text:
Q: How can I send a file within an array of objects using formData.append() I have an array of objects in the format:
array1: [ { name: 'A', image: File {name: "Desert.jpg", path: "C:\Users\Public\Pictures\Sample Pictures\Desert.jpg", lastModified: 1247549551658, lastModifiedDate: Tue Jul 14 2009 11:02:31 },
          { name: 'B', image: File{name: "Desert.jpg", path: "C:\Users\Public\Pictures\Sample Pictures\Tulips.jpg", lastModified: 1247549551658, lastModifiedDate: Tue Jul 14 2009 11:02:31} }, ..... ]

I am sending the array1 to my back end server using:
formData.append('array1', JSON.stringify(array1))

In the back end I am receiving the array as :
let array1 = JSON.parse(req.body.array1)

But in the back end, the File is empty. How can I fix this??
The front end is in React and backend in Node.

A: Did you try this?
array1.forEach(file => {
  formData.append("images[]", file.image, file.image.name)
})

Depends on your backend as well. How it receives the request ...

A: You could create a fetch for each element in your array, and put all the data in a FormData:
const promises = array1.map(obj => {
  const formData = new FormData();

  Object.keys(obj).forEach(key => {
    formData.append(key, obj[key]);
  });

  return fetch('/your-file-upload-endpoint', {
    method: 'POST',
    body: formData
  });
}

Promise.all(promises).then(() => {
  console.log('All files were uploaded');
}).catch(error => {
  console.error(error);
});


1 Now a it happened in those days that the Philistines gathered their armies together for war, to fight with Israel. And Achish said to David, "You assuredly know that you will go out with me to battle, you and your men." 2 So David said to Achish, "Surely you know what your servant can do." And Achish said to David, "Therefore I will make you one of my chief guardians forever."
3 Now b Samuel had died, and all Israel had lamented for him and buried him in c Ramah, in his own city. And Saul had put d the mediums and the spiritists out of the land. 4 Then the Philistines gathered together, and came and encamped at e Shunem. So Saul gathered all Israel together, and they encamped at f Gilboa. 5 When Saul saw the army of the Philistines, he was g afraid, and his heart trembled greatly. 6 And when Saul inquired of the LORD, h the LORD did not answer him, either by i dreams or j by Urim or by the prophets. 7 Then Saul said to his servants, "Find me a woman who is a medium, k that I may go to her and inquire of her." And his servants said to him, "In fact, there is a woman who is a medium at En Dor."
8 So Saul disguised himself and put on other clothes, and he went, and two men with him; and they came to the woman by night. And l he said, "Please conduct a seance for me, and bring up for me the one I shall name to you." 9 Then the woman said to him, "Look, you know what Saul has done, how he has m cut off the mediums and the spiritists from the land. Why then do you lay a snare for my life, to cause me to die?" 10 And Saul swore to her by the LORD, saying, "As the LORD lives, no punishment shall come upon you for this thing." 11 Then the woman said, "Whom shall I bring up for you?" And he said, "Bring up Samuel for me." 12 When the woman saw Samuel, she cried out with a loud voice. And the woman spoke to Saul, saying, "Why have you deceived me? For you are Saul!" 13 And the king said to her, "Do not be afraid. What did you see?" And the woman said to Saul, "I saw n a 1 spirit ascending out of the earth." 14 So he said to her, "What is his form?" And she said, "An old man is coming up, and he is covered with o a mantle." And Saul perceived that it was Samuel, and he stooped with his face to the ground and bowed down.
15 Now Samuel said to Saul, "Why have you p disturbed me by bringing me up?" And Saul answered, "I am deeply distressed; for the Philistines make war against me, and q God has departed from me and r does not answer me anymore, neither by prophets nor by dreams. Therefore I have called you, that you may reveal to me what I should do." 16 Then Samuel said: "So why do you ask me, seeing the LORD has departed from you and has become your enemy? 17 "And the LORD has done for 2 Himself 3 s as He spoke by me. For the LORD has torn the kingdom out of your hand and given it to your neighbor, David. 18 t "Because you did not obey the voice of the LORD nor execute His fierce wrath upon u Amalek, therefore the LORD has done this thing to you this day. 19 "Moreover the LORD will also deliver Israel with you into the hand of the Philistines. And tomorrow you and your sons will be with v me. The LORD will also deliver the army of Israel into the hand of the Philistines."
20 Immediately Saul fell full length on the ground, and was dreadfully afraid because of the words of Samuel. And there was no strength in him, for he had eaten no food all day or all night. 21 And the woman came to Saul and saw that he was severely troubled, and said to him, "Look, your maidservant has obeyed your voice, and I have w put my life in my hands and heeded the words which you spoke to me. 22 "Now therefore, please, heed also the voice of your maidservant, and let me set a piece of bread before you; and eat, that you may have strength when you go on your way." 23 But he refused and said, "I will not eat." So his servants, together with the woman, urged him; and he heeded their voice. Then he arose from the ground and sat on the bed. 24 Now the woman had a fatted calf in the house, and she hastened to kill it. And she took flour and kneaded it, and baked unleavened bread from it. 25 So she brought it before Saul and his servants, and they ate. Then they rose and went away that night.


text:
Chelsea set to secure French midfielder Tiemoue Bakayoko for £40m
Terms agreed with Monaco but is conditional on the French international passing a medical
Monaco midfielder Tiemoue Bakayoko, left, fights for the ball against Juventus's Mario Mandzukic, centre, and Giorgio Chiellini during their Champions League semi-final first leg match in Monaco.
Chelsea look set to put the disappointment of losing out on Romelu Lukaku by signing French midfielder Tiemoue Bakayoko, according to the British media on Thursday.
Bakayoko, 22, who played a pivotal role in Monaco winning the French title and reaching the Uefa Champions League semi-finals last season, will cost the English champions up to £40 million (Dh190m), according to The Guardian newspaper.
The deal is conditional on him passing a medical. Bakayoko underwent keyhole surgery on his knee after the season ended and is likely to miss the Community Shield match with Arsenal and the first three Premier League games.
There had been speculation Manchester United might try and stymie the bid for Bakayoko, who made his senior international debut earlier this year, just as they did with Lukaku, as they broke the record for a deal between British clubs of £75m to prise him away from Everton on Monday.
However, Bakayoko, whom Monaco will make a tidy profit on having signed him from Rennes for £7m in 2014, had always made clear that Chelsea was his preferred destination.
Bakayoko's arrival, which Chelsea hope to conclude by the time they leave for Asia for a pre-season tour next Monday, should see Serbian midfielder Nemanja Matic leave for a similar fee to that of the Frenchman.
However, Chelsea are not keen to sell him to the original suitors Manchester United, as relations between the two rivals have cooled considerably since the Lukaku affair.
Bakayoko's signing, joining veteran Argentine goalkeeper Willy Caballero and German defender Antonio Rudiger as new recruits, would not be the last for manager Antonio Conte.
The 47-year-old Italian, who along with his coaching staff are yet to sign new contracts offered at the end of last term, is hoping to conclude deals for Juventus' Alex Sandro and Spanish international striker Alvaro Morata from Real Madrid.
Morata is Italian Conte's preferred fallback option for Lukaku, having lured him to Juventus in 2014 before leaving to take over as national team coach, and would replace temperamental Spanish striker Diego Costa.
Morata told The Guardian earlier this year that he dreamt of playing under Conte because he was a man who had believed in him and understood him.
Costa, whom Conte told was not part of his plans, is likely to rejoin Atletico Madrid even though he would not be able to play for them until January because of the club's transfer ban.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;

namespace BoletoNet.Util
{
    public static class Extensions
    {
        public static string Modulo11(this string str, int @base)
        {
            var fats = Enumerable.Repeat(Enumerable.Range(2, @base - 1), 10).SelectMany(x => x).Take(str.Length);
            var mod = 11 - str.Reverse().Zip(fats, (x, a) => (char.GetNumericValue(x) * a)).Sum() % 11;
            return mod > 9 || mod <= 1 ? "1" : mod.ToString().Substring(0, 1);
        }

        public static T GetFirstAttribute<T>(this Type type)
        {
            return (T)type.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(T), false).FirstOrDefault();
        }
        public static T GetFirstAttribute<T>(this MemberInfo memberInfo)
        {
            return (T)memberInfo.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(T), false).FirstOrDefault();
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Owen, Richard, 1854, Geology and inhabitants of the ancient world. Page 32, fig. no. 15, Plesiosaurus macrocephalus.
Title Owen, Richard, 1854, Geology and inhabitants of the ancient world. Page 32, fig. no. 15, Plesiosaurus macrocephalus.


text:
Q: tensorflow build - CPU / MKL / Windows Has anyone succeeded to build tensorflow python wheel with the following configuration:

*

*CPU (not GPU)

*OS: Windows 7 / server 2012

*Using Intel MKL and/or mkl-dnn

*Python 3.6
I am struggling, for days now, trying to tweak bazel files and cmake files without success.
Would like to know if someone succeeded and willing to share what he did.
Thanks, Lior

A: First off, building tensorflow from source has always been a challenging feat since the early v1.x versions, up to now with v2.x versions. However, as a part of my job, I had to struggle building it first with cmake and later with bazel. I recommend highly against building with cmake. Since it is not officially supported, it does not generate the same binary as bazel version due to different versions of dependencies, and it requires many modifications to cmake files/scripts and even source codes to make it work.
As a great source of info for building tensorflow, I suggest two links:
[1]: official build docs
[2]: .bazelrc file
The first link is the official build docs from google, second link is often ignored and it contains various useful tips to your building process. One of those tips is that since version 2.0 up to current (2.9, at the time of writing this), MKL is not supported on Windows/Mac. However, MKL is needed for running many operators on CPU/GPU as correctly pointed out in comments by @Lior-Cohen.
So you need to build tensorflow using bazel with MKL support. So open the official build docs link and follow with the instructions to prepare your environment (Visual Studio, CUDA/CUDNN if desired, msys, python, ...). Download a compatible bazel from its github repo. To check bazel compatibility, see the table. Before running the bazel build command, you may set the BAZEL_VC environment variable, since bazel may have difficulty finding your build tools. So, change the following command according to the version of your build tools installed at command prompt beforehand:
set BAZEL_VC=C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC

Be forewarned that you may encounter many errors during the build. You must read them one by one and solve them. Your mileage may vary, as many errors may be due to failed download attempts, slow internet connection, downtime with online sources, changed file hashes due to changed files in online sources, etc. So be patient and solve them one at a time, reading the error and following the error stack to check the source links or scripts.
One major problem with building TF with MKL is the following error:
MASM : warning A4018:invalid command-line option : -B
 Assembling: external/local_config_cuda/crosstool/windows/msvc_wrapper_for_nvcc.py
external/local_config_cuda/crosstool/windows/msvc_wrapper_for_nvcc.py(1) : error A2044:invalid character in file
external/local_config_cuda/crosstool/windows/msvc_wrapper_for_nvcc.py(2) : error A2044:invalid character in file
...

Two ways to solve it are proposed, one is suggested on github issue 25213 and the other is to create a fake ML64.exe that can process the intended assembly file. Here's the source to a C# snippet that if compiled (as exe with ML64.exe.config file) and replaced as original ML64.exe on your system can proceed the build process smoothly. Rename the original ML64.exe as ML64-org.exe. Create a simple C# console project in VS:
using System;
using System.Configuration;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;

namespace ML64
{
    static internal class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var apr = new AppSettingsReader();
            var dir = apr.GetValue("dir", typeof(string)) as string;
            var ml = apr.GetValue("ml", typeof(string)) as string;

            var importantArgs = args.Skip(2).Aggregate((a, b) => $"{a} {b}");
            var psi = new ProcessStartInfo(ml, importantArgs) { RedirectStandardOutput = true, UseShellExecute = false, WorkingDirectory = dir };
            using (var proc = Process.Start(psi))
            {
                proc.WaitForExit();
                Console.Write(proc.StandardOutput.ReadToEnd());
            }
        }
    }
}

and change app.config to the following:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?>
<configuration>
    <startup>
        <supportedRuntime version="v4.0" sku=".NETFramework,Version=v4.8" />
    </startup>
    <appSettings>
        <!--Path to your TF source where configure.py resides.-->
        <add key="dir" value="G:\2.9.0"/>
        <!--Path to your ML64 that TF build complains with errors.-->
        <add key="ml" value="C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.27.29110\bin\HostX64\x64\ml64-org.exe"/>
    </appSettings>
</configuration>

The bazel build I used for my C++ projects is: bazel --output_base=g:/base build --config=cuda --config=mkl --config=numa --config=monolithic tensorflow:tensorflow.dll
For your python projects, you may run the following command: bazel build --config=opt --config=cuda --config=mkl --define=no_tensorflow_py_deps=true //tensorflow/tools/pip_package:build_pip_package

A: Solution: 1
Installing TensorFlow from Source on windows is not generally supported. But you can try building this using bazel or tensorflow cmake build.
Refer: https://www.tensorflow.org/install/install_sources
Solution: 2
Create Intel optimized conda environment as below:
conda create -n tf -c intel python=3.6
To install tensorflow:
conda install -c intel tensorflow
This will install tensorflow version 1.2.1 with mkl.
This might help.
Prerequisites: Install Anaconda on your windows machine.

A: I used this distribution and it worked fine for me (Windows 7 and 10 64bit, 2x Intel Xeon E5-2637 v3)
https://github.com/fo40225/tensorflow-windows-wheel

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Alabama governor signs strictest abortion ban into law
By Emily Wax-Thibodeaux and Chip Brownlee | Washington Post
MONTGOMERY, Ala. – As a crop duster with a banner saying "Abortion is okay," hummed above the Capitol, circling back and forth around the governor's mansion, a group of women below let out a cheer.
"Just another day in Alabama," said Mia Raven, director of People Organizing for Women's Empowerment and Rights (POWER) House. "We knew this would pass and we got ready."
Amanda Reyes, who works with an abortion fund, was wearing an "I'm on the pill" T-shirt, complete with instructions printed on the back detailing how to get a medical abortion. She also looked skyward: "Here it comes again! That's just the coolest thing."
Hours after the Alabama Senate voted late Tuesday to ban abortions in almost all circumstances – including in cases of rape and incest – women's rights activists and pro-choice advocates said the decision to approve the nation's strictest abortion measure has energized them. Knowing that the bill was designed to challenge Roe v. Wade, they are gearing up for the fight.
Surrounded by posters and signs like "This Clinic Stays Open," Raven called the passage of Alabama's restrictive law "totally expected."
"And totally blatantly unconstitutional," she said Wednesday outside of Reproductive Health Services, one of three clinics that perform abortions in Alabama. Raven has served as an escort to those seeking abortions here, and a hanger charm dangles from her necklace, displaying the instrument that in the past has been used for abortions that had to be done in secret. ""We are open for women who need abortions. We are fighting. We won't stop."
Conservatives and antiabortion activists also were prepared for a battle, celebrating the Alabama vote as a victory for their movement and a step toward a national legal reckoning over abortion. Though not demonstrating in the streets, Alabama's antiabortion base – which recently helped define the state as officially pro-life at the ballot box – took solace in the fact that the state's ban on abortion set a new restrictive standard.
"Being a conservative follower of Christ who is pro-life, who believes life begins at conception, this has been what we've been longing for," said Alabama evangelist and minister Scott Dawson, who ran as a GOP candidate for governor in Alabama in 2018. "After years of talk and people campaigning on being pro-life, these Republican senators stood for that in last night's debate."
The Senate's approval of the legislation in a party-line 25-6 vote Tuesday night sent it to Alabama Gov. Kay Ivey's desk. A Republican who campaigned as an advocate of restrictions on abortion, Ivey has long supported anti-abortion measures in Alabama.
Ivey signed the law Wednesday, saying in a statement that the legislation "stands as a powerful testament to Alabamians' deeply held belief that every life is precious and that every life is a sacred gift from God."
Ivey said she recognizes that the bill might be unenforceable because of Roe v. Wade, and she said "we must always respect the authority of the U.S. Supreme Court even when we disagree with their decisions." She said the sponsors of the bill "believe that it is time, once again, for the U.S. Supreme Court to revisit this important matter, and they believe this act may bring about the best opportunity for this to occur."
The bill passed after more than four hours of debate. The chamber's small group of Democrats spoke emotionally on the Senate floor, decrying a bill they said would force crime victims who suffer rapes and incest to give birth to babies that are the progeny of their attackers.
The GOP-dominated Senate voted down an amendment that would have added exceptions for rape and incest – though four Republicans joined Democrats in supporting the amendment, some of whom had said publicly that they were having trouble with the idea of an absolute ban on abortion.
The only exceptions in the bill are in cases when the health of the mother is at risk and if the fetus has a "fatal anomaly" that would cause it to die soon after birth.
The bill's sponsor, Rep. Terri Collins, said it is intended to serve as a direct challenge to Roe v. Wade. The Republican lawmaker said she hopes the bill will establish that personhood begins at conception.
Dawson said those who support restrictions on abortion – even in the case of a woman impregnated by rape or incest – believe that the unborn fetus' rights must be taken into account, and that this bill is the first step to get to that goal.
Eric Johnston, the chairman and founder of the Alabama Pro-Life Coalition, has been working to make abortion illegal for decades, and he drafted the current measure, aiming for a Supreme Court that he believes will rule against abortion.
"Last year, we decided this is probably the time. The time seems right, and the circumstances seemed right," Johnston said, noting that he believes federal precedent on abortion is "fraudulent and improper. "Now everyone can see the humanity of the child."
He said Wednesday that the bill needed to pass in its pure form, with almost no allowed exceptions, or else it wouldn't send the right message. Johnston said he and other anti-abortion activists spent the weekend calling legislators to shore up the vote against an amendment that would have added those exceptions.
"If this exception was added to the bill, it would have killed the bill," Johnston said. "Whether you were raped or a victim of incest or get pregnant by consent or accident or even artificial insemination, it's still a person. We could not argue to the court with a straight face that it's a person in one instance but not in another."
Though abortion rights advocates were disappointed in the Senate passing the measure, they said that the move galvanized their movement and that they believe it will draw more public support for abortion rights.
Raven, the founder of POWER, spent the day Wednesday trying to push the message on social media and to patients that "we are still here and not going anywhere." Her bungalow, POWER House, sits next door to the women's health clinic in Montgomery, housing women overnight who come here from Alabama's rural areas. Volunteers work with the women to help them understand their rights, the services available to them, and to help them, too, become advocates.
"And we do it in red-state Alabama," she said, adding that the governor's mansion is just three blocks away. "This is what we have been doing for decades. And we want the women of Alabama to know we are here for them."
Source: mercurynews
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text:
Our Dedicated Staff
Gregg S. Catagnus
Supv. - Pottstown
In 1983 Gregg graduated from Northampton County Community College Funeral Service Education Program, and by 1984 he was a licensed Pennsylvania Funeral Director. In 1985, after having worked at two other funeral homes, he opened Catagnus Funeral Home & Cremation Center, Inc. Gregg purchased his first location at 711 North Franklin Street in Pottstown, PA. Gregg, a Pottsgrove area native fosters in his staff a commitment to fraternal civic activities in the local communities in which they work.
Gregory J. Catagnus
Crematory Operator/Technician
Gregory is a 2005 Grad of St. Pius X High School, He resides in Pottstown. Greg is a Crematory Operator/Technician and specializes in the operation of our Crematory.
Brent A. Budnick
Supv. - Gilbertsville
Brent is a 2005 Graduate of St. Pius X High School and a 2009 Graduate of Northampton Community College Funeral Service Education Program. He is a member of St. Teresa of Calcutta in Limerick and the Rotary Club of Pottstown. Brent has been working with Catagnus Funeral Home since 2005 and has worked here as a licensed funeral director since 2009.
Steve Budnick
Resident Intern
Stephen is a Resident Intern at Catagnus Funeral Home and has been a member of the Catagnus staff since 2013. He graduated from American Academy McAllister Institute in New York City in August 2016. He is also an alum of St. Pius X High School class of 2009, and a member of Saint Teresa of Calcutta Parish.
Jason Pozar
Supv. - Royersford
Jason is a 1995 Graduate of Pittsburgh Institute of Mortuary Science. He spent 2 and a half years working in Japan studying their funeral practices. Jason has been employed with Catagnus Funeral Home since 2006
Danielle S. Dykty
Danielle is a 2006 Graduate from Boyertown High School. She and her husband Greg and son Dominic reside in the Pottsgrove Area. Danielle is the Office Manager for all of the Catagnus Funeral Home locations in charge of all our offices and administrating needs, Also specializing in the preparations and completing many documents and tasks that help to serve families.


text:
Amelia Rose Pernicello
April 11, 1956 - February 6, 2021
Amelia R. Pernicello of Hainesport, passed away on Saturday, February 6, 2021 at the Samaritan Hospice Inpatient Unit in Mount Holly. She was 64. Born in Mount Holly, Amelia grew up in Rancocas, the daughter of the late Floyd and Alice Harper and was a graduate of Burlington County Vo-Tech. She later worked for Samaritan Hospice as a home health aide. Her entire life was spent caring for others. She loved being there for her family, especially her grandchildren. She is survived by her husband Thomas; 2 sons: Jack (Kristina) Brown Jr. of Westampton and Matthew (Jayne) Brown of Wilmington, NC; step-son Tom Jr (Christine) and step-daughter Marie Elena (Rich); grandchildren: Morgan (Connor), Ryan, Aaron, Bella, Emma, Mason, Krista (Joe), Jacob, Luke, Gabriella, Samantha, & Kiernan; and great-grandchildren Joey & Gianna. She is also survived by her siblings: Floyd (Sydney), Bert (Karen), Patricia (Mike), John (Nicole); her mother-in-law Marie Pernicello; as well as many aunts, uncles, cousins, nieces, nephews and friends including Jayne Boone & Margie Colby. Relatives and Friends may visit with the family on Friday from 10am – 12 noon at the Perinchief Chapels, 438 High St., Mount Holly. Inurnment in Park View Cemetery at Kirby's Mill will be private. In lieu of flowers, contributions in her memory may be made to Samaritan Hospice, PO Box 71425, Philadelphia, PA 19176-1425 or https://samaritannj.org/giving/donate-now/
Amelia R. Pernicello of Hainesport, passed away on Saturday, February 6, 2021 at the Samaritan Hospice Inpatient Unit in Mount Holly. She was 64. Born in Mount Holly, Amelia grew up in Rancocas, the daughter of the late Floyd and Alice Harper... View Obituary & Service Information
The family of Amelia Rose Pernicello created this Life Tributes page to make it easy to share your memories.
Amelia R. Pernicello of Hainesport, passed away on Saturday,...
Send flowers to the Pernicello family.
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text:
Home Unlabelled Farmer Training Certificate Program Inspires Student To Open Tortilleria
Farmer Training Certificate Program Inspires Student To Open Tortilleria
Brandon Chase's personal and professional goals include living sustainably, spending time outdoors, and opening a tortilleria in Washington State.
After living in Vermont for the past six months, the California native is looking to make big changes in his life as he plans to move to the San Juan Islands with his wife, Lila. Chase, who left a corporate job in the cannabis software industry in Seattle last spring, wants a career where he can be self-employed, make food, and not be part of the 9-to-5 office grind.
Chase's inspiration grew from his time in the UVM Farmer Training Certificate Program, where he learned how to drive a tractor, grow corn, and build a wooden storage shed. It's also where he met other farmers and small business owners, who helped him realize he could pursue his dream of opening a tortilla business.
"Being at UVM confirmed that I want to live a life off the land and make a living growing and making food for people in the local community," says Chase, who graduated from Penn State in 2010 with a degree in business management. "I never realized that was possible until I came here."
In the UVM Farmer Training Program, students learn how to develop a business plan and how to grow, harvest, and market vegetables. Students grow everything from tomatoes and pumpkins to lettuce and potatoes at UVM's 10-acre Catamount Farm. Produce grown by the students is sold to members of their CSA at the Old North End Farmers Market in Burlington, and to the University dining halls.
One of the most rewarding parts of the program for Chase was connecting with other farmers, such as Bread and Butter Farm, who shared the nuts and bolts of their operation.
"One of the biggest takeaways for me is the community of local farmers who were so open to sharing stories and answering questions," he says. "Bread and Butter Farm was transparent about their finances. They opened their books and showed us which enterprises were profitable and which ones were not. They shared examples of the investments they made and how those investments impacted their profitability and long-term viability as a business."
UVM's Farmer Training Certificate Program
The UVM program, which runs from May to October, is designed for people interested in immersing themselves in sustainable, local food systems in a hands-on educational setting. Candidates include new and beginning farmers, urban and community gardeners, farm educators, and students interested in deepening their understanding of sustainable farming systems.
Graduates of the Farmer Training Program gain:
A certificate in sustainable farming from UVM
Experience in organic crop production, from seed to market
A deeper understanding of small-scale farm management
Entrepreneurial skills to start a farm business
A network of incredible people to provide support and guidance
Future Plans for Opening a Tortilleria
For as long as he can remember, Chase's favorite food has been tacos. When a friend suggested he try tortillas from All Souls Tortilleria in Burlington's Old North End, Chase was instantly impressed by the business' tortilla-making operation.
"I was fascinated by the process, so I sent them an email," he says. "They invited me to work with them one day a week. So, I ended up going there every Tuesday to help them make about 15,000 tortillas a day. It's pretty intense work, and also a very aromatic and tactile experience."
Working with All Souls Tortilleria persuaded Chase and his wife to explore the idea of opening a tortilleria in the San Juan Islands.
The couple hopes to find a land sharing or leasing option to set up their tortilleria and sell at farmers' markets and smaller grocery stores. The plan to source corn from Washington and sell their product locally.
"I feel so much more confident after being in the UVM Farmer Training Program. It was inspiring to find people here who are so helpful and welcoming," Chase says. "My experience at UVM reaffirmed my dreams and reinforced the feeling that a community of people—producers, growers, buyers—can work together, support each other, and succeed."


Home › Featured › Public Hearing about the Monster in the Mission!
Public Hearing about the Monster in the Mission!
The time has finally come for the very first public hearing about the Monster in the Mission!
Join The Plaza 16 Coalition, tenants, friends and neighbors on February 7th at Mission High School. We will have the opportunity to speak directly to the Planning Commission and demand that they make the right choice and take a stand against the Monster in the Mission and support the 100% community developed affordable housing!
Planning should always be a public and accessible process where the people most impacted by a project should be able to authentically inform the decision. This hearing is a real example of how planning decisions should be made.
As always, childcare, food, and interpretation will be available.
Let's show Maximus and the City what people power Mission-style looks like!
¡Por fin ha llegado el momento de la primera audiencia pública sobre el Monstruo en la Misión!
¡Acompañenos el 7 de febrero en la Mission High School y tenga la oportunidad de hablar directamente con la Comisión de Planificación y exigirles que tomen la decisión correcta y tomen una posición en contra del Monstruo en la Misión y apoyen el 100% de viviendas asequibles desarrolladas por la comunidad!
Planificación siempre debe ser un proceso público y accesible donde las personas más afectadas por un proyecto deben poder informar la decisión de manera auténtica. Esta audiencia es un ejemplo real de cómo se deben tomar las decisiones de planificación.
Como siempre, habrá cuidado de niñxs, comida e interpretación.
¡Vamos a mostrarle a Maximus y la ciudad cómo se ve el poder del pueblo al estilo Misión!
‹ In the Dual Fight for Prop 10 & C, We'll Celebrate One Victory & Keep On Fighting!


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Feminist Arts & Politics
India: Girl beheaded by neighbour to 'help conception'
The Telegraph via WUNRN
A five-year-old girl was beheaded by a neighbour who believed her 'sacrifice' would help him and his wife conceive a son.
"Ram Niwas, 25, consulted his uncle a 'tantrik' or black magic priest, who told him he and his wife would only give birth to a boy if he killed a young girl in a ritual sacrifice.
The body of Vandana was discovered in a field close to her home in a village in Lakhimpur Kheri district around 100 miles south of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Her body was surrounded by incense sticks which had been used in the tantrik ritual.
Ram Niwas, his uncle, tantrik priest Mewa Lal, 55, and friend Yousef Ansari, 22, were arrested shortly after the discovery.
A man beheaded his neighbour's five-year-old daughter after being told by his uncle, a self-proclaimed tantrik (witch doctor), that only a human sacrifice would enable his wife to give birth to a healthy male child.
The gruesome ritual took place in a village in Lakhimpur Kheri district, 150km south of Lucknow on Tuesday. Ram Niwas, 25, who beheaded the child, his uncle, Mewa Lal, 55, and an associate, Yousuf Ansari, 22, have been arrested, the police said.
The three men confessed to their crime shortly after the body was discovered on Tuesday evening, said local police station officer Ravi Srivastava. Niwas told detectives he had turned to his Tantrik uncle because he and his wife had suffered fertility problems.
The case highlights India's chronic levels of female infanticide. An article in The Lancet revealed that 10 million female foetuses had been aborted in the last 20 years by women who wanted a son, while campaigners say many newborn girls are murdered at birth and recorded as stillborn.
Girls are widely regarded as a financial burden by Indian families because of high dowry demands from the families of prospective grooms."
By: Dean Nelson
Source: The Telegraph
Submitted on Tue, 08/11/2009 - 23:00
"I Will Be Executed Before Fulfilling My Dreams"
Report of Stoning Case in Somalia: A Mother of 8 Stoned to Death in the District of Saakow
Senate body in Pakistan rejects amendment to child marriage act as 'un-Islamic'
FGM raises its ugly head in Sri Lanka with Kerala Support
'Islamic' Chair Cover Gets Iranian Activist In Trouble
Joint Statement | To the Human Rights Council: Let's Protect Women in Sudan
LAWYERS-HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVISTS : SAVE NORA
STATEMENT--Denounce, Protect, Act: Our Collective Duties against Rape and Sexual Assault in Senegal
SUDAN: URGENT ACTION EIGHT GIRLS FREE, ONE OTHER RISKS FLOGGING
Support KMEWO in demanding Justice for Dunya!
The Relationship between Feminism and State Policies for the Elimination of Violence against Women: The National Strategy for the Elimination of Violence against Women as an Example
Recommendations for action against gender-related killing of women and girls
Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences
Addendum to the Report of the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences


Precisely, I make up the hours because I have the luxury of a flexible work schedule, as long as I get 80 hours in and I'm there for a reasonable amount of time on average so that people who need me will have my support.
I don't like not doing anything, and I certainly don't feel good being paid to do nothing, especially because that makes it hard for me to bill time. If I can't do anything, I go home so as not to waste my valuable time or the company's valuable resources.


Literal interpretation of the provisions of the Ordinance would deprive the applicant of rights commonly enjoyed by other properties in the same district under the terms of the Ordinance.
Special conditions and circumstances do not result from the actions of the applicant.
Granting the variance requested will not confer on the applicant any special privilege that is denied by the Ordinance to other lands, structures or buildings in the same district.
The BOA reviews appeals to decisions made by the town planner or other administrative officials in the carrying out or enforcement of any provision of the ordinance.
Hearings before the BOA are quasi-judicial in nature.
Decisions of the Board are based on the record of the proceedings.
To grant a variance requires a concurrent vote of four-fifths of the members of the Board. To reverse or modify the determination of an administration official requires a majority vote of the Board.
Evidence submitted to the Board for review becomes part of the record.
Appeals must be filed within thirty (30) days from the filing date of the Board's Order.
Five members and two alternates serve three-year terms and are appointed by Town Council. Requires Town residency.


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Brian Beutler/ June 18, 2015
Hillary Clinton, Today Is Your Moment to Talk About Racism in America
Richard Ellis / Getty Images
Shortly after a gunman killed nine congregants of the historic Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church in Charleston, South Carolina, the state's Republican Governor, Nikki Haley, issued a statement which read in part, "we'll never understand what motivates anyone to enter one of our places of worship and take the life of another."
About nine hours later, investigators solved that supposedly eternal mystery. The FBI identified the suspect as Dylann Storm Roof, a young man who adorns himself in the apartheid-era flags of Rhodesia and South Africa, and who was recently given a .45 caliber pistol for his 21st birthday. Law enforcement officials called the rampage a hate crime, which at the very least tells us a lot about what motivated him to enter a place of black worship and take the lives of others.
As it happens, Hillary Clinton was traveling through Charleston the day of the shooting, continuing a presidential campaign that's unmistakably organized around the notion that one party (her party) speaks to the interests of American minorities, and the other does not. Her campaign is just as unmistakably marked by choreography and caution. Today would be the day to break with this scriptedness—even if alluding to the country's ongoing race problems will inflame whites, not just in South Carolina, who take umbrage at the suggestion that such problems explain anything.
Haley's statement, after all, revealed more than just a cautious unwillingness to speak conclusively in the chaotic moments after a mass tragedy. It reflected a deeper discomfort with the scenario that ran through so many minds once news about the shooting broke: that the killer would turn out to be a white supremacist. "[H]e had that kind of Southern pride, I guess some would say," one classmate said. "Strong conservative beliefs … made a lot of racist jokes, but you don't really take them seriously like that."
This discomfort is pervasive, and completely understandable. On ABC's "The View," South Carolina Senator and Republican presidential candidate Lindsey Graham was at pains to disentangle the racial aspect of the crime from its broader context: "What it's not, in my view, it's not a window into the soul of South Carolina … it's about this guy. This guy has tons of problems." He concluded with a reminder that beyond the lone sickos "there are people out there looking for Christians, to kill them. So this is a mean time we live in."
Fox News entertained the notion that the killings were motivated by religious rather than racial bigotry. This is an altogether more soothing way for the tribunes of Southern culture to explain the carnage than grappling with the fact that many of our most antiseptic-sounding political identifiers—"Southern pride," "states' rights"—overlap with white supremacy.
The temptation to tiptoe past the implications of the Emanuel church killings will exist outside the right, too. It's so tricky precisely because themes like "Southern pride" and "white supremacy" are not coterminous. But the temptation should be ignored—first and foremost by the emerging leader of the Democratic Party. Hillary Clinton can't avoid speaking candidly about this particular social undercurrent if she wants to run the campaign she's signaled her desire to run. And that means coming to terms with the fact that her interventions will polarize the country along racial and partisan axes simultaneously.
This phenomenon has been a hallmark of Barack Obama's presidency. When he's spoken passionately about the violent taking of black life—in fact, when he's spoken about it in completely perfunctory terms—the public's bearing has tended to shift perceptibly, and always in the same, predictable way. That Obama is black himself has made the backlash to his statements deeply personal and disquieting. Obama once famously said, "If I had a son, he'd look like Trayvon [Martin]." To this day, white conservatives blame Obama for inflaming the racial tension surrounding Martin's killing, and frequently respond to acts of black-on-black or black-on-white violence with reminders that Obama isn't comparing the perps to his offspring.
But the polarization itself isn't solely, or even mostly, a function of Obama's race. It's also a function of the broadly cosmopolitan values he represents. If it's Hillary Clinton's goal is to inherit Obama's electorate by embracing those values, it will require occasionally stating obvious, uncomfortable facts about American society—that racial hatred is an elemental fact of our history and that, contra Haley, we know what motivates killers like Roof—even when that feels like a risky political proposition.
Update: In remarks to the National Association of Latino Elected and Appointed Officials in Las Vegas, Thursday afternoon, Clinton addressed the mass killing at Emanuel AME in Charleston, and alluded subtly to its fraught implications: "In order to make sense of it," Clinton said, "we have to be honest. We have to face hard truths about race, violence, guns, and division.... More than 50 years ago Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. told the families of the girls killed in the bombing of the 16th St. Baptist church in Birmingham, Alabama, 'you do not walk alone.' Today we say to the families of Mother Emanuel and to all the people of Charleston, 'you do not walk alone.'"
Brian Beutler @brianbeutler
Brian Beutler is a senior editor at The New Republic. He hosts Primary Concerns, a podcast about politics.
Politics, Emanuel, Hillary Clinton


If you are looking for available drivers or software related to your Acer TravelMate 6552 laptop. The following software and drivers are compatible with your Acer TravelMate 6552 and Microsoft Windows 7/Vista/XP 32/64-bit.
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'Several Casualties' After Vehicle Hits Pedestrians Near North London Mosque : The Two-Way London police say the driver of a van is in custody after being detained by members of the public. One man was pronounced dead at the scene; eight others have been hospitalized.
At Least 1 Dead After Vehicle Hits Pedestrians Near North London Mosque
Mark Katkov
Emma Bowman
A road in north London is cordoned off in Finsbury Park, where police say a vehicle struck pedestrians, leaving several casualties. One person has been arrested. Yui Mok/AP hide caption
Yui Mok/AP
A road in north London is cordoned off in Finsbury Park, where police say a vehicle struck pedestrians, leaving several casualties. One person has been arrested.
Updated 4:10 a.m. ET
A van drove into pedestrians early Monday morning in north London, police say, in what they are investigating as a terrorist attack.
"One man was pronounced dead at the scene," the Metropolitan Police Service said in a statement. "Eight people injured were taken to three separate hospitals; two people were treated at the scene for minor injuries."
The U.K. police service said officers were called at 12:20 a.m. local time (7:20 p.m. Sunday ET) to the scene on Seven Sisters Road in the Finsbury Park neighborhood, home to many immigrants.
Police are on the scene and are dealing with a major incident in Seven Sisters Road https://t.co/eYPjbVvlZG pic.twitter.com/BzVdQUNfw8
— Metropolitan Police (@metpoliceuk) June 19, 2017
"The driver of the van — a man aged 48 — was found detained by members of the public at the scene," according to the police report. He was taken to a hospital as a precaution, where he'll receive a mental health assessment, according to the statement.
Deputy Assistant Commissioner Neil Basu said the people at the scene "worked with officers to calmly and quickly get him into our custody. Their restraint in the circumstances was commendable."
Police have not yet determined whether the fatality was a result of the van attack.
"The attack unfolded whilst a man was receiving first aid from the public at the scene," Basu said. "Sadly, he has died.
"It is too early to state if his death was as a result of the attack."
According to multiple reports and social media posts, the van ran over people leaving the Finsbury Park Mosque.
"We have been informed that a van has run over worshipers as they left #FinsburyPark Mosque," the Muslim Council of Britain said on Twitter. "Our prayers are with the victims."
Our thoughts and prayers with those who got injured and effected by this cowardly attack in Finsbury Park area, many casualties in the floor
— Mohammed Kozbar (@KozbarM) June 19, 2017
According to the council in a follow-up tweet, the van struck the victims closer to the Muslim Welfare House.
The mosques were busy with people observing the holy month of Ramadan.
Finsbury Park Mosque Chairman Mohammed Kozbar tweeted his condolences for the "cowardly attack."
Early this month, in what police called a terror attack, three Muslim extremists in a van veered into pedestrians on London Bridge, before attacking people with knives in the nearby Borough Market. Eight people were killed and dozens were wounded before police fatally shot the three attackers.
This is a breaking news story. Some things reported by the media will later turn out to be wrong. We will focus on reports from officials and other authorities, credible news outlets and reporters who are at the scene. We will update as the situation develops.


Have heard today the transport hall of fame will be opening a new section in the near future dedicated to the coach industry will keep al updated as soon as any news comes out of alice springs.
Hi everyone just a quick note to say at this stage the transport hall of fame will stay at the moment in Alice. But the CEO has resigned and that's a shame as she was there from the very start. Not sure of the museum will be here forever but time will tell. There is of course the rumours that are going around that a lot of the trucks may go but its the owners of these rigs decide if they go else where or stay.
Let's get it relocated down to us!
Hi all just a quick up date honestly I have not heard a thing about the place has gone all quite still trading as usual. Hall of Fame was held will keep all up dated if I hear anything in the next month to 6 weeks then I'm going back east.


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Hallomenus punctulatus är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Leconte 1866. Hallomenus punctulatus ingår i släktet Hallomenus och familjen skinnsvampbaggar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Skinnsvampbaggar
punctulatus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Frontiers in Earth Science
Recent Advancements in X-Ray and Neutron Imaging of Dynamic Processes in Earth Sciences View all Articles
Lucia Mancini
Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Italy
Alessandro M. Michetti
University of Insubria, Italy
Miller Zambrano
University of Camerino, Italy
Richard Ketcham
University of Texas at Austin, United States
3. Results and Discussions
Methods ARTICLE
Front. Earth Sci., 31 May 2019 | https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2019.00117
A New Method for Quality Control of Geological Cores by X-Ray Computed Tomography: Application in IODP Expedition 370
Satoshi Tonai1,2*, Yusuke Kubo3, Man-Yin Tsang4, Stephen Bowden2, Kotaro Ide1, Takehiro Hirose5, Nana Kamiya6, Yuzuru Yamamoto7, Kiho Yang8, Yasuhiro Yamada9,10,11, Yuki Morono5, Verena B. Heuer12, Fumio Inagaki5,9,10 and Expedition 370 Scientists
1Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
2Department of Geology and Petroleum Geology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
3Center for Deep Earth Exploration, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
4Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
5Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Nankoku, Japan
6Department of Urban Management, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
7Department of Mathematical Science and Advanced Technology, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
8Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Uljin, South Korea
9Research and Development Center for Ocean Drilling Science (ODS), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
10Mantle Drilling Promotion Office (MDP), Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering (MarE3), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokosuka, Japan
11Graduate School of Science, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
12MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences and Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
X-ray computed tomography (XCT) can be used to identify lithologies and deformation structures within geological core, with the potential for the identification processes to be applied automatically. However, because of drilling disturbance and other artifacts, the use of large XCT-datasets in automated processes requires methods of quality control that can be applied systematically. We propose a new systematic method for quality control of XCT data that applies numerical measures to CT slices, and from this obtains data reflective of core quality. Because the measures are numerical they can be applied quickly and consistently between different sections and cores. This quality control processing protocol produces downhole radiodensity profiles from mean CT-values that can be used for geological interpretation. The application of this quality control protocols was applied to XCT data from International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 370 Site C0023 located at the toe of the Nankai accretionary complex. The evaluation of core quality based on this protocol was found to be a good fit to standard-evaluations based on the visual description of core, and could be used to select samples free from drilling disturbance or contamination. The quality-controlled downhole mean CT-value profile has features that can be used to identify lithologies within a formation, the presence and type of deformation structures and to distinguish formations.
Studies of structural geology and mountain building processes have benefitted enormously from the drilling of deep sea sediments and the recovery of rock and sediment cores. However, visual core description (VCD) only utilizes a part of the information recorded in sediments. For example, even though microscopy can resolve small features, the measurements of lithological or small structural features across sampling distances that are a kilometer or more in length are impractical for many reasons; time, scale and also the 3D volume involved (e.g., internal surfaces are not exposed at the surface). The physical properties of core (e.g., bulk density, P-wave velocity) can also be measured and used to generate downhole profiles, but these also have a low spatial resolution. It is an aim of scientific drilling to completely document and acquire all of the information present in geological cores, but the achievement of this aim is held back by an inability to use all the data available, whilst at the same time taking into consideration the fine and large scales. The capability to measure and use all geological features at the greatest resolution possible would be of great benefit.
X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is a radiological imaging method initially developed for medical applications (Hounsfield, 1973) and subsequently applied to many fields of Earth Sciences. Areas of application within Earth Science include paleontology, sedimentology, structural geology and petrophysics (e.g., Johns et al., 1993; Row, 1996; Ketcham and Carlson, 2001; Mees et al., 2003; Tanaka et al., 2011; Watanabe et al., 2011; Yun et al., 2013) with microfocus XCT scanners also seeing widespread use (e.g., Van Geet et al., 2000; Nakashima and Kamiya, 2007; Uramoto et al., 2014; Nomaki et al., 2015). For some time scientific drilling has also used three-dimensional XCT images of cores to support interpretations of lithology and structure as well as to preserve a digital record of core prior to destructive analyses (e.g., Ashi, 1997; Ujiie et al., 2004).
Most recently the potential of CT measurements to provide downhole profiles of radiodensity has been recognized as the physical properties of geological formations vary and thus CT-value profiles lend themselves to geological interpretations (e.g., Støren et al., 2010; Tanaka et al., 2011; Fortin et al., 2013; Reilly et al., 2017). However, cores can be broken by fractures or drilling disturbance, and the broken intervals show anomalies within the CT-value profiles and prevent accurate geological interpretations. Thus, systematic quality control is needed for so that reliable radiodensity profiles can be obtained.
Systematic quality control of XCT data is also useful for selecting high-quality sample, where "high quality" means free from artificial disturbance and free from and contamination by drilling fluids (fractured intervals are more permeable and more easily contaminated by drilling fluids). Additionally, many analyses that are concerned with contamination are also time-sensitive and notably sensitive to procedures such as core-splitting or opening core lines, and thus contamination tests should preferably be performed without sample destruction. Non-destructive and quick XCT techniques are suitable for such sample selection (e.g., Inagaki et al., 2015). An improvement could be made by developing a systematic XCT-based method for contamination monitoring that could be applied consistently between cores, as well as potentially between projects or expeditions.
Here, we introduce a new method for processing of full XCT datasets and show the potential of XCT scanning as an automated core logging tool for the identification of structural features in geological archives. Our method consists of the following data processing steps: (1) Assignment of slice quality (SQ) to each CT slice by image processing; (2) Assignment of a mean CT number (MCN) to each CT slice, characterizing its average radiodensity; (3) Creation of quality-controlled mean radiodensity profiles from MCN values of filtered CT slices. In order to test whether automated processing for XCT data can capture fine-scale lithological features and natural deformation structures, and whether it correctly recognizes drilling disturbances, we applied our method to XCT-images that were generated from sediment cores during Expedition 370 of the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) (Heuer et al., 2017b). The expedition drilled and cored sediments in the Nankai Trough Subduction Zone off Muroto, Japan, where a drastic change in sedimentation rate, volcaniclastic ash layers, hydrothermal veins and faults have yielded characteristic geological features.
2.1. X-Ray CT Image
Tomographic images of XCT are reconstructed by inversion of the Radon transform (Radon, 1917, 1986) of the X-ray Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC). The LAC is a physical index describing the reduction of X-ray beam intensity during transmission through objects and mainly relates to density, but also chemical composition and state. A transmitted X-ray intensity varies as a function of X-ray path length and the LAC of the object and is expressed by Beer's law:
I=I0exp(-μtL), (1)
where I and I0 are the transmitted and initial X-ray intensity, respectively. μt and L are functions of the LAC of the object and X-ray path length through the object. The CT number is given by the following equation:
CT number=[(μt-μw)/μw]×1000, (2)
where μw is the LAC of water.
2.2. Slice Quality (SQ)
The proposed slice quality (SQ) is measured for an interval of a core using scanned Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) slice images. In other literature and contexts the term "section" might refer to an interval of core or other geological span, but here we use the term "interval" to refer to an arbitrary selected interval of core samples, and the term "section" within the IODP convention of dividing core into a number of sections, which are up to 1.5 m long.
Figure 1 illustrates a processing and measurement workflow for SQ. First, for a defined interval (e.g., a standard IODP section or a specific interval of subsampling), a circular area is visually selected by a researcher for a given interval, and the CT number of each voxel within that area examined using an image processing program (Figure 1A). A voxel is a value on a regular grid in three-dimensional space, and represents the basic unit of CT data.
Figure 1. Processing and measurement flow of slice quality (SQ) and quality-controlled mean CT number (MCN) profiles. (A) A selected circular area of a CT slice for SQ. (B) A histogram of voxel numbers against CT numbers for a selected interval. (C) Over-threshold areas of a CT slice. (D) CT slices showing different SQ. (E) Schematic image showing areas of SQ and MCNs. (F) SQs and MCNs of some typical intervals in the core samples of International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 370 Hole C0023A. TN, total slice number; QN, quality-controlled slice number.
Second, a quality threshold of CT number is determined for a given interval using a histogram of CT numbers (Figure 1B). The major material within an interval will have a dominant CT number which is visualized as a peak in the histogram (Figure 1B). The quality threshold for the interval can be determined based on the dominant CT number (e.g., 70% of the dominant CT number taking into consideration the variation) and the voxels with CT numbers greater than the threshold are considered "over-threshold areas" (Figure 1C). Finally, the proportion of over-threshold areas for the selected circular area of a slice in the interval is used to determine the SQ (Figure 1D). When a slice has a SQ higher than a slice quality threshold, it is regarded as a "over-threshold slice." This process is repeated for all slices in an interval (Figure 1E) and the slices are subsequently designated as "over-threshold" or "under-threshold" (Figure 1F). This process was automated by performing measurements on slices using a plugin for ImageJ, a free open access image processing program (Schneider et al., 2012).
2.3. Mean CT Number (MCN) Profile
To create quality-controlled radiodensity profiles from CT-values, the mean CT number (MCN) was calculated for each CT slice. In terms of lithological composition, MCN better captures the physical property of a whole CT slice than the CT number of single voxels, as typically a rock will comprise a mixture of mineral components and pore spaces. Furthermore, even within a single homogenous slice, the CT-values of the outer rim of a slice may show anomalies because of beam-hardening during CT-scanning (e.g., Ketcham and Carlson, 2001). Therefore, the MCN of each slice in this study was measured using a 10 mm-diameter circular area at the center of the selected areas (Figure 1E).
In this study, CT slices regarded as under-threshold due to their lower SQs were removed because they would generate anomalies (suppressed-values) within MCN profiles. Additionally, the higher MCNs anomalies that would be caused by the presence of heavy-mineral assemblages also complicate the interpretation of lithological and/or deformational characteristics of drilling cores from MCN profiles and thus such anomalous slices must also be removed. The effects of processing to removing CT slices that are anomalously high or low are illustrated in Figure 1F.
2.4. Application to a Natural Dataset (IODP Expedition 370)
The XCT data used for this study was measured on core samples acquired at Site C0023 of IODP Expedition 370, Temperature-Limit of the Deep Biosphere off Muroto, Japan (Figure 2). This expedition was conducted in the Nankai Trough Subduction Zone, where the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting beneath the Japan Archipelago (Heuer et al., 2017a). The borehole reached 1,180 meters below the sea floor (mbsf), penetrating the frontal portion of the décollement (plate boundary fault) zone at 758.2–796.4 mbsf and basement igneous rocks at 1125.9 mbsf (Figure 3). Sediment thickness and type vary along the Nankai Trough (e.g., Ike et al., 2008; Underwood, 2018), and six sediment facies are recognized at the site; axial trench-wedge facies, outer trench-wedge facies, trench-to-basin facies, Upper Shikoku Basin facies, Lower Shikoku Basin facies and acidic volcaniclastic facies (Heuer et al., 2017b). 112 cores were recovered in total and core recovery was 76% on average (Heuer et al., 2017a) (Figure 3).
Figure 2. (A) Regional map around IODP Site C0023 (Heuer et al., 2017b). The star symbol and red line show the locations of the site and seismic line section of (B), respectively. (B) A seismic section at the toe portion of the Nankai Trough off Muroto (Heuer et al., 2017b). The arrows indicate the horizons of the sea floor, the top of the décollement zone, and the top of the oceanic basement.
Figure 3. Site summary diagram of X-ray CT scanning for Site C0023 from 0 to 1,200 mbsf. Original data are from Heuer et al. (2017b). (A) Lithological facies. (B) Core recovery. (C) Mean CT number (MCN) profile using all CT slices. (D) Quality-controlled MCN profile. Orange plots are 500-slices moving averages of MCN. (E) Bulk density. mbsf, meter below sea floor; Lith. Unit, Lithological Unit.
XCT measurements were performed on the D/V Chikyu using a Discovery CT 750HD (GE Medical Systems) which is capable of generating thirty-two 0.625 mm thick slice images every 0.4 s. Data generated for each core-section consist of core-axis-normal planes of X-ray attenuation with dimensions of 512 × 512 voxels, corresponding to an area of 90 mm × 90 mm. To calculate CT numbers of samples standards were used; air (CT number = -1000), water (CT number = 0) and aluminum (2,477 < CT number < 2,487). All three standards were run once a day during the measurement period. For each standard analysis, the CT number was determined for a 24.85 mm2 area at fixed coordinates near the center of the cylinder. The scanning was done immediately after dividing the core into sections and before splitting each section (Heuer et al., 2017b).
The circular area selected for SQ measurements ranges from 30 to 50 mm diameter depending on the diameter of the core (Figure 1A) and the quality threshold for CT numbers in an interval was set to 70% of the dominant CT number within that interval (Figure 1B). Based on the relationship between SQ and the degree of fractures, the slice was regarded as a "over-threshold slice" if the SQ was greater than 0.99 (Figure 1D). When CT images and VCD are compared, the majority of the core has CT numbers less than 2,500, on the other hand, CT numbers of the area composed of heavy-mineral assemblages are greater than 3,000. Thus, the final selection criteria used to determine "over-threshold" slices was a SQ greater than 0.99 without a CT number area more than 3,000 (Figure 1F). Slices not meeting these criteria were removed from the radiodensity profile and 42.4% of the total CT slices remained.
3.1. General Trends in MCN
Figure 3 summarizes MCN and other information for Site C0023. Comparing Figures 3C,D it can be seen that the quality-controlled MCN radiodensity profile shows a much clearer trend, after the removal of the many slices within a low SQ and low MCN. The quality-controlled MCNs show generally increase with increasing depth, and MCN mostly ranges from 1,200 to 1,900 and appears to co-vary with bulk density downhole (Figures 3D,E). Bulk densities of a downhole core normally increase with depth due to diagenesis (compaction, cementation and mineral replacement) and this is probably the main cause of the general increase of the quality-controlled MCNs with depth at the site. The main lithology of the site is mud and mudstone, and there is no significant variation in elemental or mineralogical composition (Heuer et al., 2017b). Consequently, it is likely that the MCNs of slices comprising mud or mudstone mainly reflect their bulk density. The bulk densities of mud and mudstone are compared to MCN in Figure 4, and the greater part of the 316 measurements cluster around values of 2.1–2.3 g/cm3 and 1,500–1,600 for bulk density and MCN, respectively. There is a positive correlation (Figure 4), the results of which give the following equation:
ρ=7.9×10-4×MCN+0.97 (R2=0.83), (3)
where ρ and MCN are bulk density and MCN value, respectively. The positive correlation between bulk density and CT number of mud/mudstone or marine sediments seen at Site C0023 has also been observed at other ODP (Ocean Drilling Program) sites in the Nankai Trough (Ujiie et al., 2004) and other areas (Orsi et al., 1994; Ashi, 1997; Orsi and Anderson, 1999; Tanaka et al., 2011).
Figure 4. Relationship between mean CT number (MCN) and bulk density (ρ) data of the mud/mudstone of the IODP Site C0023. Bulk density data are from Heuer et al. (2017b).
In addition, the quality-controlled MCNs correspond to lithologies of the cores very well. Figure 5 shows the MCNs of CT slices comprising mud or mudstone, calcareous mud or mudstone, tuffaceous rocks and hydrothermally altered sediments. Among them tuffaceous rocks show lower MCNs than adjacent mud or mudstones, and hydrothermally altered sediments show higher MCNs than stratigraphically adjacent rocks. Some units of mudstone reacted strongly to 10% hydrochloric acid, and thus were logged as calcareous mud or mudstones and separated from other mud or mudstone (Heuer et al., 2017b). It can be seen that in some instances the radiodensities of these different mud or mudstones overlap, but in other instances such as at 650 to 750 mbsf and 1,000 to 1,100 mbsf the calcareous mudstones have the highest densities within an interval (blue triangles) and the mud the lowest (Figure 5).
Figure 5. Relationship between graphic lithology and MCN of the IODP Site C0023. Graphic lithology data are from Heuer et al. (2017b).
3.2. Comparison MCN to Lithologies and Deformation Structures
In addition to a general increase of MCN with depth, there are distinctive features in the downhole quality-controlled radiodensity profile of Site C0023, namely; (1) positive spikes, (2) negative spikes, (3) abrupt downhole increases or decreases of 30–200 in the MCN value and (4) intervals with tiny cyclic negative anomalies. Correspondence between these characteristics and individual features of the lithologies and/or deformation structures are discussed in the following subsections.
3.2.1. Positive Spikes
Positive MCN spikes of 3–30 cm thickness are present throughout the hole. They are relatively rare in the shallower facies, but frequent below the décollement zone of the Lower Shikoku Basin facies (Figure 3). These positive spikes mainly represent lithologies other than mud or mudstone. For example, positive spikes in the trench-to-basin facies and the Upper Shikoku Basin facies are about 5–10 cm thick and some of them correspond to whitish discolored intervals and healed faults (Figures 6, 7). Below the décollement zone of the Lower Shikoku Basin facies, some large positive spikes correspond to the hydrothermal alternation of sediments (Figure 8) or the mineral veins filling fractures or faults.
Figure 6. Downhole quality-controlled MCN profile of the trench-to-basin facies (428.0–494.0 mbsf). Orange plots are 500-slices moving averages of MCN. XCT images, digital splitting images, sketches and close up MCN profiles around typical negative (core C0023A-20R-1, 48–67 cm) and positive spikes (from core C0023A-20R-3, 116 cm to core C0023A-20R-4, 52 cm) of the facies are shown.
Figure 7. Downhole quality-controlled MCN profile of the Upper Shikoku Basin facies (494.0–637.3 mbsf). Orange plots are 500-slices moving averages of MCN. XCT images, digital splitting images, a sketch and a close up MCN profile of an abrupt increase around a positive spike are shown (from core C0023A-36R-3, 64 cm to core C0023A-36R-4, 57 cm).
Figure 8. Downhole quality-controlled MCN profile of the shallower part of the Lower Shikoku Basin facies (637.3–758.2 mbsf). Orange plots are 500-slices moving averages of MCN. Selected XCT images, digital splitting images, a sketch and a close up MCN profile of the interval where there are tiny negative anomalies corresponding to drilling biscuits are shown (from core C0023A-45R-2, 29-129 cm).
In the case of intervals logged as hydrothermally altered sediments, their radiodensities are notably higher (Figure 5). In these intervals authigenic or epigenetic heavy-mineral assemblages (pyrite, barite, anhydrite, rhodochrosite, etc.), fill pores and fractures or replace specific sedimentary structures e.g., burrows (Heuer et al., 2017b). CT numbers of such heavy-minerals are usually much higher than those of the dominant rock forming minerals because of their higher grain densities. When a greater part of a CT slice comprises heavy-mineral assemblages, the MCN of the slice becomes significantly higher than the maximum threshold for a quality-controlled MCN profile (3,000 in this study) and is removed from the profile. However, if these mineral phases and individual crystals constitute a small volume, for example a volume less than a voxel, the MCN of the slice will reflect the CT number of the other rock forming minerals as well as the authigenic mineral phases and thus range between the MCN of the slices and the maximum threshold. As a result, the slice will make a positive anomaly and in most instances it will still be present in the quality-controlled radiodensity profile based on MCN.
3.2.2. Negative Spikes
Negative spikes in the radiodensity profile 3–30 cm thick are notable in the trench-to-basin facies and the Upper Shikoku Basin facies (Figures 3, 6, 7). These negative spikes are typically around 5–10 cm thick with MCNs less than 1,100 and correspond to tuffaceous rocks. The MCN profiles above and below the negative spikes often show no great change with depth. However, intervals above negative spikes exhibit a decrease of 50–200 downwards toward the spikes. At 560.0–587.2 mbsf and 624.0–631.0 mbsf, many negative spikes are observed, and other MCNs in the intervals are also slightly lower than that of other intervals within the same facies (Figure 6).
The CT slices comprised of tuffaceous rocks show lower MCNs (Figure 5) due to the higher porosities, and thus, lower bulk densities. Bulk densities of the tuffaceous rocks in the trench-to-basin and the Upper Shikoku Basin facies are 1.80–1.90 g/cm3 and obviously lower than that of adjacent mud or mudstone (1.88–2.20 g/cm3) (Heuer et al., 2017b). In the acidic volcaniclastic facies and the deeper part of Lower Shikoku Basin facies, bulk densities of the tuffaceous rocks are 2.18–2.40 g/cm3 which is lower than that of adjacent lithologies, although data in this interval is sparse. Thus, the CT numbers of the tuffaceous rocks are lower than that of the muds or mudstones, and are often lower than the quality threshold of the interval. As a result, CT slices comprising tuffaceous rocks may have lower SQ and may be classified as under-threshold. Even if they pass the SQ filtering, they show lower MCNs than adjacent slices and can be seen as negative spikes within the quality-controlled MCN profile (Figure 6).
3.2.3. Abrupt Downhole Increases or Decreases
Abrupt downhole increases or decreases of 30–200 in the MCN value are prominent in the trench-to-basin facies and the Upper Shikoku Basin facies (Figures 3, 6, 7). For example, CT images show faulting from 450.95 to 451.1 mbsf and the MCNs abruptly increase with depth from 1,200 to 1,300 through the fault (Figure 6). Another example is found immediately above a fracture zone at 586.8 mbsf (can be seen in CT images), where MCNs abruptly increase with depth from 1,200 to 1,400 (Figure 7). The detailed shape of some excursion in radiodensity profile are unclear because of lack of core recovery and slices that pass quality-control protocol. But in other intervals change and excursions in MCN are abrupt, and occur across distances of a few tenths of centimeters, and can clearly be shown to correspond to faults. In the region below the décollement zone, within the Lower Shikoku Basin facies, there are several abrupt increases in MCN with depth, for example 1034.4–1035.6 mbsf and 1047.0–1050.5 mbsf. Such increases in radiodensity correspond with occurrences of mudstones with a calcareous matrix, indicating cementation of intraformational breccias.
The abrupt changes of MCNs with depth are geologically meaningful. Based on the correlation between bulk density and MCN of Site C0023 measurements (Equation 3), a MCN value of one is roughly comparable to about 0.001 g/cm3. Inazaki et al. (1995) indicated that the precision of bulk density measurements estimated from the CT number is better than ±0.02 g/cm3 on a medical X-ray CT system (TCT-700S) at 120 kV/55–200 mA. The abrupt changes at Site C0023 range from 30 to 200 in MCN (i.e., CT number), which roughly corresponds to 0.03–0.20 g/cm3 . Therefore, they are statistically significant and reflect true material changes.
Lithological boundaries that are sedimentary or deformational in origin might be expected to cause sudden jumps in radiodensity profile. At Site C0023 few such jumps are evident, but there are many abrupt changes that correspond to fracture assemblages or fracture zones. Some of these assemblages or zones accompany lithological changes as mentioned above. In addition, faults with vertical displacement, some of which accompanied with fractures, could also generate MCN (i.e., bulk density) gaps. Such vertical displacement and accompanied lithological changes probably cause the abrupt MCN-changes in the site. There are also fracture zones without significant MCN-changes, and a lack of response in the radiodensity profile may be due to a small vertical displacement for the zones concerned.
The deposition or redeposition of sediments by mass transport may also bring about sedimentary horizons that record abrupt changes in a downhole MCN profile. Mass transport deposits are reported from the Nankai Trough (e.g., Strasser et al., 2011; Kitamura and Yamamoto, 2012), and this is indeed the likely mode of emplacement for many of the tuffaceous rocks at the site (Heuer et al., 2017b). However, no thick mass transport deposits which might be expected to cause formation-scale changes in bulk density have been observed during visual core inspection of Site C0023, and thus significant perturbations of downhole MCN profile cannot be demonstrated in this case.
3.2.4. Intervals With Tiny Cyclic Negative Anomalies
Intervals with tiny cyclic negative anomalies in the MCN profile are noticeable in the shallower part of the Lower Shikoku Basin facies (Figure 8), but they can also be seen in some hydrothermally altered sediments in the deeper part of the Lower Shikoku Basin and in the acidic volcaniclastic facies. These anomalies are in 5–30 cm intervals and correspond to the presence of drilling biscuits (Figure 8). Drilling biscuits are drilling-induced discrete blocks typically several centimeters thick (Leggett, 1982) and are identified by their cyclic separation and the presence of circular striations at the top and the bottom of the core pieces (biscuits). The biscuits often sit in a matrix of mud which results from grinding of the biscuits. The mud that fills the gaps between biscuits has a lesser radiodensity than the biscuits. Although the CT slices measured within the mud-filled fractures were mostly identified by SQ and filtered, some of them pass the filtering because of small area of the mud-fill (less than 1% of the slice) and form tiny cyclic negative excursions (Figure 8).
3.3. Implications
3.3.1. On the Methodology
It can thus be shown that the quality-controlled MCN data yields downhole radiodensity profiles in which lithological and structural features can readily be seen. This implies that fractures (including drilling artifacts) have largely been identified by their SQ and removed because they no longer dominate the radiodensity profile. Consequently, SQ is an effective measure to evaluate the quality of core and useful for creating clear and reliable MCN profiles. There are further advantages to using SQ to evaluate core and these are explained below.
Firstly, SQ enables a consistent quality-evaluation of samples that does not rely solely on visual identification of features. Certainly a two- or three-dimensional XCT image can be helpful or even a substitute for visual inspection of core. But even a visual interpretation of core in this way may be too intricate or too complex a job to perform at a level necessary for a high number of small subsamples of core for example. Additionally, different scientists may apply different recognition criteria, or criteria may vary from site to site. SQ is a simplified numerical measures based on relatively consistent criteria, and once it has been trued or calibrated it can be applied by any user to evaluate core quality.
Secondly, XCT data has a high spatial resolution and covers a high volume of sample; higher than both conventional contamination tests and physical property data. The size of a voxel of XCT data in this study is about 0.176 × 0.176 × 0.625 mm. Thus, lithological components and fractures up to a millimeter in size can be detected. The detection and measurement of all fractures this size would be impracticable if only visual confirmation on CT images or by VCD was used.
The third advantage is that the method is quick. In many cases a quick selection of samples is better because it reduces contamination by fluids diffusion through core. Other contamination tests such as using sulfate as a proxy for seawater or PFC concentration take far longer to provide results, and thus are retrospectively applied to screen samples. A method based on XCT requires a relatively short time and is ideal because it is nondestructive and therefore will not forward contaminate samples, and if automated can be applied to screen samples ahead of their potential consideration for further analysis.
Although numerical, the process remains subjective to a certain extent due to the setting of some parameters; the interval range over which SQ-criteria are applied, the processing area of a CT slice, the quality threshold for CT numbers and the selection criteria for over-threshold slices (Figure 1). For example, in the current iteration of the method used for this study, the area of analysis taken from a CT slice is visually selected to take account of variations due to core cutting. However, this approach has an arbitrary element and might be considered non-reproducible. A selection process, applied automatically and based on non-visual criteria, might yield a more objective process with respect to its application to different core, although the choice of one criterion or another is still a subjective decision. Repeated iterations of similar XCT processing methods in different contexts should help identify which criteria are most valid or matter most in a given situation. Choices concerning the area of analysis or other thresholds are effectively choices about the strictness of the level of quality control to be perused, so an alternative perspective would be that flexible criteria permit reasonable adaption to circumstance or purposes (e.g., different users in different circumstances may accept different risks). What is important is that the same set of parameters and same process can be repeated to all cores or samples. The simple and adaptable concept of the method we present is applicable not only to medical XCT data but also potentially micro XCT data. Thus, as the method we present here is applied in different contexts, improvement with respect to processing criteria would be expected.
SQ also allows for an objective assessment of core quality. For example, core quality factor (CQF) can be calculated based on the ratio of over-threshold slices to all slices within a given interval of recovered cores. CQF is convenient to select intervals for sensitive analyses or to consider later drilling conditions.
3.3.2. Geological Implications
The radiodensity gradient (change in MCN with respect to depth) varies by unit or formation-level, dividing the site into several intervals where gradients are similar (Figures 3, 5). Although an accurate analysis is not provided here, some aspects of radiodensity gradient are notable, such as the transition from the trench-to-basin to the Upper Shikoku Basin facies, and from the Upper Shikoku Basin facies to Lower Shikoku Basin facies (Figures 3, 5). The most likely explanation for the change in MCN during the transition from basin to trench facies is the change in sedimentation rate which is significantly higher under trench conditions (Hagino and Expedition 370 Scientists, 2018).
Another noteworthy change in radiodensity gradient occurs around the deepest part of the Lower Shikoku Basin facies (1030.0–1050.0 mbsf). Particularly, in the lower part of the acidic volcaniclastic facies (1121.0–1125.0 mbsf), MCNs abruptly increase with depth and are remarkably higher than in other intervals of the site (Figures 3, 5). Although the sedimentation rate below 1050.0 mbsf is not constrained by age-data, a hemipelagic depositional environment would not be likely to see high rates of sedimentation. In this case it is plausible that a lithological change that has been caused by diagenesis or hydrothermal alteration which involves cementation. The in-situ strength of sediments in this interval was calculated from drilling parameters and shows an abrupt increase with depth below about 1,050 mbsf (Hamada et al., 2018), and this is consistent with a lithological change brought about by cementation.
The downhole quality-controlled MCN profile of Site C0023 evidences high abundances of faults in the trench-to-basin and the Upper Shikoku Basin facies (Figures 3, 6, 7). The presence of abrupt positive and negative shifts suggests that these are both normal faults and thrusts in these facies. Normal faults in these facies were observed within core (Heuer et al., 2017b) and have also been observed in seismic reflection studies seaward of Site C0023 (Heffernan et al., 2004). The seismic sections of the trench-to-basin and the Upper Shikoku Basin facies at Site C0023 are unclear. Fewer thrusts have been described in these facies, and one possibility is a poor recovery of core samples with fault planes or zones. Although Site C0023 is located within the imbricate thrust zone (Moore et al., 2001), frontal thrusts do not significantly penetrate the site. Thus, the thrusts that are observed may be minor thrusts branched from the main frontal thrusts. The many negative abrupt changes in the MCN profile are indicative such minor thrusts.
The MCN profile also implies a concentration of normal faults in the deeper part (below the décollement zone) of the Lower Shikoku Basin facies (Figure 3). Positive abrupt changes are dominant in the interval and correspond to the presence of normal faults within core (Heuer et al., 2017b). Normal faulting developed between the deeper part of the Lower Shikoku Basin facies and the shallower part of the basement around the site, which are speculated to be constrained by ridge topography (Ike et al., 2008). The positive abrupt changes may reflect this normal faulting.
XCT data can be used to evaluate the quality of core obtained during scientific drilling and to generate downhole radiodensity profiles. When slice quality (SQ) is used as part of a processing protocol to filter XCT data, there are several benefits:
(1) Numerical evaluation of data quality becomes consistent between cores, formations and sites.
(2) Evaluation of core quality with respect to drilling disturbance becomes a rapid and non-destructive process that can be applied a priori.
(3) Large numbers of core samples can be assessed easily with a high spatial resolution.
When used to process XCT data, SQ provides well-filtered and reliable downhole profiles of quality-controlled mean CT numbers (MCNs). Data processed in this way reflect characteristics of lithologies and deformation structures. For core samples from IODP Site C0023, the MCN profile identifies lithologies, matches physical properties and can measure features meters to millimeters in size. This is potentially transformative because it permits the measurement of high numbers of small features, for example fault-concentrations. Measurement of these small features at high abundances over large distances would not be possible with conventional core logging because of the scales involved. Thus, the quality-controlled MCN data has the potential to provide consistent measures of lithologies and deformation structures.
The datasets generated for this study are available on request to the corresponding author.
ST, YK, YM, VH, FI, and Expedition 370 Scientist conceived the idea. ST, YK, M-YT, and KI conducted the analyses of the XCT data. ST, YK, M-YT, SB, YuY, and KY participated in the method setup discussion. ST, TH, and NK participated in the comparing XCT data to bulk density data. ST, M-YT, SB, YaY, VH, and Expedition 370 Scientists wrote and edited the manuscript.
ST acknowledges financial support from IODP Exp.370 After Cruise Research Program, JAMSTEC. M-YT acknowledges funding from the ECORD Research Grant and the Centre for Global Change Science (Toronto). SB acknowledges IODP NERC award NE/P015182/1. VH acknowledges funding of her research by the Cluster of Excellence: The Ocean Floor - Earth's Uncharted Interface and DFG Project Grant HE8034/1-1.
This research used data provided by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP). We are grateful to the IODP and thank crew, drilling team, geologists and lab technicians on Chikyu and the staff of the Kochi Institute for Core Sample Research for supporting IODP 370-operations. We would like to thank Lucia Mancini for handling the editorial process and the three reviewers for submitting their helpful comments and improving the manuscript.
Expedition 370 Scientists
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Keywords: X-ray computed tomography, scientific drilling, International Ocean Discovery Program, Nankai Trough, accretionary complex
Citation: Tonai S, Kubo Y, Tsang M-Y, Bowden S, Ide K, Hirose T, Kamiya N, Yamamoto Y, Yang K, Yamada Y, Morono Y, Heuer VB, Inagaki F and Expedition 370 Scientists (2019) A New Method for Quality Control of Geological Cores by X-Ray Computed Tomography: Application in IODP Expedition 370. Front. Earth Sci. 7:117. doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00117
Published: 31 May 2019.
Lucia Mancini, Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste, Italy
Richard Ketcham, University of Texas at Austin, United States
Alessandro Maria Michetti, University of Insubria, Italy
Miller Zambrano, University of Camerino, Italy
Copyright © 2019 Tonai, Kubo, Tsang, Bowden, Ide, Hirose, Kamiya, Yamamoto, Yang, Yamada, Morono, Heuer, Inagaki and Expedition 370 Scientists. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Satoshi Tonai, s-tonai@kochi-u.ac.jp


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2017 DAYTONA Supercross By Honda Course Unveiled
2017 DAYTONA Supercross By Honda
Daytona International Speedway Unveils 2017 Daytona Supercross By Honda Course Designed by Ricky Carmichael.
Daytona International Speedway has once again teamed up with Supercross legend and five-time Daytona Supercross By Honda champion Ricky Carmichael for the 10th year to design the challenging course for the high-flying event on Saturday night, March 11.
The most noticeable change to the 2017 design is the return of the starting gate to the east side of the tri-oval.
"It is so grueling," Carmichael said of the course. "The sand and the clay mixed in, there's not a lot of things that you really need to do to make it any more grueling than Daytona Supercross is already recognized for, but it sure is a fun challenge to make it somewhat fun for the riders."
Carmichael is the all-time winning rider in the Daytona Supercross By Honda, the only Florida stop on the Monster Energy AMA Supercross, FIM World Championship circuit and the longest continuous Supercross event in America, dating back to 1971.
General admission tickets are $45 for adults and $15 for kids 6-12, kids 5 and under are free in general admission stadium seating. Trackside Access, which gets you closer to the action than any other venue on the circuit, can be added to any race ticket for $20. There is free parking in the infield as well as in Lot 5 which is located outside Turn 4.
Tickets for Daytona Supercross By Honda and all other 76th annual Bike Week At Daytona events can be purchased online at www.daytonainternationalspeedway.com or by calling 1-800-PITSHOP. Fans can stay connected with Daytona International Speedway on Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Pinterest, YouTube and Snapchat, and by downloading Daytona International Speedway's mobile app, for the latest Speedway news throughout the season.
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