Minimal information exists on whole-plant dynamics of mineral flow through rice plants and on the source tissues responsible for mineral export to developing seeds. Understanding these phenomena in a model plant could help in the development of nutritionally enhanced crop cultivars. A whole-plant accumulation study, using harvests during reproductive development under different Fe supplies, was conducted to characterize mineral accumulation in roots, non-flag leaves, flag leaves, stems/sheaths, and panicles of Kitaake rice plants.
Low Fe supply promoted higher accumulation of Zn, Cu and Ni in roots, Mn, Ca, Mg and K in leaves and Zn in stems/sheaths and a smaller accumulation of Fe, Mn and Ca in roots and Zn and Ni in leaves. High Fe supply promoted higher accumulation of Fe in roots and Zn in leaves and a smaller accumulation of Fe in leaves and stems/sheaths and Zn, Cu and K in roots. Correlation analyzes indicated that fluctuations in Mn-Ca, Zn-Cu, Zn-Ni, Cu-Ni, Mo-S, Ca-Mg, Cu-Mn and Cu-Mg concentrations in response to different Fe supplies were positively correlated in at least four of the five organs analyzed.
Mineral content loss analysis indicated that mineral remobilization from vegetative organs can occur in rice plants; however, for seeds to acquire minerals, vegetative remobilization is not absolutely required. Also, mineral remobilization from vegetative tissues in rice was greatly dependent of plant Fe nutrition. Remobilization was observed for several minerals from flag leaves and stems/sheaths, but the amounts were generally far below the total mineral accretion observed in panicles, suggesting that continued uptake and translocation of minerals from the roots during seed fill are probably more important than mineral remobilization.
Plants are the primary source of nutrients for human nutrition on a global basis. Staple seed crops, such as rice, supply the majority of daily dietary nutrients for billions of people. However, rice has a low density of mineral nutrients, and for those whose diets are high in staple foods, micronutrient malnutrition is widespread (Grusak and DellaPenna1999). Biofortification, which consists of the use of plant breeding and/or transgenic approaches to develop new cultivars with the potential to increase the nutrient concentration of edible portions of crop plants (White and Broadley2005), has emerged as one possible solution to alleviate malnutrition. Despite the increasing number of studies about the physiology and regulation of uptake of several minerals from the rhizosphere, the lack of knowledge about how minerals are moved into or out of vascular tissues, translocated to vegetative tissues and loaded into seeds is one of the barriers to seed biofortification (Colangelo and Guerinot2006).
Initial seed biofortification efforts for Fe and Zn in rice have focused on increasing the iron storage protein ferritin (Goto et al.1999; Vasconcelos et al.2003) or root ferric reductase activity (Vasconcelos et al.2004). The transgenic plants showed overaccumulation of minerals in leaves, but only a small increase in seeds. Grain Zn and Fe concentrations were increased in barley (Hordeum vulgare) expressing the Zn transporter ZIP1 from Arabidopsis thaliana (Ramesh et al.2004), and were decreased in wheat (Triticum aestivum) expressing RNAi constructs that lowered NAM family gene expression (Uauy et al.2006). Vasconcelos et al. (2006) constitutively expressed the root ferric reductase FRO2 from A. thaliana in soybean and observed that, in certain hydroponic growth conditions, the transgenic plants showed a threefold increase in leaf Fe concentration, but only a 10% increase in seed Fe. Similar results were found with the brz mutant of Pisum sativum, which overaccumulates Fe in leaves but has normal seed Fe concentrations (Grusak1994). Analysis of mineral overaccumulation mutants indicates that translocation of minerals to seeds is tightly regulated, and that simply increasing net mineral uptake into the plant will probably not result in seeds with higher mineral concentrations. Additional regulatory mechanisms or transport capabilities must be manipulated to improve remobilization and pass through of minerals from vegetative organs into seeds. Recently, over-expression of barley genes related to phytosiderophore synthesis resulted in enhanced Fe and Zn concentrations in rice unpolished and polished seeds (Masuda et al.2008; Masuda et al.2009). Enhanced expression of the three genes from the rice nicotianamine synthase family (OsNAS genes) also facilitated increases in Fe and Zn concentrations of rice grains (Lee et al.2009; Zheng et al.2010; Johnson et al.2011; Lee et al.2011). All of these results suggest that the most successful breeding or transgenic approaches will likely need to target multiple genes simultaneously (Waters and Grusak2008, Sperotto et al.2012).
It is accepted that minerals may be remobilized from vegetative sources (Hocking and Pate1977; Himelblau and Amasino2001), although a major portion of minerals in seeds are likely supplied through continuous uptake and translocation during reproductive growth to developing seeds. In wheat, Zn (Hocking1994) and Fe (Garnett and Graham2005) remobilization from leaves was observed. According to Jiang et al. (2007b), when 65Zn is applied to rice leaves (either the flag leaf or the lowest senescent leaf), 45-50% is transported out of the treated leaf. From that Zn, more than 90% is translocated to other vegetative organs; little is partitioned to the panicle parts and even less to the grains. These results suggest that, in rice plants grown under sufficient or surplus Zn supply, most of the Zn accumulated in the grain originates from uptake by roots after flowering and not from Zn remobilization from leaves. In another study, Zn was applied to rice plants in various amounts and at various stages of plant development. Analysis of the total plant Zn and Zn content in individual organs at flowering and at maturity indicated that the presence of Zn in grains could be fully attributed to additional Zn uptake after flowering, except when application rates were very low (Jiang et al.2008). Under the latter conditions, roots, stems and sheaths contributed mostly to Zn allocation. None of the rice Zn-application treatments showed that the main portion of Zn loaded in grain was remobilized from leaves (Jiang et al.2008; Stomph et al.2009). Contrastingly, Wu et al. (2010) showed that large amounts of the Zn deposited in the rice grains at maturity had been retranslocated from other plant parts and not been transported directly after uptake to the grains in the grain-filling stage. Recently, Yoneyama et al. (2010) reported that Zn in the rice grains and partly in the husks may be actively supplied via the phloem after mobilization from the blades of the flag and upper leaves and also by xylem-to-phloem transfer in the nodes. Fe stored in the flag and upper leaves may be transported to the grains via the phloem. Fang et al. (2008) showed that foliar application of Zn and Se can influence the Zn, Se, and Fe content of rice grains; however, it was difficult to improve the Fe nutrition of rice grain by Fe spray, probably due to its limited mobility in the phloem. Waters and Grusak (2008) suggested that, in Arabidopsis, continuous uptake and translocation of minerals to source tissues during seed fill are as important, if not more important, than remobilization of previously stored minerals.
Uncovering the genetic architecture underlying mineral ion homeostasis in plants is a critical first step towards understanding the biochemical and physiological processes that regulate a plant's elemental composition. In this paper, we assess growth dynamics of the whole plant (panicles, non-flag leaves, flag leaves, stems/sheaths and roots) over the reproductive development of Oryza sativa. We also describe the concentrations and contents of ten mineral nutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Ca, Mg, K and S) in these organs over time. Additionally, we studied the net loss of mineral contents to investigate the potential of vegetative tissues as sources of stored minerals to be remobilized to panicles. To address the question of whether different Fe supplies could influence mineral partitioning and movement of minerals to panicles, we compared these parameters in plants treated with low, normal and high Fe concentrations.
To test if different Fe supplies would influence mineral accumulation in rice organs, we cultivated Kitaake plants with 5, 20 or 200 μM of Fe(III)-HEDTA from the panicle exertion (PE) until the full maturity (FM) stage. Different Fe supplies caused slight growth changes in panicles collected at the grain filling (GF) stage, while no changes were seen at the full maturity stage (Figure1). High Fe concentration (200 μM) caused a decrease of about 50% in panicle dry weight compared to the control concentration (20 μM). However, no impact on dry weight was seen in other organs, possibly because the high Fe treatment used in this work did not lead to enough Fe accumulation to reach toxic levels (300 μg g-1 DW – Sahrawat2004) in all aerial plant organs (Additional file1). A panicle weight reduction of about 22% (not statistically significant) was seen when plants were cultivated with limited Fe supply (5 μM), relative to 20 μM Fe controls. Therefore, the different Fe supplies used in this work during reproductive development did not result in different dry weight in most organs. Changes in mineral contents (Additional file2) were mainly dependent on changes in mineral concentrations.
Dry weight of rice organs. Dry weight of panicles, non-flag leaves, flag leaves, stems/sheaths and roots collected during grain filling (GF) and full maturity (FM) stages of rice plants supplied with 5, 20 or 200 μM of Fe(III)-HEDTA from panicle exertion (PE) onwards. Values are the averages of at least three samples ± SE. Different letters indicate that the means (between different Fe supplies) are different by the Tukey HSD test (P ≤ 0.05). Error bars may be too small to be visible in the figure.
Most of the changes in mineral concentrations resulting from different Fe supplies were found during full maturity stage. Panicle (along with flag leaf) was the organ with the least variation in mineral concentrations caused by different Fe supplies (Additional file1, Additional file3 and Additional file4). At GF stage, only Fe (Additional file1a), Ni (Additional file3k) and Mg (Additional file4f) concentrations showed differences due to the Fe supply. However, the decrease in panicle dry weight detected in plants cultivated with high Fe concentration during GF stage (< 50%; Figure1) resulted in decreased content in most of the minerals analyzed, except Fe, Mo and K (Additional file2). At FM stage, none of the minerals analyzed showed difference in the content between control (20 μM) and high Fe (200 μM) condition (Additional file2).
In non-flag leaves, no obvious mineral concentration dynamic could be detected. High Fe supply was responsible for higher Fe concentration (Additional file1b) and for lower Cu (Additional file1L), Mo (Additional file3g), Ca (Additional file4b) and S (Additional file4q) concentrations. Low Fe supply was responsible for higher Mn (Additional file3b) and Ni (Additional file3L) concentrations during GF and FM; Ca (Additional file4b) and Mg (Additional file4g) during FM and K (Additional file4L) during GF stage.
In flag leaves, most of the mineral concentrations (including Fe and Zn) were not affected by different Fe supplies. During GF stage, only Mo (Additional file3h), Mg (Additional file4h) and S (Additional file4r) concentrations were reduced by low and/or high Fe concentrations. During FM stage, along with Mo, Mg and S, the concentrations of Cu (Additional file1m), Mn (Additional file3c) and Ca (Additional file4c) also presented variations according to the Fe supply.
In stems/sheaths, most of the modifications in mineral concentrations found in plants collected at the GF stage were under high Fe supply. Only Fe (Additional file1d), Cu (Additional file1n) and Ni (Additional file3n) maintained similar concentrations independent of the Fe supply. During FM stage, Fe was the only mineral whose concentration increased at 200 μM Fe (Additional file1d). All the other minerals reached higher mineral concentrations at 5 μM Fe.
In roots, all the minerals analyzed, except K (Additional file4o) and S (Additional file4t), presented different concentrations when plants were cultivated with different Fe supplies. As expected, root Fe concentration was higher under 200 μM Fe (2.2X in GF and 4.2X in FM; Additional file1e). The opposite was found for Zn (Additional file1j), Cu (Additional file1o), Mo (Additional file3j) and Ni (Additional file3o), with higher concentrations under lower Fe supply. K (Additional file4o) and S (Additional file4t) concentrations were not affected by different Fe supplies.
Pearson's correlation analysis was performed in order to find relationships among the ten mineral concentrations in response to the different Fe supplies. As seen in Figure2, most of the correlations were found during full maturity (FM) stage, after a longer period under different Fe supplies. Negative correlations were found mainly in roots. During grain filling (GF) stage, the only pair of minerals positively correlated in every tested organ was Mn-Ca. These were also positively correlated during FM stage in all tested organs, along with Zn-Cu. Positive correlations at FM between the pairs Zn-Ni and Cu-Ni were found in four of the five tested organs, except in flag leaves. Similar dynamic was found for Mo-S and Ca-Mg, which were not correlated only in panicles. Cu-Mn and Cu-Mg were also positively correlated in four of the five tested organs, except in roots, showing a negative correlation in this organ (Figure2).
Mineral correlation analyses. Pearson's correlation analysis of ten mineral concentrations in panicles (a and f), non-flag leaves (b and g), flag leaves (c and h), stems/sheaths (d and i) and roots (e and j) of rice plants cultivated with 5, 20 and 200 μM of Fe(III)-HEDTA during grain filling (GF) and full maturity (FM) stages. Solid lines represent a significant positive correlation and dashed lines represent a significant negative correlation. Thinner lines indicate significance at the 0.05 level and thicker lines indicate significance at the 0.01 level.
Differences in plant size were responsible for the high standard error in mineral contents (Additional file2). Therefore, partition quotient (PQ) values were calculated to allow comparison of the dynamics of partitioning of minerals between the reproductive development of rice plants cultivated with different Fe supplies (Figure3), since this approach is able to check if one mineral content is higher in one specific organ, regardless of differences in plant size. In general, non-flag leaves, flag leaves and roots were the organs which showed the higher mineral PQ variation according to Fe supply, whereas stems/sheaths was the organ with lower variation (Figure3). For Fe, PQ values above 100 were found only in roots (Figure3a), with higher values in plants cultivated with 200 μM Fe. In all the other organs, high Fe supply was responsible for the lowest Fe PQ value, especially during FM (Additional file5). Also, in this stage, control Fe supply (20 μM Fe) resulted in higher PQ values (Additional file5). For Zn, low Fe supply resulted in the lowest Zn PQ values in panicles, non-flag leaves and flag leaves, and high Fe supply resulted in the highest Zn PQ values (Figure3b). In stems/sheaths (during FM) and roots (during both stages), the opposite was found, with higher Zn PQ values under low Fe supply (Figure3b). Similar pattern was found for Cu (Figure3c) and Ni (Figure3f) PQ in roots. For Mn, no obvious pattern could be identified, except the higher PQ values in non-flag and flag leaves under Fe deprivation and in panicles and roots under Fe excess, both during FM (Figure3d). Mo (Figure3e) and S (Figure3j) were the minerals with the most stable PQ values. For Ca (Figure3g) and Mg (Figure3h) high PQ values were obtained in non-flag and flag leaves during FM stage under Fe starvation. Low Fe supply also resulted in extremely reduced Ca PQ values in roots (Figure3g), in relation to values seen in the other treatments.
Partition quotients (PQ) analyses. Partition quotients of mineral elements in panicles, non-flag leaves, flag leaves, stems/sheaths and roots during grain filling (GF) and full maturity (FM) stages of rice plants supplied with 5, 20 or 200 μM of Fe(III)-HEDTA from panicle exertion onwards. Dashed horizontal line represents PQ of 100 (the percentage contribution of the organ to the plant's dry weight is the same as the percentage contribution to the plant's total content of the mineral being evaluated).
To investigate the potential of vegetative tissues as a source of stored minerals to be remobilized to panicles, we estimated the net loss of mineral content from non-flag leaves, flag leaves and stems/sheaths, by subtracting final mineral content from the prior time point which had the highest mineral content. As seen in Figure4, net loss of mineral content could be discerned under different Fe supplies. Under control Fe concentration (20 μM), all the minerals showed content loss from GF to FM stage (Figure4b), mostly from flag leaves but also from stems/sheaths. However, as the flag leaves' mineral content is much lower than the stems/sheaths' content, the maximum possible contribution to panicle mineral content, assuming that the total net loss of each mineral was translocated to panicles before the final collection point, is in general higher from stems/sheaths than from flag leaves. Different Fe supplies influenced the content loss of most of the minerals. Under limited Fe condition (5 μM), only Fe, Mn and Mg showed a net remobilization from stems/sheaths; and K from flag leaves. Under high Fe condition (200 μM), only K and S showed a net remobilization from flag leaves; and Ni from stems/sheaths. Surprisingly, no remobilization was found from non-flag leaves, except a minimum K remobilization under 20 μM Fe, which could have contributed at most only with 5% of total panicle K content (Figure4e). For most of the minerals analyzed, except Ni and Ca, the maximum possible contribution of remobilization from flag leaves and stems/sheaths to the final panicle's mineral content is less than 40%, being less than 20% for Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and S. Ni and Ca remobilization from flag leaves and mostly from stems/sheaths could be responsible for more than 100% of the final panicle content (Figure4e), showing that remobilization does not necessarily correspond to mineral translocation to the panicles.
Mineral remobilization analyses. Percentage decrease in non-flag leaves, flag leaves and stems/sheaths mineral contents from grain filling to full maturity stages (a) and potential contribution of remobilized mineral to panicle mineral contents at the final time point (b).
To determine whether different Fe supplies could result in different mineral export to developing seeds, we submitted rice plants to the same Fe conditions as the previous experiment (although 0 μM Fe was included in this analysis). In general, the dynamics of mineral concentrations of seeds (Additional file6) were similar to those of panicles; that is, higher Fe and lower Zn and Mo concentrations under 200 μM Fe. Fe, Cu, Mn, Mg and S showed the lowest and Zn, Mo and Ni showed the highest concentrations under Fe deprivation (Additional file6).
Plants are commonly faced with fluctuations in nutrient supply to the roots. To cope with these fluctuations, plants invoke a range of mechanisms, which include different uptake rates, changes in root morphology and physiology or storage and remobilization of mineral nutrients (Marschner1995). In this study, we characterized organ-specific changes in dry matter and mineral (Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Ca, Mg, K and S) content to monitor the net flow of minerals into and through the rice plant over the reproductive development and under different Fe supplies. Any increase in mineral content in one organ must have resulted from uptake and translocation from the soil, or from remobilization from one organ to another. By harvesting all the organs and tracking the mineral partitioning in these organs over time, remobilization can be estimated for each mineral. In this work we used the same remobilization definition used by Waters and Grusak (2008), which is defined as the net loss of stored or recycled mineral content from one organ over time, with the mineral loss representing movement into another organ.
As shown in Additional file2 and Figure3, low Fe supply (5 μM) allows higher accumulation of Zn, Cu and Ni in roots; Mn, Ca, Mg and K in leaves and Zn in stems/sheaths. On the other hand, low Fe supply allows a smaller accumulation of Fe, Mn and Ca in roots and Zn and Ni in leaves. Enhancement of Zn uptake under low Fe supply, either as a divalent cation or complexed to phytosiderophores (Zhang et al.1998), could explain its higher accumulation in roots. Several Fe transporters are able to transport also Zn and Mn (Korshunova et al.1999; Eckhardt et al.2001; Gross et al.2003; López-Millán et al.2004). Induction of Fe transporters under low Fe concentration could result in increased Zn uptake and translocation to stems/sheaths and increased Mn uptake and subsequent translocation to leaves, since Mn moves easily from root to shoot in the xylem-sap transpiration stream (Ramani and Kannan1987). Possibly, uptake of Mn and Cu may increase in rice plants under low Fe supply, because the presence of phytosiderophores in the rhizosphere may increase the availability of these ions both in the rhizosphere itself and in the apoplast (Zhang et al.1991). The complex Cu-phytosiderophore can be transported into root cells by Fe-phytosiderophore transporters, although with lower affinity (Briat et al.1995). Fertilizing a calcareous soil with an Fe-deficient solution increased Cu accumulation by roots and shoots in two wheat cultivars (Chaignon et al.2002). It has been suggested that Cu, Zn and Ni share a common uptake system (Kochian1991), which could explain the higher accumulation of Ni in roots under low Fe supply. In fact, Eckhardt et al. (2001) proposed that the Fe transporters IRT1 and IRT2 from tomato could also transport Ni2+. Differently from our results, Silveira et al. (2007) detected increased Ca and K concentrations under Fe-deficiency in roots of rice, instead of in leaves. Possible explanations for such difference in Ca dynamic under low Fe supply are that we have used a different rice cultivar, a completely different technique for mineral detection (ICP-OES versus PIXE), different levels of Fe supply (5 μM Fe versus Fe deprivation) and we analyzed rice organs through the course of reproductive development instead of during vegetative development.
In rice, Fe toxicity seems to occur above 500 μg Fe g-1 leaf dry weight (Audebert2006) and leads to a drastic reduction of root growth (Becker and Asch 2005). As shown in Figure1 and Additional file1, our plants cultivated with high Fe supply did not present reduction of root growth and did not reach toxic levels. However, the treatment resulted in decreased dry weight of panicles collected during grain filling (Figure1). In fact, depending on the site and the cultivars used, reported critical concentrations can range from 20 to 2,500 μg g–1, indicating that factors other than Fe concentration influence the occurrence of Fe toxicity symptoms (Becker and Asch2005). In this way, the fluctuations in mineral accumulations found in the present work do not reflect the changes promoted by Fe toxicity. High Fe supply (200 μM) promoted a higher accumulation of Fe in roots and Zn in leaves. On the other hand, it promoted a smaller accumulation of Fe in leaves and stems/sheaths and Zn, Cu and K in roots (Additional file2, Figure3 and Additional file5). As expected, high Fe supply resulted in higher Fe accumulation in roots. However, root Fe measurements could be over-estimated. The oxidation ability of the rice root precipitates inactive Fe at the root apoplast and root-environment interface. The sampling technique used did not separate the existing oxidized Fe at the root surface. Thus, the root Fe content measured comprised the root Fe uptake and the oxidized Fe at the root surface. Most of this Fe seems to not be translocated to shoots, since smaller Fe PQ values were detected in leaves and stems/sheaths (Figure3), even with the increased Fe content in non-flag leaves (Additional file2). Under Fe-excess (500 mg L-1), Silveira et al. (2007) reported that rice roots and also shoots accumulate higher Fe concentration. In that work, higher concentrations of Fe were detected in I409 plants, more susceptible to Fe toxicity. Shoot concentrations detected were up to 2.5X higher than in E108 plants (tolerant to Fe toxicity) after 10 days of treatment. The authors suggested, therefore, that E108 plants were more resistant to excess Fe due to the possible induction of avoidance mechanisms, allowing the plant to decrease Fe translocation to shoots. This avoidance mechanism was recently reviewed by Sperotto et al. (2010). In our work, Kitaake plants seem to use the avoidance mechanism, but additional studies are needed to confirm the hypothesis that Kitaake is an Fe-excess-tolerant rice cultivar.
In accordance with our results, Silveira et al. (2007) also detected higher Zn concentration in shoots of plants under Fe-excess. Also in accordance to our results, smaller K (Neue et al.1998; Ramirez et al.2002; Mehraban et al.2008) and Cu (Shao et al.2007; Silveira et al.2007) absorption rates under Fe-excess have already been reported in rice. It seems that, under Fe-excess, the relatively high ferrous iron concentration in the soil solution and uptake by the plant may result in K deficiency (Audebert2006). On the other hand, it appears that proper K supply may increase Fe exclusion from roots and reduce translocation of Fe to aerial plant organs, especially to upper leaves (Sahrawat2004).
Significant correlations were found among the ten mineral element concentrations in rice organs of plants facing different Fe supplies. In particular, Mn-Ca and Zn-Cu were positively correlated in all analyzed organs. Zn-Ni, Cu-Ni, Mo-S, Ca-Mg, Cu-Mn and Cu-Mg were positively correlated in four of the five organs (Figure2). Most of the available data about mineral correlation in plants were obtained in grains. As far as we know, this is the first work which tries to identify similar patterns of mineral fluctuations in different plant organs due to different Fe supplies. In this way, significant positive correlations between minerals suggest that different Fe supplies promote similar changes in their concentrations. Fe concentration was positively correlated with only two minerals (Mn and Mg) in roots (Figure2e and j). It is already known that Fe transporters can also transport Mn (Korshunova et al.1999; Eckhardt et al.2001; Gross et al.2003; López-Millán et al.2004) and high positive correlation between Fe and Mn was found in rice grains, along with Mn-Ca, Zn-Cu, Ca-Mg, and Cu-Mn (Jiang et al.2007a), in accordance with our findings. However, no Fe-Mn correlations were found in other rice organs. One possible explanation is that Mn moves easily from the root to the shoot in the xylem-sap transpirational stream (Ramani and Kannan1987), and the mobility of Fe is more regulated (Marschner 1995). The physiological significance of the correlation between Fe-Mg is unknown, but Jiang et al. (2007a) have already detected such relation in milled rice. These authors suggest that the high number of positive correlations in rice is probably due to the interaction between ions whose chemical properties are sufficiently similar, and such similarity allows the competition for site of absorption, transport and function in plant tissues. One example was shown by Kupper and Kupper (1998), which reported that the heavy metals (Hg, Cu, Cd, Ni, and Pb) might substitute Mg, the central atom of chlorophyll. This could help to explain the positive correlations we found between Cu and Mg in all the organs, except in roots (Figure2). Zeng et al. (2005) also found that Mn is positively associated with Ca in rice grains and Majumder et al. (1990) reported that uptake of Mn and Ca are positively correlated in rice cultivated in P-deficient soil, along with uptake of Ca and Mg.
Various molecules are known to bind minerals in rice organs and could explain some of the correlations detected, such as Ca-K in panicles, because both minerals bind to phytic acid in the aleurone layer of rice grain (Lin et al.2005). Similarly, many of the micronutrient correlations found in various organs could be attributed to nicotianamine or deoxymugineic acid, as these are known chelators of several metal cations in plant tissues (Curie et al.2009). However, further studies are needed to confirm the possibility of the same chelating molecules being involved in the mineral correlations detected.
The dynamics of mineral concentrations in seeds of plants cultivated with different Fe supplies showed that higher Fe supply results in higher Fe concentration in the seeds (Additional file6), implying that the uptake and transport systems were operating below capacity when plants were grown with lower Fe concentrations. As previously shown by Fang et al. (2008), it is difficult to improve the Fe nutrition of rice grain, even by Fe spray, possibly due to its limited mobility in the phloem. Probably, enhanced root uptake combined with leaf/stem/sheath efflux transport can be an effective way to increase the Fe concentration in rice grains.
Remobilization of reserves to supply rice seeds with minerals has been emphasized in previous studies (Jiang et al.2007b; Fang et al.2008; Jiang et al.2008; Wu et al.2010; Yoneyama et al.2010), but the contribution of stored minerals to total seed mineral content is unclear. According to Waters and Grusak (2008), it is expected that a minimal amount of each mineral is incorporated into structural or protein molecules and thus unavailable for mobilization, and that source tissues would have to accumulate minerals in excess of this minimal amount to allow mobilization to growing tissues such as seeds. This was the case for S in soybean leaves (Sunarpi and Anderson1996), where a soluble S pool was available for remobilization and an insoluble S pool could not be mobilized. The size of the soluble pool was dependent on S nutrition. In the present study, plants fertilized with a high Fe concentration (200 μM) showed only K and S remobilization from flag leaves and Ni from stems/sheaths (Figure4). In this case, vegetative tissues should have been able to store Fe quantities above the structural minimum, which would have provided excess Fe for remobilization. However, with the abundant Fe supply at the root level, continued uptake during seed fill may have reduced or precluded the need for remobilization to serve as a source of Fe for seeds. On the other hand, plants fertilized with low Fe concentration (5 μM) showed the highest net Fe remobilization (Figure4), probably due to reduced uptake during seed fill. Under limited Fe supply, stems/sheaths are the major Fe source for remobilization. A similar pattern was observed in other studies when Zn supply was very low. Under this condition, stems and sheaths contributed most to Zn allocation (Jiang et al.2008). All the minerals analyzed were subject to remobilization, mostly from flag leaves, but also from stems/sheaths (Figure4), when plants were fertilized with the control Fe concentration (20 μM). These results suggest that mineral remobilization from vegetative tissues can occur in rice plants; however, for seeds to acquire minerals this remobilization is not absolutely required. Remobilization results found for Arabidopsis plants byWaters and Grusak (2008) were not exactly consistent between experiments; differences were found in the minerals that were remobilized and the amounts remobilized. Crafts-Brandner (1992) also found inconsistent results in leaves of soybean, which remobilized P in one experiment, while in a second experiment no remobilization occurred, yet seeds of both experiments had comparable seed P concentrations. As shown by our results, mineral remobilization from vegetative tissues in rice is modified by plant Fe nutrition, because different Fe supplies alter the remobilization of several minerals. Also, a major proportion of mineral content in panicles probably comes from non-storage sources, that is, continued root uptake and translocation during the seed fill period. We did observe mineral remobilization mostly from flag leaves but also from stems/sheaths with 20 μM Fe, and at least a portion of these minerals was likely incorporated into panicles and seeds. In the unlikely event that 100% of the content of each mineral lost from vegetative tissues went to panicles, this could account for, at most, 20% of panicle Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mg, K and S. However, at least for Zn, it is already known that most of the mineral transported out of the leaves (either the flag leaf or the lowest senescent leaf) is translocated to other vegetative organs instead of being partitioned to the panicles, and even less to the grains (Jiang et al.2007b). We can also discard the possibility of 100% Ni or Ca remobilization to panicles, since it would be responsible for more than 100% of the final panicle content (Figure4). However, if remobilized, a significant part of this Ni pool would be expected to be transported to the seeds, since it is already known that Ni rapidly re-translocates from leaves to young tissues in the phloem, particularly during reproductive growth. Indeed, up to 70% of Ni in the shoots was transported to the seeds of soybean (Tiffin 1971). In Arabidopsis, continuous uptake and translocation of minerals to source tissues during seed fill are as important, if not more important, than remobilization of previously stored minerals (Waters and Grusak 2008). As shown by our results, the flag leaf is the organ with highest percentage of mineral content loss. However, considering that flag leaves have extremely low mineral content, the maximum possible contribution to panicle mineral content would be from stems/sheaths, rather than from flag leaves.
In summary, this study suggests that mineral accumulation throughout the reproductive development of rice organs can be affected by different Fe supplies. With respect to the translocation of minerals to panicles, remobilization from vegetative organs can occur in rice plants (and non-optimal Fe supplies can affect mineral remobilization), but apparently, for seeds to acquire minerals, vegetative remobilization is not absolutely required. In this way, continued uptake and translocation of minerals during seed fill are probably more important than remobilization of previously stored shoot minerals. Thus, in addition to targeting source tissues for increased mineral remobilization, researchers should also target root uptake and leaf/stem/sheath efflux transporters to increase mineral accumulation in the panicles and consequently in the rice seeds.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds from the fast-growing cultivar Kitaake were germinated in Petri dishes with filter paper for 8 d before being transferred to hydroponic solution. Plants were grown in a controlled environment chamber with 16-h, 20°C day and 8-h, 15°C night at the USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX. Relative humidity was maintained at 50% and photon flux density during the day was 350 μmol m–2 s–1, supplied by a mixture of incandescent bulbs and fluorescent lamps. The standard solution for hydroponically grown plants contained 1 mM Ca(NO3)2, 3 mM KNO3, 0.5 mM MgSO4, 0.75 mM K2SO4, 0.5 mM KH2PO4, 25 μM CaCl2, 25 μM MnSO4, 0.5 μM ZnSO4, 0.5 μM CuSO4, 0.5 μM H2MoO4, 0.1 μM NiSO4, 0.1 mM K2SiO3, and 20 μM Fe(III)-HEDTA (N-hydroxyethyl-ethylenediaminetriacetic acid). All nutrients were buffered with 2 mM MES (2,4-morpholino-ethane sulfonic acid), pH 5.5 and growth solutions were replaced every 3 days. For treatments involving different Fe concentrations, Fe(III)-HEDTA concentration was adjusted to 5, 20 or 200 μM. Rice organs (panicles, non-flag leaves, flag leaves, stems/sheaths and roots) were collected at panicle exertion, grain filling and full maturity (R3, R5 and R9 stages, respectively, according to Counce et al.2000). De-husked unpolished seeds were analyzed at full maturity.
All tissues were harvested and dried in a 60°C oven for 48 h. Dried tissues were predigested overnight in borosilicate glass tubes with 4 ml of redistilled 98.8% HNO3. One milliliter of concentrated trace metal grade HClO4 was added to the predigested tissues and heated at 100°C for 1 h, 150°C for 1 h, 180°C for 1 h and then at 210°C to dryness (1–2 h). Digestions were performed using a heating block (Model 1016, Tecator, Hoganas, Sweden) with an exhaust-collecting manifold. Digests were resuspended in 15 ml of redistilled 2% HNO3. Concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Ca, Mg, K and S were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (CIROS ICP Model FCE12; Spectro, Kleve, Germany). Tomato leaves and rice flour standards (SRM 1573A and 1568A, respectively; National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD) were digested and analyzed along with the rice samples to ensure accuracy of the instrument calibration (Narayanan et al.2007). Mineral content was determined by multiplying each sample's concentration by dry weight. For estimation of net mineral content loss from non-flag leaves, flag leaves and stems/sheaths, the final mineral content of each organ was subtracted from the prior time point which had the highest mineral content. For minerals that had a decrease in content, the net loss was compared with final total panicle mineral content to determine the contribution of remobilized minerals to panicle mineral content.
To evaluate the partitioning of minerals within a rice plant during its reproductive development and under different Fe supplies, changes in each tissue's content were normalized to changes in each tissue's weight, relative to the whole plant. The DW of each organ was calculated as a percentage of total plant weight at each time point (or at each Fe supply), and mineral content of each organ was calculated as a percentage of total plant mineral content at each time point (or at each Fe supply). Using these values, the normalized partitioning of each mineral within the plant was calculated by dividing each organ's percentage mineral content by its percentage DW, and multiplying by 100, which we refer to as the partition quotient (PQ), as described by Waters and Grusak (2008).
When appropriate, data were subjected to analyses of variance (ANOVA) and means were compared by the Tukey HSD (Honestly Significant Differences) (P ≤ 0.05). The Levene's test (for homogeneity of variance) was used prior to ANOVA. Data with unequal variances were subjected to Welch analysis and means were compared by the Dunnett-C test. Pearson's correlation analyses were carried out using two significance levels (P ≤ 0.05 and 0.01). All the statistical analyzes were performed using the SPSS Base 19.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., USA).
This research was supported by HarvestPlus (Agreement number 6005–05), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) to JPF, and by the USDA-ARS under Agreement number 58-6250-0-008 to MAG. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the US Department of Agriculture, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the US Government.
MAG and JPF conceived and coordinated the study. RAS, MWV and MAG designed the experiments. RAS and MWV obtained the ICP data. RAS performed the statistical analyzes and drafted the manuscript. RAS, MAG and JPF prepared the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.


Fiesta Oyster Bake is categorized among events with revenues of more than $750,000. About 70,000 people attended Fiesta Oyster Bake 2013, made possible because of the efforts of 7,000 volunteers.
Oyster Bake, a two-day festival held annually during San Antonio's Fiesta Week, dates to 1916. Its purpose is to raise funds for St. Mary's University student scholarships and University and alumni programs. Fiesta Oyster Bake provides a great economic boost to St. Mary's University and the San Antonio community.
The dates for Fiesta Oyster Bake 2014 are Friday and Saturday, April 11-12.


Today is the 71st anniversary of the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor, and the date is on my mind more so than other years since just last month I visited the USS Arizona Memorial. I knew about the oil that still bubbles up out of the wreckage, which is also a grave site, both for men that died there that morning in 1941 and survivors who've been interred with their shipmates in the years since. What I didn't expect was the fish swimming underneath the oil slicks. I guess I thought the chemicals would keep them away, but there they were, brightly colored yellow and white striped bodies glinting under the water as they swam around the rusted metal, vibrant life in a place where there was so much death.


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Obtain a job description and online application at www.ahfc.us or a paper application may be picked up and submitted at the AHFC office located at 1029 Ridgecrest Dr., Bethel, AK. An AHFC application must be submitted for each position (a resume may be attached). APPLICATION MUST BE RECEIVED BY 5 p.m. September 29, 2017.
The Lower Kuskokwim School District (LKSD) is requesting proposals from qualified artists to provide professional services for the Tununak K -12 Renovation and Addition Percent for Art project in Tununak, Alaska.
Original proposals will be received until 3:00 p.m. local time on October 27, 2017. The proposals will then be distributed to the Selection Committee for evaluation. This committee's individual evaluations of the proposals will be presented to the Grant Manager of Capital Projects within 15 business days of the proposal due date. The winning artist will be notified by November 3, 2017.
Disadvantaged Business Enterprises are encouraged to respond.
Notice is hereby given that Elsie Dock Carl, has been appointed Personal Representative of the above-named estate. All persons having claims against the decedent are required to present their claims within four (4) months after the date of the first publication of this notice or said claims will be forever barred.
DATED this 7th day of September, 2017.
Notice to local contractors, labor unions, and private individuals.
Newtok Village Council intends to solicit assistance from the Department of Defense's Innovative Readiness Training Program. The assistance will include the development of roads, quarry, house pads, and potential housing renovation to support the Mertarvik Relocation Project.
The proposed assistance will take place at Mertarvik, Alaska, located on Nelson Island in 2019-2020. Local contractors, labor unions, and private individuals who wish to voice opposition to military assistance for this project may contact Romy Cadiente at (907) 237-6095 by Friday, October 13, 2017.
NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that on September 22, 2017, the City of Bethel Planning Office received a Zoning Application to change the zoning from a Public Lands and Institution Use to a General Use area district.
APPLICANT: City of Bethel, 350 Chief Eddie Hoffman Highway. City Manager Pete Williams, phone 543-2047 ex. 223.
SITE LOCATION APPLIED FOR: Lot 1, Block 1, of the Courthouse Subdivision, Plat Number 99-12. Physical Address is 204 Chief Eddie Hoffman Highway.
PURPOSE: To allow for multiple uses of the land that is afforded other properties in the area. The land was designated as a Public Lands and Institutions area district in 1990 and allowing it to be designated as a General Use district would enhance the value of the land for the City of Bethel.
HEARING DATE: At the regularly scheduled Planning Commission meeting to be held on October 12, 2017.
TIME & PLACE OF HEARING: 6:30 PM, 1st floor Council Chambers, Bethel City Hall.


This article is an excerpt from an on-going global research study of InfoCom on the mobile landscape for business customers worldwide. This study included an evaluation of the existing offers, service levels and after-sales support provided by mobile operators to business customers and discussions with business panels on their usage, preferences and overall customer experience.
For these purposes, we define business customers as companies that have corporate managed accounts with mobile service providers and not individual or personal mobile subscriptions of employees even if they are also used for business. Mobile services include subscriptions to basic services such as calls and SMS/MMS or else mobile data subscriptions that include Internet access (unlimited or capped data volume) beside calls and SMS/MMS. We also include dedicated mobile data services (also called mobile broadband services) using USB modems, pocket WiFi routers, tablet PCs or desktop routers.


There are many factors to consider when selecting an air freshener for your space including, size of the room or space, air flow, level of odor to neutralize or cover, fragrance sensitivities, etc. There are two main types of air fresheners, active and passive; below you will see each of these types of air fresheners broken down to help you select the right option for you.
For fragrance sensitivities, we offer fragrance free air freshener refills for our Pump and TCell dispensers which neutralize odor without fragrance.
Active air freshener dispensers use mechanical or gas propellant to deliver scent. There are several different types of active air fresheners.
Aerosol air fresheners use a propellant and fragrance, packed under pressure in a sealed container. When the valve is opened, fragrance is forced through the spray nozzle creating a mist containing the fragrance. The fragrance mist will stay in the air for about 12 minutes and will circulate with air flow. Works well in areas such as restrooms with poor air flow, but equally well in larger, open areas with good air flow. Aerosol dispensers are not ideal for tiny, single restrooms as mist could fall onto the occupant, if not given the space to disperse.
Microburst 9000 – Unlike standard aerosol air fresheners, the Microburst air freshener features much more fine particles which keeps the fragrance in the air longer and provides better coverage with air flow. Micro9000 refills contain 9000 sprays for longer time between refills and better cost efficiency.
Microburst 3000 – The Microburst 3000, like the Microburst 9000 features very fine particles for longer lasting fragrance and better coverage. Micro3000 refills contain 3000 sprays, which is the only difference between the 9000 and 3000.
AutoMist – This programmable dispenser can be used for standard aerosol refills or for the Micro3000 or 9000, making it the most flexible dispenser we offer.
AutoFresh – The Autofresh dispenser is a programmable air freshener dispenser for standard aerosol refills. There is also an Economy version which sprays every 15 minutes.
Pump air fresheners do not use a propellant to disperse the fragrance and the liquid is not contained under pressure. Because of this, the mist released tends to have larger droplets, which are heavier and can fall much quicker than an aerosol. Pump air fresheners tend to see less coverage than an aerosol for this reason and would be best used in an area with good air flow, this will help keep the scent suspended longer. Pump dispensers are not ideal for tiny, single restrooms as the droplets may fall onto the occupant, if there is not adequate space to disperse.
Passive dispensers do not require batteries, fans or propellants, and use natural air flow to deliver fragrance. Air Delights offers several variations of passive air fresheners.
The TCell is a passive air freshener that utilized a unique fluid deliver system to deliver a precise dose of fragrance and odor neutralizer without the use of a propellant. The TCell uses a solution release fuel cell which works by mixing hydrogen with the fragrance solution and then releases tiny molecules of the hydrogen and fragrance mixture. The TCell works continuously releasing fragrance for 60 days. The TCell works best in a room with good air flow as well in small spaces. However, if air flow is an issue TCell does have a fan dispenser which can help circulate the air flow to better spread the scent.
Solid air fresheners are, as the name implies, a solid material (typically rubber or silicone) which has been infused with fragrance oils, which means there is no messy gels or liquids. The molecules of fragrance dispensed from solid air fresheners tend to be lighter than those of aerosol and spray fresheners, which allows them to stay in the air longer, however solid air fresheners do not have any propellants and rely heavily on air flow and tend to not have the same coverage as active air fresheners. Solid air fresheners work best in small spaces or areas with good air flow. If Air Flow is a problem there are fan dispensers that can be used to help circulate the air for better spread of fragrance.
Eco-Air – The Eco-Air is a solid air freshener that delivers consistent freshens for 30 days. 100% recyclable!
Air Fresheners provide odor control while enhancing your space with a clean fresh fragrance. Air Delights is an innovative air freshener and odor control manufacturer since 1991. We strive to create the most pleasing fragrances for our air neutralizers. Our metered air fresheners use the highest quality essential oils to create the most pleasing scents that will transform any space with an odor control problem. Combined with one of our programmable automatic air freshener dispensers you can dispense metered air neutralizer on a timed basis for even more control.
Fall is in full swing. The leaves are changing and the temperatures are dropping. It is the perfect time to bring some of Air Delights' incredible fall scents into your home or workplace.
Air Delights' Delicious Apple fragrance is quickly becoming one of our most popular fruity fragrances.
The holidays are welcomed in to your home or office space with Air Delights' Cinnamon air freshener.
Cinnamon is one of the most popular fragrances that Air Delights offers — especially during fall and winter — comprising a blend of cinnamon and spicy notes that are enhanced with curls of clove and allspice.
Air Delights' Apple Cinnamon is a fragrance that will bring the holidays in to your home year-round.
The scent is composed of a warm, mouthwatering fragrance of spicy cinnamon and red apples that are intensified by notes of clove and allspice — like apple cider around the holidays.
Bring in one of the most popular fragrances among home owners and commercial building occupants alike. This is no less true with Air Delights' Vanilla Bean air freshener.
Vanilla beans blend together with coconut for a warm, inviting fragrance that users know and love.
Because the cover is the air freshener, Easy Fresh has the most exposed surface area of any refill resulting in maximum fragrance release.
The Easy Fresh fragranced cover is composed of a unique material containing 2-3 times more fragrance than gels or metered aerosols. The motor-driven fan moves fragrance further than a typical passive system, thus freshening larger areas.
Easy Fresh is programmed so that as the 30 days pass and the fragrance evaporates, the fan spins more frequently keeping the room smelling just right. The smart chip controlled fan freshens consistently since it turns sparingly in week 1, and gradually turns more frequently until week 4 when it runs constantly.
Maintenance is simple with easy to use LED and audible reminders along with a push button cover for quick removal and replacement.
Cannot spill or misfire, part of the industry's first closed-loop recycling program so it's easily recyclable.
TCell utilizes a patented fluid delivery system, delivering a precise dose of pure designer fragrance, odor neutralizer, and air freshener that remains constant for 60 days. It is the perfect environmental solution because it does not contain propellants or added VOCs and the components are recyclable.
Position the dispenser in an area where moving air will disperse the fragrance and neutralizer throughout the entire area, normally three to six feet from the entranceway. One dispenser covers approximately 6,000 cubic feet.
The Microburst 9000 Aerosol Dispenser uses state-of-the-art Smart Chip technology to maximize odor control effectiveness, reduced cost-in-use, and provide visual and audio indicators to minimize labor cost.
Hi-tech dispenser creates a "We Care" image.
Up to 180 days between refill changes.
"ME" = Normal situations (sprays every 14 minutes).
"HI" = Problem areas (sprays every 7 minutes).
Can operate 5, 6, or 7 days per week.
You select the number of days to operate.
One beep is emitted for low batteries while two beeps indicate an empty refill. Can be deactivated.
Monthly battery replacements are a thing of the past. Smart Chip technology extends battery life up to 3 years on 2 D-Cell alkaline batteries…a big cost saving feature!
Prevents refill theft without a key.
Air Delights Microburst 9000 automatic air fresheners and air neutralizer are the most effective, long-term air freshener dispensing system with revolutionary odor neutralizing and fragrancing technology. The Microburst 9000 air freshener system delivers maximum odor control for a full 90 days from one Microburst 9000 air freshener refill. Optional programming extends air freshener refill life to 180 days while providing exceptional odor control.
Air freshener and commercial plumbing product distributor, Air Delights, Inc., releases a new scent that is taking over restrooms by storm! After riding in an Uber and smelling a cologne-scented car air freshener, it occurred to owner Steve Bronson that the distinct scent was something his line of air fresheners was needing. Thus, Blue Wave was born. The new scent is the 18th addition to the company's current line of signature fragrances.
The scent was aimed at creating a common scent that was familiar and refreshing. The company's current customer favorite is the Fresh Linen scent, and they were trying to create a strong runner-up. Looking at what made Fresh Linen so popular, Air Delights conducted a simple survey of just asking their regular customers over the phone. When a case of Fresh Linen air freshener refills was requested, they would casually ask the customer what they liked about the Fresh Linen's scent. Time and again, the same word was heard — clean.
The new scent goes great in men's restrooms where odors tend to be a bit more intense. "Urine is the foulest scent a business could have associated with it, especially a restaurant", Bronson adds. "We were looking for something that would smell more native to a restroom." Blue Wave mimics a clean smelling man, making a men's room visit much more pleasant. The scent has also been requested in women's restrooms at nightclubs and upscale restaurants where cologne is a familiar scent that women love as well.
To smell what the "new clean" smells like and check out more restroom accessories and commercial plumbing products, contact Air Delights, Inc. online at airdelights.com. All Air Delights refills are also made to fit your standard AutoFresh Air Freshener Dispenser, Microburst 3000 or Microburst 9000 fragrance dispensers as well.
Air Delights is one of the largest distributors of air freshening, commercial restroom products, and plumbing valves in the United States. Our mission is to offer our customers the best selection of the highest quality plumbing fixtures and restroom accessories while providing excellent customer service and fast delivery. We believe that customer service is about taking care of the details, so our customers don't have to.
Consumers can now program essential oil fragrances into their lives with the AutoMist Automatic Air Freshener. Ideal for use in any facility that needs a little extra odor assistance, this air freshener is ideal for the restroom, office, or any other commercial space because it can be programmed to release fragrances for any window of time.
Consumers may set the air freshener to release essential oil fragrances to dispense all the time (i.e. For a location that includes night shifts), or they can adjust it so that it operates just during business hours or just during certain days of the week (i.e. Monday through Friday, from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.).
This kind of flexibility allows consumers to save battery life and allows the air freshener refill to last longer while ensuring that the commercial space, restroom, or office is filled with delightful fragrances whenever desired. The real-time military clock allows for flexibility in programming, while the option to program for 3,000 or 9,000 spray refills adds improved flexibility and convenience to consumers' air freshener experience.
Programmability and convenience are not the only outstanding features of this air freshener, however. The AutoMist uses the essential oil-inspired Air Delights air fresheners. Air Delights use high-quality essential oils to create beautiful fragrances that can relax, invigorate, welcome, and appeal to anyone.
With almost 20 different varieties from which to choose, consumers can select the fragrance that best suits their preferences and needs, or try a different fragrance every time they need a refill. Try the Blue Wave or Orange Citrus fragrance in the restroom, or the ever-popular Vanilla Bean in a commercial facility where the fragrance needs to appeal to a wide range of people.
If you want to create a relaxing atmosphere in the office, try the "spray-cation" aroma of Ocean Mist, the open air fragrance of Mountain Air, or the fruity scent of Orchard Splash. Other popular options include the fall and winter perfection of Cinnamon Spice, and the musky fragrance of Spring Sage.
The AutoMist can freshen any space up to 800 square feet to allow for use in most restroom or office spaces. While it is designed to fit any commercial brand of air freshener, when you combine the AutoMist, with its flexible programmability, with the essential oil fragrances of 3,000 or 9,000 refill Air Delights Air Fresheners, you create a unique and powerful way to create a welcoming space anywhere.


text:
Football helping to tackle mental health in Doncaster
Football aimed to tackle mental health when Doncaster Council's Public Health team organised a soccer tournament to raise awareness of the issue.
Updated Friday, 25th May 2018, 9:51 am
Mental health football event
Featuring 10 teams, all from different areas of employment, the fabulous football event took place at the Goals centre, at Worcester Avenue, Doncaster, and was set up to show that mental health – particularly in men – does not discriminate and can affect people from all backgrounds.
Mental health issues can affect anyone, but are particularly prevalent in men, with one in eight experiencing depression at some stage in their life.
Men often find it more difficult to talk about their emotions than women and, even though mental health illness in men is now being discussed more openly, men are still struggling to talk about their concerns because of the 'stigma' which is attached to seeking help.
Mental health issues can be caused by a number of factors, including bereavement, unemployment, finance and debt issues, family and relationship problems, social isolation, low self-esteem, drug and alcohol issues and many other personal factors.
Councillor Nigel Ball, Doncaster Council Cabinet Member for Public Health, said: "Although men and women can all experience the same emotions, men can often find it much more difficult to open up and talk about their feelings.
"Physical activity is known to have beneficial effects on mental health so we organised the football tournament to bring together men from different professions. Through the tournament we wanted to encourage them to be active, meet new people and most importantly to show that it's okay to talk, reducing the stigma that mental health may have had in the past."
If you would like advice or guidance with mental health issues, there are a number of local organisations that can help.
Contact the Doncaster Talking Shop on 01302 565650 or call in at 63 Hall Gate, Doncaster, DN1 3PB (open Monday – Friday, 9am – 5pm).
Call the Samaritans free on 116 123 (open 24 hours a day, every day of the year).
Call Doncaster Mind on 01302 812190 (open Monday – Friday, 9am – 4pm).
Join the Doncaster Mankind group on Facebook to talk to other local residents about how you're feeling.
Visit the www.yourlifedoncaster.co.uk for signposting to other local support services.


Even Building Official Patricia Schuchman agrees it may be time for some accommodations in how Fenwick Island's commercial signage works. But what those changes might be — and how they come about — is still in the earliest stages of discussion.
The issue has become a top concern for a number of the town's businesspeople — some of whom would prefer to move their signs to more visible locations, others seeking to extensively refurbish or replace signs that received grandfathered exceptions to existing regulations and still others simply looking for more flexibility.
Schuchman was out of town during some recent discussions of the issue by the town's Commercial Liaison Committee, but she helped lead the discussion at a March 24 meeting of the group.
The first step in making any changes to existing ordinances, Schuchman said, is determining how much of the town's restrictions on signage resulted from town officials' concerns and how much came as a result of recommendations and requirements imposed by the Delaware Department of Transportation (DelDOT).
That determination would provide a starting point for any revision to the town's extensive ordinances regarding signage. Naturally, there will be far more leeway to make changes to town-imposed restrictions.
For her part, Schuchman said she personally supports the increased use of "multi-use" or multi-business signs for those located closer to the highway. She said such signs advertise the town's businesses better and would be a good replacement for some existing single-shop or shopping-center signs.
Schuchman said a move toward multi-use signs would be "beneficial to all business owners," particularly in the case of the town's shopping centers, which generally contain a half-dozen or more shops.
Some shop owners have complained they are reluctant to consider major refurbishing or upgrades to their existing signs, recognizing limits the town imposed on how much of the older signs could be physically replaced and still qualify for larger sizes or locations closer to the highway under previous grandfathering.
That means some larger, older signs — particularly those close to the highway — have simply been repainted or undergone the most basic of maintenance without any significant renovation over a growing number of years. Even sign styles that have been deemed more aesthetically pleasing sometimes have to be rejected out of hand, determined to be impractical in the face of ordinance restrictions.
Both those business owners and the business community at large have expressed concerns that the quality of the older signage and the impression it leaves on visitors could begin to deteriorate under those kinds of restrictions.
Others have pointed out that relocating their large signs to meet existing requirements would, in some cases, force a reduction in the number of parking spaces available to their customers — another sore spot for the town's commercial district.
Under the current ordinance, signs larger than 30 square feet must be set back from the road at least 25 feet from the Route 1 right-of-way or from the property line when located on other streets. Signs less than 30 square feet in size must be set back at least 10 feet.
In addition to concerns about the grandfathered signs, business owners have pointed out problems with the town's restriction on the number of signs per business.
In the case of basket retailer Shore Peddler, the shop maintains one of two signs over its location — a two-shop space that previously had and used both sign installations for two separate shops. With a single owner and business license, the second sign has simply been left blank, in deference to the town's requirement of only one sign per business.
Schuchman said the shop's owners have expressed a desire to use both signs to better advertise their business, and members of the committee have repeatedly said during their signage discussions that they felt the town's appearance would be improved if the second sign were not simply left blank.
Schuchman noted that she had suggested the two signs be joined together — the second moved to adjoin the first and create a larger sign that would be allowed under the town's ordinances. But that would also require the owners to pay to have that sign's electrical elements relocated.
The building official — not for the first time in recent months — voiced a bit of frustration that she could not simply allow some of the accommodations requested by Fenwick Island's businesspeople.
"I just can't let her do this," Schuchman said of the Shore Peddler situation, emphasizing that some of her predecessors may have allowed some non-conforming elements, despite the town's written code. But, "I have to literally read this," she said.
Southern Exposure's Tim Collins, a member of the committee, expressed concern that the current ordinances do not allow any flexibility from the letter of signage restrictions. He suggested more flexible system be considered — one that would allow minor variations or perhaps even trial use of non-conforming signs, with town permission and on a case-by-case basis.
Schuchman said she generally considered the prohibitions on signage to be good and not in need of change. Her ideas for improving the situation focused on encouraging shopping-center owners to use multi-use signs, as well as some attention to the issue of blank signs, such as that at Shore Peddler.
That likely means that any accommodations for the business owners will have to come in the form of revisions to the town's signage ordinances. Such revisions top a wish list for the committee, one they will likely emphasize at the April 13 visioning workshop planned by the town for its businesspeople.
Committee members have also been working to maximize turnout for the workshop, hoping to garner as much input and support as possible from the town's business community. Ideas generated at the workshop may help determine the future direction of the town's commercial district.
The workshop should emphasize work on the general enhancement of the town's business locations, he said, with the planned median project standing out as one example of how the town is working to improve its appearance.
"The town will start to take on a village look," he said of the median project, noting it might encourage commercial landlords and business owners toward progress on their own properties' appearance.
Another aesthetic concern the committee had touched on recently is on containing trash and other debris at commercial locations. While a single solution has yet to be decided upon, Schuchman noted that there had been suggestions made to require or encourage businesses to enclose their large commercial trash bins.
She said that two local businesses (Royal Farms and House of Welsh) had enclosed their bins — at the town's request. Despite complaints about blowing debris in the town's commercial areas, there was and is no ordinance to force them to do so, she emphasized.
Trash containers and the general appearance of commercial locations in the town are another of the items on the committee's list of issues to tackle. They will have the opportunity for expanded discussion of those matters — and signage — at the April 13 workshop.


text:
Emergency hearing scheduled for second lawsuit against Illinois assault weapons ban
An emergency hearing is scheduled for Thursday morning for a second lawsuit against House Bill 5471.
The lawsuit calls the ban unconstitutional and an attack on citizens' right to bear arms. Tom DeVore, the former Republican candidate for state attorney general, is the plaintiff in the case, and he is joined by former gubernatorial candidate Darren Bailey. Last week, a judge in Effingham County granted a temporary restraining order blocking the law.
The NRA filed a suit on Tuesday calling the new law a violation of constitutional rights.
Tags: RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS
Stacy Abrams Aide: Burning Cars And Smashing Windows Isnt Violence
Marisa Pyle, a top adviser for Stacy Abrams' voting rights nonprofit, defended anti-cop protestors who had smashed in police car windows and set them ablaze.
Pyle, a senior rapid response manager at Abrams' Fair Fight Action, who was also a senior manager for Abrams' One Georgia Leadership committee during her latest failed attempt at the Georgia governor's seat, had rushed to the defense of anti-police protesters and the chaos that they had caused.
"You cannot commit violence against a window or a car. Killing a human? Now that, that is violence," Pyle said in a tweet. "Shame on Atlanta's leaders who fall into the same tired path of protecting property while our people are murdered by their police."
Tags: COVER-UP/ DECEPTIONS/ PROPAGANDA, CURRENT EVENTS
Ex-Dem Mayor Gets Six Months For Child Pornography
Dennis Doyle, the former Democratic mayor of Beaverton, Oregon, was sentenced Tuesday to six months in federal prison and ordered to pay $22,000 in restitution to his victims for child pornography possession, the Oregon District U.S. Attorney's Office announced.
Doyle originally became mayor in 2009 and lost his 2020 reelection bid against Beaverton City Councilor Lacey Beaty, Willamette Week reported. He knowingly possessed child pornography images between November 2014 and December 2015, confessing when FBI agents approached him in early 2022 before pleading guilty to one count in October, the U.S. Attorney's Office said. (RELATED: College 'Sex Cult' Leader Sentenced To 60 Years In Prison)
The Beaverton Police Department informed the FBI after a local business alerted them in January 2022 to the discovery of a thumb drive containing child pornography and personal photographs that seemed to be Doyle's, the office reported. Several of the images showed children under 12 years old who the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children had identified as known sexually exploited minors.
Tags: CURRENT EVENTS, POLITICS/ ELECTIONS/ CORRUPTION
Bill Gates concludes that mRNA shots aren't actually useful
Microsoft founder Bill Gates, who served as one of the architects of Covid hysteria and had more of an impact than any other individual on the disastrous global pandemic policies, has finally acknowledged that the mRNA shots he's been promoting for two years are nothing more than expired pharma junk.
In flying his private jet to attend an in person conversation with the Lowry Institute in Australia this week, the supposedly carbon conscious Gates admitted that the shots serve virtually no benefit to anyone, especially the most vulnerable population.
"We also need to fix the three problems of [mRNA] vaccines," Gates started. "The current vaccines are not infection blocking. They're not broad, so when new variants come up you lose protection, and they have very short duration, particularly in the people who matter, which are old people."
You can find the relevant segment at 54:30
Marjorie Taylor Greene aims to be Trump's VP pick in 2024
Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene, R-Ga., is angling to be Donald Trump's running mate in 2024, according to two people who have spoken to the firebrand second-term congresswoman about her ambitions.
"This is no shrinking violet, she's ambitious — she's not shy about that, nor should she be," said Steve Bannon, the former top Trump aide who hosts the War Room podcast, where Greene has been a guest.
"She sees herself on the short list for Trump's VP. Paraphrasing Cokie Roberts, when MTG looks in the mirror she sees a potential president smiling back," he added, referencing Roberts, the late political reporter who worked for NPR, ABC News and other outlets.
In Arizona, bombshell new evidence of Maricopa County election wrongdoing
Maricopa County is the most populated part of Arizona. When it comes to local government, it's strongly conservative. However, abruptly and surprisingly, in both 2020 and 2022, Maricopa County suddenly started voting Democrat. The courts shut down 2020 election challenges, but gubernatorial candidate Kari Lake is fighting the good fight for the 2022 election—and today she released bombshell information about voting machine problems and bizarre signature analyses. If a judge accepts this data, it shows an election-changing pattern of suppressing Republican votes and overcounting Democrat votes.
Maricopa County had 4,420,568 residents according to the 2020 census, making it the fourth most populous county in America, with over 60% of Arizona's total population. Historically, it's been a consistently conservative county. Before 2020, the county voted for every Republican presidential candidate going back to Eisenhower's first run.
In 2022, the voter registration balance in Maricopa County was 34.5% Other/Independent (which often means conservatives disgusted with the Republican party), 34.3% Republican, 30.4% Democrat, and 0.9% Libertarian. Moreover, if county elections are anything to go by, it's the Republicans who show up. At least since the year 2000, four of the five members of the Maricopa County board of supervisors have been Republican.
Our Familys Sick: Why Hunter Biden Lied About Paying $50k Monthly Rent
Amid the brouhaha over President Joe Biden's improper retention of classified documents and concerns that his son, Hunter Biden, had access to them, a 2018 form on which Hunter Biden claims to have spent nearly $50,000 a month on rent surfaced from the presidential son's abandoned laptop.
On it, Hunter Biden lists his father's Wilmington house as his address, raising questions about whether he was using rent payments to pass money to his father. The money, $49,910, was actually a reference to rental payment for a Washington, D.C., office space used by Hunter Biden. But the story of the document is more absurd, involving Biden family favor trading, scorned relatives, and an ultimately failed effort to get Hunter Biden's troubled cousin a new probation officer.
The Washington Free Beacon traced the origin of the document to an attachment in a July 27, 2018, email from Hunter Biden to a luxury apartment complex in Los Angeles. The background check document was part of a rental application, and—though his communications with the building's property manager indicated the apartment would be for him—text messages and emails on Hunter Biden's laptop reveal it was in fact for his down-on-her-luck cousin, Caroline Biden, the daughter of Joe Biden's brother Jim and his wife, Sara.
The president's niece pleaded guilty in 2017 to buying more than $100,000 worth of makeup with a stolen credit card. While she managed to skirt a grand larceny charge and the prison sentence it carried, she was sentenced to two years of probation—time she wanted to serve in Los Angeles.
Tags: POLITICS/ ELECTIONS/ CORRUPTION, WHITE HOUSE
U.S. Air Marshals Planning Rebellion After Biden Orders Them To Southern Border: Report
United States Air Marshals are reportedly planning to "mutiny" against an order from President Joe Biden to leave their posts aboard commercial flights and head to the U.S.-Mexico border.
During an interview on "Fox & Friends First," Air Marshal National Council Executive Director Sonya Labosco said that federal air marshals are outraged as the Biden administration continues to send many of them to the southern border despite renewed threats from the terrorist group al Qaeda.
"It looks absolutely insane," Labosco told co-host Todd Piro. "We don't understand why these decisions are being made. The intel is clear. Al Qaeda is watching for our weak areas. Our aviation is a high-risk area. We're not protecting our aviation domain, and we're going to the border. It is absolutely madness."
Tags: WHITE HOUSE
Sleeping with Spies (Cartoon)
The streets of Paris: 2023 vs 1890...
Chase Bank is locking up ATMs
Afghanistan: Freezing weather kills at least 124 people
The world is 'clearly' not prepared for cyberwarfare
Lucy asteroid probe forced to limp on without full solar array
Ukraine Rocked By Corruption Scandal, Wave Of Top Officials Resign: Sports Cars, Mansions & Luxury Vacations As People Suffered
World Economic Forum panelists predict catastrophic cyber event in near future
Twitter insider reveals to FTC that engineers CAN access 'GodMode' program and post from any account - and the company has 'no ability to control who logs into it'
Massive spike in excess deaths sparks calls for an 'urgent investigation': Nearly 3,000 more Brits than usual are dying each week
Huge asteroid the size of a LONDON BUS will fly within 2,100 miles of Earth this week - the fourth closest approach to our planet on RECORD, NASA reveals
Former UK semi-professional football referee speaks about his devastating vaccine-injuries
Death rates soaring across Western world as post-pandemic healthcare teeters on knife-edge
Newer Study Shows Pfizer Covid Vaccine Removes Protection Gained From Natural Immunity...
Lindsey Globalist Graham Demands Tanks to Ukraine To Protect the World Order
UN Regulator At WEF Warns Musk: Regulate speech on Twitter or UN will issue sanctions
LYING CRIMINAL PFIZER CEO CLAIMS THEY HAVE NOT FOUND A SINGLE CASE OF STROKES!
AG Merrick Garland Makes Direct Threat To States Who Try To Limit Reproductive Freedoms
BREAKING: Email From Hunters Laptop Now PROVES He Was Using Info From Classified Docs Joe Left In House During Foreign Trip
YouTube censorship of suppressor content & wholesale deletion of creators


Just need some upgrades or repairs? We provide mechanical services, by appointment, April -October. From transmission swaps and engine re-builds to a basic oil change, brake service or new shocks, we can help keep your classic on the road during the summer cruising months here in WI.
Featured Videos, a sample of our completed restorations and current builds can be viewed in our Portfolio. For information about getting the wheels under your dream build, contact us via email at drivenrestorations@gmail.com or call (920)326-9314 to schedule an appointment and request an estimate.


released outside America as well.
This CD Box contains 4 CD's, the fourth one being unavailable on its own. See Chapter XIV for details of the fourth record.
White Label Copies exist with "Broken Wings" as an extra track.
must have been conducted in late 1975.
Promotional Disc with interviews and songs from "Boys and Girls"


3G Solutions has designed billing application truly compatible for all kinds of invoicing in business. The invoicing module has direct linkage with the sales force automation module tracking the entry of a single opportunity to be turned into an invoice. Through this module duplication of work is ruled out and accuracy of data is secured. It captures all the sales orders coming in and processed through the approval cycle before finally being invoiced.
Depending on the extensiveness of client contact and the need for speedy calculation of opportunities being turned into invoice, the application can prove extremely helpful for big companies with an eye on a larger share of the industry. The package opens the path for better time management given its comprehensive applicability. The version is very much user -friendly.
The top class database and collaborative interface provided by our application makes easy for the managers as well as general employees the access to important data online and offline. This creates the decisive difference between so called moderate efficiency and high level of expertise. The functional ease and flexibility and its usefulness in handling product and customer databases makes it the indispensable item in the modern business environment along with the facility of print invoices and emails with ease.
The main aim of developing this ready to use module is to decrease the time for processing of order and paperwork as much as possible and increasing the time available for marketing and addressing customer satisfaction. With this application, Invoicing will become effortless as never before. The application is specially tailored for the needs of the organizations with impact in the global industry. The use of invoicing module rules out all kinds of mismanagement in this area reducing customer grievances to a minimum and paving the way for company's profit through efficient time management. The application is truly suited for the twenty first century organization where mediocrity is an outdated idea and excellence in every sphere is the watchword.


does anyone know the market price for the Dynax 5, both the kit and body only? What about for Minolta's 24-105 lens?
Dynax 5 in Singapore only comes with KIT which includes (28-85mm + free Minolta AF 75-300mm (D) + free Minolta camera bag).
Market price is S$788 for above promotional KIT package. Street price is S$610.
-- Kho (gabkho@mailandnews.com), February 22, 2002.


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What is the fee per strain of duckweed?
Starting from Jan 1, 2019, $100.00 per strain for academic institutions, and $150.00 per strain for non-academic use (e.g. commercial, government laboratories or personal use). The requester is also responsible for all shipping charges.
Only checks and money orders are accepted. We no longer accept personal checks; individuals not affiliated with an institution or company should submit a money order or cashier's check. Payment must be received to process your order (i.e. to prepare the requested strains).
My institution/company requires a W-9 to process the invoice. How can I obtain this form?
Please contact the RDSC Manager to receive a copy of Rutgers University's W-9 form.
All orders are shipped via FedEx overnight shipping. Shipping charges (typically $10-20 per order) will be calculated after you submit the order form and will be included on the emailed invoice. You may also pick up your order at the RDSC.
We only ship to addresses within the United States. Laws and regulations for importing live plants vary from country to country, often requiring phytosanitary certification. At this time, we lack the administrative capacity to deal with these regulations.
How is the duckweed supplied?
Each strain is supplied in a 60 mm petri dish with 10-20 fronds. Duckweed is cultured and shipped on 0.5X SH salts + 0.5% sucrose + 0.8% agar at pH 6.0 under axenic (sterile) conditions.
Can I receive duckweed seeds?
No. Duckweed plants rarely flower and produce seeds. In fact, it is unclear what triggers flowering in many species. Thus we propagate plants vegetatively through asexual reproduction. All strains in the RDSC collection are stored as fronds.
Typically 2 to 3 weeks after we receive payment. The actual time will depend on the size of the order and the health of the requested clones at the time of ordering.
Yes. Please contact the RDSC Manager if you need your order expedited. We can begin preparing your strains immediately. However, we will not ship the order until payment is received in full.
Please contact the RDSC Manager to receive an update. You will typically receive three emails during the ordering process: (1) when the invoice is generated, (2) when payment is received, and (3) when the order ships.
What medium can be used for maintaining duckweed?
What growth conditions can be used for duckweed?
Is there a sterilization protocol for duckweed?
Yes. Submerge duckweed fronds in 10-20% (v/v) bleach with agitation for 30 seconds to 3 minutes, until significant whitening is evident along the edges (but the meristem is still green). Then rinse with sterile deionized water twice and transfer to fresh duckweed medium.
Can antibiotics be used to control bacterial contamination?
Yes. We recommend using 100 µg/mL cefotaxime.
How can I eliminate fungal contamination?
Use the sterilization protocol above. It is imperative to act quickly because fungi can grow rapidly in the media (especially when sucrose is present) and ultimately kill the duckweed.
Why is it difficult to keep certain duckweed strains axenic (sterile)?
Some strains appear to form strong associations with beneficial microbes. Despite aggressive sterilization procedures, bacterial contamination may persist in duckweed cultures. To minimize this contamination, you can grow plants on media that lacks sucrose or contains antibiotics.
How can duckweed be stored for long periods?
We typically transfer plants onto 0.5X SH medium without sucrose and store them at 15ºC under low light. Under these conditions, growth is significantly reduced and many strains can be stored for several months, or even years. Keep in mind, however, that ideal storage conditions vary, and some strains require more frequent subculturing to stave off death. Interestingly, cold can trigger the formation of dormant vegetative structures, called turions, in some strains of Spirodela polyrhiza and Lemna turionifera.


text:
New on Showtime: All the Movies and TV Coming in June
By Scott Russell | May 21, 2018 | 2:30pm
Photos by Steven Lippman/Showtime TV Features Showtime
"Summer is coming" isn't nearly as ominous as that famous Game of Thrones quote, though that doesn't make it any less factual in this case. Both June and the sunniest season of all are right around the corner, but for those of us who prefer the great indoors, just as promising is the fact that pay-cable channel Showtime is bringing a fresh batch of streaming TV and movies to light-deprived eyeballs everywhere next month.
Showtime's June slate is led by its original TV series—one is debuting a new season, while others are wrapping theirs up. Beginning anew is Golden Globe-winning drama The Affair, which returns for a fourth season on Sunday, June 17 at 9 p.m. ET. The show's latest installment finds Noah (Dominic West, The Wire), Helen (Maura Tierney, The Good Wife), Alison (Ruth Wilson, Luther) and Cole (Joshua Jackson, Fringe) in their own orbits, alienated from one another, and spinning further and further away from where they all began. The Affair's lovely season three finale had a noticeable air of finality to it, leaving us wondering where the show would go next—it won't be much longer before we have the chance to find out. As for Showtime series winding down, fan favorite Billions airs new episodes on Sunday nights at 9 p.m. ET until its season three finale on June 10, while Benedict Cumberbatch-starring limited series Patrick Melrose airs new episodes on Saturdays at 9 p.m. ET until its series finale on June 9. Other continuing TV series include docuseries The Fourth Estate on Sundays at 8 p.m. ET and I'm Dying Up Here on Sundays at 10 p.m. ET. And speaking of I'm Dying Up Here, star Erik Griffin will debut his second Showtime comedy special, Erik Griffin: Amerikan Warrior, on Friday, June 8 at 10 p.m. ET. Shot at Portland, Ore.'s Star Theater, the special sees Griffin breaking down "everything from social norms, personal responsibility and lazy protesting to the righteously religious and the female renaissance, all while skewering his own sense of male entitlement," per Showtime.
As for Showtime's incoming movies, the pickings are on the slim side. One stand-out title is John Carpenter's Christine, adapted from Stephen King's 1983 novel of the same name, in which a nerdy high schooler acquires a malevolent car with a mind of its own, dubbing the murderous vehicle Christine. It's a somewhat silly film, considering it essentially casts a 1957 Plymouth Fury as a vicious slasher, but it's a fun one, exactly as you'd expect from Carpenter. That's streaming on Showtime on June 1, as are 2004 rom-com sequel Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, the self-explanatory Cheech & Chong's Next Movie, J.C. Chandor's Oscar-nominated financial crisis drama Margin Call, depressingly relevant 2002 thriller The Sum of All Fears and 1989's Oscar-nominated Steel Magnolias, among others. Inbound later in the month are 68 Kill on June 2, Pork Pie on June 9, Walking Out on June 15 and Cairo Time on June 28, rounding out a down month for new additions to the Showtime movie library. But not to be forgotten are Showtime's streaming collections, which include movies that dads love (Apollo 13, Charlie Wilson's War, etc.) and movies that prominently feature fathers, in honor of Father's Day (June 17), as well as films involving LGBTQ pride, stories similar to The Affair's and stunning scenery.
See Showtime's full slate for next month below.
ORIGINAL SERIES:
THE AFFAIR (Season Premiere: Sunday, June 17 at 10 p.m. ET/PT)
BILLIONS (Season Finale: Sunday, June 10 at 9 p.m. ET/PT)
I'M DYING UP HERE (New Episodes: Sundays at 10 p.m. ET/PT)
PATRICK MELROSE (Series Finale: Saturday, June 9 at 9 p.m. ET/PT)
THE FOURTH ESTATE (New Episodes: Sundays at 8 p.m. ET/PT)
NEW MOVIES STREAMING ON SHOWTIME IN JUNE:
Available 6/1:
BRIDGET JONES: THE EDGE OF REASON
CHEECH & CHONG'S NEXT MOVIE
HARSH TIMES
MISTRUST
MRS MCCUTCHEON
OUR LADY OF THE ASSASSINS
THE SUM OF ALL FEARS
THE TRIUMPH OF LOVE
68 KILL
Available 6/15:
CAIRO TIME
DOCUMENTARIES & COMEDY SPECIALS:
ERIK GRIFFIN: AMERIKAN WARRIOR
STREAMING COLLECTIONS
Dad's Got the Remote Collection: APOLLO 13, HELL OR HIGH WATER, CHARLIE WILSON'S WAR and more (Available 6/1 – 6/21)
Many Sides of Fatherhood Collection: DEAN, REBEL IN THE RYE, WALKING OUT and more (Available 6/1 – 6/21)
LGBTQ Pride Collection: FAIR HAVEN, IN & OUT, LAST WEEKEND and more (Available 6/1 – 6/30)
If You Like the Affair Collection: BAND AID, PERSONAL SHOPPER, BRIDGET JONES: THE EDGE OF REASON and more (Available 6/9 – 7/31)
Stunning Scenery Collection: THE PROMISE, THE LIGHT BETWEEN OCEANS, PIRATES OF THE CARIBBEAN: DEAD MAN'S CHEST and more (Available 6/15 – 7/12)
new on showtime
Also from Showtime
Emma Stone, Nathan Fielder, and The Safdie Brothers Are Making a New Showtime Comedy By Garrett Martin December 10, 2020 | 2:45pm
Your Honor: Showtime's Bryan Cranston-Led Drama Is Crushed By Its Own Convictions By Whitney Friedlander December 2, 2020 | 11:09am
The Good Lord Bird and the Problem with Filtering John Brown's Message Through Comedy By Shane Ryan November 16, 2020 | 1:30pm
Original Cortana Voice Actor Jen Taylor to Reprise Role in Halo TV Series By Staff November 11, 2020 | 3:18pm
A Dexter Revival Is Happening on Showtime By Allison Keene October 14, 2020 | 4:46pm
The Good Lord Bird: Ethan Hawke's John Brown Is an Emmy-Worthy Fireball By Jacob Oller October 2, 2020 | 10:08am
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