text:
Q: Will arguments make an object non-collectible by JavaScript GC? var person = {
    name: 'John'
};

function Pet1(person) {
    var owner = person.name;
    this.showOwner = function() {
        alert(owner);
    }
}

function Pet2(person) {
    this.showOwner = function() {
        alert(person.name);
    }
}

var pets = [new Pet1(person), new Pet2(person)];

...

pets.splice(0, 1);
pets.splice(0, 1);

Which code above prevent's JS GC to not collect instances of Pet1 and Pet2 when they go out of scope or when there are no more references to either. What I know is Pet2 but don't you think Pet1 also prevents JS GC?

A: On the question from your comment:

will the person (it's global in this case) variable prevent instances of Pet1 and Pet2 to be garbage collected (if out of scope and no more references)

No, why should it? person does not reference the Pet instances, it's the other way round. Once you have removed the references to the Pet instances from the pets array, there is nothing that prevents the GC to collect them (assuming your "..." code does not create other references to pets[0] or pets[1]).

A: The answer is "it depends".
In terms of modern engines, if person were removed from everywhere else in the system, it could still be collected, even if it was mentioned in the argument, because despite being inside the closure, it's never referenced ever again, from any method which is publicly available.
Therefore, engines which support removing vestigial pieces of a scope could easily run GC on that object.
The question, then, is which engines do that, and which versions of those engines do so?
I'm not sure of the answer to that.
Just that it's possible, but could remain resident in memory on older or lesser JS engines.
EDIT
Think of it like this: var pet1 = new Pet1(person);
Pet1 used person to set values for pet1.
person doesn't know a thing about pet1.
var pet2 = new Pet2(person);
pet2 has a function which looks for person, to read a value.
So even if person is never mentioned in the code again, it can't be removed, because pet2 might call a function which needs to find person...
person still has no clue what a pet2 is.
When pet2 isn't needed anymore, and when it's removed from the array above, and when every single variable/object-property/array-index which referenced it has its references removed, including removing functions which were created inside of a scope that it exists in, and have references to it, somehow, it can be removed, because NO OTHER CODE is looking for/hanging onto pet2.
Once pet2 is gone, person isn't used anywhere else, anymore.
Therefore, person can be marked for collection.
GC is all about what has access to a thing.
If other things are still talking about the object, then the object is not allowed to be removed.
An instance could depend on 50 arguments, and have references to 120 other outside objects, but that instance could still be collected if nobody else cares about it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


AUBURN, Ala. – Tuesday night, February 5, Hunter Short was announced as the new SGA Treasurer.
The main focus of Short's platform as treasurer is the importance of representing the Auburn students. As treasurer, Short plans on implementing an open door policy, as well as focusing on budget transparency and financial literacy.
"We want to make sure that we're giving students resources they can use to become financially literate on Auburn's campus," Short said in an interview with Eagle Eye TV after the announcements were made.
Short is a junior from Columbus, Mississippi, studying accounting and supply chain management. He has previously served as an Auburn Supply Chain Management Ambassador.


Supply risk is almost always at the top of the CPO agenda (and if it's not, it should be). Most organizations focus on supplier risk elements that are relatively easy to implement, such as supplier financial risk management, which is a good start. It essentially helps monitor supplier viability through the lens of the financial statements (assuming you can get them from your private suppliers too). But, supplier financial risk management only goes so far. It does provide an "assurance of supplier," but it doesn't necessarily protect your assurance of supply from that supplier. We have a handy diagram that illustrates this concept.
Knights of the Procurement Round Table Ask: Should CPOs Use Consensus Decision Making?
Brand new, hot-off-the-press research from our sister site, Spend Matters UK/Europe, Should CPOs Use Consensus Decision Making? takes a long, hard look at what has proven to be a successful method in business over the past 2 or so decades, and whether or not it should apply to the procurement function. Get your copy today!
The Staples-Office Depot Merger: How Should CPOs Respond?
Over on our sister site, Chief Procurement Officer, we recently started a series analyzing what a merger of the Big 2 office supply firms, Staples and Office Depot, would mean for buyers. If your company has substantial US operations, you've likely sourced office supplies from either of these 2 firms, and the ramifications – and learnings – for CPOs go far beyond the proposed deal.


text:
Author:Nictzin Dyalhis
Author Discussion
Author Index: Dy
Nictzin Wilstone Dyalhis
sister projects: Wikipedia article, Commons category, Wikidata item.
A writer of science fiction and fantasy stories.
1436662Q7030697Nictzin Wilstone DyalhisNictzin WilstoneDyalhisDyalhis,_Nictzin Wilstone
WorksEdit
Who Keep the Desert Law (Adventure, October 20th, 1922)
For Wounding—Retaliation (Adventure, November 20, 1922)
When the Green Star Waned (Weird Tales, April 1925; reprinted January 1929)
The Eternal Conflict (Weird Tales, October 1925)
He Refused to Stay Dead (Ghost Stories, April 1927)
The Dark Lore (Weird Tales, October 1927)
The Oath of Hul Jok (Weird Tales, September 1928)
The Red Witch (Weird Tales, April 1932)
The Whirling Machete (Underworld Magazine, December 1933)
The Sapphire Goddess (Weird Tales, February 1934, alternative title: "The Sapphire Siren"
Gangland's Judas (Complete Underworld Novelettes, August 1934)
The Sea-Witch (Weird Tales, December 1937)
Heart of Atlantan (Weird Tales, September 1940)
Some or all works by this author are in the public domain in the United States because they are legally published within the United States (or the United Nations Headquarters in New York subject to Section 7 of the United States Headquarters Agreement) before 1964, and copyright was not renewed.
For Class A renewals records (books only) published between 1923 and 1963, check the Stanford University Copyright Renewal Database.
For other renewal records of publications between 1922–1950 see the University of Pennsylvania copyright records scans.
For all records since 1978, search the U.S. Copyright Office records.
It is imperative that contributors search the renewal databases and ascertain that there is no evidence of a copyright renewal before using this license. Failure to do so will result in the deletion of the work as a copyright violation.
The author died in 1942, so works by this author are also in the public domain in countries and areas where the copyright term is the author's life plus 75 years or less. Works by this author may also be in the public domain in countries and areas with longer native copyright terms that apply the rule of the shorter term to foreign works.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Author:Nictzin_Dyalhis&oldid=7305498"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Ellis Albert Swearengen (* 8. Juli 1845 in Oskaloosa, Iowa; † 1904 in Colorado), genannt Al Swearengen, war Mitgründer der Stadt Deadwood, South Dakota, in der er das Gem Theater betrieb.

Leben

Swearengen und sein Zwillingsbruder Lemuel Swearengen waren die ältesten von acht Kindern des Ehepaars Daniel und Keziah Swearengen aus Oskaloosa.

Im Sommer 1876 kam Swearengen mit seiner Frau Nettie Swearengen in das Goldgräber-Camp Deadwood. Nettie ließ sich später aufgrund der Gewalttätigkeiten ihres Mannes scheiden. Swearengen heiratete noch zwei Mal. Beide Ehen gingen aber aufgrund seines Jähzorns in die Brüche.

Swearengen war der erste Einwohner von Deadwood, der nicht nach Gold schürfte oder in einer der Minen arbeitete. Für die Abenteurer richtete er eine kleine Bar mit dem Namen Cricket Saloon ein. Seine Bar erwies sich als äußerst lukrativ.

Am 7. April 1877 eröffnete er daher den wesentlich prächtigeren Saloon Gem Variety Theater. Neben den Variety-Shows und dem Alkohol war das Gem vor allem als Bordell bekannt. Dafür lockte Swearengen junge Frauen mit Versprechen in das abgelegene Deadwood und zwang sie dann unter anderem durch Gewaltanwendung zur Prostitution.

Im Laufe der Zeit gewann Swearengen zunehmend an Macht und galt bald als der einflussreichste Mann in Deadwood. Mit seinem Netz von Opiumkurieren, Handlangern und Auftragskillern agierte er als eine Art Pate. Sein Gem brachte am Abend durchschnittlich 5.000 bis 10.000 US-Dollar, was nach der Berücksichtigung der Inflation und den heutigen Maßstäben etwa 85.000 bis 170.000 US-Dollar entspricht.

Beim großen Stadtbrand am 26. September 1879 brannte auch das Gem bis auf die Grundmauern ab. Swearengen nahm dies zum Anlass, sein Etablissement noch prächtiger und größer wieder aufzubauen. Auch nach einem zweiten Brand im Jahr 1894 baute Swearengen das «Gem» wieder auf. Bei einem erneuten Brand 1899 stellte die Feuerwehr fest, dass jemand die Schlüssel zu den Hydranten entfernt hatte; das Gebäude brannte nieder.

Swearengen verließ die Stadt und ging nach Colorado. 1904 wurde er in Denver tot mit einer schweren Kopfverletzung aufgefunden. Die Umstände seines Todes wurden nicht untersucht.

Sonstiges
Al Swearengen ist einer der Hauptcharaktere in der Fernsehserie Deadwood. Verkörpert wird er von Ian McShane.

Weblinks

 Al Swearengen Porträt HBO
 Al Swearengen Biografie
 Legends of America

Einzelnachweise

Wilder Westen
Bordellbetreiber
Person (Deadwood, South Dakota)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1845
Gestorben 1904
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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What is Immunotherapy?
Immunotherapy by Cancer Type
Immunotherapy Treatment Types
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Immune to Cancer Blog
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About CRI
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Scientific Leadership
Judy Gray
ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy StoriesPatients
On Being an Immunotherapy "Super-Responder"
When Judy Gray, 68, was facing a diagnosis of stage 4 lung cancer, she tempered her fear and sadness with a belief in science. A retired analyst for the Environmental Protection Agency, Judy took a predictably analytic approach to her treatment options, pursuing abundant research into clinical trials of new drugs.
Eventually, Judy decided to enroll in an immunotherapy clinical trial at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in NYC, where her doctor was Paul Paik, M.D. The trial was testing a new immunotherapy drug, called atezolizumab (also known as MPDL3280A), made by Roche/Genentech.
Atezolizumab belongs to a class of immunotherapy drugs called checkpoint inhibitors. By "taking the brakes off" the immune system, these drugs allow a stronger immune attack against cancer. The particular braking molecule targeted by atezolizumab is called PD-L1, which cancer cells sometimes make as a way to halt an impending immune attack.
It turned out that my immune cells were just very busy, like little Pacmen running around and eating up the cancer!
Judy had a spectacular response to treatment—in the words of her oncologist, she was an immunotherapy "super-responder." Over four years since her initial diagnosis and two years since beginning immunotherapy, she is still going strong.
Cancer Research Institute interviewed Judy Gray in August 2015.
Can you take us back to when you were first diagnosed?
Judy: Looking back on it, I began to notice something was wrong many months, if not a year, before I was actually diagnosed. First, I began to experience a lot of pain in my hips. But I was 64 and I thought, well, this is just part of getting old. Then, a few months later, I developed a dry cough that simply wouldn't go away. I ignored that for a long time, too. After all, if you live in Michigan, it's pretty common to get the sniffles or a cold or a cough during the winter. Finally, I went to my internist in February of 2011. She said, "I don't hear anything unusual in your chest, I'm sure everything is fine, but let's take an X-ray to be safe." And they found something suspicious in my right lung. I had one test, then another and another. I received the diagnosis of metastatic lung cancer in early March of 2011, and was referred to Dr. Nithya Ramnath, a thoracic oncologist at the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center.
So it had already spread to other areas besides the lungs?
Judy: Yes, it had already spread to both my hip bones, which explained the pain I'd been having for many months previously. Then, two small metastases were found in the right parietal lobe of my brain. For me, that was the most upsetting thing of all, the last straw in an accumulating mountain of bad news. As it turned out, though, the brain metastases were quite treatable with stereotactic radiosurgery. To this day (knock on wood!) there have been no signs of recurrence there.
What other treatments did you have?
Judy: I was treated with various kinds of chemotherapy and was very fortunate to get a good response to each of them…for a while. For several months, this one would work and then it would stop working, and for several months that one would work, then it would stop working, too. It seemed the cancer was always able to find a work-around.
By the spring of 2013, about two years after my diagnosis, the cancer had begun to spread widely and I had run out of treatment options I felt were worth trying. We were just about to contact hospice at that point, because all the signs were clear. That's when my oncologist came back from the ASCO [American Society of Clinical Oncology] meeting that year, full of exciting news about immunotherapy and about anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 clinical trials. Although the University of Michigan was not participating in these trials, she urged us to look into them.
What did you do next?
Judy: So the next big hurdle was to educate ourselves. We had to learn about immunotherapy, and find out who was doing this research and how one gets into a clinical trial and who to talk to and how to get all the required records submitted. If you're not already being treated at a center that's involved in the clinical trial you're interested in, it's quite a challenge. We felt that this was my last lifesaving opportunity, but finding our way through the maze of national scientific and administrative spaghetti was really stressful. Eventually we ended up at Memorial Sloan Kettering in New York City, where they had openings in their trial of the anti-PD-L1 agent that seemed best for me.
Were there any restrictions to enrolling in the study?
Judy: For this particular study, your tumor tissue had to test positive for PD-L1. Biopsy tissue had to be submitted for testing, and then there were weeks of waiting to find out if the sample was PD-L1 positive or not. There's a slightly amusing story about this…well, actually not all that amusing, especially at the time. One afternoon, the clinical trial doctor at Sloan Kettering finally called with my test results. He said he was sorry, but my tumor tissue had come out negative for PD-L1 and so I couldn't enroll in the clinical trial. We were devastated, having pinned all our hopes on this opportunity. Then that same night, the doctor called back again and said, I'm terribly sorry for the mix-up, but I'm happy to tell you that you are actually PD-L1 positive. It seems the lab had tagged me as Patient JG, and my results had somehow been confused with those of another applicant, Patient GJ. To this day, I feel guilty about Patient GJ, who no doubt got the same two phone calls, but in reverse order, the first saying congratulations, you're in, and several hours later a second call saying, Oh, sorry, we got confused, and you're out. If there was going to be a mix-up, my end of that mix-up was certainly preferable.
How did you find the trial?
Judy: We did lots of research, mostly on the internet. My husband, Peter, was the major researcher. He became an expert. Early on, he discovered the indispensable website clinicaltrials.gov. He called Johns Hopkins in Baltimore, because we knew that their Dr. Julie Brahmer was a star in the cancer immunotherapy field. We both talked to people at major cancer centers in Detroit, Chicago, Seattle, Boston, New York, and elsewhere. We looked at all the drug companies who were active in immunotherapy clinical trials for patients with lung cancer. Eventually, we decided that the anti-PD-L1 agent MPDL3280A looked like my best bet. We found the right people to talk to, got all the paperwork together, and sent it off in many directions. It took weeks to get that far.
And meanwhile you're very sick.
Judy: Yes, I was in a lot of pain. Just before my first visit to Memorial Sloan Kettering I had started coughing up blood and had an embolization procedure to cauterize the lesion in my lung. Some of my metastases were in the soft tissue of my gluteal muscle—in other words, my butt—and it was really quite painful. So I had to have my butt irradiated for palliative purposes. Not a very dignified procedure! All this was going on while we were investigating clinical trials. There was a lot happening at once. It was an exhausting and very stressful time.
You said that your husband became your expert researcher. Is he a scientist?
Judy: Absolutely not. In fact, until I got cancer he was the most squeamish person you'd ever meet. If someone even talked about blood in his presence he had to leave the room! So he evolved from that squeamish guy to a self-educated expert in lung cancer treatment. He's indefatigable. He's a very, very thorough researcher, and he's not afraid to call anybody. If it hadn't been for him I'm sure I wouldn't be here talking to you right now.
How did you eventually decide on the Roche/Genentech drug trial as the way to go?
Judy: As we read about the various checkpoint inhibitors, we got the impression that there were fewer side effects with the anti-PD-L1 vs. anti-PD-1 treatments. I don't think there's any actual proof of this, but nevertheless we decided the anti-PD-L1 approach seemed preferable. On the pragmatic side, Roche had an opening in a cohort that would accept patients with a history of brain metastasis. In the end, that was the deciding factor.
Tell us what it was like to get the immunotherapy drug and what effect it had.
Judy: The treatment itself was not a problem for me. I had no nausea or other immediate side effects. But a few days after my first treatment, I began to have fever and chills, and my white blood cell level bottomed out. The doctor clapped me in the hospital to get IV antibiotic treatment, assuming I had some sort of terrible infection. I was in the hospital for three days, but no source of infection was ever found. It turned out that my immune cells were just very busy, like little Pacmen running around eating up the cancer. Since then, I've learned that it's pretty common for patients who are getting a good response to immunotherapy to show "flu-like symptoms" early on, though not usually as severe as mine.
After the second treatment, I had a repeat PET scan. It was amazing to compare the new scan side-by-side with the pre-treatment scan, taken only six weeks earlier. The cancer's activity had simply been shut down. Over the next few months, follow-up CAT scans showed the tumors shrinking, then disappearing altogether.
It's been more than two years since I started the trial and about a year since I stopped. I've had no anti-cancer treatment since then. I still get CAT scans every three months, and everything remains stable. There is scar tissue, but no active disease process can be seen. It's almost miraculous.
So you're no longer on the trial?
Judy: That's right. After about a year of treatment, I had to withdraw because of autoimmune side effects, which are fairly common with immunotherapy. This isn't too surprising, since these treatments work by blocking PD-1/PD-L1 receptors, which are found on normal cells as well as cancer cells. After a few months of treatment, my thyroid gland was shut down by my own immune cells. Once diagnosed, this problem was easily treated with thyroid replacement hormone. But then I developed another, more serious autoimmune disorder, called eosinophilic fasciitis. This is a rare cousin to scleroderma, a fibrotic process that causes stiffening of the skin and connective tissue. It can be life threatening, though it wasn't in my case. Nevertheless, it was debilitating, uncomfortable, and potentially dangerous. It was time for me to leave the clinical trial.
Immunotherapy not only saved my life, but it has also allowed me to lead a real life. I wouldn't hesitate to encourage other patients to reach for this new chance too.
Were you treated for the side effects?
Judy: Yes, I am taking prednisone, a corticosteroid. I also take CellCept, which is usually given to prevent the body's rejection of an organ transplant. It's ironic that I now take anti-immune drugs to treat the side effects of the immune-boosting treatments that saved my life.
Will your side effects abate with time?
Judy: I certainly hope so. The fasciitis does seem improved. In fact, lately I've been bothered more by the prednisone side effects than by the fasciitis itself, and I've begun slowly tapering down the prednisone dose. It's quite a balancing act between treatments and side effects and treatments for the side effects!
What are the side effects of the prednisone?
Judy: Prednisone is a very powerful drug, and can affect just about anything. For example, it interferes with sleep, so I've been sleep deprived for over a year. It also causes the skin to become thin and fragile, so that every little bump causes bleeding or a big, dark bruise. Abdominal distention and weight gain, especially around the middle, are other delightful side effects. And, I keep looking in the mirror, waiting for the traditional prednisone "moon face" to appear, but that hasn't happened yet. Prednisone also can cause weakening of the bones and gastric ulcers. The list of possible side effects is endless. Prednisone isn't something you'd want to take, but it's the main treatment for these sorts of disorders.
Tell us what you were thinking when you learned the drug was working.
Judy: It was unbelievable. Before beginning the clinical trial, I had been relying on a pretty high dose of narcotics just to make my pain level tolerable. Within a couple of months after I started immunotherapy, I no longer needed the pain meds. It was like getting a new lease on life.
But every six weeks there would be another CAT scan. Do you know the term 'scanxiety'? With each scan, we'd worry that this time the magic would end and some new metastasis or progression would appear. But the magic continued, the scans kept getting better and better, and then all signs of cancer were gone. Unlike the cancer, though, the scanxiety never has gone away.
Your husband must have scanxiety too.
Judy: He has it way worse than I do. I have a much better ability to compartmentalize and, to be honest, I'm also very good at denial. Having a terminal disease does change your point of view about everyday life, though. It's kind of weird to be one of those dots WAY far out on the survival curve, to be the person who has managed to live years beyond everybody's expectations, especially my own.
Sometimes it feels like we're sitting under an unstable roof. We know it's going to fall down on our heads, we just don't know when. And while we're sitting under that roof, waiting for it to fall, what sorts of things seem worth doing? Is it worthwhile going to the dentist when you know the roof could fall on you any day? Does it make sense to buy a new coat? Should we make plans to go to Florida six months from now? Should we even renew our subscriptions for another year?
When I first found out I had lung cancer, I didn't think my younger grandchild would ever know me or that my older grandchild would be able to remember me. But in just a few weeks now, they will be turning five and seven years old and, hey, I'm part of their lives.
What would you say to another patient who is thinking about doing immunotherapy?
Judy: I would absolutely encourage cancer patients to look into immunotherapy. There are no guarantees. Not everyone with non-small cell lung cancer will respond, and even among responders, not everyone will get the amazing results I've had. But compared to chemotherapy, the response rates tend to be higher, and responders tend to have longer survival times and fewer side effects. Immunotherapy not only saved my life, but it has also allowed me to lead a real life. I wouldn't hesitate to encourage other patients to reach for this new chance too.
Originally published September 2, 2015.
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text:
A French debate about death
EuropeAug 15th 1998 edition
A FRESH debate on euthanasia has bubbled up in France since, a fortnight ago, a nurse in a hospital in the town of Mantes-la-Jolie near Paris was put on trial for helping patients to die. By increasing the doses of morphine given as a painkiller, Christine Malèvre, 28, had—her lawyer admitted—helped end the suffering of as many as 30 patients, all of whom were dying anyway. Sometimes the patient had asked for such help, sometimes the plea came from the family, and sometimes the nurse—stricken by the sight of seemingly needless suffering—had herself taken the initiative.
Miss Malèvre, who attempted suicide herself after her "mercy-killings" were detected, is now free after a spell in a psychiatric hospital. Even groups opposed to euthanasia, such as the main doctors' council, have said they were sorry that she felt unable to turn to anyone in the medical profession for support or advice. Miss Malèvre has had a generally sympathetic hearing across the country. The affair, most French people seem to think, has exposed a moral and legal gap in the system.
French law, as almost everywhere else in the rich world, does not allow for euthanasia. In practice, however, people brought to book for helping others to commit suicide have been given suspended sentences and have invariably been treated leniently. Henri Caillavet, a leftish former senator who presides over an "association for the right to die with dignity", says this smacks of hypocrisy.
He would rather enshrine procedures in law for registering and carrying out the wishes of those near the end of their life who wish to bring that end earlier. By requiring witnesses and independent medical opinions, as in the Netherlands and Switzerland, those lonely pioneers of euthanasia, rules should be laid out so that a person who wants to die should not have to rely on the clandestine and illegal help—and the conscience—of a doctor or nurse acting alone.
Mr Caillavet first put such a law to the Senate in 1978. Now the cause has been taken up in the National Assembly by Roger-Gérard Schwarzenberg, a Radical Socialist. Broadly speaking, the left is beginning to sound more sympathetic. The Church and the right are not. The health secretary, Bernard Kouchner, cautiously advises against "hasty moral judgment". And the chief banner-carriers of left and right, Lionel Jospin, the prime minister, and Jacques Chirac, the president, have stayed suitably mum.
This article appeared in the Europe section of the print edition under the headline "A French debate about death"


text:
Cabrillo, Port Partnership Nationally Honored
The Washington, D.C.-based University Professional and Continuing Education Association recently awarded its national UPCEA Engagement Award to the partnering organizations of a career-based academy at Cabrillo High School.
The Port of Long Beach Academy of Global Logistics at Cabrillo earned the honor along with Cal State Long Beach's Center for International Trade and Transportation, and the university's College of Continuing and Professional Education.
Presented at UPCEA's annual conference in Seattle, the award recognized "an outstanding mutually-beneficial exchange of knowledge and resources between a UPCEA member institution and one or more external constituents" such as local communities, corporations or government organizations.
This year's awardees exemplify "innovative and impactful education," said Mary Angela Baker, chair of the awards committee.
The logistics academy at Cabrillo High develops business-educated students prepared for the challenges of global logistics, supply chain management and international trade through hands-on experiences and academic learning.
The academy, launched in 2016, introduces high school students to career opportunities in global trade and logistics and shows them how to prepare for those careers through a wide range of training and education programs including certificates, certifications, and degrees offered by Long Beach City College and Cal State Long Beach.
UPCEA is the leading association for professional, continuing, and online education. Founded in 1915, UPCEA now serves more than 400 institutions, including most of the leading public and private colleges and universities in North America.


text:
SubTopic Network protocols
Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
Andrew Zola
What is Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2PT)?
Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) is an extension of the Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP) used by internet service providers (ISPs) to enable virtual private networks (VPNs). To ensure security and privacy, L2TP must rely on an encryption protocol to pass within the tunnel.
L2TP can transfer most L2 data types over an IP or Layer Three (L3) network. The process initiates a tunnel between an L2TP access concentrator (LAC) and an L2TP network server (LNS) on the internet. This facilitates a Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) link layer that is encapsulated and transferred across the internet.
The end user initiates a PPP connection to an ISP through either an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) or public switched telephone network service.
L2TP merges the best features of two other tunneling protocols:
PPTP from Microsoft
Layer 2 Forwarding from Cisco Systems
L2TP is composed of two core components:
LAC -- the device that physically terminates the call; and
LNS -- the device that terminates and can authenticate the PPP stream.
Layer Two Tunneling Protocol enables ISPs to use virtual private networks.
L2TP is not well known. Early versions were limited to carrying PPP. However, this limitation no longer exists. PPP defines a means of encapsulation to transmit multiprotocol packets over L2 point-to-point links.
In this scenario, the user connects to the network access server (NAS) through ISDN, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line, Plain Old Telephone Service or other services, and PPP runs over that connection. In this configuration, the L2 and PPP session endpoints are both on the same NAS.
What is L2TP used for?
L2TP uses packet-switched network connections to enable endpoints to reside in different machines.
The user has an L2 connection to a LAC, which tunnels individual PPP frames to the NAS. As a result, packets can be processed separately from the location of the circuit termination.
If the circuit concentrator is local, long-distance charges are eliminated. Additional benefits are reliability, stability, compatibility, configurability and protection from man-in-the-middle attacks.
L2TP also supports various authentication options carried by PPP. This includes Password Authentication Protocol, Microsoft Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol and CHAP. An additional way to authenticate the endpoints of a tunnel is to use L2TP to provide extra security implemented with IP Security (IPsec).
L2TP also has some drawbacks. These include transmission failure due to mismatched security keys, limited port support and slower speeds.
How does L2TP differ from PPTP?
There are several differences between L2TP and PPTP.
For example, L2TP can use a variety of tunnel media, whereas PPTP can only tunnel over IP networks.
L2TP also supports several tunnels between two endpoints, each having its own quality of service. PPTP supports one tunnel between two endpoints.
Compressed L2TP headers are 4 bytes, and compressed PPTP headers are 6 bytes.
What are the Layer 2 protocols?
There are several L2 communications protocols used by L2 devices, such as multiport bridges and network interface cards, to carry data between nodes in a local area network (LAN) or across a wide area network.
Other data link L2 protocols besides L2TP include the following:
Attached Resource Computer Network;
Asynchronous Transfer Mode;
Ethernet;
Ethernet Automatic Protection Switching;
Fiber Distributed Data Interface;
High-Level Data Link Control;
IEEE 802.2 -- provides logical link control functions to Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802 media access control layers;
IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN;
Multiprotocol Label Switching;
Spanning Tree Protocol;
Token Ring; and
Unidirectional Link Detection.
Other Layer Two Tunneling Protocol features
Additional frequently asked L2TP-related questions include the following.
What is L2TP passthrough?
L2TP passthrough is an L2 tunneling protocol used for point-to-point sessions via the internet on L2.
What is TCP tunneling?
TCP tunneling helps aggregate and transfer packets sent between a single TCP connection and the end hosts. The TCP tunnel improves fairness among aggregated flows and enables the transparent transmission of several protocols through a firewall.
What is L2TP over IPsec?
L2TP over IPsec combines technologies like the L2 transfer protocol and IPsec. It works like a VPN, where IPsec helps create a secure channel that encapsulates L2TP traffic.
What is an L2TP secret?
An L2TP secret or VPN secret is a unique password used in place of a regular password to access the VPN. PPTP connections to the VPN must use an L2TP secret.
This was last updated in October 2021
Continue Reading About Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP)
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A glossary of the VPN terminology you need to know
chatty protocol
A chatty protocol is an application or routing protocol requiring a client or server to wait for an acknowledgment before ... See complete definition
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text:
Math Word Problem
At the 1988 Summer Olympics in
Seoul, South Korea, Florence Griffith-Joyner ran the
100-meter dash in 10.49 seconds (a world record). What
was her speed in miles per hour? (1 meter is approximately
39.37 inches.)
asked by Anonymous
1 inch = 2.54 cm exactly
So 1 mile/h
= 1760 yds * 3 ft * 12 in. * 0.0254 m / 3600 s.
= 0.44704 m/s
100m/10.49s
=(100/10.49)/0.44704 mph
= ? mph
posted by MathMate
21.32 mph
The present record for the 100 meter dash is 9.58 seconds. back in 1988, Johnson ran the 100 meter dash in the world record time of 9.79 seconds. He was later to lose both his record and his gold medal to runner up Lewis because
asked by Belle on September 18, 2014
Which Korean War outcomes are still in place today? A) The U.N gave Russia power over North Korea, and US troops left South Korea. B) North and south Korean leaders signed a treaty, and North Korea became a democracy. C) North and
asked by Kat on May 13, 2019
Busan is the largest port city and second-largest city in South Korea. It lies on the southeast tip of the Korean Peninsula. It is important for transport and shipping. It is best known for Busan Port and Haeundae Beach. The port
asked by rfvv on May 24, 2016
jim ran the 400-meter dash in 47 seconds. if he ran at a constant rate, about how many meters did he run in a second?
asked by justin on January 4, 2011
(a) In 2009, Usain Bolt ran the last 100 meters of the 150-meter race in 8.70 seconds. What is Usain Bolt's speed? (b) The world record for the 100-meter dash is 9.58 seconds (Bolt, 2009). Use the speed from part (a) as his
asked by Tom on January 25, 2016
The winning time int he womens Olympic 200 meter dash w is a function of the year x in which the event was run, starting with 1948 and is given by the equation w= f(X)= -0.0661X+152.8 A. PREDICT THE WINNING TIME FOR THE 1988
asked by anna on July 26, 2010
3 grade english ms sue
fact and opinion a fact tells something that can be proved true or false. an opinion tells someones ideas or feelings.words that telll fellings, such as should or best, are clues to opinions. yu can ask an expert or use reference
asked by dw on March 20, 2012
Write the gerund phrase in each sentence. Then indicate whether the phrase functions as a subject (S), an object of preposition (OP), a direct object (DO), an indirect object (IO), or a predicate nominative (PN). 1. Pablo Morales
asked by aLexus on January 31, 2010
Johnson ran the 100 meter dash in 9.79 seconds. Calculate Johnson's average speed, in meters/second.
asked by Macy on September 22, 2014


text:
Education Ministry
68% of Libyan schools are prepared to receive students by this Saturday
Government of National Accord's Ministry of Education announced the commencement of the school year after the finalization of all procedures necessary to ensure that all educational facilities are prepared to welcome students.This is…
Secondary Education certificate results: Less than half passed their exams
The Minister of Education Dr Mohamed Amari Zayed approved today the results of the first round of exams for the secondary education certificate with a success rate of 43.28%.The Ministry of education further detailed that the Science…
Libya's Presidential Council appoints one of its members as acting Education Minister
The Libyan Presidential Council of the Government of National Accord (GNA) has appointed the Presidential Council member Mohammed Emmari Zayed as an acting Education Minister replacing Othman Abdeljalil, who resigned days ago. The…
High Council of State calls for measures to meet demands of education staff
The Libyan High Council of State (HCS) said he is following closely the repurcussions of the strike and protests of teachers who are demanding better conditions and salaries from the government and its Education Ministry.The HCS called…
Libya's Education Ministry cuts salaries of 150.000 employees
Libya's Education Ministry of the Government of National Accord has stopped the salaries of over 150,000 teachers and other education ministry staff who do not have proper documents, the ministry said in an anti-corruption push that sparked…
For: Education Ministry - Libyan Express


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ZRadical™, featuring 50 mg of pure fucoidan, is an advanced biotherapeutic drink. Combining the best of nature and science, this powerful blend is formulated to support immune, cardiovascular, neurological, and joint health. All in a great-tasting drink that the whole family will enjoy.
DIRECTIONS FOR USE: Take 1 fluid ounce (2 tablespoons), one to four times daily. Can be taken alone or mixed with juice or water. Refrigerate after opening. Shake well before each use. Best to use within 30 days after opening. WARNING: If you are pregnant, nursing or taking medications, consult your healthcare professional before using this product. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN.
Ingredients: Riboflavin, Niacin B3, Vitamin B6, Folic Acid, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid B5, Banana puree, dragon fruit, powder, wolfberry juice concentrate, yumberry juice concentrate, milk thistle, extract, turmeric, Maltodextrin, natural sour apple flavor, natural grape flavor, xanthan gum, mixed wild berry extract, stevia, citric acid, grape seed.
* Statements appearing herein have not been evaluated by the FDA. No statement herein nor item purveyed is intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Proposition 65 – WARNING: Chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer, or birth defects or other reproductive harm may be present in some products sold here.


text:
Joe Giudice Denies Reports He's Being Deported to Italy
June 22, 2018, 10:30 AM ET
The Real Housewives of New Jersey husband is set to complete his prison sentence in 2019.
Joe Giudice is denying reports that he will be deported before his prison sentence is complete in 2019.
The Giudice family attorney, James J. Leonard Jr., confirmed that no actions have been taken to deport Joe in a statement to PEOPLE. "I can state with absolute certainty that no decision has been made regarding the immigration status of Joe Giudice. The same immigration detainer that was lodged against him in March of 2016 remains in place today, but I want to be absolutely clear about this, no judicial authority has made any decision regarding what will happen with that detainer," he said. "Mr. Giudice has immigration counsel who are and have been working aggressively on his behalf so that he can return home to his wife and four young daughters and we remain optimistic that that is how this will end."
The Real Housewives of New Jersey husband always faced the possibility of being deported back to Italy, where he was born, after he finished his 41-month sentence for mail, wire, and bankruptcy fraud, which he began in March 2016. Joe began his prison at the Federal Correctional Institution in Fort Dix, New Jersey. He was later transferred to FCI Allenwood in Pennsylvania at the end of 2017.
Teresa Giudice Visits Joe Giudice "All The Time" in Prison; However, "He Comes Third"... We'll Let Her Explain
Joe's wife, Teresa Giudice, has continued to keep RHONJ fans updated on how her husband is doing during his time away, sharing that he has been focusing on his health and fitness, as well as his education.
Teresa also recently shared Joe's reaction to her latest endeavor: bodybuilding. "I don't think he wanted to get me on stage in a bathing suit," Teresa told Us Weekly. "Then he recently said to me, 'You know what, you should do it.' He's been so supportive, he's so happy for me."
See more of the Giudice family, below.
Joe Giudice
Teresa Reveals Joe's Reaction to Her Bodybuilding Dreams
Teresa Giudice Gushes About Joe's Body Transformation


On November 9, 2015, a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit upheld 2-1 a preliminary injunction against the Obama administration's executive actions on Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) and Deferred Action for Parents of Americans (DAPA). The court found, among other things, that the states have shown that the threatened injury if the injunction were denied outweighed any harm that would result if the injunction were granted. "The states have alleged a concrete threatened injury in the form of millions of dollars of losses," the panel majority noted.
The Obama administration plans to appeal the ruling to the Supreme Court.
The decision, including Judge King's dissent, is at http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/opinions/pub/15/15-40238-CV0.pdf.


Madison texted when she was out and about.
What do you want from McDonald's, pops? She asked. She's as ready for a snack at the drop of a french fry (just like dad.) I ordered a McDouble, no onions. And I proceeded to shut out the universe like it was a veggie burger.
It's just a snack. But if I had said, surprise me … imagine then. Sure, that puts Madison on the spot. But what could happen? She might have ordered me a Quarter Pounder. With Mac Sauce. Or something new, like a McGrilledCheese with bacon and a Star Wars toy.
The stars aligned with the big L on the forehead today, didn't they? Today's must-reads take on a couple of sticking points and problem areas. They're good reads, though. I hope you get as much out of them as I did.
When I feel that self-esteem taking kidney punches on the ropes, I duck and cover and pray for the bell to end the round.
Kristen Foxx and I got lost together.
Separately. Then together. We didn't know where to go for a realtors event. It had a speakeasy theme. I haven't been in a speakeasy since 1931. Neither one of us dressed the part, either.
We found our way eventually to the right room, although we bumbled into the wrong one first. This place had better food, to be honest. And I met with a coaching colleague of mine, and suddenly, Kristen found herself being introduced to someone she didn't know.
Love them, in fact. Not the screamy ones. Not those that scream a phone number 3,296 in 30 seconds. And not those that play the worst music ever imaginable to grab my attention.
I like funny, relatable commercials.
Sometimes, it's for Jiff Peanut Butter. Sometimes, it's a new drug with 3,296 side effects. Sometimes, it's a hilarious commercial about appliances dying, with a grim reaper and adorable actor hitting her knees and begging for mercy.


text:
title:  Hukum Sebagai Guru
date:  10/10/2020
---

### Bacaan Untuk Pelajaran Minggu Ini
Deut. 6:5; Deut. 31:9–27; Roma 3:19–23; Rev. 12:17; 14:12; Mark 6:25–27; Ibrani  5:8.

>
Ayat Hafalan

> "Kasihilah YAHWEH, Tuhanmu, dengan segenap hatimu dan dengan segenap jiwamu dan dengan segenap kekuatanmu." (Ulangan 6:5) .

Dalam mengingatkan umat di Galatia mengenai legalisme, Paul menulis berikut:

"Sebab andaikata hukum Taurat diberikan sebagai sesuatu yang dapat menghidupkan, maka memang kebenaran berasal dari hukum Taurat." (Galatia 3:21). Sudah tentulah, jika ada hukum yang "dapat menghidupkan," itu adalah hukum Tuhan. Namun maksud Paulus ialah bahawa, bagi kita orang berdosa, hukum Tuhan itu tidak boleh menghidupkan. Mengapa? "Tetapi Kitab Suci telah mengurung segala sesuatu di bawah kekuasaan dosa, supaya oleh karena iman dalam Yesus Kristus janji itu diberikan kepada mereka yang percaya" (Galatia 3:22) .

Namun, jika hukum tidak dapat menghidupkan orang-orang berdosa, apakah tujuannya, selain menunjukkan kepada kita bahawa kita memerlukan kurnia kasih? Maka, adakah hukum itu hanya berfungsi secara negatif, hanya wujud untuk menunjukkan dosa-dosa kita?

Tidak; hukum juga wujud untuk menunjukkan kita kepada jalan kehidupan, yang hanya terdapat di dalam Yesus. Inilah seharusnya makna pendidikan sejati itu sebenarnya,  iaitu menunjukkan kita kepada kehidupan yang penuh kasih karunia, mengenai iman dan ketaatan kepada Kristus. Itulah sebabnya minggu ini kita akan mengkaji peranan hukum Tuhan dalam keseluruhan persoalan mengenai pendidikan Kristian. Ketika kita berbuat demikian, marilah kita lihat apa yang hukum masih boleh ajarkan kepada kita, walaupun tidak dapat menyelamatkan kita, tentang kasih Tuhan kita terhadap umat manusia yang berdosa.

_*Sila kaji pelajaran minggu ini untuk persediaan Sabat, 17 Oktober._

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


We're accustomed to using vending machine to satisfy our taste buds, but what if we could satisfy our mind from the same machines?
Well that is the idea behind the new art project which is in Sydney this week. Titled Intangible Goods, the artwork takes the form of a vending machine, but instead of people purchasing soft drinks or packets of chips, they can buy little packages of things such as Bravery, Purpose, or Connection.


text:
Q: Ruby on Rails - class caching? I read an article here and I used the principles found there to write a administration check for my controllers.  Basically it checks to see what controller you're in and then I create an array saying if this person as permission to see that controller, than find, pass it on.
The author of the article said that readers shouldn't use the example code as it was flawed and that they should use his plugin (which of course is outdated now).  And he said

"there are some issues with the above code when running in production mode due to the use of class variables and class caching."

I have a test failing and I think it might be due to this but I'm not quite sure what part of the code I shouldn't be using.  I had the following (in application.rb):
 controller = params[:controller]
 action = params[:action]

But I changed that to:
controller = self.class.name
action = params[:action]

How do I access the action name correctly?  And in general what kinds of things can you do in development mode that you can't do in production?

A: Have you considered a role based permissions plugin instead?
See the following stackoverflow question:
Which Rails plug in is best for role based permissions? (Please provide one nomination per answer)
I'm unaware of any issues with production usage of the code you have pasted in. The plugin in question might have some issues due to a possible misuse of @@ however, I've not inspected it thoroughly.


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Home/News/it would only impact in 2024 and there are doubts that Washington will really report
it would only impact in 2024 and there are doubts that Washington will really report
The exchange would only take place in September 2024. But the US has not made the same progress in other countries.
The Minister of Economy, Sergio Massa, publicly expressed his expectations with the agreement signed with the United States on the exchange of tax information: he hopes that more taxpayers will catch up and thus more dollars enter the reserves of the Central Bank. This is what the minister said ten days ago, in an act at the Néstor Kirchner Cultural Center.
But the details that were known in the last hours about this deal, do not support the message that Economy transmitted in these last few weeks. So much because the details come to light do not present concrete and sufficient incentives so that taxpayers who evade stop doing so, as well as about the dates and times of the agreement: Article 10, point 1, indicates that this will enter into force on January 1 of the calendar year following the date of Argentina's written notification to the United States, confirming completion of the necessary internal procedures by Argentina for the entry into force (this has not happened yet although it will happen).
Specifically, it implies that the information to be exchanged It cannot be from 2022 but, if the requirements are met, from the year 2023. and that information It would only be received in September 2024.
From that point of view, the immediate financial and macroeconomic impact would be small and below expectations that raised in public and private Massa. Only the 1042-S statement will be included.
Argentina and the United States signed a Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA) agreement under the IGA 1 modality, like the one that Washington has already established with 114 countries.
The treaty is a generic format that the Argentine and US negotiators took to apply in the same way in Argentina as in other countries and that does not admit exceptions. It is a domestic law of the United States and of extraterritorial application, through which the US administration intends to tax its citizens even when they reside and work in another country.
but it is the extent of reciprocity what is in doubt in many countries that have signed this type of agreement. Charles Rettig, until November of this year head of the IRS (Internal Revenue Service, the collection government agency in the United States, the equivalent of the AFIP), told a legislative committee in April that the United States is receiving information from those who have signed agreements FATCA, but what The United States is not providing information to its counterparts.
The issue of reciprocity in the exchange of information has also been the subject of strong criticism from the European Parliament. A report published in September repeats complaints from a previous one made in 2018 about a lack of reciprocity by the United States as suggested by Rettig. The Argentine tax expert Diego Fraga also believes that in the case of Mexico, which signed a FACTA agreement in 2014, it has not yet received automatic information.
Eventually, the information package that would arrive would be to identify the owner of an account who is Argentine and subject to income tax for having received an income, the payment of interest or dividends (flows). Balances will not be reported (stocks).
The Treasury Department published on its page the fine print of the IGA 1A signed between Argentina and the US on Tuesday afternoon, while the National Team played against Croatia, for the World Cup semifinals. FATCA was signed in 2010, but came into force in 2014.
look also
2024 agreement Doubts ee I finished reporting tax uu Washington would affect
Henrique Capriles called for the end of the interim government led by Juan Guaidó in Venezuela: "It is a policy that failed"
Mirex denies information about abortion, pedophilia and other issues in the country's participation in the OAS
The bill that you can hold in your hands and is worth up to $400
How the royal family of Hawaii was "illegally" overthrown so that the archipelago would become a US territory.
How many people are affected by Hurricane Ian in Tampa?


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text:
Honda News
2022 Honda Civic Si Costs $2,160 More Than the One It Replaces
Optional high-performance summer tires are the only add-ons you can get.
byJerry Perez| UPDATED Nov 2, 2021 4:09 PM
Jerry PerezView jerry perez's Articles
DrivesWGirls
The new 2022 Honda Civic Si is headed to dealerships later this year, and now we know how much it'll cost. Including a $1,015 destination charge, the hopped-up Civic will set you back $28,315, which is exactly $2,160 more than the previous-gen Civic Si.
Unlike its predecessor, however, the newest Si will only be offered as a sedan, but given how many coupes Honda was moving across the board, this likely won't affect many customers out there. What the new Si does retain, is its relative affordability and value factor, offering all performance, tech, and safety equipment as standard. A high-performance summer tire option is the only add-on potential owners can get. Doing so would add $200 to the price.
Update 11/2/21 4:05 pm ET: The price difference between the 2020 and 2022 year models has been adjusted from $2,385 to $2,160, after we learned that the previous-generation Si's price was updated following its launch. As a result, the difference was slightly lower than this story originally claimed. We apologize for the mistake.
While dropping close to $30,000 on a Civic may be a tough pillow to swallow for some, it's worth noting that this new Si isn't just an all-new vehicle from a platform and drivetrain perspective, but it also borrows many go-fast bits from its more expensive sibling, the Civic Type R. In fact, the 2021 Type R LE our very own Kristen Lee reviewed recently came in at a steep $44,990. That's a difference of nearly $17,000.
Of course, a brand-new Type R is also in the works and should join the Civic lineup sometime soon. With the year quickly coming to an end and teased with a "2022 introduction" by Honda, it's likely that we'll know more about the 2022 Type R over the next few weeks.
Still, with a considerably cheaper price tag, a 200-hp, 1.5-liter four-cylinder turbo engine, and most importantly, a six-speed manual transmission, the Si promises to be a value-packed proposition and the sweet spot of the Civic lineup. We will actually be driving the new Si soon, so make sure to stay tuned for a full review.
Got a tip? Email us at tips@thedrive.com
Honda NewsNews by Brand


'Track' was originally made as a temporary site based installation for the Saxon Tithe Barn in Bradford on Avon in 2000. The work comprised of a white form that glided slowly along a 15 metre horizontal track powered by an electric motor. The form took 20 minutes to travel the full length of the track where it would momentarily pause before slowly reversing and repeating its journey.
"The important thing about 'Track' that a photograph cannot show, is the slowness of the white form's progress back and forth along the rails. The slowness is slower than the special halting march made before the cenotaph on Poppy Day. It is slower than Kung Fu walking on a rice paper scroll. It is slower than the shuffling gait of the oldest and most infirm pet dog. It is slower than the plaster original of GF Watt's 'Physical Energy' as it is winched out of the shed at the back of the Watt's museum in Compton once a year. It is so slow that it is almost unbearable to watch.
The photograph does give some indication of the physicality of the form on the rails. You may notice that it is somewhat like a model of a mountain or a land mass. In 17th Century Japan, stones were collected for their likeness to mountains. Favourite 'suiseki' stones would accompany collectors on trips in specially made travelling cases. These stones were treasured and sometimes had their own attendant and separate transportation. The mountain-like form in 'Track' was not a special found object like the suiseki; it was instead the product of a day's hole-digging.


Coffee Shop Sector Expected to Reach 16.5bn Turnover BY 2020!
Allegra Project Café 2015 UK was put together in an attempt to help industry stakeholders and investors understand the social and economic contributions of the branded coffee industry. Referred to as the 'Bible' of the Coffee Shop industry, the reports are swiftly becoming a must have for all Coffee Shop Owners. Hence, why a detailed PDF report of the findings cost £4,500.
In today's short article, I look at the findings of the 21,839 online surveys which were carried out back in December, exploring where the coffee industry is now and where it's anticipated to be in 2020.
Consumption: Estimated 2 Billion coffees are drunk in the UK outside of the home.
The above stats didn't surprise me too much if I am to be completely honest. As you meander through a local high street nowadays you come across a lot more bookmakers (something for another day) and an abundance of Coffee Shops.
Are Non specialist coffee producers taking over the branded coffee shops in growth?
The branded coffee chain segment recorded £2.9 billion turnover across 5,781 outlets, delivering sales growth of 11.9% and outlet growth of 4.9%, adding 271 stores during 2014.
After 16 years of sizable progression, the coffee shop sector continues to be one of the most fruitful in the UK economy. Costa Coffee (1,821 outlets), Starbucks Coffee Company (824) and Caffè Nero (590) remain the UK's leading brands with a combined share of 56% of the branded chain market by outlet numbers.
Market leader Costa added 151 UK outlets and achieved 15% sales growth in calendar 2014. The non-specialist sector, including pubs, fast food operators, supermarkets and retail stores, has outpaced branded chains with outlet growth of 14.5% to reach 7,017 establishments with a strong coffee range.


This name is in version 1.1 of The Plant List, record gcc-38143, with some changes.
The record derives from TICA which reports it as an accepted name (record 4A2CD626-F85E-449C-9016-46C24D1B33D8) with original publication details: 20 1874 .
Full publication details for this name can be found in IPNI: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:235247-1.


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What Is the U.S. Doing for Diplomats Sickened by Russia 'Mystery Weapon'?
By Rick Moran Oct 20, 2020 2:09 PM ET
(AP Photo/Desmond Boylan, File
It started in 2016 when nearly two dozen U.S. diplomats and their families stationed in Cuba were hit by disturbing symptoms of a brain disorder. Headaches, dizziness, memory loss, and unexplained bleeding from the nose were, at first, attributed to pesticides, or a psychological condition like stress.
But when Canadian diplomats also experienced the symptoms, the state department concluded they were victims of some sort of "attack" and the president withdrew most of our diplomats and expelled 15 Cuban diplomats.
That action was in keeping with U.S. policy toward Cuba at the time, where Donald Trump wanted to reverse the opening of Cuba by Barack Obama.
But then, it happened in China in 2018. At least 14 diplomats stationed in the city of Guangzhou came down with very similar symptoms as our people in Cuba. And then it happened to several CIA officers in Russia.
The difference in our approach to the attacks in China and Russia was dependent on what was seen as geopolitical necessities. The Trump administration was heavily involved in trade negotiations with China and was looking to maintain a good relationship with Vladimir Putin and Russia. Accusing either nation of attacking our diplomats would have necessitated some kind of response. The administration chose to maintain a cone of silence about what our government thought was causing the illnesses among U.S. State Department employees.
Meanwhile, our injured diplomats have been hung out to dry.
Those who fled China have spent more than two years fighting to obtain the same benefits given to the victims in Cuba and others attacked by foreign powers. The battles have complicated their recovery and prompted government retaliation that might have permanently damaged their careers, according to interviews with more than 30 government officials, lawyers and doctors.
U.S. lawmakers have criticized what they call secrecy and inaction from the State Department and are pressing the agency to release a study it received in August from the National Academies of Sciences, which examined potential causes of the episodes.
It's never been publically reported that our CIA officers were targeted in Russia. But agency sources tell the Times, "officials at the State Department and outside scientists, as well as several of the victims, see Russia as the most likely culprit given its history with weapons that cause brain injuries and its interest in fracturing Washington's relations with Beijing and Havana."
It's a puzzle why the State Department refuses to release the scientific report on the incidents.
Dr. David A. Relman, a Stanford University professor who is the chairman of the National Academies of Sciences committee that examined the cases, said it was "disheartening and immensely frustrating" that the State Department had refused to share the report with the public or Congress "for reasons that elude us."
In a statement, the department said: "The safety and security of U.S. personnel, their families and U.S. citizens is our top priority. The U.S. government has not yet determined a cause or an actor."
That's obviously not the case. If they cared that much, they'd want to get to the bottom of the mystery. But the State Department does not see itself in the business of stoking conflict over something that can't be identified and that no one knows if it really exists. Perhaps they expect Putin to confess. Then our injured diplomats would get the help and benefits they deserve.
It's not in anyone's interest at the State Department to try and unravel the mystery. So it will remain so until it happens again and Congress finally starts demanding answers.


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Mayoral candidate and Assemblyman Nathan Fletcher announces he'll switch from Republican to Independent
State Assemblyman Nathan Fletcher, whose 75th District includes La Jolla and is running to be San Diego's next mayor, announced today he has decided to leave the Republican Party to become an independent.
Fletcher announced his decision in a video clip posted on his campaign website, nathanfletcher.com. He says he has been struggling with the decision for "some time."
"Today I am leaving the Republican party and becoming an independent," Fletcher said. "In my heart, I believe it's what's right and what best reflects my values. I also believe it's what's right for our city moving forward ..."
Appearing to decry the contentious nature of the current political climate, he added: "I don't believe we have to treat people we disagree with as an enemy."
Fletcher, who served a decade in the Marine Corps, currently represents the 75th District in the California State Assembly. He is running to replace Mayor Jerry Sanders, who will be termed out.
Other mayoral candidates include Councilman Carl DeMaio, a Republican; District Attorney Bonnie Dumanis, a Republican; and Rep. Bob Filner, D-San Diego. The job is non partisan.


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Sneak Attack? Congress slips controversial measures into spending bill
Published Wed, Dec 10 2014 1:14 PM EST Updated Thu, Dec 11 2014 7:50 AM EST
Chuck Todd, Mark Murray and Carrie Dann
You've heard of 5:00 p.m. ET news dumps on a Friday, right? Well, on Tuesday night we saw what amounted to a Lame-Duck Congress news dump: As the political world was busy flipping through the pages of the graphic and headline-grabbing Senate Intelligence Committee report on Bush Era torture practices, Congress snuck in two measures to its must-pass spending bill—all without formal debate.
The first was a rider that essentially overturns the District of Columbia's ballot initiative legalizing marijuana, which passed by a more than 2-to-1 margin last month. (Remember, D.C. doesn't even have elected House or Senate members.)
More from NBC News:
What does Iran's supreme leader think of torture report?
Joe Biden hasn't made up his mind about 2016
Torture report could spark violence overseas: Official
The second measure Congress snuck into the spending the bill will be more galling to some, because it amounts to a pay raise for the two unpopular political parties: It raises the $32,400 maximum that donors could give the Democratic National Committee or Republican National Committee to a whopping $324,000 per year, gutting what's left of the McCain-Feingold campaign-finance law. The Washington Post says this was inserted on page 1,599 of a 1,603-page bill (!!!).
Where were the hearings? Where was the congressional debate?
Yes, Congress has routinely imposed its will on a D.C. that is taxed without true representation. Yes, there is a legitimate argument that it's better to have political money in the national parties than in all of the Super PACs and 501c4 groups out there. But inserting these riders into a must-pass spending bill—without congressional debate, without hearings. without any scrutiny—is what is outrageous. (Note: House Republicans point out that they did debate D.C.'s marijuana legalization, but the Senate didn't.)
"There was no debate. It's one of the reasons I'm going to vote against it." Rep. Raul Labrador (R-ID) said of the campaign-finance change on "Morning Joe" this morning. Labrador also admitted he didn't even know about the campaign-finance rider until one of us asked him about it.
Indeed, this should embarrass every Republican who promised more transparency and debate in 2010, or who railed against President Obama's executive actions. It should also embarrass every Democrat who complains about big money in American politics, or who believes D.C. should have the right to govern themselves. (Note: Democrats are pointing out that they preferred a clean spending bill, but that this was the price of funding the government.)
Read More113th Congress' last squabble, but no shutdown
The good news: The government isn't going to shut down. Hooray! The bad news: Congress, once again, is discrediting itself to the American public. And thanks to divided government, you'll see that both sides are blaming the other. Ah, bipartisanship!
Two quick points on the Senate Intel report
We have a couple of quick points we want to make on yesterday's Senate Intelligence report.
The first: What the Senate panel released yesterday were CIA documents on the Bush Era's interrogation practices. There are two types of investigations— 1) where you interview people, and 2) where you comb through files. This was the latter. And if the CIA truly wanted to hide these practices, they wouldn't have kept notes and files on them. (That said, they apparently did destroy any video associated with them.)
CIA torture report fallout
Squawk Box
The second: John McCain yesterday delivered a powerful speech condemning the Bush Era interrogation practices. Remember, he campaigned against them during his 2008 presidential bid. And don't be surprised if McCain's words are used as debate and voter questions to the candidates running for president in 2016. Do you agree or disagree with these kinds of practices?
A few other questions to ponder: If these practices were so egregious, does that mean some Senate Democrats will ask for the Justice Department to reconsider an investigation? If the CIA was so convinced these practices were legal, why not brief the president sooner? And if they were legal, then why the concern to conduct these interrogations in foreign countries?
Obama calls the interrogations practices 'wrong'
For his part, President Obama told our colleague Jose Diaz-Balart that the Bush Era CIA practices were wrong.
"I think, overall, the men and women at the C.I.A. do a really tough job and they do it really well. And that was true then and it's true today," he said. "But in the aftermath of 9/11, I mean, in the midst of—a national trauma, and uncertainty as to whether these attacks were gonna repeat themselves—you know, what's clear is that—the C.I.A. set up something very fast without a lot of forethought to what the ramifications might be."
Obama added, "I think it's important for us not to paint any broad brush—about all the incredible dedicated professionals—in our intelligence community—based on—some actions that I think were—really—contrary to who we are. But I think it was also important for us to face up to the fact that when countries are threatened, oftentimes they act rationally in ways that in retrospect—were—were wrong."
2016: Same as it ever was?
Turning to 2016, it's striking how many—if not most—of the potential presidential candidates have either run for the White House before or have had a relative do it.
Think about it: There's Hillary Clinton (who ran in '08 and whose husband was president from 1993-2001), Jeb Bush (whose brother and father were president), Rand Paul (whose dad ran THREE times), Rick Perry (who ran in 2012 and is thinking about another retooled one, according to the Washington Post), Mike Huckabee (who ran in 2008), Rick Santorum (who ran in 2012), and even maybe Mitt Romney (who GOP fundraisers believe is keeping his powder dry). The only fresh faces we can think of: Marco Rubio, Ted Cruz, Chris Christie, Scott Walker, Jim Webb, and Martin O'Malley.
Howard Dean repeats his support for Hillary—as MoveOn and DFA push to draft Warren into the '16 race
Finally, just as MoveOn and Howard Dean's old Democracy for America are considering whether to launch a Draft Elizabeth Warren movement, here's a Politico op-ed by Howard Dean endorsing Hillary Clinton.
"Hillary Clinton is by far the most qualified person in the United States to serve as President. If she runs, I will support her," he writes.
Read MoreGuess who the wealthy want for president?
Folks, this is the SECOND TIME we can remember that Ready For Hillary and Clinton allies have responded to news from potential competitors or challengers. The first was when Sen. Tim Kaine (D-VA) reiterated his endorsement for Hillary after Jim Webb announced his presidential exploratory committee.


Welcome to the world of bass fishing jigs. Brace yourselves if this is a new topic, it's big. Now, kick your feet up, and let's dive in!
There are many different types of jigs, for now we will focus on five types: flipping jigs, structure jigs, swim jigs, skipping jigs, and finesse jigs. All of these types have one thing in common, they get bigger bites. If a jig is known for one thing, it would be the quality of fish that they are known to catch.
The bulkiness of the skirt and the multitude of possible things a jig can imitate make them a perfect meal for big fish. One myth we're going to get rid of right now is jigs only work for largemouth. False, just ask Elite Series pro Keith Combs, who was weighing in over 20 pounds of Smallmouth a day on Mille Lacs on a ¾-1 ounce football jig. Now, let's discuss how to fish each type of jig.
Skipping jigs are a lot like swim jigs, other than the head style. You can fish them with the same equipment and fish them in a similar style. The one thing to note, is the head style. When you were a kid and were looking for a rock to skip across the water, what type of rock did you look for? Not the big round uneven ones, you looked for thin flat rocks that would skip for miles.
This is the same case for skipping jigs, the flatter the jig the easier it will be to slide it under docks, trees, or overhanging bushes. The same applies for the trailer, a flat trailer makes it easier to skip as well. To get this bait to skip, you want to make a side armed roll cast, making a C with your rod tip. A soft tip is key to allowing the proper transfer of energy from your rod to the bait. The bait needs to be fairly even with the water to allow it to slide across the surface. This goes back to skipping rocks, when you went to throw a rock you got down low with your arm to have a closer release point to the height of the water.
This puts less pressure on the surface of the water, allowing the jig to slide across instead of making a loud thud and going five feet, leaving you with a beautiful backlash. Anyone who has ever learned to skip a jig will tell you straight up, you're going to backlash your reel. So throw that fear out the window because it's going to happen. Tightening all the brake systems will only make things worse, but it's recommended at first to get the motion down.
To start out, you can never go wrong with a ⅜ ounce jig. This lighter jig is easier to skip because the lighter weight puts less stress on the surface tension of the water and less force is needed to get it to skip. It's like trying to skip a small rock vs. a big rock. The small rock doesn't require you to break you shoulder trying to skip it.
As you get a handle on skipping the ⅜ ounce jig, you can work up to a ½ ounce jig. This can play a role if you fish a heavily pressured lake. The faster fall of a ½ ounce jig can give the fish a different look after they have seen a million ⅜ ounce jigs.
Never be afraid to step outside the box when targeting bass!
After you get the skipping aspect down, now it's time to focus on what do you do once it skips under your target. You have two options, you can either let it sink and hop it or drag it out. You can also swim it out to target suspended fish.
When people think about skipping docks, they think shallow along the banks. This is one area, but fish will also suspend under deeper docks. Thus a skipped jig that is swam out makes for a great presentation for those suspended fish. The shallower docks can be fished by skipping it and letting it sink and then dragging it out or hopping it a couple times and then moving on to your next cast.
There is a large category of jigs that are technically classified as "finesse jigs". The term finesse is merely a simplification that is describing a less intrusive form of a jig. This means it could be a football jig, ball head jig, flipping jig, swim jig, etc. These are classified by a lighter wire hook, thinner weedguard, thinner skirt and lighter weight.
This category is defined by taking the big bites that jigs get, and downsizing that for situations when fish are finicky or very pressured. These jigs are often used in the winter when fish are extremely lethargic. They also play a role on super clear bodies of water where you want to throw something a little smaller on lighter line. Finally, finesse jigs work well on fisheries that are extremely pressured where you'll want to downsize your presentation.
Make no mistake, these finesse jigs will still get big bites.
Fish a finesse jig the same way you'll fish most jig techniques. You still want to use a medium heavy rod, paired with 10-16 pound line depending on water clarity. This will give the bait a more natural fall and allow light jigs to still sink at a fast rate. The way you fish these baits will remain the same, they are still jigs. This is just a presentation that is meant to show the fish a different look.
Possibly the most overlooked aspect of a jig, is the trailer that is put on the back of it.
People worry too much about matching the color of the trailer to the jig and making sure it pair up perfectly. When you look at a trailer, three things should be on your mind.
What is the water color and temperature?
What are you trying to imitate?
What fall rate are you looking for?
These three questions will help you limit how many different trailers you need to buy.
As far as water color is concerned, the trailer is the same concept as the jig. In off-color or dirty water, you want a darker, more solid color. In clear water, you'll want a lighter, more translucent color. Water temperature is big as far as the action you want out of the trailer. In colder water everything is slower. This means you need to emulate that in your jig.
You won't want an aggressively kicking trailer in 40 degree water. You want to look for something like a standard chunk style bait that has very little action. As the water warms up you can start adding more "extra" movement to the bait. Extra movement is the movement that comes outside of what you as the angler impart on the bait. This comes from ridged edges on the trailer that allow the water to push the legs on a bait around as it falls or the current moves it.
When it comes to the what you are imitating, think about what each different bass food group looks like. Shad do not have a lot of action, they more or less rock side to side as they swim through the water column. This can be imitated with swimbaits or chunk style baits if you are swimming your jig. Bluegill have a more erratic movement, so a trailer that has more action usually has better results when targeting bass around bluegill. Crayfish can be imitated with both hard kicking trailers and soft action trailers, it just depends on what the fish want.
The action of the trailer also dictates how fast or slow a bait will fall. A bait that has a lot of movement will inhibit that bait from falling quickly. The water pressure and the edges on that bait will slow the fall of the bait through the water. This can be useful in grass or around wood to give fish more of a chance to pick the bait up as it sinks. This also goes for dirty water, a hard action trailer will put off more vibration for the fish to pick up the vibration in their lateral line.
A softer vibration or trailer with less movement will allow the bait to fall much faster through the water with little resistance. This can be useful in attempting to trigger a reaction strike out of finicky fish. If a fishery is heavily pressured then a fast fall can sometimes get more bites than a slow fall. This gives the fish only a split second to respond as the jig falls through the water. So, the choice in trailers can make a big difference in the effectiveness of the jig you are throwing.
As far as jig colors, keep things simple.
You don't need every single shade of green, black, blue, and brown. To start off, stick with three general color patterns, and have a few variations within each of these. The three colors to stick with day in and day out are green pumpkin, black and blue, and brown/orange.
Black and blue excels in dirty water, it stands out better against the colored water and allows the fish to find the baits profile easily. An option to add to a jig would be to attach rattles into the black and blue jigs. Rattles are often overlooked and add another element that allows fish to pick on that bait easier. You can also use any form of dip and glow that adds a little color to the bait. Chartreuse stands out very well in murky water.
For clear water situations, stick with the green pumpkins and brown/orange. These colors are the most natural and tend to be the least intrusive on the fish. Try to match the color of the bottom to the color of your jigs.
This is because the natural forages, crayfish, darters, gobies, and sculpins, all tend to be a very similar color to the bottom of that particular fishery.
All of these techniques require different equipment. The line for each of these techniques needs to be paired with the areas that you are fishing. Around wood, dirty water, big rocks, or thick grass, lean toward heavier line. Sometimes as heavy as 20-25 pound line when fishing jigs around heavy wood and rock cover.
When around thick grass and vegetation, never rule out 50-65 pound braided line!
If the water is clearer, or you're around sparse cover, then you can go lighter and use 12-18 lb test. It all depend on the situation and what you feel comfortable throwing. Some anglers will even pitch jigs with 10 pound line in areas that others would use 18-20 pound line, it's just a matter of personal preference.
That is something that everyone has to figure out on their own through time spent on the water, fishing. You'll find baits, line, rods, and reels that you like more than the others. The more time you spend on the water, the more you'll hone in on your personal preferences.
Easily track your fishing trips from start to finish. Manage your waypoints and log catches from your free profile on mobile or web.


Pool Play on Saturday followed by bracket play on Sunday. Team Plaques and Individual medals will be handed out to 1st, 2nd, 3rd place teams in each age group of the GOLD Division .
2019 = 102 Team - THANK YOU!!!!!!!!
Pool Play on Saturday followed by bracket play on Sunday. Team Plaques and Individual medals will be handed out to 1st, 2nd, 3rd place teams in each age group of the GOLD Division.
Great LOCAL tournament in the Tampa Bay area to help boost your teams Florida Rankings!
Thanks again for checking out our website and we look forward to seeing you on the court soon.