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Two brothers, one wing.
by Philippe Ballarini
translation: Mike Leveillard
Before evoking the story of the Horten brothers and their strange machines, a review of some background is necessary.
As used as we are to visualize a traditional airplane with a fuselage, we are somewhat taken abashed when looking at a flying wing, and yet, its concept dates back from the dawn of aviation. The benefits of a flying wing become easy to understand when we consider that the fuselage and the tail section produce 30% to 50% of an airplane's drag, thus the reason that purists such as Lippisch or Northrop pursued this concept. The idea of a flying wing is far from being a novelty; it made its appearance at the birth of aviation, and it was a concept adopted by many precursors.
Another essential fact to keep in mind for the comprehension of the Horten brothers' work is to recall the importance that the glider and soaring played in the history of aviation.
While many researchers towards the end of the XIXth century were trying to create a motorized machine, some purists and grand precursors such as Lilienthal or Ferber believed that a flying machine should be aerodynamically efficient and easy to fly before installing an engine. We must note in passing that Lilienthal had conceived gliders without a tail section before the year 1900.
The Horten brothers would become the virtuosos of the flying wing, testing with stubbornness their machines without neither fuselage nor tail section in gliding flight before even thinking of adapting them with an engine. Obsession? Maybe…Whatever the reasons, they would design flying wings exclusively. No other type of flying machine would come out of their drawing board.
Born at the beginning of the 20th century, the brothers had developed from childhood a passion for the concept of a machine flying with the purest of qualities. The Versailles treaty of 1919 theoretically banned the rearmament of Germany, particularly by drastically limiting its aeronautical production. This is how glider flying and soaring in Germany came to play such an important part between the wars, not only in the training of pilots but also in aeronautical research. The renowned Wasserkuppe meetings would provide the perfect stage for the advancement of those researches.
It is within this time frame that Walter and Reimar Horten developed, and built their first flying wing before reaching the age of twenty after studying the work of von Prandlt (published in 1918) on aerodynamics with the emphasis on the benefits of the thick wing. They also benefited from indulgent parents that allowed them to transform the family's house living room into a workshop.
During the entire period that preceded the Second World War, the brothers conceived machines having constantly improved performance.
Their first glider, the Horten Ho I, was first flight tested at Bonn-Hagelar in July 1933. Although it was not a complete success, it opened the way for other models, including the Ho IV with a high aspect ratio wing of 24 meters in span, as well as their Ho III that soared to 7000 meters in 1938.
When the hostilities began in World War two, the Horten brothers were of course assigned to the Luftwaffe. Wolfram, the third brother was shotdown over Dunkerque flying a Heinkel He-111, whereas Walter flew Messerschmitt Bf-109 for 6 months. Reimar was also trained on the Bf-109 but he was soon transferred to a special unit preparing for operation "Sealöwe" (Operation Sea Lion) having for objective the invasion of England. For this operation the Luftwaffe had created a special glider unit. More than 80 aircraft, had been assigned to this operation to deliver ammunitions and supplies for the troops of the invasion force, it included five Ho III and two Ho II especially equipped for this mission. The third Reich had once again found in the gliding schools a mean of "feeding" its war machine.
We know now that the tenacity and dedication of the British RAF pilots caused the invasion of England to be cancelled indefinitely. The cancellation of operation "Sea Lion" actually benefited the Horten brothers, permitting them to continue their projects, whereas the glider pilot training center was transferred to Königsberg. They concentrated on the repairs of their damaged gliders, and to the development of new models supported by Ernst Udet.
In 1942, the Luftwaffe advised Reimar that it was searching for an aircraft, which they could use to test a Schmitt-Argus pulse jet engine. They asked him if he thought that le Ho V two-seater could serve that purpose. According to certain sources, this decision came about following reports from German spies in the USA regarding the work of Northrop. The Ho V structure did not permit such mean of high thrust propulsion so the Horten brothers returned to the drawing board and conceived a stronger and larger wing. It would be the Ho VII, a machine equipped with two "pusher" type propellers and a pulse jet engine.
This new venture did not stop the brothers from pursuing their fundamental researches. As Etrich in 1908, they would be intrigued by the "flying seed" Zanonia Macrocarpia, which inspired them for the design of their amazing "Parabola".
But it was wartime and Göering was demanding his "1000X1000X1000". What was that all about? Nothing else than an airplane capable of transporting on a distance of 1000 kilometers from its base, 1000 kilos of bombs at a speed of 1000 kilometers per hour.
It was apparently a very unrealistic project for the era, but one that the Hortens (as well as other German engineers such as those from Focke Wulf) came very close to realizing and make operational.
Six months! That was the maximum time allowed to the brothers to have them conceive a prototype, including the assembly methods. It must be remembered that in 1944 the Luftwaffe was already in a desperate state. The glider prototype was ready in a very short time, built of materials consisting of plywood made with a special solvent resistant glue, and some parts of the machine were even made of composite material. Duraluminum had become a rare strategic material in Germany, and its use would have required highly qualified labor, which had been absorbed to serve on the battlefields.
On March 1st 1944, the Ho IX made its first gliding flight at Göttingen. A second machine had been built to be fitted with turbojet engines. Those turbojets promised for a March delivery were late to be delivered, and when they arrived it was a serious disappointment for the Horten brothers. They had been provided with Jumo 004B of 80 centimeters in diameter, whereas the planned jet engines were not supposed to exceed 60 centimeters! For a more classic machine such as the Me-262, it would not have been an insurmountable problem, but for a flying wing in which the jet engines were to be incorporated, it was a different problem. It would have been necessary to completely redesign the Ho IX, but time no longer permitted such a project. Or, it would have been necessary to substantially increase the wingspan, rendering the airplane unable to achieve the speeds adamantly required by Göering. The Horten brothers therefore resorted to "make do" ingenuity and the machine were ready for test flight at the end of 1944.
Test pilot Lieutenant Erwin Ziller's logbook shows that the first flight with the turbojet engines took place on February 2nd 1945, but Reimar Horten asserts that December 18th 1944 was the date of this particular flight.
The RLM (German Air Ministry) had shown satisfaction with the Ho IX, and giving it the code 8-229 it entrusted its construction to the Gothaer Waggonfabrik works. Twenty of the machine's first model was ordered. Several other models had been planned, including two-seaters for training, and night fighters equipped with radar. We must note in passing that the Horten brothers had developed a special revetment for their Ho IX, made of glue, soot, and charcoal powder, making this already furtive machine practically undetectable with radar.
On April 14th 1945, the American army arrived at the production factory, capturing the Go 229 (Go for Gothaer the official designation) ending the construction of what had been the first jet propelled flying wing. One of those machines is located at the famed Smithsonian museum.
The Horten brothers did not wait for the arrival of the Americans, and as many of their compatriots, it is in Argentina that they would continue to develop their flying wing. Although they had been geniuses in the conception of airplanes, they had none the less been members of the Nazi party.
They went on to design unorthodox gliders, the Horten XV "Urubu" in particular and a giant transport glider the IAME I.A. 28, but only one of this machine was ever built.
Disregarding their political involvement more or less doubtful, the Horten brothers remain no less the "grand masters" of the flying wing.
Their stubbornness in their researches resulted in the production of a flying wing possessing great flying qualities, beginning with the first one produced to the last one, even introducing the piloting of the machine in a laying down position to reduce the extra drag produced with a normal canopy configuration.
Reimar Horten died in 1994. As for his brother Walter, his life ended in December 1998 in Baden-Baden.
And, what else can we say about the Horten brothers' Go 229 (or Ho IX or Ho 229)?
It was a furtive jet propelled flying wing, operational some decades before the F-117 "stealth" the airplane subject of so much publicity during the Gulf War.
© Aérostories, 2001.
In 1914, Dunne flew his tailless biplane between London and Paris.
"L'Illustration" Document Click
Arnoux experimented his tailless monoplane at Issy in 1913-1914. It was an idea close to the flying wing.
Otto Lilienthal was one of the grands aviation precursors. He is seen here performing a glide from the artificial hill especially built for his tests. Document "L'Illustration" Click
Walter Horten in 1929.
Reimar Horten Coll. Click
High performance gliders atop the Wasserkuppe the world soaring's Mecca. In the foreground a Rheinsperber. The third Reich encouraged the development of glider flying and soaring which provided a formidable source of pilots for the Luftwaffe. Many pilots were trained there at this apparently innocent looking flight school, including the famed Adolf Galland.
Document "L'Illustration" Click
The Horten brothers beside their first glider: the Ho I. Reimar Horten Coll. Click
Hanna Reitsch famed German aviatrix and hard core Nazi admiring the Ho III.
The Ho IV, a superb flying wing with its 24 meters wingspan. Reimar Horten Coll. Clic
Reimar Horten, Luftwaffe Officer
Coll. Reimar Horten Click
The Horten Ho V. The similarity with the Northrop first flying wing prototype is striking.
Reimar Horten Coll.
The Zanonia Macrocarpia grain had inspired in 1908 the creator of the famous Taube. Based on this principle the Horten brothers developed their Parabola.
A Ho IX V1, prototype for the Go 229s. It represents the philosophy of the Horten Brothers: a flying wing glider in its purest form that would be eventually motorized.
Reimar Horten Coll. Clic
A Ho IX under construction. This document depicts the wood construction of this flying wing. (The clamps are aligned on the left). The jet engines are fictitious.
A Ho IX (Go 229) before a test flight. The out of proportion nose landing gear comes from a Heinkel He 177 heavy bomber.
An unfinished G0 22 captured by American troops. Some of those machines were sent to the United States for studies. This photo shows the tubular structure and the wing's profile.
DITE / USIS Click
The Ho IX-Go 229 was never operational but it came very close. A 1/72nd scale model of this machine is available from Revell.
Aerostories document. Click


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Volatile Organic Compounds May Worsen Allergies and Asthma
Children who sleep in bedrooms containing fumes from water-based paints and solvents are two to four times more likely to suffer allergies or asthma, according to a new scientific study
By Marla Cone, Environmental Health News on October 20, 2010
Children who sleep in bedrooms containing fumes from water-based paints and solvents are two to four times more likely to suffer allergies or asthma, according to a new scientific study.
Scientists measured the compounds – propylene glycol and glycol ethers, known as PGEs – in the bedroom air of 400 toddlers and preschoolers, and discovered that the children who breathed them had substantially higher rates of asthma, stuffy noses and eczema.
It is the first human study to link harmful effects of these chemicals to common exposures in households, and it suggests that they might exacerbate or even cause allergic disorders and asthma, according to the team of scientists from Harvard University and Sweden's Kalstad University.
"Apparent risks of PGEs at such low concentrations at home raise concerns for the vulnerability of infants and young children," according to the report, published Monday in the journal of the Public Library of Science, PLoS ONE.
The aim of the study was to investigate the health effects of chemicals called volatile organic compounds that are widely used inside homes. The result: Of the hundreds of compounds tested in eight different categories, only one group -- the PGEs - was associated with the children's allergies and asthma.
That discovery is particularly surprising, since PGEs are widely used in water-based paints and varnishes, as well as in cleaning fluids such as glass cleaners. They are considered healthier substitutes because they have low volatility, which means they emit less fumes than the high-polluting, oil-based paints and solvents.
For several decades, scientists have tried to unravel why allergies and asthma have skyrocketed among children throughout the developed world since the 1970s.
Experts suspect that exposure to some environmental factors in the womb or early in life might trigger the disorders. The findings of the new study add to the many theories that have evolved, including ones about other indoor air pollutants, diesel exhaust, viruses and cockroach allergens.
Michael Laiosa, an assistant professor at the School of Public Health at University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, who studies children's allergies and immune disorders, called it "a very interesting article and well-conducted study.''
If these findings are confirmed by other studies, "it may be another piece of the puzzle as to why atopic diseases like allergy and asthma are on the rise, particularly in kids," said isa, who was not involved in the research.
"It also is concerning given how ubiquitous these compounds are, particularly at low levels like those found in this study," he said.
The research involved 198 children in Varmland, Sweden, between the ages of 1 and 5, who had asthma or at least two symptoms or wheezing or rhinitis without a cold or eczema in the previous year, as well as 202 children with no symptoms.
For children with rhinitis – or nasal allergies – the average PGE concentration in their bedrooms was twice as high as the concentration found in rooms of the children with no symptoms. The higher the dose, the more likely the children were to suffer from rhinitis, asthma, or eczema, even when concentrations were low.
Children in bedrooms with the highest concentrations were 4.2 times more likely to have rhinitis, twice as likely to have asthma and 2.5 times more likely to have eczema, compared with children with the lowest concentrations in their rooms.
High concentrations of the chemicals also doubled their likelihood of testing positive for immunoglobulin E, an antibody that develops when people are exposed to something that inflames their airways. None of the other VOCs led to similar associations.
The researchers did not identify the sources of the PGEs in the bedrooms. But children living in a house where at least one room was painted right before or after their birth had 63 percent more PGEs in their room than those whose houses had not been repainted. "Thus, repainting might have provided a sustained exposure since the gestational period or shortly following the birth," the study said.
The airborne compounds can remain inside homes for months, perhaps even years.
"Overall, the question of long-term airway injury from the glycol ethers and other organic solvent exposure requires clarification," wrote the scientists.
How the glycol compounds might trigger allergies and asthma "is not well understood," the authors said, but they added that "it has been known for more than three decades" that inhalation of propylene glycol methyl ether irritates nasal passages of people and lab rats.
Asthma, eczema and allergies are inflammatory, immune system disorders, so it is possible that the compounds disrupt a baby's or child's immune system development. Some of the compounds already are known to alter hormones.
"Several glycol ether compounds join a growing list of VOCs that are suggested to contribute to allergic diseases in humans," the study says. "While several PGEs are well-known endocrine disruptors, very little is known whether and how they influence developing immune systems."
Laiosa added that "one of the most interesting aspects for me is that our understanding of how VOCs in general, and PGEs specifically, affect the immune system, is quite limited."
Previous studies of house painters and some adult volunteers exposed to some PGEs have found higher incidence of nose and throat irritation, wheezing and shortness of breath. But the levels found in the children's bedrooms are "more than 400-fold lower than exposure ranges reported in occupational and experimental settings," according to the report.
"Several lines of evidence support that our findings are not due to a chance or a bias," the authors reported. For instance, the increase in allergies, eczema and asthma were observed for every rise in exposure, from the lowest-exposed children to the highest-exposed. In addition, it wasn't driven by any single compound.
"This suggests that multiple compounds, rather than a single one, contribute to the observed risks," the report says.
A compound called 1-methoxy-2-propanol was the most prevalent glycol ether in the children's rooms. But because multiple types of PGEs were found in the children's homes, "we currently cannot distinguish the risks of the individual compounds," the authors said.
In their analysis, the researchers accounted for other factors that might raise the children's risk, including secondhand smoke, allergies of parents, cleaning with chemical agents, age of the homes, pet allergens and exposure to other indoor chemicals called phthalates.
Laiosa said that testing for VOCs is tricky, but the researchers "did an admirable job" of identifying the limitations of their study and ensuring the testing methods were reliable.
The levels found in the bedrooms were strikingly similar to those found in previous studies of homes in other Scandinavian countries.
That finding "is a strength of this work," Laiosa said. "In other words, I don't think anyone can question the validity that these PGEs are present in the children's bedrooms, even at such low levels. "
Many volatile organic compounds have been regulated in recent years to clean up smog. The petroleum-based compounds, found in car exhaust as well as consumer products, react in sunlight with nitrogen oxides to form ozone, the main ingredient of smog.
Carl-Gustaf Bornehag , a professor of public health science at Sweden's Kalstad University, and John Spengler, an environmental health professor at the Harvard School of Public Health, conceived of and designed the experiments, while the lead author was Harvard's Hyunok Choi.
Recent Articles by Marla Cone
Children and Pregnant Women Should Eat More Fish
Pollution within: Portraits of Environmental Health [Slide Show]
Recent Articles by Environmental Health News
Coal Ash Poisons Wells and Community Relations
Undergoing Fertility Treatment? Watch Your Plastics
Toxic Coal Ash Hits Poor and Minority Communities Hardest
Common Household Chemicals and the Allergy Risks in Pre-School Age Children

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The guitarist renewed his war of words with the leftie leader in an extraordinary tirade about politicians.
The blast comes a year after Noel Gallagher said Jeremy Corbyn's Labour was "communism" and the party didn't care about the "aspirational".
At the time he said an invisible force field would still prevent him from voting Conservative.
Challenged yesterday for his opinion on Brexit, Donald Trump and the Labour leader he said: "F**k Jeremy Corbyn. He's a Communist.
"And Trump's a... a... I'm not even going to name him.
"But they don't affect my life. Well, Donald Trump, maybe, because his views on the environment are pretty f****** scary, and that will affect my children.
"But politicians? They're f****** idiots.
Noel Gallagher met Tony Blair in Downing Street 20 years ago in what became the defining image of "Cool Britannia".
Speaking a decade ago he launched a scathing attack on the then PM saying he was wrong to have thought he "was going to be John F. Kennedy".
He said David Cameron was "no different" from Tony Blair, and was "like a songwriter who's eternally ripping off someone else's song".


text:
Q: I can't login to kde
I have an ArchLinux with XFCE4 and lightdm.
I want to use KDE.
I install the kde and plasma and SDDM.
$ sudo pacman -S plasma kde-applications sddm xorg-server xorg-apps xorg
$ sudo systemctl enable sddm
startx

But: I can't login to kde. If I enter my username and password, the computer will be crashes. Even if I use lightdm.
Now I can't login to my XFCE with a regular user. And I should to login as root.
and if I run my plasma I can see my xfce without background.
How can I login to KDE?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It is best to seek an electrical repair service provider if your house has an electrical problem. This is because it is quite dangerous trying to fix the electrical problem by yourself as you might get injured. Also seeking help from an electrical repair company convinces the customer that they are dealing with a professional. However before you seek help, it is wise that you weigh the electrical repair service provider.
Ensure that you weigh how the electrical repair service is responsive. By this check the time they take when they either send them an email or call them. Ensure that you check on their tone while talking with their employees. Also evaluate if they sound interested with your electrical problems. Checking on the company's communication skill because it is an important factor that ought not to be neglected.
Make sure that you deal with certified electrical repair services. Similarly do not forget to ask the kind of certification their staff has. This is because there are various certification an electrical repairer can be rewarded with. Ensure that the certification the repairer has it is the best since it will show that they are well-informed.
In most cases most individuals tend to ask for quotes before using an electrical repair company. With this make sure that the electrical repair company offers accurate quotes. This is because it will help prevent ending up paying for hidden charges that you had not planned for. Hence make sure that you get an assurance from the electrical repair company that the quote shows the final costs.
Most electrical service providers incline to offer diverse services. This is because some of them tend to focus on a particular filed while others offer general electrical services. Therefore if you specifically need an electrical repair company it is advisable that you pick one that has specialized in it. Since most services providers that might have specialized in a certain field tend to be more knowledgeable. Moreover check on the clienteles the electrical service provider is dealing with. Since some tend to deal with commercial customers while others deal with residential ones. Through this pick the one that you are confident will meet your household's needs.


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Fire lance
Early gunpowder weapon
A fire lance as depicted in the Huolongjing , late 14th century (c. 1360-1375).
The fire lance (simplified Chinese :火枪; traditional Chinese :火槍; pinyin :huǒ qiāng; lit. 'fire spear') was a gunpowder weapon and the ancestor of modern firearms. [1] It first appeared in 10th–12th century China and was used to great effect during the Jin-Song Wars. It began as a small pyrotechnic device attached to a polearm weapon, used to gain a shock advantage at the start of a melee. [2] As gunpowder improved, the explosive discharge was increased, and debris or pellets added, giving it some of the effects of a combination modern flamethrower and shotgun, but with a very short range (about 3 meters or 10 feet), and only one shot (some were designed for two shots). By the late 13th century, fire lance barrels had transitioned to metal material to better withstand the explosive blast, and the lance-point was discarded in favor of relying solely on the gunpowder blast. These became the first hand cannons. [3]
Troncks
See also: Fire arrow
The first fire lances consisted of a tube, usually bamboo, containing gunpowder and a slow match, strapped to a spear or other polearm weapon. Once ignited, the gunpowder tube would ideally eject a stream of flames in the direction of the spearhead. Projectiles such as iron pellets or pottery shards were later added to the gunpowder. Upon firing, the gunpowder charge ejected the projectiles along with the flame. [4]
Metal fire lance barrels appeared around the mid-13th century and these began to be used independently of the lance itself. The independent metal barrel was known as an 'eruptor' and became the forerunner of the hand cannon. [4]
In Europe, versions with wooden tubes were used. [5]
Earliest known representation of a fire lance (upper right), Dunhuang, 950 AD.
A double-barreled fire lance from the Huolongjing . Supposedly, the barrels fired in succession, with the second barrel lit automatically after the first barrel's firing.
See also: History of gunpowder and Timeline of the Gunpowder Age
The earliest evidence of fire lances appeared in China in the year 950. However usage of fire lances in warfare was not mentioned until 1132 when Song garrisons used them during the Siege of De'an, in modern-day Anlu, Hubei, in a sortie against the Jin dynasty (1115–1234). [7] [8] [9]
In 1163 fire lances were attached to war carts known as "at-your-desire-carts" used to defend mobile firebomb trebuchets. [2]
In the late 1100s pieces of shrapnel such as porcelain shards and small iron pellets were added to the gunpowder tube. At some point fire lances discarded the spearhead altogether and relied solely on their firepower. [10]
By 1232 the Jin were also using fire lances, but with improved reusable barrels consisting of durable paper material. According to the History of Jin , these fire lances had a range of roughly three meters:
To make the lance, use chi-huang paper, sixteen layers of it for the tube, and make it a bit longer than two feet. Stuff it with willow charcoal, iron fragments, magnet ends, sulfur, white arsenic [probably an error that should mean saltpeter], and other ingredients, and put a fuse to the end. Each troop has hanging on him a little iron pot to keep fire [probably hot coals], and when it's time to do battle, the flames shoot out the front of the lance more than ten feet, and when the gunpowder is depleted, the tube isn't destroyed. [11]
—  History of Jin
In 1233, Jin soldiers used fire lances successfully against the Mongols. Pucha Guannu led 450 Jin fire lancers and routed an entire Mongol encampment. The Mongol soldiers were apparently disdainful of other Jin weapons, but greatly feared the fire lance. [12]
On the 5th day of the 5th lunar month [in the year 1233] the Jin troops offered a sacrifice to Heaven. They began to prepare their huoqiang or 'fire lances' [i.e. fei huoqiang or 'flying fire lances'] and other weapons in secrecy. Then Marshal Pucha, at the head of 450 soldiers of the Loyal and Filial Army, embarked from the South Gate [of Guidefu] and sailed from the East to the North, killing the Mongol night patrols along the river bank until they arrived at Wangjiasi [where the Mongols had set up camp], . . In the fourth watch of the night the Jin troops attacked the Mongols. At first the Loyal and Filial Army retreated slightly, then suddenly attacked again. Pucha Guannu divided his soldiers into teams of 50 to 70, each in a small boat, ordering them to advance to the Mongol camp and attack it from all sides. Carrying their fire lances, the Jin soldiers launched a sudden attack which the Mongols were unable to resist. It was a great defeat, for in all 3500 Mongols were drowned in the river. Guannu burned their camp to the ground and returned [to Guifu]. [13]
In 1259 a pellet wad that occluded the barrel was recorded to have been used as a fire lance projectile, making it the first recorded bullet in history. [10]
By 1276 fire lances had transitioned to metal barrels. [14] Fire lances were also being used by cavalrymen at this point, as evidenced by the account of a Song-Yuan battle in which two fire lance armed Song cavalrymen rushed a Chinese officer of Bayan of the Baarin. [15] The Huolongjing also mentions a gourd fire lance which was used by cavalrymen as well as foot soldiers. [16]
The metal-barreled fire lance began to be used independently of the lance around the mid to late 13th century. These proto-cannons which fired co-viative projectiles, known as 'eruptors,' were the forerunners of the hand cannon. [10]
By 1280 the Middle East had acquired fire lances. [17]
In 1396 European knights took up fire lances as mounted weapons. [18]
In 15th century Japanese samurai used fire lances. [19]
The last recorded usage of fire lances in Europe occurred during the Storming of Bristol in 1643 although the Commonwealth of England was still issuing them to ships in 1660. [20] [5]
Versions where the fireworks and shot were placed in a wooden tube at the end of a pole were known as Troncks, fire-trunks or bombas in Europe. [5] [21] The fireworks had alternating slow and fast burning sections. [5] [21]
They were frequently issued to warships and a surviving example was found in the wreck of the La Trinidad Valencera. [5] [21] Testing of an attempted reconstruction was carried out in 1988. [5] During the test multiple sections of the Tronck ignited at once. [5]
A fire lance from the Wubei Zhi by Mao Yuanyi, 1621.
The phalanx-charging fire-gourd, one of many fire lance types discharging lead pellets in the gunpowder blast, an illustration from the Huolongjing .
A 'divine moving phalanx-breaking fierce-fire sword-shield' as depicted in the Huolongjing , c. 1360-1375. A mobile shield fitted with fire lances used to break enemy formations.
A knight wielding a fire lance c. 1396
Illustrations of fire lances from De la pirotechnia by Vannoccio Biringuccio c. 1540.
Early modern warfare
Science and technology of the Song dynasty
Jiao Yu
Huolongjing
Xun Lei Chong
↑ Andrade 2016, p. 35.
1 2 Andrade 2016, p. 38.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Brown, Ruth Rhynas (2005). "Troncks, rockets and fiery balls: Military fireballs of the early modern period". Journal of the Ordnance Society. 17: 25–36.
↑ "The Genius of China", Robert Temple
↑ Needham 1986, p. 222.
↑ Chase 2003, p. 31.
↑ Lorge 2008, p. 33-34.
1 2 3 Andrade 2016, p. 52.
↑ Lorge 2005, p. 388.
↑ "対馬の火㷁碗口 - 祖国は危機にあり 関連blog".
1 2 3 Martin, Colin J.M (1994). "Incendiary weapons from the Spanish Armada wreck La Trinidad Valencera, 1588". The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. 23 (3): 207–217. doi:10.1006/ijna.1994.1027.
Gunpowder, also commonly known as black powder to distinguish it from modern smokeless powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It consists of a mixture of sulfur, carbon and potassium nitrate (saltpeter). The sulfur and carbon act as fuels while the saltpeter is an oxidizer. Gunpowder has been widely used as a propellant in firearms, artillery, rocketry, and pyrotechnics, including use as a blasting agent for explosives in quarrying, mining, building pipelines and road building.
The repeating crossbow, also known as the repeater crossbow, and the Zhuge crossbow due to its association with the Three Kingdoms-era strategist Zhuge Liang (181–234 AD), is a crossbow invented during the Warring States period in China that combined the bow spanning, bolt placing, and shooting actions into one motion.
The hand cannon, also known as the gonne or handgonne, is the first true firearm and the successor of the fire lance. It is the oldest type of small arms as well as the most mechanically simple form of metal barrel firearms. Unlike matchlock firearms it requires direct manual external ignition through a touch hole without any form of firing mechanism. It may also be considered a forerunner of the handgun. The hand cannon was widely used in China from the 13th century onward and later throughout Eurasia in the 14th century. In 15th century Europe, the hand cannon evolved to become the matchlock arquebus, which became the first firearm to have a trigger.
Mongol military tactics and organization enabled the Mongol Empire to conquer nearly all of continental Asia, along with parts of the Middle East and Eastern Europe.
Fire arrows were one of the earliest forms of weaponized gunpowder, being used from the 9th century onward. Not to be confused with earlier incendiary arrow projectiles, the fire arrow was a gunpowder weapon which receives its name from the translated Chinese term huǒjiàn (火箭), which literally means fire arrow. In China a 'fire arrow' referred to a gunpowder projectile consisting of a bag of incendiary gunpowder attached to the shaft of an arrow. Fire arrows are the predecessors of fire lances, the first firearm.
Black powder was invented in China during the 9th century; This invention was later transmitted to the Middle East and Europe. The direct ancestor of the firearm is the fire lance. The prototype of the fire lance was invented in China during the 10th century and is the predecessor of all firearms.
The history of cannons spans several hundred years from the 12th century to modern times. The cannon first appeared in China sometime during the 12th and 13th centuries. It was most likely developed in parallel or as an evolution of an earlier gunpowder weapon called the fire lance. The result was a projectile weapon in the shape of a cylinder that fired projectiles using the explosive pressure of gunpowder. Cannons were used for warfare by the late 13th century in the Yuan dynasty and spread throughout Eurasia in the 14th century. During the Middle Ages, large and small cannons were developed for siege and field battles. The cannon replaced prior siege weapons such as the trebuchet. After the Middle Ages, most large cannons were abandoned in favor of greater numbers of lighter, more maneuverable field artillery. New defensive fortifications such as bastions and star forts were designed specifically to better withstand artillery sieges. Cannons transformed naval warfare with its deadly firepower, allowing vessels to destroy each other from long range. As rifling became more commonplace, the accuracy of the cannon was significantly improved, and they became deadlier than ever, especially to infantry. In World War I, a considerable majority of all deaths were caused by cannons; they were also used widely in World War II. Most modern cannons are similar to those used in the Second World War, including autocannons—with the exception of naval guns, which are now significantly smaller in caliber.
The Huolongjing, also known as Huoqitu, is a Chinese military treatise compiled and edited by Jiao Yu and Liu Bowen of the early Ming dynasty (1368–1683) during the 14th-century. The Huolongjing is primarily based on the text known as Huolong Shenqi Tufa, which no longer exists.
Gunpowder is the first explosive to have been developed. Popularly listed as one of the "Four Great Inventions" of China, it was invented during the late Tang dynasty while the earliest recorded chemical formula for gunpowder dates to the Song dynasty. Knowledge of gunpowder spread rapidly throughout Asia and Europe, possibly as a result of the Mongol conquests during the 13th century, with written formulas for it appearing in the Middle East between 1240 and 1280 in a treatise by Hasan al-Rammah, and in Europe by 1267 in the Opus Majus by Roger Bacon. It was employed in warfare to some effect from at least the 10th century in weapons such as fire arrows, bombs, and the fire lance before the appearance of the gun in the 13th century. While the fire lance was eventually supplanted by the gun, other gunpowder weapons such as rockets and fire arrows continued to see use in China, Korea, India, and eventually Europe. Bombs too never ceased to develop and continued to progress into the modern day as grenades, mines, and other explosive implements. Gunpowder has also been used for non-military purposes such as fireworks for entertainment, or in explosives for mining and tunneling.
The thunder crash bomb, also known as the heaven-shaking-thunder bomb, was one of the first bombs or hand grenades in the history of gunpowder warfare. It was developed in the 12th-13th century Song and Jin dynasties. Its shell was made of cast iron and filled with gunpowder. The length of the fuse could be adjusted according to the intended throwing distance.
A gun is a ranged weapon designed to use a shooting tube to launch projectiles. The projectiles are typically solid, but can also be pressurized liquid, gas or even charged particles. Solid projectiles may be free-flying or tethered. A large-caliber gun is also called a cannon.
Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty included fire arrows, gunpowder lit flamethrowers, soft shell bombs, hard shell iron bombs, fire lances, and possibly early cannons known as "eruptors". The eruptors, such as the "multiple bullets magazine eruptors", consisting of a tube of bronze or cast iron that was filled with about 100 lead balls, and the "flying-cloud thunderclap eruptor", were early cast-iron proto-cannons that did not include single shots that occluded the barrel. The use of proto-cannon, and other gunpowder weapons, enabled the Song dynasty to ward off its generally militarily superior enemies—the Khitan led Liao, Tangut led Western Xia, and Jurchen led Jin—until its final collapse under the onslaught of the Mongol forces of Kublai Khan and his Yuan dynasty in the late 13th century.
Huo Che or rocket carts are several types of Chinese multiple rocket launcher developed for firing multiple fire arrows. The name Huo Che first appears in Feng Tian Jing Nan Ji, a historical text covering the Jingnan War of Ming dynasty.
The Heilongjiang hand cannon or hand-gun is a bronze hand cannon manufactured no later than 1288 and is the world's oldest confirmed surviving firearm. It weighs 3.55 kg and is 34 centimeters long. The Heilongjiang hand cannon was excavated during the 1970s in Banlachengzi, a village in Acheng District, Heilongjiang province, China. It was found alongside other bronze artifacts made in the style of the Jurchen Jin Dynasty. The hand cannon was probably used in battles fought nearby in Banlachengzi in 1287 and 1288. The History of Yuan states that a Jurchen commander by the name of Li Ting led a group of soldiers equipped with hand cannons into a military camp in 1288, as part of an anti-rebellion campaign for the Yuan dynasty. The cannon currently resides at the Heilongjiang Provincial Museum in Harbin, China.
This is a timeline of the history of gunpowder and related topics such as weapons, warfare, and industrial applications. The timeline covers the history of gunpowder from the first hints of its origin as a Taoist alchemical product in China until its replacement by smokeless powder in the late 19th century.
The Ming dynasty continued to improve on gunpowder weapons from the Yuan and Song dynasties. During the early Ming period larger and more cannons were used in warfare. In the early 16th century Turkish and Portuguese breech-loading swivel guns and matchlock firearms were incorporated into the Ming arsenal. In the 17th century Dutch culverin were incorporated as well and became known as hongyipao. At the very end of the Ming dynasty, around 1642, Chinese combined European cannon designs with indigenous casting methods to create composite metal cannons that exemplified the best attributes of both iron and bronze cannons. While firearms never completely displaced the bow and arrow, by the end of the 16th century more firearms than bows were being ordered for production by the government, and no crossbows were mentioned at all.
This is an overview of Chinese siege weapons.
The military history of the Song dynasty encompasses military activity of the Han Chinese state of Song from 960 AD with the overthrow of Later Zhou until 1279 AD when China was conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.
In the history of gunpowder there are a range of theories about the transmission of the knowledge of gunpowder and guns from Imperial China to the rest of the world following the Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties. The earliest bronze guns found in China date back to the 13th century, with archaeological and textual evidence for previous nascent gunpowder technology developed beforehand. Scholars note the scarcity of records for firearms in the Middle East prior to the mid-14th century, and in Russia before the late 14th century, yet cannons already appeared in Europe by the early 14th century. Less accepted theories include gunpowder as being independently invented in the Middle East or South Asia.
The military of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368) were the armed forces of the Yuan dynasty, a fragment of the Mongol Empire created by Kublai Khan in China. The forces of the Yuan were based on the troops that were loyal to Kublai after the Division of the Mongol Empire in 1260. At first this Tamma, a frontier army drawn from all Mongol tribes for conquest of China, had no central organisation but was rather a loose collection of local warlords and Mongol princely armies. However the army was gradually reformed by Kublai Khan into a more systematic force.
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Little Bit of Info on the Fire Lance
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Chinese Siege Warfare: Mechanical Artillery & Siege Weapons of Antiquity
Types of Chinese weaponry
Dadao 大刀
Dao 刀
Hudie shuangdao (butterfly sword) 蝴蝶雙刀
Jian 劍
Liuyedao 柳葉刀
Niuweidao 牛尾刀
Piandao 片刀
Yanmaodao 雁毛刀
Long swords
Changdao 長刀
Miaodao 苗刀
Wodao 倭刀
Zhanmadao 斬馬刀
Guandao 關刀
Ge (dagger-axe) 戈
Gun 棍
Ji 戟
Podao 朴刀
Qiang 槍
Hongyingqiang 紅纓槍
Tang 镗
Yueya chan (monk's spade) 月牙鏟
Roped/chained
Liuxing Chui (meteor hammer) 流星錘
Sheng biao (rope dart) 繩鏢
Jiujie bian (nine section whip) 九節鞭
Sanjie gun 三節棍
Chang xiao bang 長小棒
Nu 弩
Zhuge nu 諸葛弩
Fire arrow 火箭
Huoqiang 火槍
Tu Huo Qiang 突火槍
Huochong 火銃
Shouchong 手銃
Rocket cart 火箭車
San yan chong 三眼銃
Che Dian Chong 掣電銃
Xun Lei Chong 迅雷銃
Biān 鞭
Chǐ 尺
Chúi 錘
Emeici 峨嵋刺
Jiǎn 鐧
Lujiao dao (deer horn knives) 鹿角刀
Hook sword 鉤
Ji lian 鷄鐮
Fenghuo lun 風火輪
Armour and Helmet 甲胄
Shield 盾
Hook shield 鉤鑲
Major lists
Eighteen Arms of Wushu
Ancient and dynastic Chinese military history
Jin & Sixteen Kingdoms
Northern & Southern
Sui–Tang
Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms
Jurchen Jin
Qing
Ming treasure voyages
treasure ships
Late Qing Navy
Siege equipment
War cart
Song gunpowder weapons
Thunder crash bomb
Hand cannon
Huochong
Hu dun pao
Huolongchushui
Ming gunpowder weapons
Huo Che
San yan chong
Breechloading musket
Hongyipao
Self Strengthening Movement
Early firearms and thermal weapons
History of gunpowder
History of the firearm
Arquebus
Bajozutsu pistol
Bedil tumbak hand cannon
Combination gun
Elephant gun
Hand mortar
Heilongjiang hand cannon
Howdah pistol
Huo Chong hand cannon
Huo Qiang lance hand cannon
Istinggar arquebus
Java arquebus
Jiaozhi arquebus
Meriam kecil hand cannon
Nock M1779 seven barrel gun
Petronel
Puckle Μ1717 revolver gun
San Yan Chong three barrel hand cannon
Shou Chong hand cannon
Tanegashima arquebus
Toradar arquebus
Tu Huo Qiang hand cannon
Rifles and muskets
Belton M1777 repeating musket
Brown Bess musket
Charleville musket
Che Dian Chong musket
Cookson M1750 repeating rifle
Girardoni M1780 repeating air rifle
Hartingk M1670 repeating rifle
Jäger rifle
Jazayer musket
Jezail musket
Jingal
Kabyle musket
Kalthoff M1630 repeating rifle
Meylin M1719 Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifled musket
Musketoon
Potzdam musket
Spanish M1752 musket
Springfield musket
Wall gun
Xun Lei Chong spear five barrel revolver musket
Early artillery
Artillery of France in the Middle Ages
Baton a feu
Breech-loading swivel gun
Byzantine fire tube (cannon)
Carronade
Cetbang
Chongtong
Culverin
Ekor lotong
Falconet
Fauconneau
Gunpowder artillery in the Middle Ages
Gunpowder weapons in the Song dynasty
Hu Dun Pao cannon
Korean cannon
Lantaka
Obusier de vaisseau
Organ gun
Pierrier a boite
Pot de fer
Prangi
Swivel gun
Tarasnice
Veuglaire
Xanadu Gun
Wankou Chong
Wuwei Bronze Cannon
Medieval large calibre guns
Byzantine bombard
Dardanelles bombard
Faule Grete
Faule Mette
Grose Bochse
Mons Meg
Orban bombard
Pumhart von Steyr
Early rockets and incendiaries
Bo-hiya rocket arrow
Byzantine rocket launcher
Congreve rocket
Fire arrow (rocket arrow)
Fire crow rocket bomb
Hale rocket launcher
Huo Che rocket arrow launcher
Hwacha rocket arrow launcher
Mysorean rocket
Pen Huo Qi
Singijeon rocket arrow
Firing mechanisms
Breechloader
Doglock
Flintlock
Matchlock
Miquelet lock
Snaphance
Snap matchlock
Wheellock
Jixiao Xinshu
Wubei Zhi
Wujing Zongyao
Category:Early modern firearms
Category:Early firearms


text:
import numpy as np
import cv2

import rospy
from cv_bridge import CvBridge, CvBridgeError

import math

import vision_utils

from sub_vision.msg import TrackObjectFeedback
from sensor_msgs.msg import Image
from sub_vision.msg import feedback

def angle_cos(p0, p1, p2):
    d1, d2 = (p0-p1).astype('float'), (p2-p1).astype('float')
    return abs( np.dot(d1, d2) / np.sqrt( np.dot(d1, d1)*np.dot(d2, d2) ) )

def nlargest(n, contours, key):
    largestContours = []
    if key == cv2.contourArea:
        sortedContours = sorted(contours, key=cv2.contourArea, reverse=True)

        for i in range(n):
            largestContours.append(sortedContours[i])
    return largestContours

def greatestNAreaContours(contours, n):
    return nlargest(n, contours, key=cv2.contourArea)

class GateFinder:
    def __init__(self):
        self.bridge = CvBridge()
        self.image_pub = rospy.Publisher("/thresh_image", Image, queue_size=10)
        self.feedback_pub = rospy.Publisher("/gate_feedback", feedback, queue_size=10)
        self.feedback_msg = feedback()

    def normalsFromAllCorners(self, corners, disparities):
        valid = []
        for idx, val in enumerate(disparities):
            if val > 0:
                valid.append(idx)

        combos = vision_utils.cartesian((valid, valid, valid))

        normals = []
        for combo in combos: #Find all possible cross products of the available points
            if combo[0] != combo[1] and combo[1] != combo[2] and combo[0] != combo[2]:
                new = np.cross(corners[combo[1]] - corners[combo[0]], corners[combo[2]] - corners[combo[0]])
                if new.max() > 0:
                    new = np.divide(new, new.max()) #normalize

                if np.dot(new, np.array([-1,0,0])) < 0:
                    normals.append(-new)
                else:
                    normals.append(new)

        return normals

    def process(self, imageLeftRect, imageRightRect, imageDisparityRect, cameraModel, stereoCameraModel, upper, lower):
        assert(imageLeftRect is not None)
        feedback = TrackObjectFeedback()
        feedback.found = False
        imageHLS = cv2.cvtColor(imageLeftRect, cv2.COLOR_BGR2HLS)
        lower = np.array([0,70,50], dtype = 'uint8')
        upper = np.array([200,255,255], dtype='uint8')
        mask=cv2.inRange(imageHLS, lower,upper) #HLS thresholds
        output = cv2.bitwise_and(imageLeftRect, imageLeftRect, mask=mask)
        self.image_pub.publish(self.bridge.cv2_to_imgmsg(imageLeftRect, "bgr8"))
        #mask=cv2.inRange(imageHSV, np.array([20,30,80],dtype='uint8'),np.array([40,52,120],dtype='uint8'))
        cnts = cv2.findContours(mask.copy(), cv2.RETR_LIST, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
        contours = cnts[1]

        if len(contours) == 0:
            print("No contours")
            return feedback

        rects = []
        for contour in contours: #adapted from https://github.com/opencv/opencv/blob/master/samples/python/squares.py
            epsilon = cv2.arcLength(contour, True)*0.05
            contour = cv2.approxPolyDP(contour, epsilon, True)
            if len(contour) == 4 and cv2.isContourConvex(contour):
                contour = contour.reshape(-1, 2)
                max_cos = np.max([angle_cos( contour[i], contour[(i+1) % 4], contour[(i+2) % 4] ) for i in xrange(4)])
                if max_cos < 0.1:
                    rects.append(contour)

        if len(rects) > 1:
            rects = greatestNAreaContours(rects, 2)
            rect1 = list(cv2.minAreaRect(rects[0]))
            rect2 = list(cv2.minAreaRect(rects[1]))

            if(rect1[1][0] < rect1[1][1]): #Fix wonky angles from opencv (I think)
                rect1[2] = (rect1[2] + 180) * 180/3.141
            else:
                rect1[2] = (rect1[2] + 90) * 180/3.141

            if(rect2[1][0] < rect2[1][1]):
                rect2[2] = (rect2[2] + 180) * 180/3.141
            else:
                rect2[2] = (rect2[2] + 90) * 180/3.141

            gateCenter = (int((rect1[0][0] + rect2[0][0])/2), int((rect1[0][1] + rect2[0][1])/2))
            self.feedback_msg.center = gateCenter
            self.feedback_msg.size = imageRightRect.shape
        self.feedback_pub.publish(self.feedback_msg)

        #feedback.center = gateCenter
            #feedback.size = imageRightRect.shape

        if gateCenter[0] - rect1[0][0] > 0:
            feedback.width = (rect2[0][0]+(rect2[1][0]/2)) - (rect1[0][0] - (rect1[1][0]/2))
        else:
            feedback.width = (rect1[0][0] -(rect1[1][0]/2)) - (rect2[0][0]+(rect2[1][0]/2))
        feedback.height = rect1[1][1]
        feedback.found = True
        return feedback

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Council ignores the people: Ruffell
For Mayor Lisa Ruffell says on GovHub:
The Council position that office consolidation and co-location into a GovHub came out of the 2013 Independent Review is baloney. The 2013 Independent Review Final Report, Recommendation 11, stated, strongly advocate and plan for the consolidation of City of Greater Bendigo offices. Note the recommendation was about council office consolidation, not co-location into a GovHub, and definitely not about selling irreplaceable Council land and facilities. I say this as a Councillor 2008 to 2016, Mayor 2012 to 2013 and a member of the Independent Review Committee at that time, and as a supporter of the entire Review. It would be dishonest of anyone in Council to claim that it engaged with the community about office co-location through the six-month Independent Review processes from January through to June 2013. It did not! Nor did Council engage and consult with the community about office consolidation after the Final Review Report was delivered in early July 2013 through to this day in 2020. Office consolidation was never presented in any one of the 129 written community or officer submissions, nor was it in any of the 24 external stakeholder submissions or in any of the 57 verbal submissions to the Independent Review Committee hearings. My understanding is the whole matter of new Council offices was officer led. The CEO and the then director of City Futures vigorously pursued office consolidation with the Review's consultants Aurecon, and that is how it found its way to be a Recommendation in the Final Report. It may also have been supported by some of the council's 31 leadership team and 23 other staff who had conversations with the Aurecon team. Shamefully, to this day, and against council policies, both office consolidation and co-location into a GovHub has never been tested in the wider community; there has been no real consultation; not one public meeting has been called. Council has rudely informed the public what its officers demanded, and what it subsequently wants to deliver. The officer report to the 20 February 2019 Council Meeting claimed the Independent Review noted that sharing a new facility with other government agencies would reduce costs. No detail was provided. That same officer report failed to reveal to the public what collateral costs were involved, and neglected to inform that the Independent Review Report said the community must be engaged in the process, and that if consolidation were to be considered then an investment grade business case needed to be presented and publicly tested; Council selectively ignores these matters. It appears between 2013 and 2016, behind closed doors, council officers selectively provided information to councillors that steered them to believe the only option was to sell the Council Chambers and land to the government to construct a GovHub on that land. Yet we were never told what were the other six sites the government considered. Residents must be able to understand the financial commitments and burdens Councillors are placing them in, and that is impossible with all the secrecy. In my eight years on Council the CEO raised the matter of a new Council complex a number of times, and each time it was rejected by Council because the then councillors believed there were more pressing needs and higher priorities, it was too costly, and that such a move was not in the best interests of the residents. I believe that is still the case; I also believe the bulk of the community believes this to be true. The secrecy of Council confirms this belief, as it knows residents would be horrified. There are many other matters of concern that could be raised that are best put before an independent inquiry. It does not matter what political party is in power at the state level, Council must not only be independent, it must be seen to be independent and represent the will of the people. This has not happened. The majority of Councillors are caving into the State Government and political pressure; they seem afraid of public scrutiny. We the public are paying. I recommend Council not proceed with the sale of its Lyttleton Terrace Office complex to the government. Council must call a series of public meetings to put all the options. Let us decide our own future.
* This article first appeared in the Bendigo Monthly April 2020


text:
Injun 5, também conhecido pela denominação Explorer 40, foi um satélite artificial da USAF gerido pola Universidade de Iowa lançado em 8 de agosto de 1968 por meio de um foguete Scout B a partir da Base da Força Aérea de Vandenberg juntamente com o satélite Explorer 39.

Características
O Injun 5 foi o quinto satélite da série Injun, projetado, construído e gerido pela Universidade de Iowa para a USAF, e lançado também sob o programa Explorer. A sua missão principal foi medir o fluxo de partículas energéticas na atmosfera terrestre, estudar as radioemissões de frequência muito baixa (VLF) na ionosfera associadas com o fluxo de partículas, estudar os elétrons, prótons e partículas alfa presas nos cinturões de radiação, estudar os raios cósmicos e medir a temperatura e densidade de elétrons e íons positivos de energia termal ou próxima a esta. O Injun 5 foi projetado para alinhar magneticamente com o campo magnético terrestre. A alimentação elétrica era fornecida por células solares e baterias, mas um problema a bordo do satélite reduziu a quantidade disponível de energia proveniente das células solares, limitando o período de tempo em que a gravadora de fita de bordo poderia funcionar sem interrupção. O Injun 5 foi desligado entre 31 de maio de 1970 e 18 de fevereiro de 1971, após o qual foi ligado novamente. Deixou de funcionar definitivamente em junho de 1971.

Instrumentos
O Injun 5 levava os seguintes instrumentos a bordo:

Analisador de energia diferencial de prótons e elétrons de baixa energia (LEPEDEA).
Receptor de VLF.
Detector de partículas de estado sólido.
Analisador esférico de potencial retardado.

Veja também
Programa Explorer

Satélites

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I want to adapt my old custom website database (composed of only one table) to Wordpress database.
All data has been correctly imported in both tables (wp_posts and wp_postmeta) with a php code that I can share if needed.
...and a screenshot of my wp_postmeta table (I imported only one entry to facilitate understanding).
As you can see, wp_posts/post_parent column of id 2 (referring to the featured image) is well linked to id 1 (which is the post).
But in my wordpress admin panel, I still have no linked featured image.
Is there another place where the image and the post have to be linked?
Browse other questions tagged database mysql import bulk-import or ask your own question.
MySQL: Possible to replace all of wp_posts.post_content(id#) via UPDATE + REPLACE + SELECT?


This is a faithful replica of an original British army soldier 95 shirt.
Q: Does this shirt have a zip at the front as well as buttons?
A: A size medium shirt weighs 484g.
Q: Do you have these shirts in any larger size please?
A: No, these go up to a maximum of XL size which is 120cm chest.


Want Better Patent Examination Policies?
The Intellectual Property Section of the Virginia State Bar has posted details about a job opening at the USPTO for "Deputy Commissioner for Patent Examination Policy." You can can access that page here from via the VSB or here via the USPTO. The deadline for applying is December 20, 2005.
Keep up with the VSB IP Section on its Web site at http://www.vsb.org/sections/ip/index.htm.


One of the trickiest types of 3D models to create is one which features elements made of fabric. The texturing can be difficult, but creating realistic geometry for these elements can be tricky as well. For advanced fabrics such as curtains, clothing, or bedding there are dedicated solutions such as Marvelous Designer.For simpler cases such as basic chair seat cushions, it's often easier to keep everything inside of 3D Studio Max rather than juggling multiple models back and forth.
This tutorial will demonstrate how to quickly and effectively model a seat cushion in 3D Studio Max by using the Cloth modifier and subdivision modeling techniques. The only modifiers used in this process are the Edit Poly, Symmetry, Cloth, and Turbosmooth modifiers—all building on top of an initial Rectangle shape object. While preserving the modifier stack allows for easy regression into modifier history, it should be noted that the Cloth modifier will not accurately reflect changes made beneath it in the modifier stack. Changes to the model done by the Cloth modifier become baked in and the Cloth modifier must be removed to remove those effects.
Create the initial seat cushion shape outline using the Line Tools.
The first step in creating a seat cushion or, arguably, any 3D model is to create a general outline of the shapes to be created. In this case, using the Shapes -> Splines -> Line tool create a general outline of the seat shape. In these initial steps, the shape is going to be cut in half in such a way that we can use the Symmetry modifier later. This can be done here during the initial creation of the shape or in Step 2.
Add the Edit Poly modifier to create a solid planar surface representing the seat cushion shape.
Cutouts are created by moving points and edges to align with the legs of the chair, then deleting the faces therein.
By selecting various polygon edges via the Edit Poly -> Edges sub-object selector tool, create new subdivision edge loops, when needed, to produce cutaway sections to make room for chair arms, legs, or any other obstructive forms. This step will depend on the shape of your chair and may not be required at all.
Locate the seat to final position and use the symmetry modifier to complete the shape creation process.
Using the Symmetry modifier, reflect the existing seat shape across the depthwise intersecting plane (likely the y-z plane) and toggle the "flip" parameter on/off depending on what you're seeing in the viewport. At this point, you should see a flat planar object that is representative of your seat cushion bottom. Make sure you've set the control point to be aligned with the center of the object to ensure proper reflection while using the Symmetry modifier. One helpful approach is to select the centermost edge vertices of the seat cushion and align them, using axis constraints and snaps, to the center of the chair object. Note: the control point can be adjusted on a modifier-level within the Symmetry modifier which can avoid adjusting the entire object's control point location.
The Shell modifier is used to give the seat cushion thickness.
Using the Shell modifier, add thickness to the seat cushion shape. The value used in the Outer/Inner amounts will depend on how you want your cushion to look. For regular seat cushions, one would expect to find on dining room chairs or barstools, a thickness of 2.5 inches (63.5 mm) is recommended. In most cases, this value should be added to the Outer Amount parameter of the Shell modifier. When successful, you should see a very boxlike representation of a seat cushion that would look appropriate in low-poly environments.
Use the Edit Poly + Turbosmooth Modifiers to create an additional edge loop near the bottom and smooth the top corners.
The next step will produce a more realistic smoothing effect on the seat cushion and round off many of the sharp edges. The only issue here is that, if applying a Turbosmooth modifier immediately, the bottom edges of the seat cushion will be given an unrealistic amount of curvature.
Create a selection of the seat cushions bottom-most vertices.
We're going to use the Cloth modifier to really give our cushion a realistic shape but first, we need to ensure that the bottom of the seat cushion retains a flat appearance. After all, we don't want the seat cushion to appear as if it is sagging. This can be done via the Cloth modifier's options but we need to pass a selection of the bottom vertices of the seat into that modifier first. To do this, add a new Edit Poly modifier and use the Vertex sub-object selection mode to create a selection of only the vertices on the bottom of the seat cushion.
The Cloth modifier can simulate a very realistic look with basic parameter values.
Click "Make Group" button (top leftmost option in the Group panel). Click OK to confirm.
Click "Preserve" button in the Group panel options.
Click the "Cloth" modifier name to return to the main options panel.
With the above two steps completed the seat cushion is ready to simulate the internal pressures and fabric physics. At this point, you can proceed in multiple ways. If you are running a complex cloth simulation the "Simulate" button will create keyframe animation throughout the simulation process to allow easy state selection. For simpler simulations, such as basic seat cushions, the "Simulate Local" button is often quicker. Clicking this button will apply the physics and forces specified in the Cloth options menu all while excluding the bottom-most vertices (our earlier selection group) from moving. If your seat cushion drops in the scene, ensure that the "Gravity" button is deselected under the Cloth -> Simulation Properties rollout menu. To undo the simulation simply click the "Reset State" button in the Object rollout menu.
Once your inflated seat cushion has been created the bulk of the work is complete. One last finishing touch is to add a welt at the bottom of the seat to mimic real work manufacturing practices. To do this, add an Edit Poly modifier to the seat object, select a single edge on the bottom of the model, then click the "Loop" command.
This should create a selection of the entire edge ring at the bottom of the seat cushion. With this selection, click the "Create Shape" button in the Edit Poly options panel and proceed using the Linear option for shape type. This will create an additional Spline object in the scene. deselect the seat cushion object and select the newly-created spline. Under the "Rendering" rollout menu of the Spline object, tick the "Enable In Renderer," "Enable In Viewport," "Use Viewport Settings," and, optionally, the "Generate Mapping Coords." options. After these options have been enabled, select the "Viewport" option, select the "Radial" option, and add the desired value in the "Thickness" field. This should create a round, pipe-like object in the scene.
Attach the piping object to the seat cushion and add a Turbosmoothing modifier if desired.
The next step is to attach the piping created in step nine to the seat cushion model. To do this, select the seat cushion and, under the Edit Poly modifier's options panel, click the "Attach" button. Now click the spline object in the viewport and it will be attached as an element to the seat cushion object. Right-click to finalize the selection. At this point, the seat cushion is complete and only requires smoothing modifiers. Based on your intended end-use, this can be done any way you may see fit.
Seat cushions can be quite complex depending on the materials and geometries being modeled. There are specialized programs for doing more evolved cloth and fabric simulations that those possible in 3D Studio Max. For simple simulations, such as a dining chair seat cushion for example, the Cloth modifier provides an easy solution without adding a step in the production pipeline or extra project assets. Through the simple process outlined in this tutorial one can quickly and effectively create seat cushions in 3D Studio Max using a subdivision modeling technique.


text:
Goldstein Center for Human Rights
Leonard & Shirley Goldstein
Center Director
Goldstein Family Community Chair
Project & Design Manager
Human Rights Minor
Spotlight on Faculty Research
Human Rights Research Guide
Engagement Backback to Main menu
Goldstein Lecture on Human Rights
Community Engagement on Human Rights
Human Rights Week
UNO Service Learning Academy
ID: International Dialogue Backback to Main menu
Editors, Staff & Boards
Books to be Reviewed
Human Rights Resources Backback to Main menu
* Human Rights in the Time of COVID-19
Digital Human Rights
Human Rights and Armed Conflict
Human Rights of Migrants
The Right to Protest / Freedom of Assembly
Paul Williams, PhD
Associate Professor of Religious Studies
Department Chair, Religious Studies
Assistant Director, Goldstein Center for Human Rights
pwilliams@unomaha.edu
ASH 205T
Born in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and raised in both Congo and Texas, he earned a BA in Anthropology and Asian Studies (1978) from the University of Texas at Austin and a Master of Arts in Religion (1979) from the Episcopal Theological Seminary of the Southwest. At the University of Chicago, he studied history of religions, with an emphasis on African Religions, Buddhism, and the History of Christianity, earning an MA in Religious Studies (1981) and a PhD in History of Religions (2000). Based on research in the United States and the DRC, his doctoral dissertation was entitled "The Disciples of Christ Congo Mission (DCCM), 1897-1932: A Missionary Community in Colonial Central Africa." Dr. Williams is an ordained minister of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) and served congregations of the Disciples of Christ in Illinois from January 1993 until June 2001. Prior to coming to Nebraska in August 2001, he taught as Adjunct Faculty at St. Xavier University (Chicago, Illinois).
Dr. Williams offers courses in African Religions, History of Christianity, Islam, New Testament, Religion and Popular Culture, Religion in America, Religious Ethics, Senior Seminar in Religion (a writing course), and World Religions, and works to develop his own pedagogy as well as the curriculum of the Religious Studies program and the College of Arts and Sciences.
In 2002, Dr. Williams was awarded a fellowship to attend a National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) Summer Institute on "Societal Transformation and the Legitimation of Power in Early Islamic States," at the University of Chicago with Dr. Fred Donner and Dr. Kenneth Hall. From that experience, he has taught courses on Islam annually since spring 2003. In addition to introducing new courses (e.g., African Religions, Religion and Popular Culture, Listening to Muslim Voices), he is the coordinator of the Religious Studies Dual Enrollment program (2007-present) and the coordinator of the Religious Studies course on "Religions in the Modern World" for the graduate Global Information Operations Certificate program. He co-developed and team-taught "Religious Diversity in the Public Schools" with Ms. Beth Katz (Director, Project Interfaith) as a graduate Teacher Education course for the College of Education (Summer 2009).
During 2007-2008, after several years of teaching Islam for the Religious Studies program, he served as Director of the newly-formed program in Islamic Studies, an interdepartmental unit that includes faculty and administrators from Foreign Languages, History, International Studies, Political Science, and Religious Studies. The purpose of the Islamic studies initiative is to become a university and community resource for information about Islam and the Islamic world. In support of that mission, Dr. Williams helped to create and open a new line in the Religion Program to increase course offerings in Islamic studies, and co-wrote with Dr. Moshe Gershovich the first proposal for a Minor in Islamic Studies at UNO. Under the leadership of Dr. Bridget Blomfield, a Minor in Islamic Studies was approved in spring 2009.
Dr. Williams conducts research on socio-cultural dimensions of changes in religious identity from the perspective of historical anthropology in North America and Africa (African Traditional Religions, Christianity, and Islam), especially the Democratic Republic of Congo, Israel, and Morocco, as well as the rise of early Christianity in the Greco-Roman world. His publications (articles and book reviews) appear in Annales Aequatoria (Mbandaka, DRC), Discipliana (Nashville, TN), the International Third World Studies Journal and Review (ITWSJR), the Journal of Religion and Film, and the Encyclopedia of the Stone-Campbell Movement (Eerdmans, 2006).
Current Research Projects: During the spring semester 2009, he conducted research on the history of Disciples of Christ in the Democratic Republic of Congo since 1960, relying primarily on semi-structured interviews with Congolese preachers, teachers, and elders. The principal purpose of the study is to employ oral history methods in a participant-observation study of a topic (Christianity in central Africa) that is long dominated by archival research from a western missionary perspective. The work to be produced includes both articles and books designed to bring Congolese voices to the fore in the study of their own history. Recently, he presented a video on liturgical innovations in recent Disciples history for the Black History Month conference at Luther College (Decorah, Iowa) on 25 Feb 2010 and the Missouri Valley History Conference (Omaha, Nebraska) on 5 Mar 2010.
His service to the university and profession includes serving as Editor for the on-line peer-review Journal of Religion and Film (four years), Chairperson of the Department of Religious Studies (almost three years), Member of the Educational Policy Committee of the College of Arts and Sciences (three years), Member of the Search Committee for the Dean of Arts and Sciences (2007-2008), Director of Islamic Studies (2007-2008), and various other administrative responsibilities. In addition to his academic work, Dr. Williams speaks to civic organizations and religious communities about the significance of religion in the world today, the role of religious studies in higher education, and various topics like Islam, Buddhism, New Testament, Christian missions, contemporary Christian thought, inter-religious relations, and interfaith dialogue.
Arts & Sciences Hall 280
Omaha NE 68182


21.11.2018-05.01.2019 Krank Art Gallery, Le Meridien Istanbul Etiler.
In Liisi Eelmaa's exhibition "I invent you I invent myself", her paintings, composed of a colour harmony that is executed through an immaculate gesture, are accompanied by her installations consisting of resin and aluminium.
Almost originating from vibrations in the human soul, the colours in this harmony also pronounce the sounds so profoundly that it makes us think that the artist was aiming to apply the methods of music to her own artistic practice. The rhythm in her works, the tendency towards using colours repeatedly, and the desire to set colours in motion also originate from this condition. The artist has opted for creating an intelligible language of colour and line, much like the language of sound and rhythm, without resorting to natural form or representation.
Present as a vague mass, paint is merely a mixture of colourant, pigment, binder and filler that will soon be transformed into an image. The moment of this transformation is what the artist finds most intriguing. Considering the first patch of colour, the beginning of any painting is abstract. The objective of Liisi is to emphasize the endeavour of creating something out of a patch of paint that is intrinsically abstract. And this equates the viewer with the artist as the creator of the image, providing both with the chance of entering into each other's realm through their imaginative contribution.
Even if one fails to recall the effect of the colours when they move their eyes away, the peripheral impression created by different colours becomes the starting point of a series of sensations. Each colour creates its own distinct spiritual vibration. These "fragrant colours" of Liisi Eelmaa stimulate the sense of touch as much as the sense of smell. With their satiny texture, the colours arouse an impulse to touch. And the installations of the artist respond to this desire.
In the four paintings included in the exhibition, Liisi Eelmaa has placed parts of the body amongst her harmonic gestures. The vitality of the body is not a result of the combination of its parts. A human body acquires its vitality when a certain convergence, some kind of encounter occurs between the viewer and the viewed, the toucher and the touched, between one eye and the other. Nature, on the other hand, with all its layers, with its attributes, as light, colour, depth, is only present when it generates a resonance in our body, and when these are acknowledged by our body. The artist's harmonic gestures and the accompanying body parts are nothing more than her absorbed in the riddle of abstract or figurative visibility. The painter's eye sees the world. It sees the missing piece in the world in terms of a painting, the colour on the palette that the painting calls for, and the painting that would be an answer to the lack of all these when it is finalised.
The painting and photograph that form the starting point of the installations are the constituent parts of the artistic practice of Estonian artist Liisi Elma; she often combines and mixes photographs and paintings in her works. In merging two different mediums, she often contemplates the limits of painting; questioning how we perceive paint as a substance, and when this substance starts to become an image. She examines whether painting could or could not be a medium for describing things that do not exist, and explores how a photograph allows presenting things that already exist.
"Since the times of cave paintings people have depicted a better life – better than the one at hand. Creating an image was supposed to fulfil a wish. While observing the timeline between the cave era and today's world, we can see imagination coming to life to the fullest. Everything that we have now has been gained thanks to the imagination of our ancestors. What will come in the future is created right now", says Liisi Eelmaa, whose works originate from – but not a mirror of – the realities pertaining to her era, and they embody a profound and potent power that reflects the future.


Sentis is proud to announce our support of the 2019 NSCA Foundation/GIO Workers Compensation National Safety Awards of Excellence as sponsor of the Best WHS Training Program award category.
The NSCA Foundation National Safety Awards of Excellence are Australia's longest running and only independent awards, recognising outstanding Work Health and Safety initiatives. Now in their 27th year, these awards continue to celebrate organisations and people that actively promote Work Health and Safety (WHS) as a cornerstone of elite business performance.
Nominations for the 2019 awards open on Monday 4 March, 2019. For more information, visit the National Safety Awards of Excellence website.


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Oppo K10 India Launch Date Set for March 23, Enco Air 2 Wireless Earbuds Teased
Oppo K10 India launch date is set for March 23, the Chinese company has revealed. The new Oppo phone is teased to come with a triple rear camera setup and a hole-punch display design. The Oppo K10 will arrive in two distinct shades, as per the teasers. Alongside the Oppo K10, the smartphone vendor teased the launch of the Oppo Enco Air 2 in the country. The true wireless stereo (TWS) earbuds debuted in China earlier this year.
Oppo K10 India launch date
The Oppo K10 launch in India will take place at 12pm (noon) on March 23, Oppo revealed through a dedicated webpage on its site. However, the page has now been taken down. It appeared following the initial teasers released on social media and Flipkart.
Oppo K10 price in India (expected)
Oppo K10 price in India is said to be under the Rs. 20,000 price point. The exact sale price of the phone is yet to be revealed though.
Last year, the Oppo K9 5G was launched in China at CNY 1,899 (roughly Rs. 22,800) for the base 8GB RAM + 128GB storage variant. The phone also came in an 8GB + 256GB option at CNY 2,199 (roughly Rs. 26,400).
Oppo also introduced the Oppo K9 Pro 5G in September at CNY 2,199 (roughly Rs. 26,400) for the 8GB + 128GB model and CNY 2,699 (roughly Rs. 32,400) for the top-end 12GB + 256GB configuration.
Oppo K10 specifications (expected)
The teasers appeared on the Oppo India site showed that the Oppo K10 specifications will include a hole-punch display design and a triple rear camera setup headlined with a 50-megapixel primary sensor. The phone is also seen to have a USB Type-C port and a 3.5mm headphone jack. Further, it is teased to have fast charging support and feature a Glow Design that comes in two distinct shades and has glossy and matte finish options.
Oppo said on its webpage that it would reveal more details about the Oppo K10 in the run up to the launch. However, the Chinese variant of the Oppo K10 was recently teased to come with a MediaTek Dimensity 8000-series SoC.
Alongside the Oppo K10, the Oppo Enco Air 2 also appeared on the same webpage. The earbuds were launched in China in January as the successor to the Oppo Enco Air. The Oppo Enco Air 2 come in a translucent jelly-like case and are rated to deliver up to 24 hours of battery life.
For the latest tech news and reviews, follow Gadgets 360 on Twitter, Facebook, and Google News. For the latest videos on gadgets and tech, subscribe to our YouTube channel.
Jagmeet Singh writes about consumer technology for Gadgets 360, out of New Delhi. Jagmeet is a senior reporter for Gadgets 360, and has frequently written about apps, computer security, Internet services, and telecom developments. Jagmeet is available on Twitter at @JagmeetS13 or Email at [email protected] Please send in your leads and tips.
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The Bible is loaded with thousands of difficult, challenging passages, many of which become obstacles in the development of our faith. These difficulties arise out of differences in culture, language, religious and political organizations, not to mention between 2,000 to 3,500 years of separation between the Bible author and the modern day reader. Calling attention to these difficulties and sifting out the misconceptions, Andrews defends the full inerrancy of the Bible, clarifies the so-called errors and what might seem like apparent contradictions. He arms the Christian with what he or she needs to defend their faith in the Bible.
OVERCOMING BIBLE DIFFICULTIES will also offer ten chapters on how to effectively evangelize those within their communities, be it neighbors, friends, family, or coworkers. These evangelism chapters will enable its readers to defend their faith and the Word of God, to reason from the Scriptures, explaining and proving, overturning false reasoning, while instructing in sound doctrine.


With this pack you will get three kind of special cold meat. Pistachio cold meat, Black Wine "Nero d'Avola" cold meat, and Knife tip cold meat. Vacuum packed with size of about 350gr each one.
Easter sausage drowned in red wine nero d'Avola.