text:
Development and Validation of a "Crank-angle" Model of an Automotive Turbocharged Engine for HiL Applications Academic research paper on "Mechanical engineering"
Energy Procedia
{"Internal Combustion Engines" / "Real-Time modeling" / "HiL/SiL systems"}
Abstract of research paper on Mechanical engineering, author of scientific article — Paolo Casoli, Agostino Gambarotta, Nicola Pompini, Ugo Caiazzo, Enrico Lanfranco, et al.
Abstract Management and diagnostic functions are playing a key role in the improvement of engines performance and in the reduction of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions especially in automotive applications. As widely documented in the open literature, design, validation, and testing of control systems take actually advantage of theoretical models to a great extent, due to their capabilities to reduce development time and costs. However, the increasing complexity of present engines and related management systems give rise to challenging issues in the development and applications of mathematical models. The paper describes the improvements introduced in the original Library set up by the authors in Simulink® for "control-oriented" simulation of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) and powertrains. The tool has been initially developed to build up Mean Value Models (MVMs) of automotive engines for "real-time" simulations, and in that version has been used in several HiL applications. Due to the enhancing requirements in engine control functions, the Library has been recently improved to allow for "crank-angle" simulation of the engine. To this extent models of intake and exhaust valves and of in-cylinder processes have been built up (where combustion process is described following a classic single-zone approach based on a proper Heat Release Rate, HRR). An original algorithm has been developed to run the model at a computational speed comparable with real time even with a resolution of 1 degree CA for in-cylinder calculation. Modeling tools have been applied to the simulation of a four-cylinder turbocharged Diesel engine with Exhaust Gas Recirculation. Through a specific calibration procedure, the model was fitted on a typical layout of an automotive Diesel engine and then validated comparing simulation results with experimental data measured by the OEM on a test bench. With a very low computational time, the model showed interesting capabilities in the simulation of the behavior of automotive engines with "crank-angle" resolution and therefore has been used in an original HiL application developed by the authors.
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Academic research paper on topic "Development and Validation of a "Crank-angle" Model of an Automotive Turbocharged Engine for HiL Applications"
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
Energy Procedía 45 (2014) 839 - 848
68th Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2013
Development and validation of a "crank-angle" model of an automotive turbocharged Engine for HiL Applications
Paolo Casolia, Agostino Gambarottaa*, Nicola Pompinia Ugo Caiazzob, Enrico Lanfrancob, Annachiara Palmisanob
a University of Parma, Department of Industrial Engineering, Parco Area delle Scienze 181/A, 43124 PARMA, Italy bFiatResearch Center-CRFS.C.p.A., Strada Torino 50, 10043 ORBASSANO (TO), Italy
Management and diagnostic functions are playing a key role in the improvement of engines performance and in the reduction of fuel consumption and pollutant emissions especially in automotive applications. As widely documented in the open literature, design, validation, and testing of control systems take actually advantage of theoretical models to a great extent, due to their capabilities to reduce development time and costs. However, the increasing complexity of present engines and related management systems give rise to challenging issues in the development and applications of mathematical models. The paper describes the improvements introduced in the original Library set up by the authors in Simulink® for "control-oriented" simulation of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) and powertrains. The tool has been initially developed to build up Mean Value Models (MVMs) of automotive engines for "real-time" simulations, and in that version has been used in several HiL applications. Due to the enhancing requirements in engine control functions, the Library has been recently improved to allow for "crank-angle" simulation of the engine. To this extent models of intake and exhaust valves and of in-cylinder processes have been built up (where combustion process is described following a classic single-zone approach based on a proper Heat Release Rate, HRR). An original algorithm has been developed to run the model at a computational speed comparable with real time even with a resolution of 1 degree CA for in-cylinder calculation.
Modeling tools have been applied to the simulation of a four-cylinder turbocharged Diesel engine with Exhaust Gas Recirculation. Through a specific calibration procedure, the model was fitted on a typical layout of an automotive Diesel engine and then validated comparing simulation results with experimental data measured by the OEM on a test bench. With a very low computational time, the model showed interesting capabilities in the simulation of the behavior of automotive engines with "crank-angle" resolution and therefore has been used in an original HiL application developed by the authors.
© 2013TheAuthors. Published by ElsevierLtd.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of ATI NAZIONALE
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-0521-905864; fax: +39-0521-905705. E-mail address: agostino.gambarotta@unipr.it
1876-6102 © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and peer-review under responsibility of ATI NAZIONALE doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.089
Keywords:Internal Combustion Engines, Real-Time modeling, HiL/SiL systems
bmep	brake mean effective pressure
e	specific internal energy
f	burning function
h	specific enthalpy, heat transfer coefficient, valve lift
k	ratio of specific heat coefficients (= cp/cv)
m	mass
m	mass flow rate
n	rotational speed (in [rpm])
p	pressure
X	mass fraction
^	molecular mass
A	flow or surface area
C	coefficient
Cd	discharge coefficient
Q	heat flow
R	gas constant
T	temperature, period
V	volume
e	crank angle
t	ignition delay
c	combustion
cyl	cylinder
ex	exhaust
f	fuel
in	intake, inlet
out	outlet
tot	total
w	cylinder walls
The constant need of a continuous improvement of the performance of automotive engines and powertrains (i.e., specific power/torque and at the same time fuel consumption and emissions) is continuously pushing for both an enhancement of existing subsystems (e.g., fuel injection, valve actuation systems, etc.) and the introduction of innovative solutions (e.g., dual-stage turbocharging, low- and high-pressure Exhaust Gas Recirculation systems, aftertreatment components, etc.) and smart sensors (e.g., piezoelectric transducers for in-cylinder pressure measurement). As a matter of fact, the complexity of actual powertrains and the large number of involved variables require unceasing improvements in the computational capabilities of ECUs and in the comprehension of processes that affect the behaviour of the controlled systems.
The application of innovative technologies is really effective only if a proper design of the control system and of related management strategies is developed side by side. Physical modelling and simulation represent a solid
support to outline system behaviour, which is strongly non-linear. Mathematical models are powerful tools to estimate the effects of control parameters and strategies on engine and powertrain performance and to reduce development time and costs, shortening the way from design specifications to on-road testing.
In this field, in-cylinder pressure is an important variable for combustion analysis and diagnostics. The actual availability of cost-effective transducers paved the way to use this parameter as a feedback signal for combustion control. As a consequence, mathematical models able to simulate in-cylinder processes still keeping calculation time very short, and even lower than real-time, are required. Proper simplifications have to be introduced in order to catch the real behaviour of the system from the behaviour of its components, joining physical -and chemical-principles (generally based on conservation laws) with an empirical description of more complex phenomena (i.e., taking account of relevant aspects and avoiding a detailed description of the others).
Examples of "control-oriented" engine models proposed in the literature for the simulation of intake and exhaust systems flows are reported in [1,2,3,4], while a comprehensive scenario is outlined in [5,6,7]. Typically Filling-and-Emptying (F&E) and Quasi-Steady Flow (QSF) approaches are used to build up 0-D, lumped parameter and cycle averaged Mean Value Models (MVM).
When dealing with the simulation of "cycle-to-cycle" phenomena (typically intake and exhaust flows and combustion process) F&E and QSF methods can be still used, but more complex models usually result, whose equations have to be integrated on a crank angle base. Calculation time is usually a challenge in this case, since the estimation of in-cylinder pressure and temperature histories requires more detailed approaches than those used for Mean Value Models [5,8]. The complexity of chemical and physical processes which take place in the cylinder would be properly described through "multi-dimensional" methods [9,10], but for "fast" applications simplified "zero-dimensional" single-zone models proposed in the past [11,12] seem still the best option. In-cylinder processes can be simulated on a crank-angle base following a F&E approach joined with a QSF technique for gas flows through valves by applying the energy and mass conservation equations to a gas mixture which is considered homogeneous within the cylinder ("single-zone" models). Combustion process can be simulated through the definition of a proper fuel burning function [9,11,12]: to this extent an apparent Heat Release Rate (HRR) can be defined for example by coupling two Wiebe equations identified from experimental data [11]. Similar models have been proposed for control-oriented applications [3,5,6,13,14,15] and used in several "crank-angle" commercial tools (e.g., en-DYNA® THEMOS® by Tesis Dynaware [16], Automotive Simulation Models-AMS from dSpace® [17], AMESim® Engine library [18], IFP HiL systems [19], real-time models based on Cruise® from AVL [20], GT-Power® from GTSoft [21], WAVE® from Ricardo [22], etc.).
Within this scenario, a "crank-angle" model of a four-cylinders turbocharged Diesel engine based on a singlezone scheme has been set up by the authors through an improvement of the original library [23^26] developed for Mean Value engine Modelling. In-cylinder and gas exchange processes were described using a QSF approach for intake and exhaust valves and a F&E method for the cylinder. Causality has been carefully considered in order to allow for an easy use of the cylinder and valves models with the existing sub-models. After calibration and validation, the proposed model has been validated by comparing calculated results with experimental data measured by the OEM on the test bench.
2. Development of a Library for RT modeling of ICE: improvement to "crank-angle" simulation
An original simulation library was set up by the authors in the last decade for the assembling of "real-time" Mean Value Models (MVMs) of automotive engines and powertrains [4,23,24,25,26]. Based on F&E and QSF methods, and developed within Matlab®/Simulink® environment to improve portability and flexibility, the library has been organised in a hierarchical structure so that sub-model blocks can be found, picked up and assembled following the desired system layout. Dedicated procedures have been defined for the identification of each block [27].
Intake and exhaust system components are modelled as volume components (i.e., capacitances) through a F&E approach (e.g., manifolds), or as non-volume components (i.e., resistances) with a QSF methodology (e.g., valves, compressors, turbines, etc.). Following similar approaches and a coherent causality [4], new sub-models have been developed for cylinder and intake/exhaust valves and then assembled to set up a model of a four-cylinder turbocharged Diesel engine with EGR system. In the following, most important sub-models are shortly outlined.
2.1. Cylinder model
Processes which take place in the cylinder have been modelled through a F&E method based on mass and energy conservation equations defined for an open thermodynamic system and applied through a single-zone approach [9], i.e.:
• mass conservation equation:
"'■ = m. - tn
d = m - m	(1)
energy conservation equation:
dTcyl__1_
dt mcyl • e
min ■ (hin - ecyl ) - mex • (hex - eeyl ) - Qw - Qe - P
.dVy dt
chemical species conservation equation (i-species):
- + til. (3)
dxcyli _™in • (Xin. i - Xcyl. i )
gen. i
assuming the working fluid as a mixture of ideal gases. Tcy, Vcy, mcyi and xcyl are referred to thermodynamic conditions within the cylinder and can be evaluated as functions of time t (or crank angle 0) by integration of eqs.(1), (2) and (3). The term mgenJ represents generation of itA-species during combustion. Assuming that no other species except CO2 and H2O are produced, following correlation between i-species mass generation rate and Fuel Burn Rate FBR can be introduced:
m CO = nc • FBR	(4)
№fuel
m."a n= H2 ■ FBR	(5)
gen,H2O
№ fuel
' • FBR	(6)
m gen, fuel = -FBR	(7)
with nC and nH fuel Carbon and Hydrogen ratio, and ^ the molecular mass of the ih-species. Heat flux through walls is evaluated using the classical heat exchange equation:
& = ~r f[h ■ Aw ■ (Tyi - T №	(8)
where Aw is the combustion chamber surface area, Tw is the wall temperature and h is the heat exchange coefficient evaluated following the Woschni's equation [9].
Combustion term in eq.(2) has been estimated through a Heat Release Rate (HRR) and therefore defined as:
6,=f-^.f (8)=£. . f №
dt AO	dt AO"
where f(8) can be specified following the method proposed by Watson [9,11]:
f (8) = P- fp (8) + (1 - P) • fd (8)
assuming the coefficient p as a "phase proportionality factor" [9,11]. Premixed and diffusive burning functions fp and fd can be identified in the following form [9,11]:
fp (e) = cpl • CP2 • ecp~l • (1 -ecnc*2-1
fd (6) = Cdl ■ Cd2 ■ dC2-1 • exp(-Cd, • dC2 )
Coefficients p, Cp1, Cp2, Cd1, Cd2 and the ignition delay t (evaluated through Hardenberg and Hase correlation [9]) can be estimated from experimental data as functions of engine speed and load (i.e., through experimental lookup tables).
Even if in the presented application a single injection was considered, in-cylinder model has been developed to handle multiple injections as results from actuation signals to the injectors. To this purpose a customised procedure defined by the authors to shape the HRR through a superimposition of multiple Wiebe functions, outlined in [29], will be implemented in the model in the next future.
An original algorithm has been developed to solve conservation equations in the cylinder with a suitable time step, while keeping a larger overall time step. The numerical integration of eqs.(1), (2) and (3) is carried out iteratively on a crank-angle basis keeping a definition of approx. 1deg CA, which means that the in-cylinder time step is estimated from the engine speed n and kept constant within the overall time step. This procedure has been implemented in the in-cylinder block model to catch fast dynamics of related processes without compromising realtime capabilities of the comprehensive engine model.
2.2. Intake and Exhaust Valves
Valves are considered as components where no accumulation of energy and/or mass [4,5] is allowed and therefore they are modelled through QSF techniques. Mass flow rates through intake and exhaust valves are estimated by means of the well-known flow equation in the following form:
Cd ■ A ■ pt
2k \~k-l
when I Pout
2 V" k + lj
m ■■
Cd • A • Pi
k+i k-i
, k+1/ \ 7k
Exit temperature Tout can be determined assuming a polytropic expansion.
Flow coefficient Cd in eqs.(13) and (14) can be determined from experimental or tabulated data and valve flow area A is a function of valve lift h (described as a function of crank angle 0 through look-up tables as h=f(Q)).
2.3. Sub-model from the existing MVM Library
Components of the intake and exhaust systems other than valves and cylinders are simulated using the blocks of the original library, described in details in [4,25,26,27]. Volume components (e.g., manifolds) are described mathematically with a F&E approach, and non-volume components (e.g., valves, restrictions, pressure losses, compressors, turbines, etc.) are simulated through QSF methods.
3. Development and validation of the Engine model
The described mathematical tools can be used to build up "crank-angle" 0-D models of naturally aspirated or turbocharged engines, both SI and Diesel, taking account of causality. In addition, a specific procedure allows their identification from OEM's data and/or from experimental data measured in steady operating conditions [27]. A first application referred to an eight-cylinder naturally aspirated spark ignition engine was developed and validated as reported in [28].
A four-cylinder Diesel engine has been considered in the present work, with low-pressure EGR circuit with a three-ways valve (made up of an EGR and air throttle valves mechanically linked together to control both EGR flow and intake air pressure drop) and variable geometry turbine turbocharger, with reference to the layout reported in Figure 1. The sub-model of the assembly {intake valve}-{cylinder}-{exhaust valve} has been replicated and coupled with existing sub-models following the causality scheme of Figure 2. The structure of the model (alternating volume and non-volume blocks) avoided numerical problems and algebraic loops.
Input parameters are engine rotational speed, fuel mass flow rate, driving signals for VGT and EGR , ambient temperature and pressure. Outputs can be every single one of parameters estimated by the engine model, e.g., torque, bmep, effective power output, state parameters in the intake and exhaust manifolds (i.e., p, T, composition), etc.
Fig. 1. Schematic of the modeled Diesel engine.
The model has been identified on the basis of steady-state experimental data from the OEM, which were used to define look-up tables and coefficients of interpolating functions through least-square methods (i.e., flow coefficients of intake/exhaust valves, pressure loss coefficients of air filter and exhaust system, etc.). Compressor and turbine models were identified on the basis of their characteristics from the Manufacturer. Parameters of Woschni's equation were defined as suggested in the literature [9]. Coefficients of eqs.(11) and (12) were estimated from experimental data and then evaluated by means of interpolation functions over engine speed and load. Examples of calculated vs. measured in-cylinder pressure diagrams are reported in Figure 3.
The algorithm developed for the integration of eqs.(1)^(3) allows the use of a variable time step for in-cylinder processes to keep an angular step of approx. 1deg CA independently of engine speed n. The algorithm implemented in the in-cylinder block allowed running the comprehensive model on a 2GHz Quad Core PC with 8 GB RAM at a satisfying computational speed, near to real time target.
The model was validated with reference to 48 steady state operating conditions (Figure 4) comparing experimental data from OEM (different from those used for the identification phase) with results given by the model.
Fig. 2. Causality scheme for the Diesel engine model.
® 3000 rev/min	® 4000 rev/min
Fig. 3. In-cylinder experimental (blue) and simulated (red) pressure.
Figure 5 reports a comparison between simulated and experimental values of bmep. Figure 6 shows model capabilities in the estimation of state parameters (pressure and temperature) in the manifolds, and in Figure 7 the comparison between simulated and experimental mass flow rates is reported.
• 12	• 24	• 36	• 48...........	1	0.......... 1..... G.........	......©	.........o ■
• 11	• 23	• 35	• 47	O i O	o
• 10	• 22	• 34	• 46	0.8	0* o*	<**	<**
• 9	• 21	• 33	• 45	-p	q* »*	»	o*
• 8	• 20	• 32	• 44	S	0.6	QÍ g	f
• 7	• 19	• 31	• 43...........	Q.	............or	............8:................. »	«............	«..........
• 6	• 18	• 30	• 42	E .Q	f	9
• 5	• 17	• 29	.......41............	Q.	04	.......».....	...... « i.............«	».............
• 4	• 16	• 28	• 40	E	»	» m	«
• 3	• 15	• 27	• 39	6 : »	&
• 2	• 14	• 26	• 38	0.2	$.........	3...... i.........8......	............$
• 1	• 13	• 25	» 37	0	ñ s	»
1750 2000 2250 2500 Engine Speed [rev/min]
Fig.4. Steady state operating conditions considered for model validation. Fig. 5. Non-dimensional bmep (blue-experimental, red-simulated).
ä CTE	0.9	* **c
Si	•b
0.6	HO «0
"b üO
«o so *b o
Operating Point	Operating Point
Non dimensional intake & exhaust manifolds pressure and temperature (blue-experimental, red-simulated).
O o^q,
0:0 * * o
jt>° «**
**** * %
Fig. 7. Non dimensional air and EGR mass flow rate (blue-experimental, red-simulated).
The model is able to properly reproduce engine manifolds condition, with maximum errors lower than 9% (boost pressure), 3% (intake manifold temperature), 20% (exhaust manifold pressure), and 13% (exhaust manifold temperature). Even trends are correctly reproduced, however higher shifts between experimental and simulated values are apparent with reference to air and EGR mass flow rates.
An analysis of model sensitivity to input values has been developed by separately imposing ±10% shifts on VGT, EGR, and throttle position values (i.e., without taking account of EGR and throttle linkage). The corresponding effects on calculated outputs of the whole engine model are highlighted in Figures 8, 9 and 10.
■ILL
^TfiFI
Intake manifold Intake manifold Exhaust manifold Exhaust manifold pressure	temperature	pressure	temperature
EGR mass flow rate
-0.5 -1 -1.5
0 25 50 0 25 50 ' 0 25 50 0 25 50
Operating Condition
Fig. 8. Model output sensitivity vs.VGT position (blue: +10%, i.e., increasing turbine area; red: -10%, i.e., decreasing turbine area).
2 0.1 +2
E 0 (D
-0.1 -0.2 -0.3
Intake manifold Intake manifold Exhaust manifold Exhaust manifold
pressure temperature pressure temperature 1i-!- 0.8i-!- 0.6i-!- 1i—
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2
Air mass	EGR mass
flow rate	flow rate
0 25 50 0 25 50 ' 0 25 50 ' 0 25 50 ' 0 25 50 0 25 50 0 25 50
Fig. 9. Model output sensitivity vs. EGR position (blue: +10%, i.e, opening EGR valve; red: -10%, i.e., closing EGR valve).
i -0.2 -0.4 -0.6
Intakemanifold Intakemanlfold Exhaustmanlfold Exhaustmanlfold Alrmass pressure	temperature	pressure	temperature	flow rate
' 0 25 50 0 25 50 ' 0 25 50 0 25 50 ' 0 25 50 0 25 50 0 25 50
Fig.10. Model output sensitivity vs. throttle position (blue: +10%, i.e., opening throttle valve; red: -10%, i.e., closing throttle valve).
Reported results show that air path characteristics and regulation (i.e., throttle and EGR flow area and discharge coefficients) have a significant influence on mass flow rates, especially through EGR valve (up to 20%), while on the other hand they scarcely affect engine bmep and manifolds pressure and temperature. VGT signal variations give rise to significant changes in both air and EGR mass flow rates and manifold parameters. These considerations may explain the higher discrepancies between simulated and experimental flow rates which can be due to an unsatisfying definition of the flow characteristics of EGR and throttle valve. The importance of a detailed calibration of submodels of air path components, i.e., EGR valve, throttle valve, VGT characteristics, is therefore confirmed, as already pointed out by the authors in a previous investigation [27].
The model proposed in this work is an enhancement of MVMs of automotive engines previously developed by the authors. In order to comply with "crank-angle" simulations of the engine thermodynamic processes, blocks for intake and exhaust valves (with user-defined lift curves and variable actuation) and for in-cylinder processes were built up taking properly account of causality. Combustion process has been described following a classic singlezone approach based on the definition of a suitable Heat Release Rate (HRR).
An original algorithm has been developed for the in-cylinder processes simulation through the use of a variable time step in order to keep an angular step of approx. 1deg CA when varying engine speed n. The algorithm has been implemented in the in-cylinder block model to catch fast dynamics of related processes without compromising realtime capabilities of the comprehensive engine model.
The described mathematical tools have been used to build up a "crank-angle" 0-D model of a four-cylinder Diesel engine with low-pressure EGR and variable geometry turbine turbocharger which has been validated by comparing simulation results with experimental data measured by the OEM on a test bench. Even with very short computational times (comparable with real-time), the model was able to reproduce engine behaviour over a wide operating field with limited errors, with the exception of EGR mass flow rate. This result highlighted once more the
importance of a detailed characterisation of air path components in order to improve the calibration of corresponding sub-models.
With a very low computational time, and showing good capabilities in the simulation of the behavior of automotive engines with a "crank-angle" resolution, the model has been recently used in an original HiL application developed by the authors.
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[26]	P.Fiorani, A.Gambarotta, E.Lanfranco, M.Tonetti, "A real-time model for the simulation of transient behaviour of automotive Diesel engines.", Proc.ATI/SAE Congress "The sustainable mobility challenge", SAE paper no.2006-01-3007, Perugia, 2006.
[27]	A.Gambarotta, G.Lucchetti, M.Taburri, I.Vaja, "Mean Value Modeling of intake and exhaust systems of automotive engines: models identification and related errors", 10th Stuttgart International Symposium on Automotive and Engine Technologies, Stuttgart, 2010.
[28]	A.Gambarotta, G.Lucchetti, "Control-oriented "crank-angle" based modeling of automotive engines", 10th International Conference on Engines for Automobiles, SAE paper no.ICE2011-24-0144, Capri, 9/2011.
[29]	A.Gambarotta, "A method for Diesel combustion simulation in a "real-time" engine model for control applications", 12th Stuttgart International Symposium on Automotive and Engine Technologies, Stuttgart, 2012.


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Just another Wisdom Base Sites site
Can you be 15 and get a tattoo? – Tattoo Ideas Small
That's a good question. Some people in the hip-hop business are going to make a million dollars and it all depends what your intention is. Some of the best ones are getting it done for free — as kids we go to a studio for free, and some people who don't have all the money want to get it done for as low as $200 or $300. Some people get it for free and then make a million dollars at the end of their careers. I don't want to say "I made it for free" all the time, because that puts you into a hole if you got it, but that definitely puts you in as good of a position as possible to take a chance."
B: When you look at yourself and what you look like you probably say "I don't wanna work out my body," right?
SM: Right, right… but that's not the whole picture. Not everybody — not everybody comes to it as an artist. Some people come to it thinking you're an artist on paper, but then they look at it and they realize who it is really: a very expensive artist. The whole concept of getting up there and trying to get a tattoo that's going to give you an image on your body — it's not going to do you any good with that. You're going to look ridiculous. You don't need a body art to have an image on your body — it's the image in your head. That's where the money's going to come from. That's where the real money is going to come from, and I'm not going to give you any money — but I tell you what, it's so much cheaper to get one that's very special than a regular, non-special tattoo.
I was always at the beginning stage before I got a body art, and it was so much more fun when you were doing some stuff your body — no one can see the work that's being done on your body. When you do body art you put a lot of thought into what you're doing — you take your time, you're going to keep the tattoo and the work fresh, you keep the body art the same. You do that and you don't have to do anything else. When you're going through the process with a regular tattoo on your body, you can see it and it might bleed and you want to throw it on the floor; you can't do that with a regular one. You have to show off that you love
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← What does the Malu mean? – Free Download Tattoo Designs Pack → What is haram for a woman? – Tattoo Ideas For Men
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What does new school tattoo mean? – Tattoo Design Sketch Pictures
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What is black and GREY tattoo? – Samoan Tribal Forearm Tattoo Designs For Men
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Captain America #293-301 Up:
Peter Parker, the Spectacular Spider-Man #97
Iron Man #189-190
Issue(s): Iron Man #189, Iron Man #190
Cover Date: Dec 84
Title: "A thing that bores from within..." / "Losing the touch!"
Denny O'Neil - Writer
Luke McDonnell - Penciler
Steven Mitchell / Ian Akin & Brian Garvey - Inker
After Vibro it can only get better, so this arc's new villain, Termite, doesn't seem so bad.
He's even got a humanizing characteristic: he's a sculptor.
He's also a mutant, so when Iron Man can't seem to defeat him (at one point he stupidly assumes that the Termite's powers are in his gloves, and then leaves him alone in a locked room while he gets the police, only to find that the villain has burrowed away), the Vision sends his wife the Scarlet Witch into town. And she's got the Neutralizer that was used to rob Storm of her powers, and she gives it to Tony Stark to use on Termite.
She got it from the Vision, who got it from Henry Gyrich.
It's surprising that's the Scarlet Witch is even willing to allow such a device to be used. She says she's uncomfortable with it, but then why even use it?
Surely two Avengers could handle Termite. Or why not call in the West Coast team. Resorting to the Neutralizer seems unnecessary.
But it's important to remember that the Neutralizer has several power settings, so it's likely that she's not using the maximum setting and permanently robbing Termite of his powers. On the other hand, Termite pretty much will never appear again, except for one more appearance in Iron Man #75 (vol 3), years from now, where he's still in prison and seemingly powerless.
Termite was working for Obadiah Stane, who we haven't seen for a long time. Stane wants a minor technology company's equipment sabotaged. Iron Man gets involved because Circuits Maximus had a contract from the company, and the contract was in danger of cancellation because of the sabotage.
You'd think that it would be beneath Stane, who has already taken over Stark Industries, to use super-villains to undermine minor competitors, but apparently not. He's also hanging out with an obscured-by-shadows Madame Masque.
Meanwhile, the Rhodey/Stark relationship continues to deteriorate. It's bordering on parody at this point.
That third panel, with Rhodey standing there so goony and proud of himself, is hilarious.
Tony hears about Iron Man being a member of the Avengers again, but he reacts worse than he did last time.
Oh, i almost forgot. At the beginning of this arc, Iron Man rescues a woman from a hostage situation, and she offers him a date. He shows up in his civilian identity, but to protect his secret ID, he... wears a hat.
And it gets better. The date doesn't go well, and it ends with the following exchange:
Rhodey: Guess this wasn't the best time you ever had, huh?
Lady: Guess not, Mr. Mystery Man.
Rhodey: Sorry. It wasn't you... really. I-I--!
Lady: Hey, it's okay. I understand. You just couldn't relax for a second, could you? Poor thing.
Rhodey: (To himself) Blast! I never had a problem relaxing before!
No wonder he's acting so crazy if he can't even "relax" with a ladyfriend anymore.
I'm not sure if it's the new status quo or increased editorial interference with the influx of cheesy super-villains or something else, but i definitely feel like the quality of this book has declined.
Historical Significance Rating: 1
Chronological Placement Considerations: Takes place after Avengers #250. Regarding the Neutralizer used in this issue, in ROM #61, it's said that there is only one prototype Neutralizer, and Forge has it, and won't turn it over to the government. Obviously there used to be two, because there was one in this issue that gets destroyed by Iron Man. Nice work, Rhodey, you just doomed the Earth to a Dire Wraith invasion! Anyway, while there was obviously a mix-up between this issue and ROM, it works if you assume there were two and this arc comes before ROM #61 (which, for what it's worth, was published the same month as issue #190).
At the beginning of issue #189, Rhodey is "still hyped up after the battle with that Maelstrom dude with all my Avengers buddies" from Avengers #250.
A newscast refers back to the battle between the West Coast Avengers and Graviton from "earlier in the week" as shown in West Coast Avengers #4.
Tony's second battle with alcohol, which lasted from Iron Man #167 to Iron Man #182, is referenced during the Stark/Rhodey fight.
We first saw Forge's Neutralizer in Uncanny X-Men #184. A footnote points us to issue #181, but that's not accurate.
Characters Appearing: Clytemnestra Erwin, Iron Man, Madame Masque Bio-Duplicate, Morley Erwin, Obadiah Stane, Scarlet Witch, Termite, Vision, War Machine
Hmm. So Tony Stark is left-handed?
Posted by: LuisDantas | April 9, 2013 11:41 PM
So, the Scarlet Witch depowers a mutant, eh...? ;)
Posted by: Harry | July 30, 2015 11:13 AM


I'm putting the final touches on Mission 007 right now and I'm really excited to conclude the Space-Commies and look forward to the future. When Mission 008 starts I'll be making some changes to the Team Stryker website to make it more user friendly. If there are any changes you would like to see made to the website or the comic itself feel free to let me know on Facebook and Twitter.


text:
Q: IAP test user has unknown error I'm test IAP:
1) create a test user
2) run the app in simulator
3) pop the iap dialogue, saying it's in sandbox
4) choose use existing account, enter the test user
But it says "An unknown error has occurred", why?
plus, I cannot test app on a device. It's never in sandbox environment. Is it because the app has been released to AppStore? I want to add new iaps, how can I back to sandbox environment on device?

A: For In-App purchase, always use a device (never the simulator). To do this, go to your app store settings (via the settings app) and log out any real user that might be logged in. After that, make your test-purchase and enter the test user credentials.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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After collaborating with some of the world's most iconic...
fashion designers and perfumers at On Trend Films for over two decades, it is only natural that the creative team of Michael Perris and Gregory Cole transform all their knowledge and dreams about fragrances into a reality.
Michael Perris - a filmmaker, artist, equestrian and host of "Style Philosophers" podcast, exploded into the zeitgeist of style and marketing when he arrived Manhattan in the 1980s, working with classic names such as Halston, Anne Klein and Elsa Peretti. Eventually Ralph Lauren asked him to join his inner circle when he created and oversaw the Media Services department. While at Polo Ralph Lauren, Michael collaborated with L'Oreal, the fragrance licensee, on several of the brand's early successes.
Gregory Cole - a luxury marketer, actor-model-playwright, and award-winning natural bodybuilder - sought the world of bespoke menswear and luxury goods when he moved to New York City in the early 90's. His passion for fragrances began when he oversaw the successful North American launch of Alfred Dunhill's EDITION FOR MEN. Later, he specialized in youth-market branding, working on such fragrances as RALPH BY RALPH LAUREN and KATY PERRY'S INDI.
The creative team of Perris and Cole joined forces in the late 90's when they formed On Trend Films. They had an auspicious start when they came up with the visual concept, as well as directed a film, for ROMANCE BY RALPH LAUREN - the designer's biggest blockbuster. As a result, the team of Perris and Cole became a sought-after name in the fragrance community. They went on to collaborate, develop, and direct concepts for brands that are among the industry's biggest successes. Tom Ford, Michael Kors and Marc Jacobs are just some of the many legendary niche and prestige fragrances in the Perris and Cole stellar portfolio.
Now, Perris and Cole, these seekers of new experiences and advocates for celebrating life's moments, are proud to announce the launch of their niche fragrance brand - THE BUBBLE COLLECTION!
Let There Be Bubbles!


Life After a Natural Diaster » Life Of Veronica!
Mother nature is a force that we cannot control, soothe or predict. It's a force with a mind of its own, capable of incredibly destructive feats but also the creation of beautiful landscapes and scenery. Ironically, one of the biggest threats to human life is the same force that created it, and it's important to be well aware of the potential dangers that could be lurking around the corner.
If you're keeping an eye on the weather and are aware of any alerts, then you might find yourself bracing for a natural disaster that could strike in the future. There's little you can do outside of following any evacuation protocols and stay as safe as possible, but there's an issue that many people seem to ignore until later; the recovery period.
Not only does your home suffer, but your mind is also impacted by the natural disaster. So to help you out, we're going to be discussing a few things regarding the recovery period and how you can cope with it.
It's incredibly important that you chat after and during a natural disaster. It helps you release stress by talking to someone you can rely on, and it also helps to get on social media to stay up to date on the latest news and also voice your concerns. Speaking about it is a simple way to cope with the stress that you might feel, and it's very important that you try your best to be a part of the community. Use it to release stress and negative feelings, cooperate with others in your area and seek comfort to help you deal with the natural disaster.
Make sure you don't neglect the basics such as eating healthy and taking care of yourself mentally. It might be difficult all things considered, but you need to ensure that you're looking after your body, your family and also your friends.
If your home is in the path of a storm or close to the dangerous areas of the natural disaster, then you're probably going to have to say goodbye to it. If it's not damaged beyond repair then it's certainly going to be difficult to fix the entire home. You can contact property restoration company, Trilink Restoration to see what they can do to assist you after a natural disaster, but there's only so much you can restore if you're unlucky. Make sure you pay for your home insurance to keep your property protected and be realistic about your expectations.
Natural disasters are out of our control and no matter how many warnings were given, we do have to cope with the reality that we're likely not going to see our homes again and the community we live in will be changed forever. Thankfully, you're not the only one that will be going through such a hard time and there are ways to cope.


Sneaking in quietly under the radar is the first update for the just released System Center 2012.
This update focuses purely on Virtual Machine Manager, both server side and console as well as App Controller.
In total we're looking at about 16 issues that have been fixed in this rollup.
It's also worth noting that after performing the server side update, the VMM agents on your hosts will also require updating.
Click Fabric, and then select Servers.


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Teens favoring Snapchat and Instagram over Facebook, says eMarketer
Natasha Lomas	@riptari / 2 years
Facebook is losing appeal among teens and young adults which is contributing to generally slowing growth for the platform, according to the latest projections from research firm eMarketer.
At the same time alternative social apps Snapchat and (Facebook-owned) Instagram are seeing rising and double-digit growth in the same youth demographic — suggesting younger users are favoring newer and more visual communications platforms.
"Both platforms have found success with this demographic since they are more aligned with how they communicate — using visual content," noted eMarketer forecasting analyst Oscar Orozco in a statement.
It's the second consecutive year of expected usage declines for Facebook among this advertiser-coveted group, according to the researcher.
eMarketer suggests some tweens are even skipping adopting Facebook entirely (it calls them "Facebook nevers") and going straight to the rival platforms, even as remaining tweens and teens appear less engaged on Facebook — logging in less frequently and spending less time on the platform.
While having slipping relevance among a coveted ad demographic is obviously not good news for a social behemoth whose business is dependent on ad revenue, Facebook does have the consolation of also owning one of the two main youth-friendly alternative platforms: Instagram . (Aka, 'if you can't be it, buy it'.)
Still, eMarketer is also projecting that the acquisition that got away from Zuck, Snapchat, will overtake Instagram and Facebook in the total teen (12 to 17) & young adult (18 to 24) ages for the first time in 2017 — boosting its share of US social network users to 40.8 per cent, and projected to push close to a majority by 2021. (Though Instagram is also forecast to maintain its greater reach through this timeframe.)
Back in 2013, when reports of Facebook's spurned acquisition attempts of Snapchat surfaced, it followed fast on the heels of the company reporting a first-time decline in young teens using its service daily.
Nearly four years later Facebook's problem with keeping teens happy has only got bigger — but the company's success at using Instagram to successfully clone Snapchat's features has helped mitigate the issue. (Even if it means Facebook's corporate motto should really now read: 'Move fast and clone things'.)
eMarketer couched U.S. Facebook usage in the 12 and 17 age-group as dropping the most "precipitously" — noting that while 81.9% of social network users in that age range are projected to use Facebook this year, the figure will slide to 76.2% by 2021.
Other highlights from eMarketer's forecast:
Facebook usage in the US in the 12 to 17 age group will fall 3.4% vs 2016, to 14.5M, accelerating from the 1.2% slip seen last year
Facebook's US monthly users overall are expected to grow 2.4% this year to 172.9M — up slightly on the prior forecast due to increased adoption by older Internet users
Snapchat's US monthly users are expected to grow 25.8% in 2017 to 79.2M monthly, with growth figures adjusted higher for all but the oldest age group, and the biggest upward revision for the 18-to-24 group which is forecast to see usage escalate 19.2% this year
Instagram's US monthly users are expected to grow 23.8% in 2017, up from prior forecasts, to 85.5M, expanding its user base among under 12s by 19%, and 12 to 17s by 8.8%
In the UK, Facebook is estimated to have 32.5M monthly active users this year, remaining the most popular social network, even as it also loses share to Snapchat and Instagram among younger age groups there
In the UK, Instagram is projected to have 16.7M monthly users in 2017, an increase of 34.8% over 2016 — and a total reach amounting to more than a quarter of the UK population (the same as its reach in the US)
In the UK, Snapchat is projected to have 14M monthly users, with growth of 20.2% expected this year (meaning it will reach around a fifth of the population)
While Twitter's total UK user base is expected to be 12.6M this year
eMarketer's methodology counts a monthly user as someone who is accessing their account at least once per month, consistently, each month throughout the calendar year. It says it bases its forecasts on analysis of quantitative and qualitative data from research firms, government agencies, media firms and public companies, along with interviews with senior execs at publishers, ad buyers and agencies.
At the time of writing Facebook had not responded to a request for comment.


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Death & the Gravedigger's Angel (Auction Block Mysteries #3) (MP3 CD)
By Loretta Ross, Amanda Ronconi (Read by)
Audible Studios on Brilliance, 9781543636857
Publication Date: August 8, 2017
Hardcover, Large Print (4/5/2017)
Death and Wren bid on answers to the mysteries of love and war.
When former army medic Tony Dozier is accused of killing a member of the hate group that disrupted his wife's funeral, the prosecution charges premeditated murder, and the defense claims temporary insanity. Former marine Death Bogart and auctioneer Wren Morgan think there's more to the story.
They're both led to the long-abandoned Hadleigh House, where Wren begins preparing the contents for auction but ends up appraising the story behind an antique sketchbook. As Wren uncovers the century-old tale of a World War I soldier and his angel, Death finds a set of truths that will change...or end...their lives.


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Metra, CTA to add capacity for Women's March on Chicago
Tony Webster / Flickr
CHICAGO (Sun-Times Media Wire) Metra and the CTA are adding capacity on trains Saturday as they prepare for the Women's March on Chicago.
The CTA will run longer trains on the Blue, Brown, Green and Orange lines between 5 a.m. and 3 p.m. Saturday, according to the transit agency.
However, bus service in the vicinity of the march and rally may be delayed or rerouted, the CTA warns. CTA Bus Tracker may not accurately predict arrival times for buses in the Loop.
Metra will run its regular Saturday schedule, but will add extra capacity on all lines to accommodate the expected higher ridership. The Milwaukee North and Milwaukee West lines will each have an extra scheduled outbound train.
The march is expected to begin at 10 a.m. Saturday at Jackson and Columbus, according to the event's Facebook group, which has 31,925 members.
Winter storm dumps snow across Chicago ahead of expected bitter cold


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SOME COMMON TAX LODGEMENT STATISTICS
Every year ATO publish their annual Australian tax lodgement publication named "Taxation Statistics" which provides a comprehensive statistical summary of information taxpayers report to ATO. The main source of information is Australian tax returns.
Taxation statistics contains information on:
Individuals, companies, superannuation funds, partnerships and trusts;
The goods and services tax (GST), fringe benefits tax, excise and fuel schemes;
The superannuation system;
Payments and transfers through the Australian tax system.
The publication provides trends over time although it does not present social or economic analysis of these trends. In the time series, information for previous years is updated in each subsequent edition to take account of any additional lodgements.
Taxation statistics also provides data on the time-based cost of compliance and industry benchmarks in the form of financial and activity statement ratios.
In March 2016, ATO published statistics for 2013-14 financial years. Some common statistics of individual tax lodgement of 2013-14 are as below:
Tax return lodged by individuals only 3.5% return lodged by individuals, online tax return lodged 22.3t.2% tax return lodged by tax agent.
Income net tax by individuals for the year is $166.2 billion which increased by 7.30% from prior year.
Suburb wise tax return statistics are as follow - NSW tax return 31.4%, Victoria tax return 24.9%, QLD tax return 19.9%, Western Australia tax return 11.3%, South Australia tax return 7.1%, TAS tax return 2.1%, ACT tax return 1.9%, 1.0 % in NT and 0.6% in unknown territory.
Estimated tax on net capital gains by individuals is $4.71 billion.
Average time to complete income tax return decreased from previous year to 4.6 hours.
The statistics shows that; Australians continue to favour using a tax agent to lodge their tax return, which was about 74%. If you are looking for expert advice at a cheap rate you can choose taxshark.com.au. TaxShark are Australia's leading tax accountants offering expert advice for income tax returns, refunds and more to help you out in online tax return services.


I have suffered from acid reflux my whole life. My esophagus has been burnt so bad that I could not eat or drink for a couple of days. Seen many dr., and had too many upper GI, a chip placed and had to drink barium for another GI. Finally from my own research I found out if I reduce/eliminated flour and sugar, especially before lunch, and drink water with a half do lemon squeezed I can eliminate my heart burn. I only had to drink the lemon water in the beginning (2-4weeks), and now I consume flour and sugar sparring, but never before lunch.
Additionally if the reflex returns, for example if I get reflex from drinking coffee, I start drinking lemon water again and watch what I eat.
Lastly I always have mint gum with me for immediate temporary relief. Read the article about reflux by Suzy Cohen.
baking soda is a great remedy, it will make you burp and fart a lot, but it is instant relief.. I just put the baking soda in a teaspoon take it, and drink a glass of water. Although mixing it with water is an easy way to take it as well. Just don't take to much, you will burp all night!
Try to take a moringa oliefera a day.
Prevention is better than cure. I agree with most of the advice given. Good healthy diet and exercise are an intrinsic part of preventing acid reflux. Keeping a food diary helped me discover the triggers of my reflux (pizza!!!! Fries!!! Coffee!! Fat!) and what to avoid/eat in moderation.
I suffer a bad reflux 'attack' every 1 to 2 months. I've found a routine that elevates the pain.
Most importantly - HOT WATER bottle. Piping hot!! Cover appropriately and hold it on my torso, aiming to make contact with stomach/lower chest area.
The heat really helps to elevate the pain! Where possible I've held a hot water bottle to my front and got my back to a radiator! Give it a go.
Kyle Jarman from Cardiff, Wales U.k.
I tried lots of things and I have found with acid reflux there is no one size fits all. I am a a singer and so I need to be gentle with my throat and I always want natural, I believe God has already made a cure we just have to find it. Below are the foods that have worked for me, by the way it was a Doctor that told me this was the natural way to go.
Ricola's all natural cough drops will take away the pain almost immediately! I always keep a bag next to my bed in case of flare ups!
As I remember it all Started after a Throat Infection. Doctor prescribed me antibiotic course and It ruined my Digestive system. Meaning, antibiotic kills Bacterias in your body and help you fix the Bacterial Infection, however it also kills good Bacterias from your body which helps digestion and then Acid Reflux, acidity, Frequent Burbs and Chest pain started.
Chew any type of minty gum it works almost in seconds, mustard also works for the stomach cramps and pain.
I have acid reflux, and I have none of the things listed. I read about eating a banana, but I don't have bananas. I did realize that bananas have a lot of potassium, and so does peanut butter. I ate a large spoon full of it, and it helped really well, if it doesn't stop continue to eat another. Works great! Hope you like, and try it.
I did vegetable juicing twice a day for one month using Kale, carrots, celery, cucumbers, beets, radish and spinach. The acid reflux is gone and I am free of that horrible cough that I had the slimy saliva and occasional vomiting. I stopped taking Omeprazole. I also drink lots of water, I eliminated all pops and processed juices and eat very little bread. I'm very happy with the juicing, my skin looks great and I lost weight too!
To help ease mine I will eat some bread and butter and sit up for awhile, that usually does the trick for me.


Esperanza is a multisensory, structured, systematic program for the teaching of reading, writing and spelling to students who struggle with Spanish literacy and language skills. This is a two-day training to help Bilingual teachers and/or Dyslexia teachers understand the intervention process. Participants will be able to participate in hands-on activities, which will help them implement the Esperanza program.
Participants must purchase and bring the 8th Edition Esperanza teaching materials to the training. Please contact Claudia Trevino or Emily Hagan at Valley Speech Language & Learning Center to purchase the Esperanza materials, valleyspeechllc@att.net or (956) 504-2200.


At the Musée de la Tuilerie, two chimneys, one of which measures 30 m, set the scene for a whole variety of discoveries: ovens, machines, tools, stamped bricks etc. Don't miss the clay quarry, alongside the Canal de Bourgogne. If you go by boat, you can also enjoy the marina.


Online Auction for Government Surplus - Auction Ends 1/10/19 - To view auction details go to www.govdeals.com and "Search For" 12019-1. Click the QAL box and then hit search.
FIRE TRUCK IS LOCATED IN PEMBROKE, NC.
1991 E-One 95 ft. platform aerial. 60,000 miles and 4706 pump hours. Ladder and Pump test completed in 2016 with passing rate. Apparatus was taken out of service late 2016 due to blown motor there wasn't a second opinion on the truck. Back waterway will need minor repair due to rust, No lights, equipment, or tools included.


"Iconographic Tracking: A Digital Research Method for Visual Rhetoric and Circulation Studies." Computers and Composition, 30 (4) (December 2013):332-348.
Drawing on recent scholarship in the disciplines of rhetoric and composition/writing studies and communication, I advocate for generating new methodologies and methods for studying rhetorical circulation. I introduce iconographic tracking--a research method that employs traditional qualitative and inventive digital research strategies to investigate the circulation, transformation, and consequentiality of images across genres, mediums, and contexts. As evidence of what this method can afford, I present findings from a four-year long case study that employs iconographic tracking to trace Shepard Fairey's now iconic Obama Hope image. To help readers understand some of the theories and philosophies that undergird the method of iconographic tracking, I also briefly introduce a new materialist approach to rhetorical study. In practice, I point in new directions for visual rhetorical study and circulation studies at large.
"Agential Matters: Tumbleweed, Women-Pens, Citizen-Hope, & Rhetorical Agency."Ecology, Writing Theory, and New Media: Writing Ecology. Ed. Sid Dobrin. Routledge, 2011.
In this article I draw on recent developments in distributed cognition, posthuman studies, and new materialism to advocate for adopting a new materialist sensibility toward agency that recognizes the dynamic vitality and agential capacity of rhetorical discourse. I specifically draw on Karen Barad's notion of intra-action, Bruno Latour's notion of actancy, and the research method of iconographic tracking to make visible how mutual rhetorical transformation emerges among diverse entities as discourse circulates, transforms, and experiences material engagement. As such, I demonstrate how ecological perspectives of agency embodied in the notion of actancy can open up new research potentials for rhetorical studies.
"An Inconvenient Tool: Rethinking the Role of Slideware in the Writing Classroom." Co-authored with Collin Brooke, Composition Studies, (Spring 2010) 38.1. Reprinted in Best Writing from Independent Composition and Rhetoric Journals: 2010 (Parlor Press, 2011).
This article illustrates the downfall and renaissance of PowerPoint in the business and design world and argues that progressive slideware methods of presentation and delivery warrant reconsideration of PowerPoint's potential in the composition classroom. In conjunction with theorizing constraint writing, my co-author and I illustrate various uses of slideware presentation methods and genres in the invention and revision of ideas. We ultimately argue for repositioning delivery in 21st century composing processes.
Practicing Methods In Ancient Cultural Rhetorics: Un-Covering Rhetorical Action In Moche Burial Rituals." A Brief History of Rhetoric in the Americas: 3113 BCE to 2012 CE. Eds. Damian Baca and Victor Villanueva. New York: Palgrave-Macmillan, 2009.
This article excavates the rhetorical actions of duality, concealment, and inversion in the ancient mortuary practices used to bury Moche elite rulers in the northern coast of Peru between 100 and 800 CE. Although Moche studies scholars demonstrate what purpose this rhetorical genre may have served, this article argues that we must practice self-restraint in assigning rhetorical meaning to rhetorical acts without knowing the actual consequences that emerge in response to these actions during their initial production. I advocate and even laud the move in the field of rhetoric and composition to embrace and theorize the genre of these rich Pre-Columbian rhetorical traditions; however, rather than jump quickly into identifying the purpose and meaning of these ancient rhetorical traditions, I suggest we move slowly and carefully and let them make visible to us their rhetorical function.
"Emerging Methods of Visual Rhetorics." Review Essay. JAC (2009) 29.2.
This article explores contemporary methods of visual rhetorical study in three recentpublications: EcoSee, No Caption Needed, and New Media/New Methods. This article begins by acknowledging that as researchers, electracy challenges us to account for diverse kinds of communication emerging in the digital age and to investigate and theorize how digital media is altering how we conduct and present research. Yet I point out that many of our methodological toolkits are filled with textual based approaches ill-equipped to capture and make use of the kinds of digital communication circulating in the world today. In response to this methodological dilemma, I ask: What methods can we employ to adequately account for visual communication unique to the digital age? I illustrate how the three reviewed texts offer a spectrum of research methodsproductive for taking the pictorial turn in an age of electracy.
Thoughtjam is a weblog I produced in graduate school to post summaries and responses to scholarly texts in the discipline of rhetoric and composition/writing studies. No longer active, this blog now serves as a resource for my own scholarship as well as for others in the field.
Please visit my weblog Podcast Central to watch and listen to following presentations. You can also watch a live streaming of a more recent lightning talk from HASTAC 2015 here.


text:
<?php

namespace models;

class Adresses extends \Core\Model {

    function __construct() {
        parent::__construct();
    }

    public function findByUser($user_id) {
        return $this->db->select('SELECT * FROM users_adresse WHERE id_users = ' . $user_id .' ORDER BY id DESC');
    }

    public function findById($id) {
        return $this->db->select('SELECT * FROM users_adresse WHERE id = ' . $id);
    }

    public function findByUserDefault($user_id)
    {
        return $this->db->select('SELECT * FROM users_adresse WHERE id_users = ' . $user_id .' ORDER BY id DESC');
    }

    public function update($data,$where) {
        $this->db->update(PREFIX.'users_adresse',$data, $where);
    }

    public function create($data) {
        $this->db->insert(PREFIX.'users_adresse', $data);
        return $this->db->lastInsertId('id');
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Dr. Ma accepts the following list of insurance providers. Select your insurance provider to see more details.
I am a board-certified diagnostic radiologist who specializes in body imaging, mainly focusing on CT and ultrasound. At MSK, it is tremendously important to me to provide patients with a timely and accurate imaging interpretation. As a member of the Gynecology Disease Management Team, I review CT, MRI, ultrasound, and PET studies to diagnose gynecological cancers and see if the treatment is working.
I am also involved in research and teaching. My research focuses on both gynecological cancers and breast cancer. I review cross-sectional studies to see if treatments are working for people who are participating in clinical trials of new drug therapies.


text:
Til It Kills is the second studio album by California punk rock band, Tilt. It was released in April 1995 on Fat Wreck Chords.

Track listing

Personnel
 Cinder Block – vocals
 Jeffrey Bischoff – guitar
 Gabe Meline – bass
 Vincent Camacho – drums

Additional Personnel
 Produced by Kevin Army

References

External links
Fat Wreck Chords album page

1995 albums
Tilt (band) albums
Fat Wreck Chords albums

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia