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Posted in | News | Laser
New Instrument Tailored to the Needs of Nasa Space Missions
Jan 17 2023Reviewed by Megan Craig, M.Sc.
As space missions seem to be more challenging into the outer solar system, the requirement for highly compact, resource-conserving, and precise analytical tools have become highly crucial—especially since the search for extraterrestrial life and habitable moons or planets continues.
An Orbitrap cell. Image Credit: Ricardo Arevalo.
A University of Maryland-headed team came up with a new instrument that has been particularly customized to the requirements of NASA space missions. Their mini laser-sourced analyzer seems to be considerably smaller and highly resource efficient compared to its predecessors.
All of this can be done without making any compromise on the quality of its potential to examine planetary material samples and possible biological activity onsite.
The team's paper on this new device was reported in the Nature Astronomy journal on January 16th, 2023.
The instrument approximately weighs just 17 pounds and is a physically scaled-down combination of two significant tools for detecting signs of life and determining the compositions of materials.
It is a pulsed ultraviolet laser that tends to eliminate small amounts of material from a planetary sample, and an OrbitrapTM analyzer provides high-resolution data regarding the chemistry of the analyzed materials.
The Orbitrap was originally built for commercial use. You can find them in the labs of pharmaceutical, medical and proteomic industries.
Ricardo Arevalo, Study Lead Author and Associate Professor, Geology, University of Maryland
Arevalo added, "The one in my own lab is just under 400 pounds, so they're quite large, and it took us eight years to make a prototype that could be used efficiently in space—significantly smaller and less resource-intensive, but still capable of cutting-edge science."
The new gadget of the team contracts down the original Orbitrap while being paired with laser desorption mass spectrometry (LDMS)—methods that have yet to be employed in an extraterrestrial planetary surrounding.
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According to Arevalo, the newly-developed device brags similar advantages as its larger predecessors but is efficient for space exploration and onsite planetary material analysis.
The mini Orbitrap LDMS instrument has diminutive mass and the least power needed; as a result, it could be easily stowed away and retained on space mission payloads. Also, the instrument's examinations of a planetary surface or substance are much less interfering and thus much less probably to ruin or contaminate a sample compared to several present techniques that try to determine unidentified compounds.
The good thing about a laser source is that anything that can be ionized can be analyzed. If we shoot our laser beam at an ice sample, we should be able to characterize the composition of the ice and see biosignatures in it. This tool has such a high mass resolution and accuracy that any molecular or chemical structures in a sample become much more identifiable.
Furthermore, the mini LDMS Orbitrap's laser component enables scientists access to bigger and more highly complicated compounds that are more probably to be linked to biology. Smaller organic compounds like amino acids, for instance, are more unclear signatures of life forms.
Amino acids can be produced abiotically, meaning that they're not necessarily proof of life. Meteorites, many of which are chock full of amino acids, can crash onto a planet's surface and deliver abiotic organics to the surface.
Arevalo added, "We know now that larger and more complex molecules, like proteins, are more likely to have been created by or associated with living systems. The laser lets us study larger and more complex organics that can reflect higher fidelity biosignatures than smaller, simpler compounds."
As far as Arevalo and his team are concerned, the mini LDMS Orbitrap will provide much-required awareness and flexibility for future ventures into the outer solar system, as missions focused on life detection objectives (for example, Enceladus Orbilander) and exploration of the lunar surface (for example, the NASA Artemis Program).
The researchers hope to send their device into space and position it on a planetary target of interest in the next few years.
Arevalo stated, "I view this prototype as a pathfinder for other future LDMS and Orbitrap-based instruments. Our mini Orbitrap LDMS instrument has the potential to significantly enhance the way we currently study the geochemistry or astrobiology of a planetary surface."
The other UMD-affiliated scientists in the research group include geology graduate students Lori Willhite and Ziqin "Grace" Ni, geology postdoctoral associates Anais Bardyn and Soumya Ray, and astronomy visiting associate research engineer Adrian Southard.
This study was financially supported by NASA (Award Nos. 80NSSC19K0610, 80NSSC19K0768, 80GSFC21M0002), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Internal Research Development (IRAD), and the University of Maryland Faculty Incentive Program.
Arevalo, R., et al. (2022) Laser desorption mass spectrometry with an Orbitrap analyzer for in situ astrobiology. Nature Astronomy. doi.org/10.1038/s41550-022-01866-x.
Source: https://www.umd.edu/


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Analysis of 2016 Trade Deadline Deals.
by Lyle Richardson | Feb 29, 2016 | 7 comments
Here's my take on the notable deals of the worst NHL trade deadline in recent history.
Mikkel Boedker was the biggest name moved on this year's NHL trade deadline day.
Arizona Coyotes trade Mikkel Boedker to Colorado Avalanche for left wing Alex Tanguay and prospects Conner Bleackley and Kyle Wood.
SPECTOR'S NOTE: Good move for both clubs. Avs get a speedy playmaker in Boedker who should provide additional scoring punch. The Coyotes get two promising prospects who could become components in their roster rebuild.
Calgary Flames trade defenseman Kris Russell to the Dallas Stars in exchange for defenseman Jyrki Jokkipakka, forward Brett Pollock and a conditional second-round pick.
SPECTOR'S NOTE: The Stars get a shot-blocking rental defenseman who should help them in the short term, but they overpaid for the privilege. A nice return for the Flames for a pending UFA. And as for the conditional pick, if the Stars reach the conference finals and Russell plays in half of their playoff game, the second becomes a first-round pick.
The New Jersey Devils shipped forward Lee Stempniak to the Boston Bruins in exchange for a second-round pick in 2017 and a fourth-round pick in 2016.
SPECTOR'S NOTE: The well-travelled Stempniak played well this season with the Devils . He should be a valuable depth addition in the Bruins' quest for a postseason spot.
Florida Panthers trade Brandon Pirri to the Anaheim Ducks for a sixth-round pick.
SPECTOR'S NOTE: That's not a misprint, the Panthers pretty much gave away Pirri. Granted, he's a streaky scorer and is currently recovering from a nasty ankle injury. But he's only 24 and a year removed from a 22-goal season. I realize the Panthers probably didn't want to go to arbitration with Pirri, but surely they could've received a better return than this.
The Anaheim Ducks acquire left wing Jamie McGinn from the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for a conditional third round pick in 2016.
SPECTOR'S NOTE: McGinn is enjoying a bounce-back season after missing most of 2014-15 to a back injury. A hardworking winger who can chip in offensively, he should provide valuable depth for the Ducks. If they reach the Western Conference finals and McGinn plays in half their playoff games up to that point, that third-round pick to the Sabres becomes a second-rounder in 2017.
The Carolina Hurricanes trade defenseman John-Michael Liles to the Boston Bruins in exchange for a third round pick in 2016, a fifth round pick in 2076 and Anthony Camara.
SPECTOR'S NOTE: Not the younger defenseman the Bruins need, but Liles should provide them with experienced short-term blueline depth.
The Anaheim Ducks trade winger Patrick Maroon to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for a prospect and mid-round draft pick.
SPECTOR'S NOTE: The Oilers gain more size but not much speed in Maroon. Don't see him as a fit on their top-two lines.
The Montreal Canadiens trade winger Devante Smith-Pelly to the New Jersey Devils for winger Stefan Matteau.
SPECTOR'S NOTE: Essentially, it's two teams swapping players who weren't working out. Acquired from the Ducks during last season, Smith-Pelly was an inconsistent performer with the Habs. Matteau was a frequent healthy scratch with the Devils.
The New Jersey Devils trade defenseman Eric Gelinas to the Colorado Avalanche in exchange for a third-round pick in 2016.
SPECTOR'S NOTE: Gelinas was a frequent healthy scratch who became the odd man out with the Devils. He might get an opportunity to establish himself as an NHL regular.
The Calgary Flames trade forward David Jones to the Minnesota Wild for goaltender Niklas Backstrom and a sixth-round draft pick.
SPECTOR'S NOTE: A deal that really doesn't do either club any good. The Wild get a winger whose best years are behind him, while the Flames get a goalie whose NHL career has been all but ended by injuries.
Pablobaby	on February 29, 2016 at 8:43 pm
So was it the change to the lottery system that kept the amount of trades low this year? I think that may have had an impact.
Where's your gut feeling on where Drouin will end up Spector?
Lyle Richardson	on February 29, 2016 at 8:51 pm
I'm torn between Ottawa and Buffalo.
Yogi	on February 29, 2016 at 9:09 pm
Why Buffalo Lyle
Rebuilding team, lots of young players, draft picks and prospects to offer up
Brettnyy	on February 29, 2016 at 9:20 pm
What are your feelings on the Islanders getting Shane Prince for a 3rd rounder?
Depth move for the Isles.
geduffer	on February 29, 2016 at 9:58 pm
Pure injury insurance. Not what most of IslesTwitter was demanding. ?

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Charles Leclerc extends Ferrari deal until 2024
The 22-year-old impressed in his first season alongside Sebastian Vettel
Published: December 23, 2019 16:32 AFP
Charles Leclerc of Ferrari in Abu Dhabi. Image Credit: AFP
Milan: Monegasque driver Charles Leclerc confirmed on Monday he has extended his contract with Ferrari until 2024.
"Extremely happy to announce that I will be staying with Scuderia Ferrari for five more years," the 22-year-old said on Twitter.
The 22-year-old, who joined Ferrari in 2016, has impressed in his first season alongside four-time world champion Sebastian Vettel.
Leclerc had seven pole positions and two wins at the Belgian and Italian Grand Prix.
"I'm so grateful to be driving for such a team," said Leclerc.
"I've learnt so much during this first year with the team and it is a great starting point to build a strong relationship for the years ahead."
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Shell in Russia had been involved in a coalition with the state monopoly of gas supply. In Russia, Shell also invested in the development of oil fields in Siberia, and the establishment of a network in St. Petersburg of refilling stations. Although these investments were small, the company's main focus was on a project named Sakhlain II. The company has an alliance called Sakhalin Energy Investment with Mitsui and Mitsubishi. However the lagest share (55%) remains with Shell. The Sakhlain II project is considered to be one of the biggest FDI in Russia. It also holds the same significance for Shell. The project is the largest in the world when it comes to accumulated gas and oil projects. However big the project is there are somechallenges in developing the project in Russia. The Russian government has the power over the project in exchange for licenses and minimized tax for the project. This agreement is contradictory with the Russian laws. Also, such collaborations are debated in Russia. The decision is based on the fact that Shell and other executives of the project have waited for the legal stabilization of the project that has not yet been possible.
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The TradeUp for Success program is a national effort to promote to trades in the electricity sector to youth across Canada.
TradeUp for Success began as a joint effort of the Power Workers' Union (PWU), Hydro One, Ontario Power Generation and Bruce Power. It aimed to reach out to Ontario youth, encouraging them to consider careers in the electricity industry.
With oversight from PWU, Electricity Human Resources Canada (EHRC) has taken TradeUp for Success national. To date, EHRC has created a program, based on the original Ontario model, for British Columbia. We plan to develop similar programs in other provinces.
Taken to the national level, TradeUp for Success invites Canadian youth to learn about the benefits of careers in the electricity sector including stability, good salary and opportunities for advancement.


It is a portmanteau or combination word of feeling and logic. Both of them together make a "formula of every success".
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Sheeple are people having characteristics of sheep. Like following herd leader blindly & passing a routine life.
You need Direction but Direction with internal Drive.
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Don't be a creature of routine.
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If it is not SMART – It is not goal.
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'If you cannot measure it, you cannot achieve it'.
Goal should be stretching but still in reach.
Goals must be relevant to your purpose or direction.
Set the time limit of days/weeks/months etc.
Whys or Motivators keeps you going when things get tough.
The give reason to think before you quit.
You can't fulfill your destiny on a theory… it takes work!
Discipline is bridge between the goal setting and goal achievement.
Reviewing regularly or accountability appointment to check in on the status of your goal progress will increase the probability of meeting your goal by 95%.
If have not tied your goal with some reward – means you r not thinking to achieve it yet.
You always go as far as you see and when you reach there you always be able to see further. Once reached to goal – raise the bar and set next goals.
So in short Feelogical Formula to achieve all goals is to combine and align the powers of your feeling (heart) and logic (mind).


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Charles Arbuthnot ( – 19 April 1820) was a renowned Scottish abbot of the Scots Monastery, Regensburg, and a leading Bavarian mathematician of his time.

Biography
The son of James Arbuthnot, Senior of West Rora in Aberdeenshire and Margaret Gordon, he was baptized in Longside on . He was brought up in the Roman Catholic faith and was sent to Germany aged 11 to be educated there. He afterwards won for himself a reputation as a scientist, mathematician, natural philosopher and chemist besides being renowned for his piety, learning, breadth of mind and benevolence of heart. In 1757, Arbuthnot became a member of the Benedictine Order and a member of the Monastery of St James, known as the Scots College at Regensburg. Under the name Benedict, he spent the rest of his life at Regensburg, other than a brief visit to Scotland in 1772. His father died in 1770 and he refused his share in his estate.

On 4 June 1776 Arbuthnot became abbot of the Scots Monastery. He was greatly respected and when in 1802 the Eternal Diet of Regensburg determined at the instance of Napoleon Bonaparte to secularize all the church lands of the Empire, an express exemption was made in favour of the Scots Monastery at Regensburg, although it was not allowed to take any new novices. Arbuthnot had declared the monastery a Scottish national shrine and put it under the sole authority of Rome. In 1814, it came under the authority of the Bishop of Regensburg, but it was still not dissolved, since the monastery had laid out a large part of his fortune at an Austrian bank which the state did not want to lose. After Arbuthnot's death the monastery was demoted to a priory because of a staff shortage, and in 1862 its existence was at last brought to an end, when the premises were bought by the Bavarian government.

According to Charles Arbuthnot's tombstone at Regensburg he was born at Rora on 5 March 1737, made his profession (professus) on 21 November 1756 and became a priest on 14 February 1761.

Notes

References

External links

1737 births
1820 deaths
18th-century Scottish Roman Catholic priests
19th-century Scottish Roman Catholic priests
Charles
People from Aberdeenshire
Scottish abbots
Scottish expatriates in Germany
Scottish Christian theologians
Benedictine abbots

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In this first episode we will give you direct routes to SIX "Incredible Airports".
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text:
\section{Introduction}
Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) is an emerging concept for future wireless networks, where the previously competing sensing and communication operations are jointly optimized in the same hardware platform using a unified signal processing framework \cite{liu2020joint,HRIS,alexandropoulos2021hybrid_all,mishra2019toward,paul2016survey}. Recently, Full Duplex (FD) massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) communications have been considered a key enabler for ISAC applications due to their simultaneous UpLink (UL) and DownLink (DL) transmission capability within the entire frequency band \cite{B:Full-Duplex,alexandropoulos2020full,islam2021direction,Islam_2020_Sim_Multi}. Furthermore, FD massive MIMO ISAC applications at millimeter Wave (mmWave) frequencies have the potential to provide high capacity communication links while simultaneously achieving high-resolution sensing, e.g., Direction of Arrival (DoA), range, and relative speed of radar targets/scatterers.

The performance of the FD ISAC systems relies on the in-band Self-Interference (SI) signal suppression capability that stems from the Transmitter (TX) to the Receiver (RX) side during FD operation. Recently in \cite{islam2021direction,xiao2017full_all,Vishwanath_2020,alexandropoulos2020full}, SI cancellation was achieved for the FD massive MIMO systems operating at mmWave, utilizing a combination of propagation domain isolation, analog domain suppression, and digital SI cancellation techniques. To alleviate the hardware cost in mmWave massive MIMO transceivers, hybrid Analog and Digital (A/D) beamformers are usually employed, where large-scale antenna arrays are usually connected to a small number of Radio Frequency (RF) chains via analog preprocessing networks comprised of phase shifters \cite{venkateswaran2010analog}. Such systems require appropriate beam selection for analog TX/RX beamformers, chosen from predefined codebooks, to maximize DL rate and sensing accuracy. Moreover, in the envisioned FD ISAC with massive MIMO radios, the transmit waveform will be utilized for both DL data transmission and sensing of the radar targets \cite{liu2020joint}. Therefore, a joint design of the A/D beamformers and SI cancellation along with sensing techniques is required for maximizing the performance of FD ISAC systems.

Very recently in \cite{barneto2019full,liyanaarachchi2021optimized}, joint radar communication and sensing frameworks, leveraging FD operation, were considered for single-antenna systems, where both communication and radar waveforms were optimized for sensing performance. In \cite{barneto2020beamforming,liyanaarachchi2021joint}, the FD ISAC operation was proposed for mmWave frequency bands considering a massive MIMO FD Base Station (BS), where the signal power is maximized in the radar target direction, while maintaining a threshold DL rate performance. Although the considered FD ISAC approach estimated the DoA two radar targets, the range was only calculated for one target due to its disassociated DoA and range estimation technique.
\begin{figure*}[!tpb]
	\begin{center}
	\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{Figures/FD_ISAC.eps}
	\caption{The considered FD massive MIMO ISAC system: the FD hybrid A/D beamforming Base Station (BS) communicates in the downlink with a mobile single-antenna half-duplex User Equipment (UE), while its reflected transmitted signals from radar targets/scatterers in the environment are received via hybrid combining and processed for DoA, range, and relative velocity estimations of the radar targets/scatterers.}
	\label{fig: FD_ISAC}
	\end{center}
	\vspace{-4mm}
	\vspace{-1mm}
\end{figure*}

In this paper, we present a novel FD massive MIMO ISAC system operating at mmWave frequencies and realizing hybrid A/D beamforming, where Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) waveforms are utilized for both DL communication and radar target sensing. Unlike state-of-the-art works, we devise an ISAC optimization framework that is capable of estimating the DoA, range, and relative velocity of multiple radar targets, while maximizing the DL communication rate. Our numerical results, considering the fifth Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) OFDM waveform, verify the high sensing accuracy and the increased communication rate of the proposed optimization design.

\section{System and Signal Models}
We consider an FD ISAC system comprising of an FD mmWave massive MIMO Base Station (BS) node $b$ equipped with $N_b$ TX and $M_b$ RX antenna elements communicating in the DL direction with an RX User Equipment (UE) node $u$ with $M_u$ antenna elements, while the reflected DL signal is utilized to detect radar targets/scatterers randomly distributed within the communication/sensing environment at the RX of BS node $b$, as depicted in Fig. \ref{fig: FD_ISAC}. To reduce the number of RF chains and phase shifters, the BS node $b$ employs a partially-connected Hybrid BeamForming (HBF) structure with A/D TX and RX beamformers, where each of the
$N_{b}^{\rm RF}$ and $M_{b}^{\rm RF}$ TX/RX RF chains is connected to a Uniform Linear Arrays (ULA) of $N_{b}^{\rm A}$ and $M_{b}^{\rm A}$ antenna elements, respectively, via phase shifters. Therefore, it holds $N_b = N_{b}^{\rm A}N_{b}^{\rm RF}$ and $M_b = M_{b}^{\rm A}M_{b}^{\rm RF}$ for total number of TX and RX antennas, respectively, at the BS node $b$. Since the size of the antenna array at the UE node $u$ is typically much smaller than at the FD massive MIMO BS $b$, we assume that the UE adopts a fully digital beamforming structure.

It is assumed that BS node $b$ transmits mmWave OFDM waveforms in the DL direction containing $Q$ OFDM symbols with $P$ active subcarriers. In the BaseBand (BB), the unit power frequency-domain symbol vector $\mathbf{s}_{p,q}\in\mbox{$\mathbb{C}$}^{d_b\times1}$ at the $p$th subcarrier of $q$th OFDM symbol is precoded using digital beamforming matrix $\mathbf{V}_b^{\mathrm{BB}}\in\mbox{$\mathbb{C}$}^{N_{b}^{\rm RF}\times d_b}$, where $d_b\leq\min\{N_{b}^{\mathrm{RF}},M_u\}$. Following the BB precoder, the DL signal is processed by the analog beamformer $\mathbf{V}_b^{\mathrm{RF}}\in\mbox{$\mathbb{C}$}^{N_{b}\times N_{b}^{\rm RF}}$ containing the configurations of the phase shifters as follows:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:TX_analog_precoder}
\mathbf{V}_b^{\mathrm{RF}} \triangleq \left[ \begin{matrix}
\mathbf{v}_1  &  \mathbf{0}_{N_b^{{\rm A}}\times1}    &  \cdots    &  \mathbf{0}_{N_b^{{\rm A}}\times1}  \\
\mathbf{0}_{N_b^{{\rm A}}\times1}    &  \mathbf{v}_2  &  \cdots    &  \mathbf{0}_{N_b^{{\rm A}}\times1}  \\
\vdots   &  \vdots   &  \ddots    &	 \vdots  \\
\mathbf{0}_{N_b^{{\rm A}}\times1}    &  \mathbf{0}_{N_b^{{\rm A}}\times1}    &  \cdots    &  \mathbf{v}_{N_b^{({\rm RF})}}
\end{matrix}
\right].
\end{equation}
The elements of each $\v_i$ are assumed to have constant magnitude, i$.$e$.$, $|[\mathbf{v}_i]_{n}|^2=1/N_b^{{\rm A}}$ $\forall$$n=1,2,\ldots,N_b^{{\rm A}}$. We also assume that $\mathbf{v}_i\in\mathbb{F}_{\rm TX}$ $\forall$$i=1,2,\ldots,N_{b}^{\mathrm{RF}}$, which means that all analog TX precoding vectors belong in a predefined beam codebook $\mathbb{F}_{\rm TX}$ including ${\rm card}(\mathbb{F}_{\rm TX})$ distinct vectors (or analog beams). Applying both A/D beamforming, the TX frequency-domain
symbols at the antenna elements are expressed as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:TX_Signal}
\mathbf{x}_{p,q} \triangleq \mathbf{V}_b^{\mathrm{RF}}\mathbf{V}_b^{\mathrm{BB}}\mathbf{s}_{p,q},
\end{equation}
where $\mathbf{x}_{p,q}\in\mbox{$\mathbb{C}$}^{N_b\times 1}$. The signal transmissions at node $b$ is power limited according to $\mathbb{E}\{\|\mathbf{V}_b^{\mathrm{RF}}\mathbf{V}_b^{\mathrm{BB}}\mathbf{s}_{p,q}\|^2\}\leq {\rm P}_b$.

\subsection{Radar Signal Reception Model}
For sensing operation, we consider that a collection of $K$ radar targets/scatterers are randomly distributed within the communication/sensing environment and are to be detected by the BS node $b$. All the $K$ targets reflect DL signal back to the RX of the BS node, while only a subset of them ($L$ out of $K$) contributes to the DL communication scattering paths between the BS node $b$ and the RX UE node $u$. The purpose of the sensing operation is to estimate the DoA, range, and relative velocity of each radar targets.

We consider that the DoAs of the $K$ targets are defined as $\Theta =[\theta_1,\theta_2,\cdots,\theta_{K}]$, while the distance and the relative speed of $k$th target correspond to a delay $\tau_k$ and a Doppler shift $f_{D,k}$, respectively. Enabled by FD, the received signal $\mathbf{y}_{p,q}\in\mathbb{C}^{M_{b}\times 1}$ at the RX of the BS node $b$ combining the SI and the reflected signal by the Radar targets is expressed as
\begin{equation}\label{eq:Radar_Signal}
    \begin{split}
        \mathbf{y}_{p,q} \triangleq & \sum\limits_{k=1}^{K} \alpha_k e^{j2\pi(qT_s f_{D,k} - p\tau_k \Delta f)} \a_{M_b}(\theta_k)\a_{N_b}^{\rm H}(\theta_k) \mathbf{x}_{p,q}\\
        &+ \H_{b,b} \mathbf{x}_{p,q} + \mathbf{n}_{p,q},
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
where $\alpha_k\in\mbox{$\mathbb{C}$}$ and $\mathbf{n}_{p,q}\sim \mathcal{CN}(0,\sigma_b^2\mathbf{I}_{M_b})$ represent the reflection coefficient of the $k$th radar target and the receiver noise floor, respectively. Here, $\Delta f$ and $T_s \triangleq 1/\Delta f + T_{cp}$ denote the subcarrier spacing and the total OFDM symbol duration (including the cyclic prefix). The propagation delay causes the phase shift $e^{-j2\pi p\tau_k\Delta f}$ across subcarriers, while the Doppler shift contributes a row-wise oscillation across different OFDM symbols \cite{braun2010maximum}. Considering ULA, the steering vector $\a_{N_b}(\theta)$ for $N_b$ antenna elements and any DoA $\theta$ is formulated as \cite{gonzalez2018channel}
\begin{equation}
    \begin{split}
        \a_{M_b}(\theta)\! \triangleq \! \frac{1}{\sqrt{N_b}} \big[1,e^{j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}d \sin(\theta)},\ldots,e^{j\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}(N_b-1)d \sin(\theta)}]^{\rm T},
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
where $\lambda$ is the propagation signal wavelength and $d$ denotes the distance between adjacent antenna elements.
Here, $\mathbf{H}_{b,b}\in\mbox{$\mathbb{C}$}^{M_b \times N_b}$ is the SI channel path at the BS node $b$, which is modeled as a Rician fading mmWave channel as \cite[eq. (9)]{satyanarayana2018hybrid}.

The received signal at the node $b$ RX is first processed by the RF combiner $\mathbf{W}_b^{\mathrm{RF}}\in\mbox{$\mathbb{C}$}^{M_b \times M_{b}^{\rm RF}}$, where the structure of the combiner is formulated similarly as \eqref{eq:TX_analog_precoder}. Here, the analog RX combining vectors belong in a predefined beam codebook $\mathbb{F}_{\rm RX}$ including ${\rm card}(\mathbb{F}_{\rm RX})$ distinct vectors. After RF combination and A/D SI cancellation, the received signal is expressed as
\begin{align}
        \nonumber\widetilde{\mathbf{y}}_{p,q}\! \triangleq &  ( \mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF})^{\rm H}\!\sum\limits_{k=1}^{K} \!\!\alpha_k e^{j2\pi(qT_s f_{D,k} - p\tau_k \Delta f)} \a_{M_b}\!(\theta_k)\a_{N_b}^{\rm H}\!(\theta_k) \mathbf{x}_{p,q}\\
        &+  (\widetilde{\H}_{b,b} \!+\! \mathbf{C}_{b} \!+\! \mathbf{D}_{b})\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm BB}\mathbf{s}_{p,q}\! + \!(\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF})^{\rm H}\mathbf{n}_{p,q},
\end{align}
where $\widetilde{\H}_{b,b}\triangleq(\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF})^{\rm H}\H_{b,b}\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF}$ is the effective SI channel after analog TX/RX beamforming. Here, $\mathbf{C}_{b}$ and $\mathbf{D}_{b}$ represent the analog and digital SI cancellation, respectively, that are designed following the structure presented in \cite{alexandropoulos2020full}.

\subsection{DL Signal Reception Model}
As mentioned above, $L$ out of $K$ scatterers contributes to the DL channel $\H_{u,b}\in\mbox{$\mathbb{C}$}^{M_u \times N_b}$. As the principal focus of the paper is to estimate Radar target parameters, we ignore the delay and Doppler shift parameters for the DL channel. Now, the received DL signal vector $\r_{p,q}\in\mbox{$\mathbb{C}$}^{M_u \times d_b}$ at the UE RX is expressed as
\begin{equation}
    \begin{split}
        \r_{p,q} &\triangleq \mathbf{W}_{u}^{\rm H}\Big(\sum\limits_{\ell=1}^{L} \beta_{\ell}  \mathbf{a}_{M_u}(\theta_{\ell})\mathbf{a}_{N_b}^{\rm H}(\theta_{\ell})\mathbf{x}_{p,q} + \mathbf{z}_{p,q}\Big)\\
        &=\mathbf{W}_{u}^{\rm H}\Big(\mathbf{H}_{u,b}\mathbf{x}_{p,q} + \mathbf{z}_{p,q}\Big),
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
where $\beta_{\ell}\in\mbox{$\mathbb{C}$}$ and $\mathbf{z}_{p,q}\sim \mathcal{CN}(0,\sigma_u^2\mathbf{I}_{M_u})$ represent the complex reflection coefficient of $\ell$th scatter path and the noise floor at RX node $u$, respectively.

The achievable DL rate of the FD ISAC system can be expressed as
\begin{align}
        \nonumber\mathcal{R}_{\rm DL} \triangleq \log_2\Big({\rm det}\Big(&\mathbf{I}_{d_b}+\mathbf{W}_{u}^{\rm H}\mathbf{H}_{u,b}\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF}\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm BB}
        (\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF}\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm BB})^{\rm H}\\
        &\times\mathbf{H}_{u,b}^{\rm H}\mathbf{W}_{u}(\mathbf{W}_{u}^{\rm H}\mathbf{W}_{u}\sigma_u^2)^{-1}\Big)\Big),
\end{align}

\section{DoA, Delay, and Doppler Shift Estimation}
In this section, we present the estimations of the DoA, delay, and Doppler shift parameters of the Radar targets, which are realized by the BS's RX using the reflected signals.

\subsection{Radar Target DoA Estimation}
For DoA estimation, we deploy the MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) algorithm; other DoA estimation techniques can be used as well \cite{krim1996two}.
First, we estimate the covariance matrix of the radar target reflected signal. Across all subcarriers and OFDM symbols of the communication slot, the covariance matrix $\mathbf{R}_{b}\in\mbox{$\mathbb{C}$}^{M_{b}^{\rm RF}\times M_{b}^{\rm RF}}$ can be estimated as
\begin{equation}\label{eq: sampl_cov}
    \begin{split}
        {\mathbf{R}}_b\! \triangleq\!\mathbb{E}\{\widetilde{\mathbf{y}}_{p,q}\widetilde{\mathbf{y}}_{p,q}^{\rm H}\} ,\, \widehat{\mathbf{R}}_b\triangleq\frac{1}{PQ}  \sum\limits_{q=0}^{Q-1}\sum\limits_{p=0}^{P-1}\widetilde{\mathbf{y}}_{p,q}\widetilde{\mathbf{y}}_{p,q}^{\rm H}.
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
By taking the eigenvalue decomposition of the estimated sample covariance matrix $\widehat{\mathbf{R}}_b$, it is deduced that:
\begin{equation}\label{eq: cov_eig}
    \begin{split}
        \widehat{\mathbf{R}}_b \triangleq \mathbf{U} {\rm diag}\{\eta_1,\eta_2,\ldots,\eta_{M_b}\}\mathbf{U}^{\rm H},
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
where $\eta_1\geq\eta_2\geq\ldots\geq\eta_{M_{b}^{\rm RF}}$ are the eigenvalues of $\widehat{\mathbf{R}}_b$ and $\mathbf{U}\in\mathbb{C}^{M_{b}^{\rm RF}\times M_{b}^{\rm RF}}$ contains their corresponding eigenvectors. Since we are interested in estimating the DoAs of $K$ radar targets, the matrix $\mathbf{U}$ can be partitioned as $\mathbf{U}=[\mathbf{U}_s|\mathbf{U}_n]$, where the columns in $\mathbf{U}_{n}\in\mathbb{C}^{M_{b}^{\rm RF}\times M_{b}^{\rm RF}-K}$ are the eigenvectors spanning the noise subspace and $\mathbf{U}_s\in\mathbb{C}^{M_{b}^{\rm RF}\times K}$ contains the signal space eigenvectors. The MUSIC spectrum for the considered HBF architecture can be thus formulated as:
\begin{equation}\label{eq: spectral_peak}
    \begin{split}
        S(\theta) \triangleq \left(\a_{M_b}^{\rm H}(\theta)\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF}\mathbf{U}_{n}\mathbf{U}_{n}^{\rm H}(\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF})^{\rm H}\a_{M_b}(\theta)\right)^{-1},
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
whose $K$ peaks correspond to the $K$ estimated DoAs $\widehat{\theta_k},\forall k$.

\begin{algorithm}[!t]
    \caption{Delay and Doppler Shift Estimation}
    \label{alg:the_est}
    \begin{algorithmic}[1]
        \renewcommand{\algorithmicrequire}{\textbf{Input:}}
        \renewcommand{\algorithmicensure}{\textbf{Output:}}
        \REQUIRE $\mathbf{x}_{p,q}$, $\widetilde{\mathbf{y}}_{p,q}$,$\forall p,q$, $\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF}$, and $\widehat{\theta}_k\,\,\forall k$.
        \ENSURE $\widehat{\tau}_k, \widehat{f}_{D,k}$, $\forall k$.
        \STATE Set $n = 0,\cdots,P-1$ and $m=-\frac{Q}{2},\cdots,\frac{Q}{2}-1$.
        \FOR{$k= 1,2,\ldots,K$}
            \STATE Set $\mathbf{g}_{p,q} \triangleq \mathbf{a}_{M_b}(\widehat{\theta}_k)\mathbf{a}_{N_b}^{\rm H}(\widehat{\theta}_k)\mathbf{x}_{p,q}$.
            \STATE Set $z_{p,q} \triangleq \frac{1}{M_{b}}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M_{b}}[\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF}\widetilde{\mathbf{y}}_{p,q}]_i/[\mathbf{g}_{p,q}]_i,$\,\,$\forall p,q$.
            \STATE Set $A(n,m) \triangleq \sum\limits_{p=0}^{P-1}\left(\sum\limits_{q=0}^{Q-1}
            z_{p,q} e^{-j2\pi\frac{qm}{Q}}\right)e^{j2\pi\frac{pn}{P}}$.
            \STATE Set $({n}^*,{m}^*) = \underset{n,m}{\text{arg max}}\quad |A(n,m)|^2$.
            \STATE Set the estimated delay $\widehat{\tau}_k = \frac{{n}^*}{P\Delta f}$.
            \STATE Set the Doppler frequency of $k$th target $\widehat{f}_{D,k} = \frac{{m}^*}{QT_s}$.
        \ENDFOR
    \end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}
\subsection{Delay and Doppler Shift Estimation}
The next step is to estimate the delay and Doppler shift parameters associated with the $K$ estimated DoAs. Using the estimate DoA $\widehat{\theta}_k$ and the known transmit signal $\mathbf{x}_{p,q}$, we formulate a reference signal in the DoA direction as
\begin{equation}
    \begin{split}
        \mathbf{g}_{p,q} \triangleq \mathbf{a}_{M_b}(\widehat{\theta}_k)\mathbf{a}_{N_b}^{\rm H}(\widehat{\theta}_k)\mathbf{x}_{p,q}.
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
Now, we utilize the received signal $\widetilde{\mathbf{y}}_{p,q}$ to derive the quotient averaged across all RX antennas that includes the effect of delay and Doppler shift in the direction of $\widehat{\theta}_k$ as
\begin{equation}
    \begin{split}
        z_{p,q} \triangleq \frac{1}{M_{b}}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{M_{b}}[\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF}\widetilde{\mathbf{y}}_{p,q}]_i/[\mathbf{g}_{p,q}]_i,\,\,\forall p,q.
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
To estimate $\widehat{\tau}_k$ and $ \widehat{f}_{D,k}$, we formulate the likelihood function:
\begin{equation}
    \begin{split}
        A(n,m) \triangleq \sum\limits_{p=0}^{P-1}\left(\sum\limits_{q=0}^{Q-1}
            z_{p,q} e^{-j2\pi\frac{qm}{Q}}\right)e^{j2\pi\frac{pn}{P}},
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
where $n = 0,\cdots,P-1$ and $m=-Q/2,\cdots,Q/2-1$. Finally, we find the best quantized delay and Doppler shift that maximizes the likelihood function norm. The delay and Doppler shift estimation procedure is provided in Algorithm \ref{alg:the_est}.

\section{Proposed ISAC Optimization Framework}
In this section, we present a joint optimization framework deriving A/D beamformers and SI cancellation matrices with the objective to maximize the DL rate and the radar estimation accuracy.

We consider a time division duplexing communication protocol, where the DoAs estimated in one communication time slot is utilized to derive the beamformers and SI cancellation matrices for the successive slot.
To optimize the DL rate and radar target parameter estimation accuracy, we propose to maximize the SNR in both the DL and radar target direction. Given the estimated DoAs $\widehat{\theta}_k,\,\forall k$, the SNR in the direction of all radar targets can be written as
\begin{equation}
    \begin{split}
        \widehat{ {\Gamma}}_{\rm Radar} \triangleq \Big\|(\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF})^{\rm H}\sum\limits_{k=1}^{K} \mathbf{a}_{M_b}(\widehat{\theta}_k)\mathbf{a}_{N_b}^{\rm H}(\widehat{\theta}_k)\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF}\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm BB}\Big\|^2 {\Sigma}_b^{-1},
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
where $ {\Sigma}_b = \|(\widehat{\widetilde{\H}}_{b,b} + \mathbf{C}_{b}+\mathbf{D}_{b})\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm BB}\|^2 + \left\|\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF}\right\|^2\sigma_b^2$ is the interference plus noise covariance matrix at the RX of node $b$. Similarly, the estimated DL SNR is expressed as
\begin{equation}
    \begin{split}
        \widehat{ {\Gamma}}_{\rm DL} = \Big\|\mathbf{W}_{u}^{\rm H}\sum\limits_{\ell=1}^{L} \mathbf{a}_{M_u}(\widehat{\theta}_{\ell})\mathbf{a}_{N_b}^{\rm H}(\widehat{\theta}_{\ell})\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF}\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm BB}\Big\|^2 {\Sigma}_u^{-1},
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
where $ {\Sigma}_u =  \left\|\mathbf{W}_{u}\right\|^2\sigma_u^2$ is the noise covariance matrix at the RX node $u$.

The optimization problem to maximize the Radar target and DL SNR can be written as
\begin{align}\label{eq: optimization_eq}
        \mathcal{OP}&:\nonumber\underset{\substack{\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF},\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm BB},\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF}\\ \mathbf{C}_b,\mathbf{D}_b,\mathbf{W}_{u}}}{\max} \quad \widehat{ {\Gamma}}_{\rm Radar} + \widehat{ {\Gamma}}_{\rm DL}\\
        &\text{\text{s}.\text{t}.}\quad
        \left\|[(\widehat{\widetilde{\H}}_{b,b}\! +\! \mathbf{C}_{b})\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm BB}]_{(j,:)}\right\|^2 \!\!\!\leq \! \lambda_b , \!\forall\! j\! = 1, \ldots, M_{b}^{\rm RF},\nonumber\\
        &\quad\quad\mathbb{E}\{\|\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF}\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm BB}\|^2\}\leq {\rm P}_b,\\
        &\quad\quad\mathbf{w}_j\in\mathbb{F}_{\rm RX}\,\,\forall j\,\,{\rm and}\,\, \mathbf{v}_n\in\mathbb{F}_{\rm TX}\,\,\forall n=1,2,\ldots,N_b^{({\rm RF})}\nonumber
\end{align}

\begin{algorithm}[!t]
    \caption{FD ISAC Optimization}
    \label{alg:the_opt}
    \begin{algorithmic}[1]
        \renewcommand{\algorithmicrequire}{\textbf{Input:}}
        \renewcommand{\algorithmicensure}{\textbf{Output:}}
        \REQUIRE $\widehat{\H}_{b,b}$, $N$, ${\rm P}_b$ and $\widehat{\theta}_k\,\,\forall k$.
        \ENSURE $\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF},\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm BB}, \mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF},\mathbf{C}_b,\mathbf{D}_b$, and $\mathbf{W}_{u}$.
        \STATE Set $\widehat{\H}_{\rm R} \triangleq \sum\limits_{k=1}^{K} \mathbf{a}_{M_b}(\widehat{\theta}_k)\mathbf{a}_{N_b}^{\rm H}(\widehat{\theta}_k)$.
        \STATE Set $\widehat{\H}_{\rm u,b} \triangleq \sum\limits_{\ell=1}^{L} \mathbf{a}_{M_u}(\widehat{\theta}_{\ell})\mathbf{a}_{N_b}^{\rm H}(\widehat{\theta}_{\ell})$.
        \STATE Set $\mathbf{W}_{u}$ as the $d_b$ left-singular vectors of $\widehat{\H}_{\rm u,b}$ corresponding to the singular values in descending order.
        \STATE Set $\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF} \triangleq \underset{\v_j\in\mathbb{F}_{\rm TX}}{\text{arg max}}\quad \|\widehat{\H}_{\rm R} \mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF}\|^2$.
        \STATE Set $\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF} \triangleq \underset{\mathbf{w}_j\in\mathbb{F}_{\rm TX}}{\text{arg max}}\quad \frac{\|(\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF})^{\rm H}\widehat{\H}_{\rm R} \mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF}\|^2}{\|(\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF})^{\rm H}\widehat{\H}_{\rm b,b} \mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF}\|^2}$.
        \STATE Set $\widehat{\widetilde{\H}}_{b,b} = (\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF})^{\rm H}\widehat{\H}_{b,b}\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF}$ and $\widehat{\widetilde{\H}}_{u,b} = \widehat{\H}_{u,b}\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF}$.
        \STATE Set $\mathbf{C}_b = \begin{bmatrix}-[\widehat{\widetilde{\H}}_{b,b}]_{:,1:\frac{N}{{M}_{b}^{\rm RF}}} & \mathbf{0}_{:,({N}_{b}^{\rm RF}-\frac{N}{{M}_{b}^{\rm RF}}:{N}_{b}^{\rm RF})}
                        \end{bmatrix}$ and $\mathbf{D}_b = -(\widehat{\widetilde{\H}}_{b,b}+C_b)$.
        \STATE Obtain $\mathbf{B}$ with the $N_b^{\rm RF}$ right-singular vectors of $(\widehat{\widetilde{\H}}_{b,b}+\mathbf{C}_b)$ corresponding to the singular values in descending order.
        \FOR{$\alpha={N}_{b}^{\rm RF},N_b^{\rm RF}-1,\ldots,2$}
    		\STATE Set $\mathbf{F}=[\mathbf{B}]_{(:,N_b^{\rm RF}-\alpha+1:N_b^{\rm RF})}$.
    		\STATE Set $\mathbf{G}$ as the optimum precoding for the effective DL MIMO channel $\widehat{\widetilde{\H}}_{u,b}\mathbf{F}$ given ${\rm P}_b$.
    		\IF{$\left\|[(\widehat{\widetilde{\H}}_{b,b}\! +\! \mathbf{C}_{b})\mathbf{F}\mathbf{G}]_{(j,:)}\right\|^2 \!\!\!\leq \! \lambda_b , \!\forall\! j\! = 1, \ldots, M_{b}^{\rm RF}$,}
    			 \STATE Output $\mathbf{V}_b^{\mathrm{BB}}=\mathbf{F}\mathbf{G}$ and stop the algorithm.
    	    \ELSE
            			 \STATE Output that the $\mathbf{C}_b$ realization does not meet
            			 the residual SI constraint.
    		\ENDIF
    	\ENDFOR
    \end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}

The optimization problem in \eqref{eq: optimization_eq} is a non-convex problem with coupling variables, hence, quite difficult to tackle. In this work, we solve it suboptimally using alternating optimization, leaving other possibilities for future work.

First, using the estimated DoAs, we formulate a virtual channel of in the radar target direction as $\widehat{\H}_{\rm R} \triangleq \sum\limits_{k=1}^{K} \mathbf{a}_{M_b}(\widehat{\theta}_k)\mathbf{a}_{N_b}^{\rm H}(\widehat{\theta}_k)$. Now to maximize the radar SNR, we find the TX analog beams solving the following suboptimization problem:
\begin{align}\label{eq: sub_opt1}
        \mathcal{OP}1:&\quad\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF} \triangleq \underset{\v_j\in\mathbb{F}_{\rm TX}}{\operatornamewithlimits{argmax}}\quad \|\widehat{\H}_{\rm R} \mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF}\|^2
\end{align}
The solution of $\mathcal{OP}1$ requires a simple search through the beam codebook $\mathbb{F}_{\rm TX}$. Using the TX analog beamformer $\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF}$, we derive the analog combiner solving the suboptimization problem $\mathcal{OP}1$, where we simultaneously maximize the radar SNR and suppress SI signal as follows:
\begin{align}\label{eq: sub_opt2}
        \mathcal{OP}2:&\quad\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF} \triangleq \underset{\mathbf{w}_j\in\mathbb{F}_{\rm TX}}{\operatornamewithlimits{argmax}}\quad \frac{\|(\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF})^{\rm H}\widehat{\H}_{\rm R} \mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF}\|^2}{\|(\mathbf{W}_{b}^{\rm RF})^{\rm H}\widehat{\H}_{\rm b,b} \mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm RF}\|^2}
\end{align}
Similar to $\mathcal{OP}1$, the solution of $\mathcal{OP}2$ requires a simple search through the available beam codebook $\mathbb{F}_{\rm RX}$. Given the analog SI cancellation taps $N\leq {N}_{b}^{\rm RF}{M}_{b}^{\rm RF}$ and the analog TX/RX beamformer at the BS, we follow a similar procedure to \cite{alexandropoulos2020full}, aiming to find the digital beamforming matrix $\mathbf{V}_{b}^{\rm BB}$ and the SI cancellation matrices maximizing the DL rate and suppressing the SI signal power below the RF saturation level of $\lambda_b$. The latter will ensure proper reception of the Radar target reflected signal. Our solution for the optimization problem \eqref{eq: optimization_eq} is summarized in Algorithm \ref{alg:the_opt}.

\begin{figure}[!tpb]
	\begin{center}
	\includegraphics[width=0.86\linewidth]{Figures/Combined_30_Final.eps}
	\caption{Sensing parameter estimation performance for $6$ radar targets with $N_{b}^{\rm RF} = M_{b}^{\rm RF} = 8, N_{b}^{\rm A} = N_{b}^{\rm A} = 16$  and transmit power of $30$dBm. (a)
	DoA and range estimation, (b) Range and relative velocity estimation.}\vspace{-0.2cm}
	\label{fig: Fig2}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}

\section{Numerical Results}
In this section, we present numerical results for the radar sensing and DL rate performance of the proposed FD massive MIMO ISAC system  operating at mmWave frequencies.

\subsection{Simulation Parameters}\label{ssec: Sim_param}
We perform an extensive waveform simulation following the FD massive MIMO architecture illustrated in Fig.~\ref{fig: FD_ISAC} when operating at mmWave frequencies, where a $128\times 128$ FD massive MIMO node $b$ is communicating in the DL direction with $4$ antenna RX UE node $u$. The BS node $b$ employs $N_b^{\rm RF} = M_b^{\rm RF} = 8$ TX/RX RF chains with each of them connected to a ULA of $N_b^{\rm A} = M_b^{\rm A} = 16$ antenna elements via phase shifters.
The communication is performed using mmWave frequency of $28$GHz and a 5G NR OFDM waveform with $100$MHz BandWidth (BW) and $\Delta f = 120$KHz subcarrier spacing. According to the 5G NR specifications, we have $66$ Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) resulting in $P=792$ active subcarriers and $Q=14$ OFDM symbols in each communication slot. Total OFDM symbol duration is defined as $T_s = 8.92\mu$s. We have considered a radio subframe of $1$ms for DL communication.
The RX noise floors at all nodes were assumed to be $-90$dBm for $100$MHz BW OFDM signal. To this end, the RXs have an effective dynamic range of $60$dB provided by $14$-bit Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADC) for a Peak-to-Average-Power-Ratio (PAPR) of $10$ dB. Therefore, the residual SI power after analog SI cancellation at the input of each RX RF chain has to be below $-30$dBm to avoid signal saturation. The pathloss of the clustered DL channel is assumed to be $100$dB, whereas the SI channels are modeled as Rician fading channels with a $\kappa$-factor of $35$dB and pathloss $40$dB \cite{alexandropoulos2017joint}.
For the BS analog TX/RX beamformer, we consider a $5$-bit beam codebook based on the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) matrix.
We have used $1000$ independent Monte Carlo simulation runs to calculate the Radar sensing and DL rate performance.
\vspace{-2mm}
\subsection{Radar Target Parameters}
We have considered $K=6$ radar targets randomly distributed in the sensing/communication environment with DoAs $\theta_k\in[-90^{\circ}\quad 90^{\circ}],\forall k$. For communication scatters, $L=2$ out of $K=6$ targets are chosen randomly. Each of the radar targets the range and relative velocity is selected randomly with a maximum range of $80$m and maximum velocity of $100$km/h.

\begin{figure}[!tpb]
	\begin{center}
	\includegraphics[width=0.84\linewidth]{Figures/Combined_10_final.eps}
	\caption{Sensing parameter estimation performance for $6$ radar targets with $N_{b}^{\rm RF} = M_{b}^{\rm RF} = 8, N_{b}^{\rm A} = N_{b}^{\rm A} = 16$  and DL transmit power of $10$dBm. (a)
	DoA and range estimation, (b) Range and relative velocity estimation.}\vspace{-0.2cm}
	\label{fig: Fig3}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}
\vspace{-2mm}
\subsection{Radar Target Sensing performance}
In Fig.~\ref{fig: Fig2}, We have depicted the sensing performance of the proposed FD ISAC system with a $128\times 128$ massive MIMO node transmitting DL signal with a transmit power of $30$dBm. The DoA and range estimation is plotted in contrast to the true target parameters in Fig.~\ref{fig: Fig2}(a), where it is evident that the proposed FD ISAC system can detect all $6$ targets successfully with high precision. Even for really close target ($10^{\circ}$ and $12^{\circ}$) with only $2^{\circ}$ angle and less than $5$m range difference, the estimation performance is highly accurate. The superior sensing performance is provided by the proposed associated delay estimation approach with high-resolution MUSIC DoA estimation unlike previous FD ISAC work in \cite{liyanaarachchi2021joint}, where range estimation for such close targets was not possible. In Fig.~\ref{fig: Fig2}(b), the relative velocity is plotted with respect to the range estimation for $30$dBm DL transmit power. The figure shows that the proposed FD ISAC system is capable of estimating the relative velocity of all $6$ targets with less than $1.5\%$ estimation error.

In Fig.~\ref{fig: Fig3}, radar target sensing performance of the proposed FD ISAC system is presented for $10$dBm DL transmit power. It is evident from Fig.~\ref{fig: Fig3}(a) that the DoA estimation is almost accurate even at a low transmit power of $10$dBm. However, for the target at $3^{\circ}$, the estimated range is around $3$m away the actual value of $80$m. This is due to the low transmit power and higher path loss of the furthest target. In Fig.~\ref{fig: Fig3}(b), the relative velocity estimation is showcased, where the proposed approach achieved sensing performance with less than $5\%$ estimation error for a low transmit power of $10$dBm.

\begin{figure}[!tpb]
	\begin{center}
	\includegraphics[width=0.99\linewidth]{Figures/DL_rate.eps}
	\caption{DL rate with respect to transmit power in dBm for the $128\times 128$ massive MIMO FD BS communicating with a $4$ antenna UE RX node. }\vspace{-0.2cm}
	\label{fig: DL_rate}
	\end{center}
\end{figure}
The DL rate performance of the proposed FD ISAC system with a $128\times 128$ massive MIMO BS node transmitting to a $4$ antenna UE RX node is depicted in Fig.~\ref{fig: DL_rate} with respect to transmit power. It is evident from the figure that the proposed FD ISAC approach is capable of providing DL rate very close ($1.5$bps/Hz) to the ideal rate in addition to the high radar sensing performance at the RX of BS node for $N=16$ ($25\%$) analog SI cancellation taps at the FD massive MIMO node. For even smaller hardware complexity ($12.5\%$) taps, the DL rate performance is comparable up to $20$ dB transmit power. However, as transmit power increases the impact of SI signal worsens, for DL transmit power of $30$dBm, the FD ISAC system is capable of providing $75\%$ of the ideal DL rate with only $N=8$ SI cancellation taps.

\vspace{-4mm}
\section{Conclusion}
In this paper, we presented an FD-based ISAC optimization framework, where an FD massive MIMO BS node is transmitting DL signals and concurrently performing radar target sensing utilizing the reflected signals. We devised a DoA, delay, and Doppler shift estimation algorithm for multiple radar target sensing considering hybrid A/D beamforming at the BS node. Adopting a limited complexity analog SI cancellation architecture, we presented a joint design of the A/D beamformer and SI cancellation that maximizes the DL rate together with the target sensing performance. Our performance results for a mmWave channel model demonstrated the high precision DoA, range, velocity estimation of multiple radar targets while providing maximized DL rate. In future work, the proposed FD ISAC approach will be considered for sensing and communication demanding practical applications, such as autonomous vehicles and flight control systems.
\vspace{-1mm}
\section*{Acknowledgments}
\vspace{-1mm}
This work was partially funded by the National Science Foundation CAREER award \#1620902.

\vspace{-1mm}
\vspace{-1mm}

\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


ZLIB_H (note the dropping of the initial '_').
to break since the check fails.
A note has been posted to the zlib.org developers for follow up on this change.
recommendations for any changes required.
Fixed (by reverting to old zlib-1.1.4 zlib.h convention) in zlib-1.2.0.7-2.
Note that zlib-1.2.1 may still be different than this patch.


By Jon, published on 21/03/2018 We Love Prof - AU > Languages > ESOL (English) > The Best Websites for Learning English!
Having a conversation with an English native speaker is the best way to improve your level of the language. However, unfortunately for a variety of reasons, this is not always possible!
But, don't worry, we have a solution to your problem.
There are many online language learning tools for English, including websites you can use to either consolidate your knowledge of the language or to simply learn English from scratch.
Why are language learning websites beneficial?
They're interactive: the majority of these websites offer fun games you can play to learn vocabulary and different grammatical rules.
Learn at your own pace: you can learn English from the comfort of your own home. Just before bed, you can play a quick English language game, with no pressure. You are your own boss.
You can vary the websites you use: you don't always have to stick to one website, you can vary the websites you use. One day you can use Babbel and the next day, Rosetta Stone, depending on your mood!
Babbel is available both on the web, as well as on Android and iOS.
Are you a beginner in English starting from scratch? Or are you an intermediate learner? Whichever you may be, Babbel is perfect as it tailors to everyone's language needs.
Vocabulary lessons on different topics.
Courses with tongue twisters, idioms, colloquialisms and all the different sayings you need to know.
A review of each lesson to consolidate what you learned.
Each lesson takes around 12 minutes and once you're finished you get a grade out of 58. The lesson plan is extremely well organised. You are given a detailed explanation on the lesson, for example, "How to order in a restaurant" or "how to ask for the bill politely" and you then answer some questions. It is exceptionally interactive and you can choose from a wide range of topics to learn from.
However, Babbel does have its advantages and disadvantages.
The website is extremely attractive and the design is easy to navigate round, for all ages!
Each lesson is extremely detailed, there is a lot of information but it is fun.
Babbel has turned learning English a hobby and not a chore.
Unfortunately, Babbel does come at a cost of $13 per month.
However, for all the benefits you will receive, $13 per month can be worth it, right?
The language-learning software, Rosetta Stone was released online in 2014 and is available on the web and on iOS and Android, in 24 languages.
The founders of Rosetta Stone guarantee that by using their language-learning tool, you can easily learn a new language, such as English, without visiting an Anglophone country.
Rosetta Stone believe that the best way of learning a foreign language, such as English is not through translation. This language-learning tool has adopted a different teaching method to Babbel. It is even more interactive, they believe that teaching a language through images and sounds is an excellent way of drilling a foreign language into your brain.
It has been said that we do learn better through patterns, games and fun images.
Unlike Babbel, with Rosetta Stone, you are told if you answered the correct answer after each question, not at the end of the quiz.
Not only does it teach vocabulary on different topics, but it is also great for improving your English pronunciation. Firstly, you are given the option of hearing a native English speaker say a word, for example, "The table", you then record yourself saying this word and can play your recording back by comparing it with the native's pronunciation. You can record your voice for as many times as you wish until you feel you have it right.
You can also practice having an English conversation with Rosetta Stone's English native tutors. It works similar to a Skype or FaceTime call, you can hear and speak to your tutor and they can help you with anything, for example, "How to book a hotel room" or more simple things, like "How to introduce yourself in English".
However, like with Babbel, if you are interested in learning English with Rosetta Stone, you must subscribe to their online membership. You have the option of committing yourself to either a 12 month or 24-month membership.
It isn't cheap, but we all know it will be worth it in the end!
Find English tutors and ESOL classes here!
Like the other language-learning tools we have seen, Memrise is available on the web and on iOS and Android. It was founded in 2005 and is available in 25 languages, and of course in the most widely spoken language worldwide: English!
Memrise only covers vocabulary exercises, it does not offer lessons in grammar, pronunciation, and reading.
It offers many different levels suited to your personal level.
For example, the levels for beginners work on basic vocabularies, such as "cat" or "house". The more advanced levels give users an insight into more complex vocabulary and phrases.
Memrise takes a completely different approach to the other tools we have seen. They base their application around "mems". Now, we have all seen "mems" on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, you can spend hours scrolling through them laughing your head off!
You are shown a set of cards (the mems) and a meaning. Each mem has a phrase or word that is linked to the photo or audio. This encourages you to memorise the mem and its meaning through visual quizzes.
Users also have the option of creating their own mems. For example, if you are playing Memrise and come up with an easier way to remember a particular word, you can make your own mem and upload it onto Memrise. Fun, right?
You can also hear a word being said by an English native speaker by tapping the voice button. This is great for listening and knowing the right pronunciation, as you can hear the recording over and over again. If Listening is the way you learn best, Check out these podcasts for learning English.
Memrise does not require an internet connection, so if you're on a flight and don't have the option of flicking through Instagram or Facebook, you can use Memrise to pass the time, whilst still improving your English.
Another great upside is that Memrise does not require you to subscribe to a paying membership! Memrise is a fun and relaxed way to enhance your English language skills.
Whatever your level may be, if you're interested in learning new English vocabulary through photos and mems, then Memrise is suitable for you!
Duolingo was launched in 2011 and offers a variety of English language learning courses.
Duolingo has adopted a very different approach to the other websites we have seen.
This language learning platform believes you learn English better by translating short texts and phrases, as well as doing a variety of listening dictation exercises. This is an extremely French way of learning a language, and it works a treat! Learn which translation tools are best for learning English here.
The exercises are very short, so you can play whenever you have a moment, whilst you're waiting for the train for example.
Duolingo have the option of completing a timed practice option, where you are given 20 questions with 30 seconds to answer. This feature does sound pretty difficult, but it is perfect if you're looking to learn English quickly!
If you like the sound of what you have read so far, then look no further and download Duolingo!
Unlike many language learning websites, Duolingo is completely free! There are a few extras you can opt to pay for, like the timed practice option, but this is not obligatory and you can still learn English on Duolingo without paying a penny.
As you can see, there are great language learning websites out there. Not only will you be improving your level of the English language, but you'll also have a lot of fun. Language learning websites have and will continue to revolutionise the way we all learn a language, whether it is Chinese or English. The interactivity that language learning websites offer makes learning a language fun.
So, you can throw away your English grammar and vocabulary books and turn to these websites! (we can all agree that learning boring old vocabulary can be painful)!
Discover the best apps for learning English on your phone or tablet.
If you are interested in taking ESOL courses or learning English online, you can find a range of specialised private tutors on Superprof.


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Syodontinae is a group of dinocephalian therapsids. It is one of two subfamilies in the family Anteosauridae, the other being Anteosaurinae. They are known from the Middle Permian Period of what is now Russia and South Africa. One of the best known syodontines is Syodon from Russia. The South African form Australosyodon, is one of the earliest known Gondwanan anteosaurs.

Description
Syodontines lack the boss on the lower jaw that characterises the related anteosaurines, and they have often been considered more primitive in this respect.

Classification
Below is a cladogram showing syodontine relationships from a 2012 phylogenetic study of anteosaurians:

References

Anteosaurs
Guadalupian first appearances
Guadalupian extinctions
Prehistoric animal subfamilies
Therapsid subfamilies


If you wonder why man cannot fly, consider in physics the biology of birds versus the human body. Our body is not streamlined and our center of gravity would be poor if we were to attach wings. Also, birds have a keel shaped sternum (breastbone) which is lacking in humans, so that is why we are meant to stay on the ground.
If you are not yet convinced, consider how the feathers of birds are protection from harsh weather, the sun, and parasites. And besides, the energy that it takes to take flight would consume more energy than a human could possibly muster.
As early as the creation of Byzantine art in the 13th century, angels were depicted. Most significantly, they influenced the Italian artist Giotto from the Middle Ages. His angels from the fresco "The Lamentation" (1305-1306) are especially memorable as they wear gilded halos and their arms and bodies are small in proportion to the size of their heads. The beauty of these angels lies in their personalities and emotion: sadness at the lamentation (mourning at the death of Christ) in this case.
"The Lamentation" can be seen at the Arena Chapel in Padua, Italy.
The only painting of Greek mythology by the Italian artist Raphael was "Triumph of Galatea" (1512) for the Villa Farnesina in Rome, Italy. It depicts sea creatures and angels shooting or holding arrows above Galatea, who represents ideal beauty. Some critics believe Raphael's use of arrows has the hidden meaning of paint brushes, thus including his profession into the work other than a self portrait.
One of my favorite stories from Greek mythology is from the Ovid, the story of Icarus. Decided in the late 20th century to be from the "circle" of Peter Bruegel the Elder is "Landscape for the Fall of Icarus" (1560). Icarus succeeded in flying with wings made by his father until he flew too close to the sun. The feathers on his wings were secured with wax; they melted and he fell into the sea and drowned. I think that should be the deciding factor to dissuade man from taking flight anytime soon.
This outstanding painting, now considered an early copy of Bruegel's original, can be seen at the Museum van Buuren, Brussels, Belgium.
You can own a giclee print of "Landscape for the Fall of Icarus" from the circle of Peter Bruegel the Elder.


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Rhodochrosite: a manganese mineral used as an ore, a pink gem and an ornamental stone. Don*t Go To Jail. ... Tucson Gem & Mineral Show Photos from the largest gem and mineral show. Zircon. Zircon is the primary ore of zirconium and a gemstone that is available in many colors.
Tofu. Tofu is an excellent source of calcium and protein, as well as a very good source of manganese, selenium, copper and phosphorus. Its consistency can be silken, soft, firm, or extra firm, and has a subtle flavor which can be used in savory and sweet dishes.
Download Manganese mineral stock photos at the best stock photography agency with millions of premium high quality, royalty-free stock photos, images and pictures at reasonable prices.
Rhodochrosite is a manganese carbonate mineral. Its chemical composition is MnCO 3. In its purest form it is a transparent rose red, but this is fairly rare. It can also be formed in stalactites. This form can be sliced revealing circular layers of rose and pink to milky white.
Manganese Description Not to be confused with magnesium , manganese is a trace mineral used by some people to help prevent bone loss and alleviate the bothersome symptoms associated with premenstrual syndrome (PMS). It may have a number of other beneficial effects as well.
Manganese stock photos 6,272 Manganese stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty-free. ... Manganese chemical element with first ionization energy, atomic mass and electronegativity values ,simple black icon with shadow on gray Edit. Artist.
Manganese ferruginous-siliceous formation (jaspilite). A typical representative is the group of the Upper Proterozoic deposits of Brazil, Australia, Lesser Hinggan, and elsewhere. It should be accepted that the typology of deposits on the basis of manganese-bearing formations for many geological objects does not bear a genetic connotation.
Tag: Manganese Dioxide. ... A Simple Watercolor Majolica Technique. Laurie Curtis. ... Though it would be nice to just mix up a glaze based on a photo and get exactly those results, … Read More. In the Studio: Washes and Patinas. Rhonda Willers.
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Manganese is not a part of chlorophyll. The symptoms of manganese deficiency are remarkably similar to magnesium because manganese is involved in photosynthesis. Leaves become yellow and there is also interveinal chlorosis. However, manganese is less mobile in a plant than magnesium so that the symptoms of deficiency appear first on young leaves.
Rich deposits of manganese are found as 'manganese nodules' on the ocean floor: compacted colloidal particles of Mn/Fe oxides containing 15–20% Mn. Thus, manganese is a plentiful and freely available resource.
Learn how to use taste to guide your health, with a simple taste. Taste N' Score often to maintain a healthy and balanced lifestyle. 1 OF 9 TASTE N' SCORE LIQUID MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS: Potassium, Zinc, Magnesium, Copper, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium, and Iodine.
These rough slabs are created by electroplating manganese out of a solution until enough metal builds up to break off. The bumpy surface occurs naturally as the current finds the path of least resistance.
Manganese metal stock photos 593 Manganese metal stock photos, vectors, and illustrations are available royalty-free. ... Manganese chemical element with first ionization energy, atomic mass and electronegativity values ,simple black icon with shadow on gray Edit. Artist. Similar. Save.
Oct 20, 2017· Exploring the effect of manganese in lead sulfide quantum dot . Photo-anodes were sensitized with different percentages of Mn content (5, 10 and a simple successive ion layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) technique.
Manganese Is a Plant's Best Friend: Intracellular Mn Transport by the Transporter NRAMP2. ... for turning water into molecular oxygen and electrons to replenish those donated to the electron transport chain by photo-excited PSII. ... Biologically relevant mechanism for catalytic superoxide removal by simple manganese compounds. Proc. Natl.
Above: Manganese Dioxide - Catalyst for the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide . Set-up. For the purposes of this experiment the reaction vessel shown in the pictures below was constructed using a flat-bottom flask, addition funnel, Claisen adapter, and a 90° hose adapter.


text:
Nord Stream 2 to warm up Europe
The "ready" button has been pushed on the German island of Rugen. The pipes for laying down the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline have been unloaded on the coast, the contract has been signed with Wasco Coatings Europe BV for their ballast coating, storage and logistics, and the first phase of construction is even underway. According to industry experts, this project is set to change the whole pattern of commercial relations that have evolved in Europe over the past decades, primarily in the energy sector. And it seems there will be no way back from here, despite the continuing debate and controversy around Nord Stream 2. Will the expected changes in the energy sector and economics be good for Europe? Or not so good after all? These questions are being asked at all levels of national and global institutions. Political agendas inevitably play their role too, often at the expense of practical economics. Poland is one of the most committed critics of Nord Stream 2. Poland's foreign affairs minister Witold Vaschikovsky said that NS2 is a political, not an economics-driven project threatening Ukraine and Slovakia and undermining their transit potential. In response, Warsaw's opponents point out that apart from Gazprom, which can in all fairness be called politically biased (what else can we expect from a government-run corporation?), the project also includes Western Europe's biggest gas companies. Private businesses around the world have to do their best to minimize spending, avoid go-between agents and cut transit costs. For this reason, conversations about a political conspiracy against Ukraine sound ridiculous to many serious industry experts. Nevertheless, one of the EU's energy commissioners Marosh Shefchovic said that Nord Stream 2 would erode the energy security of Eastern Europe. Responding to this statement, Professor Andreas Goldthau of the Central European University, one of the most respected authorities on energy and resources, encouraged the European Commission to make up its mind about whether it was going to play a political role or act as a market supervisory authority. The position of the EU's energy commissioners (Shefchovich and Miguel Areas Kanete) was severely weakened by the findings of the London-based European Centre of Energy and Resource Security (Eucers). Its analytical reports state without ambiguity that Nord Stream 2 would be useful for Europe. UK analysts also have the support of their colleagues at the International Relations Institute in Oslo who
acknowledge that the second phase of Nord Stream has the potential to establish a secure source of cheap gas supplies for the EU market and that therefore this project makes good economic sense. The analysts note that the new pipeline system will enhance the position of such EU transit hubs as the Central Europe Gas Hub (CEGH) in Austria and Gaspool (GPC) and Net Connect Germany (NCG) in Germany whose role and scale in the energy sector of the EU economy is comparable to TTF in the Netherlands and NBP in the UK, which today account for 90% of European gas trading. The ever-strengthening links between EU energy hubs and the availability of readily marketable gas will enable Gaspool and CEGH to set gas prices for most Eastern European markets including Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and possibly for Southeastern Europe subject to a "corridor" between Greece and Austria. Apart from seeing the immediate benefits, EU businessmen are quite capable of looking several steps ahead and most of them consider Nord Stream 2 as a purely commercial project. The energy community is confident that Europe needs NS2 to pump gas that was originally intended to arrive in the EU through South Stream. Another important benefit stems from the fact that the EU energy market is much less fragmented now. Looking forward, implementing projects of common interest may eliminate gas supply issues altogether since all the gas crossing the EU border will be considered European. This means that gas can be shipped from Germany to Ukraine without any concerns about potential interference from the Kremlin or Gazprom. So given that the European Commission has failed to find any legal basis whatsoever for preventing the project from going ahead, it looks like Europe is about to get quite a bit warmer.
Southern gas corridor may end up as a bunker


text:
Q: Django runserver style restart from within a django app Pls read no further if you're squeamish or pious about django!...
It turns out one of the several reasons you shouldn't use django "runserver" development server in production is it's horrible with memory, storing everything it sends or receives indefinitely. Other than that though it works just fine for what my client needs. Seemingly when I change a file and runserver automatically restarts all that memory is freed. So is there an easy way for me to replicate that functionality within the app's code or can I trigger it somehow? A somehow that's less awful than appending a CRLF to a file that it's watching ;) Sorry for even mentioning that Django puritans! BTW dev platform is linux64, deployment is Win64.

A: Sadly you're going to ignore this but it bears mentioning for anyone else considering this.
The runserver is not suitable for a production environment.  This isn't a "puritan" issue.  It's just completely unsuitable for that use and to not set up a real server is just lazy.
The runserver is not stable.  Several error types are not handled appropriately and result in the server crashing or becoming stuck.
The runserver cannot serve more than a single request at a time.  This includes static file requests.  Try having 2-3 people using a runserver host at the same time.  Have fun with that.
The runserver has not had any security audits done.  It likely has large exploitable holes and no effort has been made to detect or eliminate them.

A: Just try to use touch settings.py

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


That is quite the basket. The Easter Bunny would be proud.
This adult would eat it as well!
What a great giveaway. I think I gained 2 pounds just reading the contents.
I know a few Wombies who wouldn't mind that basket.
How fun! If I won this it would be for Travis and I. Mica doesn't like popcorn a whole lot, and Isaak loves it but can't eat it because of the spacer in his mouth. It's too bad really because we grew popcorn, and plan on growing it again.
So mow I'm thinking... 'Why am I on a diet?' This is making me hungry, all right.
What a cool Easter basket!
I love this! Popcorn is a huge favorite in our home especially on movie nights! It's definitely nice to have these!
That sounds amazing! I love that they have 3 different flavors available! It's really going to be a lovely gift basket for friends and family.
You got me at my biggest weakness - popcorn! I love finding new tastes to them, although popcorn with caramel is still my all time fave. These look awesome!
What a nice basket! My granddaughter would love it.


text:
Biografia
Nato Milano, vissuto a Trieste e poi tornato nel capoluogo lombardo, a 17 anni già disegna e a 24 anni debutta come vignettista sul settimanale Acqua salata per raggiungere poi, nel 1945, le pagine del'importante pubblicazione Intrepido di Cino Del Duca, edita ancora in formato giornale.
Il successo gli arriva con le pin-up ammiccanti delle copertine della rivista 7Sette (poi Otto e Otto volante) che lo trasforma nel vero erede di Gino Boccasile.

Negli anni Cinquanta crea vignette e copertine per Marc'Aurelio e la Domenica del Corriere iniziando una carriera di cartellonista per il cinema che gli porterà grande fama, realizzando illustrazioni per film come Divorzio all'Italia o Il Casanova di Fellini.

Nel periodo dei fumetti sexy diventa infine l'illustratore di maggior successo delle copertine di nudo, recuperando gli stilemi delle pin-uo giovanili, realizzando scene entrate nelle memoria del costume per le copertine di Lucifera e Maghella.

Bibliografia
 In Grandi firme e rotonde forme dell'eros italiano a cura di Claudio Dell'Orso, Stefano Bartolomei, Antonio Vianovi, Edizioni Comics 101, Prato. Catalogo dell'omonima Mostra tenuta a Roma nel 2003.
Ciriello una vita per l'illustrazione, Edizioni del Grifo – Roma 2016 Luigi Bona per contro della fondazione Franco Fossati.


text:
Hours, Tours & Location
Mission, Exhibits and History
Outdoor Exhibits and Historic Campus
Featured Exhibit
Rock N' Gift Shop
Events & Venue Rentals
Weddings at the Reynolds Ranch Complex
Events at WMMI
Farmers Market at WMMI
Miners Pumpkin Patch
Homeschool Days
Monthly Lecture Series
In Reach details
PPLD Regional History & Genealogy
Archives, Guides, Collections Listings
Notes for Researchers
Sponsors & Friends of WMMI
WMMI News and Notes
8 Winter Opportunities to Give Back
There are plenty of ways you can continue to volunteer your time and efforts to make the world a better place—even from the comfort of your home or inside the warmth of an organization! Check out these eight opportunities to give back during the winter.
Ways to Celebrate Martin Luther King Jr. Day
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. helped make the world a better place and advocated for equal rights for everyone. Use MLK Day as a time to honor his legacy by giving back or doing something good for somebody else.
How to Set Altruistic Intentions for 2023
With a new year comes new opportunities to give back and do more good. Remember that there's never a bad time to start giving back. Even if you fall off track, there's always time to get back in the saddle.
6 Ways to Brighten Someone Else's Holiday Season
The holidays are a wonderful time to spend together with family, friends and loved ones. However, it's also an opportunity to give back
How to Start a New Habit That Actually Sticks
When it's time to start a new healthy habit, it can be pretty difficult. If you want to start the new year with a habit that will actually stick, check out these tips to get started.
Celebrating and Honoring Universal Human Rights Month
Human rights should be protected at all costs. You can get involved this Universal Human Rights Month and continue to spread the word year-round
Giving Gifts that Are More than Just Stuff
This giving season, give more than just stuff to your friends and family. Give the gifts of experiences, charitable giving, delicious food, your time or something handmade.
Building an Altruistic Plan for 2023
The new year is right around the corner, and with a solid altruism plan, you're sure to have the most successful giving year yet!
How to Give Thanks Today and Every Day
There are many ways you can say 'thank you' to the people in your life. Use these ideas both today and year round!
10 Ways to Give Back at Work
The workplace is a space to get stuff done. However, it doesn't have to be all about making money. In fact, the workplace can be a great place to give back.
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