offensichtlichen Interesses des Besitzers an einem Abriss beantragte Ladislav Vilímek vom Museum Jihlava den Schutz des Schlosses Plandry als Nationales Kulturdenkmal und konnte so den Abriss vorerst verhindern. 1990 stürzte eine hohe Linde in die Westseite des Schlosses. Daraufhin wurde das Schloss geräumt und die letzten Mieter zogen aus. Am 11. November 1991 wurde das Schloss Plandry unter Nr. 8423 in die Liste nationaler Kulturdenkmäler aufgenommen. Der Rechtsnachfolger der JZD Hybrálec, AGRO Jihlava, verkaufte am 9. April 1996 die Gebäude des Gutes und Schlosses Plandry, und schließlich im August desselben Jahres die zugehörigen Grundstücke an eine ausländische Privatperson, die den Abriss und eine Nutzung als Bauland beabsichtigte. Dem im August 1996 gestellten Abrissantrag wurde im Jahr darauf stattgegeben und das Schloss 1998 abgetragen.

Seit 2005 führt die Gemeinde ein Wappen und Banner.

Ortsgliederung
Für die Gemeinde Plandry sind keine Ortsteile ausgewiesen. Zu Plandry gehört die Einschicht Brandlův Mlýn (Brandlmühle).

Sehenswürdigkeiten
 Zaječí skok (Hasensprung), Felsformation und Naturreservat in einer Flussschleife rechtsseitig Jihlava, südlich des Dorfes. Das 1933 errichtete Naturreservat ist das älteste in der Böhmisch-Mährischen Höhe und hat eine Fläche von 1,5 ha.
 Kapelle des hl. Johannes von Nepomuk, umgeben von Mauer mit fünfeckigen Grundriss mit fünf Nischenkapellen, errichtet zwischen 1738 und 1739 für Joseph Ignaz Zebo als Wallfahrtskapelle im Wald östlich über dem Schloss. Sie ist wahrscheinlich ein Werk von Donatius Theodor Morazzi, der dabei im Stile von Johann Blasius Santini-Aichl (1677–1723) baute. Das Deckenfresko stammt von Siard Nosecký. An der Nordwand der Kapelle entstand bis 1826 das von Wenzel Prachner geschaffene Grabmal für die 1817 verstorbene Aloisia Schirndinger von Schirnding. Nachfolgend diente die Kapelle als Grablege der Besitzer des Schlosses Preitenhof, der Grafen Dobrženský von Dobrženitz
 Schlosspark Engliš mit Ruine des Wirtschaftshofes, einem Speicher und zwei Teichen
 Statue des hl. Johannes von Nepomuk, am ehemaligen Schloss, geschaffen 1734
 Burgstall Hornický hrádek, südwestlich des Dorfes bei der Brandlův Mlýn
 Bergwerksteiche und ehemaliger Kunstgraben zur Aufschlagwasserversorgung der Altenberger Gruben

Weblinks

 Deutschsprachige Website über Preitenhof

Einzelnachweise

Ersterwähnung 1458

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The music industry has changed a lot in the past years. As a GenYer, I still remember well the first physical music I bought. I immediately bought two CDs, the Killers' Sam's Town and Editors' The Back Room. I even still remember the tracks that would cause the CD to stop playing, since the disc became unreadable. In today's era of streaming services, I wonder if GenZers will still have such vivid memories of the time they start listening to music.
What is always a key moment for artists to generate attention and buzz, is the release of albums. We found that many releases have a close link to the Brand Religions, InSites Consulting defined. In the previous post in this series, we already shed our light on the Penetration Religion; in this post, we will continue with the Influencer Religion. We start off with a short recap and will then look at two cases, one of Daft Punk and one of Arcade Fire.
Let's start off with a quick recap on the Influencer Religion, which is all about the power of conversations as a key to brand success. Believers of this religion emphasize the fact that traditional media is dying out and that traditional brand and advertising messages no longer cut through the clutter. This religion is all about marketing through people rather than to people, as in today's new media landscape, everyone is a marketer and a very powerful one! It is all about getting conversations started and having other people talk about your brand to create a ripple effect. Therefore, brand activations should ideally function as conversation starters. Imagine talking to friends about a funny commercial you have seen.
Many artists and bands have the potential, as no other, to create a ripple effect through a simple tweet, Instagram picture or post. It is not hard to imagine that for these big artists, each small mention linked to a new release or a new tour would generate a large amount of buzz. Music is all about influencing done by individual listeners as well as through online blogs. How does an artist get the buzz going about their new album?
Daft Punk is a French mysterious DJ duo. The mystery is really part of their DNA, since they always perform with shiny, large helmets and appear in extravagant outfits, not revealing their true identity. Actually, no real pictures exist of the two members. The low number of concerts and releases in recent years all add up to this secrecy. In the era of exceptional releases, Daft Punk created a fair bit of buzz in 2013 for their album Random Access Memories. For that release, Daft Punk started their campaign by adapting their online profile pictures with the artwork of their new album cover (which was not known yet). Shortly after, a commercial followed with a tv campaign containing that same artwork and 15 seconds of sound. A new mystery was born, what was Daft Punk up to?
In the following month, billboards and posters containing that particular image appeared throughout L.A. and New York. This was massively captured and shared on Facebook. At the end of the month, a second billboard campaign announced the new album. Different artists (also named The Collaborators) assisted the duo in the making of the album.
After the announcement was out, Daft Punk wanted to keep the conversation going. To do so, they used The Collaborators. In mini-documentaries, each of the Collaborators shared their view on their contribution. In the end, this generated 6.8 million views. Fun fact: the Daft Punk DJs are referred to as the Robots.
But the buzz did not end there. To launch their first single, Get Lucky, a teaser video was broadcasted at the Coachella festival. A smart place to do so, since the festival attracts loads of hipsters.
Not long after, the track list of the album was shared via the (back then new) app Vine. Finally, Daft Punk started to go mass media and on national radio channels and via popular magazines. Final nice note on the Daft Punk release: the release party was hosted at the Wee Waa Show, a local cultural festival in Wee Waa, Australia with just 2,000 (!) music lovers.
Each of the actions mentioned above proved to be true conversation starters as they caused a lot of traction. Clearly, the success of the campaign is largely due to the immense popularity of any Daft Punk activity. However, one cannot conclude differently than that the marketing of the album was very thought-through, with the right pieces of information at the right time. Or, as a blog pointed out, Daft Punk made every blog on the world link to their iTunes page.
For their fourth studio album, Reflektor, Arcade Fire created a fair bit of buzz and their strategy might sound familiar. In major cities across the US, street art of 'Reflektor' started appearing and the Reflektor logo appeared in chalk. The band started performing secret gigs as 'The Reflektors', which really got the buzz going. They used large fake heads as a disguise, but it did not take long before people found out it was Arcade Fire with a new tour. The first gig was recorded and broadcasted on national television in a 30-minute special. Not long after, another piece of the album puzzle was uncovered with a short video which announced the new work would be released on 9/9/9; 9 September at 9:00. This officially linked Arcade to the Reflektor art work. The single 'Reflektor' went on to go #1 in the single rankings and also involved a very cool interactive video art work.
Arcade Fire's front man Win Butler is known for his criticism on today's society. In 2017, the band released their new album Everything Now, which deals for instance with today's consumption society (Everything Now), struggling Millennials (Creature Comfort) and the infinite availability and overload of information (Infinite Content).
For the release of the 2017 album Everything Now, Arcade Fire went a bit further in creating buzz. All their activations around this album were extremely satirical. The band wanted to address the current issues around fake news and made different websites containing fake news. The fake websites were hard to recognize as being fake, since they were often remakes of existing websites. Even some well-known blogs picked up such activations and published them, not recognizing the fake news.
Needless to say, Arcade Fire is a master in creating buzz, especially with their last album. Their last albums all hit number 1 on the Billboard 200. The Reflektor campaign was more 'blueprinted' and really a marketing campaign, comparable to Daft Punk. The 'Everything Now' campaign tried to raise awareness for the 'fake news' scandals around Donald Trump and the American elections.
Both bands used a campaign where they revealed parts of the puzzle piece by piece. They blueprinted the campaign and knew when each piece of information would be unfolded. The campaign was all about spreading small pieces of information and create a desire for more.
Secondly, we have seen an example by Arcade Fire to create buzz with a stunt, spreading all the fake news. This campaign's main focus was to raise awareness for the issue of fake news. However, by doing so, they created a massive reach also among media which normally might not pick up news on the bands. In both cases, the artists managed to create a large amount of buzz and the social media was full of it.
Stay tuned as in the final episode of this series, we will continue with the Relationship Religion!
Eager for more? Get your free download of the Brand Religion bookzine!


text:
La RS-550 est une route locale du Nord-Ouest de l'État du Rio Grande do Sul reliant la municipalité de Pirapó à la RS-561, sur le territoire de la commune de Dezesseis de Novembro. Elle dessert ces deux seules villes, et est longue de 24 km.

550


text:
CDs / Videos
Singing for me means being at peace with myself and the world.
CD Passions
For their first joints CD-production, titled "Passions", mezzo-soprano Martina Gmeinder and pianist Anselm Hartmann have chosen rarely performed piano songs from the Fin de Siècle by Reynaldo Hahn (1874-1947) and the first half of the 20th. century by Francis Poulenc (1899-1963), Samuel Barber (1910-1981) and Benjamin Britten (1913-1976).
The title "Passions", in English the same as in French, underlines the conjoining element of the chosen works and their composers.
On the one hand, there is an exceptional, even passionate relationship between the composers and their respective librettists, irrespective of how well they knew each other: Britten and Wystan Hugh Auden, Poulenc and Guillaume Apollinaire, Barber and Rainer Maria Rilke, Hahn and the French poetry of the 19th. century by Victor Hugo, Alphonse Daudet, Theophile Gautier and, last but not least, Leconte de Lisle.
On the other hand, most texts are about love for a woman – paired with longing, hope, disappointment, relinquishment – as well as love for nature and life itself with all its pleasures, such as precious wines and fragrant herbs.
The CD costs 17 Euros and can be mail-ordered.
Order CD Auditions
further Events
01.12.2019 - 14:00 und 17:00 Uhr
Großes Festspielhaus Salzburg, Österreich
Salzburger Adventsingen - "Der Sterngucker"
Alle Termine, Informationen und Tickets unter www.salzburgeradventsingen.at
Festspielhaus Baden-Baden, Deutschland
L. v. Beethoven - Messe C-Dur op. 86 / Symphonie No. 6 "Pastorale"
Balthasar-Neumann-Chor, Leitung: Thomas Hengelbrock
Théatre des Champs-Elysées, Paris, Frankreich
L. v. Beethoven - Messe C-Dur op. 86 / "Coriolan"-Ouvertüre / Klavierkonzert No. 4
© 2020 Martina Gmeinder | Imprint

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Volume 1 No. 2 (1979)
Deep-Bin Drying Characteristics of Unshelled Peanuts
Author(s): Nonilon T. Bulilan and Ernesto P. Lozada
Unshelled peanuts were loaded in a deep-bin dryer at a maximum depth of 182.9 cm. The variations in the temperature and moisture content (M.C.) of unshelled peanuts dried at three drying air temperatures and two air flow rates were studied. Large temperature and M.C. gradients were observed between the upper and lower levels of peanuts in the bin during the first 20 hr of drying after which these gradients gradually decreased. The rate of moisture removal of unshelled peanuts was affected by drying air temperature and air velocity. The higher the drying temperature and the air velocity, the shorter was the drying time. Drying peanuts from 40 to 13% moisture (safe for storage) could be accomplished in at least 48 hr with an air temperature of about 43.3°C and an air flow rate of about 0.0052 cubic meter per second (cmps) per 0.028 cubic meter load. Under specific drying conditions, the rate of drying decreased with an increase in the height of the peanut column. Drying peanuts at a depth of 182.9 cm was found most economical (i.e., requires least energy) without much gradient in moisture at the end of the drying process.


text:
Senator Rubio Introduces The REFUND Act On Panama City Radio Show
Doc Washburn, WFLA Panama City
"Well, the REFUND Act basically says that if you turn down this money, they can't just take it and give it to some other state. You've got to use it to pay down the debt."
Sen. Rubio Delivers Commencement Address At Ave Maria Law School
In Naples, Florida, Senator Marco Rubio delivered the commencement address at Ave Maria Law School. Fort Myers ABC caught up with Sen. Rubio and talked jobs, gas prices and the pictures of Osama bin Laden.
Senator Rubio Talks About White House Meeting On Hannity Radio Show
Senator Rubio: "The President has to lead, as I told him today in a meeting we had with the Republican Senators. You can't tackle major issues without presidential leadership, and I think the President needs to lead on this issue. This is an opportunity for him to show some leadership and say, 'You know what, we do have a serious spending problem in this country. We've got to begin to address it.' But in order to do that in a meaningful and responsible way, he's going to have to take on members of his own base."
Senator Rubio At Syria Human Rights Press Conference
Yesterday, Senator Rubio and Senator Joe Lieberman (I-CT) introduced a bipartisan resolution condemning the human rights abuses taking place in Syria. The resolution urges the President to implement further sanctions on Syrian officials, including the illegitimate leader, President Bashar Al Assad, and express America's support of the Syrian people, who are peacefully protesting their barbaric and violent government.
Senator Rubio Files Amicus Brief With 43 GOP Senators To Challenge ObamaCare
Yesterday, Senator Rubio filed an amicus brief with 43 other Senate Republicans to challenge the Democrats' health care law in the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals. The brief, filed on behalf of the bipartisan, multi-state challenge to ObamaCare, asserts that the law's Individual Mandate is an unprecedented and unauthorized exercise by Congress because it mandates citizens to engage in economic activity and punishes those who do not participate. The brief also notes that if this mandate is deemed constitutional, there will cease to be a limit on Congress's power to regulate its citizens under the Commerce Clause. In essence, this law blurs the constitutional distinction between federal and state regulatory authority.
Lieberman, Rubio Condemn Human Rights Abuses in Syria
A bipartisan coalition of Senators introduced a resolution today strongly condemning the escalating crackdown in Syria, warning that President Bashar Al Assad has lost legitimacy and urging President Obama to ratchet up the pressure on his regime.
On CBS's "Early Show," Senator Marco Rubio Talks About Bipartisan Syria Resolution
Senator Rubio: The U.S. Should Be The Leading Voice Condemning Violence In Syria
CBS News' Erica Hill: "I do want to get to the subject of Syria, though, now, because I know you've been very outspoken on the situation there. Obviously so many Americans have been following very closely the events in the Middle East at this point. You're putting forth a resolution with Senator Lieberman … How, though, does that stop this regime from turning weapons on its own people? Is that enough?"
Senator Rubio: "Well, a couple of things: The United States should be the leading voice in the world condemning what's happening in Syria. We should make it very clear whose side we're on, and we're on the side of the Syrian people. The second thing we need to clearly point out, and I hope the president is headed towards doing that, and that is saying that the Assad regime is no longer a legitimate one. Any time a government has to use government forces and army forces to kill unarmed civilians in order to hold on to power, that makes them illegitimate, and that's what's happening in Syria. And I hope the United States will be a clear voice saying that."
Senator Rubio: The Administration Needs To Get More Involved In Syria
Hill: "When do you see further action happening?"
Senator Rubio: "In terms of the U.S. position? I don't know – I hope as soon as possible. Here in the Senate, I hope we'll begin today by filing this resolution that will be bipartisan, it will have widespread support I hope in this chamber here, and I hope there will be a companion filed in the House, and I hope the administration will follow suit. What we're hoping is that the administration will get more engaged on this issue. They've taken some measures already. The resolution recognizes that and commends them for doing that. But we're asking the administration to do more, to make sure the United States is the leading voice in the world condemning what's happening in Syria."
Celebrating Israel's Independence
I join Israel's millions of friends around the world in celebrating this 63rd anniversary of Israel's independence.
ICYMI: Senator Marco Rubio On Bill Bennett's "Morning In America"
Bill Bennett's "Morning In America"
Senator Marco Rubio sat down with Bill Bennett from "Morning in America."
Senator Rubio Co-Sponsors "No Taxpayer Funding For Abortion Act"
Last week, Senator Rubio co-sponsored the "No Taxpayer Funding For Abortion Act," which will ensure that taxpayer dollars are never used for the destruction of human life through abortion. The U.S. House of Representatives passed a companion bill last Wednesday.


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Ryan Allen Dylan Painter Hunter McIntosh Kevin Anderson Marcus Sheffield Nate Darling Sports College basketball Basketball College sports Men's college basketball Men's basketball Men's sports
Delaware Colonial Elon
Darling guides Delaware to 81-75 victory over Elon
ELON, N.C. (AP) — Nate Darling had 24 points and Delaware defeated Elon 81-75 on Thursday night, extending its winning streak to seven games.
Darling made 9 of 16 shots from the floor for the Blue Hens (19-7, 9-4 Colonial Athletic Association), including 5 of 8 from 3-point range. Ryan Allen, Dylan Painter and Kevin Anderson all scored 13 points. Painter had six rebounds, while Anderson handed out five assists and added three steals.
Marcus Sheffield II hit four 3-pointers and scored 24 with six assists for the Phoenix (9-18, 5-9). Hunter McIntosh added 14 points, five assists and four rebounds..
Delaware shot 56% from the floor and 45% from distance (9 of 20). The Blue Hens hit 14 of 20 free throws. Elon shot 50% from the floor and 44% from beyond the arc (15 of 34). The Phoenix made 8 of 11 foul shots.
The Blue Hens improve to 2-0 against the Phoenix this season. Delaware defeated Elon 79-78 on Jan. 18.
Delaware Blue Hens (18-7, 8-4) at Elon Phoenix (9-17, 5-8)
Colonial Athletic Association


What is the Quest3 Online Submission System?
The Quest3 Online Submission System is an integrated and computerized system which enables Product License Holder, Manufacturer, Importer, Re-packer, Wholesaler and other related users to conduct secured online transactions such as registration, variations, re-registration along with limited changes in stored data such as change of manufacturing site addresses etc and other transactions including licensing and surveillance activities.
In order to conduct such transactions, a user needs to register their membership and purchase a USB Token that contains a User Digital Certificate. Once the USB token has been obtained and installed to user's Personal Computer (PC) making sure that the PC is Internet Ready only then user will be able to conduct transactions in Quest3.


text:
7:26 PM September 20, 2019
TPU scientists look for rare metals in volcanoes ash from Mongolia
© Администрация Кемеровской области
Томские ученые
TOMSK, Sep 20 – RIA Tomsk. Geologists of Tomsk Polytechnic University (TPU) study coal seams in the south and north of Kuzbass, where deposits of rare metals formed thanks to the ashes of volcanoes from Mongolia; research helps scientists identify new rare metal-coal deposits, the press service of the university reported on Friday.
The report explains that coal and peat are geochemical barriers, which forms the manifestations and deposits of many rare metals in coal seams. Only germanium is extracted from coal and, since recently, lithium and gallium in an industrial scale. A group of germanium-coal deposits has been identified in China. Rare metal-coal deposits in Kuzbass and in the Minusinsky basin are known in Russia since the last century.
"TPU scientists... study mineral-geochemical features of complex mineralization in formation XI in the south and north of Kuzbass, where ash of volcanoes of Mongolia is found... In total, researchers tested 12 sections – mountain sections and underground workings – between 1989 and 2018. This year the research of the TPU team continued thanks to the grant of the Russian Scientific Foundation," – the message says.
Scientists have proved that the source of rare elements in the studied coals is volcanic ash, which after powerful eruptions in Mongolia was transferred by wind to the territory of Siberia, where it settled with a layer of 5 to 20 centimeters and got into peat. A characteristic feature of such ores is the presence of a rock horizon with increased radioactivity, which allows to detect them at the stage of preliminary study of coal-bearing areas.
"Thus, our research allows to identify new rare-metal-coal deposits in order to increase the raw material base of strategically important metals. And determining the position of these deposits can help restore the history of the Earth at the time of their formation,"– the press service quotes the words of Professor of TPU, head of the research Sergey Arbuzov.
TPU will help with scientific research to the future REC "Kuzbass"
Geologists refer to the 36 of chemical elements of the Mendeleev Periodic System among the rare metals, which began to be widely developed by industry only in the 1950s-1960s. Many of these metals were discovered only at the end of the XVIII century, and rhenium, gallium, hafnium, germanium, scandium were discovered by Dmitry Mendeleev after creation of the Periodic System. Most of these metals are used in electronics, mechanical engineering, rocket engineering, and so on.
Earlier it was reported, TPU and Kemerovo region signed an agreement on cooperation within the framework of the created world-class scientific and educational center Kuzbass. We are talking about cooperation in the development of knowledge-intensive technologies in the field of exploration, efficient extraction and deep processing of solid minerals, mining engineering, integrated management of water resources of river basins, production of environmentally friendly energy.


A Clever find, made from your own mind.
Use as a single design for simple fun, or combine various favorites to add some funky & spunky to any room for an interactive experience. PICTURE POETRY unique in its concept and application you create your own fabulous & flexible artistic mural changing as your mood depicts and time evolves.


Good Peut On Mettre Du Parquet Dans Une Cuisine #9 - D233corer Un Salon Tout En Longueur Trouver Des Id233es De D233coration Tendances Avec Mr Bricolage was posted in June 10, 2018 at 6:31 pm. If you wish to use this image as your computer wallpaper, you may click the download link at the bottom or you may just right click on the image above , then pick "Save Image As" to download the Good Peut On Mettre Du Parquet Dans Une Cuisine #9 - D233corer Un Salon Tout En Longueur Trouver Des Id233es De D233coration Tendances Avec Mr Bricolage or by pick the "Set Desktop Background As" options if your browser has this capability. If you were no able to obtain the the most wonderful picture you are looking for, you need to go for "Search Column" at top right or browse another image wallpapers whichever you like. This image has the picture size is 183kB and the dimension of 721x521. Good Peut On Mettre Du Parquet Dans Une Cuisine #9 - D233corer Un Salon Tout En Longueur Trouver Des Id233es De D233coration Tendances Avec Mr Bricolage has been seen by 35 users and it is a photo from Peut On Mettre Du Parquet Dans Une Cuisine.


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE html
     PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

  <title>execute (NuGetPack)</title>
  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" />
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="../.././rdoc-style.css" type="text/css" media="screen" />

# File lib/albacore/nugetpack.rb, line 22
  def execute

    fail_with_message 'nuspec must be specified.' if @nuspec.nil?

    params = []
    params << "pack"
    params << "#{nuspec}"
    params << "-b #{base_folder}" unless @base_folder.nil?
    params << "-o #{output}" unless @output.nil?

    merged_params = params.join(' ')

    @logger.debug "Build NuGet pack Command Line: #{merged_params}"
    result = run_command "NuGet", merged_params

    failure_message = 'NuGet Failed. See Build Log For Detail'
    fail_with_message failure_message if !result
  end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Warning: Buy this and your dog will be more stylish than you.
A cozy hideaway that your dogs or cats will adore.
If you've got a posh pet, only this 'Hairmes' box will do.
Because rabbits should get spoilt at Christmas too.
A Harris Tweed dog coat that is sure to make all the other dogs jealous.
Your pooch will sleep well in this.
So sweet we want to keep him for ourselves.
A chic way to tote around the animal in your life.
A bed that won't ruin your interiors.
Because your cat is a star, of course.


text:
Prime Minister announces next phase of 'Dementia Challenge'
The Prime Minister has announced the next steps for his 'Dementia Challenge', a pledge announced in March this year to deliver major improvements in dementia care and research by 2015.
As previously reported, the Dementia Challenge picks up on various aspects of the Council's 2009 report Dementia: ethical issues. The new measures, announced yesterday, include:
a £50 million fund for the creation of dementia friendly wards and care home spaces
extra support for GPs and surgeries so that they are better equipped to diagnose dementia and help those affected to manage the condition
£9.6 million to increase the capacity of the UK Biobank for research into why some people develop dementia and others do not
These proposals are in line with the Council's recommendations regarding dementia-friendly environments and the need for more training, support and research.
The Prime Minister also announced a scheme which aims to recruit 1 million volunteers to become 'Dementia Friends' across the UK by 2015. These volunteers will be trained in how to spot the signs of dementia and provide support to people with the condition in their communities.
The Council particularly welcomes the 'Dementia Friends' scheme. Our report concluded that as a society we have an ethical obligation to become more inclusive of people with dementia, and highlighted the need for everyday services to adapt to the needs of those living with the condition. It set out an ethical framework which emphasised the importance of solidarity, recognising those affected as fellow citizens and enabling them to participate in everyday life as much as possible. It further suggested that people with dementia are not only able and morally entitled to participate in the activities of wider society: they may also be able to and wish to make an active contribution to those activities, such as taking an active role in volunteering, particularly in the earlier stages of their dementia.
Read more about the Council's work on dementia
Read a progress report for the Prime Minister's Dementia Challenge


text:
Question: Which Country Has The Worst Deforestation?
Which country has the highest rate of deforestation?
What areas of the world are most affected by deforestation?
Which country has no forest?
Which country has the most deforestation 2020?
Which is the largest forest in world?
Where is deforestation the worst 2019?
Which country banned deforestation?
How many trees will be there be in 2050?
Is Amazon still burning?
How many trees are we losing a year?
What country has most trees?
Which country has no ocean?
BrazilRecord fires devastating Amazon forests come under President Jair Bolsonaro's administration.
Brazil is at the top of a list of countries with the world's highest rate of deforestation..
Deforestation is a key global environmental indicator. Many regions of the world are affected by deforestation: namely in South America (Brazil), Central Africa (Congo), Southeast Asia (Indonesia) and Eastern Europe.
There are five places with no forest whatsoever, according to World Bank's definition* – Nauru, San Marino, Qatar, Greenland and Gibraltar – while in a further 12 places there is less than one per cent.
BrazilDeforestation in the Brazilian Amazon continues to rise, according to data from Brazil's national space research institute INPE.
The AmazonThe Amazon is the world's largest rainforest. It's home to more than 30 million people and one in ten known species on Earth.
The rate of deforestation in the Amazon rainforest in Brazil rose to its highest level in more than a decade this year, according to government data published on Monday. Between August 2018 and July 2019, deforestation reached 9,762 square kilometers (3,769 square miles), the National Institute for Space Research said.
Norway'sA pledge for the ban was taken by the country's parliament, also putting in motion Norway's national biodiversity action plan. It has to be noted that Norway is sticking to its pledge, made in 2014 at the UN Climate Summit in New York.
A worldwide effort at reforestation One example is the Trillion Trees Vision, which seeks to restore 1 trillion trees by 2050.
One year has passed since the world was shocked by the images of the fires blazing across the Amazon in Brazil. But since then, the forest hasn't stopped burning —and 2020 could be even more devastating for the rainforest and the Indigenous Peoples who call it home.
Today, annual tree harvest vs. production on a world-wide scale shows that humans cut down approximately 15 billion trees a year and re-plant about 5 billion. That's a net loss of 10 billion trees every year, and a rate that would mean the loss of all trees within the next 300 years.
RussiaThe world's overall tree leader is Russia, with 642 billion trees, reports The Washington Post, which analyzed the data presented by researchers. Next is Canada with 318 billion trees and Brazil with 302 billion. The United States comes in fourth with 228 billion trees.
The two doubly-landlocked countries are Uzbekistan (surrounded by Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan) and Liechtenstein (surrounded by Austria and Switzerland).
Do Wolves Cry Tears?
Can humans cry underwater? Can we cry underwater.
Quick Answer: Which European Country Is Easy To Get PR For Indian?
Can I live in India permanently? Residence permit and
What Animal Eats Snakes In Hawaii?
Are pigs immune to snake bites? But there is a whole
Quick Answer: Is Bullmastiff A Good Guard Dog?
Are male or female Great Danes better? Compared to
Question: When Did The First Forests Appear?
What was the first tree on earth? Gilboa treesWhat


text:
Q: Is the primitive of a density function Hölder continuous? Let $I=[-1,1]$ and let $f\in L^1(I)$.
Is it true that the function $F:I\to\mathbb{R}^+$ defined as
$$F(s)=\int_{-1}^s |f(x)|dx$$
belongs to $C^{0,\alpha}(I)$ for a certain $\alpha>0$?

A: For $j=1,2\dots$ let $\delta_j=2^{-j^2}$. Define $$c_j=\delta_j^{-1+\frac1j},$$
$$I_j=(0,\delta_j)$$ and $$f=\sum_1^\infty c_j\chi_{I_j}.$$ Since all the terms are non-negative, for every $\alpha>0$ we have $$F(\delta_j)-F(0)=F(\delta_j)\ge\int_0^{\delta_j}c_j=\delta_j^{1/j}\ne O(\delta_j^\alpha).$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Britten & Co Ltd is an auctioneer and valuer of various different types of artwork. Based in Earlsdon Street, Coventry, Britten & Co is a business.
Britten & Co is in Earlsdon Street Coventry. You can view a list of neighbouring businesses by going to the Earlsdon Street page.
If you would like a list of other auctioneers & valuers office & administration listings throughout Coventry, please visit the Auctioneers and Valuers section of this website.
Note: the pin is positioned at the postcode centre, and may not correspond with the precise location of 3c Earlsdon Street.


Tina Fey clutched a red rose in her high school yearbook photo. Amy Adams just couldn't seem to keep her hair out of her face in hers. And Jimmy Kimmel, dressed in a clown-sized bowtie and bright blue suit jacket, held onto a clarinet as a baby-faced member of his high school jazz band.
We know only this because of Honda's funny and charming Super Bowl ad, in which younger versions of nine A-list celebrities spring from the pages of their yearbooks. The rest of the cast includes Steve Carell, Viola Davis, Missy Elliott, Earvin "Magic" Johnson, Stan Lee and Robert Redford.
The 60-second spot by Honda agency-of-record RPA was released today to coincide with "Throwback Thursday," the weekly social-media phenomenon that celebrates all things retro. Honda has arranged for some of the ad's stars to interact with fans today on social media. On Sunday, the spot will air in the first ad break of the game's second quarter.
The ad, which is part of the automaker's long-running "Power of Dreams" campaign, is meant to plug the all-new 2017 Honda CR-V as the SUV celebrates its 20th anniversary.
"We are hoping that a lot of people jump on that bandwagon and post their own yearbook photos to kind of help us get this message out," said Susie Rossick, assistant-VP for Honda auto marketing.
Honda considered a variety of ad concepts but landed on the yearbook idea because it hit on the theme of "always chase your dream and never give up," Ms. Rossick said. The first-generation CRV appeared on the Super Bowl in 1997. The 2017 edition is "a culmination of our engineers and our designers' dreams," she added. "It all just fell into place."
She credited RPA Executive Creative Director Jason Sperling for passionately pushing the concept because it had potential for extensions beyond the TV ad, like the Throwback Thursday execution.
"There were a few ideas we were looking at, and there was a long discussion about what was right and would hit on the car, hit on the brand, hit on the emotion we wanted," Mr. Sperling said. "At the end of the day, you don't want to be in the Super Bowl if you don't have something that feels brave and is going to stand out."
The agency had an interesting strategy when it came to casting. It approached the four main Hollywood talent agencies with the idea and budget, and the company who put the best group forward would get their stars in the spot. In the end, William Morris delivered the winning lineup. "It actually became a really difficult choice, because there were so many incredible names they put together," Mr. Sperling said. "It ultimately came down to who felt right and how we were expressing the best diversity in terms of gender, profession, age."
A late addition, however, was Viola Davis, who's repped by CAA. "I had gone to an early screening of 'Fences,' and just had a feeling she was going to be talked about for the Oscars, which is just a few weeks away, so adding her just felt right," Mr. Sperling said.
Once talent was secured, the agency obtained their old pictures, which were then placed into practical shots of real yearbooks -- collected from various staffers at RPA, the spot's production/postproduction company and Honda.
The biggest hurdle was making them come alive. "All we had were photos, and some weren't even hi-res," Mr. Sperling said. "One of the biggest challenges was that it's a dialog-driven piece, but it's also an effects-driven piece. It was really hard determining, do we want a performance director, or do we want an effects pro who made sure no one looks creepy. We wanted to make sure people got the feels at the end of it."
The agency got both in director Angus Wall, a multi-skilled talent who's earned two Oscars in editing for "The Social Network" and "The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo" as well as double Emmys for creating the title sequences of "Game of Thrones" and "Carnivale."
1 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
2 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
3 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
4 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
5 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
6 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
7 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
8 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
9 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
10 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
11 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
12 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
13 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
14 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
15 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
16 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
17 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
18 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
19 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
20 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
21 of 22The redesigned 2017 Honda CR-V crossover is now available with a turbocharged engine and quieter interior.
Mr. Sperling explained that making the photos speak was a trial-and-error process that benefited from Mr. Wall's post-production expertise. "There were almost too many layers, from my pedestrian perspective," he said. "We had a 3D camera, witness cams, we had lookalike stand-ins who were basically delivering [the celebrities'] pre-recorded voiceovers."
The production team "had a few 24 hour days," Ms. Rossick said, noting that the team finished the ad on Tuesday night. "As with anything, they are perfectionists. And they wanted to make sure they captured [each] celebrity completely, perfectly."
The stars improvised some of the dialogue. "We would write lines for them and they would work with it," Ms. Rossick said. "I think it was fun for them to take a step back so many years and make a little fun of themselves."
Ms. Fey was "one of the most fun ones," she said. She came up with this idea of, "Why am I holding this rose? Why was I doing that?" Ms. Rossick recalled. "She kind of played with that and she did the line over and over again."
While the celeb yearbook photos are authentic, the shots of their surrounding classmates are not. Instead, Honda and RPA used photos of staffers and their families. For example, Mr. Sterling's photo appears on the far left, in Tina Fey's yearbook. "It wasn't my best hair day," he said.
Mr. Sterling's great aunt and great uncle's photos are in Stan Lee's yearbook, and the husband of an RPA creative director sits to the right of Missy Elliott. Names were changed to make the lineups alphabetical.
The ad will be supported online by homepage takeovers on ESPN, Amazon and Yahoo, according to Honda. After the game, Honda plans to continue the campaign on TV and in out-of-home, radio, print and social media.


text:
Q: Make Prettier ignore JavaScript formatting In VSCode I have Prettier and ESLint installed. I have added the ESLint configuration to my user preferences settings, so the ESLint is the same on all projects.
I want Prettier to use ESLint as the formatter instead of its own, which I can do using:
"prettier.eslintIntegration": true

However, this does not actually use my ESLint configuration, which I wrote here:
"eslint.options": {
    "rules": [
        ...
    ]
}

I have enabled editor.formatOnSave, which should use the Prettier as the formatter (it might not, but I'm not sure).
How do I force ESLint to be the one and only formatter for JavaScript, but still have Prettier to format my CSS?
Alternatively: I think that when I have editor.formatOnSave enabled, it also formats my JavaScript. How do I disable that? It would appear the Prettier is only for JavaScript, TypeScript, and CSS.

A: Okay, so I figured it out:
"javascript.format.enable": false

This forces editor.formatOnSave to not format, but if I then do:
"eslint.autoFixOnSave": true

It now formats my JavaScript by my ESLint configuration, while it uses the built-in HTML and CSS formatter for HTML and CSS. Exactly how I want it.


text:
How I Met Your Mother: Season 6, Episode 9
When I first heard that the Robin Sparkles mythology was getting another chapter, I was ecstatic. "Slap Bet" is probably the best episode How I Met Your Mother ever produced, introducing the running slap gag and Robin's pop star past, all within 22 minutes. But my ecstasy lapsed a bit when I remembered last season's terrible "Slapsgiving 2" which insulted and sullied the glorious running gag of the slap bet and tried its best to tarnish the show's mythology. Worse than that, it wasn't funny. So I began to fear that "Glitter" would be just as bad as that monstrosity. I am happy to say, it wasn't. In fact, this week's episode was the best we've had in a while, combining mythology, call backs, and actual, hearty laughs in a way the show hasn't pulled off all year so far.
The show's main plot is a little bit silly, but not too bad by late era-HIMYM standards. Lily begins to fear that her baby fever will lead to a break up with Robin, and so she preemptively breaks up with her. This ties in with Barney's discovery of an episode of the show that introdued the world to Robin Sparkles, and her bff Jessica Glitter. The idea of Lily and Robin breaking up is insane, even with the fact that Robin has often exhibited her distaste for children, but I'm willing to accept this fear for what it allows--a good number of scenes from Space Teens, Robin's old show, and a confrontation with Robin's ex-bff Jessica Glitter. I absolutely loved the moment when Barney slid across the room, prepared to slap Marshall when it seemed like Robin might have done porn (which was his original position in "Slap Bet" and which led to his 5-slap deep debt to Marshall), but really, I was equally happy with almost all of this storyline. The Lily-Robin conflict was puffed up to give the episode some non-existent stakes, but it was done to provide material that allowed for plenty of laughs. Space Teens is endlessly, obliviously filthy, and the gang's glee at this made up for any weak points in the plot's construction.
The show deserves extra points for the Robin Sparkles foil that Ted's story provides, when Ted reunites with Punchy, a high school friend he claims he is still close with, but is actually pretty annoyed by. Punchy still lives in Cleveland, has worked at the same job, tells exactly the same story about Ted all the time, and is fascinated with only one aspect of the fantastically diverse New York--Times Square. I appreciate the effort to provide Robin and Glitter a foil in Ted and Punchy, and to an extent the comparison works. He is pretty much a walking cliche of terrible old friend traits, and none too funny to boot. But damn if this plotline isn't saved pretty much entirely by the moment when Punchy asks Ted to be the best man at his upcoming nuptuals. I will confess to getting gooesebumps at the very mention of Ted being the best man at a wedding, which harkens back to the flash forward we got at the beginning of the season.
Despite the shockingly uneven season we've been served so far, I am still completely devoted to the show and its mythology, and I was very satisfied by this episode, which paid tribute to the show's history, and gave us hints about its present. It is certainly true that I give an episode more credit when it is steeped in mythology, especially when it is both forward looking and history-affirming, but "Glitter" does more than just play with the show's mythology. Unlike much of the season so far, this episode actually made me laugh. It was not a perfect half hour of television (it was certainly no "Slap Bet," but then what is?), but it was a better episode than the show has delivered in weeks, and it reminded me just how dedicated I am to the story How I Met Your Mother is telling, and to its success in telling that story. The show is not as good as it once was, but if it can turn out more episodes like this one, it will certainly remain far from a lost cause.
-"Show us on Lily."
-"Robin, this show is so dirty, I don't know whether to hug you or run you a cold shower for you to sit in and cry while hugging your knees."
-"Much like our friends the space teens, I think I can solve this problem with math."
-"Dude...feel the room."
-"If Robin's beaver devours six inches of wood an hour..."
-"Ok, maybe just one cuddle, but that's it!" Aww....
-"I found a little wounded bird in the alley." "That's your scrotum."
-"Yo, Glitter...be cool."
-"Hockey, bow hunting for caribou, math...all that goes out the window."
-"Two beavers are better than one, they're twice the fun..."
Tags: How I Met Your Mother


text:
© TechNadu
Tinder privacy is not going to happen
Nataliia Vdovychenko
Tinder is the most widely used dating platform. At the same time, it remains extremely unsafe. The app has managed to collect millions of users and billions of swipes daily despite its disturbing lack of privacy. But what are the multiple ways in which Tinder fails to secure individuals' data, and why are users still willing to take the risk to keep swiping?
Millions of people struggle to find love offline. People are busy with work, school, stress, and lack of time, so a practical solution comes to mind: why not download a matchmaking app that does the searching for you? Looking for a new partner, users become especially vulnerable and are tempted to give away sensitive information. This article will try to find an answer to the question of how Tinder, the world's #1 dating app, operates in terms of privacy and security. To do so, I will discuss existing research and analyze the platform and its affordances.
Tinder - the world's most famous matchmaking platform
Tinder is a platform inspired by "classic" dating websites. Its innovation was to adjust an old principle of matchmaking based on sympathy to new affordances provided by smartphones. As such, Tinder is an example of how digitalization has influenced the culture of dating.
"Lovers' capacity to connect over distance has increased drastically with the proliferation of digital media. This augmented capacity to build constant connection with a distant other has become an important condition of romantic relationship in our time." (Su, 2016)
Tinder provided simple user experience and made matching fully automatic. The logic of the app can be described as follows: if you like the person on your screen, you swipe right and hope for a "match" to be able to start chatting with the other person; if you don't like them, you swipe left and never see them again.
© Tinder
Figure 1: Tinder interface.
This clear and easy-to-pick-up matching mechanism became a success among users around the world. The new concept of choosing a potential partner made Tinder number one in the market of matchmaking apps. Tinder operates in around forty languages and is available in 196 different countries. As of 2019, the platform gets over two billion views per day, and over a million new matches per week (Tinder, 2019).
However, while focusing on user attraction and management, Tinder's security and privacy services remained quite basic compared to many other platforms. While other competing matchmaking apps such as Bumble or Happn keep updating their security services, it could be said that Tinder is moving towards simplifying them. Below, the security and privacy of the platform will be analyzed in more detail.
Tinder: Getting started
If the user wants to create an account on Tinder, the app requests an email address and phone number. The procedure is rather simple; before, it was mandatory to connect one's Tinder profile to a Facebook account, but this function is now optional. Adding one's Facebook page is only partly a guarantee for the verification of a user; however, it reduces the number of fake accounts, among which could be catfishing, impersonating, and scamming ones.
© SimpleTexting
Figure 2: Tinder is the most used dating platform for both men and women.
The app also does not require a password. In case something happens to a user's account such as getting hacked or banned, one has no other option but to wait for an email from the support team of the platform. Thus, if the user loses access to their account with all their personal details, chances are high that the user will not be able to reach the profile anymore or claim verification. While waiting for the support team to email back, the user is stuck with having no access, no response, and no control over the account.
User verification is also absent on Tinder. The app does not check if the profile picture really matches with the person in control of the account. Tinder has a flourishing amount of bots and fake profiles that exploit others' pictures for scamming, "fun", or other personal purposes. However, user verification on a matchmaking platform, in theory, should be essential as a basis for providing a secure experience.
Other matchmaking apps like Bumble already made a step towards verifying their users. The procedure is usually quite simple: the individual needs to take a picture in a certain randomly selected pose and then this photo is compared by the Bumble team member to the information presented in the profile (Bumble, 2019). If the user is unable to do so, the account will be deleted in 24 hours. Tinder, the world's most used platform, has not tried to implement this step yet. It is rather unethical of the creators to ignore such simple steps for their users' security. In this situation, Tinder appears to be primarily a technology to collect data for financial purposes.
How to set up a Tinder profile
Apart from being one of the most popular lifestyle apps that still lacks user protection, Tinder collects quite a lot of sensitive information about its users. "While privacy is often conceptualized as restricting access to information, participating in social media requires people to share. To exist online, people must type themselves into being." (Marwick & boyd, 2014)
During the registration, you are required to mention your name and age, to upload pictures, and to turn on your location. From the very beginning you are required to give away valuable personal information. This gives rise to potential dangers in terms of privacy and "as Snowden revelations show, facial images (body) or location data (territory) are often collapsed into a more bland general category of information relating to persons or groups" (Lyon, 2015). The data is then grouped and categorized with no guarantee of accuracy or privacy. Besides that, the user also needs to specify whether (s)he is interested in men or women.
After setting up a profile, your personal information is visible to everyone using the platform. This might be quite problematic from the point of view of privacy because "[k]eeping in mind that privacy is about a sense of control, the notion of whether or not some content is 'public' or 'private' often misses the point. If people don't expect it, publicizing public content takes away their sense of control" (boyd, 2010). In line with this point, it is important to specify that the user on Tinder does not have any information or control over who is viewing, screenshotting, and sharing his/her profile.
© finestwatch.info
Figure 3: How people protect themselves in online dating.
The only settings that one can adjust are the age and location of the potential matches, which does not cover the need for controlling who can view your data. Entering the platform, users have certain assumptions on who might see their information. In other words, "[w]hen people interact online, they too have certain expectations and probability calculations. They make guesses about who may or may not stumble across them" (boyd, 2010).
Tinder users also have certain expectations and assumptions when they register on the platform—it's the option of doing something about it through privacy settings that's missing. No user is actually in control of who might see his/her information. This increases the chances of context collapse within the platform and makes the profile unmanageable in terms of viewers. Context collapse refers to the process "in which seemingly disparate audiences co-exist, often creat[ing] a sense of lost privacy" (Marwick, boyd, 2014).
Users of any platform usually try to calculate who is going to see the information they share and "[they] are completely reasonable, as it's an efficient way of getting a decent handle on the social context, even if they are sometimes wrong" (boyd, 2010). However, on Tinder, the chances of bumping into your boss, colleague, or ex are quite high, which is contextually rather inappropriate.
Tinder and Big Data
Tinder is developed perfectly to collect users' data. According to Purvis (2017), in terms of psychological conditioning, the app is constructed to stimulate swiping. The purpose of the platform is to find out who swiped right for you like you did for them. This activity results in a "match", which is supported by the visual effect of a pop-up window, as demonstrated in Figure 1.
"Since users don't know which swipe will bring the "reward" of a match, Tinder uses a variable ratio reward schedule, which means that potential matches will be randomly dispersed" (Purvis, 2017). Such a reward system is also used in slot machines, video games, and during some animal experiments (Purvis, 2017). The user feels the pleasure of having done the "right" swipe, which resulted in the "reward" of a match, and keeps on swiping to get more psychological satisfaction.
Figure 4: Tinder is the most used dating app in all age categories.
The platform does not guarantee any security of users' personal data. Tinder's privacy policy states that the information may be collected to deliver targeted advertising. The data collected by the platform involve all the messages, swipes, behavioral patterns, and chats by the users. Tinder is constructed in a way that allows collecting significant amounts of data on personal preferences of users. The app has access to all the data on whom one finds attractive or unattractive, as well as "how often you connect and at which times; the percentage of white men, black men, Asian men you have matched; which kinds of people are interested in you; which words you use the most; how much time people spend on your picture before swiping you, and so on" (Acquisti, et al., 2015).
The platform does not guarantee any security of users' personal data.
If the data is hacked or stolen, your deepest dating secrets might easily be revealed to a number of people. The same might happen if the data are simply sold to any private or public company for advertising. "Tinder's privacy policy clearly states: "you should not expect that your personal information, chats, or other communications will always remain secure [...] Tinder is often compared to a bar full of singles, but it's more like a bar full of single people chosen for me while studying my behaviour, reading my diary and with new people constantly selected based on my live reactions." (Duportail, 2017)
The panopticon is a concept that describes a specific system of control. It is constructed in a way which allows the "watchman" to observe everyone in the institution without them being able to tell when exactly they are being watched. Such a structure is believed to motivate the observed to adjust their behaviour accordingly. According to Jones (2017), the interpretation of Bentham's concept of the panopticon is very influential, as it is " an architectural structure which, through its emplacement of walls, windows, and a central observation tower, creates the conditions by which prisoners are made visible to guards, but guards are made invisible to prisoners" (Jones, 2017). Tinder becomes a variation of a panopticon that tracks and collects information that might signify one's abnormality. In theory, privacy thus becomes "everyone's problem" even though "profiles created from such data gathering are often misleading, irrelevant and damaging to specific individuals" (Lyon, 2015). The largest difference between Tinder and Foucault's understanding of the panopticon is that people don't seem to be disciplined, they do not change their behaviour. Tinder is more a "non-opticon": users are not expected to normalize their behavior—on the contrary, the app want us to be ourselves in order to datafy and market our profiles. It is this usage, that allows Tinder to scrape the surplus and monetize the data.
© TheGuardian
Figure 5: 800 pages on Tinder data.
The app can also analyse how "likable" you are. Recent scandals showed that Tinder has several gradations of users based on their looks. This is determined by the number of swipes you get from others as a user. If you are from a lower, or "unswipable" category, you will never get to see popular profiles.
Even though it has a scandalous reputation, users keep trusting Tinder. This matter partly touches upon dataism, which "presumes trust in the objectivity of quantified methods as well as in the independence and integrity of institutions deploying these methods—whether corporate platforms, government agencies, or academic researchers" (van Dijck, 2015). This trust in public institutions and organizations occurs despite their failure to support the privacy of the user, as we can see in the case of Tinder.
Error: Security not found
How secure is Tinder? "Security researchers say Tinder isn't doing enough to secure its popular dating app, putting the privacy of users at risk." (Fowler, 2018) The platform has encryption flaws, which allow seeing whether the user swipes left or right. The app does not use "the secure HTTPS protocol to encrypt profile pictures. As a result, an attacker could intercept traffic between the user's mobile device and the company's servers and see not only the user's profile picture but also all the pictures he or she reviews, as well." (Fowler, 2018)
While the user thinks that (s)he experiences absolutely private Tinder usage, the effect of such a flaw is as if someone would constantly stare at your phone while you do your swiping. Such a security breach may have serious consequences for those who would prefer their data to remain private, especially in countries with restricted rights for women, homosexual relationships, or simply those who engage in relationships outside marriage (Fowler, 2018).
Is Tinder still a thing?
Although Tinder does not provide enough in terms of privacy and security, it still remains the most used dating app. Many users choose the platform primarily because of its popularity. If you use a different platform, you get a so-called Fear Of Missing Out knowing that you might not see as many people as you would on Tinder.
Figure 6: Countless lists of 'working' pickup lines for Tinder.
Over the course of time Tinder got the reputation of being a rather superficial platform for dating. Young people usually tend to talk about Tinder as a "hookup" app. There are a variety of texting strategies online that aim at making the transition to another platform (WhatsApp, Instagram) more smooth. The goal is always to move away from Tinder as soon as possibe. This results in countless online lists of opening lines and icebreakers (Figure 6).
Figure 7: Meme culture of Tinder: 'Expectation vs. Reality' and 'Tinder Surprise'.
The reputation and hype around Tinder became a culture of its own. Popular topics in Tinder online culture are "Expectation vs. Reality" which refers to when the picture does not match the person, "Tinder Kinder" which results from the app's one-night-stand reputation (Figure 7), seeing your ex's profile, posting a group picture which makes it impossible to recognize the profile's owner (Figure 8), and not getting a match (Figure 9).
Figure 8: Online culture of Tinder: 'Seeing your ex on Tinder' and 'posting group pictures'.
Why do people keep using Tinder?
With all the controversy around Tinder, a good question to ask would be why people still choose to share their personal information through the platform. Apart from hoping to find a partner, one of the reasons might be the attachment to "some voyeuristic fascination in looking, but, reciprocally, some exhibitionist fascination in being seen" (Koskela, 2004). "For many of us, we lose track of time in the digital space, as the experience becomes addictively pleasurable." (Harcourt, 2015) Indeed, multiple users share a sense of satisfaction while swiping profiles and being swiped on, as it has the same pleasurable effect as, for example, winning in a slot machine.
Multiple users share a sense of satisfaction while swiping profiles and being swiped on, as it has the same pleasurable effect as, for example, winning in a slot machine.
Besides, "this new digital existence is disconcerting and unsettling, but practically unavoidable" (Harcourt, 2015) as digital spaces become increasingly significant. Tinder is the most used dating app in the world and if a user chooses to opt out, it can lead to fear of missing out and social pressure. The app has an ever-evolving culture around it which makes the platfrom more relatable and "fun".
However, wouldn't it be more comforting for the users to get some security guarantees when they enter a matchmaking platform as significant as Tinder? The company does not invest enough in making its services more secure and providing more privacy. In the meantime, it keeps collecting and selling users' data, and thereby increasing revenues and the net worth of the company year by year.
Tinder is an example of the disinterestedness of a platform in performing better in terms of privacy and security. With all the modern developments in technology and algorithms, it is questionable if users still need to sacrifice their privacy and safety in order to have a chance to succeed in dating life. Nowadays, this can also be done in a safer way.
Tinder users need to pay more attention to the information they share about themselves. Within the platform this issue becomes all about both what they decide to show on their profiles, as well as whom are they interacting with, and what personal information they share in chats. Users should follow simple tips such as: do not click on links sent in chats, do not share your address or exact location in messages to strangers, do not reveal your personal information, and always try to find evidence that the attractive profile picture you talk to is actually the person behind the screen. In the search for a new date, people tend to forget about security measures and are willing to open up. If Tinder fails to secure this experience, there is nothing left for users but to take control and responsibility for what they do online.
Acquisti, A., Brandimarte, L., Loewenstein, G. (2015). Privacy and human behavior in the age of information. Science. 347 (6221): 509-514.
boyd, d. (2010). "Privacy, Publicity, and Visibility." Microsoft Tech Fest. Redmond, March 4.
Bumble, (2019). Bumble Photo Verification - KISS CATFISH GOODBYE.
Duportail, J. (2017). I asked Tinder for my data. It sent me 800 pages of my deepest, darkest secrets.
Fowler, B. (2018). Flaws in Tinder App Put Users' Privacy at Risk, Researchers Say.
Harcourt, B. E. (2015). Exposed. Desire and disobedience in the digital age. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Jones, R. H. (2017). Surveillant landscapes. Linguistic Landscape 3 (2): 149-186.
Koskela, H. (2004). Webcams, TV shows and mobile phones: Empowering exhibitionism. Surveillance & Society 2 (2/3): 199-215.
Marwick, A. E., boyd, d. (2014). Networked privacy: How teenagers negotiate context in social media. New Media & Society 16 (7): 1051-1067.
Purvis, J. (2017). Strategic Interference and Tinder Use: A Mixed-Method Exploration of Romantic Interactions in Contemporary Contexts. ProQuest LLC.
Su, H. (2016). Constant connection as the media condition of love: where bonds become bondage. Media, Culture & Society: 1-16.
Tinder, (2019). About Tinder.
Van Dijck, J. (2015). Datafication, dataism and dataveillance: Big Data between scientific paradigm and ideology. Surveillance & Society 12(2): 197-208.
Research Master student and Online Culture enthusiast
The private life in a digital world
Piia Varis
online culture
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