Chair: The Chair shall represent or appoint a representative of the Student Chapter at AAPS meetings; direct the Student Chapter and preside at its meetings; appoint committee members and Committee Chairs as necessary. Chapter signing authority is upon the Chair.
Chair-Elect: The Chair-Elect shall act as Chair in the absence of the Chair or as necessary.
Vice Chair: The Vice Chair shall act as Chair if necessary.
Secretary/Treasurer: The Secretary/Treasurer shall correspond with the Student Chapter members; record minutes and other actions of the Student Chapter; maintain records, minutes, documents, finances, mailings, program or meeting materials, and all other significant information related to the Student Chapter and ensure that updated material is shared with AAPS in a timely manner; coordinate communications regarding elections; and maintain financial records in association with the Chair-Elect . If needed, this position can be separated in to two separate primary positions within the executive.
Design and Media Officer (Secondary executive member: not included in the AAPS operating guide lines, but included in the U of S-AAPS operating guidelines): This role includes maintenance/creation of social media accounts (i.e. Facebook) as well as the AAPS U of S Chapter website with up-to-date photos, events, information, etc. Additionally, this role is responsible for the creation and design (if needed) of certificates, event posters and any other promotional material that are needed.
Past Chair (Secondary executive member: not included in the AAPS operating guide lines, but included in the U of S-AAPS operating guidelines): The Past Chair will serve as a mentor (as needed) to ensure a smooth transition from one set of executive members to another. Depending upon the availability and necessity, the Past Chair will provide support, encouragement, and guidance for various chapter activities/ events, etc.
Additional Notes: Although there are different titles assigned for each executive member, the committee members have to work as a team in-order to function well and sustain the continuity of the chapter. Therefore, the individual descriptions may not be limited to one position. However, the chapter signing authority (for chapter related documents) is upon the Chair. Competition among the executive members is highly discouraged, while adequate communication, fellowship, understanding, commitment, integrity, diversity, equality, and cooperation are invaluably encouraged. Since the chapter is housed within the College of Pharmacy and Nutrition (CoPN), candidates for the Chair/Chair-Elect positions will only be accepted from graduate students within the college. At any given year 3/4 primary executive members should be from the CoPN. Any of the past executive members who are not part of the current executive team can provide (if needed) any support and encouragement. (Chair: Open to Graduate students; Chair Elect: Open to Graduate students; Vice Chair: Open to Graduate students; Secretary/Treasurer: Open to Graduate students/Undergraduate students; Design and Media Officer: Open to Graduate students/Undergraduate students – If there are multiple candidates, the chapter primary executive members may select/appoint the best suitable candidate for this position or include the position in the chapter general election; Sub-Committees within the UofS AAPS Chapter: Open to anyone interested – the chapter primary executive members may select/appoint the suitable candidates). The primary Executive Committee shall be composed of the 4 or 5 elected officers and Faculty Advisor(s). The Executive Committee shall be responsible for operating the Student Chapter on a day-to-day basis and for general leadership of the Chapter. Upon mutual agreement with the CoPN, the graduate office of the CoPN as well as other interested faculty members/ staff are able to provide suggestions and support if necessary. Additionally, a single person can not be involved as an executive member (primary 4 or 5 positions) for more than 3 years (the Past-Chair position does not count towards this). If an executive officer (decided upon the majority of the executive committee and faculty advisor) choose to stay in the executive committee, the following should be followed: If the officer wish to stay in the current (previous year) position he/she can do so (up to 3 years), If a position is open, the person who held the executive position just below that position could move up one position without an election (except Secretary/Treasurer and Design and Media Officer positions, which are always filled by a general election/appointment as mentioned above), If the Chair wish to stay in his/her position for another year, it is allowed as long as 3 year limit has not been exceeded.


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text:
St. Matthew's, Fitzgerald
Presiding Bishop
Parent and Child Summer Camp
Mission Team Home
St. Paul's, Jesup
VBS photos
St. Michael and All Angels, Savannah
Diocese of Georgia
Campaign for Congregational Development
Diocesan Archives
Episcopal Church Women
The Order of Saint Helena (Augusta Convent)
This Sunday's Lections:
Second Sunday after Pentecost
Genesis 21:8-21
Psalm 86:1-10, 16-17
Psalm 69: 8-11, (12-17), 18-20
Romans 6:1b-11
Darien Ministry Awarded UTO Grant
The Darien Community Youth Group for the unchurched initiated by St. Andrew's and St. Cyprian's in Darien has been awarded a $30,000 grant from the United Thank Offering. Darien is located in McIntosh County, one of the poorest in the state. The county's one elementary, one intermediate, one middle, and one high school are located in Darien. Eighty percent of county's school children qualify for free or reduced lunch. Other than a few organized sports teams, there is very little for children to do in the area. Substance abuse and teen pregnancy are an on-going problem.
St. Andrew's and St. Cyprian's sit across the street from Oak Grove Intermediate School that serves all 4th and 5th graders in the county. Six years ago, those congregations approached Oak Grove to see what they could do to help. After recruiting volunteers from within the congregations and around the community, the program began tutoring 15 to 20 children in math and reading. The volunteers soon realized that many of the children were not getting sufficient nutrition and in many cases, could benefit greatly from mentoring relationships with caring adults. The parishes then decided to establish the Community Cares Cafe ("C3") ministry and they formed an afterschool program that focuses on nutrition, homework help and life skills. (the photos here are of C3 with special visitors)
Those that work with these youth at C3 are aware that many are without positive role models at home. Many are unchurched. In response, our two Darien parishes have recently begun the Darien Community Youth Group for the Unchurched. Requested funding has enabled the parishes to employ a full-time youth minister to build a church-based, Christian formation program for unchurched youth in McIntosh County. The program is now being offered on Sunday afternoons for children in the area. It adds a Christian component to the existing after school ministry. The intention of this initiative is to encourage all youth, Episcopalian or not, who are not currently involved in a church to participate in this Christian based group. The program will provide transportation for those that need it--this is an outreach ministry for those beyond the walls of the church.
Bishop Benhase said, "This ministry will help to address the whole child: their minds, their bodies and their spirits. The Community Youth Group of McIntosh County will provide participating children the opportunity to be a part of a holistic Christian community that cares for their education, their home lives, and their spiritual lives as God's beloved."
Known worldwide as UTO, the United Thank Offering grants are awarded for projects that address human needs and help alleviate poverty, both domestically and internationally. The United Thank Offering of the Episcopal Church awarded 48 grants this year for a total of $1,525,407.78 for the mission and ministry of the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion. The 2014 grants were awarded to projects in 36 domestic and overseas dioceses. The grants ranged from $2,500 to the Diocese of Iowa to $124,750 to the Diocese of California and their companion diocese, Malawi.
The video below was a report to the last diocesan convention which includes the story of the community youth program at St. Andrew's and St. Cyprian's, Darien.
Signature Ministries in the Episcopal Diocese of Georgia
Diocesan Office Update
Bishop Benhase will make his visitation to St. Mary's, Augusta, in the morning and Christ Church, Augusta, in the afternoon.
Canon Logue will preside and preach this Sunday at King of Peace, Kingsland.
On Saturday, Program Manager Rudy Reyes will be at the Vocare Reunion at All Saints, Tybee Island.
Bishop's Visitation
The Rev. Stan Christian, Bishop Scott Benhase and Deacon John Lane at St. Matthew's, Fitzgerald for this past Sunday's visitation.
Christ Church, Savannah
Presiding Bishop to Preside and Preach in July
The Presiding Bishop, the Most Rev. Dr. Katharine Jefferts Schori, will preside and preach at Christ Church Savannah on July 20. The Presiding Bishop Jefferts Schori last visited Christ Church in 2008 as a part of her visitation to the Diocese of Georgia. At that time, the congregation met on Sunday evenings at St. Michael and All Angels, Savannah.
She is the 26th Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church, serving as the chief pastor to the Episcopal Church's 2.1 million members in 17 countries and 109 dioceses, ecumenical officer, and primate, joining leaders of the other 38 Anglican Provinces in consultation for global good and reconciliation. Presiding Bishop Jefferts Schori was elected at the 75th General Convention on June 18, 2006, and invested at Washington National Cathedral on November 4, 2006.
Summer Camp Parent and Child Program for K-2
Moms or Dads who would enjoy coming to Summer Camp for a few days with one younger child are invited to take part in a pilot program being tested this summer. Up to ten parents with one (or two) child(ren) each who has completed kindergarten through second grade, may register for the parent and child program. This new program gives young children an introduction to our summer camp at Honey Creek with the safety net of having a parent on hand.
The parent and child (or children) will stay in a lodge room with a private bath. Meals will be with the 3rd-5th grade campers in the dining hall. Some times will be available for the parent and child to take part together and moms or dads will also have a little downtime with their child busy in the summer camp program without them.
The dates for the program are June 22-24 or July 13-15. Cost for this program from Sunday through Tuesday is $325 for the pair including 2 camp t-shirts, crafts and other program activities including all room and board. Interested parents should call our Camp Director, Elizabeth Burns at (912) 656-9905 or email her at [email protected]
Mission Team Home from the Dominican Republic
The fifteen members of the Dominican Republic mission team sponsored by Christ Church, Valdosta, returned safely to the United States on Saturday, June 14th. During the week they were at the Episcopal camp in the central highlands of the Dominican Republic, they finished about half of the construction of a concrete-block house for a village resident and also half of the construction of playground equipment for the Episcopal K-8 school on the grounds of the camp. A youth mission team from the Diocese of Nebraska will arrive on June 23rd to complete both the house and the playground projects. Both the Georgia and Nebraska teams have been planning these mutual projects since February 2014, and have raised funds to share the costs of both.
The Christ Church team also conducted five afternoons of knitting and crocheting classes for 25 women and teenagers of the village, continuing a project that has been going on annually since 2006. On the last afternoon they were at the camp, the team sponsored a "splash party" for around 200 village children, complete with wading pools, a slip-and-slide, and a hot dog & ice cream lunch.
One of the many highlights of the trip was the presentation of 30 scholarships for students in the Episcopal school for the next academic year. These scholarship funds had been donated both by team members and also by members of the "home teams" in the six Episcopal dioceses who had sponsored one or more of the "go team" members. For more information on the Diocese of Georgia's mission trips to the Episcopal Diocese of the Dominican Republic, go here: http://gaepiscopal.org/?page_id=19
Celebrating 50 Years in the Current Building
In 1891, St. Paul's Jesup had its first worship service in the home of Captain and Mrs. Ben Milikin. By 1905, a church building was finished and the congregation moved in. But by the late 1950's the church had grown so large that a new facility was needed. The current location was dedicated in June of 1964.
For six months, under the direction of parishioner Diane Madray, volunteers from the church have created displays to celebrate the rich heritage that comes from loving a community and each other for over 123 years. June 15th was the official celebration and exhibition of visuals from the past, present and visions of the future. The displays will remain up for 30 days because there is so much to see.
Interim Rector, the Rev. Dee Shaffer sad, "It is amazing to walk around the church and see how God has worked in this community." She notes that the original inspiration and hard work toward an Episcopal Church in Jesup came from a teen age girl by the name of Fanny Millikin and today the parish is strong, growing, healthy and energized adding, "The best is yet to come!"
A photo from the Vacation Bible School underway this week at St. Thomas, Thomasville.
High Energy Catechesis in Vacation Bible Schools
We want to share your Vacation Bible School with the Diocese in photo album collecting pictures of our kid-friendly catechesis taking place around the Diocese this summer. Send your congregation's photo to [email protected].
The photos will be added to a VBS album and used at the diocesan website. You can visit this summer's VBS album online. Some of the photos will be shared here in From the Field. If you create a Facebook or other online album, you may also just send a link to that album to the address above we will copy a selection of photos to the diocesan album.
Two photos from the Vacation Bible School at St. Luke's, Hawkinsville.
A group photo of the Vacation Bible School held last week at St. Paul's, Albany.
Two photos from the St. Anne's Tifton Vacation Bible School.
Honey Creek Summer Camp Now Underway
Summer Camp is off and running for the summer with the High School camp session taking place this week with 37 campers taking part. Spaces remain available for all but one week of Summer Camp. The first sessions of Middle School Camp is sold out.
Spaces are available in the remaining weeks. There is even a pilot program permitting a parent and young child to attend camp together (see above). The remaining sessions of summer camp are:
June 15 - 21, 2014 / High School Camp
(completed grades 9-12, not yet started college)
June 22 - 28, 2014 / Camp St. Joseph & Mary I
(completed grades 3-5)
July 6 - 12, 2014 / Camp St. Peter I
July 13 - 19, 2014 / Camp St. Joseph & Mary II
July 20 - 26, 2014 / Camp St. Peter II
Register for Summer Camp here
Above is the centerpiece from the reception following the Celebration of New Ministry held this past Friday at St. Michael and All Angels' Savannah. The Rev. R. Kevin Kelly and the lay people of the congregation enter a new phase of ministry together, with Kelly as their rector.
Keep up with us on Facebook at our page Episcopal Diocese of Georgia on Facebook
The Diocese of Georgia also shares news 140 characters at a time through Twitter@GA_Episcopal
The Diocese of Georgia also has a YouTube Channel where you can watch past videos and subscribe to get updates when new videos are posted.
Send your news and events to [email protected],
so we can feature them in upcoming issues of From the Field.
Diocesan Staff
The Episcopal Diocese of Georgia

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A$AP ROCKY PLEADS GUILTY TO ATTEMPTED GRAND LARCENY
TMZ reports popular Sony recording artist A$AP Rocky pled guilty to charges of attempted grand larceny; however, you may think this means that Rocky attempted to rob someone, not the case at all. The charges come from an incident in July where Rocky tried to grab a photographer's camera during a dispute that began over the Harlem emcee requesting to not be photographed. Rocky was arrested in July for attacking the man and with him pleading guilty to attempted grand larceny, additional charges of robbery and assault were dropped. Rocky was ordered to complete three-days of community service and pay a $250 fine.


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I know she's a duchess, but Kate Middleton is my queen, especially when it comes to pulling off the most polished and ladylike looks. My favorite thing about her sophisticated style, if you're wondering, is that she always looks put-together but never too stuffy; my least favorite thing, though, is that she obviously opts for high-end pieces that are usually pretty far out of my budget. I do my best to dupe her pricey pieces, but this week she made my life a little easier by wearing something I could afford, and if you're wondering where to get Kate Middleton's red turtleneck sweater, I'm here to let you know it's not only available to shop online, but it's also currently on sale. I knew Mercury in retrograde ending would be a good thing, but I had no idea something this wonderful would happen. Life is so good.
If you're like, "Wait, what red turtleneck?", allow me to spill the red sweater deets. On a visit to the Scout Association at Gilwell Park, the duchess dressed down for a day outdoors with the children. Her look serves counselor-you-had-a-crush-on-at-camp realness, from her lace-up combat boots and dark wash denim to her utility jacket and that gorgeous red knit.
For real, there's nothing more right than a great knit, and this J. Crew Mockneck Sweater in Supersoft Yarn in "Mahogany" ($50, originally $80, jcrew.com) is excellent. The discount doesn't hurt, either.
Mockneck Sweater in Supersoft Yarn in "Mahogany"
Turns out, this sweater is one from Middleton's regular rotation. She wore it while visiting King Henry's Walk Garden back around mid-January, so I feel like this is now her signature "afternoon in the great outdoors" lewk.
See the red cuffs and a tiny bit of turtleneck peeking out from underneath her chic jacket?
Is it a tightly folded scarf, a bandana, or a full-on ascot? Aren't they all kind of the same thing, anyway? Regardless, I love that she sported the colors of the British flag for a pop of something fun. I assume her scarf might be a little pricey, as she often takes a high-low approach when rocking affordable pieces like the red sweater, but the style is super on trend right now, so you can find them at pretty much any price point.
An affordable sweater and a statement-making, easy-to-rock accessory? Middleton has outdone herself in terms of providing serious OOTD inspo. Thank you, Kate!


Year Up is a nonprofit seeking to close the opportunity divide by providing urban young adults with the skills, experience, and support that will empower them to reach their potential through higher education and professional careers. The organization offers a one-year, intensive training program that provides a unique combination of technical and professional skills, college credits, educational stipend, and a corporate apprenticeship. Year Up also focuses on shifting the perception of urban youth from social liability to economic assets.
Since its founding in 2000, Year Up has served over 8,500 young adults through its training program and placed 1,400 interns with corporate partners - 86% of whom have gone on to full-time employment or education within four months of graduating from Year Up. Year Up has set a 2016 goal of serving 2,500 people annually through its core model and creating alternative service programs to serve another 100,000.
Identified the characteristics of successful and struggling Year Up graduates by equipping Year Up with the data needed to optimize their programming during their one-year curriculum and beyond.
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Developed an execution plan to move Year Up facilities to a larger site, ensuring a smooth transition and operational efficiency for instructors and staff they serve more students.


text:
Ákos nembeli I. Mikcs (? – 1343 a 13. és 14. század fordulóján élt, az Ákos nemzetségből származó magyar főnemes, a nemzetség Mikcs ágának őse, aki 1315 és 1317 között sárosi ispán, királynéi udvarbíró, 1321 és 1322 között sárosi és zempléni ispán, 1325 és 1343 között szlavón bán, 1325-ben királynéi tárnokmester, somogyi, soproni, sárosi és zempléni ispán volt.

Családja
Az Ákos nembeli Mihály fia, születési ideje ismeretlen. Két testvére volt Ákos és Elek. Fiai I. István, II. Ákos, I. Lóránd (1389-ben egyszer Ákosmonostorinak nevezve szerepelnek oklevélben), II. László és I. Miklós voltak. István 1342-ben királyi testőr, 1345-46-ban vasi és soproni ispán, 1351-ben zalai ispán volt. Tőle származik a Prodavizi Ördögh család. Ákos 1342-ben királyi testőr, 1344-46-ban vasi és soproni ispán, 1333-ban tizedszedő volt. László 1342-ben királyi testőr, 1345-46-ban vasi és soproni ispán volt. Lóránd 1374 előtt halt meg, tőle Újvári család származott.

Élete
Ákos Mikcset 1297-től említik iratokban. 1312-ben a rozgonyi csatában Károly Róbert mellett küzdött, amiért a király 1315 tavaszán sárosi ispánná és egyúttal Sáros várnagyává nevezte ki. Ettől fogva egymás után szerezte a birtokokat. 1318 elején a király őt küldte Petenye fia Péter és az újra fellázadt Aba nembeliek ellen. Mikcs a hűtlenek seregét csatában legyőzte, őket magukat az országból kiűzte, földjeiket és váraikat a király uralma alá igázta. A hűtlen Pétertől elvett néhány zempléni birtokot a király Mikcsnek adományozott. Károly Róbert támogatójaként már az 1320-as években különböző magas beosztásokat töltött be az udvarnál. 1323-ban már a királyné tárnokmestere volt, 1325–1343 között szlavón bán. Amikor 1325-ben bán lett, hogy két testvérével ne kelljen osztozkodnia egy különleges kiváltságlevelet eszközölt ki a királytól, mely szerint leszármazóival együtt "békésen és mindenfajta zaklatástól mentesen" bírhassa a királytól eddig elnyert és még ezután szerzendő birtokait. Károly kijelentette, hogy mindezeket a javakat most "olyképpen adja neki" (sic contulimus et donavimus eidem), hogy ez a fivéreire és vérrokonaira semmiben se terjedjen ki és semmiben se vonatkozzék, hacsak az adománylevélben nem történz róluk kifejezett említés, avagy az adomány nem kimondottan közösen illeti meg őket. Ezzel a király olyan előjogot biztosított a bánnak, amivel akkoriban, feltehetőleg senki más nem rendelkezett.

A szlavón báni székbe való kinevezéssel, feladatául adta, hogy a tartományt térítse vissza a koronához való hűségre. Mikcs a lázadókkal folytatott fegyveres összecsapások mellett a báni tisztség jelentőségét egyéb eszközökkel is igyekezett visszaadni. A király előtt felhozta, Szlavónia lakosai közül korábban sokan felmentést nyertek a bánok joghatósága alól, ezért a báni méltóság súlya csökkent. Ezért a király a tanáccsal egyetértésben úgy döntött, hogy a szlavón nemesek eddig megszerzett felmentéseit visszavonja, vagyis a továbbiakban a terület minden lakosa a bán előtt tartozik megjelenni.

Az 1326-os hadjárat során megpróbálta visszaállítani a királyi uralmat Horvátországban, de Nelipčić horvát főúrtól vereséget szenvedett, így Szlavóniába vonult vissza, a Likától és Korbavától délre eső terület pedig egyelőre kívül maradt a királyi területeken. Károly Róbert szlavón báni kinevezésével a szlavóniai nemesek hatalmát is igyekezett gyengíteni. 1326/27-ben harcolt Babonićok ellen, kiszorította őket a Kulpamentéről, és elvette tőlük Steničnjakot. 1326-ban Kapronca várának bevételével legyőzte a Kőszegi családot, és elvette drávamenti birtokaikat. A gradeci polgárokkal való konfliktusban nem kapta meg a király támogatását. Konfliktusa volt Kaboli László zágrábi püspökkel a tizedszedés joga miatt, de jogának megerősítése után ismét a püspök mellé állt. Új pénz is veretett. 1328-ban ott volt Bruckban a Habsburgokkal kötött béke aláírásokor. Ezt nemcsak a az okiraton látható aláírása, hanem pecsétje is bizonyítja. 1330-ban a királynál közbenjárt azokért az árvákért, akiknek apja az előző években horvátországi harcokban esett el. Mikcs közbenjárására adómentességet kaptak szlavóniai birtokaik után. Május 24-én részt vett a királyi tanácson, ahol eldőlt, hogy a király családtagjai ellen merényletet megkísérlő Záh Felicián összes hozzátartozóját szigorúan meg kell büntetni. Június 28-án a király neki adta a zala megyei Pölöske várát. 1333-ban, amikor I. Károly nápolyi útján Szlavónián áthaladt, a fennmaradt oklevelek ugyan nem említik, de joggal feltételezhető, hogy Mikcs ott volt a király kíséretében. 1335-ben jelen volt a nevezetes Visegrádi királytalálkozón.

Az 1336-os évre ismét mélypontra kerültek a kapcsolatok az osztrák herceggel, ami katonai összecsapásokhoz vezetett. A következő év folyamán Károly ezekre az ellenségeskedésekre különösen a déli Habsburg tartományokban ellentámadásokkal válaszolt. Ezeket a támadásokat a szlavóniai katonai erők élén Mikcs vezette, és az 1338-as királyi adománylevél igen részletesen meséli el vállalkozásait. Az 1338. november 11-én kiadott királyi oklevélből kitűnik, hogy a Kőszegiek és a Babonićok elleni sikeres hadjárat után Mikcs ismét az udvarba ment, ahol diadaláért a Kőrös megyei Szentgyörgvár birtokának adományozásával jutalmazták.

Károly Róbert halála után tovább szolgálta fiát, Lajost. 1342. szeptember 23-án Mikcs az új magyar király előtt állt fiaival Istvánnal, Ákossal és Lászlóval, akik a király lovagjai voltak, valamint két másik fiával, Loránddal és Miklóssal, és kérte a királyt, hogy adjon nekik jogot, hogy Sáros vármegyében építsenek várat, amit a király meg is tett. Ez a látogatás elsősorban a régi király temetésével és az új király megkoronázásával hozható összefüggésbe. Mikcs haláláig megőrizte báni tisztségét. Birtokainak többsége a mai Drávamentén és Kulpamentén volt, örökösei prodavizi birtokukról nevezték el magukat.

Jegyzetek

Források

További információk

Horvát bánok
Királynéi tárnokmesterek
Magyar hadvezérek
Sáros vármegye főispánjai
Somogy vármegye főispánjai
Sopron vármegye főispánjai
Zemplén vármegye főispánjai
Ákos nemzetség
1343-ban elhunyt személyek

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Camper Photo Booth Hire in Kent and London.
Auto Wares is a newly launched company offering classic vehicle parts, for many cars but with a slight focus on vintage Volkswagens.
Despite only being around for a few weeks, their split screen van air box vent covers have been a resounding success, already selling out of the first run. We managed to get hold of a pair, and wow… if you've ever driven a split screen camper van, you will know that the "air con" air vent box in the front cab is a source of unwanted cold air and noise most of the time. These magnetic vent covers eliminate almost all of that, and attach with no drilling or modification. Absolutely perfect. I wish they'd existed years ago!
Other than the vent covers, the store also offers limited runs of vintage style stickers, our fave being the 70s stylee 7UP one. Also on offer are vintage style GB magnetic badges, with realistic patina. Again, needing no drilling or modification for fitment.
Check out their site now!


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text:
Robert Werdine
The Fire This Time: How the IDF must avoid the pitfalls of the 2006 and 2008 campaigns
Following Hezbollah's cross border kidnapping in July 2006, Israel responded by attempting, to the greatest possible extent, to destroy Hezbollah's infrastructure and weaponry, neutralize them as a military force, and force their removal north of the Litani. They also hoped that a favorable political diminishment of Hezbollah within Lebanon would follow the successful military campaign.
Dismissing the need for an overwhelming combined arms assault, IDF Chief of Staff Halutz first opted for an improvised air assault punctuated with small-bore border forays. After a week of air assaults and standoff attacks the decisive victory promised by Halutz was, however, nowhere in sight. Hezbollah was just as firmly entrenched along the border and south of the Litani as they ever were, and rockets were still popping into northern Israel at 100 or more a day.
Then Halutz deployed company and battalion sized assaults to raid and engage Hezbollah strongholds near the border. The IDF deployed battalion and company size units into Maroun al-Ras, Bint J'Bail, and elsewhere, where they encountered well trained Hezbollah militants who ambushed them with a skill and a ferocity that shook them.
By the third week of the campaign, the IDF now decided to increase the forces on the ground and by August 12 Operation Change Direction 11, an advance of 4 divisions, including a westward drive of 162 Division from At Tayyibeh to link up with elements of the Nahal Brigade that had been airlifted into position there near Ghanduriyih, had commenced. The ground campaign lasted two days, each division advanced several miles, killed some Hezbollah, occupied some strategically dubious territory, and accomplished absolutely nothing of significance. To emphasize this failure, Hezbollah tossed a few hundred rockets into Israel on the last day of the campaign.
The Israeli campaign in response to the Hezbollah cross-border kidnapping of July, 2006 has been much criticized, and rightly so. The war unquestionably exposed failures in planning, intelligence, counterintelligence, command, mobilization, execution, and logistics. The entire ground campaign was conducted on the fly with inadequate, ill-equipped formations, senior commanders and brigade commanders who had not trained in maneuvering large mobile formations in years, regulars and reservists who had received little or no training, and soldiers and tank crewmen whose only experience was patrolling the West Bank and Gaza.
The IDF had set out to destroy Hezbollah's infrastructure and weaponry, neutralize them as a military force, and force their removal north of the Litani. Yet any plausible attempt to do this was going to be a long, messy affair. The situation was totally unlike 1982 when the PLO militias were scattered in isolated positions throughout the south, and where IDF armored columns sliced through them with ease. Hezbollah had spent six years fortifying virtually every major population center south of the Litani into a major stronghold, each with a sophisticated network of bunkers, minefields, booby-trapped dwellings, arms caches, and anti-tank gun emplacements. Their fighters were well trained in the arts of ambush and defensive concealment, fiercely motivated, and armed to the teeth. There was a rough consensus in military and intelligence circles that this was just not going to get done in several weeks with the strategy in place and the forces that had been allocated.
Yet, dismissing the need for an overwhelming combined arms assault, Halutz first opted for an improvised air assault punctuated with small-bore border forays. Then, when that was found to be inadequate, he deployed company and battalion sized assaults to raid and engage Hezbollah strongholds. Then, when that was found wanting, he poured more forces into the mix piecemeal to utter negligible effect.
War must never be waged on a string of improvised half measures. It must be waged swiftly, decisively, forcefully, and with a strategy apparent to all from the Brigadier down to the buck private. What was needed here was a combined-arms operation to hit the enemy where he was weakest, attacking in force all along the border areas at divergent axes, supplemented by sea and airborne assaults, compelling them to scatter their forces, and outflank them from every direction with shock, speed, and surprise, not engage in a series of scattered, costly slugfests to little strategic or even tactical benefit in built up urban areas where the defenders were strongest and had the advantage. Given Hezbollah's penchant for static defense, this would have been a more than viable strategy.
It would have involved a maneuver operation to secure areas where Hezbollah was not in strong possession, and securing the strongholds of the major population centers would have taken at least a month, maybe longer. It would undoubtedly have been a long, bloody affair. If the Israelis were going to achieve the strategic goals they set for themselves, that is, at the very least, what it would have required. If they were unable or unwilling to do this, then they should have opted for a more limited response and more modest goals.
Yet the IDF, in the aftermath, were quick fix the problems that dogged the campaign. Armies, especially those in democracies, tend to undergo rigorous self-examination following failures or set-backs, like the Union Army did after the opening battles of the American Civil War, the Americans did after Kasserine Pass in 1943, and the Israelis did after the October 1973 War. The Winograd Commission put all of the IDF's failures in the 2006 war under a microscope, and diagnosed them rather severely and at length.
Indeed, in contrast to the 2006 war, Operation Cast Lead was a full scale combined arms assault that commenced with a wave of airstrikes on December 27, 2008, followed the next day by surface to surface naval attacks, then followed by a ground invasion into Northern Gaza on January 4, 2009. There was excellent air-ground-sea coordination throughout.
In the 2008 Gaza War, Hamas tried to replicate the Hezbollah strategy of working tunnels, booby trapped dwellings, concealed small-arms fire, and roadside IED's into a spider-web of defensive fortifications that would bog down the IDF advance guards, and draw a steep price in blood for any territory taken. In this, they were completely unsuccessful. IDF infantry, accompanied by bomb-sniffing dogs, conducted clearing operations in the built-up areas in hours of darkness, making full use of Hamas' lack of night-fighting skills and equipment.
Hezbollah had shown an unexpected tactical prowess, and used its small arms, mortars, rockets, and antitank weapons to successfully maneuver against the IDF. They made excellent use of direct and indirect small arms and anti-tank fire from concealed positions, they worked their elaborate tunnel system effectively, and their small arms fire control was excellent and well coordinated. The Hezbollah defenders, in short, fought skillfully, and showed they were prepared to extract a steep price for the loss of any real estate to their attackers.
Hamas fighters, in contrast, were distinctly inferior, and apparently showed no real appetite for close-quarter engagements with the IDF. Skillful clearing operations had taken the sting out of a lot of their defensive works, their homemade IED's were often crude and ineffective, and Hamas combat formations became so disoriented when they made contact with the IDF advance guards, that their rank and file often fled, and unit leaders more often than not found themselves cut off from their front-line fighters, thus losing all command and control–a classic example of what happens when thug terrorists "play" at soldiering. As one embedded Israeli journalist commented,
"Hamas fighting prowess hardly inspired awe. Hamas gunmen–in full view of the people of Gaza–abandoned the arena and fled into the crowded neighborhoods where they quickly shed their uniforms. The offensive array of bunkers and tunnels and booby trapped buildings–set for remote detonation–were captured intact."
When Gaza civilians complained that retreating Hamas gunmen were preventing them from leaving their homes and thus putting them at risk, the gunmen reassured them, "we are all destined for paradise, are you not happy to die together?" Also, while busy fleeing the IDF and exhorting the populace to the glories of martyrdom, Hamas gunmen did, however, find the time to manfully torture and gouge out the eyes of some 70 suspected Fatah informers–a typical Hamas touch.
In any event, Operation Cast Lead indicated the extent to which the lessons of 2006 had been learned and corrected. The execution of the operation benefited from a well conceived plan and predetermined objectives, and, unlike in 2006, the IDF correctly realized that the only way to truly disable rocket launchers was by taking control of the ground from which they were fired. The strategic confusion and inapt tactics that characterized the 2006 war were nowhere in evidence here. There was a fundamental disconnect between the political strategic goals of the 2006 war, the military strategy to accomplish those goals, and the tactics employed to accomplish the meandering military strategy. In Cast Lead all arms were focused on narrow, achievable military objectives, and carried them out with expert timing, coordination, and execution.
The damage inflicted on Hamas infrastructure and weaponry as a result of the conflict were profound, but, ultimately, recoverable. Hamas higher ups were reportedly incensed at the failure to kidnap a single IDF soldier, at the al-Kassam Brigades failure to score any success against IDF armor, and most particularly at the failure to stem and repel the IDF's deepest incursion into Gaza City, near Telal-Hawa. Desertion in the face of the enemy was rife, and some 100 Kassam Brigade fighters of the Zeitoun area were consequently stripped of their membership.
Hamas' tactical failure can most clearly be seen in the casualties of both sides. In the battle of the Jenin refugee camp in 2002, for example, Palestinian militants lost some 48 killed for some 23 IDF soldiers killed. In the course of Cast Lead Hamas fired some 980 rockets and mortars, fought some 19 pitched battles, lost some 1166 militants killed, 150 captured, lost some two politburo members, two senior commanders of the Executive Force, and some 50 explosive experts. In return for this sacrifice, they managed the killing of some 6 IDF soldiers–an astronomical casualty exchange ratio.
There are ironies to the outcomes of both the 2006 Lebanon War and the 2008 Gaza War that observers of Operation Pillar of Cloud would do well to note.
The 2006 Lebanon War must be deemed a military failure; the air assault and the ground campaign failed to stem or even diminish the flow of rocket fire throughout the 34-day conflict, and Hezbollah remains today as defiant and as armed to the teeth as ever.
Yet politically, there is striking evidence of a chastening effect of the 2006 war on Hezbollah, and this was most clearly demonstrated in how passively they sat out the 2008/9 Gaza war and how they are doing the same in the current one. And while Nasrallah continues to do his little dances of bluster and bravado for the cameras, he does so now from the basements and underground shelters where he now bustles to and fro to escape assassination. When a salvo of Katyusha rockets were fired from South Lebanon into Nahariya on January 9, 2009 during the last Gaza conflict, Nasrallah couldn't distance himself from the attack fast enough. The Israeli campaign may have been flawed, but it was sufficiently punishing to restore deterrence to their Lebanon border and to discourage any large scale adventurism by Hezbollah of the type we saw before that conflict.
In contrast, Cast Lead was a model military campaign, and about as thorough a defeat as the IDF has inflicted on an opponent since 1967. Yet the deterrence established in the aftermath was questionable. Hamas popped off some 160 rockets and mortars after the conflict throughout the rest of 2009, 365 in 2010, 680 in 2011, and some 929 from the beginning of this year to the start of Pillar of Cloud on November 13. While the 2134 rockets and mortars fired by Hamas at Israel between the end of Cast Lead in January 2009 to the outbreak of Pillar of Cloud in November 2012 are certainly less than the 3000 rockets and mortars fired into Israel in 2008 alone, this, and the steady escalation of rocket attacks in the last year, has still rendered life in the south no less intolerable.
In 2006 a flawed military campaign, yielded a positive, or at least acceptable, political result. In 2008, a masterful, well executed military campaign yielded a dubious political outcome.
In war, whenever possible, one must never inflict insufficient injuries. Machiavelli once advised his Prince that a defeated opponent must either be treated generously on the one hand, or be killed or vanquished beyond all hope of recovery on the other.
Under ordinary circumstances, this can usually be achieved when one side inflicts a decisive military defeat on the other–this was the favorite formula of 19th century military theorists such as Clausewitz and Jomini, who preached the dogma of the decisive battle that allowed the victor to dictate the desired political solution to the vanquished. But in irregular warfare, the kind presaged in the Peninsular War fought in Spain in 1808-1814, and in the Second Boer War of 1899-1902, ends and means, along with notions of victory and defeat, and political outcomes, are far more uncertain, and are often peculiar to the circumstances involved.
This was clearly illustrated in the Second Intifada between September 2000 and June 2003 where Hamas and the other Palestinian militant groups were, if not defeated, were at least forced into a ceasefire that saw a radical diminution of the violence. This was achieved not by diplomacy, but by the growing efficacy of Israeli counter-terrorist operations, the growing inefficacy of suicide-bombing operations, and Israel's much-condemned, but successful, policy of targeted assassinations. It was this, and not some conversion to non-violence, that brought Hamas and Islamic Jihad to the hudna.
This was also clearly illustrated in the situation in Northern Ireland from 1969 to the mid 1990's, which has often been compared to the Israel/Palestine conflict as one that eludes a "military solution."
George Mitchell, Obama's former Middle East Peace Envoy ( you know, the genius behind Obama's fruitless "settlement freeze" initiative that was supposed to "restart" the peace process?) was selected by the President to the task of Middle East peacemaking precisely because of his fame as a peacemaker in Northern Ireland, and it was widely expected that the former senator would work a similar magic on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
But the notion that Mitchell himself had somehow "made peace" in Northern Ireland was always a fairy tale and a product of his own vanity. Ever since the outbreak of "The Troubles" in 1969, IRA terrorists had been committing terrorist acts, and murdering British soldiers and police throughout Britain and Ulster with virtual impunity. That this brought great suffering to the peoples of Northern Ireland was always a matter of complete indifference to them, and they continued to do so as long as they saw it was to their advantage, and they themselves made to pay no penalty.
But at the Loughgal Ambush in 1987, the IRA got the first taste of what happens when their enemy beats them at their own game.
British intelligence had learned of a pending IRA attack on a local police station in the town of Loughgal. When eight IRA gunmen from the East Tyrone Brigade–one of the most savage of IRA paramilitaries with much blood on its hands–sought to attack the local police station and murder its constables, a unit of British special forces lying in wait ambushed them, and shot all eight of them dead. From this point on, British special forces, operating in the shadows and often on the bare margins of legality, out-thought, out-fought, and out-generaled the IRA, and had so infiltrated their ranks that life became unsafe for them. More than anything else, it was this, and not the healing hands of George Mitchell, that brought Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness to the negotiating table.
Hamas, of course, will not "come to the table" with Israel as Sinn Fein/IRA did with the Unionists in Northern Ireland to work toward a solution for peaceful coexistence, but any viable political solution that emerges from the current situation, will be shaped by the extent to which Hamas as a political organization is damaged or chastened by the current conflict.
It is therefore useful to remember that while the central dynamic of the conflict lies of course in Hamas' refusal to countenance Israel's existence, and their genocidal, lunatic objective to "liberate Palestine" by violent Jihad, there is another dynamic at work here: the impunity of Hamas perpetual warmaking.
Hamas wages war because their absolute power over the lives of Gazans, control over their media and information, and lack of accountability all allow them to do so at their leisure, and to lie their people about how and why they are doing so.
Hamas also wages war repeatedly because they can do so with impunity. They emerge from each bloodletting with losses and damage to be sure, but the ceasefires that follow always give them the time and the space to repair damage, refit and replenish their arsenals, and thus prepare for the next round. While these wars inflict horrible sufferings on the people of Gaza, these sufferings are just another sword in Hamas' armory to delegitimize Israel in the eyes of the world, and enhance their own victim status. Thus not only are there no consequences for defeat, but they gain reward in however badly they lose. In such a scenario, when there are no consequences for defeat, war not only becomes a perpetual temptation, it becomes an addiction.
Far from suffering any punishment so far that would dissuade them from any future violence or provocations, Hamas' unrepentant arrogance and intransigence are already reflected in the tough terms they are attaching to their consent for a ceasefire. If this conflict ends without any significant weakening of Hamas as a military and political organization, and a way to prevent them from replenishing their arsenal and war waging potential in the future, then both the Palestinians of Gaza and Israelis living in the south will both endlessly be held to ransom by Hamas' ravenous and insatiable lust for blood and violent Jihad.
Let the UN, the European Union, and all those expressing concern for the welfare of the Palestinians in Gaza and excoriating Israel's response to Hamas rockets be made perfectly aware of this. Their refusal to take concerted action to extract a penalty from Hamas for their endless war-waging has consequences. If they are troubled by this unsatisfactory state of affairs then it is incumbent upon them either to explain why Hamas' endless war on Israel and the consequences it inflicts upon the people of Gaza and the peace and stability of the region are acceptable, or to take action to do something about it.
If they will take no action, then Israel must wage nothing less than total war on Hamas. Life must henceforth become dangerous to every Hamas leader and operative, and there must be, first and foremost, a thorough decimation of their leadership and any capacity for command and control, along with a crippling of their war-waging capacity to the greatest possible extent, and for however long it will take. Ultimately, this will mean a ground offensive to take control of all rocket launching sites and smuggling tunnels.
Cries of "disproportionate force" are already being bandied about, and will continue even if the campaign does not go to ground and were to stop this instant; the IDF, therefore, might as well as be thorough to whatever extent they were not four years ago. Iran, Hezbollah, Egypt and Turkey will not be crediting any misguided Israeli restraint or forbearance no matter what they do, and their inclination to bring pressure to bear on Hamas to desist in any adventurism in the future will depend much upon the heaviness of the blow that is landed. A steep penalty must be placed on the violation of Israel's sovereignty and the murder of its innocent civilians, and all must be made to know what it means to be Israel's enemy, and never to forget it.
These are hard words, but deterrence is never cheaply bought.
Perhaps no nation has resorted to the use of force more reluctantly than Israel. The days leading up to the Six-Day War in 1967, the debates prior to the Entebbe raid, and so many others–every resort to force has seen extensive deliberation and furious debates followed by reluctantly taken, but decisively executed actions. David Ben Gurion literally agonised over the decision to take the offensive in April 1948, hoping that restraint would prevent a widening of the conflict, and encourage diplomacy. But Havlagah was paying diminishing returns. But sabotage of the convoys was increasing, the strangulation of the roadways and all arteries of communication between the scattered communities of the Yishuv were sharpening, the attendant shortages of basic commodities and weapons inside Jerusalem were growing, and the siege around the city was tightening. The Yishuv must either attack or die, and they chose to survive, rather than not to.
After some 7,000 starving British soldiers, along with some 4,000 civilians were butchered in cold blood in the Siege of Khartoum in 1885, Winston Churchill, later a young soldier serving as a subaltern in the war in the Sudan, reflected upon what happens when a liberal democracy like Britain was roused by the the mass murder of its subjects, and answers with stern retribution:
"No terms but fight or death were offered. No reparation or apology could be made. . . . The red light of retribution played on the bayonets and the lances, and civilization, elsewhere sympathetic, merciful, tolerant, ready to discuss or to argue, eager to avoid violence, to submit to law, to effect a compromise–here advanced with an expression of inexorable sternness, and rejecting all other courses, offered only the arbitration of the sword."
Robert Werdine lives in Michigan City, Indiana, USA. He studied at Indiana University, Purdue University, and Christ Church College at Oxford and is self-employed. He is currently pursuing advanced degrees in education and in Middle Eastern Studies.


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Le Mans 2017 Race report - Expect the unexpected
File this race under "you couldn't make it up" !
As the grid was assembling under blazing sunshine, quite a few VIPs were spotted including FIA president Jean Todt, official Le Mans 2017 starter the F1 boss Chase Carey and Le Mans legend Jackie Ickx. Another familiar face was Dr Wolfgang Ullrich the boss of the Audi prototype programme for many successful years. The only non-motor-sport celeb was Maria Sharapova. The grand marshal of the event was F1 and WEC superstar Mark 'Aussiegrit' Webber, who got the honour of driving the pace car for the start. Although the crowd appeared to be slightly less numerous than last year they were no less enthusiastic. There was a particularly animated performance of the french national anthem.
Race start was promptly at 3pm and during the first lap the ByKolles #4 (Webb) was trailing smoke after an unseen contact and Jani the #1 Porsche passed Buemi in the #8 Toyota. Meanwhile Jarvis in #38 Jackie Chan DC racing was up to the lead of P2 from 3rd. Guidi in #51 got himself up to lead of GTE Pro from 2nd on grid. The #9 Toyota (Lapierre) showed evidence of damage from the opening lap. The #4 ByKolles (Webb) returned to pit-lane and got a new nose. On a clear track with no traffic, Mike Conway in the #7 Toyota set the fastest lap 3:18.932 on lap 3 which remained fastest for almost the entire race. Rusinov in the #26 G-Drive Oreca had an inexplicable spin at pit entry and was stranded for a while.
Just after the turn of the 1st hour the Lapierre in the #9 Toyota was forced to edge of track passing group of GTE cars, and just a few minutes later Al Qubaisi in the #88 Porsche was hit by Rusinov in the #26 G-Drive at Porsche curves. The #88 was too damaged to continue but the #26 returned to pits. Barrier repairs at Porsche curves caused a slow zone to be called.
At 16:41 the #4 Bykolles retired. At 17:04 the 50 minute slow zone was lifted. At 17:15 Pla in #66 Ford GT set fastest lap in Pro 3:51.828. At 20:01 #82 Ferrari (Kaffer) was touched by Vaxiviere in #28 approaching 1st chicane bringing about a slow zone at sector 3. The #82 nose was destroyed and lots of debris thrown on track plus the barrier was damaged. A slow zone on 1st section of Mulsanne was called to clean up the mess. At 20:32 the slow zone was lifted. The #28 was awarded a 7 min stop and go for the collision with #82. The #8 Toyota of Nakajima passed Lotterer in #1 Porsche to take 2nd place. At 21:44 the 60 Ferrari of Wee went into gravel at Mulsanne Corner bringing about a double yellow and then a slow zone. About a half hour later #49 Keating Motorsports Ligier (Konopka) went off off at Indy causing yet another slow zone. At 22:15, Lamy in #98 Aston Martin came slowly through out of Mulsanne corner with a right front puncture which had flailed and taken wing and light out.
There were more signs of more trouble for Toyota at 22:25 when #8 (Buemi) appeared to be losing fluids. At 22:51 Milner lost a wheel from the #64 Corvette and was propelled into the barrier at the approach to pit entrance. Milner managed to coax the car back to pitlane. The fight in GTE Pro was intense and stayed that way all through the night and into Sunday. Pla in the #66 Ford GT made himself unpopular by filling the car with gravel at Mulsanne corner then depositing it along the track up to Indy. This brought about a safety car period for the area to be swept.
Just as the safety car period ended Kobayashi in the #7 Toyota was spotted going slowly, stuck in one gear. He tried hard to get the car back to pitlane but eventually had to give up the struggle almost in sight of pit entry. Within half an hour Lapierre in the #9 Toyota was going slowly with smoke and flame visible from the rear as a result of a shredded tyre. Lapierre Stopped at Porsche curves then started again. The car finally stopped for good at approach to Ford chicane and Lapierre got out. At 1:46am the #7 and #9 were official retirements and Toyota's three had become one.
At 08:25 Stanaway in the GTE Pro leading #95 Aston Martin went into the tyres at Arnage. He managed to keep going over the gravel, and rejoin with damage to the front and return to the pits for a lengthy repair. We later caught up with Tom Kristensen who commented "It is a very difficult corner because you arrive there from Indianapolis with hot brakes, it's a rookie mistake, but Stanaway is not a rookie "
By mid morning on Sunday the only real race was GTE Pro where the top four exchanged the lead at each pit stop. An hour of fitting a new hybrid wheel motor to the #2 Porsche and two hours for a similar job on the #8 Toyota had left the #1 Porsche 11 laps ahead of the LMP2 pack with the nearest LMP1h cars out of contention.
The #1 Porsche looked untouchable right up until 11:30 when Lotterer rolled to a halt at the side of the track at the bottom end of the Mulsanne straight. With such a lead, the car remained at the top of the timing screen for some time, but the end was inevitable. The leading trio of #38 Jackie Chan DC Racing Oreca, #13 Valliante Rebellion Oreca and #35 Signatech Alpine hacked away at the laps. Meanwhile the delayed #2 Porsche that we had counted out last night had also been chipping away at the laps and by 11:30 had recovered to 5th place and theoretically able to challenge for a podium finish. By noon Hartley in the #2 had risen to 2nd overall helped by the official retirement of #1 Porsche and the #13 delayed by a stop-and-go penalty for a pit lane infringement. Three hours remained and just under three laps to take the lead... game on! The leading #38 Jackie Chan DC Racing Oreca was running at a pace that would make it catch-able in the time available but only if there were no slow zones or safety car periods.
In GTE Pro at noon there was still all to play for in the four way Porsche, Corvette, Aston Martin, Ford GT battle raging with any of the top four possible winners. In GTE Am, things were more stable Ferrari-fest with long time leading #84 JMW Ferrari solidly ahead of the #55 Spirit of Race Ferrari and #62 Scuderia Corsa Ferrari.
At 12:08 Laurent in the #38 Oreca made an unscheduled stop for rear end repairs allowing Hartley in the #2 Porsche to claw back more time. Meanwhile the last remaining Toyota #8 was also fighting back and had made it to 10th overall by that time, about half way up the surviving pack of LMP2 competitors.
At 12:33 Timo Bernhard took over from a rather flushed and sweaty-looking Brendon Hartley for the final stint of the #2 Porsche.
At 12:45 Piquet in #13 Vaillante Rebellion and Calko in #49 ARC Bratislava touched at the Dunlop chicane leaving debris on the circuit and bringing out a local yellow flag. Both cars continued and the yellow flags were only brief. At 12:49 Timo in the #2 Porsche 919 hybrid breezed past Laurent in the #38 Oreca LMP2 coming out of Arnage towards Porsche curves.
Just before 13:00 Matt McMurry in #45 Ligier went into gravel at Mulsanne bringing out a slow zone, the last thing that Porsche needed in their fight back but it was lifted promptly at 13:02. The earlier ill-advised lunge at Dunlop chicane won a 10 second penalty for Piquet in the #13 Oreca.
There was a fuel only stop for Bernhard in # Porsche at 13:20 followed a few seconds later by Laurent in the #38 Oreca who handed the car over to Ho Pin Tung.
At 13:26 Buemi in the #8 Toyota finally broke Conway's fastest time of the race with a lap of 3:18.604. At 13:40 the gap between #38 and #2 was down to 44.176s with both cars requiring at least one more stop. The gap reduced to 28.621s by 13:45 and closing fast. By 13:52 the gap was only 3.2s and the pass would be made soon and so it was that between Mulsanne corner and Arnage Timo Bernhard drew neatly past Ho Pin Tung to take the lead.
As the final pit stops in GTE Pro unwound the outcome remained open until the very end. The final fuel-only stop for Timo Bernhard in the #2 Porsche 919 hybrid went smoothly with 54 minutes left on the clock but all eyes were on Taylor in the #63 Corvette which emerged from its stop a shade ahead of Adam in the #97 Aston Martin to take the GTE Pro lead.
Negrao ran wide at Arnage into the gravel in the #35 Signatech Alpine but was pushed out by marshals with only a short yellow flag. That promoted the #13 Vaillante Rebellion to 3rd overall and second in class. The #35 returned to the pits and was pushed back into its box for a new nose and a clean-up. The top three LMP2 cars pitted for the final time with 23 minutes remaining on the clock. Bernhard in the Porsche #2 LMP1-h also stopped for a splash but had a decent gap so was in no danger of losing a place.
A late pit stop from #91 Porsche handed 3rd place in class to the Ford GT #67. On the dash to the flag, the leading pair (#63 and #97) in the class were a mere 0.7s apart after nearly 24 hours racing. There was an incredible dice in the final laps between Taylor and Adam with a door-handling incident at Arnage corner with Taylor staying ahead in the Corvette. The following lap Taylor locked up and took the shortcut at the second chicane but remained ahead, but not for long as Adam made the pass on the exit of the Ford chicane. The Corvette straight-lined the Dunlop chicane having picked up a puncture. Tincknell managed to pass the stricken Corvette to take 2nd in the Ford GT #67.
Porsche #2 WINS - SECOND WIN FOR EARL BAMBER & TIMO BERNHARD
FIRST WIN FOR BRENDON HARTLEY- THIRD WIN IN A ROW FOR PORSCHE
19TH WIN FOR PORSCHE - TWO NEW ZEALANDERS ON PODIUM FOR FIRST TIME SINCE 1966
TOYOTA #8 finishes 2nd in P1 - BUEMI/DAVIDSON/NAKAJIMA
P2 WON BY #38 DC RACING ORECA TUNG/LAURENT/JARVIS FROM #13 REBELLION ORECA PIQUET JNR/HEINEMEIER HANSSON/BECHE*** & #37 DC RACING ORECA CHENG/GOMMENDY/BRUNDLE
GTE PRO WON BY #97 ASTON MARTIN VANTAGE ADAM/TURNER/SERRA 2ND #67 FORD GT TINCKNELL/DERANI/PRIAULX 3RD #63 CHEVROLET CORVETTE TAYLOR/MAGNUSSEN/GARCIA
GTE AM WON BY #84 JMW MOTORSPORT FERRARI 488 SMITH/STEVENS/VANTHOOR 2ND #55 SPIRIT OF RACE FERRARI 488 CAMERON/CIOCI/SCOTT 3RD #62 SCUDERIA CORSA FERRARI 488 MACNEIL/SWEEDLER/BELL
*** Update: Vaillante Rebellion #13 ORECA 07-Gibson has been disqualified from 24 Hours of Le Mans because of post-race inspection. Mathias Beche, Julien Canal and David Heinemeier Hansson lose their second-place finish in LMP2 (3rd overall). The ORECA 07-Gibson violated Article 3 of the 2017 FIA World Endurance Championship LMP2 Technical Regulations: "No bodywork variation is permitted." Jackie Chan DC Racing's second car, the #37 driven by Cheng Gommendy Brundle, is now classified 2nd behind its sister car.
Full results HERE
Gepost door GF op 14:19
Labels: 2017, 24 Hours of Le Mans, 24h Le Mans, FIA WEC, Race report, World Endurance Championship
Le Mans 2017: The Michelin Man and his tyres..
The Michelin Man or Bibendum to our French friends first broke cover when he was introduced at the Lyon Exhibition in 1894 where the Michelin brothers had a stand. He has become a classic icon here at Le Mans and this year is no exception. The demands of modern endurance raced have changed dramatically over the years and Michelin have continually been developing their tyres to keep up and try and get ahead.
© Kelvin Pope/Sportscarglobal.com
The race winning LMP1 car will cover around 5,000 kms over the 24 hours. It will lap the 13.629 kms circuit approximately 400 times. This year has been the hottest, driest one since 2000 and the cars are faster, with more downforce and as a final twist teams will be restricted to just seven sets of 'dry' tyres for qualifying and the race. Add to that the simple mathematics that an estimated 25 seconds can be saved each time the teams don't have to change tyres and you will see that getting as many 'stints' as possible out of a set of tyres is crucial. The Porsche and Toyota teams are looking at 13 laps per stint as opposed to 11 last year.
They have brought along around 5,000 tyres made up of a mix of three types of slick tyres..soft, medium and hard. There will be two types of wet tyres available described as 'wet' and 'full wet'. The 'full wet' is capable of clearing 120 litres of water every second! We will have to take their word for that since 2017 has been bone dry! There is also a very special 'Hybrid' tyre for the LMP 1 teams. This tyre won't be needed either since it is designed for damp and drying conditions. It is interesting to note that it is not a grooved tyre, it looks more like a slick.
Like Dunlop, Michelin are also using RFID technology which involves a chip embedded in he tyre which communicates with the official timing system and race control.
These tyres travel in an impressive fleet of 13 'semi trailers'. When they arrive there is an 800 -square meter covered compound. There is also a 600 square-meter workshop housing 45 fitters. There are also twenty specialists who work with the teams all the way through the event.
After the race all the used tyres are gathered up and returned to Michelin's main base where they are dissected and then recycled.
It is a huge operation that has evolved over the years and it runs perfectly year on year.
Spare thought for Mr Bibendum as he supervises the teams in temperatures that soared upto at least 30°C
Labels: 2017, 24 Hours of Le Mans, 24h Le Mans, FIA WEC, LM24, Michelin, World Endurance Championship
Le Mans 2017: Notes from Warm Up and qualifying
Reflections on Qualifying
It is always hard to judge but so far this year the circuit and surrounding roads don't seem to be quite as mad as in previous years. However if you head off into Arnage there are the usual steady parade of exotic, mad and interesting machinery.
Nearly every year Le Mans 24hrs gives us a particularly 'memorable moment'. This year surely it was Kamui Kobayashi's qualifying lap in the #7 Toyota TS050 - HYBRID . We caught up with the in-car footage on TV and almost immediately you got the feeling we were watching something a bit special..even by Le Mans' usual standards. The team had timed it perfectly and all the traffic was safely tucked away behind Kobayashi and he had an empty track ahead. As far as we could see he didn't need to pause to pass a single car. To say "He went for it" is an understatement. He crossed the line having posted a 3:14.791, a clear 2.337 seconds ahead of his team mates...that is a lifetime at Le Mans. This was the fastest lap ever recorded with the track in its current length since 1971. It was pretty clear that nobody would get near that time so pole position was safely in the hands of Toyota.
Porsche were off the qualifying pace but who knows what they have in mind as a 'race pace'. One thing is certain and that is Toyota have three cars and Porsche two, so their tactical options should be better. The #2 Porsche 919 Hybrid ended the third session tucked away behind a wall and out of danger. We gather their engineers told Brendon Hartley to switch it off. The commentators suggested that with car still 'charged up' the drivers have to jump out and away from it to save getting a thumping great electric shock. This didn't seem to apply to the marshals!
LMP2 has been a revelation, once again lap records have been wiped out and the general feeling is that the current LMP2 cars are blindingly quick in places that irritate the LMP1 cars. Overall the LMP1 cars are of course quicker by far but there are parts of the track where an LMP2 can quite legitimately be tough to overtake.
The quickest LMP2 was the #26 Oreca 07. They posted a 3:25.352 which was perilously close to the 'non hybrid' Bykolles Enso CLM P1/01 time of 3:24.170.
Not wishing to make too much of a political point about it but Ligier were unhappy about over their 'Balance of Performance' issues. Oreca on the other hand were not complaining.. they had ten of their cars on the grid ahead of the leading Ligier. Ligier were also behind Dallara and Alpine. Something doesn't feel right! As we mentioned this year's LMP2 cars are far, far quicker than last year and apart from anything else there will be no less than 25 of them out there wanted to share the same bits of track.. should be interesting..
We are assured that modern computer technology combined with sophisticated on board data collection have made the art of 'sand-bagging' a thing of the past. It was a strange session with cars out of place and so on, was somebody sand-bagging'?! To use the immortal words of Francis Urquhart in House of Cards "You might very well think that. I couldn't possibly comment". The Ford Team had been complaining fairly consistently but if you were 'sand-bagging' scattering your four cars fairly randomly across the grid might not be the answer. Ferrari, who apparently were used to set the performance bench mark, were also at the back until the last few minutes of qualifying when the #51 Ferrari 488 GTE went up to second in class after 18 laps with their team mates behind the Aston but close behind.
Porsche appeared to be doomed and getting nowhere with their much heralded new 911 RSR 991. But the BoP ( Balance of Peformance) gods smiled on them and 8kgs of weight were taken away. It was all a bit weird. It isn't every day that we get the chance to give the ACO circuit workers a pat on the back but when the #33 Ligier JSP217 driven by Erik Maris 'lost it' coming out of the first chicane he took on the Armco in a big way, and lost. He was fine … but the Armco wasn't! Out came the red flags and in came the repair team. A large truck loaded with stuff, a digger type vehicle a flurry of safety and maintenance vehicles plus an army of workers. Fifty one minutes later the session restarted with a huge chunk of brand new Armco and posts in place. They worked hard and fast.
According to our professional weather man (or so he tells us) says there is zero chance of rain but maybe the odd cloud. So, according to Pierre Fillon President of The ACO this will be the first "All dry" weekend since 2000. You guys out in the camping areas take care.
Jock Simpson.
Track events of Warm-Up
Green flag 09:00
#39 Guibbert Z6 stopped then restarted 9:03 am
#28 Vaxiviere fastest 3:30.986 9:09 am
#17 Lafargue hit barrier before going into gravel in Porsche curves 9:16 am
P1 cars just doing out-laps and returning to pitlane
#17 Lafargue Z32 Moving again and returning to pits
#39 Guibbert returned to pits after very slow lap 9:21 am
#17 Lafargue Pitlane - now in pits 9:22 am
All cars have set a time, but not all have done flying laps 9:22
#8 TOYOTA Sébastien BUEMI 3:21.502 9:23 am
20 minutes remain
#50 Brandela at Ford - spin and continue 9:26 am
#9 TOYOTA LOPEZ straight on at 2nd chicane
#1 Porsche Tandy 3:20.120 9:32 am
#2 Porsche Bamber hands over to Hartley 9:38 am
#69 Ford GT Briscoe 3:51.789 fastest in GTE Pro
4 minutes remain
#88 Porsche Bachler 3:56.608 9:43 am
#86 Porsche Barker 3:56.532 quickest GTE Am
1 minute remains
#7 Toyota Kamui KOBAYASHI 3:18.661 9:45 a
#8 Toyota of Kazuki NAKAJIMA 3:16.308 9:46 am
#26 G-Drive fastest P2 3:27.096 9:50 am
#69 Ford GT fastest in GTE Pro 3:51.789
#83 Ferrari fastest in GTE Am 3:55.575
Chequered Flag at 9:45
Labels: 2017, 24 Hours of Le Mans, 24h Le Mans, FIA WEC, LM24, Qualifying, World Endurance Championship
Le Mans / WEC 2020 Regulations and other announcements at ACO press conference.
At the ACO press conference this morning the president of the ACO Pierre Fillon announced the outline of regulations for 2020 and the 4 years beyond.
The main areas were safety, cost reduction and emissions. The space available for the driver will be increased and extra space will be allowed in front, above and to the side. Performance and cost will be controlled with one body aero design allowed for the whole year, but with more adjustment allowed for vents and wings front and rear. The angle that the driver sits will go from 35 degrees to 55 degrees. This will inevitably make the roof height of LMP1 prototypes higher. 'Plug in' hybrid systems will be introduced where the hybrid storage will be recharged at pit stops in addition to conventional fuel. Once recharged the car will be obliged to run on full electric power for at least one kilometre (at Le Mans from the exit of the pitlane up to the entry of the esses). The ACO is also working on how to let the cars cross the finishline on electrical power.
The other announcements were the honouring of Sir David Richards with the title 'Spirit of Le Mans', the Grand Marshal for 2017 will be Mark Webber, and F1 boss Chase Carey will be the official starter of the 85th 24 hours.
Pictures: Kristof Vermeulen
Labels: 2017, 24 Hours of Le Mans, 24h Le Mans, ACO press conference, FIA WEC, World Endurance Championship
Le Mans 2017 : "Not a lot of people know that …."
Despite most people attributing this quote to him sadly Michael Caine never actually said this… and is getting tired of reminding people of the fact.. he did however say "You're only supposed to blow the bloody doors off!" in the Italian Job.
Anyway this year's programme has a little section in the driver bio's called "Dit you know.." which is near enough for us..
- Since 1951 Porsche, as a manufacturer, has never missed a race . They have a total of 66 starts to their credit
- Each of the Porsche factory drivers spent 3.2 hours on a massage bed during the race.
- 2017 will be the first time Toyota has entered three cars since their return in 2012
- IDEC not only sponsor the #17 Ligier JSP217 but also the IDEC Sport trimaran that won Jules Verne Trophy ( for the fastest circumnavigation of the world) a record which it smashed by 40 days.
- Fabien Barthez driving car #23 Ligier JSP217 played football for France when they won 1998 World Cup and UEFA Euro 2000
- #24 ORECA 07 runs under Chinese colours because of their new partners are from China
- Jan Lammers former team was 'Racing for Holland' who raced here at Le Mans between 1999 and 2007.
- Ayrton Senna entered just one Endurance race this was the 1984 Nürburgring 1000 km in #7 New-man Porsche 956 . They came 8th.
- Zak Brown isn't just McLaren's Technology Group Executive Director but he is also one of owners of United Autosports who have entered the #32 Ligier JSP217
- Philip Hanson driver of #34 Ligier JSP217 is the youngest driver in the race, he is 17 years old.
- Matthew McMurray in the #45 Ligier JSP217 - raced at Le Mans in 2014 when he was just 16 years old
- #49 Ligier JSP217 run by ARC are the first team from Bratislava to enter 24 hours of Le Mans.
- With 19 wins Ferrari is the most successful GT manufacturer in WEC
- Corvette Racing havn't missed a race here at Le Mans since 2000
- This will be Oliver Gavin's 16th visit to Le Mans
- Chip Ganassi came to Le Mans in 1987 driving a Sauber C9… he didn't finish.
- Chip Ganassi Racing have won the Indianapolis 500 on four occasions.
- To date Porsche have achieved 105 class wins at Le Mans.. a record.
- Christina Nielsen driving the #65 Ferrari 488 GTE is the only woman competing here this year.
- Tracy Krohn and Niclas Johnsson #83 Ferrari 488 GTE have raced together here at Le Mans eleven times .. a record for team mates.
- The first time a car appeared in Gulf colours was 50 years ago in 1967.The car was a Mirage M1 painted in "Zenith Blue and Tangerine. The Mirage M1, was a prototype sports car based on the Ford GT40 and built by John Wyer Automotive Engineering.
- Salih Yoluc #90 Aston Martin Vantage is the first ever Turkish driver to race here.
- Mathias Lauda #98 Aston Martin Vantage is Niki Lauda's son.
- The Porsche 919 Hybrid has 24 buttons on the steering wheel!
Le Mans 2017: Wednesday gallery
THE FULL GALLERY OF WEDNESDAY PRACTICE & QUALIFYING SESSION CAN BE VIEWED HERE
Le Mans 2017: Dunlop at Le Mans
Perhaps the most iconic thing you will see when you arrive at Le Mans the first time is the famous Dunlop Bridge. The original bridge was built way back in 1932 and in one form or another it has been there ever since. In 1986/7 it was moved to its present location to leave room for the new chicane. Dunlop have been supplying tyres to competitors ever since.
They supplied tyres for the first ever running of The Le Mans 24 hours in 1923, and this year will be the 85th running of this incredible race. As always Dunlop have a huge presence. Logistically this is challenging job. For a start you will need 6,500 tyres to look after more than half the cars on the grid (32 out of 60). These tyres arrive in 10 articulated trucks. This year there will be 80 members of staff to look after the whole operation.
Endurance racing is very demanding upon tyres. In LMP2 Dunlop are looking after 22 of the 25 entries. There are three specifications of tyres available .. a soft, medium, medium-plus as well as intermediate and full wet tyres. For free practice and qualifying teams are allowed 28 tyres and for the race a further 56. Just in case a tyre gets damaged they are allowed 4 spares.
Much the same applies to GTE Pro and Am and they are allowed 32 tyres for free practice and qualifying and 60 for the race. You only have to do a little arithmetic to see why 6,500 tyres are needed.
To make things more interesting for the spectators and the race organisers Dunlop have developed a system that uses RFID ( Radio Frequency Identification Device) . This involves an embedded chip in the tyre that passes on data about the choice of tyre and the number of stints the tyre have completed. This information is freely available to spectators, media and the race organisers. This technology is being used for the first time here at Le Mans but has been a regular feature with Dunlop in The British Touring Car Championship since 2008. It replaces the less secure 'bar code' system used in the past.
So bear a thought for the technicians and staff who will be working in shifts for the whole 24 hours.
Le Mans 2017 - Wednesday qualifying report
After a delayed start to the first qualifying session due to barrier repairs between Arnage and the entry to Porsche Curves, it is good to be able to confirm that it would appear we have a motor race on our hands!
In numeric order the three Toyota TS050 Hybrids were split by the #2 Porsche 919 Hybrid; the #7 of Kamui Kobayashi setting a provisional pole time of 3:18.793. The sister #8 car currently joins it on the front row, 3-tenths faster than the faster Porsche #2. Given the oppressive conditions, even at 22:00 local, it should not be surprising that the time is a full second slower that the Test Day time set by the #7 Toyota.
© Sportscarglobal.com/Kelvin Pope - Redfirecracker
It was also good to see the #4 ByKolles ENSO CLM – Nismo go faster than the LMP2 category pack in overall 6th place behind the factory-hybrids. We caught up with Dominik Kraihamer and Marco Bonanomi between session, both were a tad crest-fallen after the engine failure in the Practice session and suggested they would hold back on the new install to protect it for the race; a 3:28.887 is a fair result.
This story was originally posted by Nick Holland at Sportscarglobal.com
The car is also fastest through the speed trap at 340.2kmh whilst others have wound on downforce and have marginally slowed as a consequence. A quick word for Porsche though who may have gone the other way and found greater straight line speed to ease passing, driver traffic worries. LMP1-H are now clocking 334.9kmh which is faster than the vast majority of the LMP2 field.
In LMP2 it is a battle at the front between TDS Racing #28 and the seeming lead Vaillante Rebellion #31 category pole currently with the #28 with a 3:29.333 by 5-tenths from #31 of Prost/Canal/Senna (had to get the line-up in!). A little slower in the 3:30s, but good to see a resurgent CEFC Manor TRS Racing pair, pursue by the might of #38 Jackie Chan DC Racing Oreca run by Jota Sport. Indeed the Oreca 07 continues to prove its point as the class of the category taking the top 12 places. The fastest non-Oreca is the Racing Team Nederland Dallara #29 of Lammers/Van Eerd/Barrichello with a best of 3:33.796.
Two casualties of the qualifying session came to grief at Mulsanne Corner firstly the #39 Graff Racing car in the hands of Eric Trouillet slid very wide on the exit crossing the gravel and finding the tyre protected wall to lean on. This was craned away and once set back down returned to the fray, proving the Oreca is both quick and solid. The second off was of more concern #27 SMP Racing Dallara came to a stop off line on approach to the corner alight! The fire caused substantial smoke, and judging by the odour much carbon-fibre will be needed to repair this Russian team's entry.
GTE-Pro has been impacted by a revised BoP for the Corvette Racing CR7-Rs, such tiny tolerances and margins at play, 0.2mm adjustment to the restrictor has slowed these cars from category fastest on Test Day to 9th in class currently. We hear speculation that Ford have generously provided their GM-rival with sandbags, but that as we say is idle speculation! For Ford themselves the woes and travails of Test Day seem to have passed and the Pro GT is showing better pace, indeed the fastest car the #67 of Priaulx/Derani/Tincknell clocked 3:54.118 faster than the lead Corvette on 3:54.827.
Ahead of the Transatlantic challengers it is the ever fast #95 in the hands of Nicki Thiim that sits a top the category pole at present with a 3:52.117pursue by the factory #71 and #51 Ferrari 488 GTEs both clocking 3:53s. We suspect that 3:53 or 54.0 is the target that the ACO considers appropriate for GTE-Pro, and if so it would appear they are finding a valid balance, Bravo Vincent Bravo!
To conclude the fight is equally fierce in GTE-Am with Aston Martin Racing #98 very much leading the way on a 3:55.134 for Dalla Lana/Lamy/Lauda pursued by the Dempsey-Proton Racing Porsche RSR #77 and third placed TF Sport Vantage of Yoluc/Hankey/Bell (Yoluc being the 1st Turkish driver to compete in the 24h of Le Mans). The miriad of 2016-spec Ferrari 488s is led by the #83 DH Racing example of Krohn/Jonsson/Bertolini with a 3:55.966. Three different examples of four cars lead the category with 1-sec of each other over a 13.5 km lap, that is endurance motorsport racing, where to be fastest over one lap does not matter. But it does once again demonstrate the health and wealth that constitutes the World Endurance Championship and its Crown Jewel event the 85th 24 Heures Du Mans.
LMP1 1st #7 Toyota 3:18.793 2nd #8 Toyota 3rd #2 Porsche
LMP2 1st #28 TDS Oreca 3:29.333 2nd #31 Rebellion Oreca 3rd # 25 Manor Oreca
GTE Pro 1st #95 Aston Martin 3:52.117 2nd #71 AF Corse Ferrari 3rd #51 AF Corse Ferrari
GTE Am 1st #98 Aston Martin 3:55.134 2nd #77 Dempsey-Proton Porsche 3rd #90 TF Sport Aston Martin
Wednesday results:
Afternoon free practice
Evening qualifying
Text: Dave Davies - Nick Holland/Sportscarglobal.com
Pictures: Kristof Vermeulen/Kelvin Pope
Le Mans 2017: Tuesday pictures
© John Stevens/Sportscarglobal.com
TUESDAYS COMPLETE GALLERY CAN BE FOUND HERE
Thanks to John Stevens of Sportscarglobal for the autograph session pictures


> Insights & Analysis > How have cards and their users grown in the past decade?
How have cards and their users grown in the past decade?
Over the last ten years payment cards have changed significantly our payment behaviour and ergo how we live. For example, card spending in pubs has increased five-fold from £1 billion in 2004 to £5 billion in 2014, according to a new UK Cards Association report.
It is the first ever publication of a decade of whole-market card spending data and reveals a huge growth in spending using cards, from £270 billion in 2005 to £566 billion in 2014. Debit cards accounted for 58 per cent of these transactions in 2005, rising to 71 per cent in 2014.
Card spending overtook cash spending back in 2004 and in the last ten years the effect of this is pronounced. Not only are we spending five times as much on card in pubs, we are also spending nearly twice as much in supermarkets, from £51.2 billion in 2005 to £99.5 billion in 2014. However, at the same time the average supermarket transaction fell from £31 in 2009 to £25 in 2014. That's because the increasing ubiquity of cards has led to people making more frequent, more local shopping trips instead of the big weekly shops.
"These figures show for the first time how our spending patterns have changed and the central role payment cards have played in this. Today we think nothing of paying for a coffee and a sandwich with a contactless payment card or streaming films on a smartphone which is also enabled for mobile payments. This is so different to a decade ago when we carried more cash and shopped in high street stores," said Richard Koch, Richard Koch, head of Policy at The UK Cards Association.
The rise of online card transactions has also changed not only how we take in entertainment, but also what type of entertainment.
The Cards Association said there has been a drastic decline in spending at record shops, down 71 per cent. Video stores sales also went down, by half (49 per cent) as consumers moved to online streaming services, supported by increasing smartphone and tablet ownership. There were 1.3 billion online transactions in 2014, amounting to £119 billion. Around a quarter of all online transactions are now at entertainment websites, equating to 8 per cent of all spending online.
However, as cards take away, they can also give back. Richard Koch said that "cards are accepted in more places than ever before" and shops that have made the upgrade have seen a surge in card spending over the last decade. Vinyl is actually enjoying a resurgence and in 2014 was valued at £26m, up from just £3m in 2009. In fact, Tesco has begun stocking LPs again, marketing them as great Christmas gifts. Whilst there are many factors for the resurging popularity of vinyl, introduction of card-accepting terminals into record stores that traditionally only accepted cash is certainly one of them.
Another example is that of the baker's. In 2005, consumers spent £3m on cards at the baker's; in 2014 that number jumped up to £28m.
Restaurants were another of the key beneficiaries of increased card spending within the entertainment sector, taking £8.6 billion in 2005, rising to £22.2 billion in 2014. The entertainment sector also saw the strongest rate of growth, with the number of card transactions rising from 500 million in 2005 to 1.9 billion in 2014.


I would like to invite you to participate as a Student in my course Read to Lead which I'll be teaching using CourseSites by Blackboard. I've provided a brief description below for more information.
Read to Lead - Read Aloud Strategies for Parents: A tutorial for parents on the importance of reading aloud to their children ages 0-10. Each indiviual module can be completed in less than 30 minutes and provides demonstrations and activities for parents to use with their children.


text:
NDDC Politics Sen Victor Ndoma-Egba
NDDC: SGF Clarifies Governing Board Tenure ...As Senate melows down on probe action
Fearless Reports 1 10 November A+ A-
https://www.fearlessreports.com/2017/11/nddc-sgf-clarifies-governing-board.html
Boss Mustapha, SGF
Clarification was yesterday made available to the Senate on alleged illegal extension of the present board of the Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC).
The Senate had earlier mandated its committee on NDDC to carry out investigation on the allegation made by Senator Emmanuel Paulker (PDP Bayelsa Central).
Paulker in the allegation made via a motion moved to that effect on the floor of the Senate yesterday, declared that contrary to the clear provisions of Section 5 (3) of the NDDC Act, the tenure of the present board of the commission has been illegally extended to four years by the immediate past Acting Secretary to the Government of the Federation, Dr. Habiba Muda Lawal.
He added that section 5(2) of the Act dictates that the Board headed by Senator Victor Ndoma Egba, SAN serves out the remainder of the term of the board chaired by Senator Bassey Henshaw will terminate in December 2017.
A submission that made the Senate to mandate its committee on NDDC to liase with the new Secretary to the Government of the Federation (SGF) Boss Mustapha with a view to unravelling the facts of the matter.
But the SGF in a swift action via a letter signed by a permanent secretary, Dayo Apata and made available yesterday, denied any tenure elongation for the board members as alleged by Senator Paulker.
In the letter titled : "Re: Clarification on the tenure of the governing board of NDDC", and obtained by journalists declared that Ndoma Egba headed board is not a continuation of the dissolved one headed by Bassey Henshaw.
The letter States : "Section 5(2) of the act refers to a situation where a vacancy occurs as a result of any of the provisions of section 5(1) of the act as opposed to when the entire board is dissolved . In this case, the previous board was dissolved and its tenure extinguished
"Dissolution of the board cannot be categorised as a vacancy under the act. Dissolution signifies total extinguishment of the board, it simply ceases to exist and there cannot be any remainder of any term which a successor is expected to complete.
"There has to be a fresh composition of the board for a fresh term of four years .Therefore the letters of appointment stating that they were to complete the remainder of the tenure of the previous board is of no effect as the words in a letter cannot override the express provisions of an act".
Meanwhile, one of the Senators who spoke after the resolution to resolve the issue with the SGF said that the intervention of the Senate President must have been informed by the need to promote the new found rapports between the Executive and the Legislature.
He recalled that the recent appointment of a new SGF occasioned the visit of the new SGF to the leadership of the National Assembly to improve and strengthen Executive=Legislature relationship
The Senate leadership, he said, may also have been moved to support the reform minded initiative of the present NDDC leadership.
He noted that the matured handling of the motion by the Senate leadership had gone further to underscore and demonstrate the determination of the Senate to support the core mandate of the NDDC as an interventionist agency.
According to him, on this the NDDC leadership on their part, are required to focus in its present commitment to develop the region and make the agency responsible.
NDDC, Politics, Sen Victor Ndoma-Egba
Sen Victor Ndoma-Egba 761535039021136650
Dominick 24 October 2021 at 15:33
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