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Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson
Hard to overstate the significance of this topic. Unfortunately, the material in here will become more and more depressing as time goes on. Not much hope of any alternative to that.
Re: Silent Spring, by Rachel Carson
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List of Principal Sources
CHAPTER 2: THE OBL1GAT1ON TO ENDURE
"Report on Environmental Health Problems," Hearings, 86th Congress, Subcom. of Com. on Appropriations, March 1960, p. 170.
The Pesticide Situation for 1957-58, U.S. Dept of Agric., Commodity Stabilization Service, April 1958, p. 10.
Elton, Charles S., The Ecology of 1nvasions by Animals and Plants. New York: Wiley, 1958.
Shepard, Paul, "The Place of Nature in Man's World," Atlantic Naturalist, Vol. 13 (April-June 1958), pp. 85-89.
CHAPTER 3: EL1X1RS OF DEATH
Gleason, Marion, et al., Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1957.
Gleason, Marion, et al., Bulletin of Supplementary Material: Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, Vol. 1V, No. 9. Univ. of Rochester.
The Pesticide Situation for 1958-59, U.S. Dept. of Agric., Commodity Stabilization Service, April 1959, pp. 1-24.
The Pesticide Situation for 1960-6l, U.S. Dept. of Agric., Commodity Stabilization Service, July 1961, pp. 1-23.
Hueper, W. C., Occupational Tumors and Allied Diseases. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas, 1942.
Todd, Frank E., and S. E. McGregor, "Insecticides and Bees," Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 131-35.
Hueper, Occupational Tumors.
Bowen, C. V., and S. A. Hall, "The Organic Insecticides," Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 209- 18.
Von Oettingen, W. F., The Halogenated Aliphatic, Olefinic, Cyclic, Aromatic, and Aliphatic-Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Including the Halogenated Insecticides, Their Toxicity and Potential Dangers. U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare. Public Health Service Publ. No. 414 (1955), pp. 341-42.
Laug, Edwin P., et al., "Occurrence of DDT in Human Fat and Milk," A.M.A. Archives Indus. Hygiene and Occupat. Med., Vol. 3 (1951), pp. 245-46.
Biskind, Morton S., "Public Health Aspects of the New Insecticides," Am. Jour. Diges. Diseases, Vol. 20 (1953), No. 11, pp. 331-41.
Lang, Edwin P., et al., "Liver Cell Alteration and DDT Storage in the Fat of the Rat 1nduced by Dietary Levels of 1 to 50 p.p.m. DDT," Jour. Pharmacol. and Exper. Therapeut., Vol. 98 (1950), p. 268.
Ortega, Paul, et al., "Pathologic Changes in the Liver of Rats after Feeding Low Levels of Various Insecticides," A.M.A. Archives Path., Vol. 64 (Dec. 1957), pp. 614-22.
Fitzhugh, O. Garth, and A. A. Nelson, "The Chronic Oral Toxicity of DDT (2,2-B1S p-CHLOROPHENYL-1,1,1-TRI-CHLOROETHANE)," Jour. Pharmacol. and Exper. Therapeut., Vol. 89 (1947), No. 1, pp. 18-30.
Laug et al., "Occurrence of DDT in Human Fat and Milk."
Hayes, Wayland J., Jr., et al., "Storage of DDT and DDE in People with Different Degrees of Exposure to DDT," A.M.A. Archives Indus. Health, Vol. 18 (Nov. 1958), pp. 398-406.
Durham, William F., et al., "Insecticide Content of Diet and Body Fat of Alaskan Natives," Science, Vol. 134 (1961 ) No. 3493, pp. 1880-81.
Von Oettingen, Halogenated... Hydrocarbons, p. 363.
Smith, Ray F., et al., "Secretion of DDT in Milk of Dairy Cows Fed Low Residue Alfalfa," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 41 (1948), pp. 759-63.
Finnegan, J. K., et al., "Tissue Distribution and Elimination of DDD and DDT Following Oral Administration to Dogs and Rats," Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., Vol. 12 (1949), 356-57.
Lang et al., "Liver Cell Alteration."
"Chemicals in Food Products," Hearings, H.R. 74, House Select Com. to Investigate Use of Chemicals in Food Products, Pt. 1 (1951), p. 275.
"Chemicals in Food Products," Hearings, 81st Congress, H.R. 323, Com. to 1nvestigate Use of Chemicals in Food Products, Pt. 1 (1950), pp. 388-90.
Clinical Memoranda on Economic Poisons. U.S. Public Health Service Publ. No. 476 (1956), p. 28.
Gannon, Norman, and J. H. Bigger, "The Conversion of Aldrin and Heptachlor to Their Epoxides in Soil," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 51 (Feb. 1958), pp. 1-2.
Davidow, B., and J. L. Radomski, "Isolation of an Epoxide Metabolite from Fat Tissues of Dogs Fed Heptachlor," Jour. Pharmacol. and Exper. Therapeut., Vol. 107 (March 1953), pp. 259-65.
Drinker, Cecil K., et al., "The Problem of Possible Systemic Effects from Certain Chlorinated Hydrocarbons," Jour. Indus. Hygiene and Toxicol., Vol. 19 (Sept. 1937), p. 283.
"Occupational Dieldrin Poisoning," Com. on Toxicology, Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 172 (April 1960), pp. 2077-80.
Scott, Thomas G., et al., "Some Effects of a Field Application of Dieldrin on Wildlife," Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 23 (Oct. 1959), pp. 409-27.
Paul, A. H., "Dieldrin Poisoning -- a Case Report," New Zealand Med. Jour., Vol. 58 (1959), p. 393.
Pages 25-,6
Hayes, Wayland J., Jr., "The Toxicity of Dieldrin to Man," Bull. World Health Organ., Vol. 20 (1959), pp. 891-912.
Gannon, Norman, and G. C. Decker, "The Conversion of Aldrin to Dieldrin on Plants," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 51 (Feb. 1958), pp. 8-11.
Kitselman, C. H., et al., "Toxicological Studies of Aldrin (Compound 118) on Large Animals," Am. Jour. Vet. Research, Vol. 11 (1950), p. 378.
Dahlen, James H., and A. O. Haugen, "Effect of Insecticides on Quail and Doves," Alabama Conservation, Vol. 26 (1954), No. 1, pp. 21-23.
DeWitt, James B., "Chronic Toxicity to Quail and Pheasants of Some Chlorinated Insecticides," Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 4 (1956), No. 10, pp. 863-66.
Kitselman, C. H., "Long Term Studies on Dogs Fed Aldrin and Dieldrin in Sublethal Doses, with Reference to the Histopathological Findings and Reproduction," Jour. Am. Vet. Med. Assn., Vol. 123 (1953), p. 28.
Treon, J. F., and A. R. Borgmann, "The Effects of the Complete Withdrawal of Food from Rats Previously Fed Diets Containing Aldrin or Dieldrin." Kettering Lab., Univ. of Cincinnati; mimeo. Quoted from Robert L. Rudd and Richard E. Genelly, Pesticides: Their Use and Toxicity in Relation to Wildlife. Calif. Dept of Fish and Game, Game Bulletin No. 7 (1956), p. 52.
Myers, C. S., "Endrin and Related Pesticides: A Review." Penna. Dept. of Health Research Report No. 45 (1958). Mimeo.
Jacobziner, Harold, and H. W. Raybin, "Poisoning by Insecticide (Endrin)," New York State Jour. Med., Vol. 59 (May 15, 1959), pp. 2017-22.
"Care in Using Pesticide Urged," Clean Streams, No. 46 (June 1959). Penna. Dept. of Health.
Metcalf, Robert L., "The 1mpact of the Development of Organophosphorus Insecticides upon Basic and Applied Science," Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., Vol. 5 (March 1959), pp. 3-15.
Pages 28--29
Mitchell, Philip H., General Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958. Pp. 14-15.
Brown, A. W. A., Insect Control by Chemicals. New York: Wiley, 1951.
Toivonen, T., et al., "Parathion Poisoning Increasing Frequency in Finland," Lancet, Vol. 2 (1959), No. 7095, pp. 175-76.
Hayes, Wayland J., Jr., "Pesticides in Relation to Public Health," Annual Rev. Entomol., Vol. 5 (1960), pp. 379-404.
Occupational Disease in California Attributed to Pesticides and Other Agricultural Chemicals. Calif. Dept. of Public Health, 1957, 1958, 1959, and 1960.
Quinby, Griffith E., and A. B. Lemmon, "Parathion Residues As a Cause of Poisoning in Crop Workers," Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 166 (Feb. 15, 1958). pp. 740-46.
Carman, G. C., et al., "Absorption of DDT and Parathion by Fruits," Abstracts, 115th Meeting Am. Chem. Soc. (1949), p. 30A.
Clinical Memoranda on Economic Poisons, p. 11.
Frawley, John P., et al., "Marked Potentiation in Mammalian Toxicity from Simultaneous Administration of Two Anticholinesterase Compounds," Jour. Pharmacol. and Exper. Therapeut., Vol. 121 (1957), No. 1, pp. 96-106.
Rosenberg, Philip, and J. M. Coon, "Potentiation between Cholinesterase Inhibitors," Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., Vol. 97 (1958), pp. 836-39.
Dubois, Kenneth, P., "Potentiation of the Toxicity of Insecticidal Organic Phosphates," A.M.A. Archives Indus. Health, Vol. 18 (Dec. 1958), pp. 488-96.
Murphy, S. D., et al., "Potentiation of Toxicity of Malathion by Triorthotolyl Phosphate," Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., Vol. 100 (March 1959), pp. 483-87.
Graham, R. C. B., et al., "The Effect of Some Organophosphorus and Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides on the Toxicity of Several Muscle Relaxants," Jour. Pharm. and Pharmacol., Vol. 9 (1957), pp. 312- 19.
Rosenberg, Philip, and J. M. Coon, "Increase of Hexobarbital Sleeping Time by Certain Anticholinesterases," Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., Vol. 98 (1958), pp. 650-52.
Dubois, "Potentiation of Toxicity."
Hurd-Karrer, A. M., and F. W. Poos, "Toxicity of Selenium-Containing Plants to Aphids," Science, Vol. 84 (1936), pp. 252.
Ripper, W. E., "The Status of Systemic Insecticides in Pest Control Practices," Advances in Pest Control Research. New York: Interscience, 1957. Vol. 1, pp. 305-52.
Occupational Disease in California, 1959.
Glynne-Jones, G. D., and W. D. E. Thomas, "Experiments on the Possible Contamination of Honey with Schradan," Annals Appl. Biol., Vol. 40 (1953), p. 546.
Radeleff, R. D., et al., The Acute Toxicity of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon and Organic Phosphorus Insecticides to Livestock. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Technical Bulletin 1122 (1955).
Brooks, F. A., "The Drifting of Poisonous Dusts Applied by Airplanes and Land Rigs," Agric. Engin., Vol. 28 (1947), No. 6, pp. 233-39.
Stevens, Donald B., "Recent Developments in New York State's Program Regarding Use of Chemicals to Control Aquatic Vegetation," paper presented at 13th Annual Meeting Northeastern Weed Control Conf. (Jan. 8, 1959).
Anon., "No More Arsenic," Economist, Oct. 10, 1959.
"Arsenites in Agriculture," Lancet, Vol. 1 (1960), p. 178.
Horner, Warren D., "Dinitrophenol and Its Relation to Formation of Cataract." (A.M.A.) Archives Ophthalmol., Vol. 27 (1942), pp. 1097-1121.
Weinbach, Eugene C., "Biochemical Basis for the Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., Vol. 43 (1957), No. 5, pp. 393-97.
CHAPTER 4: SURFACE WATERS AND UNDERGROUND SEAS
Biological Problems in Water Pollution. Transactions, 1959 seminar. U.S. Public Health Service Technical Report W60-3 (1960).
"Report on Environmental Health Problems," Hearings, 86th Congress, Subcom. of Com. on Appropriations, March 1960, p. 78.
Tarzwell, Clarence M., "Pollutional Effects of Organic Insecticides to Fishes," Transactions, 24th North Am. Wildlife Conf. (1959), Washington, D.C., pp. 132-42. Pub. by Wildlife Management Inst.
Nicholson, H. Page, "Insecticide pollution of Water Resources," Jour. Am. Waterworks Assn., Vol. 51 (1959), pp. 981-86.
Woodward, Richard L., "Effects of Pesticides in Water Supplies," Jour. Am. Waterworks Assn., Vol. 52 (1960), No. 11, pp. 1367-72.
Cope, Oliver B., "The Retention of DDT by Trout and White fish," in Biological Problems in Water Pollution, pp. 72- 75.
Kuenen, P. H., Realms of Water. New York: Wiley, 1955.
Gilluly, James, et al., Principles of Geology. San Francisco: Freeman, 1951.
Walton, Graham, "Public Health Aspects of the Contamination of Ground Water in South Platte River Basin in Vicinity of Henderson, Colorado, August, 1959." U.S. Public Health Service, Nov. 2, 1959. Mimeo.
"Report on Environmental Health Problems."
Hueper, W. C., "Cancer Hazards from Natural and Artificial Water pollutants," Proc., Conf. on Physiol. Aspects of Water Quality, Washington, D.C., Sept. 8-9, 1960. U.S. Public Health Service.
Hunt, E. G., and A. I. Bischoff, "Inimical Effects on Wildlife of Periodic DDD Applications to Clear Lake," Calif. Fish and Game, Vol. 46 (1960), No. 1, pp. 91-106.
Woodard, G., et al., "Effects Observed in Dogs Following the Prolonged Feeding of DDT and Its Analogues," Federation Proc., Vol. 7 (1948), No. 1, p. 266.
Nelson, A. A., and G. Woodard, "Severe Adrenal Cortical Atrophy (Cytotoxic) and Hepatic Damage Produced in Dogs by Feeding DDD or TDE," (A.M.A.) Archives Path., Vol. 48 (1949), p. 387.
Zimmermann, B., et al., "The Effects of DDD on the Human Adrenal; Attempts to Use an Adrenal-Destructive Agent in the Treatment of Disseminated Mammary and Prostatic Cancer," Cancer, Vol. 9 (1956), pp. 940-48.
Cohen, Jesse M., et al., "Effect of Fish Poisons on Water Supplies. I. Removal of Toxic Materials," Jour. Am. Waterworks Assn., Vol. 52 (1960), No. 12, pp. 1551-65. "II. Odor Problems," Vol. 53 (1960), No. I, pp. 49-61. "III. Field Study, Dickinson, North Dakota," Vol. 53 (1961), No. 2, pp. 233-46.
Hueper, "Cancer Hazards from Water Pollutants."
CHAPTER 5: REALMS OF THE SO1L
Simonson, Roy W., "What Soils Are," Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1957, pp. 17-31.
Clark, Francis E., "Living Organisms in the Soil," Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1957, pp. 157-65.
Farb, Peter, Living Earth. New York: Harper, 1959.
Lichtenstein, E. P., and K. R. Schulz, "Persistence of Some Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides As Influenced by Soil Types, Rate of Application and Temperature," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 52 (1959), No. 1, pp. 124-31.
Thomas, F. J. D., "The Residual Effects of Crop-Protection Chemicals in the Soil," in Proc., 2nd Internatl. Plant Protection Conf. (1956), Fernhurst Research Station, England.
Eno, Charles F., "Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides: What Have They Done to Our Soil?" Sunshine State Agric. Research Report for July 1959.
Mader, Donald L., "Effect of Humus of Different Origin in Moderating the Toxicity of Biocides." Doctorate thesis, Univ. of Wisc., 1960.
Sheals, J. G., "Soil Population Studies. I. The Effects of Cultivation and Treatment with Insecticides," Bull. Entomol. Research, Vol. 47 (Dec. 1956), pp. 803-22.
Hetrick, L. A., "Ten Years of Testing Organic Insecticides As Soil Poisons against the Eastern Subterranean Termite," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 50 (1957), p. 316.
Lichtenstein, E. P., and J. B. Polivka, "Persistence of Insecticides in Turf Soils," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 52 (1959) No. 2 pp. 289-93.
Ginsburg, J. M., and J. P. Reed, "A Survey on DDT-Accumulation in Soils in Relation to Different Crops," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 47 (1954), No. 3, pp. 467-73.
Cullinan, F. P., "Some New Insecticides -- Their Effect on Plants and Soils," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 42 (1949), pp. 387-91.
Satterlee, Henry S., "The Problem of Arsenic in American Cigarette Tobacco," New Eng. Jour. Med., Vol. 254 (June 21, 1956), pp. 1149-54.
Lichtenstein, E. P., "Absorption of Some Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides from Soils into Various Crops," Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 7 (1959), No. 6, pp. 430-33.
"Chemicals in Foods and Cosmetics," Hearings, 81st Congress, H.R. 74 and 447, House Select Com. to Investigate Use of Chemicals in Foods and Cosmetics, Pt. 3 (1952), pp. 1385-1416. Testimony of L. G. Cox.
Klostermeyer, E. C., and C. B. Skotland, Pesticide Chemicals As a Factor in Hop Die-out. Washington Agric. Exper. Stations Circular 362 (1959).
Stegeman, LeRoy C., "The Ecology of the Soil." Transcription of a seminar, New York State Univ. College of Forestry, 1960.
CHAPTER 6: EARTH'S GREEN MANTLE
Patterson, Robert L., The Sage Grouse in Wyoming. Denver: Sage Books, Inc., for Wyoming Fish and Game Commission, 1952.
Murie, Olaus J., "The Scientist and Sagebrush," Pacific Discovery, Vol. 13 (1960), No. 4, p. 1.
Pechanec, Joseph, et al., Controlling Sagebrush on Rangelands. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Farmers' Bulletin No. 2072 (1960).
Douglas, William O., My Wilderness: East to Katahdin. New York: Doubleday, 1961.
Egler, Frank E., Herbicides: 60 Questions and Answers Concerning Roadside and Rightofway Vegetation Management. Litchfield, Conn.: Litchfield Hills Audubon Soc., 1961.
Fisher, C. E., et al., Control of Mesquite on Grazing Lands. Texas Agric. Exper. Station Bulletin 935 (Aug. 1959).
Goodrum, Phil D., and V. H. Reid, "Wildlife Implications of Hardwood and Brush Controls," Transactions, 21st North Am. Wildlife Conf. (1956).
A Survey of Extent and Cost of Weed Control and Specific Weed Problems. U.S. Dept. of Agric. ARS 34-23 (March 1962).
Barnes, Irston R., "Sprays Mar Beauty of Nature," Washington Post, Sept. 25, 1960.
Goodwin, Richard H., and William A. Niering, A Roadside Crisis: The Use and Abuse of Herbicides. Connecticut Arboretum Bulletin No. 11 (March 1959), pp. 1-13.
Boardman, William, "The Dangers of Weed Spraying," Veterinarian, Vol. 6 (Jan. 1961), pp. 9-19.
Willard, C. J., "Indirect Effects of Herbicides," Proc., 7th Annual Meeting North Central Weed Control Conf. (1950), pp. 110-12.
Douglas, William O., My Wilderness: The Pacific West. New York: Doubleday, 1960.
Egler, Frank E., Vegetation Management for Rights-of-Way and Roadsides. Smithsonian Report for 1953 (Smithsonian Inst., Washington, D.C.), pp. 299-322.
Bohart, George E., "Pollination by Native Insects," Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 107-21.
Egler, Vegetation Management.
Niering, William A., and Frank E. Egler, "A Shrub Community of Viburnum lentago, Stable for Twenty-five Years," Ecology, Vol. 36 (April 1955), pp. 356-60.
Pound, Charles E., and Frank E. Egler, "Brush Control in Southeastern New York: Fifteen Years of Stable Tree-Less Communities," Ecology, Vol. 34 (Jan. 1953), pp. 63-73.
Egler, Frank E., "Science, Industry, and the Abuse of Rights of Way," Science, Vol. 127 (1958), No. 3298, pp. 573- 80.
Niering, William A., "Principles of Sound Right-of-Way Vegetation Management," Econ. Botany, Vol. 12 (April-June 1958), pp. 140-44.
Hall, William C., and William A. Niering, "The Theory and Practice of Successful Selective Control of 'Brush' by Chemicals," Proc., 13th Annual Meeting Northeastern Weed Control Conf. (Jan. 8, 1959).
Egler, Frank E., "Fifty Million More Acres for Hunting?" Sports Afield, Dec. 1954.
McQuilkin, W. E., and L. R. Strickenberg, Roadside Brush Control with 2,4,5-T on Eastern National Forests. Northeastern Forest Exper. Station Paper No. 148. Upper Darby, Penna., 1961.
Goldstein, N. P., et al., "Peripheral Neuropathy after Exposure to an Ester of Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid," Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 171 (1959), pp. 1306-9.
Brody, T. M., "Effect of Certain Plant Growth Substances on Oxidative Phosphorylation in Rat Liver Mitochondria," Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., Vol. 80 (1952), pp. 533-36.
Croker, Barbara H., "Effects of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on Mitosis in Allium cepa," Bot. Gazette, Vol. 114 (1953), pp. 274-83.
Willard, "Indirect Effects of Herbicides."
Stahler, L. M., and E. J. Whitehead, "The Effect of 2,4-D on Potassium Nitrate Levels in Leaves of Sugar Beets," Science, Vol. 112 (1950), No. 2921, pp. 749-51.
Olson, O., and E. Whitehead, "Nitrate Content of Some South Dakota Plants," Proc., South Dakota Acad. of Sci., Vol. 20 (1940), p. 95.
What's New in Farm Science. Univ. of Wisc. Agric. Exper. Station Annual Report, Pt. II, Bulletin 527 (July 1957), p. 18.
Stahler and Whitehead, "The Effect of 2,4-D on Potassium Nitrate Levels."
Grayson, R. R., "Silage Gas Poisoning: Nitrogen Dioxide Pneumonia, a New Disease in Agricultural Workers," Annals Internal Med., Vol. 45 (1956), pp. 393-408.
Crawford, R. F., and W. K Kennedy, Nitrates in Forage Crops and Silage: Benefits, Hazards, Precautions. New York State College of Agric., Cornell Misc. Bulletin 37 (June 1960).
Briejer, C. J., To author.
Knake, Ellery L., and F. W. Slife, "Competition of Setaria faterii with Corn and Soybeans," Weeds, Vol. 10 (1962), No. 1, pp. 26-29.
Goodwin and Niering, A Roadside Crisis.
Egler, Frank E., To author.
DeWitt, James B., To author.
Holloway, James K, "Weed Control by Insect," Sci. American, Vol. 197 (1957), No. 1, pp. 56-62.
Holloway, James K., and C. B. Huffaker, "Insects to Control a Weed," Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 135-40.
Huffaker, C. B., and C. E. Kennett, "A Ten-Year Study of Vegetational Changes Associated with Biological Control of Klamath Weed," Jour. Range Management, Vol. 12 (1959), No. 2, pp. 69-82.
Bishopp, F. C, "Insect Friends of Man," Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 79-87.
CHAPTER 7: NEEDLESS HAVOC
Nickell, Walter, To author.
Here Is Your 1959 Japanese Beetle Control Program. Release, Michigan State Dept. of Agric., Oct. 19, 1959.
Hadley, Charles H., and Walter E. Fleming, "The Japanese Beetle," Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 567-73.
Here Is Your 1959 Japanese Beetle Control Program.
"No Bugs in Plane Dusting," Detroit News, Nov. 10, 1959.
Michigan Audubon Newsletter, Vol. 9 (Jan. 1960).
"No Bugs in Plane Dusting."
Hickey, Joseph J., "Some Effects of Insecticides on Terrestrial Birdlife," Report of Subcom. on Relation of Chemicals to Forestry and Wildlife, Madison, Wise., Jan. 1961. Special Report No. 6.
Scott, Thomas G., To author, Dec. 14, 1961.
"Coordination of Pesticides Programs," Hearings, 86th Congress, H.R. 11502, Com. on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, May 1960, p. 66.
Scott, Thomas G., et al., "Some Effects of a Field Application of Dieldrin on Wildlife," Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 23 (1959), No. 4, pp. 409-27.
Hayes, Wayland J., Jr., "The Toxicity of Dieldrin to Man.," Bull. World Health Organ., Vol. 20 (1959), pp. 891-912.
Scott, Thomas G., To author, Dec. 14, 1961, Jan. 8, Feb. 15, 1962.
Hawley, Ira M., "Milky Diseases of Beetles," Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 394-401,
Fleming, Walter E., "Biological Control of the Japanese Beetle Especially with Entomogenous Diseases," Proc., 10th Internatl. Congress of Entomologists (1956), Vol. 3 (1958), pp. 115-25.
Chittick, Howard A. (Fairfax Biological Lab.), To author, Nov. 30, 1960.
Scott et al., "Some Effects of a Field Application of Dieldrin on Wildlife."
CHAPTER 8: AND NO B1RDS S1NG
Audubon Field Notes. "Fall Migration - Aug. 16 to Nov. 30, 1958." Vol. 13 (1959), No. 1, pp. 1-68.
Swingle, R. U., et al., "Dutch Elm Disease," Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1949, pp. 451-52.
Mehner, John F., and George J. Wallace, "Robin Populations and Insecticides," Atlantic Naturalist, Vol. 14 (1959), No. 1, pp. 4-10.
Wallace, George J., "Insecticides and Birds," Audubon Mag., Jan.-Feb. 1959.
Barker, Roy J., "Notes on Some Ecological Effects of DDT Sprayed on Elms," Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 22 (1958), No. 3, pp. 269-74.
Hickey, Joseph J., and L. Barrie Hunt, "Songbird Mortality Following Annual Programs to Control Dutch Elm Disease," Atlantic Naturalist, Vol. 15 (1960), No. 2, pp. 87-92.
Wallace, "Insecticides and Birds."
Wallace, George J., "Another Year of Robin Losses on a University Campus," Audubon Mag., March-April 1960.
Pages 108-9
"Coordination of Pesticides Programs," Hearings, H.R. 11502, 86th Congress, Com. on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, May 1960, pp. 10, 12.
Hickey, Joseph J., and L. Barrie Hunt, "Initial Songbird Mortality Following a Dutch Elm Disease Control Program," Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 24 (1960), No. 3, pp. 259-65.
Wallace, George J., et al., Bird Mortality in the Dutch Elm Disease Program in Michigan. Cranbrook Inst. of Science Bulletin 41 (1961).
Hickey, Joseph J., "Some Effects of Insecticides on Terrestrial Birdlife," Report of Subcom. on Relation of Chemicals to Forestry and Wildlife, State of Wisconsin, Jan. 1961, pp. 2-43.
Walton, W. R., Earthworms As Pests and Otherwise. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1569 (1928).
Wright, Bruce S., "Woodcock Reproduction in DDT-Sprayed Areas of New Brunswick," Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 24 (1960), No. 4, pp. 419-20.
Dexter, R. W., "Earthworms in the Winter Diet of the Opossum and the Raccoon," Jour. Mammal., Vol. 32 (1951), p. 464.
Wallace et al., Bird Mortality in the Dutch Elm Disease Program.
Pages 110-11
"Coordination of Pesticides Programs." Testimony of George J. Wallace, p. 10.
Bent, Arthur C., Life Histories of North American Jays, Crows, and Titmice. Smithsonian Inst., U.S. Natl. Museum Bulletin 191 (1946).
MacLellan, C. R., "Woodpecker Control of the Codling Moth in Nova Scotia Orchards," Atlantic Naturalist, Vol. 16 (1961), No. 1, pp. 17-25.
Knight, F. B., "The Effects of Woodpeckers on Populations of the Engelmann Spruce Beetle," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 51 (1958), pp. 603-7.
Carter, J. C., To author, June 16, 1960.
Sweeney, Joseph A., To author, March 7, 1960.
Welch, D. S., and J. G. Matthysse, Control of the Dutch Elm Disease in New York State. New York State College of Agric., Cornell Ext. Bulletin No. 932 (June 1960), pp. 3-16.
Matthysse, J. G., An Evaluation of Mist Blowing and Sanitation in Dutch Elm Disease Control Programs. New York State College of Agric., Cornell Ext. Bulletin No. 30 (July 1959), pp. 2-16.
Miller, Howard, To author, Jan. 17, 1962.
Matthysse, An Evaluation of Mist Blowing and Sanitation.
Elton, Charles S., The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. New York: Wiley, 1958.
Broley, Charles E., "The Bald Eagle in Florida," Atlantic Naturalist, July 1957, pp. 230-31.
__, "The Plight of the American Bald Eagle," Audubon Mag., July-Aug. 1958, pp. 162-63.
Cunningham, Richard L., "The Status of the Bald Eagle in Florida," Audubon Mag., Jan.-Feb. 1960, pp. 24-43.
"Vanishing Bald Eagle Gets Champion," Florida Naturalist, April 1959, p. 64.
McLaughlin, Frank, "Bald Eagle Survey in New Jersey," New Jersey Nature News, Vol. 16 (1959), No. 2, p. 25. Interim Report, Vol. 16 (1959), No. 3, p. 51.
Broun, Maurice, To author, May 22, 30, 1960.
Beck, Herbert H., To author, July 30, 1959.
Rudd, Robert L., and Richard E. Genelly, Pesticides: Their Use and Toxicity in Relation to Wildlife. Calif. Dept. of Fish and Game, Game Bulletin No. 7 (1956), p. 57.
DeWitt, James B., "Effects of Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides upon Quail and Pheasants," Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 3 (1955), No. 8, p. 672.
Pages 120-2 1
__, "Chronic Toxicity to Quail and Pheasants of Some Chlorinated Insecticides. Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 4 (1956), No. 10, p. 863.
Imler, Ralph H, and E. R. Kalmbach, The Bald Eagle and Its Economic Status. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Circular 30 (1955).
Mills, Herbert R., "Death in the Florida Marshes," Audubon Mag., Sept.-Oct. 1952.
Bulletin, Internatl. Union for the Conservation of Nature, May and Oct. 1957.
The Deaths of Birds and Mammals Connected with Toxic Chemicals in the First Half of 1960. Report No. 1 of the British Trust for Ornithology and Royal Soc. for the Protection of Birds. Com. on Toxic Chemicals, Royal Soc. Protect. Birds.
Sixth Report from the Estimates Com., Ministry of Agric., Fisheries and Food, Sess. 1960-61, House of Commons.
Christian, Garth, "Do Seed Dressings Kill Foxes?" Country Life, Jan. 12, 1961.
Rudd, Robert L., and Richard E. Genelly, "Avian Mortality from DDT in Californian Rice Fields," Condor, Vol. 57 (March-April 1955), pp. 117-18.
Rudd and Genelly, Pesticides.
Dykstra, Walter W., "Nuisance Bird Control," Audubon Mag., May-June 1960, pp. 118-19.
Buchheister, Carl W., "What About Problem Birds?" Audubon Mag., May-June 1960, pp. 116-18.
Quinby, Griffith E., and A. B. Lemmon, "Parathion Residues As a Cause of Poisoning in Crop Workers," Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 166 (Feb. 15, 1958), pp. 740-46.
CHAPTER 9: R1VERS OF DEATH
Kerswill, C. J., "Effects of DDT Spraying in New Brunswick on Future Runs of Adult Salmon," Atlantic Advocate, Vol. 48 (1958), pp. 65-68.
Keenleyside, M. H. A., "Insecticides and Wildlife," Canadian Audubon, Vol. 21 (1959), No. 1, pp. 1-7.
____, "Effects of Spruce Budworm Control on Salmon and Other Fishes in New Brunswick," Canadian Fish Culturist, Issue 24 (1959), pp. 17-22.
Kerswill, C. J., Investigation and Management of Atlantic Salmon in 1956 (also for 1957, 1958, 1959-60; in 4 parts). Federal-Provincial Co-ordinating Com. on Atlantic Salmon (Canada).
Ide, F. P., "Effect of Forest Spraying with DDT on Aquatic Insects of Salmon Streams," Transactions, Am. Fisheries Soc., Vol. 86 (1957), pp. 208-19.
Kerswill, C. J., To author, May 9, 1961.
____, To author, June 1, 1961.
Warner, Kendall, and O. C. Fenderson, "Effects of Forest Insect Spraying on Northern Maine Trout Streams." Maine Dept. of Inland Fisheries and Game. Mimeo., n.d.
Alderdice, D. F., and M. E. Worthington, "Toxicity of a DDT Forest Spray to Young Salmon." Canadian Fish Culturist, Issue 24 (1959), pp. 41-48.
Hourston, W. R., To author, May 23, 1961.
Graham, R. J., and D. O. Scott, Effects of Forest Insect Spraying on Trout and Aquatic Insects in Some Montana Streams. Final Report, Mont. State Fish and Game Dept., 1958.
Graham, R. J., "Effects of Forest Insect Spraying on Trout and Aquatic Insects in Some Montana Streams," in Biological Problems in Water Pollution. Transactions, 1959 seminar. U.S. Public Health Service Technical Report W60-3 (1960).
Crouter, R. A., and E. H. Vernon, "Effects of Black-headed Budworm Control on Salmon and Trout in British Columbia," Canadian Fish Culturist, Issue 24 (1959), pp. 23-40.
Whiteside, J. M., "Spruce Budworm Control in Oregon and Washington, 1949-1956," Proc., 10th 1nternatl. Congress of Entomologists (1956), Vol. 4 (1958), pp. 291-302.
Pollution-Caused Fish Kills in 1960. U.S. Public Health Service Publ. No. 847 (1961), pp. 1-20.
"U.S. Anglers -- Three Billion Dollars," Sport Fishing Inst. Bull., No. 119 (Oct. 1961).
Powers, Edward (Bur. of Commercial Fisheries), To author.
Biglane, K. E., To author, May 8, 1961.
Release No. 58-38, Penna. Fish Commission, Dec. 8, 1958.
Rudd and Genelly, Pesticides, p. 60.
Henderson, C., et al., "The Relative Toxicity of Ten Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides to Four Species of Fish," paper presented at 88th Annual Meeting Am. Fisheries Soc. (1958).
"The Fire Ant Eradication Program and How It Affects Wildlife," subject of Proc. Symposium, 12th Annual Conf. Southeastern Assn. Game and Fish Commissioners, Louisville, Ky. (1958). Pub. by the Assn., Columbia, S.C., 1958.
"Effects of the Fire Ant Eradication Program on Wildlife," report, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, May 25, 1958. Mimeo.
Pesticide-Wildlife Review, 1959. Bur. Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Circular 84 (1960), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, pp. 1-36.
Baker, Maurice F., "Observations of Effects of an Application of Heptachlor or Dieldrin on Wildlife," in Proc. Symposium, pp. 18-20.
Glasgow, L. L., "Studies on the Effect of the Imported Fire Ant Control Program on Wildlife in Louisiana," in Proc. Symposium, pp. 24-29.
Pesticide-Wildlife Review, 1959.
Progress in Sport Fishery Research, 1960. Bur. Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Circular 101 (1960), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
"Resolution Opposing Fire-Ant Program Passed by American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists," Copeia (1959), No. 1, p. 89.
Young, L. A., and H. P. Nicholson, "Stream Pollution Resulting from the Use of Organic Insecticides," Progressive Fish Culturist, Vol. 13 (1951), No. 4, pp. 193-98.
Lawrence, J. M., "Toxicity of Some New Insecticides to Several Species of Pondfish," Progressive Fish Culturist, Vol. 12 (1950), No. 4, pp. 141-46.
Pielow, D. P., "Lethal Effects of DDT on Young Fish," Nature, Vol. 158 (1946), No. 4011, p. 378.
Herald, E. S., "Notes on the Effect of Aircraft-Distributed DDT-Oil Spray upon Certain Philippine Fishes," Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 13 (1949), No. 3, p. 316.
"Report of Investigation of the Colorado River Fish Kill, January, 1961." Texas Game and Fish Commission, 1961. Mimeo.
Harrington, R. W., Jr., and W. L. Bidlingmayer, "Effects of Dieldrin on Fishes and Invertebrates of a Salt Marsh," Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 22 (1958), No. 1, pp. 76-82.
Springer, Paul F., and John R. Webster, Effects of DDT on Saltmarsh Wildlife: 1949. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report, Wildlife No. 10 (1949).
John C. Pearson, To author.
Butler, Philip A., "Effects of Pesticides on Commercial Fisheries," Proc., 13th Annual Session (Nov. 1960), Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Inst., pp. 168-71.
CHAPTER 10: 1NDlSCR1M1NATELY FROM THE SK1ES
Perry, C. C., Gypsy Moth Appraisal Program and Proposed Plan to Prevent Spread of the Moths. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Technical Bulletin No. 1124 (Oct. 1955).
Corliss, John M., "The Gypsy Moth," Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 694-98.
Worrell, Albert C., "Pests, Pesticides, and People," offprint from Am. Forests Mag., July 1960.
Clausen, C. P., "Parasites and Predators," Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 380-88.
Perry, Gypsy Moth Appraisal Program.
Worrell, "Pests, Pesticides, and People."
"USDA Launches Large-Scale Effort to Wipe Out Gypsy Moth," press release, U.S. Dept. of Agric., March 20, 1957.
Robert Cushman Murphy et al. v. Ezra Taft Benson et al. U.S. District Court, Eastern District of New York, Oct. 1959, Civ. No. 17610.
Murphy et al. v. Benson et al. Petition for a Writ of Certiorari to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, Oct. 1959.
Waller, W. K., "Poison on the Land," Audubon Mag., March-April 1958, pp. 68-71.
Murphy et al. v. Benson et al. U.S. Supreme Court Reports, Memorandum Cases, No. 662, March 28, 1960.
Waller, "Poison on the Land."
Am. Bee Jour., June 1958, p. 224.
Murphy et al. v. Benson et al. U.S. Court of Appeals, Second Circuit. Brief for Defendant-Appellee Butler, No. 25,448, March 1959.
Brown, William L., Jr., "Mass Insect Control Programs: Four Case Histories," Psyche, Vol. 68 (1961), Nos. 2-3, pp. 75-111
Page 161-62
Arant, F.S., et al., "Facts about the Imported Fire Ant," Highlights of Agric. Research, Vol. 5 (1958), No. 4.
Brown, "Mass Insect Control Programs."
"Pesticides: Hedgehopping into Trouble?" Chemical Week, Feb. 8, 1958, p. 97.
Arant et al., "Facts about the Imported Fire Ant."
Byrd, I. B., "What Are the Side Effects of the Imported Fire Ant Control Program?" in Biological Problems in Water Pollution. Transactions, 1959 seminar. U.S. Public Health Service Technical Report W60-3 (196o), pp. 46-50.
Hays, S. B., and K. L. Hays, "Food Habits of Solenopsis saevissima richteri Forel," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 52 (1959), No. 3, pp. 455-57.
Caro, M. R., et al., "Skin Responses to the Sting of the Imported Fire Ant," A.M.A. Archives Dermat., Vol. 75 (1957), pp. 475-88.
Byrd, "Side Effects of Fire Ant Program."
Baker, Maurice F., in Virginia Wildlife, Nov. 1958.
Pesticide-Wildlife Review, 1959. Bur. Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Circular 84 (1960), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, pp. 1-J6.
"The Fire Ant Eradication Program and How 1t Affects Wildlife," subject of Proc. Symposium, 12th Annual Conf. Southeastern Assn. Game and Fish Commissioners, Louisville, Ky. (1958). Pub. by the Assn., Columbia, S.C., 1958.
Clawson, Sterling G., "Fire Ant Eradication -- and Quail," Alabama Conservation., Vol. 30. (1959), No. 4, p. 14,
Rosene, Walter, "Whistling-Cock Counts of Bobwhite Quail on Areas Treated with Insecticide and on Untreated Areas, Decatur County, Georgia," in Proc. Symposium, pp. 14-18.
Cottam, Clarence, "The Uncontrolled Use of Pesticides in the Southeast," address to Southeastern Assn. Fish, Game and Conservation Commissioners, Oct. 1959.
Poitevint, Otis L., Address to Georgia Sportsmen's Fed., Oct. 1959.
Ely, R. E., et al., "Excretion of Heptachlor Epoxide in the Milk of Dairy Cows Fed Heptachlor-Sprayed Forage and Technical Heptachlor," Jour. Dairy Sci., Vol. 38 (1955), No. 6, pp. 669-72.
Gannon, N., et al., "Storage of Dieldrin in Tissues and Its Excretion in Milk of Dairy Cows Fed Dieldrin in Their Diets," Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 7 (1959), No. 12, pp. 824-32.
Insecticide Recommendations of the Entomology Research Division for the Control of Insects Attacking Crops and Livestock for 1961. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Handbook No. 120 (1961).
Peckinpaugh, H. S. (Ala. Dept. of Agric. and Indus.), To author, March 24, 1959.
Hartman, H. L. (La. State Board of Health), To author, March 23, 1959.
Lakey, J. F. (Texas Dept. of Health), To author, March 23,1959.
Davidow, B., and J. L. Radomski, "Metabolite of Heptachlor, Its Analysis, Storage, and Toxicity," Federation Proc., Vol.11 (1952), No. 1, p. 336.
Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, in Federal Register, Oct. 27, 1959.
Burgess, E. D. (U.S. Dept. of Agric.), To author, June 23,1961.
"Fire Ant Control is Parley Topic," Beaumont [Texas] Journal, Sept. 24, 1959.
"Coordination of Pesticides Programs," Hearings, 86th Congress, H.R. 11502, Com. on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, May 1960, p.45.
Newsom, L. D. (Head, Entomol. Research, La. State Univ.), To author, March 23, 1962.
Green, H. B., and R. E. Hutchins, Economical Method for Control of Imported Fire Ant in Pastures and Meadows. Miss. State Univ. Agric. Exper. Station Information Sheet 586 (May 1958).
CHAPTER 11: BEYOND THE DREAMS OF THE BORG1AS
"Chemicals in Food Products," Hearings, 81st Congress, H.R. 323, Com. to 1nvestigate Use of Chemicals in Food Products, Pt. I, (1950), pp. 388-90.
Clothes Moths and Carpet Beetles. U.S. Dept. of Agric., Home and Garden Bulletin No. 24 (1961).
Mulrennan, J. A., To author, March 15, 1960.
New York Times, May 22, 1960.
Petty, Charles S., "Organic Phosphate Insecticide Poisoning. Residual Effects in Two Cases," Am. Jour. Med., Vol. 24 (1958), pp. 467-70.
Miller, A. C., et al., "Do People Read Labels on Household Insecticides?" Soap and Chem. Specialties, Vol. 34 (1958), No. 7, pp. 61-63.
Walker, Kenneth C., et al., "Pesticide Residues in Foods. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene Content of Prepared Meals," Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 2 (1954), No. 20, pp. 1034-37.
Hayes, Wayland J., Jr., et al., "The Effect of Known Repeated Oral Doses of Chlorophenothane (DDT) in Man," Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 162 (1956), No. 9, pp. 890-97.
Milstead, K. L., "Highlights in Various Areas of Enforcement," address to 64th Annual Conf. Assn. of Food and Drug Officials of U.S., Dallas (June 1960).
Durham, William, et al., "Insecticide Content of Diet and Body Fat of Alaskan Natives," Science, Vol. 134 (1961), No. 3493, pp. 1880-81.
"Pesticides- 1959," Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 7 (1959), No. 10, pp. 674-88.
Annual Reports, Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare. For 1957, pp. 196, 197; 1956, p. 203.
Markarian, Haig, et al., "Insecticide Residues in Foods Subjected to Fogging under Simulated Warehouse Conditions," Abstracts, 135th Meeting Am. Chem. Soc. (April 1959).
CHAPTER 12: THE HUMAN PR1CE
Price, David E., "Is Man Becoming Obsolete?" Public Health Reports, Vol. 74 (1959), No. 8, pp. 693-99.
Dubos, Rene, Mirage of Health. New York: Harper, 1959. World Perspectives Series. p. 171.
Medical Research: A Midcentury Survey. Vol. 2, Unsolved Clinical Problems in Biological Perspective. Boston: Little, Brown, 1955. p. 4.
"Chemicals in Food Products," Hearings, 81st Congress, H.R. 323, Com. to Investigate Use of Chemicals in Food Products, 1950, p. 5. Testimony of A. J. Carlson.
Paul, A. H., "Dieldrin Poisoning - a Case Report," New Zealand Med. Jour., Vol. 58 (1959), p. 393.
"Insecticide Storage in Adipose Tissue," editorial, Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 145 (March 10, 1951), pp. 735-36.
Mitchell, Philip H., A Textbook of General Physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956. 5th ed.
Miller, B. F., and R. Goode, Man and His Body: The Wonders Of the Human Mechanism. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960.
Dubois, Kenneth P., "Potentiation of the Toxicity of Insecticidal Organic phosphates," A.M.A. Archives Indus. Health, Vol. 18 (Dec. 1958), pp. 488-96.
Case, R. A. M., "Toxic Effects of DDT in Man," Brit. Med. Jour., Vol. 2 (Dec. 15, 1945), pp. 842-45.
Wigglesworth, V. D., "A Case of DDT Poisoning in Man," Brit. Med. Jour., Vol. 1 (April 14, 1945), p. 517.
Hayes, Wayland J., Jr., et al., "The Effect of Known Repeated Oral Doses of Chlorophenothane (DDT) in Man," Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 16, (Oct. 27, 1956), pp. 890-97.
Hargraves, Malcolm M., "Chemical Pesticides and Conservation Problems," address to 23rd Annual Conv. Natl. Wildlife Fed. (Feb. 27, 1959). Mimeo.
____, and D. G. Hanlon, "Leukemia and Lymphoma -- Environmental Diseases?" paper presented at Internatl. Congress of Hematology, Japan, Sept. 1960. Mimeo.
"Chemicals in Food Products," Hearings, 81st Congress, H.R. 323, Com. to Investigate Use of Chemicals in Food Products, 1950. Testimony of Dr. Morton S. Biskind.
Thompson, R. H. S., "Cholinesterases and Anticholinesterases," Lectures on the Scientific Basis of Medicine, Vol. II (1952-53), Univ. of London. London: Athlone Press, 1954.
Laugh, E. P., and F. M. Keenz, "Effect of Carbon Tetrachloride on Toxicity and Storage of Methoxychlor in Rats," Federation Proc., Vol. 10 (March 1951), p. 318.
"Abuse of Insecticide Fumigating Devices," Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 156 (Oct. 9, 1954), pp. 607-8.
"Chemicals in Food Products." Testimony of Dr. Paul B. Dunbar, pp. 28-29.
Smith, M. I., and E. Elrove, "Pharmacological and Chemical Studies of the Cause of So-Called Ginger Paralysis," Public Health Reports, Vol. 45 (1930), pp. 1703-16.
Durham, W. F., et al., "Paralytic and Related Effects of Certain Organic Phosphorus Compounds," A.M.A. Archives Indus. Health, Vol. 13 (1956), pp. 326-30.
Bidstrup, P. L., et al., "Anticholinesterases (Paralysis in Man Following Poisoning by Cholinesterase Inhibitors)," Chem. and Indus., Vol. 24 (1954), pp. 674-76.
Gershon, S., and F. H. Shaw, "Psychiatric Sequelae of Chronic Exposure to Organophosphorus Insecticides," Lancet, Vol. 7191 (June 24, 1961), pp. 1371-74.
CHAPTER 13: THROUGH A NARROW W1NDOW
Wald, George, "Life and Light," Sci. American, Oct. 1959, pp. 40-42.
Rabinowitch, E. I., Quoted in Medical Research: A Midcentury Survey. Vol. 2, Unsolved Clinical Problems in Biological Perspective. Boston: Little, Brown, 1955. p. 25.
Ernster, L., and O. Lindberg, "Animal Mitochondria," Annual Rev. Physiol., Vol. 20 (1958), pp. 13-42.
Siekevitz, Philip, "Powerhouse of the Cell," Sci. American, Vol. 197 (1957), No. 1, pp. 131-40.
Green, David E., "Biological Oxidation," Sci. American, Vol. 199 (1958), No. 1, pp. 56-62.
Lehninger, Albert L., "Energy Transformation in the Cell," Sci. American, Vol. 202 (1960), No. 5, pp. 102-14.
____, Oxidative Phosphorylation. Harvey Lectures (1953-54), Ser. XLIX, Harvard University. Cambridge: Harvard Univ. Press, 1955. pp. 176-215.
Siekevitz, "Powerhouse of the Cell."
Simon, E. W., "Mechanisms of Dinitrophenol Toxicity," Biol. Rev., Vol. 28 (1953), pp. 453-79.
Yost, Henry T., and H. H. Robson, "Studies on the Effects of Irradiation of Cellular Particulates. III. The Effect of Combined Radiation Treatments on Phosphorylation," Biol. Bull., Vol. 116 (1959), No. 3, pp. 498-506.
Loomis, W. F., and Lipmann, F., "Reversible Inhibition of the Coupling between Phosphorylation and Oxidation," Jour. Biol. Chem., Vol. 173 (1948), pp. 807-8.
Sacklin, J. A., et al., "Effect of DDT on Enzymatic Oxidation and Phosphorylation," Science, Vol. 122 (1955), pp. 377-78.
Danziger, L., "Anoxia and Compounds Causing Mental Disorders in Man," Diseases Nervous System, Vol. 6 (1945), No. 12, pp. 365-70.
Goldblatt, Harry, and G. Cameron, "Induced Malignancy in Cells from Rat Myocardium Subjected to 1ntermittent Anaerobiosis During Long Propagation in Vitro," Jour. Exper. Med., Vol. 97 (1953), No. 4, pp. 525-52.
Warburg, Otto, "On the Origin of Cancer Cells," Science, Vol. 123 (1956), No. 3191, pp. 309-14.
"Congenital Malformations Subject of Study," Registrar, U.S. Public Health Service, Vol. 24, No. 12 (Dec. 1959), p. 1.
Brachet, J., Biochemical Cytology. New York: Academic Press, 1957. p. 516.
Genelly, Richard E., and Robert L. Rudd, "Effects of DDT, Toxaphene, and Dieldrin on Pheasant Reproduction," Auk, Vol. 73 (Oct. 1956), pp. 529-39.
Wallace, George J., To author, June 2, 1960.
Cottam, Clarence, "Some Effects of Sprays on Crops and Livestock," address to Soil Conservation Soc. of Am., Aug. 1961. Mimeo.
Bryson, M. J., et al., "DDT in Eggs and Tissues of Chickens Fed Varying Levels of DDT," Advances in Chem., Ser. No. 1, 1950.
Genelly, Richard E., and Robert L. Rudd, "Chronic Toxicity of DDT, Toxaphene, and Dieldrin to Ring-necked Pheasants," Calif. Fish and Game, Vol. 42 (1956), No. 1, pp. 5-14.
Emmel, L., and M. Krupe, "The Mode of Action of DDT in Warm-blooded Animals," Zeits. fur Naturforschung, Vol. 1 (1946), pp. 691-95.
Wallace, George J., To author.
Pillmore, R. E., "Insecticide Residues in Big Game Animals," U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, pp. 1-10. Denver, 1961. Mimeo.
Hodge, C. H., et al., "Short-Term Oral Toxicity Tests of Methoxychlor in Rats and Dogs," Jour. Pharmacol. and Exper. Therapeut., Vol. 99 (1950), p. 140.
Burlington, H., and V. F. Lindeman, "Effect of DDT on Testes and Secondary Sex Characters of White Leghorn Cockerels," Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. and Med., Vol. 74, (1950), pp. 48-51.
Lardy, H. A., and P. H. Phillips, "The Effect of Thyroxine and Dinitrophenol on Sperm Metabolism," Jour. Biol. Chem., Vol. 149 (1943), p. 177.
"Occupational Oligospermia," letter to Editor, Jour. Am. Med. Assn., Vol. 140, No. 1249 (Aug. 13, 1949).
Burnet, F. Macfarlane, "Leukemia As a Problem in Preventive Medicine," New Eng. Jour. Med., Vol. 259 (1958), No. 9, pp. 423-31.
Alexander, Peter, "Radiation-Imitating Chemicals," Sci. American, Vol. 202 (1960), No. 1, pp. 99-108.
Simpson, George G., C. S. Pittendrigh, and L. H. Tiffany, Life: An Introduction to Biology. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1957.
Burnet, "Leukemia As a Problem in Preventive Medicine."
Beam, A. G., and J. L. German III, "Chromosomes and Disease," Sci. American, Vol. 205 (1961), No. 5, pp. 66-76.
"The Nature of Radioactive Fall-out and Its Effects on Man," Hearings, 85th Congress, Joint Com. on Atomic Energy, Pt. 2 (June 1957), p. 1062. Testimony of Dr. Hermann J. Muller.
Alexander, "Radiation-Imitating Chemicals."
Muller, Hermann J., "Radiation and Human Mutation," Sci. American, Vol. 193 (1955), No. 11, pp. 58-68.
Conen, P. E., and G. S. Lansky, "Chromosome Damage during Nitrogen Mustard Therapy," Brit. Med. Jour., Vol. 2 (Oct. 21, 1961 ), pp. 1055-57.
Blasquez, J., and J. Maier, "Ginandromorfismo en Culex fatigans sometidos por generaciones sucesivas a exposiciones de DDT," Revista de Sanidad y Assistencia Social (Caracas), Vol. 16 (1951), pp. 607-12.
Levan, A., and J. H. Tjio, "Induction of Chromosome Fragmentation by Phenols," Hereditas, Vol. 34 (1948), pp. 453- 84.
Loveless, A., and S. Revell, "New Evidence on the Mode of Action of 'Mitotic Poisons,''' Nature, Vol. 164 (1949), pp. 938-44.
Hadorn, E., et al., Quoted by Charlotte Auerbach in "Chemical Mutagenesis," Biol. Rev., Vol. 24 (1949), pp. 355-91.
Wilson, S. M., et al., "Cytological and Genetical Effects of the Defoliant Endothal," Jour. of Heredity, Vol. 47 (1956), No. 4, pp. 151-55.
Vogt, quoted by W. J. Burdette in "The Significance of Mutation in Relation to the Origin of Tumors: A Review," Cancer Research, Vol. 15 (1955), No, 4, pp. 201-26.
Swanson, Carl, Cytology and Cytogenetics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1957.
Kostoff, D., "Induction of Cytogenic Changes and Atypical Growth by Hexachlorcyclohexane," Science, Vol. 109 (May 6, 1949), pp. 467-68.
Sass, John E., "Response of Meristems of Seedlings to Benzene Hexachloride Used As a Seed Protectant," Science, Vol. 114 (Nov. 2, 1951), p. 466.
Shenefelt, R. D., "What's Behind Insect Control?" in What's New in Farm Science. Univ. of Wise. Agric. Expel. Station Bulletin 512 (Jan. 1955).
Croker, Barbara H., "Effects of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T on Mitosis in Allium cepa," Bot. Gazette, Vol. 114 (1953), pp. 274- 83.
Muhling, G. N., et al., "Cytological Effects of Herbicidal Substituted Phenols," Weeds, Vol. 8 (1960), No. 2, pp. 173- 81.
Davis, David E., To author, Nov. 24, 1961.
Jacobs, Patricia A., et al., "The Somatic Chromosomes 1n Mongolism," Lancet, No. 7075 (April 4, 1959), p. 710.
Ford, C. E., and P. A. Jacobs, "Human Somatic Chromosomes," Nature, June 7, 1958, pp. 1565-68.
"Chromosome Abnormality in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia," editorial, Brit. Med. Jour., Vol. 1 (Feb. 4, 1961), p. 347.
Bearn and German, "Chromosomes and Disease."
Patau, K., et al., "Partial-Trisomy Syndromes. I. Sturge-Weber's Disease," Am. Jour. Human Genetics, Vol. 13 (1961), No. 3, pp. 287-98.
____, "Partial-Trisomy Syndromes. II. An 1nsertion As Cause of the OFD Syndrome in Mother and Daughter," Chromosoma (Berlin), Vol. 12 (1961), pp. 573-84.
Therman, E., et al., "The D Trisomy Syndrome and XO Gonadal Dysgenesis in Two Sisters," Am. Jour. Human Genetics, Vol. 13 (1961), No. 2, pp. 193-104.
CHAPTER 14: ONE 1N EVERY FOUR
Hueper, W. C., "Newer Developments in Occupational and Environmental Cancer," A.M.A. Archives Inter. Med., Vol. 100 (Sept. 1957), pp. 487-503.
____, Occupational Tumors and Allied Diseases. Springfield, Ill.: Thomas, 1942.
____, "Environmental Cancer Hazards: A Problem of Community Health," Southern Med. Jour., Vol. 50 (1957), No, 7, pp. 923-33.
"Estimated Numbers of Deaths and Death Rates for Selected Causes: United States," Annual Summary for 1959, Pt. 1, Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 7, No. 13 (July 22, 1959), p. 14. Natl. Office of Vital Statistics, Public Health Service.
1962 Cancer Facts and Figures, American Cancer Society.
Vital Statistics of the United States, 1959. Natl. Office of Vital Statistics, Public Health Service. Vol. 1, Sec. 6, Mortality Statistics. Table 6-K.
Hueper, W. C., Environmental and Occupational Cancer. Public Health Reports, Supplement 209 (1948)
"Food Additives," Hearings, 85th Congress, Subcom. of Com. on 1nterstate and Foreign Commerce, July 19, 1957. Testimony of Dr. Francis E. Ray, p. 200.
Hueper, Occupational Tumors and Allied Diseases.
____, "Potential Role of Non-Nutritive Food Additives and Contaminants as Environmental Carcinogens," A.M.A. Archives Path., Vol. 62 (Sept. 1956), pp. 218-49.
"Tolerances for Residues of Aramite," Federal Register, Sept. 30, 1955. Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare.
"Notice of Proposal to Establish Zero Tolerances for Aramite," Federal Register, April 26, 1958. Food and Drug Administration.
"Aramite -- Revocation of Tolerances; Establishment of Zero Tolerances," Federal Register, Dec. 24, 1958. Food and Drug Administration.
Von Oettingen, W. F., The Halogenated Aliphatic, Olefinic, Cyclic, Aromatic, and Aliphatic-Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Including the Halogenated Insecticides, Their Toxicity and Potential Dangers. U.S. Dept. of Health; Education, and Welfare. Public Health Service Publ. No. 414 (1955).
Hueper, W. C., and W. W. Payne, "Observations on the Occurrence of Hepatomas in Rainbow Trout," Jour. Natl. Cancer Inst., Vol. 27 (1961), pp. 1123-43.
VanEsch, G. J., et al., "The Production of Skin Tumours in Mice by Oral Treatment with Uretbane-Isopropyl-N- Phenyl Carbamate or Isopropyl-N-Chlorophenyl Carbamate in Combination with Skin Painting with Croton Oil and Tween 60," Brit. Jour. Cancer, Vol. 12 (1958), pp. 355-62.
"Scientific Background for Food and Drug Administration Action against Aminotriazole in Cranberries." Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, Nov. 17, 1959. Mimeo.
Rutstein, David, Letter to New York Times, Nov. 16, 1959.
Hueper, W. C., "Causal and Preventive Aspects of Environmental Cancer," Minnesota Med., Vol. 39 (Jan. 1956), pp. 5-11, 22.
"Estimated Numbers of Deaths and Death Rates for Selected Causes: United States," Annual Summary for 1960, Pt. 2 Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 9, No. 13 (July 28, 1961), Table 3.
Robert Cushman Murphy et al. v. Ezra Taft Benson et al. U.S. District Court, Eastern District of New York, Oct. 1959, Civ. No. 17610. Testimony of Dr. Malcolm M. Hargraves.
Wright, C., et al., "Agranulocytosis Occurring after Exposure to a DDT Pyrethrum Aerosol Bomb," Am. Jour. Med., Vol. 1 (1946), pp. 562-67.
Jedlicka, V., "Paramyeloblastic Leukemia Appearing Simultaneously in Two Blood Cousins after Simultaneous Contact with Gammexane (Hexachlorcyclohexane)," Acta Med. Scand., Vol. 161 (1958), pp. 447-51.
Friberg, L., and J. Martensson, "Case of Panmyelopthisis after Exposure to Chlorophenothane and Benzene Hexachloride," (A.M.A.) Archives Indus. Hygiene and Occupat. Med., Vol. 8 (1953), No. 2, pp. 166-69.
Pages, 231-33
Warburg, Otto, "On the Origin of Cancer Cells," Science, Vol. 12J3 No. 3191 (Feb. 24, 1956), pp. 309-14.
Sloan-Kettering Inst. for Cancer Research, Biennial Report, July 1, 1957-June 30, 1959, p. 72.
Levan, Albert, and John J. Biesele, "Role of Chromosomes in Cancerogenesis, As Studied in Serial Tissue Culture of Mammalian Cells," Annals New York Acad. Sci., Vol. 71 (1958), No. 6, pp. 1022-53.
Hunter, F. T., "Chronic Exposure to Benzene (Benzol). II. The Clinical Effects," Jour. Indus. Hygiene and Toxicol., Vol. 21 (1939), pp. 331-54.
Mallory, T. B., et al., "Chronic Exposure to Benzene (Benzol). III. The Pathologic Results," Jour. Indus. Hygiene and Toxicol., Vol. 21 (1939), pp. 355-93.
Hueper, Environmental and Occupational Cancer, pp. 1-69.
__, "Recent Developments in Environmental Cancer," A.M.A. Archives Path., Vol. 58 (1954), pp. 475-523.
Klein, Michael, "The Transplacental Effect of Urethan on Lung Tumorigenesis in Mice," Jour. Natl. Cancer Inst., Vol. 12 (1952), pp. 1003-10.
Biskind, M. S., and G. R. Biskind, "Diminution in Ability of the Liver to Inactivate Estrone in Vitamin B Complex Deficiency," Science, Vol. 94, No. 2446 (Nov. 1941), p. 462.
Biskind, G. R., and M. S. Biskind, "The Nutritional Aspects of Certain Endocrine Disturbances," Am. Jour. Clin. Path., Vol. 16 (1946), No. 12, pp. 737-45.
Biskind, M. S., and G. R. Biskind, "Effect of Vitamin B Complex Deficiency on Inactivation of Estrone in the Liver," Endocrinology, Vol. 31 (1942) No. 1, pp. 109-14.
Biskind, M. S., and M. C. Shelesnyak, "Effect of Vitamin B Complex Deficiency on 1nactivation of Ovarian Estrogen in the Liver," Endocrinology, Vol. 30 (1942), No. 5, pp. 819-20.
Biskind, M. S., and G. R. Biskind, "Inactivation of Testosterone Propionate in the Liver During Vitamin B Complex Deficiency. Alteration of the Estrogen-Androgen Equilibrium," Endocrinology, Vol. 32 (1943), No. 1, pp. 97-102.
Greene, H. S. N., "Uterine Adenomata in the Rabbit. III. Susceptibility As a Function of Constitutional Factors," Jour. Exper. Med., Vol. 73 (1941), No. 2, pp. 273-92.
Horning, E. S., and J. W. Whittick, "The Histogenesis of Stilboestrol-Induced Renal Tumours in the Male Golden Hamster," Brit. Jour. Cancer, Vol. 8 (1954), pp. 451-57.
Kirkman, Hadley, Estrogen-Induced Tumors of the Kidney in the Syrian Hamster. U.S. Public Health Service, Natl. Cancer Inst. Monograph No. 1 (Dec. 1959).
Ayre, J. E., and W. A. G. Bauld, "Thiamine Deficiency and High Estrogen Findings in Uterine Cancer and in Menorrhagia," Science, Vol. 103, No. 2676 (April 12, 1946), pp. 441-45.
Rhoads, C. P., "Physiological Aspects of Vitamin Deficiency," Proc. Inst. Med. Chicago, Vol. 13 (1940), p. 198.
Sugiura, K., and C. P. Rhoads, "Experimental Liver Cancer in Rats and Its Inhibition by Rice-Bran Extract, Yeast, and Yeast Extract," Cancer Research, Vol. 1 (1941), pp. 3-16.
Martin, H., "The Precancerous Mouth Lesions of Avitaminosis B. Their Etiology, Response to Therapy and Relationship to Intra oral Cancer," Am. Jour. Surgery, Vol. 57 (1942), pp. 195-225.
Tannenbaum, A., "Nutrition and Cancer," in Freddy Homburger, ed., Physiopathology of Cancer. New York: Harper, 1959. 2nd ed. A Paul B. Hoeber Book. p. 552.
Symeonidis, A., "Post-starvation Gynecomastia and Its Relationship to Breast Cancer in Man," Jour. Natl. Cancer Inst., Vol. 11 (1950), p. 656.
Davies, J. N. P., "Sex Hormone Upset in Africans," Brit. Med. Jour., Vol. 2 (1949), pp. 676-79.
Hueper, "Potential Role of Non-Nutritive Food Additives."
VanEsch et al., "Production of Skin Tumours in Mice by Carbamates."
Berenblum, I., and N. Trainin, "Possible Two-Stage Mechanism in Experimental Leukemogenesis," Science, Vol. 132 (July 1, 1960), pp. 40-41.
Hueper, W. C., "Cancer Hazards from Natural and Artificial Water Pollutants," Proc., Conf. on Physiol. Aspects of Water Quality, Washington, D.C., Sept. 8-9,1960, pp. 181-93. U.S. Public Health Service.
Hueper and Payne, "Observations on Occurrence of Hepatomas in Rainbow Trout."
Sloan-Kettering Inst. for Cancer Research, Biennial Report, 1957-59
Hueper, W. C., To author.
CHAPTER 15: NATURE F1GHTS BACK
Briejer, C. J., "The Growing Resistance of Insects to Insecticides," Atlantic Naturalist, Vol. 13 (1958), No. 3, pp. 149-55.
Metcalf, Robert L., "The Impact of the Development of Organophosphorus Insecticides upon Basic and Applied Science," Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., Vol. 5 (March 1959), pp. 3-15.
Ripper, W. E., "Effect of Pesticides on Balance of Arthropod Populations," Annual Rev. Entomol., Vol. 1 (1956), pp. 403-38.
Allen, Durward L., Our Wildlife Legacy. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1954. pp. 234-36.
Sabrosky, Curtis W., "How Many Insects Are There?" Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 1-7.
Bishopp, F. C., "Insect Friends of Man," Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 79-87.
Klots, Alexander R, and Elsie B. Klots, "Beneficial Bees, Wasps, and Ants," Handbook on Biological Control of Plant Pests, pp. 44-46. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Reprinted from Plants and Gardens, Vol. 16 (1960), No. 3.
Hagen, Kenneth S., "Biological Control with Lady Beetles," Handbook on Biological Control of Plant Pests, pp. 28-35.
Schlinger, Evert I., "Natural Enemies of Aphids," Handbook on Biological Control of Plant Pests, pp. 36-42.
Bishopp, "Insect Friends of Man."
Ripper, "Effect of Pesticides on Arthropod Populations."
Davies, D. M., "A Study of the Black-fly Population of a Stream in Algonquin Park, Ontario," Transactions, Royal Canadian Inst., Vol. 59 (1950), pp. 121-59.
Johnson, Philip C., Spruce Spider Mite Infestations in Northern Rocky Mountain Douglas-Fir Forests. Research Paper 55, Intermountain Forest and Range Exper. Station, U.S. Forest Service, Ogden, Utah, 1958.
Davis, Donald W., "Some Effects of DDT on Spider Mites," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 45 (1952), No. 6, pp. 1011- 19.
Gould, E., and E. O. Hamstead, "Control of the Red-banded Leaf Roller," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 41 (1948), pp. 887-90.
Pickett, A. D., "A Critique on Insect Chemical Control Methods," Canadian Entomologist, Vol. 81 (1949), No. 3, pp. 1-10.
Joyce, R. J. V., "Large-Scale Spraying of Cotton in the Gash Delta in Eastern Sudan," Bull. Entomol. Research, Vol. 47 (1956), pp. 390-413.
Long, W. H., et al., "Fire Ant Eradication Program Increases Damage by the Sugarcane Borer," Sugar Bull., Vol. 37 (1958), No. 5, pp. 62-63.
Luckmann, William H., "Increase of European Corn Borers Following Soil Application of Large Amounts of Dieldrin," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 53 (1960), No. 4, pp. 582-84.
Haeussler, G. J., "Losses Caused by Insects," Yearbook of Agric., U.S. Dept. of Agric., 1952, pp. 141-46.
____, Biological Control of Insect Pests in the Continental United States. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Technical Bulletin No. 1139 (June 1956), pp. 1-151.
DeBach, Paul, "Application of Ecological Information to Control of Citrus Pests in California," Proc., 10th Internatl. Congress of Entomologists (1956), Vol. 3 (1958), pp. 187-94.
Laird, Marshall, "Biological Solutions to Problems Arising from the Use of Modern Insecticides in the Field of Public Health," Acta Tropica, Vol. 16 (1959), No. 4, pp. 331-55.
Harrington, R. W., and W. L. Bidlingmayer, "Effects of Dieldrin on Fishes and Invertebrates of a Salt Marsh," Jour. Wildlife Management, Vol. 22 (1958), No. 1, pp. 76-82.
Liver Flukes in Cattle. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Leaflet No. 493 (1961).
Fisher, Theodore W., "What 1s Biological Control?" Handbook on Biological Control of Plant Pests, pp. 6-18. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Reprinted from Plants and Gardens, Vol. 16 (1960), No. 3.
Jacob, F. H., "Some Modern Problems in Pest Control," Science Progress, No. 181 (1958), pp. 30-45.
Pickett, A. D., and N. A. Patterson, "The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. IV. A Review," Canadian Entomologist, Vol. 85 (1953), No. 12, pp. 472-78.
Pickett, A. D., "Controlling Orchard Insects," Agric. Inst. Rev., March-April 1953.
____, "The Philosophy of Orchard Insect Control," 79th Annual Report, Entomol. Soc. of Ontario (1948), pp. 1-5.
____, "The Control of Apple Insects in Nova Scotia." Mimeo.
Ullyett, G. C., "Insects, Man and the Environment," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 44 (1951), No. 4, pp. 459-64.
CHAPTER 16: THE RUMBL1NGS OF AN AVALANCHE
Babers, Frank H., Development of Insect Resistance to Insecticides. U.S. Dept. of Agric., E 776 (May 1949).
____, and J. J. Pratt, Development of Insect Resistance to Insecticides. II. A Critical Review of the Literature up to 1951. U.S. Dept. of Agric., E 818 (May 1951).
Brown, A. W. A., "The Challenge of Insecticide Resistance," Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., Vol. 7 (1961), No. 1, pp. 6- 19.
____, "Development and Mechanism of Insect Resistance to Available Toxicants," Soap and Chem. Specialties, Jan. 1960.
Insect Resistance and Vector Control. World Health Organ. Technical Report Ser. No. 153 (Geneva, 1958), p. 5.
Elton, Charles S., The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants. New York: Wiley, 1958. p. 181.
Babers and Pratt, Development of Insect Resistance to Insecticides, II.
Brown, A. W. A., Insecticide Resistance in Arthropods. World Health Organ. Monograph Ser. No. 38 (1958), pp. 13, 11.
Quarterman, K. D., and H. F. Schoof, "The Status of Insecticide Resistance in Arthropods of Public Health Importance in 1956," Am. Jour. Trop. Med. and Hygiene, Vol. 7 (1958), No. 1, pp. 74-83.
Brown, Insecticide Resistance in Arthropods.
Hess, Archie D., "The Significance of Insecticide Resistance in Vector Control Programs," Am. Jour. Trop. Med. and Hygiene, Vol. 1 (1952), No. 3, pp. 371-88.
Lindsay, Dale R., and H. I. Scudder, "Nonbiting Flies and Disease," Annual Rev. Entomol., Vol. 1 (1956), pp. 323- 46.
Schoof, H. F., and J. W. Kilpatrick, "House Fly Resistance to Organo-phosphorus Compounds in Arizona and Georgia," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 51 (1958), No. 4, p. 546.
Brown, "Development and Mechanism of Insect Resistance."
____, Insecticide Resistance in Arthropods.
____, "Challenge of Insecticide Resistance."
____, "Development and Mechanism of Insect Resistance."
Anon., "Brown Dog Tick Develops Resistance to Chlordane," New Jersey Agric., Vol. 37 (1955), No. 6, pp. 15-16.
New York Herald Tribune, June 22, 1959; also J. C. Pallister, To author, Nov. 6, 1959.
Brown, "Challenge of Insecticide Resistance."
Hoffmann, C. H., "Insect Resistance," Soap, Vol. 32 (1956), No. 8, pp. 129-32.
__, "Development and Mechanism of Insect Resistance."
Briejer, "Growing Resistance of Insects to Insecticides."
"Pesticides - 1959," Jour. Agric. and Food Chem., Vol. 7 (1959), No. 10, p. 680.
CHAPTER 17: THE OTHER ROAD
Swanson, Carl P., Cytology and Cytogenetics. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1957.
Knipling, E. F., "Control of Screw-Worm Fly by Atomic Radiation," Sci. Monthly, Vol. 85 (1957), No. 4. pp. 195- 202.
__, Screwworm Eradication: Concepts and Research Leading to the Sterile-Male Method. Smithsonian Inst. Annual Report, Publ. 4365 (1959).
Bushland, R. C., et al., "Eradication of the Screw-Worm Fly by Releasing Gamma-Ray-Sterilized Males among the Natural Population," Proc., Internatl. Conf. on Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, Geneva, Aug. 1955, Vol. 12, pp. 216-20.
Lindquist, Arthur W., "The Use of Gamma Radiation for Control or Eradication of the Screwworm," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 48 (1955), No. 4, pp. 467-69.
____, "Research on the Use of Sexually Sterile Males for Eradication of Screw-Worms," Proc., Inter-Am. Symposium on Peaceful Applications of Nuclear Energy, Buenos Aires, June 1959, pp. 229-39.
"Screwworm vs. Screwworm," Agric. Research, July 1958, p. 8. U.S. Dept. of Agric.
"Traps Indicate Screwworm May Still Exist in Southeast." U.S. Dept. of Agric. Release No. 1502-59 (June 3, 1959). Mimeo.
Potts, W. H., "Irradiation and the Control of Insect Pests," Times (London) Sci. Rev., Summer 1958, pp. 13-14.
Knipling, Screwworm Eradication: Sterile-Male Method.
Lindquist, Arthur W., "Entomological Uses of Radioisotopes," in Radiation Biology and Medicine. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1958. Chap. 27, Pt. 8, pp. 688-710.
____, "Research on the Use of Sexually Sterile Males."
"USDA May Have New Way to Control Insect Pests with Chemical Sterilants." U.S. Dept. of Agric. Release No. 3587-61 (Nov. 1, 1961). Mimeo.
Lindquist, Arthur W., "Chemicals to Sterilize Insects," Jour. Washington Acad. Sci., Nov. 1961, pp. 109-14.
____, "New Ways to Control Insects," Pest Control Mag., June 1961.
LaBrecque, G. c., "Studies with Three Alkylating Agents As House Fly Sterilants," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 54 (1961), No. 4, pp. 684-89.
Knipling, E. F., "Potentialities and Progress in the Development of Chemosterilants for Insect Control," paper presented at Annual Meeting Entomol. Soc. of Am., Miami, 1961.
__, "Use of Insects for Their Own Destruction," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 53 (1960), No. 3, pp. 415-20.
Mitlin, Norman, "Chemical Sterility and the Nucleic Acids," paper presented Nov. 27, 1961, Symposium on Chemical Sterility, Entomol. Soc. of Am., Miami.
Alexander, Peter, To author, Feb. 19, 1962.
Eisner, T., "The Effectiveness of Arthropod Defensive Secretions," in Symposium 4 on "Chemical Defensive Mechanisms," 11th 1nternatl. Congress of Entomologists, Vienna (1960), pp. 264-67. Offprint.
__, "The Protective Role of the Spray Mechanism of the Bombardier Beetle, Brachynus ballistarius Lec.," Jour. Insect Physiol., Vol. 2 (1958), No. 3, pp. 215-20.
__, "Spray Mechanism of the Cockroach Diploptera punctata," Science, Vol. 128, No. 3316 (July 18, 1958), pp. 148- 49.
Williams, Carroll M., "The Juvenile Hormone," Sci. American, Vol. 198, No. 2 (Feb. 1958), p. 67.
"1957 Gypsy-Moth Eradication Program." U.S. Dept. of Agric. Release 858-57-3. Mimeo.
Brown, William L., Jr., "Mass Insect Control Programs: Four Case Histories," Psyche, Vol. 68 (1961), Nos. 2-3, pp. 75-111.
Jacobson, Martin, et al., "Isolation, Identification, and Synthesis of the Sex Attractant of Gypsy Moth," Science, Vol. 132, No. 3433 (Oct. 14, 1960), p. 1011.
Christenson, L. D., "Recent Progress in the Development of Procedures for Eradicating or Controlling Tropical Fruit Flies," Proc., 10th 1nternatl. Congress of Entomologists (1956), Vol. 3 (1958), pp. 11-16.
Hoffmann, C. H., "New Concepts in Controlling Farm Insects," address to Internatl. Assn. Ice Cream Manuf. Conv., Oct. 27, 1961. Mimeo.
Frings, Hubert, and Mable Frings, "Uses of Sounds by Insects," Annual Rev. Entomol., Vol. 3 (1958), pp. 87-106.
Research Report, 1956-1959. Entomol. Research Inst. for Biol. Control, Belleville, Ontario. pp. 9-45.
Kahn, M. C, and W. Offenhauser, Jr., "The First Field Tests of Recorded Mosquito Sounds Used for Mosquito Destruction," Am. Jour. Trop. Med., Vol. 29 (1949), pp. 800-27.
Wishart, George, To author, Aug. 10, 1961.
Beirne, Bryan, To author, Feb. 7, 1962.
Frings, Hubert, To author, Feb. 12, 1962.
Frings, Hubert, et al., "The Physical Effects of High 1ntensity Air-Borne Ultrasonic Waves on Animals," Jour. Cellular and Compar. Physiol., Vol. 31 (1948), No. 3, pp. 339-58.
Steinhaus, Edward A., "Microbial Control -- The Emergence of an Idea," Hilgardia, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Oct. 1956), pp. 107-60.
__, "Concerning the Harmlessness of Insect Pathogens and the Standardization of Microbial Control Products," Jour. Econ. Entomol., Vol. 50, No. 6 (Dec. 1957), pp. 715-20.
____, "Living Insecticides," Sci. American, Vol. 195, No. 2 (Aug. 1956), pp. 96-104.
Angus, T. A., and A. E. Heimpel, "Microbial Insecticides," Research for Farmers, Spring 1959, pp. 12-13. Canada Dept. of Agric.
Heimpel, A. M., and T. A. Angus, "Bacterial Insecticides," Bacteriol. Rev., Vol. 24 (1960), No. 3, pp. 266-88.
Briggs, John D., "Pathogens for the Control of Pests," Biol. and Chem. Control of Plant and Animal Pests. Washington, D.C., Am. Assn. Advancement Sci., 1960. pp. 137-48.
"Tests of a Microbial Insecticide against Forest Defoliators," Bi-Monthly Progress Report, Canada Dept. of Forestry, Vol. 17, No. 3 (May-June 1961).
Steinhaus, "Living Insecticides."
Tanada, Y., "Microbial Control of Insect Pests," Annual Rev. Entomol., Vol. 4 (1959), pp. 277-302.
Steinhaus, "Concerning the Harmlessness of Insect Pathogens."
Clausen, C. P., Biological Control of Insect Pests in the Continental United States. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Technical Bulletin No. 1139 (June 1956), pp. 1-151.
Hoffmann, C. H., "Biological Control of Noxious Insects, Weeds," Agric. Chemicals, March-April 1959.
DeBach, Paul, "Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds," Jour. Applied Nutrition, Vol. 12 (1959), No. 3, pp. 120-34.
Ruppertshofen, Heinz, "Forest-Hygiene," address to 5th World Forestry Congress, Seattle, Wash. (Aug. 29-Sept. 10, 1960).
__, To author, Feb. 25, 1962.
Gosswald, Karl, Die Rote Waldameise im Dienste der Waldhygiene. Luneburg: Metta Kinau Verlag, n.d.
Balch, R. E., "Control of Forest Insects," Annual Rev. Entomol., Vol. 3 (1958), pp. 449-68.
Buckner, C. H., "Mammalian Predators of the Larch Sawfly in Eastern Manitoba," Proc., 10th Internatl. Congress of Entomologists (1956), Vol. 4 (1958), pp. 353-61.
Morris, R. F., "Differentiation by Small Mammal Predators between Sound and Empty Cocoons of the European Spruce Sawfly," Canadian Entomologist, Vol. 81 (1949), No. 5.
MacLeod, C. F., "The Introduction of the Masked Shrew into Newfoundland," Hi-Monthly Progress Report, Canada Dept. of Agric., Vol. 16, No. 2 (March-April 1960).
Carroll, W. J., To author, March 8, 1962.
by Edward O. Wilson
FORTY YEARS AGO, Silent Spring delivered a galvanic jolt to public consciousness and, as a result, infused the environmental movement with new substance and meaning. The effects of pesticides and other toxic chemical pollutants on the environment and public health had been well documented before Silent Spring, but in bits and pieces scattered through the technical literature. Environmental scientists were aware of the problem, but by and large they focused only on the narrow sector of their personal expertise. It was Rachel Carson's achievement to synthesize this knowledge into a single image that everyone, scientists and the general public alike, could easily understand.
The need for such a book was great even within the sciences. As the mild-mannered aquatic biologist was researching Silent Spring, ecology was near the bottom of the scientific disciplines in prestige and support; few Americans even knew what the world meant. Conservation biology, later to become one of the most rapidly growing disciplines, did not exist. At the time, the scientific culture was fixated on the spectacular success of the molecular revolution, which had placed physics and chemistry at the foundation of biology. Researchers were learning to reduce living processes to their molecular elements. I, for example, as a young naturalist trained in field biology, was busy collaborating with organic chemists to break the code of pheromones used by ants to organize their colonies.
The environment was also excluded from the mainstream political agenda. America in the late 1950s and early 1960s was an exuberant and prospering nation. Buoyed by record peacetime economic growth, an ethic of limitless progress prevailed, yet the country, locked in a cold war that threatened our way of life, was vulnerable to the formidable enemies that encircled us. The Soviet Union had matched the United States in nuclear weaponry and beaten us into space, and on the Asian mainland China held us at a military standstill. For the sake of our prosperity and security, we rewarded science and technology with high esteem and placed great trust in the seeming infallibility of material ingenuity. As a consequence, environmental warnings were treated with irritable impatience. To a populace whose forebears had within living memory colonized the interior of a vast continent and whose country had never lost a war, arguments for limit and constraint seemed almost unpatriotic.
The temper of the times was epitomized by the concept of the peaceful use of atoms, which culminated in federal plans to excavate harbors and waterways with low-yield nuclear explosions. One such proposal seriously considered by engineers was the instant construction of a sea-level channel parallel to the Panama Canal with a string of precisely timed detonations. Fortunately, that particular dream never left the drawing board. Aside from the foreign policy complications inherent in cutting a Central American country into two pieces, there was a biological risk. The U.S. National Research Council committee reviewing the plan (on which I served as a junior member) raised a warning hand. We pointed out that organisms living in the shallow waters of the eastern Pacific are very different from those in the Caribbean. The two faunas, having evolved independently of each other for millions of years while separated by the intervening Panamanian isthmus, would now be mingled by currents flooding from the Pacific side. Among the many unfortunate likely results would be the invasion of the Caribbean waters by poisonous sea snakes as well as by sea wasps, a form of stinging jellyfish.
A second example of national impetuosity I happened to witness was the U.S. Department of Agriculture's fire ant eradication program. Rachel Carson was to label it, in Silent Spring, "an outstanding example of an ill-conceived, badly executed, and thoroughly detrimental experiment in the mass control of insects, an experiment so expensive in dollars, in destruction of animal life, and in loss of public confidence in the Agriculture Department that it is incomprehensible that any funds should still be devoted to it."
The target of this fiasco was the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta), which had been introduced into the port of Mobile, Alabama, most likely in cargo shipped from Argentina. Its colonies, each containing several hundred thousand very aggressive workers, construct soil nests surmounted by mounds as much as a foot high. The name fire ant comes from its sting, which feels like a burning match held too close to the skin. The exact time of the establishment of the species in the United States is not known, but was probably sometime in the 1930s. By rare coincidence I was the first person unofficially to record its presence. In 1942, as a thirteen-year-old Boy Scout studying ant species around my home near the Mobile docks, I discovered a single well-developed colony of red imported fire ants. Seven years later, when the species had become abundant enough to rank as a local pest, I was hired by the state of Alabama to make the first thorough study of its habits and distribution. I found that the ants were spreading radially outward from Mobile at the rate of about five miles a year and had already reached the borders of Florida and Mississippi. By continuing this advance, and also by hitchhiking in nursery and farm products, they were destined to spread during the next several decades throughout the South from the Carolinas to Texas.
The red imported fire ant was and remains a serious nuisance. Its stings are unpleasant, and on rare occasions the venom triggers fatal anaphylactic shock. The teeming workers have been known to attack seedling corn and other crops as well as the hatchlings of ground-nesting birds. Its mounds are large and numerous enough to interfere with the operation of farm machinery. Yet it was never an economic pest in the same class as the boll weevil, gypsy moth, European corn borer, and other destructive insects.
Its conspicuous and menacing behavior nevertheless caused enough alarm for the U.S. Department of Agriculture, with enthusiastic support from the pesticide industry, to launch an eradication effort, not just to control the ant but to remove it entirely from American soil. In 1958 a million acres were sprayed with the powerful insecticides dieldrin and heptachlor. As Rachel Carson documented in Silent Spring, the environmental results were catastrophic. Wildlife and livestock exposed to the poisons, through direct contact or in polluted water, began to suffer an often fatal nervous disorder. Many bird populations were decimated. The effects on human health were never assessed, and the probably destructive elements on native insect populations -- those elements necessary for the healthy functioning of the natural ecosystems -- were hardly mentioned.
The red imported fire ants bounded back after the pesticide carpet bombing and continued their spread across the South without pause. This disconcerting outcome was easy to predict. In the genetic strain of the red imported fire ant then prevalent, each colony is started by a single mated queen and grows to maturity within one to three years. At that point it starts to generate thousands of new queens, each capable of traveling for miles in the air before settling down to start a new colony. Just one surviving colony missed by the poison sprays is enough to reseed an area of many square miles. When a new formal scientific name was later picked for the species (to clear up a confusion in its taxonomic history), the logical choice was invicta, meaning "unconquered." By the late 1960s, as the eradication effort wound down, I felt justified in calling the campaign against the unconquered ant the "Vietnam of Entomology."
Rachel Carson, in recounting such horror stories in Silent Spring, did not call for an end to pest control. Rather, she asked for an end to reckless endangerment by the use of broad-spectrum pesticides. These substances, she argued, should never be spread across the nation's fruited plains without adequate and public knowledge of their impact on the environment and human health. Instead, she insisted, we must switch to clean, precise solutions based on science and broad environmental knowledge.
For the most part, Americans listened and began to turn away from wholesale toxic pollution. The Carson ethic spread to other countries and to other venues within each country. It is not possible exactly to assess the full influence of Silent Spring on American environmentalism. In the decades that followed, the book's message was blended with other scientific and literary efforts and folded into the growing activist movement, which was drawn from multiple social and political agendas. But whatever the genealogy, no one can deny that Rachel Carson's book exerted, and continues to exert, a major influence. In immediate impact, it accelerated the resistance to chemical pollution that is all but universal today -- in word if not always in deed. Silent Spring also became a national political force, largely responsible for the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970. The task of pesticide oversight and the Food Safety Inspection Service were transferred to the new agency from the Department of Agriculture, marking a turnabout in policy emphasis from the benefits of chemical crop treatments to their risks.
A collateral effect of Silent Spring was the boost it gave to conservation of natural environments. Chemical pollution is the third-ranking cause of species extinction in the United States, after habitat destruction and "biological pollution" -- the influx of alien species that outcompete and push back native ones. The general environmental concern abetted by Silent Spring resulted in the passage in 1973 of the Endangered Species Act by a near-unanimous vote in Congress. In concept and effect the act is easily the most important piece of conservation legislation in the nation's history. Its most dramatic successes include the recovery of the American alligator, gray whale, bald eagle, peregrine falcon, and eastern population of the brown pelican. All were imperiled forty years ago, and all are now considered relatively safe.
The environmental movement nevertheless is still forced to work its way up the rough side of the mountain, even in the country that gave it birth. If Rachel Carson were alive today, I believe she would give America a mixed grade. The increased public awareness of the environment would please the educator in her; the ranking of her book as a literary classic would astonish the writer; and the existence of new regulatory laws would gratify the frustrated government bureaucrat. The naturalist in Rachel Carson, positioned at the core of her several parts, would take pleasure in knowing that ecocidal schemes such as the sea-level canal and the fire ant eradication program, if broached today, would be widely ridiculed and perish stillborn.
Even so, she would recognize that the war between environmentalists and exploiters, local and national, is far from over. It has only subsided since 1962 to a more muted equilibrium. Although developers and policymakers come up with fewer spectacularly bad large projects, they continue to chip, saw, and drill away at the remains of the American natural environment. They say, over and over, we just need a little more here and there. The environmentalists respond by saying, pull back: nature is dying the torture-death of a thousand cuts.
Of the 1,254 species protected under the Endangered Species Act at the end of 1991, four times as many are declining as are gaining in population. The enemies of federal environmental regulation cite this difference as evidence that the act has failed. Their logic, if applied widely, would call for closing hospital emergency rooms because so many people die there. They declare the Endangered Species Act a detriment to economic growth, conveniently ignoring the fact that fewer than one in a thousand projects reviewed under its provisions has been halted.
During the past forty years the United States has come to understand that it is a major player in the deterioration of the global environment. Rachel Carson, who was a quick learner, would be ahead of us in understanding the devastating effects everywhere of still-rocketing population growth combined with consumption of natural resources, the thinning of the ozone layer, global warming, the collapse of marine fisheries, and, less directly through foreign trade, the decimation of tropical forests and mass extinction of species. She would regret, I am sure, the sorry example the United States sets with its enormous per capita appropriation of productive land around the world for its consumption -- ten times that of developing countries.
On the other hand, the lady from Maryland would take some hope from Earth Summit, the successful Montreal Protocol aimed at the reduction of ozone-thinning chlorofluorocarbons, and the less successful Kyoto Protocol designed to slow climatic warming (still thwarted in 2002 by lack of American approval). She would be cheered by news of the rapid growth in funding by the muscle of such global nongovernmental organizations as Conservation International, the Nature Conservancy, and the World Wildlife Fund-U.S.
Silent Spring continues to be worthy of our attention because it marks an important moment in history, just as Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin and John Muir's Our National Parks do. The examples and arguments it contains are timeless lessons of the kind we need to reexamine. They are also timely, because the battle Rachel Carson helped to lead on behalf of the environment is far from won.
We are still poisoning the air and water and eroding the biosphere, albeit less so than if Rachel Carson had not written. Today we understand better than ever why we must press the effort to save the environment all the way home, true to the mind and spirit of the valiant author of Silent Spring.
Acetylocholine, 28-29
Adipose tissue, storage of chemicals
in, 190-91
ADP (adenosine diphosphate), 202,
Africa, cancer in tribes of, 237; results
of DDT spraying in, 254-55
Agriculture Department. See U.S.
Alabama, fire ants in, 163, 164, 171
Alabama Cooperative Wildlife Research
Unit, 164, 167
Aldrin, 25, 26; nitrification affected
by, 57; persistence in soil, 58; used
against Japanese beetle in Michigan,
87, 89-91; birds killed by, 90,
91, 95, 99; toxicity, 95; as seed coating,
Alexander, Dr. Peter, 211, 285
Alfalfa caterpillar, virus used against,
American Cancer Society, 221
American Medical Association, 175,
American Society of Ichthyologists
and Herpetologists, 141
Aminotriazole, 182; carcinogenic
nature of, 36, 225-26
Amitrol. See Aminotriazole
Anemia, aplastic, 227, 228
Anopheles: mosquitoes, malaria carried
by, 257, 266; resistant to DDT,
Anoxia, caused by nitrates, 77; consequences
of, 204, 232
Ant, fire, 161-691 170-72, 255; forest
red, as insect predators, 293-94
Antelope, pronghorn, 65, 67
Appleworm. See Codling moth
Arant, Dr. F. 5., 163
Army Chemical Corps, Rocky Mountain
Arsenal of, 43
Arsenic, 16, 17-18; in herbicides, 35;
as carcinogen, 50-51, 220, 222-24;
soil poisoned by, 58-59; cows killed
by, 71; in crabgrass killers, 81;
human exposure to, 237
ATP (adenosine triphosphate), 202-3,
205-6, 207
Attractants, insect sex, 285-87
Audubon Society, Detroit, 90; Michigan,
90; National, 104, 147; Florida,
Auerbach, Charlotte, 209
Austin, Texas, fish killed by chemicals
near, 144-46
B vitamins, 236-37
Bacillus thuringiensis, 289-90
Bacterial insecticides, 288-91. See also
Milky disease
Baker, Dr. Maurice F., 164
Balance of nature, 246-48
Bantu tribes, cancer in, 237
Barker, Dr. Roy, 107, 108
Baton Rouge, birds killed by insecticides
in, 104
Beaver, 67, 68
Beck, Professor Herbert H., 120
Bedbugs, 273
Beekeeping, 17, 160
Bees, effect of parathion on, 29; dependence
on "weeds, " 73; killed by
insecticides, 160; deaths from sting
of, 164
Beetle, used in weed control, 82; Japanese,
87-99, 255, 256, 292; whitefringed,
165; vedalia, 256-57, 292
Benson, Ezra, 165
Bent, Arthur C., Lift Histories, 112
Benzene, leukemia caused by, 234
BHC (benzene hexachloride), effect
on nitrification, 57; persistence in
soil, 58; sweet potatoes and peanuts
contaminated by, 59-60 as its isomer,
lindane, 196; plant mutations
caused by, 213; and blood disorders,
227, 228, 229, 230, 234;
arthropods resistant to, 265, 267
Bernard, Richard F., 12 1
Bidlingmayer, W. L., 147
Biesele, John J., 233
Bingham, Millicent Todd, 69
Biocides, 8
Biological control of insects, 256,
259-61, 278--96
Birds, fish-eating, killed by insecticides,
45-46, 47, 48; reproduction
affected adversely by herbicides, 76;
killed by herbicides, 81; killed by
aldrin, 90, 91, 95, 99, 125-26;
killed by dieldrin, 93; killed by elm
spraying, 103-14; apparent sterility
in (eagles), 118, 120; killed by seed
treatment in England, United
States, 123-26; killed by fire ant
spraying program, 166-67; encouragement
of, in modem forests, 293.
See also Sterility, and various names
of birds, such as Eagles, Grebes,
Grouse, Gulls, Robins, Warblers
Blindness, in fish, caused by DDT,
Blood disorders, insecticides and,
Blue Island, Illinois, 91
Bob white quail, 167
Bollworm, 254-55
Bone marrow, chemicals with affinity
for, 234
Bonin 1slands, 287
Boyes, Mrs. Ann, 90
Bridger National Forest, 67-68
Briejer, C. J., 78, 245, 273, 275
British Columbia, forest spraying
injures salmon in, 137-38
British Trust for Ornithology, 123
Broley, Charles, 118-19, 122
Brooks, Professor Maurice, 104
Broun, Maurice, 119
Brown, Dr. A. W. A., 266, 271
"Brush control" spraying, 68-72;
selective, 74-75, 81
Budworm, black-headed, DDT spraying
for in British Columbia, 137-38
Budworm, spruce, DDT spraying
for in eastern Canada, 130-35; in
Maine, 135; in Montana, 136-37;
use of microbial disease against,
Burnet, Sir F. Macfarlane, 21 1, 234
Butler, Dr. Philip, 151
Cactus, insect enemy used to control,
California Citrus Experiment Station,
California Department of Public
Health, 49
Canada, spraying programs in,
137-38; "forest hygiene" programs
Cancer: hazards from polluted water,
50-51; and cellular oxidation, 204;
natural causative agents, 219; and
man-made carcinogens, 219-20;
and industrial carcinogens, 220-21;
increase in, 221; in children,
221-22; and pesticides as carcino-
gens, 222-30, 237; Warburg theory
of origin, 231-33; and chromosome
abnormality, 233-34; urethane
as cause of, 235; possible indirect
causes, 235-37; and imbalance
of sex hormones, 235-37;
protective role of vitamins against,
236-37; multiple exposure to causative
agents of, 237-40; search for
cause vs. search for cure, 140-43.
See also Leukemia
Carbamates, 111-13, 235
Carbon tetrachloride, molecular
structure, 20
Carcinogens, 210-10; industrial,
220-11, 126; pesticides as, 222-15,
226-30; herbicides as, 2.1-5-16
Carroll, Lewis, 183
Carrots, insecticides absorbed by, 59
Cats, affected by aldrin, 90; dieldrin
fatal to, 93-94
Cattle: killed by arsenical insecticides,
71; attracted to and killed by plants
sprayed with 2, 4-D, 76-77; killed
by fire ant program, 168 Cell division,
209-10; and cancer, 230-33
Cellular oxidation, 100-103; effect of
insecticides upon, 203-7
Chaoborus astictopus, gnat, 46-47
Chemicals, general, new to human
environment, 7; insect-killing, new,
7; insecticidal, growth of production
of, 16, 17; biological potency
of, 16; dangerous interaction of,
31-32, 138; recurrent exposure to,
'73-74; less toxic, 184; stored in
human body, 190; parallel between
radiation and, 208-9. See also Herbicides,
1nsecticides, Pesticides, and
various chemicals by name
Chester Beatty Research Institute
(London), 285
Chickadees, 112
Chlordane, 21, 13-24; persistence in
soil, 58; in crabgrass killers, 80;
toxic to fish, 140, 145; household
use questionable, 174; and blood
disorders, 227, 228, 219; arthropods
resistant to, 267; roaches and
ticks resistant to, 271
Chloroform, molecular structure, 19
Cholera epidemic, London, 240-41
Cholinesterase, 29, 195
Chromosomes: and mitosis, 210; effect
of environmental factors on,
211; effect of pesticides on, 212-14;
abnormality of, in chronic leukemia,
213-15; abnormality of, and
birth defects, 215-16; abnormality
of, and cancer, 133-34
Cigarettes, arsenic content of, 58
CIPC, 225, 238
Cirrhosis, increase of, 192
Citrus industry, scale insect a threat
to, 256-57, 291
Clams, 150-51
Clear Lake, California, 46-50
Cockroaches, 271
Codling moth, in Nova Scotia, 254;
resistant to sprays, 264; resistant to
DDT, 272
Colorado River, fish destruction in,
Commercial Fisheries, Bureau of,
Congenital defects, due to anoxia,
204; due to chromosome damage,
Connecticut Arboretum, 70, 71
Cordoba Province, Argentina, arsenic
poisoning and arsenical skin cancer
Com borer, 255-56
Cornell University, 285; Agricul1ural
Experiment Station, 160
Cottam, Dr. Clarence, 167-68
Coyotes, 248
Crabgrass, 80-81, 177-78
Crabs, dieldrin fatal to, 147-49
Cranberry-weed killer, 37, 182,
Cranbrook Institute of Science, 109,
Culex mosquitoes, 267
Curacao, eradication of screw-worm
on, 280-81.
Czechoslovakia, biological warfare
experiments in, 291
Darwin, Charles, The Formation of
Vegetable Mould, 55-56
Darwin, Erasmus, 291
Davis, Professor David E., 213
DDD, 46; used against gnats at Clear
Lake, 46-49; physiological effect
of, 49
DDT (dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane),
discovery, 20; stored in
human body, 21-22, 177, 178, 179;
passed from one organism to another,
22-23; used against spruce
budworm, 41-42, 13 1-35; persistence
in soil, 58; birds poisoned by,
103, 107, 112, 113, 122, 125; used
for Dutch elm disease, 107-8; effect
on reproduction of birds, 108-9,
12o-n, 206, 207; stored in tissues
of fish, 136-37; toxic to fish, 143,
144; aerial spraying of, 158--60; in
milk, 159; in leaf crops, 160; effect
on nervous system, 192-93; as uncoupler,
204; genetic effects on
mosquitoes, 212; as carcinogen,
225; and blood disorders, 227, 228,
230; human exposure to, 238; certain
insects increase under spraying,
252, 253-55, 260; effect on spider
mite, 253-54; used against
typhus, 267; flies develop resistance
to, 267-68; mosquitoes resistant to,
269-70, 273; agricultural insects resistant
to, 272
DeBach, Dr. Paul, 257, 292
Deer, mule, 66, 67; Kaibab, 248
Defects, congenital. See Congenital
Denmark, flies become resistant in,
Detergents, indirect role in carcinogenesis,
Detroit, spraying for Japanese beetle
in, 87, 89-91
Detroit Audubon Society, 90
Detroit News, 89
DeWitt, Dr. James, 120, 121
Dieldrin, 21, 25-26; aldrin convened
to, in soil, 58; effects of spraying
with, in Sheldon, Ill., 92-94; toxicity,
92-93; cats killed by, 93-94;
toxic to fish, 139, 140; toxic to
shrimp, 150; used against fire ants,
165; ruled unsuitable in forage,
169; delayed effects on nervous system,
196; flies resistant to, 268; banana
root borer resistant to, 290
Diels, Otto, 25
"Dinitro" herbicides, 36
Dinitrophenol, 36, 203-4, 207
Disease, environmental, 187-98; insect-
borne, 266; as weapon against
insects, 288-91
Douglas, Justice William 0., 67, 68,
Dragonflies, 250
Dubos, Dr. Rene, 189
Dutch elm disease, 105; spraying for,
106, 114-15; controlled by sanitation,
Dutch Plant Protection Service, 78
Eagles, insecticides a threat to,
118-20, 121-22
Earthworms, Darwin on, 55-56; poisoned
by spraying, 107-8; 110
East Lansing, Mich., robin population
affected by spraying at, 106-9
Ecology, 189
Ecology of Invasions, The (Elton), 10
Egler, Dr. Frank, 74
Egypt, flies develop resistance in, 268
Eliassen, Professor Rolf, 40
Elm: American, and Dutch elm disease,
10, 105, 114; European, 117
Elton, Dr. Charles, 10, 11, 117, 265
Endrin, 25, 26-27; toxic to fish, 139,
140; toxic to shrimp, 150
England, use of arsenical weed killers
in, 35; birds affected by seed treatment in,
Entomologists, chemical control
favored by some, 259
Environment, adjustment of life to,
6-7; man's contamination of, 8-13
Enzymes, function, 16, 204; affected
by organic phosphates, 28-29; cholinesterase,
29, 34, 195, 197; liver,
31, 32, 191; role in oxidation, 201,
202, 204; in flies, 274
Eskimos, DDT in fat of, 179-80
Estrogens and cancer, 236, 237
Farm surpluses and insect control, 9
Fawks, Elton, 120
Federal Aviation Agency, 89
Field Notes, Audubon, 104
Fire ant, program against, 161-69,
170-72, 255; effective method of
control, 172
"Fire damp," 19
Fish, killed by insecticides, 41-42,
122, 131-47, 149-50; affected by
herbicides, 67, 68; blinded by DDT,
Fish and Wildlife Service. See U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service
Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
"Flareback," insects', after spraying,
8, 252-58
Flint Creek, Alabama, 142
Florida, fish destruction in, 141; pesticide
pollution in salt marshes in,
146-48; abandons broad fire ant
control program, 172; mosquitoes
become resistant in, 270
Flukes, blood and liver, 258
Fly, fruit, 212, 287; screw-worm,
280-82; Hessian, 287; melon, 287.
See also Housefly
Food, chemical residues in, 178-84;
contamination in warehouses, 181.
See also Milk
Food and Drug Administration. See
"Forest hygiene," 293
Forest Service. See U.S. Forest Service
France, birds affected by insecticides
Freiberg, Germany, arsenic-contamination
affects animals at, 223-24
Frings, Hubert and Mable, 288
Game Birds Association (British), 123
Gardening, poisons used in, 176-78
Genelly, Dr. Richard, 12 1
Genes, 209-10
Genetic effect, of chemicals, 8, 208,
209; of radiation, 208
"Ginger paralysis, " 197
Gnat, Chaoborus astictopus, 46-47
Goatweed. See Klamath weed
Gosswald, Professor Karl, 293-94
Grebes, western, 45, 47-48
Gromme, Owen J., 113
Groundwater, contamination of,
42-43, 50
Grouse, sage, 65, 67
Gulls, 45; California, DDD residues
in, 48; laughing, affected by spraying
of marshes, 148
Gynandromorphs, 212
"Gyplure, " 286
Gypsy moth, 156-57; importation of
natural enemies of, 157; aerial
spraying for, 158-61; secretion as
weapon against, 2.85-86; synthetic
lure isolated, 286
Hargraves, Dr. Malcolm, 227, 228,
Harrington, R. W., Jr., 147
Hawk Mountain Sanctuary, 110--20
Hayes, Dr. Wayland, Jr., 22
Health problems, new environmental,
Hepatitis, 25; increase of, 192
Heptachlor, 24; effect on nitrification,
57; persistence in soil, 58; effect
on hops sprayed with, 60-61;
effect on wildlife, Joliet, Illinois, 91;
toxic to fish, 139, 140, 141; used
against fire ants, 165, 166, 167,
168-69, 171; ruled unsuitable on
forage, 169; peculiar nature of, 170;
use results in increase of sugarcane
borer, 255
Herbicides, toxic effects of, 34-37,
76; used against sagebrush, 64-68;
used for roadside "brush control"
68-72, 74; animals attracted to
plants sprayed with, 76-77; possible
effects on reproduction in birds, 78;
toxic to plankton, 150-51; as agents
of chromosome damage, 2 1 3; as
carcinogens, 225-26
Hessian fly, 287.
Hickey, Professor Joseph, 109
Hinsdale, Illinois, birds killed by
DDT in, 103
Hiroshima, leukemia among survivors
Hops, destroyed by heptachlor, 60-61
Hormones, sex, imbalance of, and
cancer development, 235-37
Housefly, diseases carried by, 266; resistance
to DDT and other chemicals,
267-68, 273-74; pilot projects
in sterilization of, 282-83
Hueper, Dr. W. C., on arsenicals, 18;
on contaminated drinking water,
50; on congenital and infant
cancer, 221-22, 235; Occupational
Tumors, 222, 223; on DDT as carcinogen,
225; on epidemic of cancer
in trout, 239; on eliminating
causative agents of cancer, 240-43
Hurricane: Edna (1954), 133; of
Huxley, Thomas, 248
Hydrocarbons, chlorinated, 18-27;
storage of, 21, 24, 1S, 190; persist
ence in soil, 58; sensitivity of fish
to, 139; in food crops, 180-84; effect
on liver, 191-92, 195, 235; effect
on nervous system, 192-96,
198; genetic effects of, 213-14
Illinois Agriculture Department, 91
Illinois Natural History Survey, 91,
94, 113; report quoted, 94
Industry, malignancies traceable to,
220-21, 226
Insecticides: abuses in use, general,
12-13; botanical, 16, 184; synthetic,
biological potency of, 16; arsenical,
17-18; chlorinated hydrocarbon,
18-27, 58, 139. 180-84, 191-96,
198, 21 3-14; organic phosphorus,
18-20, 27-32, 192, 195, 106-98;
systemic, 32-34; absorbed in plant
tissues, 59-61; fatal to birds,
103-14, 118-26; in household use,
174-75; available to home gardeners,
176-78; storage in adipose tissue,
190-91; interaction between,
195-96; linked with mental disease,
197-98; research on, 258-59; modem,
first medical use of, 267; bacterial,
289-91. See also Chemicals,
Pesticides, and various chemicals by
Insects, "flareback" after spraying, 8,
252-57; disease-carrying, 9,
257-58; incidence of, under single-crop
farming, 10; strains resistant
to chemicals, 246; control of, 247;
fecundity of, 147; held in check by
natural forces, 249-51; parasitic,
250-51; population upsets caused
by chemicals, 151-57; biological
control of, 256, 259-61, 278-96;
resistant to spraying, 263-72;
agricultural, developing resistance
of, 272; mechanism of resistance,
272-74; experiments with secretions
of, as weapons, 285-87; male
annihilation programs, 287; ultrasonic
sound as weapon against,
287-88; diseases of, as weapons
against, 288-91; natural enemies as
aid in control of, 291-06. See also
various insects by name
IPC, 225, 238
Iroquois County, Illinois, Japanese
eradication program in, 91-94, 95
Irrigation waters, contamination of,
Jacob, F. R., 159
Japanese beetle, adverse side-effects of
spraying, in Midwest, 87-96, 255;
control of, in the eastern states,
96-99; milky disease of, 97-99, 189;
total annual damage by, 156
Joachimsthal, lung cancer among
workers at, 220
Joliet, Illinois, disastrous effects of
heptachlor in, 91
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
Kafue bream, 144
Klamath Lake, Lower and Upper, 45
Klamath weed, 81-82
Klinefelter's syndrome, 214
Knipling, Dr. Edward, 279, 280, 284
Koebele, Albert, 291 , 292
Korea, lice develop resistance to
DDT in, 168-69
Kuala Lumpur, Malaya, resistant
mosquitoes at, 273
Kuboyama, 229
Lacewings, 250-5 1
Ladybugs, 249-50
Laird, Marshall, 257
Lawns, treated for crabgrass, 80-81
Lead, arsenate of, 59, 253, 254, 261
Leaf roller, red-banded, 254
Leather Trades Review, 265
Lehman, Dr. Arnold, 22, 24
Leukemia, 234; chromosome abnormality
in, 214-15; and pesticides as
causative agents, 222, 226-30j rapid
development of, 226; rising incidence
of, 226-27, 234; DDT and
case histories of, 227, 228; in children,
235; as possible two-step
process, 2. 38
Levan, Albert, 2. 33
Lice, body, as disease carriers, 266;
resistance among, 267, 268-69
Lift (Simpson, Pittendrigh, Tiffany),
Lime sulfur, resistance to, 264
Lindane, nitrification affected by, 57;
household use of 175; effects on
nervous system, 196; plant mutations
Liver, cellular damage caused by
DDT, 21, 23; diseases of, caused by
chlorinated naphthalenes, 25; function
of, 191; effect of chlorinated
hydrocarbons on, 191-92, 195, 236;
role in sex hormone inactivation,
235-36; damage, and cancer development,
Long Island, effect of spraying for
gypsy moth on, 158
Louisiana, fish mortality in, 140; reluctance
to sign up for fire ant program
in, 171; sugarcane borer increased
by fire ant chemicals, 255
Lower Klamath Lake, California, 45
Lucky Dragon, tuna vessel, 229
McGill University, cancer research at,
Maine, brush spraying in, 69-70; forest
spraying affects fish in, 135
Maine Department of 1nland Fisheries
and Game, 135
Malaria, flare-ups of, 270. See also
Malathion, 30-31, 32, 191; symptoms
of poisoning by, 177; effect on
nervous system, 197
Malaya, resistance of mosquitoes in,
Male annihilation programs, 287
Male sterilization technique, 27!r84
Maleic hydrazide, 213
Malformations. See Defects, congenital
Mammals: killed by weeds sprayed
with 2,4-D, 77; killed by aldrin,
90-91, 95, 90-100; killed by dieldrin,
93-94; killed by insecticides
in England, 124; killed by fire ant
program, 165-68; insecticides
found in testes of, 207; effect of
arsenic ingestion on, 223; cancer
research on, 236. See also Antelope,
Beaver, Cats, Coyotes, Deer,
Mantis, praying, 249, 251
Marigolds, used for combating nematodes,
Marsh gas, 19
Matagorda Bay, insecticides threaten
waters of, 145, 146
Matthysse, J. G., 116
Max Planck Institute of Cell Physiology,
Mayo Clinic, lymph and blood diseases
treated at, 21 7-28
Mealy bugs, 292
Mehner, John, 106, 108
Melander, A. L., 263-64
Melbourne, University of, 198
Melon fly, 287
Mental disease, insecticides linked
with, 197-98
Mental retardation, 215
Mesenteries, protective, 21
Metcalf, Robert, 247
Metchnikoff, Elie, 289
Methane, 19
Methoxychlor, 191, 195-96
Methyl chloride, molecular structure,
Methyl-eugenol, 287
Michigan Audubon Society, 90
Michigan State University, robin
population reduced by spraying at,
Microbial insecticides. See Bacterial
Migration, worldwide, of organisms.
Milk: human, insecticidal residues in,
23; pesticide residues in, 159-60,
Milkfish, destroyed by spraying, 144
Milky disease, Japanese beetle, 97-99,
Miller, Howard C., 116
Mills, Dr. Herbert R., 147, 148
Minnesota, University of, 78
Miramichi River, 129-30; salmon affected
by DDT spraying, 131-35
Mississippi Agricultural and Experiment
Station, 172
Mites, soil, 55; spider, 252, 254; DDT
spraying leads to increase of, in
western forests, 253; in Nova Scotia,
Mitochondria, 201-2
Mitosis, 209-10
Molln, Germany, forest program in,
Mongolism, 215
Montana, forest spraying in, 136-37
Montana Fish and Game Department,
Moose, 67, 68
Mosquitoes, control of, and problem
of fish conservation, 144; malaria-carrying,
257; genetic effect of
DDT on, 262; as disease transmitters,
266; Culex, 267; resistant to
DDT, 267, 269-70, 273; ultrasonic
sound as weapon against, 287-88.
See also Anopheles
Moth, Argentine, used in weed control,
Mothproofing, 174, 175
Mount Johnson Island, 120
Mule deer, 66, 67
Muller, Dr. Hermann J., 209, 211,
Muller, Paul, 20
Murphy, Robert Cushman, 103, 159
Mustard gas, 209
Mutagens, 37; chemical, 209, 212-16
Mutations, genetic, 208; caused by
various chemicals, 212-13; caused
by X-rays, 279. See also Genetic
My Wilderness: East to Katahdin (Douglas),
Naphthalenes, 25, 228
National Audubon Society, 104, 147
National Cancer Institute, 239. See
also Hueper, Dr. W. C.
Natural History Survey. See Illinois
Natural History Survey
Nature, checks and balances of,
Nematode worms, marigolds used
against, 78-79
Nervous system, effect of insecticides
on, 192-98
New York State, Dutch elm disease
control in, 115-17
New York Times, 176
Newsom, Dr. L. D., 172
Nickell, Walter P., 87
Nicotine sulphate, 16, 260, 261
Nissan 1sland, 257
Nitrification, effect of herbicides on,
Nitrophenols, 228
Nova Scotia, biological control of orchard
pests in, 260-61
Nuclear division. See Mitosis
Occupational Tumors (Hueper), 222
Office of Vital Statistics, National,
Oklahoma Wildlife Conservation
Department, 143
Oligospermia, crop dusters subject
Organic phosphates, 27-32; effects on
nervous system, 192, 195. 196-98
Organisms, worldwide migration of,
Oxidation, cellular, 200-203; effect
of insecticides upon, 203-7; and
cancer research, 231-33
Oysters, 150-51
Pacific Flyway, 46
Pacific Science Congress, 144
Pallister, John C., 271
Paradichlorobenzene, 228
Paralysis, "ginger," 196-97
Parathion, 28, 29-30, 32, 126-27, 197
Pascal, 177
Pasteur, Louis, 220, 288
Patau, Dr. Klaus, 215
Peanuts, insecticide-contaminated, 60
Pennsylvania, fish mortality in, 140
Penta (pentachlorophenol), 36, 203-4
Pest Control Institute, Springforbi,
Denmark, 273
Pesticides, worldwide distribution of,
15-17; and blocking of process of
oxidation, 204; as mutagens, 209,
212-16; as carcinogens, 222-30; indirect
role in cancer, 237; and upset
of insect populations, 252-57. See
also Chemicals, 1nsecticides, and
"Pheasant sickness," 115
Phenols: effect on metabolism, 103;
genetic effects of, 111
Phillip, Captain Arthur, 81
Philippines, fish killed by spraying
Phosphates. See Organic phosphates
Phosphorylation, coupled, 203
Pickett, A. D., 259-61
Pittendrigh, Colin S., 210
Plankton, DDD accumulated by, 48;
herbicides toxic to, 150-51
Plant killers. See Herbicides and
Plants, importation of, 11
Pneumonia, chemical, 78
poisoning, pesticide. See Disease,
poisons, availability of, to homeowners,
Poitevint, Dr. Otis L., 168-69
Polistes wasp, 251
Pott, Sir Percivall, 220
Price, Dr. David, 188
Prickly pears, insect enemy used to
control, 82-83
Prince Henry's Hospital, Melbourne,
Pyrethrins, 184
Pyrethrum, 16
Quail, 167
Rabinowitch, Eugene, 201
Radiation, 6-7; as uncoupler, 203;
and congenital deformity, 205; effect
on living cell, 208; parallel between
chemicals and, 208-9; and
cancer, 219; sterilization of insects
by, 279-83
Ragweed, 80
Ragwort, sprayed, attractive to livestock,
Rangelands, spraying of, 68
Ray, Dr. Francis E., 222
"Reichenstein disease" 223
Reproduction: of birds, adversely affected
by herbicides, 76; of birds,
affected by DDT and related insecticides,
108-9. 120-12, 206, 207,
213; diminished, linked with interference
with biological oxidation,
Reservoirs, insecticides in, 50
Residues, chemical, on food, 178- 83
Resistance: of scale insects to lime
sulfur, 264; of blue ticks to BHC,
165; of disease-carrying insects,
267; of houseflies to DDT, 267.
268; of various mosquitoes, 267,
269-70; of houseflies to BHC, 268;
of body lice to DDT, 268-69; of
malaria mosquitoes, 269; of ticks,
270-71; of German cockroaches,
271; of agricultural insects, 271-7 2;
mechanism of, 272-74
Resurgence, insect, 8, 25 2-58
Rhoads, C. P., 236-37
Rhodesia, fish destruction in, 143-44
Rice fields, 1l5-26
Roadside spraying, 69-75
Robins, affected by spraying for
Dutch elm disease, 106-9; reproduction
affected by DDT, 121
Robson, William, 209
Rocky Mountain Arsenal, 43
Root borer, banana, 290
Rostand, Jean, quoted, 13
Rotenone, 16, 184
Royal Society for the Protection of
Birds, 123
Royal Victoria Hospital (McGill),
cancer research at, 236
Rudd, Dr. Robert, 12 1
Runner, G. A., 279
Ruppertshofen, Dr. Heinz, 294, 295,
Rutstein, Dr. David, 226
Ryania, 184, 261
Sagebrush, tragic consequences of
campaign to destroy, 64-67
St. Johnswort. See Klamath weed
Salmon, Miramichi, affected by DDT
spraying, 129-35; in British Columbia,
killed by spraying, r37-38
San Jose scale, 264
Sardinia, insect resistance in, 267
Satterlee, Dr. Henry S., 58, 59
Sawflies, shrews as aid to control of,
Scale, San Jose, 264; cotton cushion,
Schistosoma, 258
Schradan, 34
Schrader, Gerhard, 28
Schweitzer, Albert, quoted, 6
Screw-worms, eradicated through
sterilization, 280-82
Seed treatment, effects of, in England,
122-25; in United States,
Sex hormones, imbalance of, and cancer
development, 235-37
Sheldon, Illinois, effects of Japanese
beetle eradication program in,
Shelf paper, insecticide-treated,
Shellfish, affected by chemicals,
Shepard, Paul, 12
Shrews, as aid in sawfly control,
Shrimp, 149-50
"Silo deaths," 78
Simpson, George Gaylord, 210
Single-crop farming, insect problems
in, 10
Sloan-Kettering Institute, 233, 237
Snails, immune to insecticides,
257-5 8
Snow, John, 240
Soil, creation of, 53; organisms,
54-56; impact of pesticides on,
56-57; long persistence of insecticides
in, 57-61
Soot, 17; as containing cancer-producing
agent, 219, 220
Sound, ultrasonic, as weapon against
Southeast Asia, mosquito control
programs threaten fish in, 144
Sparrow, house, relative immunity to
some poisons, 166
Spider mites. See Mites
Spiders, as agents for biological control
of insects, 294-95
Spraying, "brush control," 68-72;
selective, 74-75, 81; disastrous
effect on wildlife, 85-87; aerial,
1SS-56; for gypsy moth, 158-61j
modified, 260--61
Springforbi, Denmark, Pest Control
Institute at, 273
Springtails, 55
Steinhaus, Dr. Edward, 291
Sterility: caused by aldrin, 26; of
grebes, 48; caused by insecticide
poisoning, 108-9; of robins, 108-9;
of eagles, 120; experimentally produced
in birds, 21 3
Sterilization: of male insects, as
method of control, 279-84; by
chemicals, 283-84
Strontium 90, 6, 234
Sugarcane borer, heptachlor increases
damage by, 255
Super races, evolution of, 8
Swallows, 111
Swanson, Professor Carl P., 278
Sweeney, Joseph A., 115
Sweet potatoes, BHC-contaminated,
Syracuse, New York, Dutch elm disease
Syrphid fly, 249
Texas Game and Fish Commission,
Ticks, developing resistance to chemicals,
265, 270-71
Tiffany, L. Hanford, 210
Tiphia vernalis, 96-97, 292
Tobacco, arsenic content of, 58-59
Tobacco hornworm, 287
Toledo, Ohio, Dutch elm disease in,
"Tolerances," 181-83
Toxaphene, toxic to fish, 41, 139, 140,
145; used against boll weevils, 142;
and blood disorders, 229
Triorthocresyl phosphate, '97
Trout, liver cancer in, 239
Trouvelot, Leopold, 156
Tsetse fly, British experiments to
eradicate, 282
Tule Lake, California, 45
Turkeys, wild, reduced by fire and
program, 167
Turner, Neely, 12
Turner's syndrome, 215
2,4-D, spontaneous formation of,
43-44; nitrification interrupted by,
57; physiological effects, 75-76;
curious effect on livestock, 76-77i
nitrate content of plants increased
by, 77-78; as cause of unplanned
changes in vegetation, 79; as uncoupler,
204; plant mutations
caused by, 213
2,4,5-T, 75
Typhus, DDT used against, 267;
DDT ineffective against, 268-69
Ullyett, G. C, , 6,
Uncoupling, 203-4
U.S. Department of Agriculture: rulings
on heptachlor, 60; Japanese
beetle program, 91, 92; research on
milky disease, 99; and gypsy moth
control, 157-58; campaign against
fire ants, 162-69, 170-72; on mothproofing,
175; estimates of Japanese
beetle and corn borer damage,
256;on resistance of insects, 275;
and development of male steriliza-
tion techniques, 279, 282-83
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service: study
of effects of DDT spraying, 4'; reports
on aldrin, 89; Audubon Field
Notes, 104; concern over parathion,
126; study of bud worm spraying,
136; study of fish with tumors, 239
U.S. Food and Drug Administration:
regulations concerning chemical
residues in food, 141, 179, 180,
182; on pesticide residues in milk,
169; bans use of heptachlor on
foods, 170; on dangers of chlordane,
174; jurisdiction, 181; recommendations
on chemicals with
cancer-producing tendencies, 224,
U.S. Forest Service, 67, 136, 253
U.S. Office of Plant 1ntroduction, 11
United States Pharmacopeia, 196
U.S. Public Health Service, 44, 89,
University of Melbourne, 198
University of Minnesota Medical
School, 78
University of Wisconsin, 113; Agricultural
Experiment Station, 78; research
in chromosome abnormality,
Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, 45
Urbana, Illinois, Dutch elm disease
Urethane, 212; as cancer-producing
agent, 235
Vedalia beetle, 256-57, 292
Vegetation, roadside, spraying of,
68-72; importance of, 72-73; selective
spraying of, 74-75
Viruses, as substitute for chemical insecticides,
Vitamins, protective role against cancer,
Wald, George, 199
Wallace, Dr. George, 106, 107, 108,
Waller, Mrs. Thomas, 159
Warblers, 111
Warburg, Professor Otto, 231-32
Wasp, Tiphia vernalis, 96-97, 292;
muddauber, 149; horseguard, 249;
Polistes, 151
Water: pollution by pesticides, 39-51;
salt-shore, pesticidal pollution of,
146-51: polluted by detergents,
138-39' See also Fish
Waterford, Connecticut, trees injured
by spraying at, 71
Waterfowl, spraying a threat to,
45-46, 148
Webworms, biological warfare against,
Weed control, insect enemies used
for, 81-83
Weed killers, 34-36, 68-71. See also
Crabgrass and Herbicides
Weevil, strawberry root, 60; boll,
West Virginia, bird population reduced
Wheeler Reservoir, Alabama, 141
Whiskey Stump Key, Florida, 147
Whitefish Bay, Wisconsin, decline of
warblers in, 111
Wild cherry, sprayed, fatally attractive
to livestock. 76
Wildlife losses from pesticides,
85-87: in Japanese beetle spraying,
90, 91, 93, 95: in Dutch elm disease
spraying, 106-14: in England,
111-15; in rice fields, 115-16; in
forest spraying, 131-31, 134,
135-39. See also Fish, Birds, Mammals,
and various species
Winge, Ojvind, 134
Wisconsin, University of, 113; Agricultural
Experiment Station, 78;
chromosome research at, 215
Woodcocks, 110, 166-67
Woodticks, 170
World Health Organization, anti-malarial
campaigns of, 25;
Venezuelan cats killed by spraying
of, 94; and problem of insect resistance,
X-ray, sterilization of insects by,
Yellow fever, Rare-ups of, 270 Yellow
jackets, 249
Yellowstone River, fish destruction
RACHEL CARSON (1907-1964) spent most of her professional life as a marine biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. By the late 1950s, she had written three lyrical, popular books about the sea, including the best-selling The Sea Around Us, and had become the most respected science writer in America. She completed Silent Spring against formidable personal odds and despite critical attacks that echoed the assault on Charles Darwin when he published The Origin of Species, and with it shaped a powerful social movement that has altered the course of history.
Despite the enormous impact of Silent Spring, Carson remained modest about her accomplishment; as she wrote to a friend, "The beauty of the living world I was trying to save has always been uppermost in my mind -- that, and anger at the senseless, brutish things that were being done ... Now I can believe I have at least helped a little."
Among the many honors and awards Carson received during her lifetime were the National Book Award, for The Sea Around Us (1951); a Guggenheim fellowship (1951-1952); the John Burroughs Medal (1952 ; the Henry G. Bryant Gold Medal (1952); the Women's National Book Association Constance Lindsay Skinner Award (1963); the Conservationist of the Year Award from the National Wildlife Federation (1963); and a Gold Medal from the New York Zoological Society (1963).
Rachel Carson lived in Silver Spring, Maryland, until her untimely death.
"The cornerstone of the new environmentalism ... well crafted, fearless, and succinct." -- PETER MATTH1ESSEN
Rarely does a single book alter the course of history, but Rachel Carson's Silent Spring did exactly that. The outcry that followed its publication in 1962 forced the banning of DDT and spurred revolutionary changes in the laws affecting our air, land, and water. Carson's passionate concern for the future of our planet reverberated powerfully throughout the world, and her eloquent book was instrumental in launching the environmental movement. It is without question one of the landmark books of the twentieth century.
This edition includes an afterword by the author and scientist Edward O. Wilson. The introduction, by the acclaimed biographer Linda Lear, tells the story of Carson's courageous defense of her truths in the face of a ruthless assault from the chemical industry following the publication of Silent Spring and before her untimely death.
RACHEL CARSON, 1907-1964, spent a good deal of her professional life as a marine biologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Her first three books -- Under the Sea-Wind, The Sea Around Us, and The Edge of the Sea -- established her reputation as a first-rate writer on the natural world.
EDWARD O. WILSON is the author of two Pulitzer Prize-winning books, On Human Nature and The Ants. His most recent book is The Creation, An Appeal to Save Life on Earth.
L1NDA LEAR is the author of Rachel Carson, Witness for Nature.
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