text:
March/2017 vol. 3
Social determinants of tobacco use: Towards an equity lens approach
Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis 1
The Johns Hopkins University, Advanced Academic Programs (AAP), Baltimore, USA
Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis
The Johns Hopkins University, Advanced Academic Programs (ΑΑP), 3400 North Charles Street –Wyman Park Building S – 612, 21218 Baltimore, MD, United States
Tob. Prev. Cessation 2017;3(March):7
Development Agenda
Advertising and promotional activities
Prevention of tobacco use
Women and Tobacco
Tobacco is the only commercial product that eventually kills nearly half of all long-term users. The prevalence of tobacco use is disproportionately high in lower socioeconomic strata and vulnerable groups (such as adolescents) within and across countries. Given its highly addictive nature, tobacco use perpetuates poverty and loss of opportunities, thus undermining the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Moreover, by shaping the national and international context, globalization and governance impact on the tobacco epidemic and underlying disparities. Therefore, socio-economic gradients, which influence predisposition to tobacco uptake and cessation, must be confronted. Here I argue that tobacco prevention and control must be addressed through a lifelong, equity lens approach. This approach describes the essential need for every individual to have equal access to informative prevention and cessation services independent of income, occupational status, social stratum, or residence. I also contend that rather than being occupied with "research on research", the focus should shift to how to practically implement the existing accumulated, cogent body of scientific evidence in a societally equitable manner. Finally, in line with the core dilemma of "who really governs the policies that shape our health?" raised by the WHO's Director General, it is time for civil society either on its own or in partnership with local authorities to formulate policies that implement the "health for all" imperative rather than the currently dominant "wealth for some".
Tobacco use fulfils all the criteria to be addressed as a World Health Organization (WHO) Priority Public Health Condition1: (i) it is an epidemic that significantly contributes to the aggregate burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs); (ii) its incidence and severity have dramatically shifted from developed to resource-poor countries; and (ii) there are predominant inter- and intra-national inequities. With the exception of Africa, where infectious diseases still predominate, all other regions are burdened with chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) that are leading causes of death2. Of the four top health risks (tobacco use, harmful alcohol consumption, physical inactivity, and obesity), tobacco use is consistently ranked first with respect to its contribution to the aggregate burden of NCDs3. Smokers prematurely lose almost two decades of life3, and the projected global prevalence of tobacco-related causes of death is estimated to be around 45% by 2030.
Inter-regional disparities are most discernible in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), notably of Central and Eastern Europe and South-East Asia4,5. Male children and young people are most at risk for initiating and continuing tobacco use6–8. When compounded by other determinants such as income and social disadvantage, disparities in initiation and continuation become even starker.
Therefore, since: (i) tobacco is so strongly connected to health, and (ii) "health is a state of wellbeing emergent from conducive interactions between individuals' potentials, life's demands, and social and environmental determinants" as per the Meikirch model of health, here I focus on how social determinants of tobacco use affect the health of the most vulnerable in society. More precisely, I discuss how inequity related to social, economic, and political determinants (including gender, age, income, governance, and globalization), which collectively form the basis of the health impact pyramid10, leads to discrepancies in tobacco use and impedes its cessation and control. In doing so, I provide further insight on how "an individual's smoking trajectory is the accumulation of social disadvantage over the entire life-course"11. Each determinant is critically summarised, and, although they are ultimately interconnected, describe unique characteristics that contribute to a more unified approach. Only by addressing such underlying gradients of the tobacco epidemic will health systems be able to meet the particular needs of different groups, not least the most disadvantaged.
Socio-economic determinants and tobacco use: income, occupation and social class
Individuals in lower income quintiles display higher smoking rates compared to those in upper income quintiles. These disparities are even starker and will be exacerbated in the future in LMICs, which are home to around 80% of the more than one billion smokers6. Poor households are estimated to spend around 10% of disposable income on tobacco if there is one smoker in the family12. Tobacco use is common in low income populations for two main reasons: (i) poverty negatively correlates with power and influence on policy formulation, thus leaving people practically voiceless, and (ii) unplanned, poverty-driven urbanization has resulted in the proliferation of slums and other informal settlements, where tobacco use is the norm14.
With respect to occupational status, itself a social determinant of health, the polarization of employed vs. unemployed, formal vs. informal sector, "blue-collar" workers vs. "white-collar" workers, and in-work poverty vs. highly remunerated jobs have a crucial impact on tobacco susceptibility, exposure, and use. Beyond its tight connection with income levels, occupational status is closely related to job security and insurance, i.e., access to health services. Work environments shape their own "pro-smoking" or "co-smoking" culture, defining availability and acceptability15,16. For example, "blue-collar" employees often work in outdoor spaces and have lower health literacy. Also, anecdotal evidence suggests that smoking is symbolic to them, e.g., sharing cigarettes during a break may represent a culture of friendly collegiality.
Different social classes tend to have different social networks that generate political empowerment and inclusion if upstream and social exclusion and isolation if downstream. With respect to health effects, it has consistently been shown that stronger social networks (either offline or online) are related to increased longevity17. As a biological correlate, social isolation (e.g., long-term unemployment, mental illness, homelessness, and displacement) are associated with higher fibrinogen levels, a marker for cardiovascular events18. Thus, it would be interesting to study the combined effects of social isolation and smoking on health status.
Gender-based differentiation in tobacco use
Gender-differentiated societal values and norms exercise an impact on tobacco prevalence19 and gender is intrinsic to sociological and epidemiological studies. Exposure to risk and vulnerability are common to both sexes, but the wider gender divide in prevalence calls for more research to establish the influencing variables such as childhood background, educational status, low social status, normative and descriptive influences, and ethnicity20. Global trends indicate that smoking is much more common in males than females in those older than 15 years7, while gender differences are less striking in adolescents21.
For male adults, the main gradients are a vicious cycle of low education and reduced income and the individual and transgenerational social psychology that imposes smoking as a model of masculinity4. Taken further, the Marlboro cowboy did a lot to promote sales but his premature death from lung cancer did little to positively influence the smoking habits of next generations22. Psychologists may yet shed light on how the feeling of having no control over life, which is rooted in aggregate social disadvantage, may predispose men to tobacco initiation and continuation, with smoking perceived as a means to cope with daily hardships and related distress of a person who lacks self-confidence16. This mind-set, tied with a lack of structural and social support networks, hinders most male smokers from abstaining from tobacco. For female smokers, apart from factors shared with male smokers such as low income and educational level, women often have to deal with early motherhood and anxiety to earn money to protect their children, which may negatively impact on their psychological health and make them more vulnerable to tobacco use23.
With respect to LMICs, gender discrimination remains an influential gradient that can explain disparities in tobacco prevalence between different regions separately from other cultural, religious or ethnical norms24. For instance, both smoking and smokeless tobacco consumption is more common in men than in women in South Asia. By exploiting existing divergences, the tobacco industry seems to have aggressively and unashamedly targeted poor, uneducated women in LMICs through deceptive marketing campaigns25. For example, they have started to use lipstick or perfume bottle-like packaging and promote "slim" cigarettes in line with the "Be Slim" identity26. Future trends in female smoking are likely to be influenced by Tobacco Transnationals, who have "exploited gendered imagery and issues across cultures for decades"27.
Adolescence: the "ethmoid sinus" of external influences
As a vulnerable subpopulation undergoing rapid biological and psychosocial changes, adolescents are at significant risk of starting smoking. The reward-seeking regions of the brain develop earlier than those responsible for planning and emotional control, which leads to less critical thinking and more emotional impulsion28. Concurrently, the brains of adolescents have a remarkable capacity for adaptation to change; thus, tobacco use during this life period is falsely perceived as normative when, in fact, it is pathological. In contrast, continuation during young adulthood might be better attributed to nicotine addiction and barriers to access to cessation help, which prevail in most countries28.
Three micro-environments "co-shape" adolescent vulnerability or resistance to tobacco initiation: family, school, and choice of friends29, upon which macro-environments, such as advertising and public policies, may exert exacerbating or mitigating roles. First, health attitudes and behaviours such as healthy diet, physical exercise, and learning to abstain from tobacco and harmful drinking are assimilated and shaped within the family environment during the early years of life. These results have been corroborated by Health Behaviour of School-aged Children (HBSC) surveys30. Notwithstanding the potential of this environment to act as an "incubator" for health promotion, the reality is much more discouraging. At least 40% of children grow up in families where one or even both parents use tobacco products, independent of parental educational level, child exploitation, and lack of parental support28. Hence, although parental control may wane over adolescence, parental role models continue to amplify any pre-existing adolescent predisposition to tobacco use. Although it is worth noting that that paternal smoking or that of other male family members exerts a greater influence than maternal smoking3, public health policies including anti-smoking social networks and campaigns still need to be addressed to all family members.
With respect to the school environment, the research focus has shifted from student performance toward school culture28 because it has the potential to formulate an ethos that can offset or enhance the influence of family and peers. Many students report having seen peers or school personnel smoking within the premises31. However, interactive health projects within schools can strengthen life skills and social competence, which build resistance to addictive behaviours while promoting positive health comportments. Moreover, they can provide support and guidance to parents or community leaders, so effectiveness may be widely spread32.
In parallel, the tobacco industry has been very creative in circumventing advertising bans aimed at adolescents by fully exploiting, if not manipulating, the film industry, especially those that are export-oriented (e.g., Bollywood) or where popular actors and actresses appear smoking33. The tobacco industry has been equally imaginative in circumventing other regulatory restrictions (e.g., sales on the spot by promoting on-line cigarette purchase). To this end, international agencies, national governments, and civil society must engage in resourceful and innovative de-normalisation and counter-marketing tobacco conglomerates.
Tobacco-related negative social gradients: a threat to the UN sustainable development agenda
The described social determinants of tobacco initiation and use have "domino" effects. Even though most smokers recognise that "tobacco causes death", smokers tend to be oblivious to the fact that tobacco is the only commercial product that eventually prematurely kills nearly half of all long-term users. Tobacco-related premature death (the primary leading cause of premature deaths for men and the second, after blood pressure, for women) deprives households of their earners, increases healthcare costs for families, and causes further drainage to already weak health systems34. In parallel, ill health and morbidity affect disposable income and fuel a downward poverty spiral, since poor households cannot afford to pay for medical treatment. It is now appreciated that many households have slipped under the poverty line due to tobacco-related diseases, especially in LMICs. 80% of smokers live in LMICs, where households and governments are disproportionately affected by these adverse consequences of tobacco use and cannot afford to meet increased incurred expenditure. Together, these factors constitute a threat to the UN sustainable development agenda35,36.
In addition, tobacco use imposes a transgenerational health, financial, and even environmental burden. For example, in some countries in which approximately half of children are stunted and around 40% are underweight, the prevalence of parental smoking is approximately 70%37. Also, besides direct consequences on family income, there are other indirect impacts on a child's future prospects. Tobacco expenses deprive families of a source of income for education and health, two major "interrupters" of the vicious poverty cycle, hence amplifying the risk of trans-generational poverty38. Furthermore, environmental pollution from household tobacco use seriously jeopardizes children's health and that of female non-smokers, especially during pregnancy. Second-hand smoking is the "first major environmental risk factor of the unborn", and tobacco is detrimental to children's life-cycle health39. Fortunately, the WHO's work to protect and promote children's environmental health has been exemplary over the last few years40,41.
Tobacco production: a violation to farmers' health and children's rights
One way to tackle tobacco use and its society-wide effects is to confront tobacco production, which has its own social consequences. Its regulation in the broader context of framing trade liberalization is essential. Tobacco farming, mostly contracted and allegedly a lucrative income for poor farmers, undermines food security at the national level42, aggravates environmental degradation43, and severely damages family health and children's education. Indeed, children, adolescents, and women heavily engaged in the tobacco farming in LMICs as an unremunerated workforce are exposed to toxic pesticides and suffer from Green Tobacco Sickness35. Characteristic symptoms of this disease include vomiting, dizziness, and high blood pressure44, while the effects on maternal and foetal health remain less well investigated45. Nevertheless, reports from the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids have recorded unexplained miscarriages in female tobacco farmers and increased congenital abnormalities in their new-borns46. At the same time, exposure to large amounts of toxic agrochemicals, long since banned in developed countries, represents another example of vulnerability and accumulation of social disadvantage.
Moreover, children and adolescent girls engaged in farming or "bidi rolling" do not pursue education, thus losing the opportunity to offset the poverty trap. More often than not, the obligatory engagement of girls in bidi rolling intentionally deters them from schooling in several LMICs that display gender discrimination through social control19. For these reasons, trade agreements and capital investments ought to be deemed detrimental to global health and sustainable development, a statement indirectly corroborated by the World Bank47. Countries should prioritise human health over trade liberalization by insisting that all involved parties take public responsibility48.
However, other socio-economic consequences have gone almost unnoticed and are beyond the reach of specialised international and non-governmental organizations agencies and politically engaged medical and public health scientists. Tobacco is the most widely grown non-food crop, with 80 LMICs producing over 80% of this global harvest. Dominant tobacco companies with subsidiaries in over sixty developing countries directly monopolize or control shares in tobacco monopolies49,50. In this manner, they exercise significant power on local political systems, influencing policymaking on tobacco control interventions or other regulatory schemes, which deeply impacts on child labour, hazardous occupational risks, and price setting for tobacco crops51.
The policies of these companies allegedly comply with International Conventions such as the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention in 1999 and the UN Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights. However, this "compliance" is likely to be a euphemism, because large numbers of children work in farming or on-field processing in several countries, both LMICs and developed. In some countries, 60% of tobacco pickers are thought to be immigrant children, despite the tobacco companies' claims52. Surprisingly, children aged over 12 can work in tobacco fields for unlimited hours with permission from parents in some countries, while even 7-year-old children have been reported to be partially engaged with farming after school hours, with three-quarters among them reporting symptoms associated with acute nicotine poisoning53.In sub-Saharan Africa, the incidence of child labour in the informal sector, especially in tobacco and cotton farming, in some states represents ~90% of children aged 5-14, at least until the end of the last decade54. These children are exposed to approximately 55 mg of dissolved nicotine per day, which is equivalent to more than 30 cigarettes44.
Although the evidence on the effect of such hazardous working conditions on physical and brain development has been presented to governments, representatives of the tobacco industry, and international agencies, child labour remains "the tobacco industry's smoking gun"55, and, undeniably, constitutes modern slavery. This slavery is reflected in "long hours, little pay, no school" and complete "rightlessness", as previously discussed for child migration36,56.
Globalisation, trade liberalization, and health governance: effects on the tobacco arena
Globalisation and health governance are critical determinants of tobacco use, given that they shape both macro- and micro-socioeconomic contexts and thus have an effect on all clusters of social (dis-)advantage57. Globalisation can undeniably be beneficial to health, for instance by bridging gaps in access to pharmaceuticals or by increasing income through economic growth, in line with the necessary mechanisms for income redistribution. Nevertheless, the increasingly globalised production and uncontrolled marketing of harmful products such as tobacco undeniably pose threats to global health, an observation made two decades ago58.
In addition, globalisation generates broader policy concerns related to trade liberalisation, market de-regulation, and the withdrawal of the State from its regulatory role; all these can be translated to disparities across and within countries. The Secretary-General, addressing the UN Conference on Trade and Development in 2003, repeatedly stressed the need for market re-regulation, of States resuming their regulatory role, parity in shaping trade, and investment rules. LMICs attempted to regulate trade but political imbalances, as well as restricted resources and expertise, made the whole endeavour rather difficult59.
Having invaded many LMICs, the tobacco industry influences political elites and policy shaping through corporate social responsibility (CSR), whose prime target is to create corporate political activity within a country34,60,61. The latter has been camouflaged by CSR on health awareness projects for HIV, hepatitis, and unsafe water (among others) in LMICs to divert attention from the consequences of tobacco use. For example, the industry has aimed to project an environmentally friendly profile through CSR, according to which contracted farmers were required to plant Eucalyptus for their tobacco curing needs to avoid aggravating deforestation. Ironically, this tree is particularly water consuming, rapidly depleting water tables and scorching the soil51.
In addition, recent work by Ulucanlar et al.62 has very pointedly shed light on how "industry, working through different constituencies, constructs a metanarrative to argue that proposed policies will lead to a dysfunctional future of policy failure and widely dispersed adverse social and economic consequences. Simultaneously, it uses diverse, interlocking insider and outsider instrumental strategies to disseminate this narrative and enhance its persuasiveness in order to secure its preferred policy outcomes"62.
Governments of tobacco-producing countries have greater difficulty in confronting the industry since their foreign earnings are closely associated with it and many of their citizens are engaged in tobacco farming63. Global advocacy proponents and economists should assist these governments to become more cognisant of the net cost induced by the tobacco industry64 if all variables such as farmers' debt, impaired health, and environmental aggravation are (cumulatively) taken into consideration61. There is also a dire need for political impetus and support from international agencies for crop diversification, enforcement of regulatory mechanisms, and compliance with mandatory tobacco control and prevention measures.
Acting as an antidote to industry strategies are, fortunately, some LMICs, which – by embracing health as a productivity factor – have prioritised human health over trade profits. Policies towards these directions include (but are not limited to): (i) increased taxation to the highest level to the inconvenience of major tobacco industries, thereby curbing consumption but doubling tax revenues; (ii) official advice to contracted farmers to diversify into horticulture and other products to avoid impoverishment through debt and to protect their health; (iii) a government's "tough fight" against the tobacco industry's attempts to circumvent advertising bans by promoting its logo on coffee packs and franchising logoed coffee bistros (Chaloupka et al. 2012; Zhong 2007)59,65.
From the necessity of legal frameworks towards achieving real-time implementation
The WHO provides a comprehensive, legally binding platform for tobacco prevention and control. There are 180 signatories to the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), which is committed to reducing tobacco prevalence by 25% by 2025. Following the FCTC, concrete measures have been put in place that will hopefully deliver the ultimate goal of mitigating tobacco-induced NCDs. Therefore, it provides a unique platform for resource-poor countries wishing to protect their populations' health over profits but lack the financial resources or legal expertise to act against tobacco conglomerates34.
The so-called "MPOWER" (i.e., Monitoring, Protect, Offer help, Warn about dangers, Enforce regulatory interventions, and Raise taxes) actions offer best-to-buy and effective mechanisms to reduce tobacco consumption66. According to the latest FCTC report, many countries have legislated for tobacco-free environments (n=49), have imposed warning labels on packages (n=42), have implemented mass-media campaigns against smoking (n=39), have significantly raised taxes (n=33), have banned advertising (n=29), or have implemented cessation programmes (n=24)67.
This progress should be commended but, given the tobacco epidemic, there is room for improvement. Deciphering the reasons why such instruments have not been adopted in other countries is pivotal. It seems that strained health systems, poor administrations incapable of enforcing restrictions, and the unwillingness of governments to diminish commercial interests could be underlying causes. To this end, global advocacy and increased development aid resources could partially offset obstacles. In addition, strengthening the implementation of specific FCTC articles, like the one on Intergovernmental Transparency (No. 5.3), Diversification (No. 17), and Occupational Health Hazards (No. 18) remains crucial.
Suggestions for future action in societal settings against the tobacco epidemic
Beyond the legal framework, there is a place for civil society to intervene as an outstanding player. Physician associations, NGOs, parents' associations, community opinion leaders, and other social networks can counteract corporate profits. In many countries, civil society collaborates with local, national or supranational entities to create effective social marketing against tobacco initiation and in favour of cessation. In 2005, the European Union launched an anti-smoking campaign called "For a life without tobacco" in its 28 member states34; its core message was that smoking impacts on the whole of society and not exclusively on smokers, calling the latter to change attitudes and behaviours on the basis of critical thinking. Many NGOs participated in the campaign, which proved successful in boosting smokers' intention to quit and reflect on the detrimental effects of their habit not only on themselves but wider society.
Efficient and cost-effective tools such as counter-marketing, de-normalisation, and social networks can also be utilized by civil society to support tobacco cessation. Social media can also be exploited to influence life skills and social competence to resist starting smoking. Interventions in school and community environments by paraprofessional educators have revealed truths, which have been systematically (and intentionally) obscured by the tobacco industry. Such tools seem to be very efficient with respect to out-reach and isolated communities, which have no other alternatives for information and education on preventative measures. The comparative advantages of such projects are multiple: primarily, they are interactive by nature and include parents, students, educators, and opinion leaders, who can generate chain reactions through such interactions. Additionally, they are cost-effective or even cost-free, needing neither infrastructure nor equipment.
At the national level, intervention projects in schools can be easily organised and implemented. In many European countries, such interactive projects that focus on building positive life skills are mandatory, following instructions issued by national authorities, and are delivered to children aged ten- to twelve- years old. Children living in out-reach areas in resource-poor countries are unlikely to have access to such preventative information. Hence, there is a dire need for civil society in this situation to undertake the role of the State with regard to protecting and warning against negative consequences, de-normalising to the greatest possible extent the "glamour" projected by tobacco industry through advertising or the film industry.
In conclusion, tobacco use and production have deep roots and ties with negative social determinants. The epidemic character of tobacco impedes both social and health equity and the UN Sustainable Development Goals15. Reversing such determinants, particularly in resource-poor settings, would first necessitate a radical societal transformation and political willingness that seems rather utopian given the complex global interdependencies described10. However, doing so would promote the "right to health" and the shared responsibility to respond both in the short-and long-term to the dilemma "health for all or wealth for a few?" and the imperative "health in all policies". Overall, "shared responsibilities contribute to shared benefits", and recognising this will help in the on-going war between those who want to protect people's health (including health organisations) and the tobacco conglomerates9.
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Mund M, Louwen F, Klingelhoefer D, Gerber A: Smoking and pregnancy—a review on the first major environmental risk factor of the unborn. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2013, 10(12): 6485-6499. doi: 10.3390/ijerph10126485.
Campaign for Tobacco-free Kids: Press releases for 2001. In: http://www.tobaccofreekids.org... (Accessed 11 January 2016).
Dixon A: The economics of tobacco and tobacco control, a development issue. In: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_... (Accessed 15 January 2016).
Taylor A, Chaloupka FJ, Guindon E, Corbett M: The impact of trade liberalization on tobacco consumption. Tobacco control in developing countries 2000, 343-64.
Mamudu HM, Hammond R, Glantz S: Tobacco industry attempts to counter the World Bank report curbing the epidemic and obstruct the WHO framework convention on tobacco control. Social Science & Medicine 2008, 67(11): 1690-1699. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.09.062.
Bettcher D, Subramaniam C, Guindon E: Confronting the tobacco epidemic in an era of trade liberalization. 2001. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Fooks GJ, Gilmore AB: Corporate philanthropy, political influence, and health policy. PLoS One 2013, 8(11): e80864.
Amon JJ, Buchanan J, Cohen J, Kippenberg J: Child labor and environmental health: government obligations and human rights. Int J Pediatr 2012, 2012: 938306. doi: 10.1155/2012/938306.
Human Rights Watch: World Report 2014. 2014. In: https://www.hrw.org/world-repo... (Accessed 10 January 2016).
United States Department of Labor: 2014 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor. In: http://www.dol.gov/ilab/report... (Accessed 10 January 2016).
The Guardian: Child labour: the tobacco industry's smoking gun. 2011. In: http://www.theguardian.com/glo... (Accessed 11 January 2016).
Plan International: Malawi child tobacco pickers' '50-a-day' habit. 2009. In: www.plan-international.org (Accessed 11 January 2016).
Beaglehole R, Yach D: Globalisation and the prevention and control of non-communicable disease: the neglected chronic diseases of adults. The Lancet 2003, 362(9387): 903-908. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14335-8.
McCoy RS: So-called benefits of tobacco industry debunked. 1996. Utusan Konsumer, Mid-July.
Zhong F, Yano E: British American Tobacco's tactics during China's accession to the World Trade Organization. Tob Control 2007, 16(2): 133-7. doi: 10.1136/tc.2006.018374.
Hirschhorn N: Corporate social responsibility and the tobacco industry: hope or hype? Tobacco Control 2004, 13(4): 447-453. doi: 10.1136/tc.2003.006676.
Palazzo G, Richter U: CSR business as usual? The case of the tobacco industry. Journal of Business Ethics 2005, 61(4): 387-401. doi: 10.1007/s10551-005-7444-3.
Ulucanlar S, Fooks GJ, Gilmore AB: The policy dystopia model: An interpretive analysis of tobacco industry political activity. PLoS Med 2016, 13: e1002125. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002125.
Zeltner T, Kessler DA, Martiny A, Randera F: Report of the Committee of Experts on Tobacco Industry Documents. 2000. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Warner KE: The economics of tobacco: myths and realities. Tobacco control 2000, 9(1): 78-89. doi:10.1136/tc.9.1.78.
Chaloupka FJ, Yurekli A, Fong GT: Tobacco taxes as a tobacco control strategy. Tobacco Control 2012, 21 (2), 172-180. doi: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2011-050417.
World Health Organization: MPOWER: a policy package to reverse the tobacco epidemic. 2008b. Geneva: World Health Organization.
World Health Organization: 2014 Global progress report on implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. 2014b. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Tobacco control for all? The Belgian case
Pierre BIZEL
Tobacco Prevention & Cessation
Precision Medicine and Global Health: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis, Kleoniki Pantelidi, Efthimios Dardiotis, Georgios M. Hadjigeorgiou, Efthimia Petinaki
Frontiers in Medicine
Características sociodemográficas asociadas a la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco en Costa Rica
Aguirre Espinoza, Romain Fantin, Solis Barboza, Miranda Salinas
Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
'You cannot touch taxes easily': making the case for tobacco taxation in India
Seshadri Rao, Radhika Kaulgud, Prabhat Jha
Health Policy and Planning
Non-genetic risk and protective factors and biomarkers for neurological disorders: a meta-umbrella systematic review of umbrella reviews
Alexios-Fotios Mentis, Efthimios Dardiotis, Vasiliki Efthymiou, George Chrousos
BMC Medicine
Tobacco epidemic in Jordan: the time to act is now
Ala'a Al-Tammemi
Global Health Promotion
Does Age Younger Than 65 Affect Clinical Outcomes in Medicare Patients Undergoing Lumbar Fusion?
Brian Karamian, Gregory Toci, Mark Lambrechts, Jose Canseco, Bryce Basques, Khoa Tran, Samuel Alfonsi, Jeffery Rihn, Mark Kurd, Barrett Woods, Alan Hilibrand, Christopher Kepler, Alexander Vaccaro, Gregory Schroeder, Ian Kaye
Clinical Spine Surgery: A Spine Publication
Use of geotracking in assessing point-of-sale compliance in India
A mixed-methods evaluation of the Tobacco Retailer Advanced Compliance (TRAC) online training (e-learning) program
INTRODUCTION CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES CITATIONS


text:
Northwestern Mutual BRANDVOICE
Storytelling and expertise from marketers
| Paid Program
Make It a Reflection of Your Financial Wisdom
Your legacy expresses how you'd like to be remembered. It is a reflection of the life you've led, the goals you've accomplished and the values you seek to pass along to others. Your financial legacy is much the same.
Creating a successful financial legacy requires a vision, long-term planning and no small amount of financial strategy. To leave the legacy you intend—one that is indeed a gift and not a burden—it's wise to seek professional advice early in the process.
"Most of the people looking to leave a legacy today are of the baby boomer generation," says Eric Christophersen, president and chief executive officer of the Northwestern Mutual Wealth Management Company, part of the 156-year-old Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company based in Milwaukee, Wis.
"While they may have more sizable estates than past generations, they are also faced with unprecedented volatility in the financial markets, new regulatory issues and tax code changes. People who once thought they could do it alone, or have a friend or family member be the trustee of their estate, are now changing those plans midstream."
People with estates of any size recognize that the world is more complicated and that they need professional advice and guidance to create a legacy plan. Even CEOs and financial gurus understand the value of working with a financial advisor, says Christophersen. "It takes emotion out of the equation and allows you to stick with your plan."
A Solid Retirement Plan Comes First
"Anytime we build an estate plan—or any type of financial plan—we take care of risk-based concerns first," says Mark McLennon, Northwestern Mutual Wealth Management Company's vice president of Investment Advisory Services. "It's only after these risk and retirement issues are addressed that the conversation about leaving a legacy can begin."
Before people get around to deciding upon the kind of legacy they will leave, their first concern needs to be making it through retirement, says McLennon. That means understanding the kinds of events that could put your retirement at risk and protecting your assets through insurance. "People are living longer and they are facing uncertainty about healthcare costs, the risks of a long-term-care event and fluctuations in the value of their investments."
The legacy conversation should start with an honest discussion with a professional about your goals and situation, McLennon recommends. "Look for someone who is willing to listen to you first, before they start to throw strategies at you. They should ask about what you really want to accomplish and work backward from that point."
Guidance for Complex Situations
When the expiring tax cuts and temporary tax relief provisions solidified in early 2013, it changed the financial landscape that many investors had grown comfortable with. A planning professional can help you navigate this and other tax complexities.
A knowledgeable advisor is also invaluable for those who are providing for special-needs children or setting up charitable trusts, dynasty trusts and other types of financial legacies. When such situations exceed the expertise and resources of an individual trustee, a corporate trustee can be an invaluable resource for your family.
"Northwestern Mutual has a solid history and legacy of its own," says Christophersen. "Financially sound and secure, our company is known and trusted for taking care of its clients."
This BrandVoice story appeared in a previous issue of Forbes.
The Northwestern MutualVoice Team is a group of professionals who share insights and opinions from experts and industry leaders across the enterprise. Our vision is to inspire others to take action and plan for their financial future through topics ranging from financial planning, retirement planning and distribution strategies, wealth accumulation and preservation, to leadership, philanthropy and innovation.
Northwestern Mutual has been helping families and businesses achieve financial security for 160 years. Through a distinctive, whole-picture planning approach including...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Simbirtuu.com is currently hosted at One.com A/s. This domain is connected to IP address 46.30.212.217 which is hosted on a server that appears to be located in Copenhagen, Denmark. This site has a Google Pagerank of: 2. This domain is ranked number 15213457 in the world. It seems Simbirtuu.com has about 14 daily visitors. Taking into account all these variables, we estimate the value of this website at: $30 USD.


text:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">

  <title>RTreeView.Collapse</title>
  <link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" >

    Concept Framework 2.2 documentation
  	Contents | Index

RTreeView.Collapse

     Name
     Type
     Access
     Version
     Deprecated

     Collapse
     function
     public
     version 1.0
     no

Prototype:

public function Collapse(path)

Parameters:

		   	   path

		   	   the position(index as number or path as string or array)

Description:

This function will collapse the tree making the item on indicated by the path parameter collapsed (if possible). If the Model property is not set to MODEL_TREEVIEW this function has no effect.

Returns:

Returns the result of the Send method (not to be considered important).

Documented by Eduard Suica, generation time: Sun Jan 27 18:15:10 2013
 GMT	(c)2013 Devronium Applications

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Meet Jake Austin Walker, a swoon-worthy artist with a faraway gaze, who specializes in introspective music riddled with the themes of wanderlust. His soft musical stylings are paired with of a relatable group of 20-somethings enjoying life in LA. The video is based on a real road trip and features Peyton Meyer of Girl Meets World, Angeline Appel of Step Up Revolution, Amber Frank, Dallas Hart, and Sade Katarina of The Young and the Restless.
In Walker's own words, "My favorite thing about the process of filming the 'Rolling Stones' video was how real it felt and honestly was. Once we were out on the road, everything came together seamlessly. We didn't have to act or play the parts, we were just excited to see which destination was next. I feel this experience was so symbolic of the song as a whole. We're all just a bunch of friends going wherever the river of life takes us, and the video represents that perfectly. I hope it inspires the same feeling of wanderlust to anyone who watches."


text:
Year of maximum danger? the 1983 'war scare' and us-soviet deterrence
Stephen Cimbala
Penn State Brandywine
The Cuban missile crisis is rightly regarded as the most dangerous confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union of the Cold War. Another less remarked but perhaps equally dangerous period preceded the 'war scare' of 1983. Relations between the American and Soviet governments deteriorated gradually between 1979 and 1983, on account of the cumulative disagreements and misperceptions growing out of several episodes. Some Soviet leaders convinced themselves that there was a nontrivial likelihood of a US nuclear first strike in the near future, and Soviet intelligence agencies were tasked to anticipate it. This study examines the historical, political and military-strategic aspects of the 'war scare' crisis, including attributes of US and Soviet military forces in 1983 that might have contributed to higher levels of anxiety about surprise attack.
International Journal of Phytoremediation
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Year of maximum danger? the 1983 'war scare' and us-soviet deterrence'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
deterrence Earth & Environmental Sciences
USSR Agriculture & Biology
anxiety Agriculture & Biology
Missiles Chemical Compounds
attribute Earth & Environmental Sciences
Cimbala, S. (2000). Year of maximum danger? the 1983 'war scare' and us-soviet deterrence. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 13(2), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13518040008430439
Cimbala, Stephen. / Year of maximum danger? the 1983 'war scare' and us-soviet deterrence. In: International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2000 ; Vol. 13, No. 2. pp. 1-24.
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At Audi West Palm Beach, we understand that drivers have a lot of questions about their vehicle's care and maintenance. Since we're always ready to help with all your automotive needs, we put together this article of auto service FAQs for our local drivers in West Palm Beach, Boynton Beach, and Delray Beach.
Though conventional wisdom always said oil should be changed every 3,000 miles, modern vehicles can go much longer between oil changes. In many cases, a vehicle can last between 5,000 and 10,000 miles before needing an oil change, but the specific time period for your vehicle depends on its make and model, as well as your driving conditions.
How Do You Read Tire Size?
Though the numbers on the side of your tire look confusing, they're actually quite simple. The letter P at the beginning indicates a P-Metric tire, or tires made to U.S. standards for passenger vehicles. The next three numbers indicate the tire width in millimeters from sidewall to sidewall. The following 2-digit number indicates the aspect ratio, which relates to the size of the sidewall. The letter R stands for Radial, which means the layers run radially across the tire, and the next numbers indicate the size of the wheel diameter.
Many factors impact your car battery life, such as humidity, temperature, and environmental factors. With proper care and ideal conditions, a battery can last up to six years, though most batteries last between two and five years.
There are many reasons your car won't start, but the most common reason is the battery. A dead or dying battery can't harness the power to turn over the engine. If this is the case, you'll usually hear a clicking sound or a slow starter.
The check engine light monitors many systems in your vehicle, so if it turns on, there are a lot of possible reasons. The most common causes are a faulty oxygen sensor, a loose gas cap, a catalytic converter issue, a mass airflow sensor issue, or loose spark plug wires, but it's best to have your engine checked by a qualified technician.
Depending on how many miles you drive and the brake pads you use, brake pads can last anywhere from 25,000 to 80,000 miles. Generally, brake pads last around 40,000 miles under normal conditions.
Brakes squeak for many reasons, such as moisture causing a layer of rust on the rotor to severely worn brake pads. If the squeaking goes away after driving around, it's likely a result of rust, but constant squeaking could mean your brakes are worn and need to be replaced.
What Is Checked in a Car Inspection?
During an annual inspection, your vehicle's exterior and interior are examined for signs of wear and damage, and to be sure everything is working as it should. The technician will also check your engine components for leaks or damage and inspect your chassis for signs of wear and tear.
If you need vehicle service in West Palm Beach, Boynton Beach, or Delray Beach, Audi West Palm Beach can help. Call or stop by our service center today to schedule your appointment!


text:
Tiger Paw Classic: A Golf Lesson in Sales and Marketing
Rick Uhlmann | Tiger Paw Classic
Golf is an exercise in sales and event planning for students at Clemson University.
For the seventh consecutive year, raffle items are being solicited, food and beverage sponsors secured and golfers recruited for the annual Tiger Paw Classic, a daylong, charity golf event that entertains its participants and educates the organizers.
Tanner Smith accepts a $15,000 check for Tanner's Totes at the 2015 Tiger Paw Classic.
The 18-hole outing at Boscobel Golf Club on April 15 will likely draw upwards of 120 golfers. And, thanks to the efforts of about 80 sales and marketing students, this year's event will hit a milestone, surpassing $100,000 raised since its inception. Proceeds go to a Clemson-related charity and scholarships for marketing students in the new College of Business.
"Everything about this event is planned and executed by students," said Amanda Cooper Fine, one of two marketing faculty members who oversee students' involvement in the Tiger Paw Classic.
"Sales program students must meet quotas and understand territories in their sales roles. It's also a great lesson in communicating and provides students with experiences to share in job interviews," added Cooper Fine, one of the founders of the event.
Eileen O'Malley and Peyton Finley, senior marketing majors, are charged with making sure the event is up to par for its paying participants. Supporting them in event management are about 30 students who tend to a myriad of event-day chores such has coordinating three sponsor-provided meals, stuffing goodie bags, raffle organizing, and selling mulligans, to name a few.
"The golf outing is a great exercise in teamwork. We need to coordinate with the sales team and make sure the left hand knows what the right hand is doing so on the day of the event there aren't any surprises," said Eileen, who is eyeing a career in sports marketing. "The success of our event in large part is dependent on sales and events staff keeping all lines of communication open."
Students prepare silent auction donations for bidding at the 2015 Tiger Paw Classic.
Faculty member Carter McElveen oversees students who run the sales operation of the event, which last year alone raised nearly $23,000 for charity and scholarships.
"This is hands-on-learning at its finest for sports marketing and sales certificate students," said McElveen. "It's a win-win for students and others who benefit from the proceeds. Marketing strategy students organize and execute the outing and the sales teams are responsible for generating revenue. The tournament benefits charity and students. It's experiential learning for the students, by the students."
Last year, $7,000 went toward scholarships for marketing students and $15,000 was presented to the event's lead charity, Tanner's Totes, which was founded by marketing graduate and former Clemson basketball player Tanner Smith and his family. The non-profit uses proceeds from the golf event to send tote bags across the country to hospitalized pre-teens and teens undergoing long-term care.
For senior marketing majors Ashton Harvey and Brooklyn Baldacci, their roles as vice presidents of sales for the golf outing have been an enlightening experience.
"In a managerial role like ours, it takes more than selling skills. We're heavy into communication and follow-up and certainly there's more responsibility," said Ashton, who along with Brooklyn, is an honors student. "This event has taught us both so much, but beyond that, it's a win-win-win. To sell successfully, you have to believe in the product and we're supporting a charity and scholarships. In the process, we're also gaining valuable experience while providing a good time to those who participate."
For more information on the Tiger Paw Classic, or to contribute to the event, contact Ashton Harvey, sales vice president, at alharve@clemson.edu .
Tanner's Totes
DESERVING DESIGN
Atlanta Braves Gameday: Community Heroes Week
Men's Hoops Visits Kids At Levine Children's Hospital
Mr. Assist
Tanner's Totes Exploding
Our Town Gwinnett Monthly Magazine
11 Alive Community Service Award
Usher's New Look Foundation Hosts Third Annual World Leadership Conference
Watch Tanner's Totes On ABC's Everyday Health
Happiness, Delivered: How One College Basketball Player Is Making Hospitalized Kids Smile


text:
Q: .net new process sandbox for untrusted code So I need to run dynamically compiled untrusted code in a new process. I found how to do that in a new AppDomain (http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb763046.aspx) but not new process. Is it possible to do?
The reason I need new process is because it is easier to capture standard output, see memory and cpu consumption and terminate it.
The end goal is to write online C# compiler.

A: AppDomains are a way to isolate .NET code in a system. Processes are an operating system mechanism for isolation. To some degree you will give up the niceties of .NET code and have to manually manage the transfer of data between processes.
Check out the Process class. It sounds like you either need to compile your code to a .exe, or create a host .exe in .NET that loads your code. The latter seems better as you can just write the host once and then write standard communication code with that host.
You don't provide a lot of information on your end goals but recent versions of .NET provide various plug-in APIs that might be worth a quick look.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Recently, a mom in one of my social media groups submitted a post asking for advice about the best musical instrument for her children to learn. I posted a reply saying that there is no one best instrument, but rather, the instrument must meet child's interests and needs.
Today, a rite of passage for many fourth graders it to choose a musical instrument to play. Children learn about three major instrument groups – strings, brass, and woodwinds, each of which has within it several options suitable for elementary school students, including violin, viola, and cello for the string instruments, trumpet, trombone, and baritone for the brass instruments, and flute, clarinet, and perhaps, saxophone, in the woodwinds.
Each group of instruments and each instrument, itself, has benefits and detriments. In the end, the decision should be made by finding the instrument which provides the best fit for the student and his/her physique and of course, interest. For instance, it can be difficult for a child to play certain wind instruments unless he or she has a certain number of adult teeth. And, although string instruments now come in a variety of sizes, most wind instruments do not, making the larger instruments, such as trombone and baritone, unwieldy for a small child.
Likewise, the student's goals should be considered when selecting the instrument. Cello would not be a good choice for a child who wants to play in the high school marching band, and saxophone or trumpet would be better choices than flute or baritone for a child who wants to play in jazz band.
Corporation, which also can have any number of owners and is formed by filing paperwork with the state. Corporations must have boards of directors and officers, so they usually operate more formally than limited liability companies; although that does not have to be the case.
As with musical instruments, there are options within each group. For corporations, there is the decision whether to be taxed as a C corporation or an S corporation. For partnerships, there are general partnerships and limited partnerships. Finally, limited liability companies, there can be member-managed or manager-managed LLCs, and there is the possibility of electing to tax an LLC as if it were a corporation. Further, there are decisions to be made about owner rights, including whether there will be both preferred and common equity, who will make major decisions, buy-sell rights, and how profits and losses will be allocated.
A. Who the Business Owner Expects to Be the Current and Future Members and How Involved They Will Be In the Business Operations. Although any business structure can accommodate owners who all are actively involved in the business, a corporation or limited liability company may work best where many of the owners are investors who will not be involved in the daily business operations.
B. Desire for Protection from Personal Liability for Business Obligations. Owners of a sole proprietorship or partnership have full, personal liability for all business obligations. Owners of a limited liability company or corporation generally will have liability for business obligations beyond their capital contributions only if they sign personal guarantees. Liability protection is a major reason why small business may choose to operate as a limited liability company or corporation.
C. Tax Issues. With a sole proprietorship or partnership, the owners usually can expect to pay income taxes at the regular rates on all business income. Further, if structured as a sole proprietor or single member limited liability company, the owners actively work for the business, and he or she may have to pay self-employment taxes on all of the business income.
Limited liability companies with multiple members and partnerships usually will be taxed as partnerships. If so, owners can expect to pay income taxes at the regular rates on all business income, but they might be able to structure the payments from the business so that they do not pay self-employment taxes on all of their income.
Although owners of corporations can arrange to receive part of their money as dividends so that they do not pay FICA on it, such dividends will still be subject to what is known as "double taxation." This means that the corporation pays taxes on the income, and then, the owners will pay taxes on the same income again when they receive it from the corporation as dividends. This is why many corporations make what is known as a "Subchapter S election" to become S corporations, which results in the tax structure looking more like a partnership. However, there are limitations on who can own shares of an S corporation.
Finally, on the tax issue, in the Tax Cut and Jobs Act passed in December 2017, there is the potential for a 20% deduction for businesses that operate as pass-throughs (which generally is anything except a corporation which is not an S corporation), which can provide a significant tax savings for some businesses. I discussed this in my previous blog, "A String Quartet, a Nothing Special Diner, and a Famous Chef Diner take a Random Walk through the New Section 199A Pass-Through Deduction."
Although it may cost some money up front, this is a complicated area, and everyone considering forming a business should consult with a business attorney and the accountant who will handle the business' accounting before setting up the business structure. That is the best way for a business owner to assure that the structure will meet both the business' current and future needs.
 Pitch for a string depends on a relationship between string length and thickness. However, on a wind instrument, any particular note requires a certain length column of air which can't be changed. That is why child-sized string instruments can exist, but you're not likely to see a child-sized tuba. Flutes are an exception, as they are made in a "child-sized" version by bending the long tube into a U shape. Rarely-seen alto flutes also are in a U shape.
 Clients frequently come to me asking that I form an S corporation for them. Under state corporations law, both S corporations and C corporations are the same types of entities – a for-profit corporation (sometimes called a stock corporation). The S corporation/C corporation distinction is a distinction under tax law. By default, a corporation will be a C corporation under federal and state tax law, but by making a timely election for S corporation treatment, the corporation can be taxed as a pass-through, S corporation.


text:
Q: trying to get a canvas into a bitmap in c# wpf for displaying on spi display for raspi 2 I am trying to convert a canvas object into a bitmap or an image in c#. The problem I have is, that many tutorials with "RenderTargetBitmap" won't work for me because the object methods are not awaylible for me in a windows universal app.
the later processing of the bitmap for spi output is not that problem.
alternatively I am looking for an other possibility to create an empty image an manipulate this like
Image i = new Image(width, height)
i.setText(left, top, text)


text:
Tri Clear Lake 2019
All categories Overall Relay Ath/Cly 19&und 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70+
[1] 2 3 4 5
Time Adj
42 243 Ryan Faught Ryan Faught
#243&nbspMale&nbsp20-24 01:19:00.4 01:19:00.4
20-24 2 Male 37 Clear Lake IA 00:16:26.0 96 2 58 00:01:28.6 68 2 38 00:39:50.6 68 2 53 00:00:25.1 1 1 1 00:20:49.9 9 1 8
Swim 00:16:26.0 00:16:26.0 00:16:26.0 08:14:59.0 96 2 58 96 2 58
T1 00:17:54.6 00:01:28.6 00:01:28.6 08:16:27.6 83 2 49 68 2 38
Cycle 00:57:45.2 00:39:50.6 00:39:50.6 08:56:18.2 67 2 49 68 2 53
T2 00:58:10.4 00:00:25.1 00:00:25.1 08:56:43.4 64 2 46 1 1 1
Run 01:19:00.4 00:20:49.9 00:20:49.9 09:17:33.4 42 2 37 9 1 8
35 281 Cody Bilharz Cody Bilharz
30-34 4 Male 31 Waverly IA 00:14:16.7 46 4 30 00:01:16.6 43 4 25 00:37:56.5 42 4 35 00:00:28.2 2 1 2 00:24:12.2 55 5 42
Run 01:18:10.4 00:24:12.2 00:24:12.2 09:16:43.4 35 4 31 55 5 42
63 452 Team Dale Schmitz Team Dale Schmitz
#452&nbspMixed&nbspRelay 01:23:12.4 01:23:12.4
Relay 4 Mixed 4 Clear Lake IA 00:15:13.1 67 8 8 00:00:32.4 4 3 3 00:45:06.6 143 8 8 00:00:28.5 3 1 1 00:21:51.7 18 1 1
Swim 00:15:13.1 00:15:13.1 00:15:13.1 08:25:46.1 67 8 8 67 8 8
T1 00:15:45.5 00:00:32.4 00:00:32.4 08:26:18.5 45 8 8 4 3 3
Cycle 01:00:52.1 00:45:06.6 00:45:06.6 09:11:25.1 98 7 7 143 8 8
Run 01:23:12.4 00:21:51.7 00:21:51.7 09:33:45.4 63 4 4 18 1 1
15 459 Team Andy- Michelle- Dan Team Andy- Michelle- Dan
Relay 1 Mixed 1 Clear Lake IA 00:14:13.1 45 4 4 00:00:29.0 1 1 1 00:36:15.1 27 1 1 00:00:28.7 4 2 2 00:22:39.8 28 2 2
Cycle 00:50:57.3 00:36:15.1 00:36:15.1 09:01:30.3 18 1 1 27 1 1
152 461 Team Lowgorls Team Lowgorls
Relay 10 Mixed 10 Camanche IA 00:20:57.6 192 10 10 00:00:39.6 9 6 6 00:49:00.6 189 11 11 00:00:28.8 5 3 3 00:26:10.7 90 4 4
Swim 00:20:57.6 00:20:57.6 00:20:57.6 08:31:30.6 192 10 10 192 10 10
T1 00:21:37.2 00:00:39.6 00:00:39.6 08:32:10.2 156 10 10 9 6 6
Cycle 01:10:37.8 00:49:00.6 00:49:00.6 09:21:10.8 175 11 11 189 11 11
Run 01:37:17.3 00:26:10.7 00:26:10.7 09:47:50.3 152 10 10 90 4 4
51 454 Team State Line Jumpers Team State Line Jumpers
Relay 3 Mixed 3 Glenville MN 00:13:46.0 28 2 2 00:00:37.7 7 4 4 00:38:02.7 44 2 2 00:00:29.9 6 4 4 00:28:09.9 132 9 9
Run 01:21:06.3 00:28:09.9 00:28:09.9 09:31:39.3 51 3 3 132 9 9
126 264 Dalton Hawe Dalton Hawe
#264&nbspMale&nbsp19&und 01:33:31.9 01:33:31.9
19&und 7 Male 85 Garner IA 00:19:46.3 162 11 99 00:02:15.0 155 7 83 00:48:25.3 182 8 116 00:00:30.2 7 1 3 00:22:35.0 27 5 23
T1 00:22:01.3 00:02:15.0 00:02:15.0 08:20:34.3 165 10 100 155 7 83
Cycle 01:10:26.7 00:48:25.3 00:48:25.3 09:08:59.7 172 8 107 182 8 116
T2 01:10:56.9 00:00:30.2 00:00:30.2 09:09:29.9 166 7 106 7 1 3
Run 01:33:31.9 00:22:35.0 00:22:35.0 09:32:04.9 126 7 85 27 5 23
105 458 Team United Beverage Team United Beverage
Relay 8 Mixed 8 Clear Lake IA 00:14:55.3 58 7 7 00:00:48.2 17 8 8 00:46:40.3 163 10 10 00:00:30.4 8 5 5 00:27:11.5 110 7 7
T1 00:15:43.6 00:00:48.2 00:00:48.2 08:26:16.6 43 7 7 17 8 8
Cycle 01:02:23.9 00:46:40.3 00:46:40.3 09:12:56.9 112 9 9 163 10 10
T2 01:02:54.3 00:00:30.4 00:00:30.4 09:13:27.3 109 9 9 8 5 5
Run 01:30:05.8 00:27:11.5 00:27:11.5 09:40:38.8 106 8 8 110 7 7
134 226 Trever Olsen Trever Olsen
25-29 5 Male 91 Osage IA 00:20:52.2 189 5 112 00:03:01.4 204 5 111 00:45:00.7 142 3 98 00:00:31.2 9 1 4 00:25:23.0 74 4 58
Swim 00:20:52.2 00:20:52.2 00:20:52.2 08:19:25.2 189 5 112 189 5 112
T1 00:23:53.6 00:03:01.4 00:03:01.4 08:22:26.6 194 5 112 204 5 111
Cycle 01:08:54.4 00:45:00.7 00:45:00.7 09:07:27.4 158 5 102 142 3 98
50 457 Team That's What She Said! Team That's What She Said!
Relay 2 Mixed 2 Clear Lake IA 00:13:08.7 16 1 1 00:00:32.0 3 2 2 00:40:08.9 75 3 3 00:00:31.5 10 6 6 00:26:27.3 96 5 5
T1 00:13:40.7 00:00:32.0 00:00:32.0 08:12:13.7 9 1 1 3 2 2
92 402 Tyler Newell Tyler Newell
25-29 3 Male 66 Mason City IA 00:14:06.0 35 1 23 00:02:42.6 188 4 100 00:46:44.1 164 5 107 00:00:31.9 11 2 5 00:23:46.9 49 3 38
T1 00:16:48.6 00:02:42.6 00:02:42.6 08:15:21.6 62 2 37 188 4 100
Cycle 01:03:32.8 00:46:44.1 00:46:44.1 09:02:05.8 125 3 84 164 5 107
T2 01:04:04.7 00:00:31.9 00:00:31.9 09:02:37.7 117 3 78 11 2 5
94 460 Team Miller Team Miller
Relay 7 Mixed 7 Waukee IA 00:16:16.2 89 9 9 00:01:15.0 41 9 9 00:41:56.9 102 4 4 00:00:32.2 12 7 7 00:28:29.4 140 10 10
Run 01:28:29.9 00:28:29.4 00:28:29.4 09:39:02.9 95 7 7 140 10 10
16 432 Shaden Tweeten Shaden Tweeten
20-24 1 Male 13 Forest City IA 00:12:23.4 10 1 8 00:01:12.7 38 1 23 00:38:25.3 51 1 42 00:00:32.3 13 2 6 00:21:35.2 11 2 10
T1 00:13:36.2 00:01:12.7 00:01:12.7 08:12:09.2 8 1 7 38 1 23
T2 00:52:33.9 00:00:32.3 00:00:32.3 08:51:06.9 23 1 19 13 2 6
4 276 Andy Bernholtz Andy Bernholtz
#276&nbspMale&nbspOverall 01:07:19.6 01:07:19.6
Overall 3 Male 3 Ankeny IA 00:11:54.2 5 3 4 00:00:57.1 24 1 12 00:32:43.8 8 2 7 00:00:32.3 14 1 7 00:21:12.0 10 3 9
Swim 00:11:54.2 00:11:54.2 00:11:54.2 08:10:27.2 5 3 4 5 3 4
Cycle 00:45:35.2 00:32:43.8 00:32:43.8 08:44:08.2 3 2 3 8 2 7
T2 00:46:07.6 00:00:32.3 00:00:32.3 08:44:40.6 4 2 3 14 1 7
Run 01:07:19.6 00:21:12.0 00:21:12.0 09:05:52.6 4 3 3 10 3 9
135 315 Mike Locascio Mike Locascio
50-54 9 Male 92 Clear lake IA 00:22:32.1 211 10 123 00:01:42.3 86 7 49 00:43:07.9 121 9 87 00:00:33.0 15 1 8 00:26:56.6 104 8 74
Swim 00:22:32.1 00:22:32.1 00:22:32.1 08:27:05.1 211 10 123 211 10 123
T1 00:24:14.4 00:01:42.3 00:01:42.3 08:28:47.4 197 10 114 86 7 49
Cycle 01:07:22.3 00:43:07.9 00:43:07.9 09:11:55.3 149 9 99 121 9 87
Run 01:34:52.1 00:26:56.6 00:26:56.6 09:39:25.1 135 9 92 104 8 74
97 383 Jordan Tredinnick Jordan Tredinnick
#383&nbspFemale&nbsp25-29 01:28:39.2 01:28:39.2
25-29 2 Female 21 Rochester MN 00:16:39.5 104 2 34 00:01:31.2 75 2 22 00:44:44.7 139 4 36 00:00:33.1 16 1 1 00:25:10.5 70 2 12
Swim 00:16:39.5 00:16:39.5 00:16:39.5 08:18:12.5 104 2 34 104 2 34
1 392 Eamonn Mccullough Eamonn Mccullough
Overall 1 Male 1 Waverly IA 00:10:11.3 2 1 1 00:01:06.5 32 2 18 00:34:47.4 17 3 16 00:00:33.2 17 2 9 00:17:10.0 1 1 1
Cycle 00:46:05.3 00:34:47.4 00:34:47.4 08:44:38.3 4 3 4 17 3 16
Run 01:03:48.6 00:17:10.0 00:17:10.0 09:02:21.6 1 1 1 1 1 1
95 255 Doug Owen Doug Owen
35-39 13 Male 68 Dallas Center IA 00:14:35.3 52 6 34 00:01:39.5 84 11 48 00:46:38.2 161 22 106 00:00:35.2 18 1 10 00:25:03.1 67 11 53
T1 00:16:14.8 00:01:39.5 00:01:39.5 08:14:47.8 52 6 30 84 11 48
Cycle 01:02:53.0 00:46:38.2 00:46:38.2 09:01:26.0 116 13 79 161 22 106
T2 01:03:28.2 00:00:35.2 00:00:35.2 09:02:01.2 111 12 74 18 1 10
Run 01:28:31.4 00:25:03.1 00:25:03.1 09:27:04.4 96 13 68 67 11 53
19 227 Justin Schultes Justin Schultes
30-34 2 Male 15 Cedar Rapids IA 00:16:30.1 99 5 59 00:00:55.6 20 2 8 00:35:28.9 22 2 20 00:00:35.5 19 2 11 00:21:39.9 13 1 12
8 396 Jeff Schertz Jeff Schertz
35-39 1 Male 7 Ames IA 00:14:06.5 36 4 24 00:00:45.4 12 1 3 00:33:36.1 11 3 10 00:00:35.8 20 2 12 00:22:07.4 21 1 18
Cycle 00:48:28.1 00:33:36.1 00:33:36.1 08:47:01.1 10 2 9 11 3 10
T2 00:49:04.0 00:00:35.8 00:00:35.8 08:47:37.0 11 2 9 20 2 12
Run 01:11:11.5 00:22:07.4 00:22:07.4 09:09:44.5 8 1 7 21 1 18
3 412 Kalletta Caldwell Kalletta Caldwell
#412&nbspFemale&nbspOverall 01:07:14.4 01:07:14.4
Overall 1 Female 1 Overland Park KS 00:13:58.5 30 3 8 00:00:50.8 18 3 4 00:31:45.8 4 1 1 00:00:36.2 21 1 2 00:20:03.0 6 1 1
125 455 Team Team Nielsen Team Team Nielsen
Relay 9 Mixed 9 West Des Moines IA 00:14:38.0 53 6 6 00:00:38.2 8 5 5 00:44:57.3 140 7 7 00:00:37.3 22 8 8 00:32:19.3 193 11 11
Run 01:33:10.2 00:32:19.3 00:32:19.3 09:43:43.2 125 9 9 193 11 11
83 453 Team Momswhotri Team Momswhotri
Relay 5 Mixed 5 Minneapolis MN 00:14:20.4 47 5 5 00:01:22.1 51 11 11 00:46:31.2 159 9 9 00:00:37.4 23 9 9 00:23:35.7 46 3 3
T1 00:15:42.5 00:01:22.1 00:01:22.1 08:26:15.5 42 6 6 51 11 11
Cycle 01:02:13.8 00:46:31.2 00:46:31.2 09:12:46.8 109 8 8 159 9 9
T2 01:02:51.2 00:00:37.4 00:00:37.4 09:13:24.2 108 8 8 23 9 9
10 306 Erin Anderson Erin Anderson
Overall 2 Female 2 Decorah IA 00:13:23.2 22 2 6 00:00:47.3 16 2 3 00:35:13.1 21 2 2 00:00:37.5 24 2 3 00:22:40.1 30 3 4
17 447 Esmie Holderman Esmie Holderman
Overall 3 Female 3 Johnston IA 00:12:19.3 7 1 2 00:00:37.5 6 1 1 00:39:11.4 62 3 11 00:00:38.3 25 3 4 00:22:07.7 22 2 3
153 366 Sara Baumgartner Sara Baumgartner
20-24 1 Female 43 Strawberry Point IA 00:16:27.3 97 3 30 00:02:16.8 158 4 62 00:51:35.6 202 3 68 00:00:38.4 26 1 5 00:26:19.9 92 1 19
T1 00:18:44.1 00:02:16.8 00:02:16.8 08:20:17.1 100 3 32 158 4 62
23 302 Jason Korbel Jason Korbel
40-44 1 Male 19 Charles City IA 00:14:46.0 54 4 35 00:02:25.0 170 13 91 00:38:06.8 46 5 38 00:00:39.2 27 1 13 00:19:55.1 5 1 5
T1 00:17:11.0 00:02:25.0 00:02:25.0 08:21:44.0 67 4 41 170 13 91
89 451 Team Cruising Cousins Team Cruising Cousins
Relay 6 Mixed 6 Clear Lake IA 00:14:00.5 33 3 3 00:01:17.7 44 10 10 00:44:13.6 133 6 6 00:00:39.3 28 10 10 00:27:10.9 109 6 6
65 354 Annette Wittrock Annette Wittrock
40-44 2 Female 13 Ottumwa IA 00:15:00.0 62 3 17 00:00:44.6 11 1 2 00:39:08.7 61 2 10 00:00:40.4 29 1 6 00:28:06.3 130 4 31
Run 01:23:40.1 00:28:06.3 00:28:06.3 09:31:13.1 65 2 13 130 4 31
121 349 Ali El-Sayad Ali El-Sayad
25-29 4 Male 83 Mason City IA 00:16:46.7 108 3 64 00:01:34.4 76 2 43 00:45:19.9 145 4 100 00:00:40.4 30 3 14 00:27:30.3 115 5 82
T2 01:04:21.5 00:00:40.4 00:00:40.4 09:02:54.5 121 4 82 30 3 14
84 427 Dak Sorenson Dak Sorenson
40-44 9 Male 59 Albert Lea MN 00:16:38.2 102 8 61 00:02:13.8 152 10 82 00:42:47.6 114 12 81 00:00:41.5 31 2 15 00:24:20.6 58 7 45
T1 00:18:52.1 00:02:13.8 00:02:13.8 08:23:25.1 105 8 61 152 10 82
150 442 Lauren Duhaime Lauren Duhaime
30-34 6 Female 41 Cedar Falls IA 00:16:50.0 110 4 37 00:01:35.5 78 4 23 00:52:27.3 207 7 72 00:00:41.7 32 1 7 00:25:20.9 73 3 13
5 296 Carter Wehrer Carter Wehrer
30-34 1 Male 4 Omaha NE 00:14:00.4 32 2 22 00:00:53.4 19 1 7 00:32:36.4 7 1 6 00:00:41.9 33 3 16 00:21:50.6 17 2 15
58 309 David Bierman David Bierman
40-44 7 Male 45 Saint Paul MN 00:17:43.7 134 9 81 00:01:35.6 79 4 45 00:40:52.2 86 9 63 00:00:42.8 34 3 17 00:21:55.6 19 3 16
7 388 Mark Kitral Mark Kitral
50-54 1 Male 6 Lake Zurich IL 00:13:44.7 27 4 19 00:01:06.6 33 2 19 00:32:32.7 6 1 5 00:00:44.4 35 2 18 00:22:56.0 35 2 26
115 404 Rea Faber Rea Faber
25-29 3 Female 29 Aurora CO 00:20:11.0 174 7 60 00:01:41.6 85 3 26 00:41:56.0 101 2 25 00:00:44.6 36 2 8 00:26:27.5 97 3 20
6 261 Brian Hanft Brian Hanft
45-49 1 Male 5 Nora Springs IA 00:12:49.2 12 1 10 00:00:31.7 2 1 1 00:34:06.8 12 2 11 00:00:44.6 37 1 19 00:22:07.0 20 1 17
183 273 Micah Anderson Micah Anderson
+00:02:00 19&und 11 Male 115 Gilbert IA 00:17:23.0 127 8 76 00:02:41.8 186 9 99 00:53:42.2 213 11 126 00:00:46.7 38 2 20 00:25:59.1 86 10 67
Cycle 01:13:47.1 00:53:42.2 00:53:42.2 09:12:20.1 200 11 120 213 11 126
Run 01:40:33.0 00:25:59.1 00:25:59.1 09:39:06.0 175 10 112 86 10 67
74 434 Emma Davison Emma Davison
#434&nbspFemale&nbsp19&und 01:25:06.5 01:25:06.5
19&und 1 Female 17 Mason City IA 00:16:10.8 88 3 26 00:02:01.2 130 4 50 00:43:20.8 123 1 31 00:00:46.8 39 1 9 00:22:46.7 31 1 5
T1 00:18:12.1 00:02:01.2 00:02:01.2 08:19:45.1 90 4 29 130 4 50
Run 01:25:06.5 00:22:46.7 00:22:46.7 09:26:39.5 74 1 17 31 1 5
192 254 Angie Owen Angie Owen
40-44 10 Female 63 Dallas Center IA 00:24:45.0 223 12 87 00:01:57.3 119 6 42 00:46:38.4 162 7 47 00:00:47.0 41 2 10 00:30:02.7 164 9 49
T1 00:26:42.3 00:01:57.3 00:01:57.3 08:34:15.3 215 11 83 119 6 42
Run 01:44:10.6 00:30:02.7 00:30:02.7 09:51:43.6 192 10 63 164 9 49
2 476 Matt Ostbloom Matt Ostbloom
+00:02:00 Overall 2 Male 2 Waterloo IA 00:11:45.0 4 2 3 00:01:21.1 49 3 28 00:30:38.8 3 1 3 00:00:47.0 40 3 21 00:19:34.2 3 2 3
29 428 Joey Hovinga Joey Hovinga
19&und 1 Male 25 Forest City IA 00:14:06.7 38 4 25 00:00:46.0 15 1 6 00:40:59.0 88 4 65 00:00:47.1 42 3 22 00:20:33.8 8 3 7
59 333 Nate Rollene Nate Rollene
#333&nbspMale&nbspAth/Cly 01:22:54.3 01:22:54.3
Ath/Cly 1 Male 46 Pella IA 00:14:54.9 56 2 36 00:01:44.7 88 4 50 00:39:56.7 70 4 54 00:00:47.6 43 1 23 00:25:30.2 78 1 61
34 430 Jacob Buchele Jacob Buchele
19&und 2 Male 30 Ames IA 00:16:25.1 95 6 57 00:02:08.9 145 6 79 00:38:29.7 53 1 43 00:00:47.6 44 4 24 00:20:03.5 7 2 6
60 331 Amanda Lundstedt Amanda Lundstedt
30-34 1 Female 11 Pleasant Hill IA 00:14:55.1 57 2 15 00:01:14.6 40 1 8 00:40:13.7 78 1 16 00:00:47.7 45 2 11 00:25:49.5 83 4 16
219 278 Sophie Lunning Sophie Lunning
19&und 4 Female 81 Mason City IA 00:15:10.8 65 2 20 00:01:47.0 94 3 32 01:00:22.4 232 5 91 00:00:47.9 46 2 12 00:37:01.1 218 4 79
14 258 Brad Rounds Brad Rounds
50-54 3 Male 12 Ankeny IA 00:14:56.7 61 6 38 00:01:26.1 59 5 32 00:34:46.2 16 3 15 00:00:48.4 47 3 25 00:21:47.8 16 1 14
179 308 Elizabeth Bierman Elizabeth Bierman
40-44 8 Female 56 Saint Paul MN 00:20:25.0 180 7 64 00:02:00.9 126 7 47 00:52:10.1 206 10 71 00:00:49.0 48 3 13 00:26:36.4 99 3 22
70 230 Anthony Olson Anthony Olson
35-39 10 Male 51 Lees Summit MO 00:15:11.5 66 8 39 00:02:49.6 193 20 104 00:42:29.0 106 13 76 00:00:49.2 49 3 26 00:23:16.9 38 5 29
T1 00:18:01.1 00:02:49.6 00:02:49.6 08:16:34.1 85 10 50 193 20 104
Cycle 01:00:30.2 00:42:29.0 00:42:29.0 08:59:03.2 97 10 66 106 13 76
T2 01:01:19.5 00:00:49.2 00:00:49.2 08:59:52.5 90 10 60 49 3 26
Run 01:24:36.4 00:23:16.9 00:23:16.9 09:23:09.4 70 10 51 38 5 29
18 250 Jim Nack Jim Nack
55-59 1 Male 14 Madison Lake MN 00:13:29.1 24 2 16 00:01:39.1 83 4 47 00:34:13.3 13 1 12 00:00:49.3 50 1 27 00:24:53.6 65 2 51


With the Swansea Half Marathon taking place on Sunday I thought I would take some time to look at my personal bests across all events since I started this running lark.
They are not brilliant but are getting better. I'm hoping for a PB in Swansea.
Hopefully I'll come in under 5 hours for the Chester Marathon as well in October.


Our home is beautiful, stylish, newly-renovated, comfortable, and spacious. It has a large kitchen with adjoining dining settings. We have 4 floors: the basement is designed to entertain kids, with an x-box Kinect consule and fozeball table. The living floor is spacious and has a glass-wall overlooking the garden. The upper flour consists of 3 private bedrooms, with one master-bedroom (with adjusant bathroom and walk-in closet). The 4th floor entertains another bedroom. The deck overlooks a fenced back yard that is private with a sweet groomed garden. The garden has a huge grill and some resting areas in the back and the front of the house.
Given the summer hit of Israel, the house is fully air-conditioned.
We are Yifat and Eyal, a married couple with two sweet, aged 8 (girl) and 12 (boy). We are both professionals (law professor and private attourney) and enjoy travelling when able to get away in the summers (July-Aug). We have already done home exchanges in the past and our experience was fantastic and mutually satisfying, for us as well as for our counterparts. We consider house swapping a great way to see another country as a resident - and allow someone to see yours. We would expect to arrange an exchange some way in advance in order to get to know our fellow exchangers via email first to see how best we can facilitate their stay in Israel. We can assure you that on our side you'll find openness, trust and generosity, and we expect the same of our partners.
The house is situated in a quiet and peaceful neighborhood of Herzliya. Despite the residential area in which it is located, the house is still only 20-minute ride from Tel-Aviv and 10-minute ride from Herzeliya's beautiful beaches. The ultra-urban nightlife of Herzliya-Pituah is only 10 minutes-ride away. This way you get to enjoy a quiet vacation, and spice it up with as much noise and beach experience as you wish, at any given time, for just a few minutes ride.
The city of Herzliya encompasses great parks and shopping malls. The house itself has a nearby supermarket to assure all your domestic needs.
We can add in car exchange and for more local cruising, you are invited to use our bicycles.


The group have been spending a lot of time in (and loving) the land of the rising sun.
Introduction by The Lagerphones' promoter Vaughan, captions by The Lagerphones.
I was super pumped to bring The Lagerphones back to Japan for the 4th time in the summer of 2018. No one, including us, believed it would ever come to this.
We have continued to do what we've done from the get-go, forging this unprecedented path amidst the Japanese music landscape, shining a light on the forgotten scene of trad jazz to audiences of all shapes and sizes. We bounced from kissatens to furniture shops to live houses. This year we stepped it up a notch and caught the bullet train to Kansai, debuting in Kyoto and Osaka.
The music scene for us has been so inclusive; there's no genre people consider unfashionable. Whatever trends may exist in other countries are entirely irrelevant here. If you're good at what you do, that's all that matters. Although the band's members are spread across the globe, the home for The Lagerphones is definitely Japan. This is where their fans, creative collaborators, and best mates live, here's a family photo album of their most recent visit.
During the tour, the stars aligned, enabling us to play at the respected venue Urban Guild to play a double-headline show with Kyoto local trio Zahatorte. I fell in love with Zahatorte at that gig. I've decided to bring them to my home nation, Australia for what will be an exciting debut tour - playing the likes of Petersham Bowling Club, MONA, and Northcote Social Club (check the dates at the bottom).
Vaughan is the crazy genius behind The Lagerphones' success in Japan. He's taken us through Tokyo four times now. In the middle is Marty our bass player, formerly from Melbourne by way of Adelaide, he now lives in Tokyo too because he loves the place so damn much. Maki is our mate.
There are hardships and there are delights!
We played back to back shows both days of the Tokyo coffee festival in Aoyama; this guy came out with his pups in tow.
The lyrics to Sobakasu go by so fast, especially when your Japanese is a little rusty. Marie and James love Japanese 90s rockers Judy and Mary!
Toshimaen is one of the city's most overlooked suburbs but by far one of our absolute faves. We've all lived here on and off for short periods of time. What makes this place so great are all the locally run cafes and bars in the area. So easy to make mates.
Mariya Suzuki is an incredible illustrator, she has murals across the city and her work is in magazines thoughout Japan. We're lucky enough to consider her part of the Lagerphones extended family, sometimes she comes to our shows and does lil illustrations of us.
Our clarinet player, Jon, is a beautiful man and this is a beautiful photo.
Not all venues leap out at you as though from an old film! A beautiful chateau in Kamakura. Situated about an hour from Tokyo, Kamakura is a laid back beach town. We played at a wedding here. The weather was tragic, but the place was incredible.
Tawa is our incredible sound engineer from Tokyo. She's a profession of the highest calibre; she's also a whole load of fun. She'll be coming to Australia with Zahatorte, a band from Kyoto, can't wait.
A lagerphone is actually a long stick-like instrument made from nailing a whole stack of beer stubby lids on a piece of wood. We've all seen 'em, but maybe you didn't know what they were called. Proudly Australian invention, but now a total hit in Japan.
Snack bars are cozy little family vibe bars where 'Mama', the lady who runs the bar keeps watch on all the activities making sure everyone is having the very best time.
Thanks to Truck for having us in Osaka!
This was the first time we made it to Osaka. One of the best places we played was Truck - an amazing furniture store run by the best people. To accommodate us they moved all the furniture out onto the roof; the place looked like an outdoor bedroom.
Just a casual snap of the everyday colours of the city.
Yusuke the guy playing the trumpet in this pic is one interesting character. He turned up to one of our shows during our very first tour. Since then he's been to almost every single one of our shows here in Tokyo. He even learned how to play the sax just so he could play with us at this very private Roppongi penthouse party we played.
The Worthless, are one of our current favourite Japanese bands, we played with them during this tour. They're super fun and incredibly talented, if you're want to catch them in action, wader around the streets of Shimokitazawa, that seems to be their natural habitat.
Two of our best buddies, half the fun of playing in Japan is hanging out with our Japanese friends. Tada-san (left) is an incredible PHOTOGRAPHER, and Kanako (right) runs a killer indie publishing label called PULL THE WOOL.
Methyl Ethel tease new album Triage with another stellar single, Trip The MainsTheir third studio album arrives on February 15, and can't come soon enough.
The double-single package also has a Skepta-featuring track, England Lost.
Dune Rats have started a record label, Ratbag Records, and their first release is Skegss' Fun.
The only exciting part of the album is that there's a song titled 'The World's First Ever Monster Truck Front Flip'.
Their Aussie tour kicks off with some WA shows on December 8.


The above graph accompanies an article in this weekend's Barron's titled, "Margin Debt — and Risk — Is Growing," by Jack Willoughby.
Based on historical levels, margin debt makes the market look risky and subject to a sharp downtick right now. It comes to 2.4% of total adjusted-market capitalization — 3.4 times its 62-year norm of 0.74%. "These are certainly not the kind of numbers you see at the beginning of a bull market," says Ed Clissold, an analyst for Ned Davis Research in Venice, Fla.
MARGIN DEBT ROSE FROM $32 billion in 1990 to $278 billion (2.9% of market cap) at the height of the dot-com boom in 2000, then fell to $134 billion by 2002. But it's been climbing steadily since, eclipsing $300 billion in April.
What's particularly worrying to some is that margin debt is just one tool available to investors seeking leverage these days. Options and futures make it easier than ever to obtain leverage. So the near-record margin numbers may understate the situation.
… not to mention the clandestine world of structured finance.


text:
Q: LINQ nested query How can i write following SQL query using LINQ
SELECT priority
FROM Active_SLA
WHERE APP_ID = (
        SELECT APP_ID
        FROM FORM_PAGES
        WHERE PAGE_ADDRESS = @address
    )
AND PERSON_ID = (
        SELECT PERSON_ID
        FROM PERSON_DEVICES
        WHERE DEVICE_NUMBER = @devicenum
     )

A: Try this (formatting oddness for the sake of avoiding wrapping...)
var query = from sla in db.ActiveSLA
            where sla.AppId == (db.FormPages
                         .Where(page => page.PageAddress == address)
                         .Single().AppId)
               && sla.PersonId == (db.PersonDevices
                         .Where(pd => pd.DeviceNumber == deviceNumber)
                         .Single().PersonId)
            select sla.Priority;

However, I'd be very tempted to do this as a join instead:
var query = from sla in db.ActiveSLA
            join fp in db.FormPages on sla.AppId equals fp.AppId
            where fp.PageAddress == address
            join pd in db.PersonDevices on sla.PersonId equals pd.PersonId
            where pd.DeviceNumber == deviceNumber
            select sla.priority;


text:
Americans to send 'Zuma' to space
Cape Town – In a galaxy far, far away American President Donald Trump might call Kim Jong-un of North Korea Rocket Man, but the US government will be launching Zuma into space on Thursday.
While some South Africans wouldn't mind seeing Zuma blasted into space and might be disappointed that the launch has been delayed by a day, it remains a mystery what exactly the Americans want Zuma to do up there.
"The payload aboard SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket is a top-secret passenger for the US government named Zuma," reported SpaceFlight Now on Wednesday.
The arms company Northrop Grumman procured the services of South African-born Elon Musk's company SpaceX on behalf of the American government.
South Africans can rest assured that every care will be taken of Zuma as he boldly goes where no one has gone before. Northrop Grumman spokesperson Lon Rains said, as reported by Express, "As a company, Northrop Grumman realises that this is monumental responsibility and have taken great care to ensure the most affordable and lowest risk scenario for Zuma."
Rains told several online publications that "the Zuma payload is a restricted payload". This means no further information will be made available about the mission's purpose.
The website Mashable reported that even the American National Reconnaissance Office —the government branch that maintains spy satellites — will usually reveal when a payload – the craft's cargo or passenger – is theirs, but will keep the mission details classified.
But no state agency claimed Zuma.
What is known is that one of Space X's Falcon 9 rockets will be launched into Low Earth Orbit. Lift-off has initially been scheduled for Wednesday but has been postponed to Thursday, due to weather conditions. The launch will be from Nasa's Kennedy Space Centre in the American state of Florida.
Meanwhile, in the Republic of South Africa, President Jacob Zuma will answer questions in the National Council of Provinces on Thursday at 14:00.
space-xspace


text:
In 1960s Spain, a Holocaust survivor joins a group of agents seeking justice against the hundreds of Nazis who fled to the nation to hide after WWII.
DramaWar & Politics
The story of Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar, a Castilian nobleman and war hero in medieval Spain.
Action & AdventureDramaWar & Politics
A diverse, dedicated, rough-and-tumble squad of soldiers spearheads the Allied invasion of Italy during World War II.
AnimationDramaWar & Politics
The Barrier
One family's fight for survival in a future dystopian Madrid illustrates the disparity between two worlds separated by a fence — and so much more.
DramaMysterySci-Fi & FantasyWar & Politics
The story of World War II told through the intertwining fates of ordinary people from all sides of this global conflict as they grapple with the ...
When CIA analyst Jack Ryan stumbles upon a suspicious series of bank transfers his search for answers pulls him from the safety of his desk job ...
A troubled war veteran is assigned to protect a controversial politician who may be the target of a terror plot.
CrimeDramaWar & Politics
Börü
Turkey in the spring of 2014. A time when the enemies are growing on the border, the circle of danger inside is becoming narrower. The Republic ...
Action & AdventureRealityWar & Politics
Filmed from the perspectives of dealers, users and the police, this vivid series offers a bracing look at the war on drugs.
CrimeDocumentaryWar & Politics
Spartacus, who was enslaved by the Romans after they murdered his father, leads fellow slaves in an attempt to overthrow the repressive Roman Empire.
Action 1,478
Comedy 1,155
Documentary 198
Drama 1,700
Science Fiction 638
Wolf Like Me 2022
Hit & Run 2021


The MUR860 is an ultrafast Power Diode with lead-free pure tin-plated terminals, moulded plastic case and polarity as marked on the body. High efficiency, low VF and high current capability. Suitable for use in low voltage, high frequency inventor, free wheeling and polarity protection application.


In 2006, the City of Kearney passed ordinance 1050-2006, prohibiting pit bulls. The ordinance allowed pit bulls already within the city to remain, provided the owner properly registered the dog.
The Board of Aldermen adopted the Nuisance Ordinance May 1, 2006. Click on the link below for information related to the ordinance until the Codification files have been updated.
The parking of any vehicle shall not occur on lawn areas, unpaved public rights-of-way or other unpaved locations in District "R-R", "R-1", "R-2", "R-3" and "R-4". Parking shall be limited to areas that are hard-surfaced and shall generally be located in close relationship to the garage or otherwise vehicle orientated portion of the premises so that the lawn area may be maintained in grass, trees and shrubs. Parking of trucks, in excess of one (1) ton or more, or buses in any zoning area with an "R" (residential) designation is prohibited; provided that said vehicles may be parked in conjunction with deliveries, trucks may be parked in an enclosed garage, construction trucks may be parked when construction work is actually in progress in connection with the premises, and trucks may be parked on the premises in connection with any emergency.