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The Relationship Between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction of Industrial and Technical Teacher Educators
Ernest Brewer ,
Jama McMaha-Landers
The researchers examined the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction among a random sample of 133 industrial and technical teacher educators. Correlational analysis revealed a strong inverse relationship between the constructs, with stressors related to lack of organizational support being more strongly associated with job satisfaction than stressors related to the job itself were. There also were significant differences (p ≤.05) in correlations between job satisfaction and frequency of stressors and correlations between job satisfaction and intensity of stressors, suggesting that frequency of stressors had a greater impact on participants' job satisfaction than did intensity of stressors. These results have implications for addressing job stress and job satisfaction in higher education
How to Cite: Brewer, E. and McMaha-Landers, J., 2003. The Relationship Between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction of Industrial and Technical Teacher Educators. Journal of Career and Technical Education, 20(1). DOI: http://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v20i1.622
Published on 01 Sep 2003
The salience of job stress as a research topic has been due in part to the magnitude of its effects. In addition to being associated with a variety of physical diseases including hypertension (Buunk, de Jonge, Ybema, & de Wolff, 1998 ; O'Connor, O'Connor, White, & Bundred, 2000 ; Tindall, 1998 ), high levels of job stress can have a negative effect on emotional well-being (Bennett, Lowe, Matthews, Dourali, & Tattersall, 2001 ; Paterniti, Niedhammer, Lang, & Consoli, 2002 ; Sharma, Yadava, & Yadava, 2001 ). On the organizational level, high levels of job stress have been linked to low levels of productivity (Blix, Cruise, Mitchell, & Blix, 1994 ; Gandham, 2000 ; Reynolds, 1997 ).
In general, job stress has been viewed as an antecedent of job satisfaction, and the two constructs have been treated as related yet distinct (Stanton, Bachiochi, Robie, Perez, & Smith, 2002 ). An inverse relationship between job stress and job satisfaction among various populations has been reported consistently in the literature (Beehr, Walsh, & Taber, 1976 ; Cotton, Dollard, & de Jonge, 2002 ; Dua, 1994 ; Hawe, Tuck, Manthei, Adair, & Moore, 2000 ; Heslop, Smith, Metcalfe, Macleod, & Hart, 2002 ; Lu, Shiau, & Cooper, 1997 ; Richardsen & Burke, 1991 ; Ulleberg & Rundmo, 1997 ). What has been less clear than the direction of the relationship has been the nature of its development. This study contributed to understanding the development of this relationship by providing insights into what stress-related factors impacted specific facets of job satisfaction and by investigating whether or not frequency of job stressors or intensity of job stressors had a greater impact on job satisfaction among a sample of industrial and technical teacher educators.
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
A number of conceptions of stress have emerged since the 1970s. The theory underlying this study was Person-Environment Fit (P-E Fit) theory (French & Caplan, 1972 ; French, Caplan, & Harrison, 1982 ; Harrison, 1978 ). The basic tenet of P-E Fit theory has been that stress arises from the fit—or, more precisely, misfit—between an individual and his or her environment. This misfit can occur at different levels (Edwards, Caplan, & Harrison, 1998 ). For example, stress can occur if there is a mismatch between the demands placed on an individual and his or her abilities to meet those demands. Furthermore, misfit between demands and abilities induces coping and defense mechanisms, which in turn influence objective and subjective representations of the environment (Edwards et al., 1998 ). Misfit between the objective reality of the work environment and an individual's subjective perceptions of the work environment also can result in stress.
Outcomes of stress include psychological strains, which can be defined as deviations from normal functioning (Edwards et al., 1998 ). One such psychological strain is dissatisfaction. Job dissatisfaction indicates negative feelings that individuals have regarding their jobs or facets of their jobs (Spector, 1997 ). Herzberg, Mausner, and Snyderman ( 1959 ) formulated a two-factor theory categorizing factors affecting job dissatisfaction as well as job satisfaction. They used the term hygiene factors to refer to factors that affect job dissatisfaction. Examples of hygiene factors include benefits, organizational policies, salary, supervision, and working conditions. Although hygiene factors can have an impact on job dissatisfaction, they do not impact job satisfaction, which has been defined as "a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences" (Locke, 1976 , p. 1300). Herzberg and colleagues ( 1959 ) referred to factors that influence job satisfaction as motivators . Examples of motivators include achievement, advancement, recognition, responsibility, and work itself.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
JOB STRESS AMONG POSTSECONDARY FACULTY
Job stress among faculty members in higher education has become a critical issue for faculty members and administrators alike (Bowen & Schuster, 1986 ; Smith, Anderson, & Lovrich, 1995 ). Research on job stress among postsecondary faculty members has been conducted with large, national samples (Blackburn & Bentley, 1993 ; Dey, Ramirez, Korn, & Astin, 1993 ; Gmelch, Wilke, & Lovrich, 1986 ) as well as with samples from a single higher education institution (Smith et al., 1995 ) or system (Blix et al., 1994 ). In addition, research has focused on how stress impacts particular groups among postsecondary faculty, including ethnic minorities (Thompson & Dey, 1998 ), women (Lease, 1999 ), and new faculty (Lease, 1999 ; Olsen, 1993 ).
Researchers have sought to identify sources of stress among postsecondary faculty members. Their findings have indicated that time pressures (Astin, 1993 ; Barnes, Agago, & Coombs, 1998 ; Gmelch et al., 1986 ; Olsen, 1993 ; Smith et al., 1995 ; Thompson & Dey, 1998 ), high self expectations (Gmelch et al., 1986 ; Smith et al., 1995 ), and research and publication demands ( Astin ; Blix et al., 1994 ; Smith et al., 1995 ) produce stress for postsecondary faculty. How these sources of stress could interact with and build on one another is not difficult to conceive. Recognizing the importance of conducting research and publishing its results, a faculty member strives to write an article for a peer-reviewed journal. However, the constant pressures (e.g., teaching demands, service committees, administrative tasks) exerted on the faculty member's time interrupt the writing process. Consequently, the faculty member might be hindered from meeting his or her own self-expectations relative to writing the article, which in turn could increase his or her level of stress.
In addition to the detrimental impact that stress can have on both an individual's (O'Connor et al., 2000 ; Tindall, 1998 ) and an organization's (Gandham, 2000 ; Reynolds, 1997 ) health, stress can have negative effects particular to higher education. For example, high levels of stress have been associated with decreased research productivity (Blackburn & Bentley, 1993 ). Also, Barnes and colleagues ( 1998 ) found a relationship between stress-related factors and faculty members' intentions to leave academia.
JOB SATISFACTION AMONG POSTSECONDARY FACULTY
Job satisfaction has been the most frequently investigated variable in organizational behavior (Spector, 1997 ), and higher education has not been ignored in job satisfaction research. A plethora of studies have examined job satisfaction in the postsecondary education context (McBride, Munday, & Tunnell, 1992 ; Moody, 1996 ; Olsen, Maple, & Stage, 1995 ; Sanderson, Phua, & Herda, 2000 ; Tack & Patitu, 1992 ; Tang & Talpade, 1999 ; Truell, Price, & Joyner, 1998 ; U.S. Department of Education, 2001 ; Valadez & Anthony, 2001 ; Wergin, 2001 ). This proliferation of research has focused attention on the need to understand job satisfaction as it relates specifically to postsecondary faculty.
In studies with postsecondary faculty members as the researched population, certain trends have emerged. For example, ethnic minorities generally have expressed lower job satisfaction than have their White counterparts (Sanderson et al., 2000 ; Tack & Patitu, 1994 ). Likewise, women have reported lower levels of job satisfaction than men have (Fiorentino, 1999 ; Hagedorn, 1996 , 1998 ; Tang & Talpade, 1999 ; U.S. Department of Education, 1998 ), although results have not been consistent across each facet of job satisfaction. Another demographic variable that has influenced job satisfaction among faculty members has been tenure status. In general, tenured faculty members have reported higher job satisfaction than have tenure-track faculty members (Clark, 1986 ; Sanderson et al., 2000 ; U.S. Department of Education, 2001 ), but faculty at institutions with no tenure system have reported being very satisfied more often than have faculty in tenured or tenure-track positions (Sanderson et al., 2000 ; U.S. Department of Education, 2001 ). However, in a study of job satisfaction among industrial and technical teacher educators, demographic factors explained little of the variance in respondents' reported levels of job satisfaction (Brewer & McMahan-Landers, 2003 ), thereby suggesting that other factors affect job satisfaction in this population.
INTENSITY AND FREQUENCY OF STRESSORS
In his qualitative examination of the nature of work stress, Dewe ( 1989 ) noted that individuals expressed a need to discuss work stressors frequency of occurrence as well as intensity of work stressors. Spielberger and Vagg ( 1999 ) cautioned that failure to consider the frequency that a particular stressor occurs could result in "overestimating the effects of highly stressful events that rarely occur in a particular work setting, while underestimating the impact of moderately stressful events that occur quite frequently" (p. 5). Schattner and Coman ( 1998 ) suggested the possibility of a cumulative effect in which a series of minor stressors could lead to a pervasive level of high stress. For example, although a onetime shouting match with a coworker is likely to generate increased stress, the effects of constant negative comments made in a subdued manner over an extended period might be more devastating. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to stress can result in burnout (Maslach & Schaufeli, 1993 ).
The literature contains evidence that the frequency of stressors impacts levels of perceived stress as well as job satisfaction (Piotrkowski, 1998 ). However, there also is evidence that intensity of stressors has a larger impact on job satisfaction than does frequency (Gellis, 2001 ). Furthermore, other variables such as gender might impact perceptions of intensity and frequency of certain stressors (Spielberger & Reheiser, 1994 ). Therefore, further research is needed to clarify these issues.
PURPOSE OF STUDY
The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction among industrial and technical teacher educators. We also explored whether or not intensity of or frequency of stressors had a greater impact on job satisfaction. By examining these issues, we hoped to contribute to the body of knowledge about the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction. Doing so has practical relevance for designing and implementing strategies and interventions to combat job stress and increase job satisfaction among industrial and technical teacher educators.
POPULATION AND SAMPLE
The population for the study was industrial and technical teacher educators from 2- and 4-year postsecondary educational institutions across the United States. The sampling frame for the population was the 2000-2001 Industrial Teacher Education Directory (Bell, 2000 / 2001 ). A random sample of 347 was drawn from the 1,752 industrial and technical teacher educators (excluding department heads, coordinators, and other administrators) identified in the Directory . Since Krejcie and Morgan ( 1970 ) recommended a sample size of at least 317 for a population of 1,800, our sample of 347 exceeded the number recommended for the size of the chosen population.
INSTRUMENTS AND DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONNAIRE
Stress . Spielberger and Vagg's ( 1999 ) Job Stress Survey was used to assess job stress. Respondents rate the intensity of 30 common workplace stressors on a 9-point scale by comparing each stressor to an event perceived as producing an average amount of stress (i.e., "Assignment of disagreeable duties"), which has been assigned the midpoint value of 5. Then, respondents report on a scale of 0 to 9 days how often each stressor has occurred in the past 6 months.
The Job Stress Survey consists of three scales. The Job Stress Index (JS-X) measures an individual's overall stress level; the Job Stress Severity (JS-S) represents an individual's average intensity rating for the 30 stressors; and the Job Stress Frequency (JS-F) indicates the average frequency of occurrence for the 30 stressors within the past 6 months. In addition, the survey has six subscales: (a) the Job Pressure Index (JP-X) assesses the combined intensity and frequency of 10 stressor events reflecting pressures directly related to the job's structure, design, or duties; (b) the Job Pressure Severity (JP-S) measures an individual's average level of intensity of the 10 stressors associated with job pressures; (c) the Job Pressure Frequency (JP-F) indicates the average frequency of occurrence of the 10 stressors related to job pressures; (d) the Lack of Organizational Support Index (LS-X) measures the combined intensity and frequency of occurrence for 10 stressor events related to organizational policies or other people involved with the organization; (e) the Lack of Organizational Support Severity (LS-S) indicates the average level of intensity an individual perceives in regard to the 10 stressors related to lack of organizational support; and (f) the Lack of Organizational Support Frequency (LS-F) reflects the average frequency of occurrence of the 10 stressor events involving lack of organizational support. Spielberger and Vagg reported coefficient alphas ranging from a low of.80 for the JPX and the LS-X to a high of.89 for the JS-S and the JS-F.
Job satisfaction . Spector's ( 1997 ) Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) was used to measure job satisfaction. The JSS consists of 36 items comprising nine facets: (a) pay, (b) promotion, (c) supervision, (d) fringe benefits, (e) contingent rewards, (f ) operating conditions, (g) coworkers, (h) nature of work, and (i) communication. Respondents rate each item on a six-point Likert scale from 1 ( disagree very much ) to 6 ( agree very much ). Individual facet scores can range from 4 to 24, and overall job satisfaction scores can range from 36 to 216. Spector reported coefficient alphas ranging from.60 for the coworker facet to.91 for the overall measure.
Demographics . Participants also completed a demographic questionnaire. The questionnaire gathered data relative to participants' (a) age, (b) gender, (c) marital status, (d) ethnicity, (e) years working in industrial/technical teacher education, (f ) institutional affiliation, (g) tenure status, (h) academic rank, (i) employment status, and (j) typical workload during last year. We chose these characteristics based upon a review of related literature.
The sample population received the three instruments along with a demographic questionnaire, a cover letter, and a self-addressed, stamped return envelope via the mail. To limit follow-up notifications, questionnaires were coded numerically, in accordance with procedures recommended by Dillman ( 2000 ). We sent follow-up emails requesting completion and return of survey instruments 3 weeks after the initial mailing; we mailed letters to individuals for whom no working email address could be located. All responses were kept confidential.
Each instrument was scored according to the directions in its respective user's manual. Then, the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction was investigated by calculating Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients, and z -tests were conducted to determine significant differences in correlations between job satisfaction and frequency of stressors and correlations between job satisfaction and intensity of stressors.
A total of 133 of the 347 packets sent to the random sample were returned, which represented a response rate of 38.3%. In cases where respondents did not answer every question, data were treated as missing values.
The typical participant was a White man who had earned tenure and was employed full-time at a public university. Regarding their typical workload, participants reported that the average time that they devoted to teaching was 58.6%, to service was 13.8%, to research was 12.2%, to administration was 11.5%, and to other activities was 3.9%. Table 1 displays other demographic characteristics reported by participants.
As expected, correlational analysis revealed significant relationships among facets of job satisfaction and stress-related factors. Table 2 displays correlations among job stress scores and job satisfaction scores. Of the 90 relationships between facets of job satisfaction and stressrelated factors measured in this study, 55 were significant at the.01 level; 9 were significant at the.05 level, and 26 were not significant. Of the 26 non-significant relationships, 23 involved factors related to job pressures. In comparison, only one of the non-significant relationships involved lack of organizational support.
To determine significant differences in correlations between job satisfaction and frequency of stressors and correlations between job satisfaction and intensity of stressors, we used z -tests. Results of the z -tests indicated significant differences (p ≤.05) between the job satisfaction facets of contingent rewards, coworkers, communication, and total job satisfaction and the frequency of and intensity of lack of organizational support stressors. In each case, the frequency of the lack of organizational support stressor correlated significantly higher with job satisfaction than did the intensity of the lack of organizational support stressor. Likewise, the frequency of overall job stress correlated significantly higher (p ≤.05) with the job satisfaction facets of benefits, contingent rewards, operating conditions, and total job satisfaction than did the intensity of overall job stress. In no case did the intensity of job stressors correlate higher with a facet of job satisfaction than did the frequency of job stressors.
Participants' Demographic Characteristics
Category n Percentage
Widow/er
31-40 years of age
60 years of age
Years working in industrial/technical teacher education
2 years or less
26 years or more
Academic rank
Correlations Among Job Stress Scores and Job Satisfaction Scores
JS-S JS-F JS-X JP-S LS-S JP-F LS-F JP-X LS-X
Pay -.14 -.29** -.37** -.03 -.31** -.04 -.43** -.08 -.46**
Promotion -.18* -.26** -.37** -.02 -.42** .04 -.53** -.04 -.58**
Supervision -.27** -.30** -.36** .10 -.57** .06 -.66** .10 -.72**
Benefits .05 -.25** -.24** .05 -.13 -.11 -.27** -.07 -.28**
Contingent rewards -.20* -.47** -.52** .04 -.46** -.16 -.71** -.18* -.71**
Operating conditions -.28** -.50** -.49** -.33** -.20* -.50** -.34** -.51** -.31**
Coworkers -.19* -.37** -.43** -.03 -.40** -.09 -.60** -.10 -.63**
Nature of work -.27** -.29** -.38** -.20* -.35** -.06 -.41** -.18* -.47**
Communication -.20* -.36** -.43** -.10 -.39** -.06 -.58** -.13 -.61**
Total job satisfaction -.27** -.50** -.58** -.08 -.53** -.14 -.75** -.18* -.79**
*Significant at the.05 level (2-tailed).
**Significant at the.01 level (2-tailed).
Implications of the study's findings must be viewed in light of the strengths and weaknesses of the study's design. Findings are limited by the use of self-report instruments to measure respondents' levels of job stress and job satisfaction. However, because of the importance placed on appraisal and perceptions in the stress process, self-report measures are appropriate. A larger weakness is the study's low response rate (38.3%). Because no attempt was made to account for differences between respondents and non-respondents, differences in the two groups could have influenced the study's findings, thereby limiting their generalizability.
In line with most of the findings regarding the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction (Beehr et al., 1976 ; Cotton et al., 2002 ; Hawe et al., 2000 ; Hendrix, Summers, Leap, & Steel, 1995 ; Richardsen & Burke, 1991 ; Ulleberg & Rundmo, 1997 ), this study also found an inverse relationship between the constructs. Overall, stressors related to lack of organizational support seem to have a greater impact on job satisfaction than stressors related to the job itself. In terms of P-E Fit theory, this finding suggests lack of fit between the individual and the environment (i.e., lack of support in the environment), although there is not enough evidence to indicate whether this misfit is relative to demands and abilities or to objective and subjective representations of the environment. However, the high negative correlations between lack of organizational support stressors and overall job satisfaction provide convincing support for assertions by Edwards and colleagues ( 1998 ) that dissatisfaction is an outcome of high levels of stress.
Regarding whether intensity or frequency of stressors has a greater impact on job satisfaction, analysis revealed significant differences between correlations from the scale and subscales measuring intensity of stressors and the scale and subscales measuring frequency of stressors. In each case of significant difference, there was a higher correlation between job satisfaction and frequency of the stressor than there was between job satisfaction and intensity of the stressor. This finding suggests that the effects of stress over time are more damaging to job satisfaction than a single major stressful event is. To illustrate how this might apply to a postsecondary faculty member such as an industrial and technical professor, consider the effects of publication demands. Whereas a looming deadline might pose increased stress levels during the time period leading up to the deadline, the pressure of trying to juggle writing with various other teaching, administrative, and service demands seldom abates. Therefore, a faculty member could be at risk of developing high levels of dissatisfaction resultant from a high frequency of stressors.
Two specific findings suggest that stress occurring at the institutional level might have meaningful implications for job dissatisfaction among industrial and technical teacher educators:
Stressors related to lack of organizational support correlated higher with job satisfaction than stressors related to the job itself.
The only facet of job satisfaction that correlated significantly (p ≤.01) with each scale and subscale of the Job Stress Survey was operating conditions (i.e., organizational policies and procedures).
These findings merit serious concern because of their implications for faculty retention. Job satisfaction has been associated with a faculty member's decision to leave or to remain at a higher education institution (Hagedorn, 1996 , 1998 ; Mallam, 1994 ; McBride et al., 1992 ; Nienhuis, 1994 ). If a faculty member is dissatisfied with the conditions at his or her present institution, the option to leave could appear both desirable and viable. Moreover, industrial and technical teacher educators might find the large salaries offered by business and industry particularly tempting (Ruhland, 2000 ; Wilson, 1999 ).
As noted earlier, the low response rate and correspondingly low sample size of this study should be taken into account when considering recommendations generated from it. Given that consideration, our first recommendation is replication of the study with a larger sample size. Further, we recommend that future researchers utilize such measures as sending additional follow-ups and using incentives as outlined by Dillman ( 2000 ) to increase the response rate. It also would be interesting to find out if using an electronic survey yielded a higher response rate than a traditional mail survey among this population. Replication of the study would provide corroboration of the study's findings and, subsequently, further support for designing and implementing initiatives as well as for revising policies and procedures relative to their implications.
Although industrial and technical teacher educators seem to be satisfied with what they do, their satisfaction with where they do it appears less tenable. Therefore, future research—both basic and applied—should address job satisfaction and stress among this population at the institutional level. Administrators and researchers should endeavor to identify specific organizational policies and procedures that industrial and technical teacher educators find stressful. This information might be obtained via individual or group interviews as well as through written questionnaires.
After obtaining information about stress-inducing organizational policies and procedures, special attention should be paid to how often they occur. Results from this study indicate that priority in addressing reported policies and procedures should be given to those that occur more frequently rather than those with higher perceived intensity. For example, a policy that affects faculty members weekly should be addressed before a policy that comes into play only at the end of a semester is, even if the stress associated with the latter policy is perceived as being more severe than the stress associated with the weekly policy.
We also recommend that future research employ a longitudinal design to gain further insights into the effects of frequently occurring stressors over an extended period of time. Continuing study of the same sample over time could yield answers relative to how prolonged exposure to stressors affects faculty members. Such information would be vital for designing stress intervention and management strategies, which could in turn effectively increase job satisfaction.
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Sharma, N. R., Yadava, As., & Yadava, Am. (2001). Mental health of women in relation to job stress. Journal of Personality and Clinical Studies, 17 (1), 41-44.
Smith, E., Anderson, J. L., & Lovrich, N. P. (1995). The multiple sources of workplace stress among land-grant university faculty. Research in Higher Education, 36 , 261-282.
Spector, P. E. (1997). Job satisfaction: Application, assessment, causes, and consequences . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Spielberger, C. D., & Reheiser, E. C. (1994). The job stress survey: Measuring gender differences in occupational stress. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 9 , 199-218.
Spielberger, C. D., & Vagg, P. R. (1999). Job stress survey: Professional manual . Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Stanton, J. M., Bachiochi, P. D. Robie, C., Perez, L. M., & Smith, P. C. (2002). Revising the JDI Work Satisfaction subscale: Insights into stress and control. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 62 , 877-895.
Tack, M. W., & Patitu, C. L. (1992). Faculty job satisfaction: Women and minorities in peril (ASHEERIC Higher Education Report No. 4). Washington, DC: George Washington University School of Education and Human Development. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED353885)
Tang, T. L. P., & Talpade, M. (1999). Sex differences in satisfaction with pay and co-workers: Faculty and staff at a public institution of higher education. Public Personnel Management, 28 , 345-364.
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Brewer, E. and McMaha-Landers, J., 2003. The Relationship Between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction of Industrial and Technical Teacher Educators. Journal of Career and Technical Education, 20(1). DOI: http://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v20i1.622
Brewer E, McMaha-Landers J. The Relationship Between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction of Industrial and Technical Teacher Educators. Journal of Career and Technical Education. 2003;20(1). DOI: http://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v20i1.622
Brewer, E., & McMaha-Landers, J. (2003). The Relationship Between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction of Industrial and Technical Teacher Educators. Journal of Career and Technical Education, 20(1). DOI: http://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v20i1.622
1. Brewer E, McMaha-Landers J. The Relationship Between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction of Industrial and Technical Teacher Educators. Journal of Career and Technical Education. 2003;20(1). DOI: http://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v20i1.622
Brewer E and McMaha-Landers J, 'The Relationship Between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction of Industrial and Technical Teacher Educators' (2003) 20 Journal of Career and Technical Education DOI: http://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v20i1.622
Brewer, Ernest, and Jama McMaha-Landers. 2003. "The Relationship Between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction of Industrial and Technical Teacher Educators". Journal of Career and Technical Education 20 (1). DOI: http://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v20i1.622
Brewer, Ernest, and Jama McMaha-Landers. "The Relationship Between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction of Industrial and Technical Teacher Educators". Journal of Career and Technical Education 20, no. 1 (2003). DOI: http://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v20i1.622
Brewer, Eand J McMaha-Landers. "The Relationship Between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction of Industrial and Technical Teacher Educators". Journal of Career and Technical Education, vol. 20, no. 1, 2003. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21061/jcte.v20i1.622

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


George was a life member of the National Rifle Association, Single Action Shooting Society, a member of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association and was a Shriner. He also was a member of the Our Savior Lutheran Church, Winfield, Illinois.
On January 27, 2018, about 0121 eastern standard time, a Cessna 172F, N8559U, collided with trees and impacted terrain near Williamsport, Indiana. The commercial pilot was fatally injured and the airplane was destroyed. The airplane was registered to and operated by Kilo Aviation, LLC, Lacon, Illinois, under the provisions of Title 14 Code of Federal Regulations Part 91 as a ferry flight. Night visual meteorological conditions prevailed, and no flight plan had been filed. The flight originated from Rickenbacker International Airport (LCK), Columbus, Ohio, at 2130, and was destined for Vermilion Regional Airport (DNV), Danville, Illinois.
According to a representative of Kilo Aviation, he and the pilot departed Marshall County Airport (C75), Lacon, Illinois, about 1330 in his airplane and flew to Orange County Airport (OMH), Orange, Virginia, arriving there about 1600. The pilot was to ferry the newly-purchased accident airplane back to C75. The pilot departed OMH in the accident airplane about 1730. The representative of Kilo Aviation departed in his airplane to attend business elsewhere. The pilot flew to LCK, arriving there shortly after 2000. According to the fuel invoice, the airplane was serviced with 31 gallons of fuel between 2056 and 2103. The pilot then departed LCK.
According to a report submitted by a Transportation Safety Specialist (air traffic control) with the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Operational Factors (AS-30) division, using OpsView, radar, and Global Positioning System (GPS) data, he was able to recreate the airplane's flight track. The data depicts the airplane departing LCK and flying west-northwest and crossing into Indiana. At a point just south of Kokomo, Indiana, the airplane turns to a more westerly heading. The airplane continues to a point about 9 miles east of Danville, Illinois, where radar contact is lost.
The pilot held a commercial pilot certificate with airplane single- and multiengine land and instrument ratings. He also held a BasicMed certificate, dated July 21, 2017. According to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) documents, he had logged an estimated 1,000 flight hours, of which 100 hours were in a Cessna 172.
The airplane, serial number 17252459, was manufactured in1965. It was powered by a Continental O-300-C5 engine, serial number 17252459, rated at 145 horsepower, driving a McCauley 2-blade, all metal, fixed-pitch propeller, model number 1C172MDM653.
According to the Cessna 172F "Cruise and Range Performance Chart," the airplane's total useable fuel quantity was 36 gallons. Flying at 5,000 ft at full power, the engine would consume about 9.8 gallons per hour and have an endurance of about 3.7 hours.
The airplane's two main fuel tanks held a total of 40 gallons of fuel (36 gallons useable). The airplane was also equipped with Flint Aero auxiliary fuel tanks (Supplemental Type Certificate SA1618WE) that provided an additional 23 gallons of fuel. However, the wing fuel filler caps for the auxiliary tanks were placarded inoperative, and the fuel gauges for the auxiliary tanks were placarded inoperative. No transfer fuel pump switch was found.
The last annual inspection was performed on July 7, 2016, and the last 100-hour inspection was performed on July 25, 2017. The engine was overhauled to factory limits on July 28, 2008, when it had accrued 4,525 total hours. The engine had accrued another 257.7 hours since major overhaul, totaling 4,782 hours. At the time of the accident, both the airframe and engine had accumulated 4,782.7 hours.
At 0135, the reported weather at DNV, located 8 miles to the west of the accident site, included: wind, 200° at 21 knots, gusting to 29 knots; visibility, 10 miles; ceiling, 5,000 feet overcast; temperature 09°C.; dew point, -01°C.; altimeter setting, 30.09 inches of mercury.
The wreckage was located in hilly, wooded terrain at an elevation of 621 feet above mean sea level. Measurements indicated that the airplane struck trees on a magnetic heading of 180º and came to rest inverted on a magnetic heading of 282º.
Examination of the wreckage revealed extensive compression damage to the forward fuselage. Both wings had leading edge crush damage. All four corners of the airplane were identified. All flight control surfaces remained attached to the airplane. The fuel selector handle and valve were in the "BOTH" tanks selected position. A small amount of fuel was found in the firewall fuel strainer. Both main fuel tanks were intact. No fuel was observed inside the tanks and no fuel smell was noticed at the site. The two-bladed propeller remained attached to the crankshaft. One propeller blade was slightly bowed aft about two-thirds of the way from the hub to the tip. The other propeller blade was bent aft about half-way from the hub to the tip. No chordwise scratches or leading-edge damage were observed on either any of the propeller blades.
On March 28, 2019, the engine was examined at the facilities of AMF Aviation, Springfield, Tennessee. The top spark plugs were removed and exhibited light and dark colored combustion deposits. The electrodes exhibited normal worn-out signatures when compared to the Champion check-a-plug chart. The cylinder combustion chambers were examined with a lighted borescope with no anomalies noted.
The oil screen was free of debris. The crankshaft was rotated by hand using the propeller. Continuity to the accessory section and throughout the valve train was obtained. The magnetos produced spark on all six top ignition leads when the crankshaft was rotated, and impulse coupling engagement was heard.
The throttle and mixture arms on the carburetor moved freely by hand from stop to stop, and the throttle actuated the accelerator pump. The fuel inlet screen was free of debris. The carburetor was disassembled; no anomalies were noted. There was no fuel in the carburetor. The carburetor air box was free of obstructions. The examination of the engine did not reveal any anomalies that would have prevented normal operation and production of power.
Central Indiana Forensic Associates, Fishers, Indiana, performed an autopsy on the pilot. Death was attributed to "blunt force trauma to the head, chest, and abdomen." A toxicology screen performed by NMS Labs found that the pilot had 0.20 mcg/ml caffeine in peripheral blood, 0.25 mcg/ml warfarin in peripheral blood, and 300 ng/ml opiates in urine.
The toxicology screen performed by FAA's Bioaeronautical Science Research Laboratory, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, found no evidence of carboxyhemoglobin or ethanol. Metoprolol at 0.408 (ug/mL, ug/g), morphine at 0.013 (ug/mL, ug/g), hydromorphone at 0.028 (ug/mL, ug/g), codeine, and warfarin were detected in urine. Warfarin was also detected in blood.
According to FAA records, at the time of his last medical exam on August 25, 2016, the pilot reported dermatologic conditions, atrial fibrillation, and a hernia repair. He reported using metoprolol (a beta blocker used to control the heart rate in atrial fibrillation), warfarin (a blood thinner used to prevent strokes in patients with atrial fibrillation) and testosterone. None of these medications are considered impairing. Because of his atrial fibrillation, he was granted a special issuance third-class medical certificate limited by a requirement to wear corrective lenses and marked, "Not valid for any class after 8/30/2017." The pilot applied for status under the BasicMed program, and it was granted in July 2017.
Codeine is an opioid analgesic; morphine and hydromorphone are two of its active metabolites; all of these substances are psychoactive and impairing when present in blood at significant levels. However, small amounts of these opioids found in urine can be due to the ingestion of poppy seeds rather than pharmaceuticals.
Looks like he encountered a serious headwind above 3500' that increased even at lower altitudes as he proceeded west bound.


A small piece of Norwegian design history has been hidden in a weaving room in the rural areas of Northern Ireland. Nestled in the foothills of the imposing Mourne Mountains in County Down is a third-generation weaving company, started by late Norwegian design pioneer Gerd Hay-Edie, born Gerd Bergersen in Trondheim, Norway in 1909.
Gerd started her design journey aged 17 making tapestries. The young designer went on to study design and hand-weaving at the Home Industries School for Women in Oslo. At 20, she was invited to set up a weaving workshop in northern Spain. She moved to England a year later, in 1932, and was appointed head designer at Dartington Hall.
By January 1933 she was designing for the Welsh woolen mills and, through the Rural Industries Bureau, launched Holywell Mill's double cloths. These cloths would become some of the very first double-weave furnishing fabrics to be used by Gordon Russell.
After marrying an English expatriate in 1938, Gerd Hay-Edie moved around Asia, but in the late 1940s she and her four children settled in the Mournes.
Since the early 1950s, Irish heritage brand Mourne Textiles has been weaving fabrics and designing furnishings at the foot of the Mourne Mountains in County Down, using traditional weaving techniques on custom-made handlooms.
Gerd handed down her weaving techniques to daughter Karen Hay-Edie, a master-weaver in her own right, who in turn passed the baton to her grandson, Mario Sierra. Working with his mother, he began to produce some of his grandmother's iconic designs, using the same looms she had imported from Norway.
Working with his mother, Mario Sierra began to produce some of his grandmother's iconic designs, using the same looms she had imported from Norway.
In 2015 Mario Sierra, took his family company's helm to relaunch its distinctive textured weaves.
All of Mourne's textiles are handmade in its remote Northern Ireland workshop; even the yarns are custom-spun for that "lumpy" quality that gives the pieces so much texture.


text:
import imp
import json

import pytest

import perm

import example
import example2

def test_naming():
    # names must be unique
    assert str(example.Project.write) != str(example.Project.read)
    assert str(example.Project.write) != str(example2.Project.write)

def test_constant():
    old = str(example.Project.write)
    new = str(imp.reload(example).Project.write)
    assert old == new

def test_basic():
    user = perm.User()
    assert not user.has_perm(example.Project.read, 1)
    user.add_perm(example.Project.read, 1)
    assert user.has_perm(example.Project.read, 1)

    assert not user.has_perm(example.Project.read, 2)
    # add permission to read all projects
    user.add_perm(example.Project.read)
    assert user.has_perm(example.Project.read, 2)

def test_require():
    user = perm.User()
    with pytest.raises(perm.PermissionDenied):
        user.require_perm(example.Project.read)

    class CustomPermissionDenied(Exception):
        def __init__(self, permission, subject):
            super(CustomPermissionDenied, self).__init__('Message')

    perm.PERMISSION_DENIED_EXCEPTION = CustomPermissionDenied

    with pytest.raises(CustomPermissionDenied):
        user.require_perm(example.Project.read)

def test_double_perms():
    """inserting a permission twice should not have any effect"""
    user = perm.User()
    assert len(user.get('perm', [])) == 0

    user.add_perm(example.Project.read, 1)
    assert len(user.get('perm', [])) == 1

    user.add_perm(example.Project.read, 1)
    assert len(user.get('perm', [])) == 1

    user.add_perm(example.Project.read, 123)
    assert len(user.get('perm', [])) == 2

def test_add_role():
    user = perm.User()

    # variable 'project' must be defined
    with pytest.raises(perm.MissingVariable):
        user.add_role(example.ProjectAdmin)

    user.add_role(example.ProjectAdmin, project=1)

def test_role_permissions():
    """The project admin role grants write access to specific projects"""
    user = perm.User()
    assert not user.has_perm(example.Project.write, 1)

    user.add_role(example.Useless)
    assert not user.has_perm(example.Project.write, 1)

    user.add_role(example.ProjectAdmin, project=1)
    assert user.has_perm(example.Project.write, 1)
    assert not user.has_perm(example.Project.write, 2)

def test_role_general_grant():
    """The project admin role grants read access to ALL projects"""
    user = perm.User()
    assert not user.has_perm(example.Project.read, 1)
    assert not user.has_perm(example.Project.read, 2)

    user.add_role(example.ProjectAdmin, project=1)
    assert user.has_perm(example.Project.read, 1)
    assert user.has_perm(example.Project.read, 2)

def test_jsonablity():
    user = perm.User()
    user.add_perm(example.Project.read, 1)

    j = json.dumps(user)
    data = json.loads(j)
    user = perm.User(data)
    assert user.has_perm(example.Project.read, 1)

def test_dict_subjects():
    user = perm.User()
    p1 = {'_id': 1, 'group': 0}
    p2 = {'_id': 2, 'group': 0}
    assert not user.has_perm(example.Project.read, p1)
    assert not user.has_perm(example.Project.read, p2)

    user.add_perm(example.Project.read, {'_id': 1})
    assert user.has_perm(example.Project.read, p1)
    assert not user.has_perm(example.Project.read, p2)

    user = perm.User()
    user.add_perm(example.Project.read, {'group': 0})
    assert user.has_perm(example.Project.read, p1)
    assert user.has_perm(example.Project.read, p2)

    user = perm.User()
    user.add_role(example.ProjectAdmin, project={'group': 0})
    assert user.has_perm(example.Project.write, p1)
    assert user.has_perm(example.Project.write, p2)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Localytics lets brands take their mobile marketing to the next level, allowing them to send extremely targeted push notifications, in-app messages, inbox messages, and remarketing campaigns.
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The History of Cybercrimes
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The history of Cybercrimes begins traces the evolution of cybercrime from the criminal misuse of mainframe computers that emerged in the 1960s through the varied and complex types of misuse made possible by the networked personal computers. Computer systems have now become integral to the daily functioning of businesses, organizations, governments, and individuals we have learned to put a tremendous amount of trust in these systems. As a result, we have placed incredibly important and valuable information on them. History has shown, that things of value will always be a target for a criminal. Cybercrime is no different. When people started to put valuable data on their personal computers, phones, many of the times it will put a target on that information for the criminal to aim for, in order to gain some form of profit from the activity (Gall, 2018).
In the past, the criminal had to gain access to an individual's valuables, they would have to conduct a robbery in some shape or form. In the case of data theft, the criminal would need to break into a building, sifting through files looking for the information of greatest value and profit. In our modern world, the criminal can attack their victims from a distance, and due to the nature of the internet, these acts would most likely never meet retribution. But in the 70s, we saw criminals taking advantage of the tone system used on phone networks. They used an attack that was called phreaking, where the attacker reverse-engineered the tones used by the telephone companies to make long distance calls. In 1988, the first computer worm made its debut on the internet and caused a great deal of destruction to organizations. This first worm was called the Morris worm, after its creator Robert Morris. While this worm was not originally intended to be malicious it still caused a great deal of damage. The U.S. Government Accountability Office in 1980 estimated that the damage could have been as high as $10,000,000.00.
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1.0.1 Cyberattacks
1.0.2 Electronic crime
1.0.3 Cybercrime
1.0.4 Hackers
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Frequently cyberattacks have grown destructive in recent years. One form of hacking is the denial-of-service (DoS) attack. This has become a tool of war. Many attacks are designed to paralyze websites, financial networks and other computer systems by flooding them with data from outside computers. For example, a -year-old Canadian with the handle "Mafiaboy" had launched the first documented DoS attack in 2000, against numerous e-commerce sites, including eBay and Amazon.com, shutting some down and wreaking havoc that cost an estimated $1.7 billion (James, 2009). In 2007, entities believed to have been associated with the Russian government or its allies launched a DoS attack against Estonia during a dispute sparked by the removal of a World War IIera Soviet soldier from a public park; the attacks crippled the country's digital infrastructure, paralyzing government and media sites and hammering the former Soviet republic's largest bank.
But the massive cyberattack against Georgia is believed to have taken place before Russia's invasion of the country last year, crippling a major banking system and disrupting cell-phone service. Many of the complaints that have been filed with federal, state and local law enforcement agencies and private organizations. But over the 2.7 million identity theft and fraud reports received in 2017, 1.1 million were fraud-related, costing consumers almost $905 million. Consumers had paid in these cases was over fraud cases over $429. But within the fraud category, many of the imposter scams were the most reported and ranked first among the top 10 fraud categories identified by the FTC. Cyberspies are also targeting regular citizens. News headlines regularly tell of hackers ransacking computer networks for Social Security numbers, banking information and other data that could be used for potential identity theft.
Electronic crime
Electronic crime is maturing, according to many of the security experts. The cybercrime evolution, the criminals are now adopting many different conventional approaches that reflect cold business sense, from the supermarket-style pricing to outsourcing to specialists acting as portfolio managers, coders, launchers, miners, washers and minders of infected "zombie" computers. "It's a remarkable development of a whole alternative business environment that's occurred over the last couple years," said Richard Archdeacon, a senior director of global services for Symantec, an Internet security company with 11 research centers around the world tracking crime trends. "What's been so astonishing is the speed with which it's developed and the effect with which the market has grown and matured."
In the United States alone, victims of reported Internet fraud lost $239 million in 2007, with average losses running about $2,530 per complaint recorded by a special Web-based hot line operated by the FBI and the National White-Collar Crime Center, a nonprofit corporation focusing on electronic crime. The most common frauds were fake e-mail messages and phony Web pages and the crimes were organized from the United States, England, Nigeria, Canada, Romania and Italy, according to an FBI report. The aim is to keep up with an age-old game of cat-and-mouse that is accelerating, with newly emerging tools like the "fast flux" that allows cybercriminals to hide the national location of spamming and phishing Web sites, which surface for minutes on a bot computer in one country before moving within minutes to another infected bot in another country (Carvajal, 2008). Phishing is a method of fraudulently acquiring sensitive information, like passwords and credit card numbers, using digital communication.
The advantage of fast flux, according to experts, is that attackers can register a child-pornography site or a fake bank that is not tied to a single domain that can be tracked and shut down. The flux techniques were used in phishing frauds this year that targeted bank customers in England where criminals created fake bank sites mimicking Barclays and Halifax banks and requested personal information.
The asymmetrical nature of cybercrime calls out for new approaches to combating crime. One person can become as powerful as an entire army, some countries can no longer rely solely have more reactive methods to fighting cybercrimes. Traditionally, many threats to national borders lead to the concentration of law enforcement agents or military personnel at border crossings and points of entry. Similarly, all kinds of criminal threats are met with the deployment of extra police in a neighborhood. But now, given the access and ease of the Internet, every person who has a computer, a Smartphone, or any other device that can connect to the Internet is a potential point of entry into a country (Dolliver, 2013).
Organizations like the United Nations emphasize, transnational organized crime spans national and ethnic boundaries; and local police jurisdictions must also be alert to cybercriminals operating across state and regional lines. Security officials and law enforcement agencies alike must place a new emphasis on preventive intelligence to locate sources of potential cyber threats to the organizations and people they are supposed to protect. Since cybercrimes are relatively new, there now responses by legislators and law enforcement authorities. Policy responses are in their infancy, under development at all levels of government. In the United States alone, there are more than fifty federal statutes that directly or indirectly address different aspects of cyber-security and cybercrime. There is no single piece of comprehensive U.S. legislation that encompasses all aspects of cyber-related crime. Many of the federal agencies have created centers to address threats.
The Department of Defense has its "Defense Cyber Crimes Center" while the Federal Bureau of Investigation has the "Internet Crime Complaint Center" and Immigration and Customs Enforcement has its "Cyber Crimes Center. Other federal agencies pursue investigations of particular kinds of cybercrime such as the Drug Enforcement Administration's attempt to tackle the problem of illegal online sales of prescription drugs through fake pharmacies. Both laws and enforcement efforts are scattered.
The focus on a major cybercrime that has a byte out of history $10 million hack, 1994-style. two decades ago, a group of criminals that spanned multiple continent and was led by a young computer programmer in St. Petersburg, Russia. They hacked into the electronic systems of a major U.S. bank and secretly started stealing money. They had no mask, no note, no gun this was bank robbery for the technological age.
The case began in July 1994, when several corporate bank customers discovered that a total of $400,000 was missing from their accounts. Once the bank officials realized the problem, they immediately contacted the FBI. Hackers had apparently targeted the institution's cash management computer system?"which allowed corporate clients to move funds from their own accounts into other banks around the world. The criminals gained access by exploiting the telecommunications network and compromising valid user IDs and passwords. Working with the bank, we began monitoring the accounts for more illegal transfers. We eventually identified approximately 40 illegal transactions from late June through October, mostly going to overseas bank accounts and ultimately adding up to more than $10 million. Meanwhile, the bank was able to get the overseas accounts frozen so no additional money could be withdrawn.
The only location where money was actually transferred within the U.S. was San Francisco. Investigators pinpointed the bank accounts there and identified the owners as a Russian couple who had previously lived in the country ("A Byte Out of History: $10 Million Hack", 2016). When the wife flew into San Francisco and attempted to withdraw funds from one of the accounts, the FBI arrested her and, soon after, her husband. Both cooperated in the investigation, telling us that the hacking operation was based inside a St. Petersburg computer firm and that they were working for a Russian named Vladimir Levin.
We teamed up with Russian authorities who provided outstanding cooperation just days after a new FBI legal attach office had been opened in Moscow, to gather evidence against Levin, including proof that he was accessing the bank's computer from his own laptop. We also worked with other law enforcement partners to arrest two co-conspirators attempting to withdraw cash from overseas accounts; both were Russian nationals who had been recruited as couriers and paid to take the stolen funds that had been transferred to their personal accounts ("A Byte Out of History: $10 Million Hack", 2016). In March 1995, Levin was lured to London, where he was arrested and later extradited back to the United States. He pled guilty in January 1998.
Believed to be the first online bank robbery, the virtual theft and ensuing investigation were a needed wakeup call for the financial industryand for law enforcement. The victim bank put corrective measures in place to shore up its network security. Though the hack didn't involve the Internet, the case did generate media coverage that got the attention of web security experts. The FBI, for its part, began expanding its cybercrime capabilities and global footprint, steadily building an arsenal of tools and techniques that help us lead the national effort to investigative high-tech crimes today.
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Importance of Cyber Crime Management
It is the main motive of state and central government to identity theft, the network intrusions and software piracy. It is a criminal activity, it begun when the hackers starts illegally accessing high level networks. The paper which gives the elaborated form of information regarding cybercrime and security measures including the prevention how to deal [...]
Pages: 5 Words: 1412
Topics: Crime, Cyber Crime, Research
Big Data and Cyber Crimes
In a universe full of high-technology, software is now available to predict future crimes, generate virtual "most wanted lists, and collect personal identifiable information. This new innovation of technology is called Big Data. Big data is an evolving term that describes any voluminous amount of structured, semi -structured, and unstructured data that has the potential [...]
Pages: 10 Words: 3043
Topics: Crime, Cyber Crime, Data Collection, Social Media, Surveillance
Famous Examples of Cybercrime
In modern times, one issue that millions of people worldwide are constantly under the threat of due to the popularity of the internet is cybercrime. Cybercrime is any crime that is carried out using a computer or the Internet. It can be done in a multitude of ways, such as hacking, piracy, identity theft, various [...]
Topics: Crime, Cyber Crime, Internet, Security
Pecularities of Cyber Crime and Security
CAPABILITIES VS ACLS: Inside PC frameworks, the two key methods for implementing benefit partition are get to control records (ACLs) and abilities. The semantics of ACLs have been ended up being uncertain by and large (e.g., befuddled agent issue). It has additionally been demonstrated that ACL's guarantee of offering access to a question just a [...]
Topics: Cyber Crime, Information Technology
Cyber Crime and Security
Applicable law United States: Access Gadget Extortion. 18 U.S.C. § 1029. Misrepresentation and related movement regarding access gadgets, Computer Extortion and Manhandle Act. 18 U.S.C. § 1030--Extortion and related movement regarding PCs, CAN-SPAM ACT. 15 U.S.C. § 7704. Controlling the Ambush of Non-Requested Explicit entertainment and Showcasing Demonstration of 2003. Canada: Criminal Code of Canada, [...]
Topics: Computers, Cyber Crime, Information Technology
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Broadstairs Flat Pack Assembly: If you've just acquired some flat pack furniture in Broadstairs, Kent and you are having difficulty putting it together, you need to call on the help of a flat pack assembly professional to undertake the work for you. Even though flat pack furniture is claimed to be "easy to put together", it can prove to be considerably more challenging than you might imagine. It is true that you'll only need a few readily available tools to do this task but sometimes the instructions for flat pack furniture can be confusing if not practically impossible to comprehend even for those people who are usually good at DIY. There will likely be several craftsmen in the Broadstairs area who will be able to help you, it's just a matter of finding the right person for you.
Flat Pack Furniture and Having it Assembled: A substantial percentage of furniture available at present comes in the flat pack form and even though most of us would like to think that we're capable of achieving this ourselves, when it comes down to it we discover that it's beyond our level of skill. Flat pack furniture assembly instructions are supposed to be straightforward and precise but in reality they are generally very hard to understand for the average person in Broadstairs. Maybe you should contact the local carpenter or handyman to tackle the work on your behalf.
A skilful handyman in Broadstairs should be perfectly capable of constructing flat pack furniture though if you have any doubts in regards to the capabilities of your local odd job man, you might need to think about trying out a carpentry specialist for the job. Most self-respecting carpenters should have no trouble with deciphering flat pack furniture instructions and building your furniture to a high standard, he or she probably will also have spare accessories, as we all know that almost always the flat packed furniture will show up without some of the necessary parts needed to complete the job correctly. Though any major wooden sections need to all be present before you start putting it all together, panel pins, wooden dowels, door hinges, screws, drawer rails, locking nuts, cams, fittings, and various other items are liable to be missing and might very well be stored in a carpenters toolkit from previous projects he has carried out.
Flat Pack Bedroom Furnishings: You will likely discover that when you order bedroom furniture from stores such as John Lewis, Argos, Wickes, B&Q, Ikea, Homebase, Oak Furniture Land, Harveys and similar places near Broadstairs, it will normally arrive in flat pack form, it will additionally normally have to be ordered in advance of you actually needing it seeing that these kinds of outlets rarely carry these products in stock. Generally these outlets are able to design your bedroom for you by using a software program which computes all of the dimensions and fits stuff where it is best suited. It might be best to get your Broadstairs handyman or carpenter to measure the room up properly before going shopping, he will draw up a detailed plan for you to take with you when ordering, a little error at this stage could create major problems as the job progresses.
When your bedroom design is rather tricky and costly you may want to think about hiring a bedroom specialist in Broadstairs to tackle the job, they will do all the measuring up for you, have some brochures of bedroom furniture, order everything on your behalf and be used to handling the fixtures and materials since they are dealing with them on a regular basis. Taking this option may be a tad more expensive than when using an odd job man (though perhaps not a carpenter), but you will have more belief that the job will be handled correctly.
Flat Packed Kitchen Furniture: Currently a lot of kitchen furniture is delivered to Broadstairs in flat packed form even when ordering fitted kitchens. Quite often the base units will be delivered already assembled but quite often the entire thing will come flat packed. Now you would have to be a pretty self-confident DIY-er to consider the job of assembling an entire kitchen, so your advised option will be to call on the services of a kitchen specialist or at the very least a capable Broadstairs carpenter and joiner.
All in all flat packed furniture assembly will not always be as easy as you may believe and whether you elect to employ a specialist or handyman or do-it-yourself, it'll need to be put together correctly for you to get many years of service from the furniture and so that it improves the decor of your home.
Broadstairs flat pack assembly specialists can usually help with flat packed unit assembly in Broadstairs, domestic flat packed furniture put together in Broadstairs, flat pack furniture disassembly in Broadstairs, flat packed bed assembly in Broadstairs, Ikea PAX wardrobe put together in Broadstairs, flat packed dining table and chairs put together in Broadstairs, flat pack office furniture assembly in Broadstairs, John Lewis flat packed furniture assembly in Broadstairs, flat pack construction in Broadstairs, kids furniture assembly in Broadstairs, Ikea BESTA storage unit assembly in Broadstairs, Argos flat pack furniture assembly in Broadstairs, Ikea MALM bed assembly in Broadstairs, flat packed bookcase put together in Broadstairs and other flat pack services in Broadstairs, Kent.
Also find: Westwood flat pack assembly, Margate flat pack assembly, St Peters flat pack assembly, Minster flat pack assembly, Monkton flat pack assembly, Manston flat pack assembly, Northdown flat pack assembly, Birchington flat pack assembly, Westgate-on-Sea flat pack assembly, Cliffs End flat pack assembly, Pegwell Bay flat pack assembly, Woodchurch flat pack assembly, Haine flat pack assembly, Ramsgate flat pack assembly, Cliftonville flat pack assembly, St Lawrence flat pack assembly and more flat pack furniture assembly specialists near Broadstairs.
More Kent flat pack assembly: Canterbury, Ramsgate, Maidstone, Margate, Broadstairs, Tonbridge, Rochester, Dover, Deal, Ashford, Sittingbourne, Folkestone, Swanley, Gravesend, Chatham, Herne Bay, Sevenoaks, Whitstable, Gillingham, Faversham, Tunbridge Wells and Dartford.
Flat pack assembly in other areas: Kidsgrove, Stafford, Sunderland, Smethwick, Marlow, Tonbridge, Whitehaven, Willenhall, Hailsham, Salford, Wednesbury, Swadlincote, Penwortham, Macclesfield, Stretford, Royton, Westhoughton, Corby, Ewell, Portsmouth, Bournemouth, Salisbury, St Helens, Airdrie, Dundee, Blackburn.
A few Broadstairs streets covered by Broadstairs flat pack assemblers: The Ridgeway, The Pier Approach, Albert Road, Almond Close, Dumpton Park Road, Belmont Villas, South Cliff Parade, Second Avenue, Stone Road, Birch Close, Bromstone Road, The Parade, St Peters Footpath, Dane Court Road, Anson Close, Trotwood Place, Brassey Avenue, Dolphin Close, Thanet Place Gardens, The Bungalow, St Georges Road, Albion Road, Beech Drive, Sacketts Hill, The Banks, The Hawthorns.
Flat pack assembly in CT10 area.


text:
GCC can absorb trade war shocks
The IMF recently cut its global growth forecasts, saying that the US-China trade war was taking a toll and emerging markets were struggling with tighter liquidity and capital outflows.
By Waheed Abbas
Published: Sat 27 Oct 2018, 8:00 PM
Last updated: Sat 27 Oct 2018, 10:58 PM
Global financial institutions and economists expect that the ongoing trade tensions between the US and China will negatively impact the world's economic growth.
Analysts in the region said that the GCC may also have an adverse impact, but the strong economic base can absorb the shocks of global trade war.
They noted that the GCC region may impacted indirectly due to fall in global crude oil prices, slowdown in trade and logistics industries, tariffs on aluminium and outflow of capital.
The International Monetary Fund last week cut its global economic growth forecasts for 2018 and 2019, saying that the US-China trade war was taking a toll and emerging markets were struggling with tighter liquidity and capital outflows.
The Gulf region is mainly an importing region with large trade deficits outside of its oil exports. However, the region could be impacted if the trade tensions escalate, leading to uncertainty in global growth and outflow of capital. "The risk of escalating trade tensions between the US and China could weigh on oil prices as demand from China could go down due to a hit to its economic growth. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia and Russia ruled out any expeditious supply increase to ease price pressures. Moreover, due to the US sanctions on Iran, the market will not have enough capacity left to replace Iranian supplies. These factors could further push oil prices higher," he said.
In addition, the US introduced tariffs on steel and aluminium imports. The GCC region exported approximately $2.5 billion of aluminium to the US and is the largest exporter after Canada and China in 2017. Introduction of tariffs and focus on usage of domestically produced aluminium would affect GCC exports.
Vijay Valecha, chief market analyst, Century Financial, said tariffs have still not hit hard anyone but if this is escalated, it would turn out to be a catastrophic event with global consequences.
"Without an iota of doubt, GCC will certainly be hit hard as it has a lot of global economic exposure. A highly globalised economy helps us to leverage on global economic growth in good times while in bad times like the 'Great Recession 'that occurred in 2008-09, it can throw us out of our balance. It might still be surprising to some, but today's global economy is interlinked beyond our wildest possible imagination. It's much more than the old adage 'When US sneezes, World catches a cold,'" Valecha added.
Impact of Iran sanctions
Legal experts claim that those UAE and GCC companies which are engaged in business with Iranian companies and individuals in strategic sectors like automobile, energy, banking and finance, petrochemical and industrial products will take a hit next month due to the US sanctions irrespective of the fact that they have presence in the US or not.
First round of sanctions is already imposed on Iran as the US pulled out of the nuclear deal earlier this year and the second round will come into effect from November 5.
"After November 4, non-US companies that are owned or controlled by US firms - including foreign subsidiaries of US companies - will no longer be authorised to engage in any Iran-related activities and will once again become fully subject to the primary sanctions. That is of interest here in the UAE and GCC because a lot of US companies have foreign subsidiaries here. The second layer of sanctions are secondary sanctions which are also known as extraterritorial sanctions. Those sanctions can apply to anyone with absolutely no US connection. Under secondary sanctions, where the US government doesn't have jurisdiction over parties to impose civil or criminal penalties what they can do is sanction foreign companies for engaging in an activity that is targeted under those secondary sanctions," said Inessa Owens, Associate, International Commercial & Trade Group, Baker McKenzie (based in Washington DC).
Owens said all those UAE and GCC companies, even though they don't have a presence in the US, if they engage in activities that are targeted under the secondary sanctions, they can be subject to secondary sanctions.
Matt Shanahan, partner, Financial Services Regulatory Group, Baker McKenzie Habib Al Mulla (based in Dubai), said even legitimate businesses in the UAE and GCC are facing difficulties engaging in business with Iranian firms and individuals due to strict scrutiny, especially by central bank of closely monitoring activities of bank transactions with Iran.
"There has been an increase in scrutiny and all these financial institutions are becoming very conservative. Some business can be done legitimately, but a lot of businesses are being prevented from dealing with Iran by the inability of parties to get paid. Transfers of currencies from Iran to the UAE through banking system will be more difficult in the post-sanction era. So they are trying secondary sources like using money exchange companies and unfortunately that is not working either. So, ultimately the impact is that even legitimate business which doesn't fall under secondary sanctions is having material difficulty in transacting," he said.
- waheedabbas@khaleejtimes.com


It is my pleasure to welcome you after 4 years in Pisek at 25th World Championships of Belgian Shepherds which is going to be held from 6th to 12th of May 2019. It is our honor to provide a place for competition in our town for six hundred handlers from all around the world with their dogs. We look forward to an extraordinary show of these highly intelligent breed – fast and skillful jumpers of Agility, universal dogs of IPO, uncompromising defenders of Mondioring, perfect performance of Obedience, beautiful dogs during the Belgian Shepherds world show and last but not least tireless athletic dogs of Canicross discipline. I wish you good luck, excellent results and have a lot of nice experience here.
I hope that besides the competition you will also find the opportunity to visit the center of Pisek, where you can find the Gothic Stone bridge which is the oldest bridge in the Czech Republic. You can also visit museums, galleries and the other beautiful historical places of our town. During your stay, there is going to be held the Piskoviste weekend with a lot of interesting events organized by the city and on Otava embankment there is being held the 13th Sand Sculptures Exhibiton. We also invite you to visit The Deanery Church of the Birth of the Virgin Mary which celebrates 530 years since its foundation.


text:
PowerPoint Coathuring and other Collaboration Features Added to Office 365
By Kurt Mackie
Microsoft added Office 365 end user feature improvements this month for desktop, browser and mobile apps.
Some of the improvements are yet to come or are just available this month to "first release" Office Insider Program testers. Most of them, though, are available with the November update, which will roll out to Office 365 subscribers at various intervals. Microsoft doesn't specify the dates when Office 365 updates appear, as explained in this support document.
In general, Microsoft updated PowerPoint's and Outlook's collaboration capabilities. It also made it easier for users to get notified when documents get shared, among other improvements described in its announcement this week. The features are demonstrated in this Microsoft Mechanics presentation.
Perhaps the highlight of this month's release is that PowerPoint now supports "real-time" coauthoring, where a shared presentation document can be edited by different users simultaneously. Microsoft Word already has this capability. The PowerPoint coauthoring capability is available now for Windows tablet users of the PowerPoint Mobile application. Windows desktop users can get a preview of it today if they are part of the Office Insider beta-testing program.
The November update is also bringing an easier way to transform a traditional attached document in an Outlook e-mail into a sharable document that's accessible from a cloud-based storage service. It still takes some steps to make that happen, though. The attachment needs to be uploaded to a OneDrive account or an Office 365 Group document library. Next, the user needs to "specify sharing permissions for the email recipients." This shared document capability is available now for all Office 365 subscribers using the Windows desktop version of the Outlook application. It's also available now for users of the Outlook on the Web application, which is the one that runs in a browser.
Excel, PowerPoint and Word now have a "Shared with Me" tab that will show the documents that other users have shared. It's available for Android, iOS, Mac and Windows users. It's still to come for the Windows Mobile platform.
Also added to Excel, PowerPoint and Word is a new "Recent Folders" list. It shows up under the "Recent" tab in those applications. However, this feature is just available now to Office Insider testers.
Microsoft has introduced a test version of document-sharing notifications in Excel, Word and PowerPoint, which alerts end users when document changes are made or when documents get shared. The feature's availability and capabilities vary. Android and Windows Mobile consumer users have access to it today if they are Office Insider participants. It'll be arriving next month for consumer iOS users, Microsoft promised. Business users won't see it this month, but it'll be available "in the coming months" on all mobile platforms, Microsoft indicated.
Office 365 business subscribers using the "current channel" or "deferred channel" to receive Office 365 updates can designate some users as part of the "first release" distribution cycle if they want to get early access to features at the beta-test level. The "channels" term is lingo that Microsoft adopted back in February to describe its various Office 365 releases.
Kurt Mackie is senior news producer for the 1105 Enterprise Computing Group.


COTABATO CITY, Philippines (Mindanao Examiner / May 15, 2011) – Philippine authorities continued Sunday searching for a Filipino-Chinese trader kidnapped by gunmen in the troubled region of Mindanao.
Officials said gunmen seized Angelina Chew Mantigue who was snatched Saturday in her grocery store in Maguindanao's North Upi town. No individual or group has claimed responsibility for the latest incident, but previous kidnappings had been largely blamed to Moro rebels operating in the restive province.
The Moro Islamic Liberation front which is currently negotiating peace with Manila has joined the search for the victim. Four gunmen who posed as customers kidnapped Mantigue and dragged her to a waiting get-away car.


WASHINGTON, Dec 7 — Instead of an American flag, Rand Paul wears a red penny in his lapel, symbolising the core of the politician's philosophy: no more runaway debt, and relentless submission to the US Constitution.
With political ambitions apparently extending beyond Congress, Paul might seek to test whether he can translate his appeal to the national stage.
The senator is viewed as an early standout for the 2016 Republican presidential primaries that kick off barely one year from now.
Ahead of a probable presidential campaign launch next spring, Paul announced Tuesday he will run for Senate re-election—allowing him to crank up his campaign team for whatever lies ahead.
Five years ago barely a handful of Tea Party ultra-conservatives had heard of the ophthalmologist from Bowling Green, Kentucky who spoke truth to power and often challenged Republican Party orthodoxy.
His father Ron Paul is a firebrand former congressman from Texas, himself a three-time White House aspirant and opponent of the welfare state, and the man to whom the senator owes his political education.
"My dad has always been my dad and my political hero," Paul wrote in his 2011 book The Tea Party Goes to Washington.
"I had been Tea Party before Tea Party was cool," he wrote.
When he arrived in the Senate in January 2011, the freshman took action that grabbed the attention of Washington watchers.
His stock soared in March 2013 when he gave a 13-hour Senate speech to block confirmation of the CIA director over the Obama administration's policy on aerial drones.
Supporters quickly exhorted others to "Stand with Rand" and his opposition to abuses by the National Security Agency, a position applauded by civil liberty defenders.
The senator fancies himself a "libertarian-ish" Republican and a "constitutional conservative": he denounces federal government abuse of power and seeks to reduce its regulatory role.
In foreign policy, he deplores the 2003 invasion of Iraq and has harsh words for the war's neo-conservative architects.
He also blasts Hillary Clinton—perhaps his most likely Democratic White House rival should he run—as a "war hawk" for fueling calls for regime change in Syria.
Paul rejects the isolationist label, however. He has been known to cite president Ronald Reagan in insisting that dislike of war is not lack of resolve.
His rival Senator Marco Rubio accused Paul, without naming him, of backing the military operation against the Islamic State extremist group in large part because the American public supports it.
"Paul changes his position seemingly by the hour," sneered Michael Czin, a spokesman for the Democratic Party.
But with his reputation for fealty to the Constitution, Paul this week demanded an urgent debate and vote on a new authorization of the use of military force against IS.
He said the White House currently lacks the necessary authority to engage the jihadists without a congressional green light.
Paul has gone out of his way to engage with minority groups, holding a series of listening sessions with African American community leaders.
He advocates criminal justice reform to help break the cycle of prison-unemployment-poverty that plagues many black youth, campaigns against mandatory minimum sentencing laws and seeks a restoration of voting rights for ex-convicts with non-violent offenses.
"We must realize that race still plays a role in the enforcement of the law," he said.
Democrats contest the sincerity of Paul's dedication to civil rights issues, saying he is courting votes of an overwhelmingly Democratic constituency.
The efforts allow Paul to reintroduce his party and its values, as was evident at a gathering at historically black Howard University last year.


Embarking on the process of detoxification can be made simpler our expertise and research on detox options will help you, we give addicts and their families the ability to pick the best medical detox in Lemitar, New Mexico. Initiating the process of detoxification and subsequent freedom, in Lemitar, New Mexico is a big undertaking - because of the familiarity of using, many are afraid to go without. Our mission is to help make this process easier. Our selections include a long list of high-quality addiction treatment centers - the professionals at a detox will help make sure the addict in your life is properly cared for. Detoxes.net gives you the ability to search each city and state for the right Detox with this help addicts are able to find the right substance detox for them. Seek addiction professionals to allow you to find an addiction treatment center that can offer you freedom in Lemitar, New Mexico.
Not every residential center in Lemitar, New Mexico will work for you or your loved ones, but research will help. It is important to take the time to do your research. No matter where you live, you can find a great Drug and Alcohol Detox Center - Detox and treatment will ensure you are able to achieve sobriety. Detoxes.net can help you find treatment - the rehab journey will be dependent upon your requests. Our resources give addicts the best chance at success fulfillment. Those seeking substance abuse treatment need in Lemitar, New Mexico to investigate the reputation and reviews of the addiction treatment center. Perhaps you are struggling with finding the correct center in Lemitar, New Mexico, Detoxes.net can give you the resources you need to stop struggling.
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text:
/*
 * Contains integration tests for all Startup-initiated events.
 */

const envBundle = require("../util/env-bundle");

describe("Initialisation", () => {
    const {env, roomMapping, test} = envBundle();
    const ircAddr = roomMapping.server;
    const ircNick = roomMapping.botNick;
    const ircChannel = roomMapping.channel;

    beforeEach(async () => {
        await test.beforeEach(env);
    });

    afterEach(async () => test.afterEach(env));

    it("should connect to the IRC network and channel in the config", (done) => {
        let clientConnected = false;
        let clientJoined = false;

        env.ircMock._whenClient(ircAddr, ircNick, "connect", (client, fn) => {
            expect(clientJoined).toBe(false, "Joined before connect call");
            clientConnected = true;
            fn();
        });

        env.ircMock._whenClient(ircAddr, ircNick, "join", (client, chan, fn) => {
            expect(chan).toEqual(ircChannel);
            expect(clientConnected).toBe(true, "Didn't connect before join call");
            clientJoined = true;
            done();
        });

        // run the test
        test.initEnv(env);
    });

    it("[BOTS-70] should attempt to set the bot nick if ircd assigned random string", (done) => {
        const assignedNick = "5EXABJ6GG";

        // let the bot connect
        env.ircMock._whenClient(roomMapping.server, ircNick, "connect", (client, cb) => {
            // after the connect callback, modify their nick and emit an event.
            client._invokeCallback(cb).then(function() {
                process.nextTick(function() {
                    client.nick = assignedNick;
                    client.emit("nick", ircNick, assignedNick);
                    done();
                });
            });
        });

        env.ircMock._whenClient(roomMapping.server, ircNick, "send", (client, command, arg) => {
            expect(client.nick).toEqual(ircNick, "use the old nick on /nick");
            expect(client.addr).toEqual(roomMapping.server);
            expect(command).toEqual("NICK");
            expect(arg).toEqual(ircNick);
            done();
        });

        // run the test
        test.initEnv(env);
    });
});