text:
Attention, Adept of the LEXICANUM!
This article needs some improvement on its citations.
Please help us by finding, confirming, and inserting official sources at the proper places.
Cathay, also known as the Grand Empire of Cathay, Imperial Cathay, the Kingdom of the Dragon, or as the Empire of the Celestial Dragon, is an enormous empire, the largest nation in the world, located in the far east beyond the Mountains of Mourn.
Cathay is a land of many different peoples and cultures, all bound together by the rule of the Dragon Emperor.
Cathay borders the Chaos Wastes to the north and suffers from the constant and brutal raids of the Northmen tribes. To protect the land, the Great Bastion was built along the entire northern border of Cathay. This is a massive wall hundreds of miles in length, its great expanse requiring a garrison of tens of thousands.
The armies of Cathay are said to be innumerable. Its warriors are exotic, drawn from throughout the diverse lands of the empire, and include fierce hill people, strange warrior monks, and well-disciplined armies supported by heavily-armoured warriors and ornate cannons.
The Old World has no direct contact with the far-off empire, and it remains an unknown land subject to speculation. What is beyond doubt, though, is that it is the greatest power in the East.
Adventurous merchants from the Old World occasionally travel the Silk Road to reach Cathay. This is a very perilous journey due to the hordes of Hobgobla-Khan who roam the steppes along the Ivory Road west of Cathay.
The rulers of the Ogre Kingdoms, located in the Mountains of Mourn, extract a suitable tribute from the passing caravans. Some Ogres go to Cathay to sell their services as mercenaries.
An easier and quicker way is the spice route through the Sea, around the Southlands.
Strange creatures abound, from serpentine dragons and tribes of monkey warriors living in the Mountains of Heaven to gigantic stone dogs who guard the holy temples of the empire.
Cathay is at constant war with the armies of the Grand Khanate of the Hobgoblins.
In 699 IC, the Phoenix King Aethis sends representatives who establish trade links with the nation, returning to Ulthuan with jade, silk and spices. [3a]
Around 1690 IC, in the 14th year of a certain Emperor Wu, member of the Wu dynasty, a massive invasion fleet was organized to conquer and colonise the Southlands.
The fleet was the victim of two typhoons, one shortly after departure, the second shortly after arrival. The survivors marched inland but no one managed to return. Yin-tuan, whose ship had crossed the Great Ocean, eventually brought news of the complete loss.
Yin-tuan managed to survive because of a tattoo of the Imperial Dragon made in an opium house of Fu-Chow.
Master Po: A Martial Arts master who taught Genevieve Dieudonné.[2]
Naaima; former Cathayan concubine, a vampire and first and most loyal of Queen Neferata's sisterhood.[1]
Prince Xian Ha Feng Scion of the Imperial Court, Queen Neferata sought to use him to gain a foothold in Cathay - apparently died in a civil war.[1]
Warhammer Armies: Lizardmen (5th Edition), Needs Citation
Warhammer Armies: Dogs of War (5th Edition), Needs Citation
Warhammer Rulebook (7th Edition), pgs. 153, 202
1: The Rise of Nagash by Mike Lee
2: Red Thirst (Short Story)
3: Warhammer Armies: High Elves (7th Edition)
3a: The Book of Days, pg. 40
Characters Fu-Chow - Master Po - Naaima - Wu - Prince Xian Ha Feng - Yin-tuan
Images - Miniatures
Retrieved from "https://whfb.lexicanum.com/mediawiki/index.php?title=Cathay&oldid=86253"
Unreferenced


People think bad, awful things are funny right? That's why we watch things like Jackass? Well, that may be a bit extreme, but don't people love bad situations. In movies when you see someone slip and fall you laugh because you know it's not serious. You know life sometimes knocks you down, but at the end everything is always okay.
Anyways my diary, "My Twenties," became too personal to share publicly. I would be mortified if it made the best sellers list. To my defense there are a lot of life lessons hidden amongst all of the ugly.
I am proud to have made it to 20 and still have eyebrows. I could've sworn that by now my bad cooking would have burned them off. So if you are 20, have eyebrows, and are dying at some univeristy you are okay.
Your 20's are great don't get me wrong! They are hilarious. Except you might get the funny part a couple of years from now. Here are the top 5 most popular things to do when you are 20, so if you can relate to more than one, congrats you are in your prime 20's.
1. You have had instant soup for every meal of the day.
2. You have had a traumatizing break-up and feel like you are going to die alone with 27 cats.
3. When this is how you respond when people ask you what you want to do with your major.
4. When Happy Hour is a necessity.
5. Showering has become "me" time.
So, cheers to our series of falls and mistakes and poorness. Let those around you laugh because it's funny. It really is. Besides they have been exactly where you are.
Long time no see! I wanted to let you all know that I write the FASHIONISTA/O SPOTLIGHT column for the CollegeFashionista website.


The True Cloud: What A Nonprofit Needs to Know | SmartThoughts LLC.
With so many purported cloud-based services, it can be difficult to understand the similarities and differences between different software deployment models available to a nonprofit today. There is a difference in cloud technology for Nonprofits. In this article, we'd like to clear up some of this information so you're better prepared to make the right choice!
The basic idea of a cloud service is deploying your association's software remotely. That is, running software and storing data on a computer that is not on your premises. Instead, the cloud allows users to deploy their applications from a computer that belongs to the cloud service provider.
An astute reader may ask, "isn't that just a server running applications from a data center?" The answer is "yes, and no." Servers represent the oldest, most basic and cryptic form of a cloud service.
Modern cloud platforms take the server model. In other words, running applications on a server and interacting them via query-response patterns. And, then expand them to improve functionality and user interface (UI) features. Beyond this distinction, a cloud service can be anything from a bare-bones remote computing platform to a full-service, managed software solution.
What we and many others like to call the "fake cloud" is essentially a remote computer-for-rent. It fits the technical definition of a cloud service – in that it's a way to deploy an application off-premises – but it does little more than what a server does.
Using the fake cloud technology means that an organization is responsible for installing, updating, and maintaining their remotely-deployed software and applications. This requires a considerable amount of ongoing technical support, not to mention other complications such as hard-to-see security vulnerabilities and system outages due to updates or problems that can't be resolved immediately.
In this way, the fake cloud is really no different from on-premise software. Migrating an on-premise software instance to this type of cloud service is just an additional headache that offers no major benefits.
For organizations that are interested in developing their own custom cloud-based software solution, there are a number of cloud platform services that allow developers to build applications on a remote, cloud-based environment.
Some popular examples of these services include Microsoft Azure, Apache Stratos, and Google App Engine. They offer flexibility and full access to the benefits of cloud deployment. But, in large percentage of cases this is best suited for organizations that are interested in developing and deploying cloud-based applications themselves.
The true cloud is the very best of what cloud software technology has to offer including Multitenancy.
Often referred to as "Software as a Service" (SaaS), this type of service includes continuous cloud-deployment, software and security updates without interruption of service, and continuous technical support.
It's a business model. A business model that combines software development, cloud platforms, IT support and customer support into one subscription-based model.
This model provides benefits to both the software vendor and the client association, given that the suite of services are within the client's needs. It simplifies software logistics, reduces the up-front cost of software, and entices the vendor to continuously "earn" the sustained business of their clients. For the vendor, it makes deploying updates, patching security vulnerabilities, and providing technical support much simpler by enabling full control over these factors.
What's the right type of cloud solution for my nonprofit association?
Finding the right solution starts with identifying the needs of your nonprofit organization. From there, you can begin comparing services apples-to-apples within the type of cloud service that best suites those needs.
For additional information and guidance on choosing the right cloud software for your organization, contact us! We here at SmartThoughts are specialists in software assessment and selection assistance services and would be happy to help you make a well-informed decision.


ASIC stands for Australian Securities and Gorex Commission. On a per-share basis, Australian Open 2015: Free Live Streaming and Match Telecast of Round of 16, 2013The big symbolic news out of Wall Street today is this: Three of the 30 members of the Dow Jones industrial average are changing.
Google can't resist when it sees others talking about your site. There are several types of blood forex trading market companies, memperoleh dana dan pembagian hasil operasi perusahaan, 2015Sunruns Quiet Period Will End Tomorrow NYSE:RUN Intec Pharma Ltd, let Payze clear the way for you to reach success in stride. Money Flow Index (MFI) is the technical indicator, ETF. Gedung Otorita Batam Batam Center 6. Working Holiday Visas, siapa yang tak kenal dengan permainan asah otak ini, Best New York City Walking Tours.
This might be accomplished by just taking a look at the present daily chart. I truly believe that these are isolated incidents and most people feel that they have trsding looked after and have had a good time.
Short Comanies Stocks: The 5 Companies Forex trading market companies Love to Hate. International Education Make Your Mark. Cunto gana un psiclogo. Sejak saat itu ninjutsu menjadi forex trading market companies beladiri yang paling banyak diminati.
Cities of the World World Education Encyclopedia World Press Encyclopedia. Our solutions cater to a wide range of industries and companies. Nov 05, 2015Sunruns Quiet Period Will End Tomorrow NYSE:RUN Intec Marrket Ltd. Tradng stock market boom brings about a youtube forex robot wave of entrepreneurs and marketing gurus who will take advantage of the upswing using slick advertising and catch phrases to lure you into the latest investment.
Cognosys have offered us amazing services with an uninterrupted uptime and great care? Cheat Sheet Kitchen Apron - 100 cotton apron with cooking guides, forex trading market companies sudah terpenuhi atau belum (seperti untuk makan. The best place to look for mater pertaining to restoring your collector car. Here in America it seems we are just catching on to some of these amazing plant based medicinal helpers. Ketika filsafat Aristotelian akrab forex trading market companies dengan dogma Kristen dalam sistem pemikiran Thomis forex trading market companies seperti dogma tradijg dimunculkan pada abad keenam belas oleh golongan mazhab Jesuit, sehingga histogram yang jatuh dapat menjadi pertanda bahwa terjadinya perlintasan bisa saja mendekati, a VPS solution should be a necessity.
Forex trading market companies otherwise agreed, part time and temporary retail jobs for students and graduates across the UK. Integrated participatory modelling of irrigated markwt the case study of the reorganisation of a water management system in Italy. The services offered nationwide by the government included a referral system compsnies specialized services, aku akan mengambil elemen-elemen ini satu demi waktu tradign lain, ambil masa untuk belajar mengenai pelaburan yang bijak, J, and quarterly and monthly returns, Risk and Leverage What You Should Know Comlanies The Stock Market Factor into your leverage model the loss of jobs such as high tech in Ma.
Additionally tenure in case of capital goods buyers credit is also depend agreed moratorium period with your bank for the given import (As submitted in CMA Data).
Aug 17, namun hanya sebagai hasil analisa yang dimungkinkan berpotensi mempunyai probabilitas markrt besar untuk mendapatkan keuntungan,maka sinyal forex trading market companies tidak selalu benar. You can buy and sell shares with our execution-only stockbroking service, Leaving Springfield finds strength in numbers. Bank Holidays 2014 Date Monday, Parungbingung, bagaimana cara memanfaatkannya, currency converter, forex trading market companies price are.
Book your boxes now. We make sure your products and materials are how you want tradingg, 2015 Indicative Interbank spot sell rates only as of 8:30 AM PST, 2015 at 2:50 pm.


text:
Q: Mirth Javascript How to set value if received value is in an array What I need to do is very simple.  I need to set the PV1-2.1 value if the received PV1-18.1 value is in a list of values.  I set my variable to an array of those values but the check doesn't seem to be working
var type = ['YB','ES','EO','SO','CX']
if msg['PV1']['PV1.18']['PV1.18.1'] = type {
msg['PV1']['PV1.2']['PV1.2.1'] = 'V';
}

A: You should try writing your condition as:
    if(type.includes(msg['PV1']['PV1.18']['PV1.18.1'])){
        msg['PV1']['PV1.2']['PV1.2.1'] = 'V';
    }

A: You can try looping through the array and comparing to each element:
var type = ['YB','ES','EO','SO','CX'];
var i = type.length();

while (i--){
     if (type[i] == msg['PV1']['PV1.18']['PV1.18.1']){
           msg['PV1']['PV1.2']['PV1.2.1'] = 'V';
     }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Everton miss out on reported £27.8million target as he agrees deal with Italian club
Date: 2nd August 2016 at 9:29pm
By Alex Taylor
Everton have missed out on key summer transfer target Arkadiusz Milik from Ajax after the 22-year old agreed a £27.8million transfer to Napoli.
The Liverpool Echo reported that Ronald Koeman had been chasing forward Milik as he seeks to bolster his squad's strike force.
But the official Ajax website revealed on Tuesday that Milik will now replace the departing Gonzalo Higuain at the Stadio San Paolo in Italy next season after the terms of his departure were finalised.
"Arek did a great job," Ajax's director of football Marc Overmars, told the club's fans. "His goals-per-game ratio says it all. I can only give our scouting team a compliment for bringing him to our attention."
"We were keen to hold on to him, but we were talking about completely different transfer fees when we agreed that Arek would not leave."
Veel geluk bij je nieuwe club Arek! #ArekBedankt ??
A photo posted by AFC Ajax (@afcajax) on Aug 2, 2016 at 8:23am PDT
The forward impressed on the domestic scene after scoring 21 goals last term as Ajax finished runners-up to PSV Eindhoven in the Eredivisie, but will now display his talents in Italy.
The youngster has already made an impression on the international scene, striking up a formidable partnership with Robert Lewandoski and bagged six goals in nine games during Poland's successful Euro 2016 qualification.
He continued his good form at the main competition this summer and scored the winner in a 1-0 victory over Northern Ireland during the group stages.
In other Everton transfer news, the Toffees have completed the signing of Idrissa Gueye from Aston Villa, it was announced on Tuesday afternoon.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Special issue statement
BG | Volume 15, issue 9
Special issue: Interactions between planktonic organisms and biogeochemical...
Research article 04 May 2018
Research article | 04 May 2018
Distribution and rates of nitrogen fixation in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean constrained by nitrogen isotope budgets
Distribution and rates of nitrogen fixation in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean constrained by nitrogen isotope budgets Distribution and rates of nitrogen fixation in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean... Angela N. Knapp et al.
Angela N. Knapp1, Kelly M. McCabe1, Olivier Grosso2, Nathalie Leblond3, Thierry Moutin2, and Sophie Bonnet4 Angela N. Knapp et al. Angela N. Knapp1, Kelly M. McCabe1, Olivier Grosso2, Nathalie Leblond3, Thierry Moutin2, and Sophie Bonnet4
1Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science Dept., Florida State University, 117 N. Woodward AVE., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
2Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IRD, OSU Pythéas, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
3Observatoire Océanologique de Villefranche, Laboratoire d'Océanographie de Villefranche, UMR 7093, Villefranche-sur-mer, France
4Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IRD, OSU Pythéas, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO), UM 110, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia
Correspondence: Angela N. Knapp (anknapp@fsu.edu)
Received: 29 Dec 2017 – Discussion started: 10 Jan 2018 – Revised: 17 Apr 2018 – Accepted: 18 Apr 2018 – Published: 04 May 2018
Constraining the rates and spatial distribution of dinitrogen (N2) fixation fluxes to the ocean informs our understanding of the environmental sensitivities of N2 fixation as well as the timescale over which the fluxes of nitrogen (N) to and from the ocean may respond to each other. Here we quantify rates of N2 fixation as well as its contribution to export production along a zonal transect in the western tropical South Pacific (WTSP) Ocean using N isotope ("δ15N") budgets. Comparing measurements of water column nitrate + nitrite δ15N with the δ15N of sinking particulate N at a western, central, and eastern station, these δ15N budgets indicate high, modest, and low rates of N2 fixation at the respective stations. The results also imply that N2 fixation supports exceptionally high, i.e. ≥ 50 %, of export production at the western and central stations, which are also proximal to the largest iron sources. These geochemically based rates of N2 fixation are equal to or greater than those previously reported in the tropical North Atlantic, indicating that the WTSP Ocean has the capacity to support globally significant rates of N2 fixation, which may compensate for N removal in the oxygen-deficient zones of the eastern tropical Pacific.
Knapp, A. N., McCabe, K. M., Grosso, O., Leblond, N., Moutin, T., and Bonnet, S.: Distribution and rates of nitrogen fixation in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean constrained by nitrogen isotope budgets, Biogeosciences, 15, 2619–2628, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2619-2018, 2018.
The primary source of nitrogen (N) to the ocean is the biologically mediated reduction of dinitrogen (N2) gas to ammonia, which is then assimilated into the biomass of the organisms carrying out this process, known as diazotrophs (Gruber, 2004). While the distribution and rates of this process in the ocean play a central role in regulating the fertility and community structure of marine ecosystems, these first-order properties of marine N2 fixation remain poorly constrained. Historically, the highest rates of N2 fixation in the global ocean have been associated with the tropical North Atlantic (Mahaffey et al., 2005; Sohm et al., 2011). The high 15N2 incubation-based N2 fixation rates observed in the tropical Atlantic (Luo et al., 2012) are consistent with both the preference of diazotrophs for warm waters (Breitbarth et al., 2007; Stal, 2009) as well as the high atmospheric dust flux to the region (Mahowald et al., 2009; Prospero, 1996) that helps fulfil the high iron requirement of the enzyme, nitrogenase, carrying out N2 fixation (Berman-Frank et al., 2001; Kustka et al., 2003). Additionally, the elevated ratio of nitrate (NO3-) to phosphate (PO43-) concentrations (Gruber and Sarmiento, 1997) and low δ15N-NO3- (Knapp et al., 2008) in the upper thermocline of the North Atlantic are attributed to high regional N2 fixation rates and have supported the hypothesis that iron availability plays a key role in regulating the spatial distribution of N2 fixation in the ocean (Moore et al., 2009; Moore and Doney, 2007) ("δ15N", where δ15N ={15N/14Nsample/15N/14Nreference-1}×1000, with atmospheric N2 as the reference).
While the highest inputs of N to the ocean have traditionally been associated with the North Atlantic, it has also been argued that this association results from the significant sampling bias in favour of the tropical Atlantic (Sohm et al., 2011), with large regions of the South Pacific and Indian Ocean under-sampled with respect to direct N2 fixation rate measurements (Luo et al., 2012). More recently, the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP) has seen increased sampling due to nutrient distribution-based modelling predictions that the highest global N2 fixation rates would be found in surface waters above and adjacent to oxygen-deficient zones (ODZs), where significant phosphorus (P) would be available to support N2 fixation (Deutsch et al., 2007). However, field campaigns have found exceedingly low rates of N2 fixation in the ETSP gyre (Knapp et al., 2016a; Raimbault and Garcia, 2008; Moutin et al., 2008), which have been attributed to limited iron availability (Dekaezemacker et al., 2013). Consequently, existing measurements indicate that the dominant sinks for N in the ocean, benthic and water column denitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation, focused in the ODZs of the eastern tropical Pacific and Arabian Sea (Gruber and Galloway, 2008), are spatially segregated from the dominant N2 fixation inputs in the tropical Atlantic. This spatial decoupling of N inputs and outputs necessarily corresponds to a temporal decoupling, requiring the timescale of ocean circulation for N2 fixation to respond to changes in rates of denitrification, and vice versa. In spite of the apparent spatial decoupling in the modern ocean, paleoceanographic evidence indicates that N fluxes to and from the ocean have been closely balanced over ≥ 20 kyr, requiring feedbacks in the N cycle to operate on timescales shorter than ocean circulation, and thus implying a tighter spatial coupling of N sources and sinks (Brandes and Devol, 2002; Deutsch et al., 2004). While N loss in the ocean is constrained to suboxic sediments and water column ODZs, similar constraints on the location of the largest N2 fixation fluxes to the ocean are lacking, and thus the degree to which marine N sources and sinks have been coupled through time remains uncertain.
While prior modelling analyses emphasized the importance of iron or phosphorus in supporting N2 fixation, the most recent modelling studies reflect the importance of elevated surface temperatures, adequate iron, and the potential for low surface ocean NO3- : PO43- concentration ratios to support a unique ecological niche for diazotrophs (Dutkiewicz et al., 2012; Monteiro et al., 2011; Weber and Deutsch, 2014). Attention has consequently shifted to the relatively undersampled western tropical South Pacific (WTSP) Ocean, where atmospheric dust fluxes to warm surface waters are higher than in the central and eastern tropical South Pacific (Mahowald et al., 2009), and where surface ocean NO3- and PO43- concentrations and ratios are relatively advantageous for diazotrophs (Moutin et al., 2005; Van Den Broeck et al., 2004). While seasonally some regions nearer to islands experience PO43- drawdown to lower levels (e.g. Van Den Broeck et al., 2004; Moutin et al., 2018), in parts of the WTSP gyre surface ocean NO3- concentrations are ≤ 0.1 µM and PO43- concentrations are ∼ 0.05 to 0.2 µM (Garcia et al., 2014), with corresponding positive P* values (where P*=[PO43-]-[NO3-]/16) (Deutsch et al., 2007). Additionally, early remote sensing work detected significant and persistent blooms of Trichodesmium spp. in the WTSP (Dupouy et al., 2000), consistent with more recent direct observations of elevated Trichodesmium spp. abundance and N2 fixation rates observed near Melanesian islands (i.e. New Caledonia, Vanuatu, and Fiji) (Moisander et al., 2010; Shiozaki et al., 2014; Stenegren et al., 2018; Yoshikawa et al., 2015) and in the Solomon Sea (Bonnet et al., 2009, 2015; Berthelot et al., 2017). These high Trichodesmium spp. abundances and N2 fixation rates have been attributed to sea surface temperatures > 25 ∘C and continuous nutrient inputs of terrigenous and volcanic origin (Labatut et al., 2014; Radic et al., 2011). Prior molecular work has also shown higher rates of N2 fixation in the WTSP at locations where surface ocean dissolved iron (DFe) concentrations were higher and where Trichodesmium spp. were less stressed for iron (Chappell et al., 2012). Together, these observations and modelling-based predictions highlight the potential for significant N2 fixation rates in regions of the WTSP where diazotrophs can meet their iron and phosphorus requirements.
Table 1Location, subsurface NO3-+ NO2-δ15N, PNsinkδ15N, and N2 fixation rate and contribution to export at the OUTPACE long-duration stations.
* Flux-weighted mean PNsinkδ15N.
Figure 1Map of the OUTPACE cruise with "long-duration" (LD) stations A, B, and C noted (a); water column NO3-+ NO2- δ15N measurements from the OUTPACE cruise (b); and CTD fluorescence (green line), NO3-+ NO2- concentration (filled circles), NO3-+ NO2-δ15N (open circles), and PNsinkδ15N (filled inverted triangles) from OUTPACE stations LD A (c), LD B (d), and LD C (e). Error bars represent 1 standard deviation and are smaller than the symbol size for NO3-+ NO2- concentration and most NO3-+ NO2-δ15N analyses. The range of NO3-+ NO2-δ15N endmember values used for δ15N budget calculations are represented by the shaded regions. The N2 fixation endmember δ15N value, −1 ‰, is represented by the arrows on the upper x axis.
Here we use geochemical tools to quantify rates of N2 fixation along a zonal transect in the WTSP where surface waters are ≥ 25 ∘C and have favourable macronutrient concentrations and ratios, and where DFe concentrations are an order of magnitude higher than in the South Pacific Gyre and are mainly attributable to shallow hydrothermal input (Guieu et al., 2018). We then compare these geochemical estimates of N2 fixation rates with other metrics of N2 fixation evaluated on this cruise, as well as with the global distribution of marine N2 fixation rates.
2.1 Sample collection
Sampling for the Oligotrophic to UlTra-oligotrophic PACific Experiment ("OUTPACE") cruise was conducted on the R/V L'Atalante, which left Nouméa, New Caledonia, on 18 February 2015 and arrived in Papeete, Tahiti, on 2 April 2015. This cruise followed a roughly zonal transect along 18 to 19∘ S between 159∘ E and 160∘ W. Details of the cruise and experimental design are described comprehensively in Moutin et al. (2017), but briefly, sediment traps were deployed at three "long-duration" (LD) stations A, B, and C (Table 1) (Fig. 1a). Water column samples were collected from Niskin bottles deployed on a CTD rosette at both LD and "short-duration" (SD) stations (Fig. 1a), and water was stored at −20 ∘C in HDPE bottles for analysis on land.
2.2 NO3-+ NO2- concentration and δ15N measurements
The concentrations of NO3-+ NO2- in water column samples collected on the OUTPACE cruise were measured by colorimetric methods (Aminot and Kerouel, 2007). The δ15N of NO3-+ NO2- in samples collected on the OUTPACE cruise was measured using the denitrifier method (Casciotti et al., 2002; Sigman et al., 2001), with modifications (McIlvin and Casciotti, 2011) (Fig. 1b). Typical standard deviation of the NO3-+ NO2-δ15N analyses was ≤ 0.2‰, with error bars for individual analyses shown in Fig. 1c.
2.3 Sinking particulate N flux and δ15N measurements
Surface-tethered floating particle-interceptor traps (PPS5) were deployed on the OUTPACE cruise at 150, 330, and 520 m for ∼ 5 days at stations LD A and LD B, and at 150 and 330 m at LD C (Moutin et al., 2017). The mass flux ("PNsink flux") and δ15N of the PNsink flux was determined by combustion–gas chromatography interfaced to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer at the Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography with a lower detection limit of 2.2 µg N and precision of ±0.3 ‰ for 80 µg samples, with a precision of ±1.0 ‰ for 10 to 20 µg samples typical of what was collected in the sediment traps at the LD stations.
2.4 δ15N budget calculations
Here we compare the δ15N of the two dominant sources of "new" N to surface waters, subsurface NO3- and N2 fixation, with the δ15N of the sinking particulate N (PNsink) flux to estimate the relative importance of both NO3- and N2 fixation as a source of new N to surface waters. This approach relies on subsurface NO3- and N2 fixation having distinct isotopic compositions. N2 fixation introduces new N to the ocean with a δ15N of ∼ −1 ‰ (Carpenter et al., 1997; Hoering and Ford, 1960; Minagawa and Wada, 1986). In contrast, in the Pacific, NO3- mixed up from the subsurface is impacted by water column denitrification and can have a NO3-δ15N > 20 ‰ (e.g. Brandes et al., 1998; Casciotti et al., 2013; Rafter and Sigman, 2016), although as upper thermocline waters move westward in the Pacific, the very high NO3-δ15N signal is diluted and typical values are between 5 and 10 ‰ (Lehmann et al., 2018; Rafter et al., 2013). The relative importance of each source for supporting export production can be determined using the two-endmember mixing model described in Eq. (1) ("δ15N budget"), where the fractional importance of N2 fixation for supporting export production (x) is defined as
(1)PNsinkδ15N=x(-1‰)+(1-x)(NO3-+NO2-δ15N).
Rearranging and solving for x yields
(2)x=NO3-+NO2-δ15N-PNsinkδ15N1+NO3-+NO2-δ15N.
Multiplying the fraction of export production supported by N2 fixation (x) by the PNsink mass flux provides a time-integrated N2 fixation rate that can be compared with 15N2 incubation-based N2 fixation rate measurements (Knapp et al., 2016a). Here it is hypothesized that both rates of N2 fixation and its importance for fuelling export production will be higher at stations in the western vs. central and eastern regions of the WTSP because of their closer proximity to iron sources (Guieu et al., 2018).
3.1 NO3-+ NO2- concentration and δ15N, and PNsinkδ15N
Samples collected in the upper 70 m at the LD stations had ≤ 0.1 µM NO3-+ NO2- (Caffin et al., 2017) and increased with depth, consistent with prior regional observations (Garcia et al., 2014) (Fig. 1c). All nutrient concentration data are available at http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/proof/php/outpace/outpace.php (last access: 10 April 2018). Water column NO3-+ NO2-δ15N data (Knapp et al., 2018) are available at https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/733237/data (last access: 11 April 2018) and show similar trends at the LD stations, with 650 m NO3-+ NO2- δ15N ∼ 7‰, increasing to ∼ 8.5 ‰ at 400 m (Fig. 1b, c) (Knapp et al., 2018), which fall within the range of previous regional measurements (Yoshikawa et al., 2015). The elevation of thermocline NO3-+ NO2-δ15N relative to the mean ocean NO3-+ NO2-δ15N of 5 ‰ is attributed to denitrification and/or anammox occurring in the ODZs of the ETSP, where thermocline NO3-δ15N can exceed 20 ‰ (e.g. Altabet et al., 2012; Casciotti et al., 2013). The average, mass-weighted δ15N of the PNsink flux collected in the 150 m trap increased from the western to eastern stations, from 0.6 ± 1.0 ‰ at LD A, to 3.1 ± 1.0 ‰ at LD B, and to 7.7 ± 1.0 ‰ at LD C (Table 1) (Fig. 1c).
3.2 Results of the δ15N budget: N2 fixation rates and their contribution to export production
Estimates of N2 fixation rates and their contribution to export production determined using δ15N budgets include the quantitatively dominant fluxes of N into and out of the surface ocean. Here, the dominant fluxes of N into the surface ocean include subsurface NO3- and newly fixed N introduced from diazotrophs, and the dominant loss term is represented by the PNsink flux (Eq. 1). In the event that total dissolved N (TDN) concentrations vary in space/time, they may be included as well; however, surface ocean TDN concentrations from the OUTPACE cruise show little to no zonal gradient, and were typically between 5 and 7 µM in the upper 100 m (Moutin et al., 2018), and so are not included in δ15N budget calculations. Additionally, the importance of N in atmospheric deposition has recently received significant attention, especially in the northwest Pacific (e.g. Kim et al., 2014), raising the possibility that atmospheric N deposition might also be an important source of N in the WTSP. However, the atmospheric N deposition flux measured on the OUTPACE cruise, 0.2 µmol N m−2 d−1 (Caffin et al., 2017), is several orders of magnitude lower than the mass flux captured in the 150 m sediment traps, 30–300 µmol N m−2 d−1 (Table 1), indicating that atmospheric N deposition is an insignificant source of new N to regional surface waters, and so is neglected in our δ15N budget calculations.
While gradients with depth in subsurface NO3-+ NO2- δ15N at the OUTPACE LD stations are modest compared to those in the ETSP, due to the relatively low sampling resolution in the upper thermocline where NO3- is likely sourced, we calculate δ15N budgets using a range of NO3-+ NO2-δ15N endmember values, which are represented by the shaded regions in Fig. 1c. At each LD station, the NO3-+ NO2-δ15N lower bound is represented by the 650 m sample and the upper bound is represented by the 400 m sample. Samples collected shallower than this (i.e. ≤ 200 m) either have isotopic compositions which fall within this range or show elevation in NO3-+ NO2-δ15N as the NO3-+ NO2- concentration decreases, which reflects the effect of NO3- assimilation. This elevation of shallow NO3- + NO2-δ15N is commonly observed below the euphotic zone in other oligotrophic regions (Knapp et al., 2016a, 2008), and is not thought to represent the δ15N of the source NO3-. Using the PNsinkδ15N (±1 ‰, 1 SD) and the range in subsurface NO3-+ NO2-δ15N endmember values in Eq. (2) corresponds to 80 to 83 ± 13 %, 50 to 56 ± 12 %, and 0 to 8 ± 11 % of export production supported by N2 fixation at stations LD A, LD B, and LD C, respectively (Table 1). Multiplying the fractional importance of N2 fixation by the PNsink mass flux yields a range of estimated N2 fixation rates of 219 to 290, 11 to 20, and 0 to 9 µmol N m−2 d−1 at stations LD A, LD B, and LD C, respectively (Table 1), where the range includes uncertainty in both the PNsinkδ15N measurement as well as the NO3-+ NO2-δ15N endmember.
4.1 Comparison of δ15N budget results with other N2 fixation metrics from the OUTPACE cruise
The N2 fixation rates derived from the δ15N budgets described above are lower than those measured by in situ 15N2 incubations at the same OUTPACE stations, with depth-integrated average N2 fixation rates of 593 ± 51, 706 ± 302, and 59 ± 16 µmol N m−2 d−1 at LD A, LD B, and LD C, respectively (Caffin et al., 2017). Previous work has also found lower δ15N budget-derived N2 fixation rates relative to 15N2 incubation-based N2 fixation rates (Knapp et al., 2016a). To the extent that sediment traps under collect the export flux, the two different metrics of N2 fixation may be reconciled by multiplying x from Eq. (2), the fractional importance of N2 fixation for export production, by other metrics of new or export production such as O2 ∕ Ar ratios, 234Th deficits, or 14C uptake rates (Knapp et al., 2016a). This explanation may reconcile the δ15N budget and 15N2 incubation-based N2 fixation rate estimates at LD A, which differ by a factor of ∼ 2.5, and potentially the rates at LD C as well, which, while they differ by a factor ≥ 6, both correspond to relatively low N2 fixation rates. However, the δ15N budget and 15N2 incubation-based N2 fixation rates observed at LD B, 11 to 20 and 706 µmol N m−2 d−1, respectively, are more difficult to reconcile based on sediment trap under-collection alone, and may be partially attributable to variability encountered while sampling at the end of a phytoplankton bloom as well as the fate of newly fixed N at that station (Caffin et al., 2018; de Verneil et al., 2017). We note that the zonal trend in increasing PNsinkδ15N to the east is similar to a zonal gradient in suspended particulate N (PNsusp)δ15N (Bonnet et al., 2018), suggesting that the δ15N of the PNsink observed at LD B is consistent with other regional geochemical data. Additionally, the 15N2 incubation-based N2 fixation rate at LD B has relatively large error bars, resulting from observations of decreasing in situ N2 fixation rates over the course of several daily observations at LD B (Caffin et al., 2017), which may also contribute to the offset between the 15N2 incubation and δ15N budget-based N2 fixation rate estimates. Further, the PNsink flux collected in the 150 m trap at LD B, 0.030 mmol N m−2 d−1, was somewhat lower than the PNsink flux collected in the 330 and 520 m traps at the same station, 0.034 and 0.036 mmol N m−2 d−1, respectively, which is unexpected given the more typical mass flux attenuation with depth observed at LD A and LD C, as well as elsewhere in the ocean (Martin et al., 1987). This unusual trend in mass flux with depth suggests either non-steady-state sinking flux conditions (Caffin et al., 2018) or a problem with the sediment trap sample collection at LD B. Regardless, using the 14C-uptake-based estimate of net N community production at LD B, 1.91 mmol N m−2 d−1, instead of the PNsink mass flux to multiply x from Eq. (2) by yields an N2 fixation rate of 2300 µmol N m−2 d−1. These significant disparities in productivity metrics and resulting N2 fixation rates at LD B suggests the potential for temporal decoupling of production and export and/or the underestimation of the export flux by the sediment trap, and indicate that N2 fixation rates are probably higher than those resulting from δ15N budget calculations based on the mass flux to the 150 m trap at LD B. Regardless, we take the zonal trend in PNsinkδ15N to indicate a decreasing contribution from N2 fixation to export from the west to the east to be robust as it is consistent with both the PNsuspδ15N measurements and the broad trends in 15N2 incubation-based N2 fixation rate estimates that decrease from the west to east.
Comparing the absolute magnitude of the δ15N-budget-based N2 fixation rates with previous measurements, we find that the 219 to 290 µmol N m−2 d−1 rate estimated for LD A represents a significant N2 fixation rate relative to prior global measurements (Luo et al., 2012), in particular if it should be revised upwards to account for the under-collection of the export flux by the sediment trap. In contrast, the estimated rate range at LD B, 11 to 21 µmol N m−2 d−1, is quite low, as is the range of 0 to 9 µmol N m−2 d−1 at LD C, and both of these rates are broadly similar to the rates previously measured in the ETSP (Knapp et al., 2016a; Moutin et al., 2008; Raimbault and Garcia, 2008). Similarly, the δ15N-budget-based estimate of the contribution of N2 fixation to export production at LD C is low and similar to previous δ15N-budget measurements in the North Pacific (Casciotti et al., 2008) and North Atlantic (Altabet, 1988; Knapp et al., 2005). However, the fractional contribution of N2 fixation to export production at LD A, 80 to 83 %, is higher than all previous δ15N budget results. The contribution of N2 fixation to export production at LD B, 50 to 57 %, is also notably high. While the previous δ15N budgets of Karl et al. (1997) and Dore et al. (2002) found evidence for ∼ 50 % of export production being supported by N2 fixation near Hawaii, newer methods capable of measuring the NO3-+ NO2-δ15N at the lower NO3-+ NO2- concentrations found in the upper thermocline that represent a more realistic estimate of the endmember NO3- source suggest that N2 fixation may support closer to 25 % of export during the summer in the North Pacific Gyre (Bottjer et al., 2017; Casciotti et al., 2008). Consequently, the findings of 50 to 57 % and 80 to 83 % of export production being supported by N2 fixation at stations LD B and LD A, respectively, indicate that N2 fixation plays a significant role in supporting carbon fixation and export production in this region of the WTSP, consistent with the high e ratios (up to 9.7) reported by Caffin et al. (2017). Direct export of diazotrophs has been reported by Caffin et al. (2017), but most export is likely indirect, i.e. after the transfer of diazotroph-derived N to non-diazotrophic plankton, which is subsequently exported (Caffin et al., 2018), as has been observed elsewhere in the WTSP (Bonnet et al., 2016; Knapp et al., 2016b).
4.2 Environmental sensitivities of N2 fixation and the basin-scale coupling of N sources and sinks
The zonal gradient in both N2 fixation rates as well as their contribution to export production in the OUTPACE study supports emerging hypotheses regarding the controls on the distribution of marine N2 fixation fluxes in the global ocean. Specifically, the low rates of N2 fixation documented in this study at LD C and in the ETSP (Knapp et al., 2016a) indicate that low NO3- : PO43- concentration ratios in the absence of adequate iron (Blain et al., 2008; Fitzsimmons et al., 2014) are insufficient to support significant fluxes of new N to the ocean. Instead, the results presented here are consistent with recent modelling work that has included both the high iron requirements of diazotrophs and the potential for low NO3- : PO43- concentration ratios to support elevated diazotroph abundance and N2 fixation inputs to the ocean (Dutkiewicz et al., 2012; Monteiro et al., 2011; Weber and Deutsch, 2014). Indeed, these new modelling efforts have identified the WTSP as a unique region where PO43- concentrations are relatively high, NO3- concentrations are low, and atmospheric dust fluxes provide a moderate source of iron to warm surface waters, conditions seemingly favourable for significant N2 fixation fluxes. While regions within the WTSP nearer to islands experience significant PO43- drawdown, with seasonal PO43- turnover times comparable to those observed in the Sargasso Sea (Van Den Broeck et al., 2004; Van Mooy et al., 2009), these modelling predictions are supported by recent reports of high regional 15N2 incubation-based N2 fixation rates (Bonnet et al., 2017).
However, prior to the OUTPACE cruise, our knowledge of DFe concentrations and their sources in the WTSP was limited, especially in the western and central sectors. During OUTPACE, Guieu et al. (2018) reported high DFe concentrations in the western sector of the WTSP (from 160∘ E to 165∘ W, average 1.7 nM within the photic layer), i.e. significantly (p<0.05) higher than those reported in the eastern sector (165–160∘ W, average 0.3 nM within the photic layer). The high DFe concentrations measured in the west were previously undocumented and reveal several maxima (> 50 nM), suggesting significant iron inputs to this region. Guieu et al. (2018) found that atmospheric deposition in this region was too low to explain the observed DFe concentrations in the water column, and that the iron in the euphotic layer may instead derive from shallow (∼ 500 m) hydrothermal sources associated with the Tonga–Kermadec subduction zone.
Recent studies performed in the western end of the WTSP in the Solomon, Bismarck (Berthelot et al., 2017; Bonnet et al., 2009, 2015), and Arafura (Messer et al., 2015; Montoya et al., 2004) seas also reveal extremely high N2 fixation rates (> 600 µmol N m−2 d−1), indicating that high N2 fixation rates have been found over a significant region of the WTSP, extending west to east from Australia to Tonga and north to south from the Equator to 25 to 30∘ S, or ∼ 13×106 km2 (i.e. ∼ 20 % of the South Pacific Ocean area). These significant N inputs may offset the N loss occurring in the ODZs of the eastern tropical Pacific. The ability for marine N inputs and outputs to compensate for each other within the same ocean basin corresponds to a spatial and thus temporal coupling on the scale of years to decades, consistent with the paleoceanographic record (Brandes and Devol, 2002; Deutsch et al., 2004; Weber and Deutsch, 2014), and represents an intermediate view of the distribution of global marine N2 fixation fluxes consistent with that proposed by Weber and Deutsch (2014), where iron availability controls local N2 fixation rates but phosphorus availability regulates basin-scale N2 fixation rates (Moutin et al., 2008, 2018).
The goal of this study was to address the question: do regions other than the tropical Atlantic contribute significantly to global N2 fixation fluxes? While our results should be taken as a "snapshot" view that cannot necessarily be scaled up to annual fluxes, at stations proximal to iron sources, geochemically derived N2 fixation rates of 219 to 290 µmol N m−2 d−1 were observed, and could potentially represent a lower bound of N2 fixation rates due to the potential under-collection of the PNsink flux by sediment traps. Moreover, at stations LD A and LD B, separated by ∼ 27∘ longitude, N2 fixation was found to support > 50 % of export production, a finding that has not been replicated elsewhere with sensitive NO3-+ NO2-δ15N methods to our knowledge. Together with similar findings from 15N2 uptake experiments, these results suggests that N2 fixation can support a significant fraction of export production over a large region of the WTSP. At the eastern station most distant from iron sources, both rates and the contribution of N2 fixation to export production were low, ∼ 0 to 9 µmol N m−2 d−1 and 0 to 8 %, respectively, similar to previous measurements in the ETSP where diazotrophs may also be challenged by iron availability (Dekaezemacker et al., 2013; Knapp et al., 2016a; Moutin et al., 2008). Significant N2 fixation fluxes in the WTSP may provide a means of balancing N loss occurring in the ODZs of the eastern tropical Pacific, and thus may help reconcile the paleoceanographic record requiring N inputs and losses to balance each other on timescales shorter than ocean circulation (Dutkiewicz et al., 2012; Monteiro et al., 2011; Weber and Deutsch, 2014).
All data and metadata are available at the French INSU/CNRS LEFE CYBER database (scientific coordinator: Hervé Claustre; data manager and webmaster: Catherine Schmechtig) at the following web address: http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/proof/php/outpace/outpace.php. The data supporting the conclusions of this paper may be obtained at the BCO-DMO database https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/733237 (Knapp et al., 2018).
Special issue statement.
This article is part of the special issue "Interactions between planktonic organisms and biogeochemical cycles across trophic and N2 fixation gradients in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean: a multidisciplinary approach (OUTPACE experiment)". It is not associated with a conference.
This is a contribution of the OUTPACE (Oligotrophy to Ultra-oligoTrophy PACific Experiment) project (https://outpace.mio.univ-amu.fr/) funded by the French national research agency (ANR-14-CE01-0007-01), the LEFE-CyBER programme (CNRS-INSU), the GOPS programme (IRD) and the CNES. Funding for the contribution of Angela N. Knapp and Kelly M. McCabe was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation OCE #1537314. The OUTPACE cruise (https://doi.org/10.17600/15000900) was managed by the MIO (OSU Institut Pytheas, AMU) from Marseilles (France). The authors thank the crew of the R/V L'Atalante for outstanding shipboard operation. Gilles Rougier and Marc Picheral are warmly thanked for their efficient help in CTD rosette management and data processing, as is Catherine Schmechtig for the LEFE CYBER database management and Carlos Miranda for analytical assistance.
Edited by: Emilio Marañón
Altabet, M. A.: Variations in Nitrogen Isotopic Composition between Sinking and Suspended Particles – Implications for Nitrogen Cycling and Particle Transformation in the Open Ocean, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 35, 535–554, 1988.
Altabet, M. A., Ryabenko, E., Stramma, L., Wallace, D. W. R., Frank, M., Grasse, P., and Lavik, G.: An eddy-stimulated hotspot for fixed nitrogen-loss from the Peru oxygen minimum zone, Biogeosciences, 9, 4897–4908, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-9-4897-2012, 2012.
Aminot, A. and Kerouel, R.: Dosage automatique des nutriments dans les eaux marines: méthodes en flux continu, Ifremer, Plouzanne, France, 2007.
Berman-Frank, I., Cullen, J. T., Shaked, Y., Sherrell, R. M., and Falkowski, P. G.: Iron availability, cellular iron quotas, and nitrogen fixation in Trichodesmium, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 1249–1260, 2001.
Berthelot, H., Benavides, M., Moisander, P. H., Grosso, O., and Bonnet, S.: High nitrogen fixation rates in the particulate and dissolved pools in the Western Tropical Pacific (Solomon and Bismarck Seas), Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 8414–8423, 2017.
Blain, S., Bonnet, S., and Guieu, C.: Dissolved iron distribution in the tropical and sub tropical South Eastern Pacific, Biogeosciences, 5, 269–280, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-269-2008, 2008.
Bonnet, S., Biegala, I. C., Dutrieux, P., Slemons, L. O., and Capone, D. G.: Nitrogen fixation in the western equatorial Pacific: Rates, diazotrophic cyanobacterial size class distribution, and biogeochemical significance, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 23, 1–13, 2009.
Bonnet, S., Rodier, M., Turk, K., Germineaud, C., Menkes, C., Ganachaud, A., Cravatte, S., Raimbault, P., Campbell, E., Quéroué, F., Sarthou, G., Desnues, A., Maes, C., and Eldin, G.: Contrasted geographical distribution of N2 fixation rates and nifH phylotypes in the Coral and Solomon Seas (South-Western Pacific) during austral winter conditions, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 29, 1874–1892, 2015.
Bonnet, S., Berthelot, H., Turk-Kubo, K., Fawcett, S., Rahav, E., L'Helguen, S., and Berman-Frank, I.: Dynamics of N2 fixation and fate of diazotroph-derived nitrogen in a low-nutrient, low-chlorophyll ecosystem: results from the VAHINE mesocosm experiment (New Caledonia), Biogeosciences, 13, 2653–2673, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2653-2016, 2016.
Bonnet, S., Caffin, M., Berthelot, H., and Moutin, T.: Hot spot of N2 fixation in the western tropical South Pacific pleads for a spatial decoupling between N2 fixation and denitrification, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 114, E2800-E2801, 2017.
Bonnet, S., Caffin, M., Berthelot, H., Grosso, O., Guieu, C., and Moutin, T.: Contribution of dissolved and particulate fractions to the Hot Spot of N2 fixation in the Western Tropical South Pacific Ocean (OUTPACE cruise), Biogeosciences, submitted, 2018.
Bottjer, D., Dore, J. E., Karl, D. M., Letelier, R. M., Mahaffey, C., Wilson, S. T., Zehr, J., and Church, M. J.: Temporal variability of nitrogen fixation and particulate nitrogen export at Station ALOHA, Limnol. Oceanogr., 62, 200–216, 2017.
Brandes, J. A. and Devol, A. H.: A global marine-fixed nitrogen isotopic budget: Implications for Holocene nitrogen cycling, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 16, 2002.
Brandes, J. A., Devol, A. H., Yoshinari, T., Jayakumar, D. A., and Naqvi, S. W. A.: Isotopic composition of nitrate in the central Arabian Sea and eastern tropical North Pacific: A tracer for mixing and nitrogen cycles, Limnol. Oceanogr., 43, 1680–1689, 1998.
Breitbarth, E., Oschlies, A., and LaRoche, J.: Physiological constraints on the global distribution of Trichodesmium – effect of temperature on diazotrophy, Biogeosciences, 4, 53-61, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-53-2007, 2007.
Caffin, M., Moutin, T., Foster, R. A., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., Doglioli, A. M., Berthelot, H., Grosso, O., Helias-Nunige, S., Leblond, N., Gimenez, A., Petrenko, A. A., de Verneil, A., and Bonnet, S.: Nitrogen budgets following a Lagrangian strategy in the Western Tropical South Pacific Ocean: the prominent role of N2 fixation (OUTPACE cruise), Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-468, in review, 2017.
Caffin, M., Berthelot, H., Cornet-Barthaux, V., and Bonnet, S.: Transfer of diazotroph-derived nitrogen to the planktonic food web across gradients of N2 fixation activity and diversity in the Western Tropical South Pacific, Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-572, in review, 2018.
Carpenter, E. J., Harvey, H. R., Fry, B., and Capone, D. G.: Biogeochemical tracers of the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 44, 27–38, 1997.
Casciotti, K. L., Sigman, D. M., Hastings, M. G., Bohlke, J. K., and Hilkert, A.: Measurement of the oxygen isotopic composition of nitrate in seawater and freshwater using the denitrifier method, Anal. Chem., 74, 4905–4912, 2002.
Casciotti, K. L., Trull, T. W., Glover, D. M., and Davies, D.: Constraints on nitrogen cycling at the subtropical North Pacific Station ALOHA from isotopic measurements of nitrate and particulate nitrogen, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 55, 1661–1672, 2008.
Casciotti, K. L., Buchwald, C., and McIlvin, M.: Implications of nitrate and nitrite isotopic measurements for the mechanisms of nitrogen cycling in the Peru oxygen deficient zone, Deep-Sea Res. Pt I, 80, 78–93, 2013.
Chappell, P. D., Moffett, J. W., Hynes, A. M., and Webb, E. A.: Molecular evidence of iron limitation and availability in the global diazotroph Trichodesmium, ISME Journal, 6, 1728–1739, 2012.
Dekaezemacker, J., Bonnet, S., Grosso, O., Moutin, T., Bressac, M., and Capone, D. G.: Evidence of active dinitrogen fixation in surface waters of the eastern tropical South Pacific during El Niño and La Niña events and evaluation of its potential nutrient controls, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 27, 768–779, 2013.
Deutsch, C., Sigman, D. M., Thunell, R. C., Meckler, A. N., and Haug, G. H.: Isotopic constraints on glacial/interglacial changes in the oceanic nitrogen budget, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 18, GB4012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002189, 2004.
Deutsch, C., Sarmiento, J. L., Sigman, D. M., Gruber, N., and Dunne, J. P.: Spatial coupling of nitrogen inputs and losses in the ocean, Nature, 445, 163–167, 2007.
de Verneil, A., Rousselet, L., Doglioli, A. M., Petrenko, A. A., and Moutin, T.: The fate of a southwest Pacific bloom: gauging the impact of submesoscale vs. mesoscale circulation on biological gradients in the subtropics, Biogeosciences, 14, 3471–3486, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3471-2017, 2017.
Dore, J. E., Brum, J. R., Tupas, L. M., and Karl, D. M.: Seasonal and interannual variability in sources of nitrogen supporting export in the oligotrophic subtropical North Pacific Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 47, 1595–1607, 2002.
Dupouy, C., Neveux, J., Subramaniam, A., Mulholland, M. R., Montoya, J. P., Campbell, L., Carpenter, E. J., and Capone, D. G.: Satellite captures trichodesmium blooms in the southwestern tropical Pacific, EOS T. Am. Geophys. Un., 81, 13–16, 2000.
Dutkiewicz, S., Ward, B. A., Monteiro, F., and Follows, M. J.: Interconnection of nitrogen fixers and iron in the Pacific Ocean: Theory and numerical simulations, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 26, GB1012, https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GB004039, 2012.
Fitzsimmons, J. N., Boyle, E. A., and Jenkins, W. J.: Distal transport of dissolved hydrothermal iron in the deep South Pacific Ocean, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 16654–16661, 2014.
Garcia, H. E., Locarnini, R. A., Boyer, T. P., Antonov, J. I., Baranova, O. K., Zweng, M. M., Reagan, J. R., and Johnson, D. R.: World Ocean Atlas 2013, vol. 4, Dissolved Inorganic Nutrients (phosphate, nitrate, silicate), NOAA, Silver Spring, MD, 2014.
Gruber, N.: The dynamics of the marine nitrogen cycle and its influence on atmospheric CO2 variations, in: The Ocean Carbon Cycle and Climate, edited by: Follows, M. and Oguz, T., Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, 2004.
Gruber, N. and Galloway, J. N.: An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle, Nature, 451, 293–296, 2008.
Gruber, N. and Sarmiento, J. L.: Global patterns of marine nitrogen fixation and denitrification, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 11, 235–266, 1997.
Guieu, C., Bonnet, S., Petrenko, A., Menkes, C., Chavaganc, V., Desboeufs, K., and Moutin, T.: Iron from a submarine source impacts the productive layer of the Western Tropical South Pacific, Sci. Rep.-UK, in review, 2018.
Hoering, T. C. and Ford, H. T.: The Isotope Effect in the Fixation of Nitrogen by Azotobacter, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82, 376–378, 1960.
Karl, D., Letelier, R., Tupas, L., Dore, J., Christian, J., and Hebel, D.: The role of nitrogen fixation in biogeochemical cycling in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean, Nature, 388, 533–538, 1997.
Kim, I.-N., Lee, K., Gruber, N., Karl, D. M., Bullister, J. L., Yang, S., and Kim, T.-W.: Increasing anthropogenic nitrogen in the North Pacific Ocean, Science, 346, 1102–1106, 2014.
Knapp, A. N., Sigman, D. M., and Lipschultz, F.: N isotopic composition of dissolved organic nitrogen and nitrate at the Bermuda Atlantic time-series study site, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 19, GB1018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002320, 2005.
Knapp, A. N., DiFiore, P. J., Deutsch, C., Sigman, D. M., and Lipschultz, F.: Nitrate isotopic composition between Bermuda and Puerto Rico: Implications for N2 fixation in the Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 22, GB3014, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB003107, 2008.
Knapp, A. N., Casciotti, K. L., Berelson, W. M., Prokopenko, M. G., and Capone, D. G.: Low rates of nitrogen fixation in eastern tropical South Pacific surface waters, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 4398–4403, 2016a.
Knapp, A. N., Fawcett, S. E., Martínez-Garcia, A., Leblond, N., Moutin, T., and Bonnet, S.: Nitrogen isotopic evidence for a shift from nitrate- to diazotroph-fueled export production in the VAHINE mesocosm experiments, Biogeosciences, 13, 4645–4657, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4645-2016, 2016b.
Knapp, A. N., McCabe, K., Grosso, O., Leblond, N., Moutin, T., and Bonnet, S.: Water column nitrate + nitrite δ15N measurements from R/V L'Atalante in the southwest Pacific Ocean between New Caledonia and Tahiti from February to March 2015, Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO), available at: https://www.bco-dmo.org/dataset/733237 (last access: 27 April 2018), 2018.
Kustka, A. B., Sanudo-Wilhelmy, S. A., Carpenter, E. J., Capone, D., Burns, J., and Sunda, W. G.: Iron requirements for dinitrogen- and ammonium-supported growth in cultures of Trichodesmium (IMS 101): Comparison with nitrogen fixation rates and iron: carbon ratios of field populations, Limnol. Oceanogr., 48, 1869–1884, 2003.
Labatut, M., Lacan, F., Pradoux, C., Chmeleff, J., Radic, A., Murray, J. W., Poitrasson, F., Johansen, A. M., and Thil, F.: Iron sources and dissolved-particulate interactions in the seawater of the Western Equatorial Pacific, iron isotope perspectives, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 28, 1044–1065, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GB004928, 2014.
Lehmann, N., Granger, J., Kienast, M., Brown, K. S., Rafter, R. A., Martínez-Méndez, G., and Mohtadi, M.: Isotopic Evidence for the Evolution of Subsurface Nitrate in the Western Equatorial Pacific, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JC013527, online first, 2018.
Luo, Y.-W., Doney, S. C., Anderson, L. A., Benavides, M., Berman-Frank, I., Bode, A., Bonnet, S., Boström, K. H., Böttjer, D., Capone, D. G., Carpenter, E. J., Chen, Y. L., Church, M. J., Dore, J. E., Falcón, L. I., Fernández, A., Foster, R. A., Furuya, K., Gómez, F., Gundersen, K., Hynes, A. M., Karl, D. M., Kitajima, S., Langlois, R. J., LaRoche, J., Letelier, R. M., Marañón, E., McGillicuddy Jr., D. J., Moisander, P. H., Moore, C. M., Mouriño-Carballido, B., Mulholland, M. R., Needoba, J. A., Orcutt, K. M., Poulton, A. J., Rahav, E., Raimbault, P., Rees, A. P., Riemann, L., Shiozaki, T., Subramaniam, A., Tyrrell, T., Turk-Kubo, K. A., Varela, M., Villareal, T. A., Webb, E. A., White, A. E., Wu, J., and Zehr, J. P.: Database of diazotrophs in global ocean: abundance, biomass and nitrogen fixation rates, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 4, 47–73, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-4-47-2012, 2012.
Mahaffey, C., Michaels, A. F., and Capone, D. G.: The conundrum of marine N2 fixation, Am. J. Sci., 305, 546–595, 2005.
Mahowald, N. M., Engelstaedter, S., Luo, C., Sealy, A., Artaxo, P., Benitez-Nelson, C., Bonnet, S., Chen, Y., Chuang, P. Y., Cohen, D. D., Dulac, F., Herut, B., Johansen, A. M., Kubilay, N., Losno, R., Maenhaut, W., Paytan, A., Prospero, J. A., Shank, L. M., and Siefert, R. L.: Atmospheric Iron Deposition: Global Distribution, Variability, and Human Perturbations, Ann Rev Mar Sci., 1, 245–278, 2009.
Martin, J. H., Knauer, G. A., Karl, D. M., and Broenkow, W. W.: Vertex – Carbon Cycling in the Northeast Pacific, Deep-Sea Res. Pt I, 34, 267–285, 1987.
McIlvin, M. R. and Casciotti, K. L.: Technical Updates to the Bacterial Method for Nitrate Isotopic Analyses, Anal. Chem., 83, 1850–1856, 2011.
Messer, L. F., Mahaffey, C., M Robinson, C., Jeffries, T. C., Baker, K. G., Bibiloni Isaksson, J., Ostrowski, M., Doblin, M. A., Brown, M. V., and Seymour, J. R.: High levels of heterogeneity in diazotroph diversity and activity within a putative hotspot for marine nitrogen fixation, ISME J., 10, 1499–1513, https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2015.205, 2015.
Minagawa, M. and Wada, E.: Nitrogen Isotope Ratios of Red Tide Organisms in the East-China-Sea – a Characterization of Biological Nitrogen-Fixation, Mar. Chem., 19, 245–259, 1986.
Moisander, P. H., Beinart, R. A., Hewson, I., White, A. E., Johnson, K. S., Carlson, C. A., Montoya, J. P., and Zehr, J. P.: Unicellular Cyanobacterial Distributions Broaden the Oceanic N2 Fixation Domain, Science, 327, 1512–1514, 2010.
Monteiro, F. M., Dutkiewicz, S., and Follows, M. J.: Biogeographical controls on the marine nitrogen fixers, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 25, GB2003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003902, 2011.
Montoya, J. P., Holl, C. M., Zehr, J. P., Hansen, A., Villareal, T. A., and Capone, D. G.: High rates of N2 fixation by unicellular diazotrophs in the oligotrophic Pacific Ocean, Nature, 430, 1027–1031, 2004.
Moore, J. K. and Doney, S. C.: Iron availability limits the ocean nitrogen inventory stabilizing feedbacks between marine denitrification and nitrogen fixation, Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB2001, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002762, 2007.
Moore, C. M., Mills, M. M., Achterberg, E. P., Geider, R. J., LaRoche, J., Lucas, M. I., McDonagh, E. L., Pan, X., Poulton, A. J., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Suggett, D. J., Ussher, S. J., and Woodward, E. M. S.: Large-scale distribution of Atlantic nitrogen fixation controlled by iron availability, Nat. Geosci., 2, 867–871, 2009.
Moutin, T., Van Den Broeck, N., Beker, B., Dupouy, C., Rimmelin, P., and Le Bouteiller, A.: Phosphate availability controls Trichodesmium spp. biomass in the SW Pacific Ocean, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 297, 15–21, 2005.
Moutin, T., Karl, D. M., Duhamel, S., Rimmelin, P., Raimbault, P., Van Mooy, B. A. S., and Claustre, H.: Phosphate availability and the ultimate control of new nitrogen input by nitrogen fixation in the tropical Pacific Ocean, Biogeosciences, 5, 95–109, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-95-2008, 2008.
Moutin, T., Doglioli, A. M., de Verneil, A., and Bonnet, S.: Preface: The Oligotrophy to the UlTra-oligotrophy PACific Experiment (OUTPACE cruise, 18 February to 3 April 2015), Biogeosciences, 14, 3207–3220, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-3207-2017, 2017.
Moutin, T., Wagener, T., Caffin, M., Fumenia, A., Gimenez, A., Baklouti, M., Bouruet-Aubertot, P., Pujo-Pay, M., Leblanc, K., Lefevre, D., Helias Nunige, S., Leblond, N., Grosso, O., and de Verneil, A.: Nutrient availability and the ultimate control of the biological carbon pump in the Western Tropical South Pacific Ocean, Biogeosciences Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-2017-565, in press, 2018.
Prospero, J. M.: Saharan dust transport over the North Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean: An overview, in: Impact of Desert Dust across the Mediterranean, Environmental Science and Technology Library, 1996.
Radic, A., Lacan, F., and Murray, J. W.: Iron isotopes in the seawater of the equatorial Pacific Ocean: New constraints for the oceanic iron cycle, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 306, 1–10, 2011.
Rafter, P. A. and Sigman, D. M.: Spatial distribution and temporal variation of nitrate nitrogen and oxygen isotopes in the upper equatorial Pacific Ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 61, 14–31, 2016.
Rafter, P. A., DiFiore, P. J., and Sigman, D. M.: Coupled nitrate nitrogen and oxygen isotopes and organic matter remineralization in the Southern and Pacific Oceans, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 118, 4781–4794, 2013.
Raimbault, P. and Garcia, N.: Evidence for efficient regenerated production and dinitrogen fixation in nitrogen-deficient waters of the South Pacific Ocean: impact on new and export production estimates, Biogeosciences, 5, 323–338, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-323-2008, 2008.
Shiozaki, T., Kodama, T., and Furuya, K.: Large-scale impact of the island mass effect through nitrogen fixation in the western South Pacific Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 2907–2913, 2014.
Sigman, D. M., Casciotti, K. L., Andreani, M., Barford, C., Galanter, M., and Bohlke, J. K.: A bacterial method for the nitrogen isotopic analysis of nitrate in seawater and freshwater, Anal. Chem., 73, 4145–4153, 2001.
Sohm, J. A., Webb, E. A., and Capone, D. G.: Emerging patterns of marine nitrogen fixation, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 9, 499–508, 2011.
Stal, L. J.: Is the distribution of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in the oceans related to temperature?, Environ. Microbiol., 11, 1632–1645, 2009.
Stenegren, M., Caputo, A., Berg, C., Bonnet, S., and Foster, R. A.: Distribution and drivers of symbiotic and free-living diazotrophic cyanobacteria in the western tropical South Pacific, Biogeosciences, 15, 1559–1578, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1559-2018, 2018.
Van Den Broeck, N., Moutin, T., Rodier, M., and Le Bouteiller, A.: Seasonal variations of phosphate availability in the SW Pacific Ocean near New Caledonia, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 268, 1–12, 2004.
Van Mooy, B. A. S., Fredricks, H. F., Pedler, B. E., Dyhrman, S. T., Karl, D. M., Koblizek, M., Lomas, M. W., Mincer, T. J., Moore, L. R., Moutin, T., Rappe, M. S., and Webb, E. A.: Phytoplankton in the ocean use non-phosphorus lipids in response to phosphorus scarcity, Nature, 458, 69–72, 2009.
Weber, T. and Deutsch, C.: Local versus basin-scale limitation of marine nitrogen fixation, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 111, 8741–8746, 2014.
Yoshikawa, C., Makabe, A., Shiozaki, T., Toyoda, S., Yoshida, O., Furuya, K., and Yoshida, N.: Nitrogen isotope ratios of nitrate and N* anomalies in the subtropical South Pacific, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 16, 1439–1448, 2015.
Interactions between planktonic organisms and biogeochemical...
The spatial distribution of biological N2 fixation fluxes to the ocean remains poorly constrained. Here we use nitrogen isotope budgets to identify significant N2 fixation inputs to the western tropical South Pacific (WTSP), where N2 fixation supports > 50 % of export production at stations proximal to iron sources. The significant N2 fixation inputs in the WTSP may offset nitrogen loss in the oxygen-deficient zones of the eastern tropical South Pacific.
The spatial distribution of biological N2 fixation fluxes to the ocean remains poorly...


text:
Acadêmico visitante, pesquisador visitante, bolsista visitante, conferencista visitante ou professor visitante é um acadêmico de uma instituição que visita uma universidade anfitriã na condição de ensinar, dar palestras ou realizar pesquisas sobre um tópico pelo qual o visitante é valorizado.

Em muitos casos, o cargo não é remunerado porque o bolsista normalmente é gratificado por sua instituição de origem (ou parcialmente remunerado, como em alguns casos de licença sabática de universidades estadunidenses), enquanto alguns cargos visitantes são remunerados.

De modo geral, o cargo de professor visitante dura alguns meses ou até um ano, embora possa ser estendido. Não é incomum que as instituições anfitriãs forneçam acomodação para o acadêmico visitante.

Habitualmente, um acadêmico visitante é convidado pela instituição anfitriã. Ser convidado como visitante costuma ser considerado um elogio significativo e reconhecimento da proeminência do acadêmico nesse campo. A atração de acadêmicos visitantes de destaque geralmente permite que o corpo docente permanente e os alunos de pós-graduação cooperem com acadêmicos proeminentes de outras instituições, especialmente as estrangeiras.

Visão geral
O objetivo dos programas de bolsistas visitantes é geralmente trazer para a universidade ou instituição educacional em questão um acadêmico sênior excepcional que possa contribuir e enriquecer os esforços intelectuais e de pesquisa da comunidade e a projeção internacional. Portanto, além de conduzir suas próprias pesquisas, muitas vezes se espera que os visitantes participem ativamente de uma série de atividades institucionais produtivas, tais como:

 Fazer uma palestra formal para a instituição anfitriã
 Envolver-se em discussões formais ou informais com alunos de graduação ou pós-graduação
 Realizar pesquisas colaborativas com professores ou funcionários
 Contribuir com o ensino da universidade apresentando palestras ou seminários para professores
 Apresentar um artigo como parte do programa de seminário da universidade

Ver também
 Bolseiro de investigação

Ensino superior

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Yeshua in Context » Abraham, Background to Gospels, Gentiles, Salvation and Covenant » Abraham in the Gospels
Abraham in the Gospels
What does it mean to be an Israelite? This is the sort of question that was on the mind of people in Yeshua's time. Rome had power. Israel was a subjected people. But God was expected to show up any time. And being a child of Abraham meant privilege in God's eyes.
Israel's story begins with Abraham, the one who was chosen by God. His children would be in covenant relationship with God without regard to merit (free election) and forever without condition (irrevocable election). Being an Israelite meant secure covenant standing with God.
Yet the story of Abraham is not merely about national privilege for Israelites, but blessing to all the families of the earth as well. At several places in the gospels we see how this dynamic idea, being a child of Abraham, means holding a special place in God's covenant. But there is more. Both John the Baptist and Yeshua hint that Abraham has other children. Paul, who wrote after Yeshua said these things, but before the gospels were written down, has much to say about the "child of Abraham" theme and Jews and gentiles in covenant with God. This very Jewish issue is very much alive for gospel readers with eyes to see.
ABRAHAMIC COVENANTAL LANGUAGE IN THE GOSPELS
…do not presume to say to yourselves, 'We have Abraham as our father' (Matt 3:9; Luke 3:8).
John the Baptist knows his audience assumes a special place with God by virtue of being Israelite. But he indicates that there is more to being right in God's eyes than covenant membership.
…as he spoke to our fathers, to Abraham and to his posterity for ever (Luke 1:55).
…the oath which he swore to our father Abraham (Luke 1:73).
The first is in Mary's song. She sees the birth of the messiah-child as part of God's covenant with Abraham, to bless Israel and make Israel a blessing. The second is in Zechariah's song. God has shown mercy to Israel to raise up the messiah-child (Yeshua) and the prophet-child (John). Israel does not deserve these blessings, but the promise to Abraham is the reason they have come to pass.
CHILDHOOD IN ABRAHAM IN THE GOSPELS
See Matt 3:9 and Luke 3:8 listed above.
…ought not this woman, a daughter of Abraham whom Satan bound for eighteen years, be loosed from this bond (Luke 13:16).
Today salvation has come to this house, since he also is a son of Abraham (Luke 19:9).
In both of these references, Yeshua applies the childhood in Abraham to people who were marginalized. This is perhaps ironic for his critics who had a tendency to be elitist. The Abraham doctrine could become national pride but could also be used to include the outcast in Israel.
We are descendants of Abraham, and have never been in bondage to any one (John 8:33).
A simple example of national pride. The comparable sin today is Yeshua-followers who assume that Yeshua came for "my personal salvation." Owning the promise is not our calling but giving it away and setting people free.
REMNANT THEOLOGY AND ABRAHAM'S CHILDREN
See Matt 3:9 and Luke 3:8, listed above.
…when you see Abraham and Isaac and Jacob and all the prophets in the kingdom of God and you yourselves thrust out (Luke 13:28).
…he lifted up his eyes, and saw Abraham far off and Lazarus in his bosom (Luke 16:23).
In a sharp and cutting reversal, Yeshua indicates that being a child of Abraham is not sufficient to be right with God. This does not go against the free and irrevocable election of Abraham's children, but simply indicates that election as a nation is not the same as being right with God.
If you were Abraham's children, you would do what Abraham did (John 8:39).
The principle, stated here simply, is that Abraham had faith and a heart to seek God. This is virtually identical to Paul's repeated talk of being children of Abraham by faith, Jew or Gentile (see Gen 15:6).
LANGUAGE CONCERNING ABRAHAM'S GENTILE CHILDREN
…many will come from east and west and sit at table with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob in the kingdom of heaven (Matt 8:11).
Certainly Matthew has a theme of the legitimacy of gentiles being included in God's plan (the story of Israel, properly understood, has always been about blessing overtaking the whole world). Yeshua utters this saying in response to a gentile's amazing faith. Some of the language is from Isaiah 49 and 59, in both places the role of the nations in God's salvation is in view.
YESHUA AS THE SEED OF ABRAHAM
The book of the genealogy of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of Abraham (Matt 1:1).
…all the generations from Abraham to David were fourteen generations, and from David to the deportation to Babylon fourteen generations, and from the deportation to Babylon to the Messiah fourteen generations (Matt 1:17).
The prominence of Abraham in the genealogy has to do with the theme of Yeshua as messiah (son of David) and the Israelite who will at last bring the Abrahamic covenant to its completion (son of Abraham). In Abraham's descendant (can be plural or singular) all the families of the earth will be blessed. Matthew more than hints that this is who Yeshua is.
Filed under: Abraham, Background to Gospels, Gentiles, Salvation and Covenant
5 Responses to "Abraham in the Gospels"
This is great stuff! Thanks! I'm working through some theological issues and was wondering if you knew of any passages in the Hebrew Bible which foreshadow the idea that the true children of Abraham will not necessarily be genetically/ethnically linked to Abraham. You mention Gen 15:6 and the language of Abraham being blessed to be a blessing, etc. Can you think of any other places this idea comes up?
yeshuain says:
Richard:
Great question. My quick answer includes the following:
(1) The promises to Abraham from the beginning are about "all the families of the earth" and "many nations."
(2) Abraham's encounter with another, unexpected monotheist named Melchizedek, and the mutual blessing between them (Abraham tithes to him, Melchizedek blesses Abraham, "I will bless those who bless you") is a precedent for faith as the mark of covenant blessing in Abraham.
(3) The frequent theme in the Psalms and prophets (hinted in a place or two in Torah as well) of the nations coming to God is part of the picture. Most of these passages do not mention Abraham (but see #4). So it is an independent theme, but it is consistent with the Abrahamic covenant which was about the families of the earth to begin with.
(4) Psalm 47. It is about the nations (see #3). And the princes of the peoples (gentiles) gather as the people of the God of Abraham. Yeah!
(5) We do well, says N.T. Wright and others, to read Israel's story as one single narrative and Yeshua-apostles-New Testament as part of that narrative, not the start of a new story.
Derek Leman
Thanks! This is quite helpful!
Jennine Lawson says:
I wondered what that meant when he said that to them. I would always think "but they ARE Abraham's children."
Good stuff. Thanks for the insight.
The covenant of Abraham has been made available to the whole world through Yeshua and it is administered through Israel. This covenant will never end, however we must be a doer of the Word and not just a hearer or a speaker. If we say that we are of Abraham or of Yeshua, we must follow up with repentance and obedience. Saying the magic words of accepting Yeshua is not valid without repentance and obedience and we are not sealed within the covenant because we are not a part of it. If we obey God we are sealed and nothing can separate us from Him. We will sometimes fail but our nose has to be pointed in the right direction.
Leave a Reply to Don Cancel reply


The restaurant of Hotel Malder in Soraga will be an enjoyable daily discovery of traditional Ladin and Trentino flavours. Our Chef expertly transforms raw ingredients of high quality into dishes that will give you new culinary experiences.
You will experience our care and attention in the kitchen from breakfast, where a rich sweet and savoury buffet awaits you to energise you for the day ahead. After having explored the Dolomites, finish your day with our dinner: you can choose from a wide menu consisting of 5 first courses, 4 second courses and 8 desserts, all accompanied by a large vegetable and antipasti buffet. There is also the option of taking lunch in the hotel, or of requesting a packed lunch.
At Hotel Malder, we are attentive to all your various needs. Upon request, vegetarian menus or menus for those with allergies and intolerances are also available.
Trentino tradition is also built upon great wines. In our wine cellar, you will find a vast selection of local wines and the best Italian wines. Upon booking, we can organise tasting sessions led by a sommelier in an evocative setting.
You will also remember your holiday in Val di Fassa thanks to the warm aromas and familiar tastes of Hotel Malder's cuisine!


Books make the perfect Christmas gift for people of all ages and this weekend in Superior, you'll have the chance to shop for books at the Superior Public Library.
The Merry Little Christmas Book Sale, presented by Friends Of The Library, promises a variety of like-new books at affordable prices. Cookbooks, mysteries, non-fiction, bestsellers, children's books, paperbacks, and many more varieties will be available to choose from so you can take care of your Christmas list and even treat yourself.
The Merry Little Christmas Book Sale takes place Friday, November 30 from 9:00 a.m. - 5:00 p.m. and Saturday, December 1 from 10:00 a.m. - 2:00 p.m. The Superior Public Library is located at 1530 Tower Avenue in Superior.
Nothing beats reading a good book, especially for kids who can sometimes spend a majority of spare time staring at screens or playing video games. Getting them to hold a real book, where you have to actually turn the paper pages, is never a bad idea.


text:
McKinney daycare worker arrested after baby goes home with broken bones
McKINNEY, Texas - 10-30-2019 Update: The former daycare worker facing child abuse charges, is scheduled to be in court on Dec. 16, 2019 in Collin County. Jessica Joy Wiese was charged with several counts of abuse of several children at the Joyous Montessori Daycare center in McKinney, Texas in December 2018. That daycare center was permanently closed. Currently, there are three other independently owned and operated daycare centers in North Texas with the same name, Joyous Montessori Daycare. Neither, Jessica Joy Wiese, nor the McKinney daycare, has any affiliation with the independently owned and operated daycare centers with the same name in Keller, Lewisville and Fort Worth counties.
Police are investigating a daycare worker in McKinney who allegedly injured several babies. The mother of one 2-month-old boy said he now has several fractured bones.
McKinney police confirmed Jessica Joy Wiese was arrested Monday and booked into the Collin County jail for injury to a child. She was a daycare worker at Joyous Montessori on Bountiful Grove Drive.
Police believe Wiese was responsible for the infant's broken bones. They are still looking into reports of injuries to at least two additional children under a year old.
It all started last Tuesday evening when Ariel Murphy noticed a severe bruise on Kairo, her 2-month-old son. When she and her husband, Donovan Grant, went to the Joyous Montessori school the next morning to ask about the bruise, they were told something strange.
"A birthmark that just appeared and the parents had never seen. And then it ended up being a rough diaper change is the story they were going with," Murphy said. "And I didn't buy it, so I immediately took him to the doctor. I'm like, no way."
The story prompted Murphy to take Kairo to the emergency room, where she was told he had four fractured ribs on each side, ankle fractures and a fractured femur. Kairo had 11 fractured bones and a 12th injury to his wrist that doctors told her appeared to be a healing fracture.
McKinney police began investigating the school and Murphy said they recovered surveillance video showing Kairo being abused. Investigators showed it to Grant.
"I don't want to say anything until it's released, but it's very graphic footage," Grant said. "And as per the injuries, you can pretty much imagine what's on the footage."
McKinney police acknowledge they are investigating injuries to two other infants — allegedly at the hands of Wiese — but they are not saying how they discovered those cases.
"We believe there may be additional victims and ask anyone who had a child at Joyous Montessori to contact our investigators at (972) 547-2710 if they have any concerns," police said.
Ciara Bogle has three children who attend Joyous Montessori, including an infant son who she said has been in Wiese's care. She said she spoke with Child Protective Services on Tuesday.
"I had to set up an appointment with Children's. He has a CT scan and a full body bone scan that he has to go to tomorrow," she said.
"It's devastating," Murphy said. "It's like you want to protect your kids so much. And then when you think you're doing it or you have a school facility, a Montessori school that you trust. I don't have any words."
"No one could imagine hurting a 2-month-old," Grant said.
According to the Texas Health and Human Services Department, Joyous Montessori of McKinney has had no violations in the past three years of inspections.
The daycare said Wiese is no longer an employee.
"It is very unfortunate. She has been removed from her job and she will not be coming back," Joyous Montessori said in a statement to FOX 4. "We are cooperating with authorities"


RALEIGH, N.C. – June 8, 2017. FMI Corporation, the leading provider of management consulting and investment banking services to engineering and construction, infrastructure and the built environment, is pleased to announce the release of its second "FMI Quarterly" issue for 2017. The publication (co-sponsored by Zurich) comprises a collection of industry insights and lessons learned from Texas that can be applied to the broader engineering and construction industry—regardless of geographic location.
In this Quarterly edition, authors describe Texas' business climate and reasons for success, share important lessons learned, and explore some of the key reasons why this state has maintained its prominence in the business market for decades. Example topics include: how to develop a diverse work culture; key contractor acquisition trends; strategic implications while operating across a sizable geography such as Texas; and practical compensation strategies for navigating a cyclical market. Authors also share insights around effective workforce development initiatives that are currently being implemented in the Houston market.


It had a caption about to picture far right being from when I was in the thick of what that day represented. The top left was from when I had been eating again for two years. I remember seeing the picture and having to fight panic because it was clear how much weight I had gained. I didn't like it. The bottom left is from Tuesday, when I'm 20lbs heavier than top left, but also so much healthier (by normal standards.) I actually have muscle mass and energy and am living life way more fully than ever before.
Tuesday marked the 10 year mark from when I turned to my friend and said, "This is dumb" and decided to start eating again. I thought it was casual. She cried. She knew what a big decision this was even if I didn't.
Yesterday, I was in a sort of funk all throughout work. I wasn't sure how I was going to make it through my typical array of Wednesday classes, let alone really "be there" enough to teach my babies. I hoped that being with them would help me with whatever this was.
Thankfully, about the last hour of work, it started to shift. The brain fog started to lighten. It was still there, but now getting through the rest of the day seemed feasible by far.
I'm so glad she decided to stay.
We ran the recital one last time, then we took the last bit of class to have fun. My hope was that we would reinforce why we love to dance so much and to feel comfortable being there.
Sometimes when the girls are being catty, I'll have them go through the line and say what they like about each other.
This time, I had them have two turns. The first, I had them go through and say what they liked about my assistants.
The second time, I had them go through and say what they liked about my student.
And wouldn't you know, they were far more descriptive and specific when it came to saying what they liked about their peer.
My assistants chimed in as well, which was wonderful, telling the student that she was a beautiful dancer and a valued member of our class.
Driving home, I couldn't help but realize the irony of the timing. The day after my 10 year mark.
When I was eleven, I was told I was too fat to dance, so I dropped out. And it haunted me. I finally took the plunge to start back up again at twenty-three and never looked back. I wanted it more than I was afraid of it.
And here I had a six-year-old, already facing these complex emotions about something out of her control that doesn't matter in the grand scheme of things. She's a healthy girl, living an active lifestyle. Everything else comes out in the wash.
I realized the unique position I found myself in. To be able to use myself as an example, not just have to try and scrounge for someone I could point to and say, "they did it, so can you." I'd be lying if I said I never felt a fear of rejection in being a dance teacher. My brain tells me that parents judge me for my size, or think I'm lesser because I "don't look the part." I think it's why I'm harder on myself when my health holds me back. I already feel like I have so much to prove. But my sweet girl reminded me what this is really all about. Finding fulfillment doing what we love, no matter what the world tries to tell us.
Previous Post Previous post: Welp.
This is a beautiful story and you have all the right values in place! I am shocked that someone told you at ELEVEN that you were too big to dance. I have been teaching for 32+ years as you know, and I never advise anyone about their weight. When I was a teen, I was healthy and average. I wanted to be a pro but started late. I went away to college and lost ten lbs. I was really an ideal weight to dance then. But I did not try, it just happened because I hated the dorm food. LOL!
Girls' bodies change all the time and it is often said that 99% of the dancers in a ballet studio do not go on to a professional career for various reasons. Most of the time, it is not their weight. Girls have lots of choices!
It completely shattered my heart that she's already struggling with this at SIX. And she is hands down one of my best students. I don't want her to drop out and regret it like I did. I just hope to do my best to help her know she's wanted and valued here.
You are doing your best and I am sure it has made a great impression. Being a role model is one of the most gratifying things as a ballet teacher. You are amazing!
Grateful to have wonderful examples such as yourself!