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text:
Q: How to get a View from xml file using LayoutInflater in a java class not extending Activity I have a java class where I am displaying a dialog using an XML layout file. I want to set the text/contents of the layout dynamically.
To achieve this I am writing a method like this :
private void setContentMessage(String theMessage)
{
    View contentView = LayoutInflater.from(context).inflate(R.layout.dialog_content, null, false);

    TextView titleMessage = (TextView) contentView.findViewById(R.id.title_message);
    titleMessage.setText(theMessage);
}

So here inside the inflate method I am using null because I don't know what to use.
Generally, we use ViewGroup object as the second argument in inflate method but I don't know how to create a ViewGroup inside a java class not extending Activity.
The function that I have written above is making not change inside the dialog layout. So please tell how can I inflate a layout in a java class.
AmitSmartDialog.java
package com.amitupadhyay.touchme.utility;

import android.content.Context;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.BaseAdapter;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;

import com.amitupadhyay.touchme.R;
import com.orhanobut.dialogplus.DialogPlus;
import com.orhanobut.dialogplus.Holder;
import com.orhanobut.dialogplus.OnCancelListener;
import com.orhanobut.dialogplus.OnClickListener;
import com.orhanobut.dialogplus.OnDismissListener;
import com.orhanobut.dialogplus.OnItemClickListener;
import com.orhanobut.dialogplus.ViewHolder;

/**
 * Created by aupadhyay on 12/9/16.
 */

public class AmitSmartDialog {

    Context context;

    public AmitSmartDialog(Context context) {
        this.context = context;
    }

    public void showDialog(int holderId, int gravity, boolean showHeader, boolean showFooter, boolean expanded, String message) {

        setContentMessage(message);
        Holder holder;
        holder = new ViewHolder(R.layout.dialog_content);

        OnClickListener clickListener = new OnClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onClick(DialogPlus dialog, View view) {
                switch (view.getId()) {
                    case R.id.like_it_button:
                        Toast.makeText(context, "We're glad that you like it", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                        break;
                    case R.id.love_it_button:
                        Toast.makeText(context, "We're glad that you love it", Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show();
                        break;
                }
                dialog.dismiss();
            }
        };

        OnItemClickListener itemClickListener = new OnItemClickListener() {
            @Override
            public void onItemClick(DialogPlus dialog, Object item, View view, int position) {

            }
        };

        OnDismissListener dismissListener = new OnDismissListener() {
            @Override
            public void onDismiss(DialogPlus dialog) {

            }
        };

        OnCancelListener cancelListener = new OnCancelListener() {
            @Override
            public void onCancel(DialogPlus dialog) {

            }
        };

        showCompleteDialog(holder, gravity, new BaseAdapter() {
                    @Override
                    public int getCount() {
                        return 0;
                    }
                    @Override
                    public Object getItem(int i) {
                        return null;
                    }
                    @Override
                    public long getItemId(int i) {
                        return 0;
                    }
                    @Override
                    public View getView(int i, View view, ViewGroup viewGroup) {
                        return null;
                    }
                }, clickListener, itemClickListener, dismissListener, cancelListener,
                expanded);

    }

    private void showCompleteDialog(Holder holder, int gravity, BaseAdapter adapter,
                                    OnClickListener clickListener, OnItemClickListener itemClickListener,
                                    OnDismissListener dismissListener, OnCancelListener cancelListener,
                                    boolean expanded) {
        final DialogPlus dialog = DialogPlus.newDialog(context)
                .setContentHolder(holder)
                .setHeader(R.layout.dialog_header)
                .setCancelable(false)
                .setGravity(gravity)
                .setAdapter(adapter)
                .setOnClickListener(clickListener)
                .setOnItemClickListener(new OnItemClickListener() {
                    @Override public void onItemClick(DialogPlus dialog, Object item, View view, int position) {
                    }
                })
                .setOnDismissListener(dismissListener)
                .setExpanded(expanded)
                .setContentHeight(ViewGroup.LayoutParams.WRAP_CONTENT)
                .setOnCancelListener(cancelListener)
                .setOverlayBackgroundResource(android.R.color.transparent)
                .create();
        dialog.show();
    }

    private void setContentMessage(String theMessage)
    {
        Toast.makeText(context, "HI BRO", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

        View contentView = LayoutInflater.from(context).inflate(R.layout.dialog_content, null, false);

        TextView titleMessage = (TextView) contentView.findViewById(R.id.title_message);
        titleMessage.setText(theMessage);
    }
}

A: Use this way :
LayoutInflater inflater = (LayoutInflater) this.getSystemService(Context.LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE);
View contentView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.dialog_content, null,false);

Or
LayoutInflater inflater = LayoutInflater.from(getApplicationContext);
View contentView = inflater.inflate(R.layout.dialog_content, null,false);

UpDate :
Do some Change like this way
setContentMessage(message); pass context as parameter.
so change like this
setContentMessage(message, context);

and change this also.
private void setContentMessage(String theMessage,Context context)
    {

        View contentView = contxet.getLayoutInflater().inflate(R.layout.dialog_content, null);

        TextView titleMessage = (TextView) contentView.findViewById(R.id.title_message);
        titleMessage.setText(theMessage);
    }

A: Pass context in an argument of that method then use this
"(LayoutInflater)
                mActivity.getSystemService(Activity.LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE);"
private void setContentMessage(String theMessage, Activity mActivity)
{

LayoutInflater mInflater = (LayoutInflater)
                mActivity.getSystemService(Activity.LAYOUT_INFLATER_SERVICE);

    View contentView = mInflater.inflate(R.layout.dialog_content, null, false);

    TextView titleMessage = (TextView) contentView.findViewById(R.id.title_message);
    titleMessage.setText(theMessage);
}

A: From what I'm understanding from your code, you are creating a dialog with a custom view, and then you want to set a message to some textview inside that dialog.
I see that you also use a holder, so instead of calling setContentMessage(message), which is redundant, you could something like this
Holder holder;
holder = new ViewHolder(R.layout.dialog_content);
holder.titleMessage = message

Inside the Holder implementation you should have a field that points to the title textView (that's how a holder pattern should be anyway).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Antimicrobial resistance acquisition after international travel in U.S. travelers
Dana M. Blyth1,
Katrin Mende1,2,3,
Ashley M. Maranich4,
Miriam L. Beckius1,
Kristie A. Harnisch1,
Crystal A. Rosemann1,
Wendy C. Zera1,2,3,
Clinton K. Murray1 &
Kevin S. Akers1,5
Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccinesvolume 2, Article number: 4 (2016) | Download Citation
Prior studies have shown an increase in multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli colonization from two percent in U.S.-based to 11 % in deployed, healthy military personnel. It is unclear if colonization with MDR organisms occurs through deployment exposures or risks related to routine overseas travel. This study prospectively evaluates rates and risk factors associated with MDR gram-negative bacterial and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) colonization after international travel.
Participants traveled internationally for five or more days. Pre- and post-travel, colonizing bacteria from oropharyngeal, nares, groin, and peri-rectal (PR) areas were collected using BD CultureSwab™ MaxV(+). Identification and susceptibilities were done utilizing the BD Phoenix™ Automated Microbiology System. Non-MDR pre- and post-travel MDR bacteria within a subject were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A questionnaire solicited demographics and potential risk factors for MDR acquisition.
Of 58 participants, 41 % were male and median age was 64 years. Pre- and post-travel swabs were obtained a median of ten and seven days before and after travel, respectively. Itineraries included 18 participants traveling to the Caribbean and Central America, 17 to Asia, 16 to Africa, 5 to Europe, 4 to South and North America. Seventeen of 22 travelers used atovaquone/proguanil for malaria prophylaxis. The only MDR organism isolated was extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli in five (9 %) participants post-travel (all PR and unrelated by PFGE). There were no statistically significant associations between exposure risks and new ESBL-producing E.coli colonization. Of 36 participants colonized with E. coli pre- and post-travel, new resistance was detected: TMP/SMX in 42 % of isolates (p < 0.01), tetracycline in 44 % (p < 0.01), and ampicillin-sulbactam in 33 % (p = 0.09). No participants were colonized with MRSA pre- or post-travel.
Consistent with prior studies, new antimicrobial resistance was noted in colonizing E. coli after international travel. Nine percent of participants acquired new strains of ESBL-producing E.coli without identified risks.
Foreign travel has been increasingly recognized as a contributor to the global spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae [1–8]. The specific exposures during international travel that place people at risk for acquisition of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial colonization are slowly being identified [7–9]. This increase in ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (particularly E. coli) colonization has also been identified in healthy, deployed personnel during operations in Afghanistan [10]. Whether the risks associated with these increased rates are related to those of all international travelers or to risk factors particular to the deployed population remains to be answered. Outside the first 24 hours following injury, infections remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in military combat casualties so pre-injury MDR bacterial colonization is of particular concern for deployed personnel [11–13]. As such, we evaluated the rates of MDR organism pre- and post-travel colonization within a population of international travelers based out of San Antonio Military Medical Center (SAMMC). The objective of this pilot study was to prospectively assess antimicrobial resistance patterns and associated risk factors in bacterial colonization before and after international travel in a U.S. cohort.
Study design and definitions
Study participants included active duty personnel or Department of Defense beneficiaries ≥18 years of age traveling internationally for five or more days and had been seen for a pre-travel visit at SAMMC between February 1 and November 1, 2013. Exclusion criteria included active infection at the time of enrollment (as determined by the clinical provider), inability to complete the culture swabs or questionnaire, or inability to attend a post-travel visit. At pre- and post-travel visits, subjects completed a questionnaire assessing demographics and exposures potentially related to antimicrobial resistance acquisition during travel including purpose, itinerary, accommodations, water exposure, antimicrobial exposures, hospitalizations, and illnesses. The study was reviewed and conducted as per ethical standards of the Institutional Review Board of the Brooke Army Medical Center.
Bacterial susceptibility
At the time of enrollment and within 6 weeks of return from travel, patients had culture swabs obtained from the anterior nares, oropharynx, groin, and perirectal area to determine bacterial colonization. BD CultureSwab™ MaxV(+) (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ) was used to sample all sites for detection of bacteria. Swabs were plated onto sheep blood, MacConkey agar, and CHROMagar™ Staph aureus in order to isolate all gram-negative bacterial colonies and S. aureus. Colonies demonstrating morphology consistent with gram-negative or S. aureus were subcultured onto sheep blood agar in order to assure culture purity. All isolates were frozen at −80 °C in Trypticase Soy Broth with 15 % glycerol. Individual colonies underwent further automated testing (BD Phoenix™ Automated Microbiology System-Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, NJ) for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
Non-ESBL pre- and ESBL-producing post-travel E. coli within a subject were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to determine genetic relatedness. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration protocol for gram-negative rods and Xba I endonuclease were utilized to evaluate genotypic patterns among the isolates and subsequently group them into pulsed-field types (PFTs). Clonality was assessed using the commercial software BioNumerics (Applied Maths, Inc., Austin, TX) and defined by 85 % similarity. Multiplex PCRs were performed to determine their phylogenetic groups (A, B1, B2, C, D, E, F, Clade I) per the revised Clermont method [14].
The McNemar test was used to compare overall rates of pre- and post-travel ESBL and resistant gram-negative bacteria, S. aureus, and resistance to select antibacterial agents. Risk factor analysis was evaluated with χ 2 and Fisher's exact test (when expected cell counts were less than 5) for categorical variables and Mann–Whitney U for continuous variables. A p value of <0.05 was used as a significant cutoff. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (IBM® SPSS® Statistics Version 19, Chicago, Illinois).
Of 58 participants, the majority were female and median age was 64 (Table 1). Pre- and post-travel swabs were obtained a median of ten and seven days before and after travel, respectively. The primary regions of travel were Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central America; Asia; and Africa with a median duration of travel of 12 days. The most frequent purpose of travel was vacation followed by visiting friends and relatives.
Table 1 Overall demographics and exposures during international travel, number (%) of subjects (N = 58)
E. coli colonization pre- and post-travel
Fifty-two of 58 subjects had E. coli identified from either pre- or post-travel swabs and 36 had E. coli identified from both pre- and post-travel swabs (serial isolation) (Table 2). Multiple other notable gram-negative organisms were also isolated during screening, but none were associated with MDR or ESBL-production.
Table 2 Bacterial colonization according to subjects and locations (N = 58)
While no patients were colonized with ESBL-producing E.coli pre-travel, five (9 %) participants post-travel were colonized perirectally (p = 0.06) (Table 3). The five ESBL-producing E.coli represented four different phylo-groups including C, E, F, with two isolates from group A. None of the post-travel ESBL-producing E.coli phylo-groups matched those from non-ESBL E.coli pre-travel isolates from the same subjects. The ESBL-producing E.coli isolates were all unrelated to each other and to the pre-travel isolates from the same subjects by PFGE. There was a trend towards increased rates of ESBL-producing E.coli colonization in subjects who described their purpose of travel as missionary/volunteer (p = 0.05). While 40 % of those with ESBL-producing E. coli colonization post-travel reported an episode of traveler's diarrhea compared to only 9 % of those without ESBL-producing E. coli colonization post-travel, the results did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.1). There were no other significant associations between exposure risks and new ESBL-producing E.coli colonization after international travel.
Table 3 Demographic characteristics of subjects with and without ESBL-producing E. coli acquisition during travel, number (%) of subjects (N = 58)
Antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative organisms after travel
The ESBL-producing E.coli were universally resistant to tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), and cefazolin. Forty percent were also resistant to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. Decreased antimicrobial susceptibility post-travel was not unique to ESBL-producing E.coli. Of 36 participants colonized with E. coli pre- and post-travel, new resistance was detected to TMP/SMX in 42 % of isolates (p < 0.01), tetracycline in 44 % (p < 0.01), ampicillin-sulbactam in 33 % (p = 0.09), cefazolin in 19 %, ciprofloxacin in 17 %, and gentamicin in 14 % of isolates after travel. While new gentamicin resistance was not significantly increased after travel, type of living conditions was associated with new gentamicin resistance (p = 0.01). This was primarily related to staying with friends and relatives (VFR) as 80 % of subjects with new gentamicin resistance reported this exposure compared to seven percent without new gentamicin resistance (p < 0.01). Similarly, 67 % of subjects with new ciprofloxacin resistance reported VFR during travel compared to seven percent without new ciprofloxacin resistance (p < 0.01). There was also a trend toward new TMP/SMX resistance in subjects who reported VFR during travel with 33 % new resistance compared to five percent of those with unchanged TMP/SMX susceptibility (p = 0.06). New TMP/SMX resistance was also noted in 47 % of those who reported illness during travel compared to 14 % of those without illness since enrollment (p = 0.06).
In contrast to the risk for new acquisition of resistance, several factors associated with decreased rates of post-travel resistance were identified. Thirty-three percent of those without change in TMP/SMX resistance reported staying in group housing (including barracks, dorms, or kibbutz) versus no subjects with new TMP/SMX resistance (p < 0.01). Similarly, 35 % of subjects without increased tetracycline resistance reported group housing during travel, compared to none with new resistance (p < 0.01). Sixty-five percent of those without increased tetracycline resistance compared to 25 % of those with new tetracycline resistance (p = 0.02) and 63 % of those without change in ampicillin-sulbactam susceptibility versus 17 % with new ampicillin-sulbactam resistance reported local water ingestion (p = 0.01). Interestingly, all pre- and post-travel E. coli, including ESBL-producing E.coli, were susceptible to nitrofurantoin.
The remaining gram-negative bacterial isolates were not isolated with enough frequency to perform analysis, but in general, were susceptible to a broad range of antimicrobial agents. Of the subjects with evidence of persistent colonization, one subject had serial isolation of Klebsiella pneumoniae without increased resistance. Of the two subjects with serial Citrobacter spp. and three with Proteus spp. colonization, only one had decreased susceptibility to nitrofurantoin and another to piperacillin-tazobactam post-travel, respectively. No subjects had serial isolation of other gram-negative organisms.
S. aureus bacterial colonization pre- and post-travel
No participants were colonized with MRSA pre- or post-travel (Table 4). Twenty subjects had MSSA colonization during the study, with no significant difference between pre- and post-travel (p = 0.51). Of those with MSSA colonization, it was detected on oropharyngeal screening only in 18 % of pre-travel subjects and 36 % of post-travel subjects. No risk factors were identified for change in MSSA colonization (Table 5). MSSA isolates were universally susceptible to doxycycline, minocycline, and rifampin. Only two subjects were colonized with MSSA isolates resistant to clindamycin and TMP/SMX, three to tetracycline, and one to moxifloxacin. No new resistance of colonizing MSSA strains was noted on post-travel screening.
Table 4 Subjects with MSSA colonization, number (%) of subjects (N = 58)
Table 5 Demographic characteristics of subjects with and without change in MSSA colonization, number (%) of subjects (N = 58) c
To further elucidate the risk factors associated with pre-injury colonization with MDR gram-negative organisms in our deployed population, we first sought to evaluate the risk factors associated with MDR organism colonization in international travelers. Within this prospective pilot study, we determined that international travel was associated with a trend towards increased rates of ESBL-producing E.coli colonization. Because of small numbers, no individual risk factors for ESBL-producing E.coli colonization acquisition within travel could be determined. However there were multiple risk factors, as well as protective factors, for acquisition of individual drug resistance within serial E. coli isolates.
Prior studies have identified international travel as a risk factor for ESBL-producing E.coli colonization, but have largely been performed in cohorts outside of the United States [1, 3, 5, 15–17]. Similar to the only prior prospective study of pre- and post-travel ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae colonization within an American cohort (based out of New York City), the only ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated was E. coli. Within the New York City based cohort ESBL-producing E.coli colonization increased from 2.5 % pre- travel to 25 % post-travel [2]. Similar post-travel rates were noted within European and Canadian travelers [1, 3, 9, 15]. This is in comparison to the markedly lower rates of 0 % pre- and 9 % post-travel ESBL-producing E.coli noted within this study. Notably, the European and New York City based cohorts all had a higher proportion of subjects traveling to Asia and Africa, which have been shown to be areas with higher risk for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae acquisition [1–3, 15]. Also notable, the study based out of New York City had a longer duration of international travel (median 21 days compared to 12 days within our cohort) [2].
Co-resistance to other antimicrobials is common with ESBL-producing E.coli. All ESBL-producing E.coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline, TMP/SMX, and cefazolin, higher than rates reported in evaluation of ESBL-producing E.coli domestically [18]. Within our post-travel ESBL-producing E.coli isolates, similar to prior studies in European travelers, there was 40 % co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and gentamicin [1, 15, 16]. Reassuringly, all E. coli isolates remained susceptible to nitrofurantoin as data indicates that fecal flora serve as the initial source of uropathogenic E. coli [1, 19].
While international travel has consistently been shown to be associated with antimicrobial resistance acquisition, few specific risk factors associated with international travel have been identified. In fact, no prior studies have examined risk factors for ESBL-producing E.coli acquisition particular to travel within an American cohort. Prior studies from European and Canadian cohorts have shown location of travel to be a significant risk factor (including South and East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Middle East, and Africa) [1, 3, 7, 15, 16]. A recent study also revealed the United States as a risk factor for ESBL-producing E. coli colonization after international travel for the first time [20]. This emphasizes the point that local resistance rates play a major role in the attributable risk of resistance acquisition of travelers. Other risk factors identified within specific cohorts include development of gastroenteritis or other gastrointestinal symptoms during travel, traveler's diarrhea, antimicrobial exposure, and older age [1, 9, 16]. Interestingly, within a Swedish cohort, all three travelers who were treated with ciprofloxacin for gastroenteritis acquired ESBL-producing E.coli on post-travel evaluation, compared to one of two subjects in our cohort [1]. As the overall post-travel ESBL-producing E.coli rate within our cohort was low, individual risk factors did not reach statistical significance. There was a trend towards those who described their purpose of travel as missionary/volunteer as having a higher rate of ESBL-producing E.coli post-travel.
Within this cohort, the ESBL-producing E.coli were from four distinct phylo-groups, none of which were identified as the dominant B2 phylo-group which has been associated with the global ST131 clone. A Canadian study of 31 post-travel ESBL-producing E.coli isolates revealed 10 were of the B2 phylo-group (8 of which were ST131 clones), 11 phylo-group A, 2 B1, and 8 phylo-group D [3]. Another study of 83 French soldiers following evacuation from overseas identified 11 ESBL-producing E. coli, of which eight were from the B2 and D phylo-types and three from the commensal phylo-groups A and B1 [21]. Prior studies have shown that there is a higher rate of persistent colonization, traveler's diarrhea, and extraintestinal infections with the more virulent B2 and D phylo-groups compared with commensal E. coli phylo-groups [14, 17, 19, 22–24]. It should be noted that these studies were not performed with the recently revised Clermont E. coli phylo-typing method which was used for this study which identifies eight phylo-groups rather than four (though likely does not affect isolates previously assigned to B1 and B2 phylo-groups) [14]. A recent study evaluating UTI-associated E. coli isolates with the revised Clermont method revealed a more heterogeneous sample than previously thought with only 56 % of the isolates belonging to B2 and D phylo-groups and 32 % of the urine isolates from lineages A, B1, and E [25]. The fact that post-travel ESBL-producing E.coli isolates were unrelated to pre-travel isolates in the four patients with serial E. coli isolation could represent new strain acquisition, or polymicrobial colonization which was not captured by the choice of single isolates for testing (though morphologically distinct appearing colonies were evaluated).
Similar to prior studies, there was a significant decrease in antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli isolates post-travel [26–28]. Among E. coli isolates, there was a statistically significant decrease in TMP/SMX and tetracycline susceptibilities, as well as a trend toward decreased ampicillin-sulbactam susceptibility. Prior studies have shown similar rates of TMP/SMX resistance post-travel [26, 27]. Visiting friends and relatives was associated with increased ciprofloxacin and gentamicin resistance during travel. This is of particular concern as ciprofloxacin and gentamicin resistance has been associated with prolonged carriage in prior studies of travelers, with up to ten percent of participants still harboring ciprofloxacin or gentamicin resistance at six months following travel [17].
Interestingly, both group housing and local water ingestion during travel were associated with decreased acquisition of antimicrobial resistance during travel, particularly to ampicillin-sulbactam and tetracycline. Similar findings were noted in a study by Kennedy and Collignon who reported that returning without resistant E. coli was statistically associated with consumption of water that was not bottled or boiled [26].
Unlike a prior study of US- and Afghanistan-based military personnel, no MRSA was detected at any point [29]. As in prior studies, recovery of S. aureus was increased by extra-nares screening [30, 31]. Eighteen percent of pre-travel and 36 % of post-travel S. aureus isolates were recovered from only the oropharynx. Also differing from the prior military population where the US-based personnel had higher rates of oropharyngeal colonization, rates of oropharyngeal colonization increased from 53 % pre-travel to 72 % post-travel within our cohort [29].
Limitations of our study include the small cohort size and subsequent low rate of ESBL-producing E. coli colonization. Additionally, there were relatively few travelers to previously identified high risk regions for resistance acquisition. These factors led to decreased power to detect individual risk factors for antimicrobial resistance acquisition. Because the median age of our study population is 64 years, this limits applicability of these findings to our active duty military population, but does make it more generalizable to the average international traveler. Screening for ESBL-producing E. coli colonization was performed with perirectal swabs rather than stool culture, the gold standard, which may have decreased yield. However, Lautenbach et al. have shown the sensitivity of perirectal swabs compared to stool samples for identification of resistant gram-negative bacilli to be 90 %. They also showed that perirectal swabs were in complete agreement with rectal swabs and were most likely to be falsely negative when the burden of resistant gram-negatives within stool culture was very low [32]. Use of rectal swabs has been used successfully in similar prior studies [15].
Overall, our findings support those seen in prior studies, with increased rates of antimicrobial resistance following international travel. Visiting friends and relatives was associated with acquisition of resistance to various antimicrobials including ciprofloxacin, one of the first line antimicrobials for treating E. coli infections. While, traveler's diarrhea has been shown to not only be associated with an average 24-h period of disability, but also long-term complications including persistent or intermittent gastrointestinal symptoms in a minority of travelers (including subsequent diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome in between five and ten percent), its occurrence as well as treatment has been associated with increased risk of antimicrobial resistance acquisition [1, 9, 16, 33]. Further elucidation of risks for antimicrobial resistance acquisition while traveling will better enable providers to counsel their patients regarding risks of travel. It will also allow providers to further balance the risks and benefits of empiric treatment of traveler's diarrhea with antimicrobials [34]. Reassuringly, our rates of ESBL-producing E.coli acquisition were significantly lower than those seen in other studies of international travelers. Larger, prospective studies are needed to further define individual risk factors particular to travel which are associated with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae acquisition.
ESBL:
extended-spectrum β-lactamase
MDR:
multidrug-resistant
MRSA:
methicillin-resistant S. aureus
peri-rectal
PFGE:
pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
SAMMC:
San Antonio military medical center
PFTs:
pulsed-field types
TMP/SMX:
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
VFR:
staying with friends and relatives
Tangden T, Cars O, Melhus A, Lowdin E. Foreign travel is a major risk factor for colonization with Escherichia coli producing CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: a prospective study with Swedish volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:3564–8.
Weisenberg SA, Mediavilla JR, Chen L, Alexander EL, Rhee KY, Kreiswirth BN, Jenkins SG. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in international travelers and non-travelers in New York City. PLoS One. 2012;7:e45141.
Peirano G, Laupland KB, Gregson DB, Pitout JD. Colonization of returning travelers with CTX-M-producing Escherichia coli. J Travel Med. 2011;18:299–303.
Laupland KB, Church DL, Vidakovich J, Mucenski M, Pitout JD. Community-onset extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli: importance of international travel. J Infect. 2008;57:441–8.
Freeman JT, McBride SJ, Heffernan H, Bathgate T, Pope C, Ellis-Pegler RB. Community-onset genitourinary tract infection due to CTX-M-15-Producing Escherichia coli among travelers to the Indian subcontinent in New Zealand. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47:689–92.
van der Bij AK, Pitout JD. The role of international travel in the worldwide spread of multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:2090–100.
Ruppe E, Armand-Lefevre L, Estellat C, Consigny PH, El Mniai A, Boussadia Y, Goujon C, Ralaimazava P, Campa P, Girard PM, et al. High rate of acquisition but short duration of carriage of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae after travel to the tropics. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61:593.
Epelboin L, Robert J, Tsyrina-Kouyoumdjian E, Laouira S, Meyssonnier V, Caumes E, Group M-GTW, et al. High rate of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli carriage and infection in hospitalized returning travelers: a cross-sectional cohort study. J Travel Med. 2015;22:292.
Kantele A, Laaveri T, Mero S, Vilkman K, Pakkanen SH, Ollgren J, Antikainen J, Kirveskari J. Antimicrobials increase travelers' risk of colonization by extended-spectrum betalactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:837–46.
Vento TJ, Cole DW, Mende K, Calvano TP, Rini EA, Tully CC, Zera WC, Guymon CH, Yu X, Cheatle KA, et al. Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria colonization of healthy US military personnel in the US and Afghanistan. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:68.
Holcomb JB, McMullin NR, Pearse L, Caruso J, Wade CE, Oetjen-Gerdes L, Champion HR, Lawnick M, Farr W, Rodriguez S, Butler FK. Causes of death in U.S. Special Operations Forces in the global war on terrorism: 2001–2004. Ann Surg. 2007;245:986–91.
Kelly JF, Ritenour AE, McLaughlin DF, Bagg KA, Apodaca AN, Mallak CT, Pearse L, Lawnick MM, Champion HR, Wade CE, Holcomb JB. Injury severity and causes of death from operation Iraqi freedom and operation enduring freedom: 2003–2004 versus 2006. J Trauma. 2008;64:S21–6. discussion S26-27.
Tribble DR, Conger NG, Fraser S, Gleeson TD, Wilkins K, Antonille T, Weintrob A, Ganesan A, Gaskins LJ, Li P, et al. Infection-associated clinical outcomes in hospitalized medical evacuees after traumatic injury: trauma infectious disease outcome study. J Trauma. 2011;71:S33–42.
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Paltansing S, Vlot JA, Kraakman ME, Mesman R, Bruijning ML, Bernards AT, Visser LG, Veldkamp KE. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae among travelers from the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19:1206–13.
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Kennedy K, Collignon P. Colonisation with Escherichia coli resistant to "critically important" antibiotics: a high risk for international travellers. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;29:1501–6.
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Connor BA, Keystone JS. Editorial commentary: antibiotic self-treatment of travelers' diarrhea: helpful or harmful? Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:847–8.
The Views expressed are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official views of Brooke Army Medical Center, the U.S. Army Medical Department, the U.S. Army Office of the Surgeon General, the Department of the Army, the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, or the Department of Defense.
Infectious Disease Service, San Antonio Military Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, 3551 Roger Brooke Drive, Houston, Texas, 78234-4505, USA
Dana M. Blyth
, Katrin Mende
, Miriam L. Beckius
, Kristie A. Harnisch
, Crystal A. Rosemann
, Wendy C. Zera
, Clinton K. Murray
& Kevin S. Akers
Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Katrin Mende
& Wendy C. Zera
The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Pediatric Infectious Disease Service, San Antonio Military Medical Center, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
Ashley M. Maranich
U.S. Army Institute for Surgical Research, JBSA Fort Sam Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
Kevin S. Akers
Search for Dana M. Blyth in:
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Correspondence to Dana M. Blyth.
DB participated in PFGE analysis, data analysis, and manuscript preparation. KM performed the isolate identification, susceptibility testing, PFGE, and helped draft the manuscript. AM participated in design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. MB performed the isolate identification, susceptibility testing, and PFGE analysis. KH helped with data collection and interviews. CR helped with data collection and interviews. WZ performed the isolate identification, susceptibility testing, and PFGE analysis. CM participated in the design and coordination of the study, aided with data analysis, and manuscript preparation. KA participated in the design and coordination of the study and manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae
Eschericia coli

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to change the standard message for int/datetime validation? I´m using fluent validation with the following rules:
public class MovieViewModelValidator : AbstractValidator<MovieViewModel>
{
    public MovieViewModelValidator()
    {
        RuleFor(m => m.Movie.Name).NotEmpty().WithMessage("Der Titel darf nicht Leer sein.")
                                .Length(0, 255).WithMessage("Der Titel darf nicht mehr als 255 Zeichen haben.");

        RuleFor(m => m.Movie.Description).NotEmpty().WithMessage("Die Beschreibung darf nicht Leer sein.")
                                .Length(0, 2000).WithMessage("Die Beschreibung darf nicht mehr als 2000 Zeichen haben.");

        RuleFor(m => m.Movie.ReleaseDate).NotEmpty().WithMessage("Das Erscheinungsdatum darf nicht Leer sein.");

        RuleFor(m => m.Movie.Duration).NotEmpty().WithMessage("Die Dauer darf nicht Leer sein.")
                                .LessThan(600).WithMessage("Die Dauer kann nicht über 600 Minuten betragen");

        RuleFor(m => m.Movie.AgeRestrictionId).NotEmpty().WithMessage("Bitte eine Altersbeschränkung wählen");
    }
}

The Problem is that if my Duration, ReleaseDate and AgeRestrictionId are empty the validation error message is "A value is required." and not the message I set in the rule.
I tried already Empty(), Equal(0), NotEqual(0) and a lot of other things but I don´t understand why it´s not working. Can somebody help my and also give me an explanation why Empty() or NotEmpty() is not working when it works for the Name and the Description?


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text:
Copywriting and Editing
Internal and Crisis Communications
Marketing Campaigns and Strategic Initiatives
What Makes a Good Story?
Request a Project
Website/Help Training
Visual Identity/Brand Guidelines
Writing Style Guidelines
Media and Public Relations
University Communications and Marketing is responsible for creating integrated marketing programs and strategic initiatives that publicize and support the University's mission of teaching, research and service to audiences through broadcast, print and digital communications.
Examples of recent work
Creating communications streams that encourage prospective undergraduate and graduate students to apply to Binghamton
Developing a series of ads for the Chronicle of Higher Education to raise the University's recognition among peers
Implementing a series of retargeting ads on Pandora and Facebook that encourage students who have been on our website to re-engage with us
Producing a series of ads on NYC, a New York City affiliate of National Public Radio, to both attract prospective students and raise our visibility and reputation among industry leaders, members of the media and peers
To discuss marketing campaigns and strategic initiatives:
Greg Delviscio, associate vice president for Communications and Marketing, is the principal liaison for marketing campaign and strategic communications services. Contact Greg at 607-777-2175 or gregdelv@binghamton.edu.


text:
A Breakthrough Platform in Designing AV/ADAS vehicle.
David Fritz, Global Technology Manager, Autonomous and ADAS at Siemens, introduces new validation program to accelerate autonomous vehicle development
As a backdrop of Pre-silicon validation Seimens/Mentor Graphics has unveiled a pre-silicon autonomous validation environment called PAVE360
David Fritz,
Mentor Graphics,Siemens' called PAVE360 "the first platform that allows a multi-division, multi-enterprise project" in designing an AV/ADAS vehicle.
The platform lets multiple suppliers of vehicle components, software and subsystems to collaborate while designing a highly automated vehicle.
The foundation of Siemens' PAVE360 is a concept called the "digital twin." a duplicate (simulated) version of the real world.
News You Need to Know
How New LIDAR Sensors Lets Autonomous Vehicles See More and Drive More Safely
You, too, Can Understand How LIDAR Works in Autonomous Vehicles
Here's what you will learn & Understand about LIDAR:
Making "Sense" of How Sensors Make Autonomous Vehicle Safe
How Laser Imaging Detection & Ranging (LIDAR) Sees & Senses
Why a New FMCW sensor (Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
Making Safety Foremost in AV Design:
Take 5 and Click to better understand how Insight LiDAR's ability to design the core components onto PICs enables low cost, scalable, and safe LIDAR systems. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
How Much of the Used Vehicle Market will Traditional Auto Auctions like Manheim be left with after Disruption?
Assessment & Analysis of the Current Used Vehicle Market by Michael Pochan, Lecturer, CEO, Software Engineer and professional educator with Carnegie Mellon credentials.
WHAT IS THE SITUATION?:
1)	Auction Sales Volume Dropping as much as 40%:
2)	Finding the Cars Customers Want online :
3)	Auction Channel is Now migrating Online:
4) Mercedes Benz Credit selling off-lease vehicles directly online
WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT:
Be aware of trend & consider adopting online bidding & auctions.
Mecum Auctions & other auctions are taking on-phone bids also
Top 30% of UC dealers continue to find cars for customers online.
Franchise & Independent Dealers & UV buyers should take a minute & review the implications of the increase in online used vehicles sales. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Unsold Vehicles hit Ten Year high in May — Panic or Price or Prepare?
Dealers and Used Vehicle Marketers Becoming Alarmed by Rising Inventories
The high number of unsold vehicles across the industry retreated slightly, but
78-day supply was the highest number for summer selling season since reached 85 days in 2009.
Half of the total unsold cars and light trucks in May were either General Motors, Ford or FCA
See, Ingest, and act on the stats and content of the Automotive News industry alert. ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Jan ThompsonSenior vice president of marketingZoyte USA-HAAH Automotive Holdings, - 12/31/1969
Zotye, is the Chinese automaker with plans to launch retail operations in the United States in late 2020, has added one of the industry's most respected marketing veterans to its leadership team.
Jan Thompson has been named senior vice president of marketing for Zotye USA and its parent company, HAAH Automotive Holdings, which is headquartered in Lake Forest, Calif.
Thompson, named one of Automotive News' 100 Leading Women in the North American Auto Industry in 2005 and 2010, has led marketing activities at Mazda, Toyota and Nissan in North America. She also has been executive vice president of Omnicon Group and vice president of Advanstar Communications Inc.
She most recently was Ipsos' senior vice president, North America lead, and she will remain on the board of directors at Auto Web, an automotive media and marketing services company in Irvine, Calif.
Her appointment is effective March 1, HAAH said in a statement.
Follow The Leaders
Mark Ugar, VP, Strategy & Development
AutoWeb has created a new role of vice president of strategy & development
Mark Ugar was the senior VP of business development & strategic partnerships at YP Holdings. Held positions Hearst Corp. & Microsoft
What AutoWeb president, Jared Rowe, said about new position at AutoWeb
" Mark brings a wealth of experience in corporate development and strategic planning to AutoWeb," . "He will oversee all of our strategic partnerships and manage corporate and business development initiatives across the organization."
This role is imperative as our approach to partnerships needs to be retooled to ensure that we stay in front of the changing digital media and automotive retail landscape. Mark's strategic planning efforts will ensure that we are continuously adapting to meet the needs of consumers and effectively compete for our clients' marketing budgets,"
Mark's Assessment of new challenge:
AutoWeb's digital marketing platform has proven to be a highly-efficient advertising solution for OEMs and dealers across the country.
Focus will be on AutoWeb's business development efforts and revitalizing its strategic partnerships, while implementing the necessary strategic planning functions to ensure our platform remains at the forefront of the automotive shopping experience.
Weekly Industry News Poll
Should Car Owners & Fleets Pay More Gas Tax to Fix Roads & Bridges
Yes-- Tax Dollars a Must to Repair Highway & Roads
No-Taxes are already too high; Repairs Funds can come from other sources
Auto Industry Forum
E-Letters To The Webitor
Disruptors: Startup News
Artificial Intelligence Can Spot Similar Images Better Than Humans
Industry News That Matters
Tell Me Again Why New Car Buying Can't Be Online
Red Alert: Will AI & Big Data Cause Another Auto Lending Meltdown in the Next Year Propelled by Asset Based Securities Abuse?
How Blockchain Can Help to Avoid a Repeat of the Subprime Mortgage Crisis in the Auto Market
AR/VR-as-a-Service Now Ready to Become a Leading Platform for Auto Industry, Dealers, and Car Buyers to Shop & Select a Vehicle.
Breakthrough: Open Source Blockchain Ecosystem Solution to Bring Transparency & Data Security to $2.8 T Pre-Owned Auto Industry
MIT's Reimer: Level 5 AVs are "Centuries" Off for Purchase-ability (But Robots Safer than Humans)
Significant Blogs, Books, & Best of Print
Why and How Dealerships Should Increase Workplace Diversity– Positive Steps to Make It Happen Now
How-To By The Experts
Contact AIN Media Publisher
Chuck Parker at
or (310) 265-2225 to learn more.
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Heritage Conservation in Action at the Ellison Awards Ceremony
The Ellison Awards ceremony which took place on November 1st was opened by Jean Carr, Chairperson of the Meath Association, following a walk round the castle grounds by Mary-Rose Carty author of 'Killeen Castle' who later spoke about its ancestry.
This year's projects were of such a high standard that the independent judges architect Philip Geoghegan and architectural historian Kevin Mulligan had to award joint first prize to Michael McMahon and John Bentley-Dunne of Collon House and Jean and Jeff Young for the Rokeby Hall Conservatory project. Philip commented that both nominations were of national significance and that the exceptional design and restoration work made it impossible to distinguish one from the other.
Second prize was also jointly awarded; the winners were Barbara and Georg Heise of the Old Mill House, Rosnaree and Paddy Conneff (ex-President) representing Martin Kearney Chairman of the Kilbride Anglers Club for their spawning project on the River Blackwater on the Bloomsbury Bridge to Liscarton section.
John Harnett Chairperson of An Taisce presented the plaques and certificates, stating that it was wonderful to see people from both Meath and Louth bringing life back into old buildings and preventing them from falling into total dereliction, thereby protecting our heritage for future generations.
For more information about the Ellison Awards, please follow this link: http://www.antaisce.org/events/ellison-awards-2014-nomination-deadline


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Bemis Center exhibit reflects on political, cultural divide in America
By: Danielle Meadows
OMAHA, Neb. (KMTV) — An exhibit at the Bemis Center is highlighting the social, cultural, and political divide in America through the work of 21 artists.
It's called 'All Together, Amongst Many: Reflections on Empathy.'
From photos to sculptures, pieces explore topics like systemic racism, healthcare, and climate change.
The exhibit also connects artists from across the country with local organizations.
"Because Omaha is such a rich plethora of nonprofits that are working with all of these issues, we wanted to be able to highlight some of the nonprofits and organizations that are working specifically, like, Boots on the Ground, with some of these issues," said Rachel Adams, chief curator at the Bemis Center.
There is plenty of time left to see the exhibit — it's on display until mid-September.
Admission to the Bemis Center is always free.
They're open Wednesday through Sunday.
Visit the Bemis Center's website for more information.


All five metro radio markets ended the year on a high as December advertising revenue increased across the board, including Adelaide.
Adelaide recorded growth of 0.18% on the previous year to reach $5.036m after two months of contraction, according to Commercial Radio Australia figures sourced by Deloitte.
Melbourne's December radio ad revenue was greater than Sydney's, it reached $16.447m compared to the harbour-side city's $15.884m.
"Commercial radio ad revenue recorded an increase across all markets in December to post growth of 1.84% to $53.977 million, bringing the total revenue for the last six months of 2013 up 2.82% to $355.687 million, according to the 2013 Metropolitan Commercial Radio Advertising Revenue, as sourced by Deloitte.
Perth recorded the greatest revenue rise in December over the other markets with an increase of 3.71% to $8.003 million on the previous year. Brisbane's growth continued up 3.02% to $8.607 million, Sydney grew 2.29% to $15.884 million, Melbourne was up .46% to $16.447 and after two o months of contraction, Adelaide grew .18% to $5.036 million.
The last six months of 2013 resulted in Melbourne revenue up 4.19% to $108.802 million. Perth has grown 4.01% to $49.778 million, Sydney is up 2.64% to $109.708 million, Brisbane climbed 2.12% to $55.419 million and Adelaide was slightly down for the six month total by 1.60% to $31.980.


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What John Wayne Western Movies Made The Most At The Box Office?
It's difficult to compile a totally accurate list of the Westerns John Wayne appeared in that make up the top 20 of his box office hits because there are so many variables to take into account.
For one thing, do we look at worldwide receipts or just the North America / Canada box office takings?
Do we attempt to adjust for inflation the films released throughout his career?
Can we work out the profitability of each film by comparing the box office figures against the original budget if no budget data is available?
On top of all this, various sources provide differing box office information on the same movie at any point in time.
It's like trying to hit a moving target so we're going to have to employ some artistic license in attempting to be as precise as possible on the subject of John Wayne's most profitable Westerns.
The first rule of thumb is not to include any of JWs films that did not hit the $4 million mark.
Secondly, we will only look at domestic USA and Canada box office figures.
Thirdly we will only use box office takings where two or more sources concur.
Finally, where budget data cannot be verified, as in "The Comancheros" and "The War Wagon", we will estimate as best as possible what the original cost of the film was based upon other recent JW movies of the time.
We've decided to compile two lists, both in ascending order, one purely based upon domestic takings and what we're assuming is inflated domestic takings, the other based upon profitability after taking the original budget into account. All figures quoted are in millions of dollars.
Top 20 JW Westerns by Original Box Office Earnings and The Equivalent Today
A few things worth pointing out.
Red River sticks out mainly because it's the oldest of the JW Westerns in the list yet still took a huge $5.5m at the box office back in 1948.
I don't think there are too many surprises in the top 10 seeing as there's quite a few of JWs most popular and well-known Westerns present.
If you exclude the top grossing film, "How the West Was Won", on the grounds that it was more of an ensemble effort rather than strictly a John Wayne cowboy movie then "True Grit" takes top box office honours, I guess that shouldn't surprise too many people bearing in mind Wayne finally got the Oscar that had eluded him for so many years.
When comparing the original box office take with the inflated box office data as shown above one needs to take into account the fact that "Red River" for example, was released quite a few years before all of the other titles so it has a few more years of inflation behind it than the other films.
This means that if the list were to be sorted by the inflated box office figures then "Red River" would be in the top four.
I'd say there's a fair split between the movies he made in the 60s and the 70s bearing in mind he obviously made fewer films in his last decade.
I'm personally glad to see "The Comancheros" in the top ten as I've always maintained it was one of JWs best and the figures back me up both in box office and profitability, as you'll see in the following list.
Top 20 JW Western Movies by Budget and Profitability
*Estimated
Take a look at how some of the big titles slip down the top twenty once profitability is taken into account. I'm a bit surprised that "Rio Lobo" went into negative figures but not so "The Undefeated" and "Rooster Cogburn". Good to see "Big Jake" just making it into the top ten for profitability as well. "The Alamo" slips down a bit mainly because of the huge budget of 12m. John Ford's late career classic, "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" has a pretty good showing in both lists which is helped by quite a low budget of 3.2m.
In the final analysis what can we surmise from these figures?
The most obvious conclusion is that John Wayne's most popular period, if you're considering both box office and profitability, is the 1960s.
The fact is he made more Westerns in that decade than he did in the 1950s even if that decade produced two of his finest efforts, "The Searchers" and "Rio Bravo".
There was quite a bit of research involved in compiling this list from various sources on the internet but that hasn't put us off working on another article for later. Next time around though we'll be taking a look at JWs non-Western top twenty box office instead.
John Wayne Foreign Western Movie Titles
John Wayne 1930s Western 'Neath The Arizona Skies
2 thoughts on "What John Wayne Western Movies Made The Most At The Box Office?"
Hi great you took the time to do this but in reading both articles twice I seem to have missed a 'list' although you refer to them several times. Sort of expecting Film…Budget…Box Office…Adjusted but still interesting.
Norman, you are quite right, the lists we refer to in the article have just plain gone missing. I will ask our talented MW administrator to look into the issue as soon as possible.


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Careers support and guidance is an integral part of our Sixth Form. Whether you intend to apply for university or not, our goal is to ensure that you have access to wide ranging, impartial advice regarding careers options for your future. Our Careers Education and Guidance programme aims to enhance the employability of students and raise their awareness of all the possible opportunities that they can embrace, in order for them to realise their personal talent and aspirations.
Teaching Arrangements: Set timetabled curriculum lessons per week – 2 periods for each group, plus additional time for presentations from external parties and for set organised workshops, i.e. Introduction to Law Day.
In addition to the set programme, students have access to Higher Education (HE) Open Days, visits to a National Skills Fayre, business and industry-linked events, plus the School's own Careers and HE Fayre.
Teaching Arrangements: Timetabled sessions delivered throughout the year.
All students in Year 12 will have a scheduled one-to-one careers interview. Before attending, students will be asked to complete an interview proforma, which allows students to focus their thoughts prior to the interview.
Any student in Year 12 and 13 can also request an additional meeting with Mrs Manning at any point during their time in the Sixth Form.
If students are thinking of taking a Gap Year, we aim to ensure that they appropriately supported in planning for it. There is an endless list of options to choose from and Mrs Manning is available to discuss the possibilities one-to-one.
As part of Year 13 enrichment programme we offer further sessions on Gap Year planning for those who have made the decision to take one.


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Neptune Professional advice's are required to everyone in crucial time's as health issues, legal advice's and technical services, which helps in solving the issues and coming up with best possible solution.
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Neptune also provides a facility for table reservation's to client's through which customers can book their tables in any restaurants, at any place and any time in future date.
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You can get a better report with pictures on the web. You can email me for the URL (raygrogan@hotmail.com), type in the URL (http://kipukawai-ivil.tripod.com/) , or Google kipukawai.
The swamp was nice and clear until a few years ago when our visits dropped. The trees are doing great, but the California grass is pretty thick. Big plans to get on it over next few months. Ray got a gas weed whacker, Jim got an excavator. Please call if you want to join in.
Guy (one of the founding fathers) is willing to sell stock at about $17 a share. I'm getting $2,000 worth this year, more as I can afford it. You are welcome to buy (or sell your own).