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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaThis article is about the Indian state. For the district in Pakistan, see Gujrat District. For the city in Pakistan, see Gujrat.Gujarat— State —
Location of Gujarat in India
Map of Gujarat
Coordinates (Gandhinagar): 23.2167°N 72.6833°ECoordinates: 23.2167°N 72.6833°ECountry IndiaEstablished1 May 1960Capital CityGandhinagarLargest cityAhmedabadDistricts26 totalGovernment • GovernorKamla Beniwal • Chief MinisterNarendra Modi (BJP) • LegislatureUnicameral (182 seats) • High CourtGujarat High CourtArea • Total196,024 km2(75,685 sq mi)Area rank7thPopulation (2011) • Total60,383,628 • Rank10th • Density310/km2 (800/sq mi)Languages • OfficialGujarati • Spoken languagesGujarati, Hindi, Urdu,Kutchi, Memoni, EnglishTime zoneIST (UTC+05:30)ISO 3166 codeIN-GJHDI 0.527 (medium)HDI rank11th (2011)Literacy80.18 %Websitegujaratindia.com
Gujarat /ˌɡʊdʒəˈrɑːt/ (Gujǎrāt [ɡudʒ(ə)ɾat] ( listen)) is a state in northwestern India [1] [2]. It has an area of 78,687 sq mi (203,800 km2) with a coastline of 1,600 km, most of which lies on the Kathiawarpeninsula, and a population in excess of 60 million. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the north,Maharashtra to the south, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea as well as the Pakistaniprovince of Sindh on the west. Its capital city isGandhinagar, while its largest city is Ahmedabad. Gujarat is home to the Gujarati-speaking people of India.
The state encompasses major sites of the ancientIndus Valley Civilization, such as Lothal and Dholavira. Lothal is believed to be one of the world's first ports. Gujarat's coastal cities, chiefly Bharuch andKhambhat, served as ports and trading centers in theMaurya and Gupta empires, and during the succession of royal Saka dynasties from advent of theWestern Satraps era, whose territories included Saurashtra and Malwa: modern Gujarat, Southern Sindh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh.
Mahatma Gandhi, who led the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule, was aGujarati.[3] Muhammmad Ali Jinnah, Founding father and first Governor general of Pakistan was from a Gujarati Muslim family in Rajkot.[4] "Iron Man of India"Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, independent India's first Deputy Prime Minister and Home Minister, was fromNadiad, Gujarat. Dhirubhai Ambani, founder ofReliance industries was from Chorvad, Gujarat. Indian industrialist Jamsetji Tata, who founded the famousTata Group, India's biggest conglomerate company, hailed from a Parsi Zoroastrian family in Navsari, and today is fondly regarded as the "Father of Indian Industry".[5]
Gujarat played an important role in the economic history of India.[6] It is one of the most industrialized states of India, and has a per capita GDP above the national average.[7][8][9][10]
2.1 Ancient history
2.2 Persian influence in Gujarat since Antiquity
2.3 Destruction of Somnath Temple
2.4 1297–1614 AD
2.5 The Sultanate of Gujarat and Persian culture
2.6 Gujarat and the Mughal Empire
2.8 Post independence
4 Sub-divisions
6 Government and administration
12 Literature
13 Flora and fauna
13.1 Dinosaur Park Balasinor
15.1 Air
15.2 Rail
15.4 Road
15.5 Public transport
[edit]Etymology
See also: Gurjar
Modern-day Gujarat is derived from Gujjar-ratra (Shauraseni form derived from Sanskrit Gurjar-Rashtra), the Gurjar nation.[11][12][13] The origins of the Gujjars are uncertain. The Gujjar (or Gujar clan appeared in northern India about the time of the Huna invasions of northern India. The name of the tribe was Sanskritized to "Gurjara".[14] The Gurjars/Gujjars are descended from Suryavanshi Kshatriyas(Sun Dynasty).[15] Historically, the Gurjars were sun-worshipers and their copper-plate grants and seals also bear an emblem of the Sun.[16]
[edit]History
Main article: History of Gujarat
[edit]Ancient history
The docks of ancient Lothal as they are today.
An ancient sophisticated water reservoir in Dholavira
A modern Zoroastrian Agiary in Western India
Historically, the state of Gujarat has been one of the main centers of the Indus Valley Civilization. It contains major ancient metropolitan cities from the Indus Valley such as Lothal,Dholavira, and Gola Dhoro. The ancient city of Lothal was where India's first port was established. Also, Dholavira, the ancient city, is one of the largest and most prominent archaeological sites in India, belonging to the Indus Valley Civilization. The most recent discovery was Gola Dhoro. All together, about 50 Indus Valley settlement ruins have been discovered in Gujarat.[17]
The ancient history of Gujarat was enriched by their commercial activities. There is a clear historical evidence of trade and commerce ties withSumer in the Persian Gulfduring the time period of 1000 to 750 BC.[17] There was a succession of Hinduand Buddhist states such as the Western Satraps,Gupta Empire, Rashtrakuta Empire, Pala Empire and Gurjara-Pratihara Empire as well as local dynasties such as theMaitrakas and then the Solankis.
[edit]Persian influence in Gujarat since Antiquity
Coming from the Persian Gulf or the Red Sea, Gujarat is the maritime gateway to India. In consequence, Persia's links with Gujarat by sea are very ancient [18]. The Parsis, whose name means "Persians", are descended from Persian Zoroastrians from Iran who emigrated to India to avoid religious persecution by the Muslims. According to the Qissa-i Sanjan tradition [19], the Parsis initially settled at Hormuz on the Persian Gulf, but finding themselves still persecuted they set sail for Gujarat, arriving in the 8th century. They settled first at Diu in Kathiawar but soon moved to south Gujarat, where, due to historic Silk routecontact between Central Asia and this part of the region, an Iranian merchant diaspora had long been established. The Parsis adopted the customs and manners of the locals and lived in peace about 800 years as a prosperous agricultural community. [20] [21] [22]
The 11th century history of Gujarat saw the emergence of the Muslims in the political arena of the state. The first Muslim conqueror was Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni from Medieval Khorasan (in what is now south-eastern Afghanistan) whose conquest of Somnath effectively ended the rule of the Solankis.[17]
[edit]Destruction of Somnath Temple
The Somnath temple, known as "the Shrine Eternal", having been destroyed six times and rebuilt six times.
A Painting of the tomb of SultanMahmud of Ghazni, in 1839–40, with Sandalwood Doors long believed to be the Somnath, which he destroyed in ca 1024, later found to be replicas of the original.[23]
The Somnath Temple (Gujarati: સોમનાથ મંદિર Sanskrit: सोमनाथ मन्दिर) located in the Prabhas Patannear Veraval in Saurashtra, on the western coast of Gujarat, India, is one of the twelveJyotirlinga shrines of the God Shiva. Somnath means "The Protector of (the) Moon God". The Somnath Temple is known as "the Shrine Eternal", having been destroyed six times by Muslim invaders.[24][25]
Mahmud of Ghazni conquered and destroyed thousands of Hindu temples during his raids including the famous Somnath Temple, which he destroyed in 1025 AD, [26] killing over 50,000 people who tried to defend it. [27] The defenders included the 90-year-old clan leader Ghogha Rana. Mahmud had the gilded lingam broken into pieces and had them made into steps for his mosque and palace. [28]
The following extract is from "Wonders of Things Created, and marvels of Things Existing" by Zakariya al-Qazwini, a 13th century Persian Arab geographer. It contains the description of Somnath temple and its destruction: [29]
Somnath: celebrated city of India, situated on the shore of the sea, and washed by its waves. Among the wonders of that place was the temple in which was placed the idol called Somnath. This idol was in the middle of the temple without anything to support it from below, or to suspend it from above. It was held in the highest honor among the Hindus, and whoever beheld it floating in the air was struck with amazement, whether he was a Musulman or an infidel. The Hindus used to go on pilgrimage to it whenever there was an eclipse of the moon, and would then assemble there to the number of more than a hundred thousand.
When the Sultan Yaminu-d Daula Mahmud Bin Subuktigin (Mahmud of Ghazni) went to wage religious war against India, he made great efforts to capture and destroy Somnath, in the hope that the Hindus would then become Muhammadans. As a result thousands of Hindus were forcibly converted to Islam. He arrived there in the middle of Zi-l k'ada, 416 A.H. (December, 1025 A.D.). "The king looked upon the idol with wonder, and gave orders for the seizing of the spoil, and dinars." [30]
[edit]1297–1614 AD
The Mughal Emperor Akbar triumphantly enters Surat.
From 1297 to 1300, Allauddin Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, destroyed the Hindu metropolis of Anhilwara and incorporated Gujarat into the Delhi Sultanate. After Timur's sacking of Delhi at the end of the fourteenth century weakened the Sultanate, Gujarat's Muslim Rajput governor Zafar Khan Muzaffar (Muzaffar Shah I) asserted his independence, and his son, Sultan Ishaan Shah (ruled 1411 to 1442), restructured Ahmedabad as the capital.Cambay eclipsed Bharuch as Gujarat's most important trade port. The Sultanate of Gujarat remained independent until 1576, when the Mughal emperor Akbar the Greatconquered it and annexed it to the Mughal Empire. MirzaHumayun too had briefly occupied the province in 1536. The port of Surat (the only Indian port facing westwards) then became the prominent and principal port of India during Mughal rule, gaining international repute. The city of Surat, famous for its cargo export of silk and diamonds, earned the title Bab Makkah (Gateway to Makkah). Muslim pilgrims, both local and foreign, assembled to come and go for the annual Haj to Mecca from the ports of Surat, Veraval and Mandvi.[31] The conquest of the Kingdom of Gujarat marked a significant event of Akbar's reign. Being the major trade gateway and departure harbour of pilgrim ships to Mecca, it gave the Mughal Empire free access to the sea and control over the rich commerce that passed through its ports. The territory and income of the empire were vastly increased.
[edit]The Sultanate of Gujarat and Persian culture
For the best part of two centuries, the independent sultanate of Gujarat was the cynosure of its neighbors on account of its wealth and prosperity, which had long made the Gujarati merchant a familiar figure in the ports of the Indian Ocean. As Tome Pires, a Portuguese official at Malacca, writing of conditions during the reigns of Mahmud I and Mozaffar II, expressed it: "Cambay stretches out two arms; with her right arm she reaches toward Aden and with the other towards Malacca" (Pires, I, p. 41). His contemporary, Duarte Barbosa, describing Gujarat's maritime trade, recorded the import of horses from the Middle East and elephants from Malabar, and lists exports which included muslins, chintzes and silks, carnelian, ginger, and other spices, aromatics, opium, indigo, and other substances for dyeing, cereals, and legumes (Barbosa, I, pp. 108-58). Persia was the destination for many of these commodities, and they were partly paid for in horses and pearls taken from Hormuz(Barbosa, I, p. 82). It was the latter item, in particular, which led Sultan Sikandar Lodi of Delhi, according to ʿAli-Moḥammad Khan, author of the Merʾāt-e aḥmadi, to complain that the "support of the throne of Delhi is wheat and barley but the foundation of the realm of Gujarat is coral and pearls" (apud Bayley, p. 20). Hence, the sultans of Gujarat possessed ample means to sustain lavish patronage of religion and the arts, and to build madrasas, and ḵānaqāhs, and to provide douceurs for the literati, mainly poets and historians, whose presence and praise enhanced the fame of the dynasty.[32]
[edit]Gujarat and the Mughal Empire
A painting from circa 1637 shows the brothers (left to right)Shah Shuja, Aurangzeb andMurad Baksh in their younger years.
Aurangzeb, who was better known by his imperial title Alamgir("world-seizer"), was born at Dahod, Gujarat, and was the sixth Mughal Emperor ruling with an iron fist over most of the Indian subcontinent. He was the third son and sixth child of Shah Jahanand Mumtaz Mahal. During the auspicious time of his birth, His father, Shah Jahan, was then the Subedar (governor) of Gujarat while his (Shah Jahan's) father, Jehangir, was the Mughal Emperor. Before he became emperor, Aurangzeb was made Subedar of Gujarat as part of his training and was stationed at Ahmedabad. Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist and was among the wealthiest of the Mughal rulers with an annual yearly tribute of £38,624,680 (in 1690). During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than 3.2 million square kilometres and he ruled over a population estimated as being in the range of 100-150 million subjects.
Aurangzeb had great love for his place of birth. In 1704, he wrote a letter to his eldest son, Muhammad Azam Shah, asking him to be kind and considerate to the people of Dahod as it was his birthplace. Muhammad Azam was then the Subedar (governor) of Gujarat.
In his letter, Aurangzeb wrote: "My son of exalted rank, the town of Dohad, one of the dependencies of Gujarat, is the birthplace of this sinner. Please consider a regard for the inhabitants of that town as incumbent on you". Eminent historian Manekshah Commissariat has quoted from this letter in his book, 'A History of Gujarat: Mughal period, from 1573 to 1758'.[33]
Gujarat remained a vitally rich and important province of the Mughal Empire.
Princely states of Gujarat in 1924
Mahatma Gandhi picking salt at Dandi beach, South Gujarat ending the Salt satyagraha on 5 April 1930
Portugal was the first European power to arrive in Gujarat, acquiring several enclaves along the Gujarati coast, including Daman and Diu as well as Dadra and Nagar Haveli. The British East India Company established afactory in Surat in 1614, which formed their first base in India, but it was eclipsed by Bombay after the English acquired it from Portugal in 1668. The state was an early point of contact with the west, and the first British commercial outpost in India was in Gujarat. [34]
Later in the 17th century, Gujarat came under control of theMaratha Empire who dominated the politics of India. Pilaji Gaekwad, first ruler of Gaekwad dynasty, established the control over Baroda and parts of Gujarat. The British East India Company wrested control of much of Gujarat from the Marathas during the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1802-1803. Many local rulers, notably the Maratha Gaekwads of Baroda (Vadodara), made a separate peace with the British and acknowledged British sovereignty in return for retaining local self-rule. Gujarat was placed under the political authority of the Bombay Presidency, with the exception ofBaroda state, which had a direct relationship with theGovernor-General of India. From 1818 to 1947, most of present-day Gujarat, including Kathiawar, Kutch, and northern and eastern Gujarat were divided into hundreds ofprincely states, but several districts in central and southern Gujarat, namely Ahmedabad, Broach (Bharuch), Kaira (Kheda), Panchmahal, and Surat, were ruled directly by British officials.
[edit]Post independence
Bombay Presidency in 1909, northern portion
After Indian independence and the partition of India in 1947, the new Indian government grouped the former princely states of Gujarat into three larger units; Saurashtra, which included the former princely states on the Kathiawadpeninsula, Kutch, and Bombay state, which included the former British districts of Bombay Presidency together with most of Baroda state and the other former princely states of eastern Gujarat. Bombay state was enlarged to include Kutch, Saurashtra, and parts of Hyderabad state andMadhya Pradesh in central India. The new state had a mostly Gujarati-speaking north and a Marathi-speaking south. Agitation by Gujarati nationalists, the Mahagujarat Movement, and Marathi nationalists, the Samyukta Maharashtra, for their own states led to the split of Bombay state on linguistic lines; on 1 May 1960, it became the new states of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The first capital of Gujarat was Ahmedabad; the capital was moved to Gandhinagar in 1970.
Nav Nirman Andolan was a socio-political movement that occurred in 1974 in Gujarat. It was students and middle-class people's movement against economic crisis and corruption in public life. This was the first and last successful agitation after Independence of India that ousted an elected government.[35][36][37]
In 2001 Gujarat faced a Magnitude 7.7 earthquake whose epicentre was about 9 km south-southwest of the village of Chobari in Bhachau Taluka of Kutch District. The quake killed around 20,000 people (including at least 18 in South eastern Pakistan), injured another 167,000 and destroyed nearly 400,000 homes.[38]
The Gujarat religious riots of 2002 left over 1,000 people dead.[39] In February 2002, Godhra Train attack lead to state-wide riots, resulting in deaths of 1044 people – 790 Muslims and 254 Hindus.[40]
[edit]Geography
Main article: Geography of Gujarat
See also: Climate of Gujarat and List of rivers of Gujarat
Satellite Imagery of Gujarat
Sardar Sarovar Project, Gujarat, partially completed (up to E.L.121.92 m)
Construction work going on the banks of Sabarmati river under the Sabarmati River Front Development Project
Gujarat borders with Pakistan's province of Sindh to the northwest, bounded by the Arabian Sea to the southwest, the state of Rajasthan to the northeast, Madhya Pradesh to the east, and by Maharashtra, Union territories of Diu, Daman,Dadra and Nagar Haveli to the south. Historically, the north was known as Anarta, the Kathiawad peninsula, "Saurastra", and the south as "Lata".[41] Gujarat was also known as Pratichya and Varuna.[42] The Arabian Sea makes up the state's western coast. The capital, Gandhinagar is a planned city. Gujarat has an area of 75,686 sq mi (196,030 km2) with the longest coast line 1600 km, dotted with 41 ports: one major, 11 intermediate and 29 minor ports.
sabarmati is the biggest river of Gujarat followed by Tapi, althoughnarmadacovers the longest area in the state. The Sardar Sarovar Project is built on the Narmada River. Narmada is one of the major rivers of peninsular India with a length of around 1312 km. It is one of only three rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west – the others being the Tapi River and theMahi River. A riverfront project has been built on Sabarmati River. The other rivers are:
Ambika
Auranga
Banas
Bhadar
Bhikda
Bhogavo
Dhadhar
Gautami
Ghelo
Hathmati
Kalubhar
Lindio
Mazum
Meshwo
Ootavali
Purna
Rangholi
Sanosari
Shedhi
Shetrunji
Sonpari
Talaji
Vatrak
Vishwamitri
[edit]Sub-divisions
Districts of Gujarat
Main article: Districts of Gujarat
Gujarat was created out of the 17 northern districts of formerState of Bombay on 1 May 1960. These districts were further subdivided later on. As of 2007, there are 26 administrative districts in the state.
[edit]Demographics
Main article: Gujarati people
[show]Population Growth
The population of the Gujarat State was 60,383,628 as per the 2011 census data. The density of population is 308/km2 (797.6/sq mi), a lower density compared to other states of the country. As per the census of 2011, the state has a sex ratio of 918 girls for every 1000 boys, one of the lowest (ranked 24) among the 29 states in India.
About 89.1% of the population of Gujarat are Hindu.[44] Muslims account for 9.1%, Jains 1.0%, Sikhs0.1%, and Christians 0.5% of the population.[44] Amongst Hindus, the deity of Krishna is famously worshiped in His form of Shrinathji throughout Gujarat.
Gujarati people form the majority of Ahmedabadi population: Marwaris and Biharis compose large minorities. In Ahmedabad state, smaller communities are Portuguese, South Koreans, Tamils, Nepalis, Oriyas, Telugus, Assamese, Bengali, Anglo-Indians, Armenians, Greeks, Jews, Tibetans, Maharashtrians, Konkanis, Malayalees, Punjabis, and Parsis. The South Korean community traditionally worked in the local tanning industry and ran restaurants. Sindhi presence is important here. [45]
[edit]Government and administration
Main articles: Politics of Gujarat and Government of Gujarat
Further information: Chief Ministers of Gujarat
State symbols[46]
Anthem Jay jay garvi gujarat
Calendar Saka
Fruit Mango
Tree Banyan (Gujarati: 'વડ')
Bird Greater Flamingo
Land animal Asiatic Lion
flower Marigold
Gandhinagar, the capital of Gujarat State. The picture shown above is of the Legislative Assembly and seat of Gujarat government.
Gujarat is governed by a Legislative Assembly of 182 members. Members of the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of adult suffrage from one of 182 constituencies, of which 13 are reserved for scheduled castes and 26 for scheduled tribes. The term of office for a member of the Legislative Assembly is five years. The Legislative Assembly elects a speaker who presides over the meetings of the legislature. A governor is appointed by the President of India, and is to address the state legislature after every general election and the commencement of each year's first session of the Legislative Assembly. The leader of the majority party or coalition in the legislature (Chief Minister) or his or her designee acts as the Leader of the Legislative Assembly. The administration of the state is led by the Chief Minister.
After gaining independence in 1947, the Indian National Congress party (INC) ruled the Bombay State(which included present-day Gujarat and Maharashtra). Congress continued to govern Gujarat after the state's creation in 1960.
During and after India's State of Emergency of 1975–1977, public support for the Congress Party eroded, but it continued to hold government until 1995. In the 1995 Assembly elections, the Congress lost to the Bharatiya Janata Party and Keshubhai Patel came to power. His government lasted only two years. The fall of that government was provoked by a split in the BJP led by Shankersinh Vaghela, who has won most of the subsequent polls. In 2001, following the loss of two assembly seats in by-elections, Keshubhai Patel resigned and yielded power to Narendra Modi. Political instability followed the 2002 Gujarat riots in which rioters raided the homes of thousands of Muslims, killing over 1000 people.[47] The BJP retained a majority in the 2002 election, and Narendra Modi has since served as Chief Minister of the state. .[48] On 1 June 2007, Narendra Modi became the longest serving Chief Minister of Gujarat.[49][50] On 23 December 2007, the BJP won the state elections in Gujarat and Narendra Modi became the chief minister for the third time in a row and has completed 10 years of governance on 7th October 2011. On 20 December 2012, the BJP retained power in the state by winning the state assembly elections for the fifth time in a row and Narendra Modi again returned to power by achieving a hat-trick.
The Government of Gujarat bans alcohol. [51]
Gujarat government bags Best State Award for 'Citizen Security' by IBN7 Diamond States on 24th December, 2012. [52]
[edit]Economy
Main article: Economy of Gujarat
Jamnagar Refinery owned by Reliance Industries in Jamnagar is the largest refinery in the world.
Gujarat has some of the largest business corporations in India, and continues to have the best environment for breeding entrepreneurs on its soil. During the British Raj, Gujarati businesses served to play a major role to enrich the economy of Karachiand Mumbai. Major agricultural produce of the state includes cotton, groundnuts(peanuts),dates, sugar cane, milk and milk products. Industrial products include cementand petrol.[53]According to the report on economic freedomby the Cato Institute, Gujarat is the second most free state in India, the first being Tamil Nadu[54]Reliance Industriesoperates the oil refinery atJamnagar, which is the world's largest grass-roots refineries. The world's largest shipbreaking yard is in Gujarat near Bhavnagar at Alang. India's only Liquid Chemical Port Terminal at Dahej, developed by Gujarat Chemical Port Terminal Co Ltd. Gujarat has two of the three liquefied natural gas (LNG) terminals in the country (Dahej and Hazira). Two more LNG terminals are proposed, at Pipavavand Mundra. Gujarat is the only state in India to have a statewide gas grid of 2,200 km. About 87.9% of the total roads in the state are asphalt surfaced. Its 98.86% village connectivity with all‐weather roads is one of the highest in India. Nearly 100% of Gujarat's 18,000 villages have electricity connection for 24-hr power through the Jyotigram Yojana. Gujarat ranks first nationwidein gas-based thermal electricity generation with national market share of over 8% and second nationwide in nuclear electricity generation with national market share of over 1%. Legatum Institute's Global Prosperity Index 2012 has recognised Gujarat as the highest-scoring among all States of India on matters of social capital. The State ranks 15th in a list of 142 nations worldwide and actually ranks higher than several developed nations. Gujarat has largest OFC network of more than 50,000 km. The state owned Wide Area Network is the largest IP-based ICT network in Asia Pacific Region and second largest in the world, connecting 26 districts and 225 talukas through 12,000 nodes. More than 900,000 internet users and all villages are connected with broadband internet. The state registered 12.8% agricultural growth in the last five years against the national average of 2%.[55]Gujarat records highest decadal agricultural growth rate of 10.97% Over 20% of theS&P CNX 500conglomerates have corporate offices in Gujarat.[56]As per RBI report, in year 2006–07, 26% out of total bank finance in India was in Gujarat. In a July 2011 report, The Economistnoted that Gujarat's infrastructure competes with Guangdong – the economic engine of China. With double-digit growth rates, Gujarat continues to outpace growth in other Indian states. Beyond better road networks,The Economistarticle claims the state government of Gujarat has kept red tape to a minimum, does not ask for bribes, and does not interfere with entrepreneurial corporations. The state, the article claims, has less onerous labour laws, reliable electricity, and effective bureaucracy. This has led to a booming entrepreneurial economy in Gujarat.[57]
Shown here is the Tata Nano, the world's least expensive car.[58] Sanand,Gujarat is home to Tata Nano.
Gujarat's major cities include Ahmedabad, Surat,Vadodara, Rajkot, Jamnagar, junagadh, and Bhavnagar. In 2010, Forbes list of the world's fastest growing cities included Ahmedabad at number 3 after Chengdu andChongqing from China.[7] Surat is also one of the fastest growing cities in India. Vadodara, the cultural city of Gujarat, is rapidly growing in area, and is industrialized to a large extent. It is the number 4 city in India in growth rate. Major resources produced by the state include cotton, groundnuts, dates, sugarcane, and petrochemical products. The state is rich in calcite, gypsum, manganese,lignite, bauxite, limestone, agate, feldspar, and quartz sand, and successful mining of these minerals is done in their specified areas. Gujarat produces about 98% of India's required amount of soda ash, and gives the country about 78% of its national requirement of salt. It is one of India's most prosperous states, having a per-capita GDP significantly above India's average. Kalol, Khambhat, and Ankleshwar are today known for their oil and natural gas production. Dhuvaran has a thermal power station, which uses coal, oil, and gas. Also, on the Gulf of Khambhat, 50 kilometres (31 mi) southeast of Bhavnagar, is the Alang Ship Recycling Yard (the world's largest). General Motors manufactures its cars at Halol near Vadodara, Tata manufactures Nano from Sanand near Ahmedabad, and AMW trucks are made near Bhuj. Surat, a city by the Gulf of Khambhat, is a hub of the global diamond trade. In 2003, 92% of the world's diamonds were cut and polished in Surat.[59]
Surat City is one of the fastest growing cities in the world.
Gujarat passed an act for the SIRs and set up the first such hub—Petroleum Chemical and Petrochemical Investment Region (PCPIR) spread across 453,000 square hectares—in Bharuch 2009. SIRs are special regions spread over a minimum 50,000 hectares where industries can buy lands directly from local owners. They are not offered concessions like tax benefits as in SEZs. However, the main benefit of SIRs is that they provide quality infrastructure and development even before units become operational. In every SIR, 55% of the area is to be set aside for residential townships and other non-processing units.[60]
During the period of 1960–90, Gujarat established itself as a leader in various industrial sectors, including textiles, engineering, chemicals, petrochemicals, drugs and pharmaceuticals, dairy, cement and ceramics, and gems and jewellery, amongst others. A post-liberalization period saw Gujarat's State Domestic Product (SDP) rising at an average growth rate of 14% per annum in real terms (from 1994–2002). Gujarat achieved as much as 35% of augmentation in its power generation capacity during the periods 1995–96 and 2000–01. The producers (IPPs) have contributed significantly in this addition. Gujarat is one of the first few states in India to have encouraged private-sector investment, some of which are already in operation. In addition, the liquid cargo (chemicals) handling port at Dahej is also set up in joint sector and made operational. At an investor's summit entitled "Vibrant Gujarat", arranged between 10 January and 13 January 2007, at Science City, Ahmedabad, the state government signed 104 Memoranda of Understanding for Special Economic Zones worth a total of 2.5 lakh crore.[61] However, most of the investment was from domestic industry.[62] In the fourth Vibrant Gujarat Global Investors' Summit held at Science City, Ahmedabad, in January 2009, there were 600 foreign delegates. In all, 8668 MOUs worth 12.5 lakh cr were signed, estimated to create 25 lakh new job opportunities in the state.[63] In 2011, Vibrant Gujarat Global Investors' Summit MOUs worth 21 trillion (US$ 463 billion) were signed.
Gujarat is the only state with surplus electricity. Recently, the Gujarat Government has upgraded its installed capacity of 13,258 megawatts (MW) by adding another 3,488 MW. According to the official sources, against demand of 40,793 million units during the nine months since April 2010, Gujarat produced 43,848 million units. Gujarat sold surplus power to 12 states: Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal.[64]
Gujarat invests in development of solar energy in the state. It has alloted 716 MW of solar power capacity to 34 national and international solar project developers in 2009, against the planned 500 MW capacity under its solar power policy.[65] This is expected to bring in investments of INR 12000 crore and generate employment for 5,000 people. As per a recent survey report of the Chandigarh Labour Bureau, Gujarat has the lowest unemloyment rate of 1% against the national average of 3.8%.[66]
It also has the biggest industrial area for ceramic business in Morbi, Himatanagar, which produces around 80% of the country's gross ceramic production and around 80% of compact fluorescent lamp (CFL). Legatum Institute's Global Prosperity Index 2012 has recognised Gujarat as the highest-scoring among all states of India on matters of social capital. The state ranks 15th in a list of 142 nations worldwide and actually ranks higher than several developed nations.
[edit]Language
Main article: Gujarati language
Gujarati (ગુજરાતી Gujǎrātī?) is an Indo-Aryan language evolved from Sanskrit and local Prakrits, and is part of the greater Indo-European language family. It is native to the Indian state of Gujarat, and is its main language, as well as of the adjacent union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
About 59 million people speak Gujarati worldwide, making it the 26th most-spoken native language in the world. Along with Romani, Kutchi and Sindhi, it is among the most western of Indo-Aryan languages. Gujarati was the first language of Mohandas K. Gandhi, the "father of India", and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who was popularly known as the "Iron Man of India". Owing to its apparent youth with respect to its written history, the Gujarati script follows the Nagari writing system. Nagari is a derivative of the Devanagari script, with one notable difference being the horizontal line is not used. Gujarati script also has a few other variations in terms of certain consonants and employs a slightly different set of symbols for numbers. Gujarati has also been the language spoken by two of South Asia`s most prominent leaders: the India's Father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi and the Founder ofPakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
The majority of the population in the state speak Gujarati, while people from Kutch region of Gujarat also speak in the Kutchi language. Other native languages spoken in low proportions are Bhili andGamit. As of the 2001 Census, a total of 84.5% of the population reported Gujarati as their first language, 5% were speakers of native tribal languages, 4.7% Hindi, 2% Sindhi, 1.5% Marathi and 1% were speakers of Urdu language. Religion-wise, 90% of Hindus in Gujarat speak Gujarati while the other 10% speak Hindi and other languages.[67] Almost 88% of the Muslims speak Gujarati, while the other 12% speak Urdu. Almost all of the Jains speak Gujarati, a few speak Marwari, as well. ParsiZoroastrians also speak Gujarati as their native language. Marathi is spoken by a large number of people in Vadodara and Surat. Apart from this, English, Marwari, Sindhi, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu,Bengali, Kannada, Oriya, Malayalam, and others are also spoken by a lower proportion.
[edit]Culture
Main article: Culture of Gujarat
Further information: Culture of Gujarat, Music of Gujarat, and Gujarati people
Gujarat is home to Gujarati people. Notable populations of Marathi people and Marwaris currently reside in Gujarat. It is also the home of Mahatma Gandhi and Vallabhbhai Patel, who preached the unity between all religions and became a worldwide figure for peaceful struggle against tyranny.
Bhuj – Kutch district
Bhuj is a famous destination for shopping of handicraft work and shares similar culture as Sindh. Artisans of nearby villages bring their art work for sale in Bhuj. Important landmarks for people wishing to study and know more about Kutchi embroidery are Shrujan, Kutch Mahila Vikas Sangathan (KMVS), Kalaraksha and Women Artisans' Marketing Agency (WAMA, Bandhini).
Main article: Gujarati cuisine
Gujarati food is primarily vegetarian. It is believed to be one of the healthiest cuisines in India. It has been portrayed in eminent Bollywood films, including the 2009 feature film 3 Idiots.[68] The typical Gujarati thali consists of roti or bhakri, dal or kadhi, rice and sabzi. Indian pickle and chhundo are used as condiments.North Gujarat, Kathiawad, Kachchh, and Surti Gujarati, the four major regions of Gujarat all bring their own styles to Gujarati food. Many Gujarati dishes are distinctively sweet, salty, and spicy at the same time. In Saurashtra region, chass (buttermilk) is believed to be a must-have in their daily food.
Khaman is a popular Gujarati farsan.
Main article: Gujarati cinema
The Gujarati film industry is one the largest regional film industries in India. The first ever Gujarati film, Narsinh Mehta, was produced in 1932.[69] Bhavni Bhavai is one of most acclaimed Gujarati films, having won National Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration and National Film Award for Best Art Direction. Many famous actors have worked in Gujarati film industry, such as Sanjeev Kumar, Bindu, Asha Parekh, Kiran Kumar, Arvind Trivedi,Aruna Irani, Mallika Sarabhai, Asrani, Naresh Kanodia, Paresh Rawal, Neeraj Vora, Dilip Joshi,Ayesha Jhulka, and Himesh Reshammiya.
Gujarati folk music, known as Sugam Sangeet, is a hereditary profession of the Gadhvi and Charancommunities. The omnipresent instruments in Gujarati folk music include wind instruments, such asturi, bungal, and pava, string instruments, such as the ravan hattho, rktaro, and jantar and percussion instruments, such as the manjira and zanz pot drum.[70]
Garba during Navaratri in Ahmedabad
The folk traditions of Gujarat includebhavai andrass–garba.Bhavai is a folk theatre; it is partly entertainment and partly ritual, and is dedicated to Amba. The rass-garba is a folk dance done as a celebration of Navratri by Gujarati people. The folk costume of this dance is chaniya choli for women and kedia for men. Different styles and steps of garba include dodhiyu, simple five, simple seven,popatiyu, trikoniya (hand movement which forms an imagery triangle), lehree, tran taali, butterfly, hudo, two claps and many more.[71] Makar Sankranti is a festival where people of Gujarat fly kites. In Gujarat, from December through to Makar Sankranti, people start enjoying kite flying. Undhiyu, a special dish made of various vegetables, is a must-have of Gujarati people on Makar Sankranti. Surat is especially well known for the strong string which is made by applying glass powder on the row thread to provide it a cutting edge.[72] Apart from Navratri and Uttarayana, Diwali, Holi, Tazia and others are also celebrated.
Diffusion of culture
Foreigners playing Dandiya Raas
Gujaratis spread to many places outside of Gujarat with the success of the Maratha Dynasty (as the dynasty was spread over much of India.) Even today, Saurashtrians who migrated during the Maratha Dynasty's time can be found in Tamil Nadu.
The progenitor of the Sinhala language is believed to be Prince Vijaya, son of King Simhabahu who ruled Simhapura (modern-day Sihor near Bhavnagar.)[73] Prince Vijaya was banished by his father for his lawlessness and set forth with a band of adventurers. This tradition was followed by other Gujaratis. For example, in the Ajanta Frescoes, a Gujarati prince is shown entering Sri Lanka.[74]
Many Indians had migrated to Indonesia, some of them being Gujaratis. King Aji Saka, who is said to have come to Java in Indonesia in year 1 of the Saka calendar, is believed by some to be a king of Gujarat.[75] The first Indian settlements in Java Island of Indonesia are believed to have been established with the coming of Prince Dhruvavijaya of Gujarat, with 5000 traders.[75] Some stories propose a Brahmin named Tritresta was the first to bring Gujarati migrants with him to Java, so some scholars equate him with Aji Saka.[76] A Gujarati ship has been depicted in a sculpture at Borabudur, Java.[74]
[edit]Religion
Modhera Sun Temple built by Bhimdev I.
Religious Group
Population[77]
Hindu 89.09%
Muslim 9.06%
Jain 1.03%
Christian 0.5%
Sikh 0.19%
Buddhist 0.07%
Others 0.05%
Further information: Gujarati Muslims
Gujarat consists of people following Hinduism, Islam,Jainism, Buddhism, Christianity and Zoroastrianism, making it a religiously diverse state. Hinduism is major religion of the state, as 89.09% population of the state is Hindu.[77] Major part of Hindu population follows Swaminarayan Hinduism andVaishnavism. Muslims are the biggest minority in the state. Gujarat is where Jains have the largest population outside Maharashtra and Rajasthan.
The Zoroastrians, also known in India as Parsi and Irani, are believed to have migrated to Gujarat to maintain their traditions. They have also played an instrumental role in economic development with several of the best-known business conglomerates of India run by Parsi-Zoroastrians, including theTata, Godrej, and Wadia families.
[edit]Education
Main articles: List of educational institutions in Gujarat and Education in Gujarat
The Gujarat Secondary and Higher Secondary Education Board (GSHSEB) are in charge of the schools run by theGovernment of Gujarat. However, most of the private schools in Gujarat are affiliated to theCentral Board of Secondary Education(CBSE) and Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE) board. Gujarat has 13 state universities and four agricultural universities.
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, is a premier university of Gujarat and has been ranked amongst the top ten universities by India Today and Hindustan Times in their surveys. It is one of the oldest universities of Guajrat and is known worldwide for its Faculty of Fine Arts, Engineering, Arts, Journalism, Education, Law, Social Work, Medicine, Science and Performing Arts. It is Gujarat's only fully English Medium State University. Originally known as the Baroda College of Science (established 1881), it became a university in 1949 after the independence of the country and later renamed after its benefactor Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, the former ruler of Baroda State. Gujarat University, Sardar Patel University, Ahmedabad University, Saurashtra University, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, and Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University are also amongst reputed universities, affiliating many reputed colleges.
Gujarat is also known for many national level institutions. The Space Applications Centre (SAC) is an institution for space research and satellite communication in Ahmedabad, India, under the aegis of theIndian Space Research Organization (ISRO). Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, a renowned scientist, industrialist, and visionary Gujarati, played an important role in it. He also founded Physical Research Laboratory, a research institute encompasses Astrophysics, Solar System, and cosmic radiation. He also envisioned Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, one of the internationally reputed management research institute that is located in Gujarat's commercial capital Ahmedabad and is the top ranked management institutes in the country.[78][79]
The clock tower in Gujarat University, Ahmedabad
Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute has been established under Council for Scientific and Industrial ResearchGovernment of India at Bhavnagar. It was inaugurated by Late Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India on 10 April 1954, with a view to carry out research on marine salt, and salt from inland lakes and sub-soil brine. It is working on reverse osmosis, electro membrane process, salt and marine chemicals, analytical science, marine biotechnology, and other related fields.
Gujarat also has some of the best engineering institutes in India like Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology (DA-IICT), IIT Gandhinagar and G H Patel College Of Engineering & Technology. Gujarat Science City,[80] is a government initiative to draw more students towards education in science, which hosts India's first IMAX 3D theatre, an energy park, a hall of science, anamphitheatre, and dancing musical fountains among others.
B.K. School of Business Management is ranked 6th in terms of financial Management. K. S. School of Business Management is also an MBA College in Gujarat University providing a unique five year's integrated MBA Cource. The National Institute of Design (NID) in Gandhinagar is internationally acclaimed as one of the foremost multi-disciplinary institutions in the field of design education and research. Centre for Environmental Planning & Technology University, popularly known as (CEPT) is one of the best planning and architectural school not in India, but across the world; providing various technical and professional courses. In addition, Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA) is one of the leading sectoral institution in rural management. IRMA is a unique institution in the sense that it provides professional education to train managers for rural management. It is the only one of its kind in all Asia.
Kala Bhavan, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
Apart from that, Mudra Institute of Communication Ahmedabad (MICA) is one of the most famous institutes for mass communication and is well-renowned across India. IITIndian institute of technology was established atGandhinagar in the year 2008. IIT Gandhinagar is mentored by IIT Bombay. IIT'S first batch started on 1 August 2008, at a temporary building of government college, Chandkheda, Gandhinagar. The Institute of Seismological Research (ISR) has been established by the Science and Technology Department, Government of Gujarat in 2003 and is registered as a Society.ISR campus is at Raisan, Gandhinagar in a sprawling and picturesque area on the banks of Sabarmati river. Aims and objectives include assigning optimum seismic factors for buildings in different regions and long-term assessment of earthquake potential. The ISR is the only institute in India fully dedicated to seismological research and is planned to be developed into a premier International institute in few years time.
[edit]Literature
Main article: Gujarati literature
Gujarati literature's history may be traced to 1000 AD. Since then literature has flourished till date. Well known laureates of Gujarati literature are Hemchandracharya, Narsinh Mehta, Mirabai, Akho,Premanand Bhatt, Shamal Bhatt, Dayaram, Dalpatram, Narmad, Govardhanram Tripathi, Gandhiji, K. M. Munshi, Umashankar Joshi, Suresh Joshi, Pannalal Patel and Rajendra Shah.[81]
Kavi Kant, Zaverchand Meghani and Kalapi are famous Gujarati poets.
Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, Gujarat Sahitya Sabha, and Gujarati Sahitya Parishad are Ahmedabad based literary institutions promoting the spread of Gujarati literature. Saraswatichandra is a landmark novel by Govardhanram Tripathi. Writers like Kavi Nanalal, Sundaram, Aanand Shankar Dhruv, Khabardar,Balwantray Thakore, Suresh Dalal, Harindra Dave, Jyotindra Dave, Tarak Mehta, Harkisan Mehta,Chandrakant Bakshi, Ashvini Bhatt, Vinod Bhatt, Kanti Bhatt, Jay Vasavada, Makarand Dave, Gunvant Shah and Varsha Adalja have influenced Gujarati thinkers.
A huge contribution to Gujarati language literature came from the Swaminarayan paramhanso, like Bramhanand, Premanand, with prose like Vachanamrut and poetry in the form of bhajans.
Gujarati theatre owes a lot to Bhavai. Bhavai is a folk musical performance of stage plays. Ketan Mehta and Sanjay Leela Bhansali explored artistic use of bhavai in films such as Bhavni Bhavai, Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam. Dayro (gathering) involves singing and conversation reflecting on human nature.
[edit]Flora and fauna
Main article: List of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of Gujarat, India
As per the India State Of Forest Report 2009, Gujarat has 7.46% of its total geographical area under forest cover. As per the districts, The Dangs has the largest area under forest cover. Gujarat has four national parks and 21 sanctuaries.
A young male Asiatic lion
Male Asiatic lion
Gujarat is the only home of Asiatic lions and outside Africa, Gujarat is the only present natural habitat of lions. Gir Forest National Park in the southwest part of the state covers part of the lions' habitat. Apart from lions, leopards are also found in state. They are spread across the large plains of Saurashtra and the mountains of South Gujarat. Other National parks include Vansda National Park,Blackbuck National Park, Velavadarand Marine National Park, Gulf of Kutch. Wildlife sanctuaries include: Wild Ass Wildlife Sanctuary,Nal Sarovar Bird Sanctuary, Porbandar Bird Sanctuary, Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary, Kutch Bustard Sanctuary, Narayan Sarovar Sanctuary, Jessore Sloth Bear Sanctuary, Anjal, Balaram-Ambaji, Barda, Jambughoda, Khavda, Paniya, Purna, Rampura, Ratanmahal, and Surpaneshwar.
Gujarat has some of major mountain ranges of India, including Aravalli, Sahyadri (Western Ghats),Vindhya and Saputara. Apart from this Gir hills, Barda, Jessore, Chotila, etc. are situated in different parts of Gujarat. Girnar is the tallest peak and Saputara is the only hill-station in the state.
Gujarat is the main producer of tobacco, cotton, and groundnuts in India. Other major food crops produced are rice, wheat, jowar, bajra, maize, tur, and gram. The state has an agricultural economy; the total crop area amounts to more than one-half of the total land area.[82]
Animal husbandry and dairying have played vital roles in the rural economy of Gujarat. Dairy farming, primarily concerned with milk production, functions on a co-operative basis and has more than a million members. Gujarat is the largest producer of milk in India. The Amul milk co-operative federation is well known all over India, and it is Asia's biggest dairy.[83] Among livestock raised are buffalo and other cattle, sheep, and goats. As per the results of livestock census 1997, there were 20.97 million head of livestock in Gujarat State. In the estimates of the survey of major livestock products, during the year 2002–03, the Gujarat produced 6.09 million tonnes of milk, 385 million eggs and 2.71 million kg of wool. Gujarat also contributes inputs to the textiles, oil, and soap industries, among others.
As in much of India, since the 1960s farmers in Gujarat have increasingly relied on extensive groundwater irrigation to maintain production. In recent years, however, experts have become increasingly alarmed at the rate of water depletion in the state. The water table in Gujarat has been falling steadily for the last 15–20 years, leading to a risk of catastrophic, irreversible saltwater intrusion into the groundwater.[84] The problem is exacerbated because electricity for farmers is subsidized, leaving little incentive to conserve water. To address this issue, the government of Gujarat has begun working with NGOs and universities to create new incentives for water conservation and to promote the adoption of water-saving technologies.[85][86]
[edit]Dinosaur Park Balasinor
In the early 1980s, palaeontologists stumbled upon dinosaur bones and fossils during a regular geological survey of Balasinor in Kheda District.[87] The find sent ripples of excitement through neighbouring villages and many residents picked up fossilised eggs, brought them home and worshipped them. Since then excavations have thrown up a veritable trove of dinosaur remains – eggs, bones, a skeleton which is now kept in a Calcutta (Kolkata) museum – bringing hordes of scientists and tourists to the place.
Piecing together the evidence in Balasinor, researchers now believe that Gujarat is home to one of the largest clutch of dinosaur hatcheries in the world. At least 13 species of dinosaurs lived here, possibly for more than 100 million years until their extinction some 65 million years ago. The soft soil made hatching and protecting eggs easier for the animals. So well-protected are the fossilised eggs found here that many researchers call them the best-preserved eggs in the world after the ones found in Aix-en-Provence in France.
These fossilised dinosaur remains have begun triggering off what tourism officials of the Gujarat state call "Dinosaur Tourism".[87]
[edit]Tourism
Sabarmati Ashram also known as Gandhi Ashram
Gandhi's Room at Sabarmati Gandhi Asharam, Ahmedabad
Lakhota Museum in Jamnagar
Mandvi Beach
Tourism in Gujarat is promoted by Tourism Corporation of Gujarat Limited. It is one of the most popular state in the country for tourists with annual footfall of 19.81 million tourists in 2010-11.[88] Gujarat offers scenic beauty fromGreat Rann of Kutch to the hills of Saputara. Gujarat is the sole home of the pure Asiatic Lions in world.[89][90][91]During the Sultanate reign, Hindu craftsmanship mix withIslamic architecture, giving rise to the Indo-Saracenic style. Many structures in the state are built in this fashion. It is also the birthplace of Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the great iconic figures during India's Independence movement. Amitabh Bachchan is currently the brand ambassador of Gujarat Tourism. 'Khushboo Gujarat Ki' campaign by megastar Amitabh Bachchan has grown tourism in Gujarat by 14 per cent, twice that of national growth rate.[92]
Gujarat has a variety of museums on different genres. These museums are run by the state's Department of Museums located at the principal state museum, Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery.
Kaba Gandhi No Delo in Rajkot
The Kirti Mandir, Porbandar, Sabarmati Ashram, and Kaba Gandhi No Delo are museums related to Mahatma Gandhi. The former being the [Place of birth] of him and the latter being two of the places where he lived in his lifetime. All of them are now transformed into museums. Kaba Gandhi No Delo in Rajkot exhibits some of a rare collection of photographs relating to the life of Mahatma Gandhi.[93]Sabarmati Ashram is the place where Gandhiji initiatedDandi March. On 12 March 1930 he vowed that he would not return to the Ashram until India won independence.[94]
Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery andMaharaja Fateh Singh Museumare located inVadodara. Baroda Museum & Picture Gallery is where state's Department of Museumsis located.[95] While the Maharaja Fateh Singh Museum is housed within Lakshmi Vilas Palace. It's the palace whereMaharaja lived, and now has been turned into museum. Located in Ahmedabad the Calico Museum of Textiles is managed by the Sarabhai Foundation and is one of the most popular tourist spots in Ahmedabad.
The Lakhota Museum or the Lakota Museum is a palace transformed into museum, was residence of the Jhala Rajputs. The collection of the museum includes artifacts spanning from 9th to 18th century, pottery from medieval villages nearby and the skeleton of a whale.[96]
Other famous museums in state include Kutch Museum in Bhuj being the oldest museum in Gujarat founded in 1877,[97] Watson Museum of human history and culture in Rajkot,[98] Gujarat Science Cityand Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Memorial in Ahmedabad.
Bhavnath Mahadev, Girnar, Junagadh.
Laxmi Vilas Palace built by Gaekwad rulers of Vadodara.
Religious sites are major part of tourism in Gujarat.Somnath is the first among twelve Jyotirlingas, and has been mentioned in Rigveda.[99] The Palitana temples ofJainism on Mount Shatrunjaya, Palitana are considered the holiest of all pilgrimage places by the Svetambara andDigambara Jain community.[100] The Sidi Saiyyed Mosqueand Jama Masjid are holymosques for Gujarati Muslims. The Sun Temple, Modhera is a ticketed monument, handled by the Archaeological Survey of India.[101] Dwarakadheesh Temple and Dakorholy pilgrimage sites for devotees of Lord Krishna. Other religious sites in state includeMahudi, Shankheshwar, Ambaji, Dakor,Shamlaji, Chotila etc.
Tarnetar Fair
A five day festival is held during Maha Shivaratri at the fort ofGirnar, Junagadh known as Bhavanth Mahadev Fair (Gujarati: ભવનાથ નો મેળો). The Kutch Festival or Rann Festival (Gujarati: કચ્છ or રણ ઉત્સવ) is a festival celebrated at Kutch during Mahashivratri. The Modhra Dance Festivalis a festival for classical dance, organized by Government of Gujarat's Cultural Department, to promote tourism in state and to keep traditions and culture alive.[102]
The Ambaji Fair is held in the Hindu month of Bhadrapad (around August–September) at Ambaji, during a time which is particularly suitable for farmers, when the busy monsoon season is about to end The Bhabrapad fair is held at Ambaji which is in the Danta Taluka of Banaskantha district, near the Gujarat-Rajasthan border. The walk from the bus station to the temple is less than one kilometer, under a roofed walkway. Direct buses are available from many places, including Mount Abu (45 km away), Palanpur (65 km away), Ahmedabad and Idar. The Bhadrapad fair is held in the center of the Ambaji village just outside the temple premises. The village is visited by the largest number of sanghas [pilgrim groups] during the fair. Many of them go there on foot, which is particularly enriching as it happens immediately after the monsoon, when the landscape is rich with greenery, streams are full of sparkling water and the air is fresh. About 15 lakh devotees are known to attend this fair each year from all over the world. Not only Hindus, but some devout Jains and Parsis also attend the functions, while some Muslims attend the fair for trade.
The Tarnetar Fair is held during the first week of Bhadrapad, (September–October according toGregorian calendar), and mostly servesplace to find a suitable bride for tribal people from Gujarat. The region is believed to be the place where Arjuna did the difficult task of piercing the eye of a fish, rotating at the end of a pole, by looking at its reflection in the pond water, to marry Draupadi.[103][104]Other fairs in Gujarat include Dang Durbar, Shamlaji Fair,Chitra Vichitra Fair,Dhrang Fair andVautha Fair.
[edit]Transport
[edit]Air
Gujarat has seventeen airports. The Gujarat Civil Aviation Board (GUJCAB) has been formed to foster development of aviation infrastructure in Gujarat. The Board is headed by the Chief Minister.[105]
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, Ahmedabad
Bhavnagar ATC and Terminal
Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport (Ahmedabad) — Many domestic as well as international flights operate from here.
Domestic airports under AAI
Surat Airport — Located on Magdalla Road.
Bhavnagar Airport — 9 km from the city of Bhavnagar.
Deesa airport — 5 km from Deesa.
Kandla Airport (Gandhidham) — situated at Kandla, near Gandhidham, in Kutch district.
Keshod Airport (Junagadh) — Keshod Airport is found 3 km from Keshod city in Junagadh District.
Porbandar Airport — is situated 5 km from the city of Porbandar.
Rajkot Airport — 4 km from the city of Rajkot.
Vadodara Airport – Integrated Terminal Airport (Vadodara).
Airports under IAF
Bhuj Airport — Bhuj Civil enclave airport has been recently been named Shyamji Krishna Verma Airport.
Jamnagar Airport — Civil enclave, 10 km from the City of Jamnagar.
Naliya Air Force Station — airforce airport. For Military use only.
Airports under State Government
Mehsana Airport — Meshana Airport is about 2 km from Mehsana city.
Mandvi airport[105]
Amreli airport — air strip (training airport)
Future airports
Zalawad Airport — Future airport for Surendranagar area.
Fedara (Ahmedabad) — Proposed International Airport near Fedara village of Bhāl region.
Ambaji (Danta) near Palanpur, Banaskantha
Palitana[106]
Dwarka[105]
[edit]Rail
Ahmedabad Railway Station
Main page: Railway stations in Gujarat
Further information: Pune – Mumbai – Ahmedabad High-Speed Passenger Corridor
Gujarat comes under the Western Railway Zone of theIndian Railways. Vadodara Railway Station is the busiest railway station in Gujarat and the fourth busiest railway station in India. It is situated on the Mumbai – DelhiWestern Railway Mainline. Other important railway stations are Surat railway station, Ahmedabad Railway Station andRajkot Railway Station. Indian Railways is planning Delhi–Mumbai dedicated rail freight route passing through the state.
Work on Rs 1,100 crore (Rs 1.1 billion) first phase of the metro rail project in Ahmedabad-Gandhinagar will start by 2011 and the line is expected to be operational within 2–3 years. The first phase of the metro rail project will cover a distance of 32.65 kilometre in the north-south direction between Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad and 10.90 kilometre east-west corridor between Kalupur and Thaltej.[60]
[edit]Sea
Gujarat State has got the longest sea coast of 1600 km in India.Kandla Port is one of the largest ports serving Western India. Other important ports in Gujarat are the Port of Navlakhi, Port of Magdalla, Port Pipavav, Port of Porbandar and the privately owned Mundra Port.
[edit]Road
Main articles: List of National Highways in Gujarat and List of state highways in Gujarat
A city bus in Ahmedabad
Autorickshaw
[edit]Public transport
Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC) is the primary body responsible for providing the bus services within the state of Gujarat and also with the neighboring states. It is a public transport corporation providing bus services and public transit within Gujarat and to the other states in India. Apart from this, there are a number of services provided by GSRTC.
Mofussil Services — It connects major cities, smaller towns and villages within Gujarat.
Intercity Bus Services — It also connects major cities — Ahmedabad, Vapi, Vadodara (Baroda) and Rajkot.
Interstate Bus Services — It connects various cities of Gujarat with the neighboring states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Rajasthan.
City Services — GSRTC also provides city bus services at Surat, Baroda, Vapi, Gandhinagar and Ahmedabad, within the state of Gujarat.
Parcel Services — This service is used for transporting goods.
Apart from this, the GSRTC provides special bus services for festivals, industrial zones, schools, colleges and pilgrim places.
There are also city buses in cities like Ahmedabad (AMTS & Ahmedabad BRTS),Bhavnagar (VTCOS) Vadodara (VTCOS), Gandhinagar(VTCOS),Rajkot (VTCOS),Anand(VTCOS) etc.
Auto rickshaws are common mode of transport in Gujarat. The Government of Gujarat is promotingBicycles to reduce pollution.
[edit]See also
Gujarat portal
Outline of India
Index of India-related articles
Bibliography of India
List of people from Gujarat
[edit]References
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^ Gopal Mandir is devoted to the blue God Krishna who is the divine herdsman, the lover of milkmaids and the eighth embodiment of Lord Vishnu, the preserver of the Universe. The marble-curled around structure is a superior example of Maratha architecture. Lord Krishna's two feet tall statue is carved in silver and is placed on a marble-inlaid altar with silver-plated doors. Mahmud of Ghazni had taken these doors from the famous Somnath Temple in Gujarat to Ghazni in Khorasan in 1026 AD. The Afghan trespasser, Mahmud Shah Abdali, later took the gates to Lahore, from where Shrinath Madhavji Shinde today popularly known as The Great Maratha Mahadji Scindia reacquired them. The Scindia ruler later established them in Gopal Mandir, bringing to a halt the doors' long journey. Bayajibai Shinde, Maharaja Daulat Rao Scindia's queen, built the temple in the 19th century. Its location in the middle of the market area right in the heart of the city adds to its popularity. Mosque and Tomb of the Emperor Soolta Mahmood of Ghuznee, publisherBritish Library
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^ BBC News. 11 May 2005, These figures were reported to the Rajya Sabha by the Union Minister of State for Home Affairs Sriprakash Jaiswal in May 2005
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^ a b Indian Census
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^ "No entry for Modi into US: visa denied". The Times Of India. 18 March 2005.
^ Modi becomes longest serving CM of Gujarat
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^ "Reliance commissions world's biggest refinery", The Indian Express, 26 December 2008
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^ a b "Gujarat plans 12 giant industrial hubs". business.rediff.com. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
^ The Hindu Business Line: `Vibrant Gujarat' signs 104 MoUs worth 2.5 lakh cr
^ Vibrant Gujarat sees one foreign investor, the Business Standard
^ "Gujarat aims at 15% industrial growth: Rediff.com Business". In.rediff.com. 10 March 2008. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
^ "Gujarat sold surplus power to 12 states". www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 8 March 2011.
^ "Next-Gen Solar Energy Hub: Gujarat, India: Story of Capacity allotment of solar power projects in Gujarat". Solarishi.com. 19 March 2010. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
^ "Survey says Gujarat has lowest unemployment; Narendra Modi is 'delighted'". 11 July 2012.
^ Census of India – DISTRIBUTION OF 10,000 PERSONS BY LANGUAGE
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^ a b P. 4 Shyamji Krishna Varma, the unknown patriot by Ganeshi Lal Verma, India. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. Publications Division
^ a b P. 67 An era of peace By Krishna Chandra Sagar
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^ a b "Population by religious communities". 2011 census of India. Government of India. Retrieved 11 February 2012.
^ "India's top 50 business schools". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 23 February 2012.
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^ Gujrati Literature,Indian Literature,Gujrati Literature in India,Literature in India,Gujrati Literature in India,Gems of Gujrati Literature,Indian Writers In Gujrati
^ "About Gujarat State Agriculture Marketing Board". Agri.gujarat.gov.in. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
^ "Amul to become world's largest liquid milk brand-Food-Cons. Products-News By Industry-News-The Economic Times". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. 14 September 2006. Retrieved 16 July 2010.
^ "Incentives for Water Conservation in Gujarat.". waterwideweb.com. 31 December 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2011.
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^ a b The dinosaur wonders of India's Jurassic Park. BBC News. 11 May 2010.
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July 23, 2016 Post Under - Read More


text:
The World's Biggest Stage
~ "The Hunger Games of Classical Music"
Getting to Carnegie
1st Competition 2015 - Violin
2nd Competition 2016 - Cello
3rd Competition 2017 - Voice
4th Competition 2018 - Violin
5th Competition 2019 - Cello
6th Competition 2020 - Voice
Julian Gargiulo
"The Hunger Games of Classical Music"
Julian Gargiulo with Rachel Siu - Winner of the 5th Getting to Carnegie Competition in 2019 Cello Edition (photo: Tina Ravitz)
(formerly known as getting to Carnegie)
Almost eight years ago, Steinway Artist Julian Gargiulo decided to try an experiment: he invited musicians from top International Conservatories worldwide to compete for a place on stage with him at Carnegie Hall. His invitation was open to all students. The rules of the game were simple: all contestants would record and send a video of themselves performing. The four chosen finalists would join him on stage and each perform a movement of his newly composed work. The audience would vote live for the winner, and the winner, aside from performing at Carnegie Hall, would travel with Julian and a team of internationally acclaimed musicians to perform at the Water Island Music Festival. After the first six years' sold-out events, which were organized by Julian and 2NYC, due to the global pandemic, last year's final round was generously sponsored by the (hyperlink) Alphadyne Foundation and streamed 'live' on The Violin Channel for its 370,000 member following, making it 'virtually' the largest concert hall in the world. This year's event will be streamed "live", once again thanks to the amazing generosity of (hyper link) The Violin Channel. The finalists will be premiering Julian's newly composed Cello Sonata. Let the games begin!
©2023 by The World's Biggest Stage. Website Developed by Mark Faust

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Why? Euclid Beach Blast Giveaway! – Why CLE?
Why? Euclid Beach Blast Giveaway!
July 24, 2015 By Jen @ Why CLE?
There are few things better than a summer beach party, which is why I'm so excited about the 6th annual Euclid Beach Blast, coming up on Saturday, August 1. This a volunteer-run event that celebrates creativity, community, and, of course, Lake Erie love!
There will be live music from Beachland Ballroom at the Beach bands, sunset yoga, fat tire bikes, a sandcastle contest, paddle boards, food vendors, and much more! This is sure to be a hot summer party you don't want to miss!
To help you enjoy the Euclid Beach Blast, I have a prize package valued at $75 to give away! The package includes a beach towel, t-shirt, and beach balls featuring the event logo; a voucher for dinner for two at any Euclid Beach Blast food vendor; and 15 raffle basket tickets to be used at the event.
2. Visit Euclid Beach Blast and Why CLE? on Facebook and leave a comment here letting me know you visited both pages.
3. Follow @BeachBlastCLE and @WhyCLE on Twitter and leave a comment here letting me know you're following both.
The giveaway will close on Monday, July 27 at 11:59pm and the winner will be announced the following day. Good luck!
My favorite summer activity in Cleveland is visiting Lake Erie.
I enjoy swimming at Huntington Beach in Bay Village.
I visited Euclid Beach Blast and WhyCLE? on Facebook.
I follow @BeachBlastCLE and WhyCLE? on Twitter.
← Why? Door to Door Organics Recipe!


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The Dewberry team will take a community centered, comprehensive approach to watershed management planning. Our team will incorporate EPA's six steps in watershed planning with EPA's nine key watershed management elements "a" through "i" into a broad overall watershed management approach for improvement and protection of the six things people value most about living along the Alabama coast. The goal is to establish a plan that is founded on equitable, practical and buildable restoration and remediation alternatives that demonstrate the communities' commitment to restoring the ecologic as well as the economic functions and values of the watershed such as enhanced public access, use and enjoyment. The Dewberry team has a wealth of applied experience with program implementation planning, preliminary planning, and design that produces cost effective projects with clear conceptual renderings, schedules, and trackable milestones, developing monitoring and educational components, and identifying technical and financial assistance. Stakeholders will have a voice in scoring and prioritizing solutions, actions, and plans. The final WMP will be the communities' plan.
Throughout the course of the project, the entire West Fowl River watershed community will be kept informed of milestones and accomplishments of the study process and will be continuously encouraged to participate in community meetings and surveys. Resource materials to be developed and used for the process will include PowerPoint presentations, maps, graphics, surveys, fact sheets, worksheets, invitation letters, and lists of active community participants. Our innovative approach is as follows: Identify Stakeholders, Recruit Stakeholders, Community Meetings.
The completed WMP will be presented and discussed to engage locally elected and state officials in an open meeting or other open house forum. It will be essential to engage stakeholders that may be responsible for project implementation such as City, County, EPA, and FWS. Some of these implementation agencies may also provide funding for potential projects. It is anticipated that the WMP will be adopted in full along with a resolution requesting that the Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (ADCNR) and the MBNEP continue working closely with the County in its watershed education programs and in development of the implementation phase of the project.


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I was reading a newspaper article recently where a retail company was opening a new store. The development of the new addition was the responsibility of a special division whose task was to build the new store.
In the Catholic Church, there is no special division in Rome that will begin a new Diocese. The Church names a new Bishop who will start the new Diocese in collaboration with the priests, religious and laity of that local area.
So it was in 1978 with Bishop Phillip Straling, who invited many people to join him in creating the new Diocese of San Bernardino. There had been regional diocesan offices in San Bernardino since 1970. Bishop Straling would keep those offices and add a new Pastoral Center at 1450 "D" Street in San Bernardino.
The first Vicar General was Monsignor John Bradley, Pastor of St. Bernardine Parish in San Bernardino. There were three co-chancellors appointed: Rev. Ed Cronin for Pastoral Affairs, Rev. Peter Covas for Financial Affairs, and Rev. George Gonzales for Hispanic Affairs.
As Executive Director for the Diocesan Synod in San Diego from 1972-1976, Bishop Straling had the opportunity to work with many local leaders during the listening sessions. That familiarity would be helpful as he looked for talented people to serve in his administration. One such appointment was Rev. Peter Luque as the Episcopal Vicar for Hispanic Ministry.
Sister Charlotte Ell was selected as Superintendent of Schools. Rev. John Pomis became the Rector of the Cathedral (Holy Rosary Parish). Rev. Robert Miller was the Director of the Center for Christian Ministry, and Rev. Gerry Butler was appointed as the representative to Catholic Charities.
Bishop Straling announced his selection of the Episcopal Vicars for the five Deaneries: Rev. Edward Cronin for the San Bernardino Deanery; Rev. Peter Covas for the Riverside Deanery; Rev. Donald Webber for the Ontario Deanery; Monsignor Michael Nolan for the Palm Springs Deanery; and Rev. William Hart for the Victorville Deanery.
The Bishop also selected five Sister Deans: Sister Mae McManus, RSM, for the San Bernardino Deanery; Sister Mary Ann Scheppers, OSB, for the Riverside Deanery; Sister Mary Therese Sweeney, CSJ, for the Ontario Deanery; Sister Kathryn Bacon, BVM, for the Palm Springs Deanery; and Sister Virlee Egler, OSB, for the Victorville Deanery.
Other initial diocesan appointments included Rev. Gerry DeLuney as Vocations Director, Rev. William Hart as Director of Seminarians, Rev. John Pomis and Mrs. Marilyn Fitzgerald to lead the Permanent Diaconate Program.
These appointments by Bishop Straling were announced in a press release four days after his Episcopal ordination on November 10, 1978.


I think they fly direct to Houston as well. OUP will pick you up with a cooler full of cold beer.
They serve BBQ outside of Texas?
Hutchins BBQ is the closest thing to my own backyard BBQ. As far as chain I would say Rudy's but it is going past 10 years since last visit.
limey wrote: Hutchins BBQ is the closest thing to my own backyard BBQ. As far as chain I would say Rudy's but it is going past 10 years since last visit.
Rambo wrote: [quote="limey"]Hutchins BBQ is the closest thing to my own backyard BBQ. As far as chain I would say Rudy's but it is going past 10 years since last visit.
GRailsback wrote: I think they fly direct to Houston as well. OUP will pick you up with a cooler full of cold beer.
Maybe we need to get a GoFundMe set up to save Russ from bad BBQ.
Tony Roma's is mediocre at best, and Hawaii is full of amazing places to get Imu (in ground pit smoked) luau style BBQ pork that would make you never set foot in a Chili's or Tony Roma's again.
rms827 wrote: Maybe we need to get a GoFundMe set up to save Russ from bad BBQ.


The Syrian army found US and Israeli weapons as well as equipment belonging to the White Helmets in two underground bases of the terrorists during cleansing operations in Dara'a province.
The army forces discovered two big underground arms caches of the terrorists in the depths of 8 and 12 meters in purging operations in the town of al-Hareh and near Tal al-Hareh region in Northwestern Dara'a on Thursday, seizing a large number of weapons and ammunition.
Meantime, a field source reported that the army soldiers found the US and Israeli-made weapons, including machineguns, RPGs, bombs, anti-aircraft missiles and anti-tank missiles, in the arms caches.
He added that the army units also found equipment belonging to the so-called White Helmets in one of these arms caches, including anti-chemical-weapons masks and satellite communication equipment.
In a relevant development on Saturday, the Syrian army forces carried out mop-up operations in Quneitra province, discovering a large volume of Israeli and American weapons, ammunition and military equipment of the pro-militants White Helmets in terrorists' positions.
The army soldiers found a large volume of arms and ammunition and military equipment in terrorists' positions in several villages and farms near the newly-freed city of Quneitra.
Western arms, American missiles, sniper rifles, machineguns, and food parcels made and supplied by Israel and some pro-militants Arab countries and military equipment of the White Helmet Organization were found in terrorists' positions.


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Home Middle East Zarif: Iran ready for comprehensive prisoner exchange, ball in US court
Zarif: Iran ready for comprehensive prisoner exchange, ball in US court
Iran's Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad Zarif says the Islamic Republic is "fully ready" to exchange more prisoners with the US after the latter freed Iranian stem cell scientist Masoud Soleimani, who arrived in Tehran after over one year of imprisonment in the United States.
Back in October last year, Soleimani, 49, left Iran on sabbatical last year but was arrested upon arrival in Chicago and transferred to prison in Atlanta, Georgia for unspecified reasons.
When he left Tehran last fall, Soleimani, a professor and biomedical researcher at Tarbiat Modares University (TMU) in Tehran, planned to complete his research on treating stroke patients as a visiting scholar at the prestigious Mayo Clinic in Minnesota.
Prosecutors in Atlanta had accused him and two of his former students of conspiring and attempting to export vials of human growth hormone from the US to Iran without authorization, in violation of US sanctions.
Spokesman: Iran ready to secure release of all Iranians imprisoned in US
Zarif's remarks came after the spokesman for the Iranian administration said earlier on Monday that Iran was ready to secure the release of all Iranians held illegally in US prisons.
"As we have already declared, the US can right away stop unjust sanctions it has imposed [on Iran] to prepare the ground for [talks within framework of the] P5+1 [group]," he added.
The spokesman emphasized that it is up to the US to make such a decision and reiterated that Iran would hold no negotiations about the swap of prisoners.
The P5+1 refers to a group of six world powers, which clinched a deal with Iran over the country's nuclear program back in July 2015 and – at that time – consisted of the United States, the UK, France, Russia, and China plus Germany.
After the election of Donald Trump as the US president in 2016, his administration withdrew from the nuclear deal and reimposed unilateral sanctions on Iran, which had been lifted under the nuclear deal, which is officially known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA).
In response, Tehran has so far rowed back on its nuclear commitments four times in compliance with Articles 26 and 36 of the JCPOA, but stressed that its retaliatory measures will be reversible as soon as the European signatories — France, Britain and Germany — find practical ways to shield mutual trade from the US sanctions.
Since then Trump has on various occasions indicated his interest in starting renewed talks with Iran to achieve a new deal over the country's nuclear program, but Iran has rejected his calls saying that any such talks could be only possible if the US returned to the JCPOA, lifted all sanctions on Iran and engaged in talks only within the frame of the P5+1 group.
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