Read Part 1 of this series. For another, briefer discussion of some mythic motifs in Bone, check out Stephen Weiner's "Using Graphic Novels in the Classroom, including Bone by Jeff Smith" p. 7, which briefly outlines some comparisons for which I don't have space. Page numbers are once again from the Bone: One Volume Edition .
And here's the requisite spoiler warning. Now let's get started.
"A hero ventures forth from the world of common day into a region of supernatural wonder: fabulous forces are there encountered and a decisive victory is won: the hero comes back from this mysterious adventure with the power to bestow boons on his fellow man" (Campbell 1968:30).
Thus Joseph Campbell describes what he calls the "nuclear unit of the monomyth" (1968:30), that is, what he sees as the core of every myth. I'm uncomfortable with Campbell's reduction of all myths to one, partly because Campbell's monomyth, as he elaborates it, has notably different elements from the Hero Cycle in Stith Thompson's motif index (Underberg 2005), but I certainly acknowledge parallels between the myths of the world.
Whether there is only one myth or several, Campbell's nuclear unit is certainly common, which should be unsurprising, considering how basic it is. In particular, change in the mythic hero and his way of relating to the world is of the essence of the myth.
But if anything is not mythic, if anything defies the monomyth, it is the comic strip. In the Calvin And Hobbes 10th Anniversary , Bill Watterson explains in his introduction that some people enjoy comic strips because of their stability, because the characters do not change. This is evident in "Calvin and Hobbes." Every event that happens to Calvin may as well have never happened; even when moral lessons are presented--and they are, sometimes in more intense forms than are typical of the funny pages--Calvin learns nothing. The events of his life slide off his psyche as if they never occurred; once Hobbes is returned, the stolen TV replaced, or the Snow Goons frozen, the crisis is over, Calvin forgets, and nothing changes. This is visible particularly in Calvin's agelessness. He goes to school, goes on summer break, has numerous Christmases, and yet he never has a birthday. He is eternally six.
It is perhaps no surprise that, not long after the publication of the 10th Anniversary, Watterson retired, announcing he could do nothing more with the strip. Arguably, he could have done a lot more; he could have let Calvin turn seven, which would have opened up a new world of possibilities, but it would also have denied the inalterability that some see as intrinsic to the comic strip art form.
Bone is intriguing for many reasons, but perhaps its central conceit is its bringing together of seemingly irreconcilable opposites: high fantasy with slapstick humor, realistically drawn characters with cartoonish ones. Perhaps most startling of its collided opposites is the confrontation of three comic strip characters with Campbell's monomyth. Bone is a depiction of the unstoppable force encountering the immovable object: the all-changing myth meets the unchangeable character. Which one has to give?
This conceit has precedents. Others my age will remember Duck Tales, which demonstrated that talented writers could get a good deal of mythological mileage out of Disney's iconic characters. The three Bone cousins, in their personalities and even to a degree in their appearances, are similar to some of the best-known Disney characters: brave, kind Fone Bone is much like Mickey Mouse; tall, silly, easygoing Smiley Bone is much like Goofy; greedy, squabbling Phoney Bone is something like a hybrid cross between Donald Duck and Scrooge.
In Bone, the monomyth is encased in what has come to be called the high fantasy epic. The high fantasy, by the narrow definition I'll use for this essay, involves a fantasy world, usually described as "sprawling," beset by a curiously camera-shy representative of evil, in this case the Lord of Locusts. Locusts, of course, symbolize chaos and destruction.
This evil overlord commands a vast army of hideous monsters, here rat creatures, who tend to be surprisingly inept fighters, at least when battling the heroes. Aligned against the villain and his army are a comparatively weak force of do-gooders, perhaps attached to the remnant of an ancient utopian or otherwise good society, such as the city of Atheia. There's plenty of room for political intrigue and the exploration of the decadence of certain members on the side of good. Typically, the people representing good are divided, argumentative, and lazy, whereas the evil are unified and energetic, though they may have minor intrigues of their own, particularly when the army of inhuman monsters has to work in alliance with groups of misguided humans.
The politicized conflict between good and evil erupts into war, climaxing with a major siege battle in which evil's massive horde outnumbers good's small army.
Mixed into the political situation is a quest, frequently involving a magical artifact, either the evil overlord's one weakness or the source of his power, which he has foolishly left lying somewhere in the countryside. The final siege battle forms the backdrop of the completion of the quest. Since fantasists back themselves against a wall with these paired conceits, an explanation is sometimes necessary that the evil army was bound to the will of the overlord and disperses peacefully or becomes otherwise incapacitated at his death.
High fantasies, particularly the quest portions, make good vehicles for unlikely or reluctant heroes. Sometimes, these heroes are what I call interpreter characters. Interpreters are mediators between the high fantasy universe and the reader. The interpreters may have a mindset or background closer to the reader's than to the world of politics and magic occupying the book. Explanations to the interpreters keep the reader from getting lost, and their personalities keep the reader from getting bored. In the case of The Lord of the Rings , the hobbits serve as interpreters. In the case of Guy Gavriel Kay's The Fionavar Tapestry , five students from the University of Toronto serve in that role. In Bone, the Bone cousins, who come from a society more-or-less like modern America, act as interpreters, filtering the story about dreams and demigods through easily digestible dialogue and worldviews.
Of course, everyone knows the high fantasy formula. Susannah Clements suggests in her fine lecture, "From Middle Earth to Fionavar: Free Will and Sacrifice in High Fantasy by J.R.R. Tolkien and Guy Gavriel Kay," that the real question in a high fantasy is not whether good will triumph over evil but how much it will cost good to accomplish that triumph.
In The Lord of the Rings , the cost is rather low, and for that reason the books are, in my opinion, unsatisfying in their conclusion. The biggest sacrifice is Gollum, a character nobody cares about (notice how they try to repair that deficiency in the films). The smaller sacrifice is more subtle: Middle Earth is a less magical place when the story is complete, but since the reader is about to leave it anyway, he probably doesn't mind too much.
The Fionavar Tapestry , on the other hand, is too extreme in the other direction. The sacrifices are frequent and intense. At first, they are quite moving--Paul hangs for three days on the Summer Tree after the manner of Odin and Jennifer is graphically raped by the archvillain. But after that, the sacrifices are less dramatic and even routine: a race of sinless beings has a fall from grace, a sea god gives himself up to torture, and a man who just found the love of his life willingly dies in battle to save another. And it just goes on.
Arguably, Kay's constant sacrifices aren't a failure. The torments are varied and unexpected graces appear. The greatest problem is that the biggest and most moving sacrifices are at the beginning of the story rather than the end. The other great problem is the conclusion: The Lord of the Rings ends in decisive fashion with Frodo and the elves departing forever into the uttermost West, but The Fionavar Tapestry ends with the characters just sort of wandering wherever, deciding whether they'll go back to our world or hang out in Fairyland. The obligatory separation that gives good fantasies their sense of completion is missing. Surely the interpreter characters must go back to their own world or move on to the next one--ultimately, they don't belong in the world in which the story takes place.
It is a delicate balance to strike, and even great masters have missed the mark by at least a hair. Besides that, the effect for which the high fantasist is reaching is largely a subjective one gauged by the reader's disposition, preconceived notions, and attitude at the time of reading. Some may be bored by The Lord of the Ring's overextended post-climax conclusion while others may delight in it (I am in the former category). Some may find the end of The Fionavar Tapestry a relaxed relief after the preceding brutalities while others may find it an aimless extension of Kay's sometimes ludicrous worldbuilding (I am in the latter category). But speaking from my own subjectivity, Bone strikes the balance precisely, both with a definite sacrifice and an ending in which the characters are separated. Bone matches my expectation of what emotional response a high fantasy will produce. I expect the high fantasy to make me want more, to open a yearning in the heart like a sweet wound. Others may prefer to end high fantasies with a sense of satiation, in which case I would suggest they're reading the wrong kind of books.
The necessary sacrifice in Bone's high fantasy myth is accomplished in two ways. The first is by a tease: we have every reason to believe Thorn will die at the Crown of Horns or even before. I say this because Fone Bone and Thorn have a competition for the role of central hero in this myth. The story begins by following Bone, yet when he arrives at the spring where Thorn is bathing, his role switches to that of "herald" to Thorn's coming adventure and life change (cf. Campbell 1968:49-58). Fone Bone is the strange creature the hero sees as the quest begins, announcing the existence of a world beyond Thorn's current ability to imagine. Taking the herald, combining him with the helpful companion, and then letting him take center stage in the role of a faux protagonist is certainly a unique idea. Smith's execution of this isn't perfect; without Thorn, the entire book of Rock Jaw Master of the Eastern Border feels like a pointless interlude, but such can be expected, for as far as I know, Smith is here exploring new territory outside the bounds of what we normally consider good writing. He succeeds anyway, combining the changeless comic strip protagonist with the high fantasy epic: as the story gradually morphs from light, episodic adventure to full-scale myth, Smith lets Bone fluctuate between first-place hero and second-rate sidekick. As this happens, Thorn changes via a rite of passage as a fantasy hero should while Fone Bone remains largely the same. In this way, Smith satisfies the needs of the myth and the comic strip simultaneously.
The interesting effect of this competition for first place is the conclusion in the reader's mind that the story can ultimately do without one or the other of the characters. Briar detects this as well, for she says as she determines that Bone is a true protagonist, "...that means I no longer need you, Princess--" (p. 918). It would have made an interesting (and desolating) twist if Thorn had died after accidentally bequeathing a fragment of the Locust to Bone, forcing him to continue alone on a quest that was never rightfully his to begin with. While reading Bone for the first time, I convinced myself this was going to happen. Interesting though the idea is, it would have mortally wounded the story, for it would have killed the relationship that, as I've previously discussed, is Bone's centerpiece. Nonetheless, the possibility of the story going on without one or the other of its main characters lends Bone a tension few high fantasies have. In this way, Smith gives the work the emotional impact of Kay's repetitious sacrifices without the laborious presentation of constant death or protracted torture.
The possibility of the death of Thorn almost takes on certitude when Bone proposes that Thorn will indeed die if she touches the Crown of Horns (p. 1161). Arguably, both of them do die in that scene, in a sense. Bone dives into his head (p. 1277) much as he dove into the Dragon's mouth in an earlier dream sequence (pp. 894-896), perhaps representing in both instances a death-and-rebirth motif. In this second sequence, Bone encounters a light that says, "Hello," but then Thorn appears and draws him back (pp. 1278-1279). The scene can be variously interpreted, but since Bone is diving into his own head toward his own center, we are probably meant to understand the light as his own soul, which in the Bone universe is a coagulation of the dreaming, probably identical to the "Dreaming Eye" through which the Dreaming streams and by which it can be perceived (p. 868).
So why does Thorn tell Bone that if he goes that way he can't come back, a warning presumably of either death or permanent catatonia? Perhaps such direct contact with one's own center would mean self-revelation too intense to bear. In that case, there is a conscious turning here from ultimate enlightenment. This may be a choice in favor of the material world and in rejection of the spiritual one, though that would be at variance with the rest of the comic. It may be the rejection of a pure spiritualism that ignores or contemns the physical, in which case it would be in tune with the underlying theme of balancing opposites; it would also be, at least on this point, in line with Christian metaphysics. Or it may be a representation of the bodhisattva who foregoes entrance into Nirvana in order to turn back and teach others, which may also align it with the story's end in which the bones return to Boneville.
The second of Bone's sacrifices comes at the climax. One sacrificial death, one tragic death, and one necessary death occur, altogether making a satisfying "cost" for the defeat of evil, consummating--but also relieving--the fear of approaching death that pervades the comic's latter third. The sacrificial death is Lucius's. He seizes Briar to save Rose and in so doing repairs the mistake he made years before (p. 1271). He dies heroically, saving others. He also, in a sense, dies in place of Thorn and Bone. Having botched his own romantic story, he gives them the opportunity to complete theirs in the right manner, and they do. "This is a far, far better thing I do," he might say if the action allowed such an introspective pause.
The tragic death is Kingdok's; he is Bone's sole tragic character (pp. 1257-1262). Formerly a mighty king, he turns over his power to the Hooded One. It is interesting to trace Kingdok's character and appearance through the comic: in the early chapters, he looks like a large and especially toothy rat creature (p. 98), but he evolves into a gigantic walking mouth, a creature of nightmare (p. 480). Intimidating as he is, other characters gradually dismantle him in representation of his loss of authority. Thorn cuts off his right arm, symbol of strength (pp. 477-478). Rock Jaw rips out his tongue, symbol of the ability to give commands or opinions (p. 774). Gran'ma smashes in one side of his face with a statue, completing the mutilation (p. 850). Humiliated and debased, Kingdok insists that Thorn slay him even though she gives him opportunity to live (p. 1257). He will have none of it: he forces her hand and very nearly frustrates her quest. Kingdok is a noble character who destroys himself--the subject of tragedy.
The necessary death is Briar's. She, along with the Locust, is a villain who needs to die if the story is to resolve, so we need speak no more about it.
The sacrifices have appropriate impact, for both Lucius and Kingdok have enough development to be sympathetic characters. After everything is wrapped up, the story ends with the conclusion of the myth: the interpreter characters, alien to the world of the story, return to their own world (p. 1332), "with the power to bestow boons," Campbell would say. What exactly these boons are, we don't know. That brings us back to the earlier question: do the bones change? Can they, in fact, bestow boons? Have they learned anything?
Before answering that question, I will pause to address fans who hope for sequels. Sequels to myths are inevitably bad because when the myth is over, it's over. Whatever happens next is unnecessary and uninteresting. Does anyone want the details of Cinderella's happy married life? Does anyone want to read about Sam mucking around in the Shire? If you don't believe me, read Dune , a mythic story in its own right. When you're done with that, read the sequel, Dune Messiah . If you manage to get through it and still aren't convinced, read Children of Dune . Repeat as necessary with the remaining three sequels. Somewhere in there, you'll realize that sequels to myths are bad news.
But now: do the bones change? I think the answer is yes, but their change is subtle and Smith makes a nod to comic characters' unchangeability. The comic ends where it began, with the Bone cousins having an argument in the desert (p. 1332), the same argument with which we first me them (p. 19). Phoney clearly hasn't learned his lesson; the story's end finds him trying to rob people. Smiley is still a moocher. Fone Bone is still Fone Bone.
Yet they have learned something. They are going home together. Earlier, in The Dragonslayer, Phoney makes a serious move to head home without Fone Bone and Smiley (p. 588). But in Crown of Horns, he exclaims to Gran'ma, "I can't leave without my COUSINS" (p. 1219).
As for Fone Bone, he has gone through a similar transformation; he must choose between Thorn and his cousins or, as previously described, between selfishly clinging to Thorn and unselfishly releasing her. Upon first meeting Thorn, he says, ".....Boneville....? ....What's Boneville?" (p. 61). The sight of a beautiful woman has made him forget countrymen and homeland. But when he decides to go back to Boneville, Thorn says, "You don't have to explain, Fone Bone. I know how much you love your cousins" (p. 1323).
As for Smiley, if anyone hasn't changed, he hasn't. We've learned a few things about his character, but they haven't been changes. Smiley is inalterable because he adapts to any situation. Smiley bends like bamboo. His wu-wei approach to the world is evident in the way he goes along with Phoney's moneymaking schemes: Smiley agrees to play along with Phoney, though as Phoney hints early on, Smiley may not be entirely on board, for Phoney says to him, "Satisfaction with YOU is always so TEMPORARY!" (p. 218). Later, we learn that Smiley made Phoney pay everyone for pies they had stolen as children (p. 963). Fone Bone opposes Phoney's plans directly, but Smiley prefers to undermine them from within. Yet at the same time, Smiley seems to acquiesce to Phoney's worldview as well as his schemes; as he says during The Dragonslayer, "You can't feel SAFE unless there's somethin' to be safe AGAINST!" (p. 509), defending Phoney's conniving plans. Characters like Smiley make highly entertaining sidekicks--Smiley could hold his own with any of Shakespeare's wise fools--but such characters are never heroes. If Thorn or Fone Bone behaved like Smiley, they would have glided right along and adapted to everything--and the Locust would have won.
Now that we've discussed the high fantasy myth of Bone's plot and the changes in its characters, we must discuss Bone's underlying cosmological and cosmogonic myths.
"Australian aboriginal mythology is referred to as 'The Dreaming' or 'Dreamtime'--alternative translations of the Aranda word alcheringa. The contemporary convention of capitalizing these terms indicates that they are better understood as proper names than as descriptive nouns. 'The Dreaming,' read literally, suggests that Australian aboriginal mythology originated in and was sustained by dreams. However, while dreams per se seem to play a vital part in the spiritual life of native Australia, their role is not as large as the name would suggest. 'Dreamtime' seems to be the less misleading term, since the reference is to a special sort of time--the familiar time of the mythic human mind, a time that is at once long past and existing alongside the present, perhaps as dreams exist parallel to the waking experience. Elkin captures its dual sense of both long ago and right now, and its similarity to dreams: 'the eternal dream-time--a time which is past and yet present, partaking of the nature of the dreamlife, unfettered by the limitations set by time and space'" [Callicott 1994:174].
Thorn: The Dreaming? Isn't that the name for the OLD TIME?
Bone: You've HEARD of this?
Gran'ma: It IS the old time, but it still exists. It's all around us.
Callicott indicates that dreams, as such, are less important in Australian mythology than in Bone. Campbell, when discussing the Australian Dreamtime, emphasizes and probably overemphasizes dreams because he wants to link mythology to Freudian and Jungian dream interpretation (e.g., Campbell 1968:18-19,137-138). If Smith gets some of his inspiration for Bone from Campbell, as I half suspect he does, the reader interested in the Smith's original intent may profit from reading Bone's mythology from a Jungian angle. Personally, I'm unimpressed when people undergoing Freudian or Jungian psychoanalysis start having Freudian or Jungian dreams, but this apparently impresses Campbell greatly (1968:11-12).
"The ancestral beings were human but also had the characteristics of various animals--such as the emu, kangaroo, bandicoot, or red flying fox--into which they would eventually transform themselves. When their walkabouts were complete, each ancestral being 'went down' or 'in' at a certain spot" [Callicott 1994:175].
The only being from the Dreaming named in Bone is the Locust, represented as, and in control of, locust swarms. How this being of pure spirit (p. 782) relates to the material locusts of the mortal world is unexplained, but the Locust's own going "in" to the world by being frozen in stone in the Eastern Mountains may reflect the Australian ancestors going down into the earth and remaining present through totem animals. The Ghost Circles, points where the barrier between mortal world and Dreaming is thin, may be similar to the increase sites where the ancestors entered the earth, but all these things in Bone take on a sinister aspect.
The cosmogonic myth of Bone is laid out on three occasions. First, Gran'ma tells the myth to Phoney (pp. 781-783). Later, Taneal radically reinterprets it (p. 999). It is presented for a third time in its own chapter (pp. 1173-1177). This third presentation is the clearest and forms the basis for this discussion.
The story begins like a fairy tale, "When the world was new, and dreams had not yet receded from the waking day..." "DRAGONS ruled the Earth" (p. 1173). We learn that the dragon queen Mim encircled the world and held her tail in her mouth (p. 1174). The image here comes from Norse mythology, in which the Midgard serpent is "of such an enormous size that holding his tail in his mouth he encircles the whole earth" (Bulfinch 2003:333). The Midgard serpent appears to be an emblem of chaos, for he will fight the gods at Ragnarok and die by the hand of Thor (Cotterell and Storm 2006:204). Mim or Mimir (see this article from Brittanica), on the other hand, is a wise god who tried in vain to mediate a peace between the warring Vanir and Aesir (Cotterell and Storm 2006:210). Mim in Bone has aspects of both a wise world-preserving god and a god of chaos. Mim/Locust is a representation of the Indian Mahadevi or Great Goddess (Cotterell and Storm 2006:396, Campbell 1968:109-120). As Mim, the central deity of Bone is a world-preserver. As Locust, she is a destroyer.
"She was Cosmic Power, the totality of the universe, the harmonization of all the pairs of opposites, combining wonderfully the terror of absolute destruction with an impersonal yet motherly reassurance. As change, the river of time, the fluidity of life, the goddess at once creates, preserves, destroys" [Campbell 1968:115].
Campbell's presentation of the goddess is similar to Taneal's presentation of Mim/Locust: "This is MIM, the first dragon. You see her long body? She holds her tail in her mouth and gives life to the world." "This is also Mim--but in her dark aspect. Here she is the lord of DEATH: The Lord of the Locust." "She is the creator AND the destroyer... You cannot have life without death. The two are always together" (p. 999).
The point in Taneal's version, then, is balance: Locust and Mim, creator and destroyer, must be in harmony. The first and third presentations of Bone's mythos, however, are at variance with this presentation. In these, the Lord of the Locusts is a representation not of destruction to be balanced with creation, but of imbalance itself, an agent of chaos opposed to order. According to these versions, annihilation of the Lord of the Locust is the solution to the problem. According to Taneal's version, the annihilation of the Lord of the Locust would mean everyone's hosed.
The subsequent events of the story give the lie to Taneal's explanation, leaving open the question of whether Smith intended Taneal to be in error or whether Bone has an internal inconsistency. The way in which Taneal's presentation is given suggests to me the latter. Smith is not the first fantasist to try to force this kind of dualism into the high fantasy formula. As with the other attempts, the result is incoherency, as I'll explain more thoroughly in the next essay. This essential incompatibility of two myths, incidentally, also gives the lie to Campbell's insistence that all myths are the same.
Taking the Lord of the Locust alone, apart from Mim, we have a representation of another motif from mythology--the evil god who is imprisoned in the Earth but still has influence. This motif has appeared in ancient mythology and modern speculative fiction from Loki to Cthulhu. Loki from Norse mythology is probably the best-known version--chained under the earth where a venomous serpent drips painful acid on his face, awaiting Ragnarok, when he will be free to make war on the gods and destroy the universe.
Satan is in the same line of trapped gods. Note, for example, the language of Revelation 20.1-3 and 7: "Then I a saw an angel coming down from heaven, holding in his hand the key to the bottomless pit and a great chain. He seized the dragon, that ancient serpent, who is the Devil and Satan, and bound him for a thousand years, and threw him into the pit, and locked and sealed it over him, so that he would deceive the nations no more, until the thousand years were ended. After that he must be let out for a little while.... When the thousand years are ended, Satan will be released from his prison and will come out to deceive the nations at the four corners of the earth, Gog and Magog, in order to gather them for battle..." (NRSV).
Similarly, 2 Thessalonians 2.8 reads, "For the mystery of lawlessness is already at work, but only until the one who now restrains it is removed" (NRSV). People have wasted time and paper trying to figure out who "the one who now restrains it" is. The nature of the restraining force is not the subject of the passage; the idea is that evil is for a while in check but will come out in full strength at the end of time. "End times" language appears in Bone as well, specifically referring to an indefinite future date when the Locust will be free of his restraint.
The battle between the dragons and the possessed Mim more-or-less resembles the ancient Near Eastern Combat Myth, a widespread story of creation best known from the Babylonian Enuma Elish in which Marduk defeats the rampant nature goddess Tiamat. In the Canaanite version, Baal defeats Yam (Coogan 1978:75-115). In both versions, a god conquers a chaotic being represented as a serpent, the ocean, or both. These stories are similar to the Titanomachy of ancient Greece in which the Olympian gods defeat the older, serpentine Titans (Littleton 2002:146-149). The Canaanite, Greek, and Babylonian myths all feature younger gods defeating older ones and usurping them. Similarly, in Bone, Mim, apparently the original dragon, is replaced by her children when they turn her to stone to trap the Locust. Smith's version is perhaps unique in that he represents all the actors as dragons, beings normally associated with water and, hence, with chaos (e.g., Ingersoll 2005).
Finally, before ending, we'll discuss the Crown of Horns. The Crown of Horns is an example of a common concept in mythology, a world axis or focal point, which Campbell calls the World Navel (1968:40-42). Typically, the World Navel is a mountain, such as Mount Meru in Buddhism (Littleton 2002:385), or a tree, such as Yggdrasil in Norse Mythology. Christianity, of course, which claims to fulfill the myths, has Christ hanging on a tree on a mountain, which is less a focal place than a focal event.
The Crown of Horns apparently has a complicated history. In an earlier version of the comic, the old headmaster explains the Crown as an antithesis of the Locust, so the Locust and Crown would destroy each other if they came in contact. Vestiges of this explanation remain in the One Volume Edition; in the climactic scene, Bone and Thorn are working on the assumption that a person possessed of the Locust can kill the Locust by touching the Crown (p. 1267). Nonetheless, Smith has altered the headmaster's dialogue in the One Volume Edition to emphasize the Crown as a world axis, thereby removing the explanation of the Crown as an antithesis of the Locust: "The Crown of Horns sits directly upon the veil, half in our world, and half in the DREAMING world." "It is the tipping point--the point of BALANCE." "Some say it is the very HEART of our world" (p. 1099). The new explanation is perhaps more mythological, but the original makes better sense of the story.
The Crown of Horns is a crystal in an underground cave rather than a tree or mountaintop. I haven't located a precedent for such a depiction of the world axis, though one may exist. However, the descent into Tanen Gard to reach the Crown of Horns mirrors any of various descents into the underworld or realm of the dead. Being as it is a graveyard for dragons with a bottomless pit at its center, intentional underworld imagery seems likely. In particular, Fone Bone's harrowing journey to find Thorn, rescue her, and bring her back is similar the various stories of people descending into the underworld to find dead companions. The outcomes of these stories are various. Ea tries to rescue Ishtar from the underworld by sending a servant and is partially successful (Dalley 1989:158). Gilgamesh, upon losing Enkidu, tries to call him up, but gets only his ghost (Dalley 1989:120-125; cf. Ferry 1992:85-92). Orpheus tries to rescue Eurydice from Hades and is wholly unsuccessful (Cotterell and Storm 2006:69).
A reasonable parallel to Fone Bone's descent into the underworld is the story of Savitri, from India, in which Savitri manages to win back her husband from the god of death, Yama, through cleverness and bravery (Bierlein 1994:205-209). It's pleasing to consider the various outcomes of these stories in terms of the actions of their heroes: Ea sends a servant instead of going himself and gets Ishtar back for only part of the year; Gilgamesh doesn't go at all and can only necromance Enkidu; Orpheus actually makes the journey to Hades but commits a fatal error, turning his story into a fine Greek tragedy; motivated by love, Savitri takes the journey, makes no mistakes, and retrieves her husband, much as Bone retrieves Thorn.
The Christian reader, of course, wants to know why it's called the Crown of Horns, for it appears to be a pun on "crown of thorns." The name is particularly odd since the Crown of Horns is not a crown but a large crystal growing out of a wall. The name recalls the world axis of Christianity, and little else may be intended. I've not been able to find the term in any of my sources. According to a Wikipedia article, if you trust such things, the Crown of Horns is also "an evil, intelligent artifact of great power from the Forgotten Realms Dungeons & Dragons campaign setting." I doubt if Smith had this in mind. I also located the term in some Satanist stuff and one of the hoax versions of the fictional Necronomicon. I doubt if he had this in mind either.
A likely source of the image is the horned crown representing deity in ancient Mesopotamia. It's tempting to draw comparisons with specific female Mesopotamian deities, especially the Burney Relief, an image of Inanna often mistaken for a depiction of Lilith, a figure from Jewish folklore, but the horned crown is also associated with male deities. It represents authority and power and may be intended as a culmination of Thorn's journey of self-awareness, a journey she completes only with the help of the companion who initiated her journey in the first place.
No doubt we could find other mythological links if we kept exploring, but this essay has grown long, so I'm going to have to stop.
1994 Parallel Myths . Ballantine, New York.
1994 Earth's Insights: A Multicultural Survey of Ecological Ethics from the Mediterranean Basin to the Australian Outback . University of California Press, Berkeley.
1968 The Hero with a Thousand Faces . Princeton UP, Princeton.
1978 Stories from Ancient Canaan . Westminster Press, Louisville.
2006 The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Mythology . Hermes House, London.
1989 Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others . Oxford UP, Oxford.
1992 Gilgamesh: A New Rendering in English Verse . Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, New York.
2005 Dragons and Dragon Lore . Dover Publications.
2005 "The Hero Cycle, Various Motifs in A." In Archetypes And Motifs In Folklore And Literature: A Handbook 10-16. M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


eight rules for the hubby to follow.
Submit yourself to your husband. "Submit" is a loving obedience by proper arrangement and deliberate decision.
Revere your husband. Honor and esteem him.
I know these are huge shockers. But hang in there. Don't leave just yet. Keep reading.
1. Be the head of your wife. You're the leader, the captain of the ship.
Have an active concern for her well-being.
Make much of your wife as your set her up on the pedestal of your heart.
Set her apart in a very special way.
Cover her with love in every way possible.
Ladies... when my husband treats me this way, I am like melted butter. I would do ANYTHING for him, which includes submit and revere.3. Love your wife as you would your own body.
Look out for her health, well-being, and comfort.
Care for and encourage her.
Provide what is necessary for her to be strong.
Promote her growth and health.
Protect and care for her.
Treat her with warmth and kindness.
Provide a warm, tender and caring environment for her.
Soften her with the tenderness of your heart.
Cherish her with tender love and care.
Cover her with warmth and protection.
Holy smokes... I'm weak in the knees just typing this stuff out.6. Leave your father and mother, and leave your parents' oversight in regard to your marriage.
7. Be joined to your wife.
Be glued or welded together.
Be responsible to keep the relationship tight and together.
8. Be one flesh with your wife. Be like-minded.
Those are the 10 rules. My husband and I follow the rules as best as we can, and our marriage is strong and our love is wonderful.


Disguising utilitarian micro-architecture seems to be well on the way to becoming a genuine folk-art tradition in these parts. Last July I reported on a DSL box in Potsdam which had been carefully painted to resemble the wall behind it, including a row of terra-cotta tiles running across the top. Since then I've seen more and more examples, not only in Berlin, but further afield too.
The diguises fall into two categories: cloaks and costumes, and with 'cloak' I mean the science fiction variety; an invisibility shield.
The BVG, Berlin's public transport network operator, have been busy building toilets for its bus and tram drivers across the city. Whilst taking the picture above, I got chatting to a tram driver seeking relief at a terminal stop at Nordbahnhof. He told me that all the BVG loos have been decorated differently. Which means we won't need to put up with badly painted Roman temples, but a wide variety of shakey costume architectural parodies. Whilst I dig the idea, the execution leaves a lot to be desired. However, I must admit to being fascinated by the positioning of the two tell-tale, off-the-shelf vent coverings, which look as though they were added after the paint job.
Out in Fürstenberg, a small town 75km north of Berlin, some wag has produced a stunning portrait of SpongeBob Squarepants using a ubiquitous curb-side Grey Box as a conveniently shaped canvas.
Another costume, produced, one assumes, by an anonymous pupil of the John Lenon Secondary School in Berlin's Mitte district. For me, this marks an artistic zenith in the quiet conflict which has been waging for months between sprayers and Deutsche Telekom buffers. I'm hoping this piece of urban decoration will be lasting, but some other can-weilding cretin has already blemished the piece since the photo was taken.
I'm going to leave this meander with another example from the countryside: this time from Neuglobsow, a lakeside hamlet close to SpongeBob's home town, and a great example of a 'cloaked' hut. It turned out to be an electrical substation, and obviously one of such aesthetic embarrasment to this history-conscious community that it was worth disguising as a timber frame cottage. Apart from the exaggerated perspective, and the peculiarly uninterrupted view of a distant lake, the effect is pretty convincing even from a distance of just two meters. So absorbing is this example, that the undisguied Grey Box to the right goes by unnoticed. Paradoxes abound.
For me this is all about a healthy erosion of the boundry between individuals and the civic infrastructure. Regardless of whether the decorattion of these non-descript structures is legal or illegal, it's a way of reclaiming the streets and turning them into an extension of private domestic space. Customisation and reappropriation of that which is nominally out of bounds is a reaffirmation that the place you call home extends beyond the four walls of your dwelling.


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History | Ambassador | Testimonials
The Vietnam War gave rise to many tragedies, some more familiar than others. A photograph of a young girl running naked down a road, her skin on fire with napalm, changed the way the world looked at the Vietnam War, and indeed at all wars. That photograph was seen around the world, and later won a Pulitzer Prize. The girl in that photograph is Kim Phuc.
Phan Thi Kim Phuc was born and raised in the village of Trang Bang, 30 minutes north of Saigon. During the Vietnam War, the strategic Route 1 that runs through the village became the main supply road between Saigon and Phnom Penh. On June 8, 1972, an American military advisor coordinated the napalm bombing of Kim's village by the South Vietnamese. Nine-year-old Kim fled from a pagoda, where she and her family had been hiding. Two of her infant cousins did not survive the attack, and Kim was badly burned.
Kim was photographed running down the road, screaming from the burns to her skin. Nick Ut, the Associated Press photographer who was there to cover the siege, took the photograph of young Kim. Moved by her pain, he rushed her to a South Vietnamese hospital. She then spent 14 months recovering in Barsky Hospital, the American hospital in Saigon, where her care was paid for by a private Foundation. Ut's photograph of Kim remains one of the most unforgettable images of the Vietnam War.
Kim Phuc was not expected to live. Third degree burns covered half of her body, and she would require many operations and years of therapy. After two years, against all odds and with the help of doctors who were committed to her care, she was able to return to her village, where she and her family began to rebuild their lives.
In 1982, 10 years after the famous photograph was taken, a German photographer located Kim. In the interim, the Vietnamese Government had subjected her to endless interviews, communist officials had summoned her to Ho Chi Minh City to be used in propaganda films, and Kim had been forced to leave school and move back to her province where, as a "national symbol of war", she was supervised daily.
In 1986, Kim seized the opportunity to study in Cuba, but once again her studies were cut short. She was beset with physical problems, including diabetes, which blurred her vision. While in Cuba, she met a fellow Vietnamese student, Bui Huy Toan. They married in 1992, and spent their honeymoon in Moscow. Returning to Cuba, the couple defected when their plane stopped to refuel in Gander, Newfoundland. They settled in Canada with the help of some Quakers. Her husband, a computer specialist, was able to find employment as a nurse's aid working with the disabled.
In 1996, the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund invited Kim to attend the Veterans Day ceremonies at the Vietnam Memorial in Washington, D.C. Kim spoke to a group of several thousand Vietnam War veterans about her experiences after the napalm attack on her village. She used that opportunity to share with the verterans about how she finally found happiness and freedom after years of pain and suffering; she spoke about pain and suffering. She even met a pilot who coordinated the air strike on her village - she forgave him!
During her visit to Washington, DC, she met Ron Gibbs, a Vietnam veteran and a member of the Board of Directors for the Memorial Fund. They shared their experiences from the war and their hopes for the future. The idea for the Kim Foundation International was born out of that meeting.
The Foundation is a way for Kim to give something back in return for all the help she received. It also provides a means for her to promote peace and forgiveness.
Now Mrs. Kim Phuc lives in the Toronto area of Canada with her husband and two sons, Thomas and Stephen. In 1997 UNESCO named her a Goodwill Ambassador for Peace. She is also an Honorary Member of Kingston Rotary, an Honorary Member of St. Albert Rotary, a member of the Advisory Board for the Wheelchair Foundation, an Honorary Member of the Canadian Commission for UNESCO, a Member of the Advisory Board of Free Children's Foundation in Canada, and the World Children's Center in Atlanta Ga., USA. Kim is also a recipient of the Queen's Golden Jubilee Medal and the 2004 "Order of Ontario".
As a UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Goodwill Ambassador for the Culture of Peace, Kim will spread the message of the need for reconciliation, mutual understanding, dialogue, and negotiation to replace confrontation and violence as a means of settling conflicts. The culture of peace, as envisioned by UNESCO, seeks to eliminate the root causes of violence by promoting a set of attitudes, values and behaviours that reflect and inspire social interaction and sharing based on principles of freedom, justice, democracy, human rights, tolerance and solidarity.
"Kim Phuc is a living symbol throughout the world of the atrocity of war. These horrors must be transformed into a symbol of reconciliation world-wide. We are here in the hope that humanity will choose the path of peace and that peace will prevail in our minds."
Federic Mayor, UNESCO Nomination Ceremony
Paris, France, November 10, 1997
What follows are only few of the hundreds of testimonials written or expressed by the many who have attended Kim's presentations, read her book, seen her on television, read her articles, or heard her on radio. Throughout the world, Kim has touched the hearts of thousands with her inspirational message.
"Kim Phuc was recently a featured speaker at Mackenzie University, our travelling institution of continuing education. And to put it mildly, she was a big hit across Canada.
The feedback we received from audience members in all parts of the country closely paralleled my own experience: Kim makes you think about your country and your life -and appreciate both much more.
Given the subject matter, you might think her presentation would be a 'downer'. But, while her life story is an emotional one that tugs at the heartstrings, the impact is intensely and powerfully uplifting.
Kim Phuc isn't a traditional 'motivational speaker'; but her presence and her message are highly motivating - in all the right ways. I couldn't recommend her more highly."
Phil Cunningham
Mackenzie Financial Services
"The lights go down, the speaker is introduced, the audience goes quiet and a beautiful young lady walks out on the stage. For the next few minutes, this lady keeps the audience so mesmerized with her story that you cannot even hear anyone breathe.
Those of you who have not met Kim Phuc personally cannot possibly know the impact that she has on everyone who meets her. For most of us, the naked little girl running down the street crying is an image of war that will live forever in our memory. However, the horror of war turns to a warm feeling when you listen to Kim speak about her life and how she has overcome the adversities inflicted by napalm on that day so long ago.
The work that Kim does to help other children of war situations is known throughout the world. She has travelled thousands of miles to spread her message, and she has a true commitment to her cause. As an ambassador for her cause, she brings peace and happiness to those she meets and an understanding of forgiveness to all of us. As she says in her speech, she is no longer running, she is flying!
Your spirit will soar also as you hear Kim's moving message of her life and how she has overcome many adversities to be one of the most recognized and respected young women in the world today."
Beryl "Buffy" Sutherland
Rotary International Past District Governor
"I was amazed at Kim's attitude. I'm sure that I have never met anyone who has gone through such trauma, at such an early age, and come out so totally positive and forgiving. Her presentation reassured me about the strength that we all possess. When we mix this element with the power of love and forgiveness, miracles can happen."
Richard Orviss
SB & C Financial Growth Associates
"Kim's presentation at the Royal Canadian Military Institute was very well received. She told her story of 'The Girl in the Picture' in a quiet, dignified and very vivid manner. It touched all in attendance about the horror and waste of those terrible times in her country. Considerable emotion was visible in that audience, many of whom are veterans. I thanked Kim for her message and her time with us. As a veteran of WW2 and the Normandy invasion I commented that Kim went through much more than many of us at that time."
Andrew Irwin
National Board Naval Officers Association of Canada and Past President - Toronto Branch
"When I heard that Kim was coming I saved up my money for a ticket, I got up early and drove in miles to see and hear her speak. Listening to her message was something I will never forget. She is an inspiration for all of us who heard her speak to that large and attentive crowd."
Comment from a ticket holder at a sold out presentation at Unique Lives and Experiences in Denver USA
"I was really pleased to meet Kim and hear her moving message. I remember that historic photograph. Her presence and comments were one of the most memorable things that I took away from our International Conference."
Convention delegate from Uganda
"You came to Dartmouth and Halifax to tell people your life story. Everyone in that packed stadium was touched by your presence. I had seen your famous picture in various places over the years but had not taken much real notice. Recently I realized that one of the strongest thoughts I had whenever I saw it was: 'who will take care of that little girl?' It created a feeling of helplessness and powerlessness. Your painful journey through life and to Canada coupled with your Christian message of forgiveness was an inspiration to all who heard and met you that memorable evening."
Ed Smallhorn Nova Scotia - Canada
"As I watched the presentation, it seemed as though time stood still. The little girl in that famous picture has turned her life into an incredible success story. Her passion remains in the soft yet serious tone of her voice. These pictures need no description. For many of us, the horror of war has not been felt personally. It is difficult to imagine the despair anyone would feel. As a child trapped in war, Kim has found a way to survive and prosper. Her story should encourage us all to look out for the most innocent of all victims of war·children."
District Manager MONEY CONCEPTS
Oshawa Ontario Canada
"It is always an honor to be in the company of Kim. She is an extraordinary woman with an extraordinary story. "Kim's Story" is one of tragedy, strength, and forgiveness and each of those elements is reflected in Kim's warm and caring attitude. The image portrayed in the famous photo of Kim is forever etched in our minds and our hearts. Likewise, Kim's message of helping others, especially innocent children, is one that truly inspires me."
Bill Kurtis
President of Kurtis Productions
and renowned producer of many A&E Programs
"What strikes me the most about Kim is her ability to move past all that she has gone through in order to derive a positive message from so much pain. As a child Kim was severely injured by an attack that she had no part in inciting. However, upon meeting Kim it is clear that she holds no resentment, only love. Kim is truly concerned for those who suffer as she did and has dedicated herself to helping them. She is an exceptional woman with an incredible message of love and forgiveness."
Lieutenant Governor Corrine Wood
State of Illinois
"Through the alliance between The Kim Foundation International and Save The Children I have had the pleasure of meeting with Kim. She is an outstanding woman who lacks nothing in the areas of courage, kindness, and charity. Despite her own suffering, she never seems to focus on herself; rather, she has taken every opportunity to help others. I am truly proud to be working with her and her Foundation."
Charlie McCormick
President of Save The Children
"Shortly after the fall of the Communist block, I spent more than one year coordinating a Doctors of the World project in Romania. Along with our Romanian colleagues, and thanks to a partnership forged between several universities, contributors, and public authorities, we evaluated the health and the educational psychological and social situation of institutionalized children. Needless to say, we visited some of the dark areas of the totalitarian system, which reminded us of the sheer tragedy of removing a child from his or her natural environment because of family and social problems that cause physical or spiritual suffering . More importantly, in cooperation with many Romanian and international players, we had the opportunity to participate in the overhaul of Romania's child and family protection system. The mission of Doctors of the World Canada is to support the Romanian professionals at the Counselling Centre for the Bucharest Children's Foundation, with the assistance of the Kim International Foundation. This mission relies heavily on the belief that the people who have suffered from institutionalized violence, as well as the authorities and professionals, are open to change."
Pierre Pluye, M.D., M.Sc.
Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire en santé
Website mastering, programming, administration and hosting by Eric Geurts.
Graphics by www.graf-x.be.
Thanks to Videotron for the original design and to Digital Active, Eric Signs, John Creed and John Liskey for their years of technical support,
and to Judith Maréchal, Alain Marchal and Barbara Stickler (UNESCO) for translations in french and spanish.
Session cookies must be enabled to view the site in a non-english language.

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Gallery Venue Rental
Fine Art Appraisals
Art Installation Services
Artist Display Rental
Residential Art
Gallery Profile
Eminence II – Adam Finli
Eminence II
Adam Finli
Medium: Original Oil on Board, Framed
Artwork Size: 16″ x 36″
Frame Size: 21.5″ x 41.5″
Learn More About Adam Finli
Adam Finli's upbringing offered a unique element to his work. Born in the United States in 1982, he was raised on an estate in South Africa where he spent much of his time learning woodworking techniques, primarily traditional wooden masks. His father had a government position which allowed him the opportunity to travel to Italy, Germany, France and England from the ages of fifteen to seventeen.
Once the family arrived in Italy, Adam's father had him focus on the basics of painting. He has consistently painted in a figurative style since then. The richness of European culture and his exposure to the museums and architecture of Europe offer subtleties to his work even today. Adam was recognized at an early age for his skill and depth as a painter. The family continued to travel until Adam returned to Georgia to attend the Atlanta College of Art. He completed his Bachelor of Fine Arts and has been painting full-time since that time. His work has a maturity beyond his years and is already collected nationally and internationally.
For delivery times and International Shipping Costs:
< Back to Full Collection
SKU: Adam Finli - Eminence II, Framed Categories: Figurative, Fine Art Sale, Framed Art, Modern Art, Various Figurative Art


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The Fresno Police Department released footage this week that shows the point of view of a police officer involved in a teen's shooting death.
Dylan Noble, 19, was pulled over after police observed what they thought to be suspicious behavior as he drove in his black pickup truck. Police in the area were responding to a call about a man walking around with a rifle. When they pulled up near Noble, he sped away from, immediately raising their suspicions.
For several minutes, they tried in vain to stop Noble, who kept driving.
Noble then pulled into a gas station and parked his car.
For the next minute, officers barked at Noble to put his hands up. He put one hand up. Then he started to get out of the vehicle; officers yelled at him to get back inside.
When he finally exited the vehicle, he walked away from police. Then he walked toward the officers with one hand concealed.
That's when police fired upon Noble, who immediately hit the ground and revealed he didn't have anything in his concealed hand.
As the young man rolled around on the ground in pain, the officers yelled at him to raise his hands. When he was unable to do so, they shot him one more time.
Less than a month after Noble's death, police in Fresno are still trying to determine if the pursuant officers did anything wrong.
When asked if the final shots from the officers were necessary, the Fresno police chief couldn't give an answer.
"I do not have the answer for that today," Police Chief Jerry Dyer said.
Even though Chief Dyer doesn't have an answer, Noble's family knows what they see on the video, and they are looking for justice.
"We're shocked and appalled that the city of Fresno would continue to defend the actions of its officers," said Stuart Chandler, Noble's mother's attorney.
The video of Noble's death comes amidst a string of videos released to the public that show officer-involved shootings.
In the last two weeks, the world watched as police officers shot and killed Alton Sterling of Baton Rouge, La.; Philando Castile of Falcon Heights, Minn.; and Andrew Henson of Wagoner, Okla.


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07.19.22 | 8:00 AM - 9:15 AM EDT
Northeastern Insider Series: Networked University and the Roux Institute
In the series, we will bring you the news and updates on developments within the university. Our first event will focus on the growth of Northeastern campus network and will highlight one of the new campuses. How many campuses are there in the Northeastern network? Can you name them all? What makes them different? On July 19th, we will profile one of the campuses on the East Coast of the US, The Roux Institute in Portland, Maine. We will welcome Frederic Ndiaye, Director of Enrollment at the Roux, and his colleagues, Jordan Doherty and Molly Lindberg, to introduce the campus to you. The Roux is a very different campus and we will tell you why.
5.24.2021 | 3:30PM ET
The Future of Nursing 2020-2030: Advancing Health Equity
This virtual talk featured Dr. Susan B. Hassmiller, PhD, RN, FAAN, Senior Adviser for Nursing, Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and Senior Scholar-In-Residence and Senior Adviser to the President on Nursing, National Academy of Medicine. In this role, Dr. Hassmiller is serving as a key member of the leadership team for the Future of Nursing 2030 report. School of Nursing Dean, Dr. Maria van Pelt, PhD, CRNA, FAAN, will be the event host and moderator.
05.16.21 | 11:00AM PT
Creature Feature with Riley Farm Rescue
Say hello to the farm animals on Zoom! The Office of Alumni Relations invites you to "Creature Feature" at The Riley Farm Rescue.This live, interactive virtual event will introduce you to some of the Farm's rescued animal residents—with possible sightings of pigs, goats, geese, and more. Learn how these rescued animals are cared for and raised with care […]
Northeastern Nurses Week 2021
This celebration was a fantastic opportunity to highlight our Northeastern community of nurses and celebrate The Spirit of Nursing: Innovation, Leadership & Resilience during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The featured keynote speaker was our alumna Kathy Davidson, BSN '79, MSN, MBA. Kathy is the Chief Nursing Officer and Chief Operating Officer at Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital–Needham. Northeastern University Provost and Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs David Madigan, PhD, and Bouvé College of Health Sciences Dean, Dr. Carmen Sceppa, MD, PhD, delivered especial celebratory remarks. School of Nursing Dean, Dr. Maria van Pelt, PhD, CRNA, FAAN, was the event host and moderator.
4.25.21 | 2:00PM ET
Creature Feature with the San Diego Zoo
For some entertaining and educational family fun, look no further than this tremendous virtual event! In partnership with the San Diego Zoo, the Office of Alumni Relations will be hosting a 'Creature Feature'! This live interactive Zoom event will introduce you to some of the Zoo's favorite animal residents. Mark your calendar and plan to join us as we get to greet some animal friends.
4.12.21 | 12PM ET
The Path to Climate Justice
Energy justice and climate researchers and activists Jennie Stephens, Frances Roberts-Gregory, and Brian Helmuth led a conversation about climate justice and how to effectively connect knowledge to action during these disruptive times.
3.31.2021 | 12:00PM ET
The Impacts of COVID-19 on Working Parents, Childcare, and Gender Equity
Northeastern faculty expert, Dr. Alicia Sasser Modestino, provided insights on why the current economic downturn has been called a "she-cession". She also discussed her research, which demonstrates that childcare is not just a family issue; it's a business and economic issue.
3.1.2021 - 3.31.2021
Lifelong Learning: On Demand – Self-Care and Mitigating Stress
Learn how to mitigate stress and trauma, and build practical and sustainable resiliency skills. Gain a preview into the new graduate certificate in Integrative Health and Wellness from Northeastern, led by faculty expert and alumna, Dr. Kate Tumelty Felice. This Lifelong Learning: On Demand program is now archived.
View Archived Program
2.20.21 | 11:00AM ET
Creature Feature with the Boston Children's Museum
For some entertaining and educational family fun, look no further than this great virtual event! In partnership with the Boston Children's Museum, the Office of Alumni Relations hosted a 'Creature Feature'! This live interactive Zoom call introduced guests to some of the Museum's favorite animal residents.
WATCH THE YOUTUBE RECORDING
2.17.21 | 6PM ET
Ecological Threats to Peace
This webinar was presented in partnership with Francesca Batault, SSH'19 and Charles Allen, Director of Partnerships at The Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP), one of the leading international think tanks. The topic of discussion was the IEP's recently released inaugural Ecological Threat Register. Attendees learned about data on environmental indicators to estimate which countries, regions, and areas are most vulnerable to environment-induced conflict. They also found out how many countries are vulnerable to ecological threats, and how many people could be displaced globally by ecological disasters in the next 30 years.
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Know Houlton High Class of 1948 graduates that are NOT on this List? Help us Update the 1948 Class List by adding missing names.
More 1948 alumni from Houlton HS have posted profiles on Classmates.com®. Click here to register for free at Classmates.com® and view other 1948 alumni.
If you are trying to find people that graduated in '48 at Houlton High in Houlton, ME, check the alumni list below that shows the class of 1948.
For former Houlton High students from ME, you can view the class reunion information that has been posted by other site visitors. In addition, we encourage you to post your profile in the alumni directory, share information about the school activities you were involved with and reconnect with Houlton High School alumni.


As you can imagine we operate a high level of customer confidentiality and therefore cannot give the specific details of all that we have done for our clients. For this reason we cannot publish any private or personal details and we will always hold their business issues in strict confidence. However these clients have given us permission to share some of the broader challenges that they faced and how we have helped grow their businesses.


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Home Africa Ethiopia: Regional Strength and Economic Growth
Ethiopia: Regional Strength and Economic Growth
Meles Zenawi is one of Africa's strongest leaders
Outmanoeuvring opponents in Eritrea while bringing allies into play in Somalia, Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi is looking for an international role.
This has been a good year for Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, at home and abroad.
Economic indicators vindicate his developmental state model, with international institutions writing complimentary reports. Internal opposition to his regime has remained muted. He has also consolidated Ethiopia's position in the region.
The premier is chair of the regional Inter-Governmental Authority for Development (IGAD), a position he has held for the past two years. Meles has used the position to persuade other IGAD countries to isolate Eritrea.
Eritrea suspended its membership of IGAD following Ethiopia's involvement in Somalia in 2006, and its request to reactivate its IGAD membership last year is awaiting IGAD Summit consideration. It is unlikely to be granted.
Ethiopia gets virtually all of its refined petrol products from Sudan and any interruption would cause problems, particularly in the case of a conflict with Eritrea.
Meles has therefore devoted considerable effort to assisting mediation between Sudan and South Sudan, hosting the African Union's (AU) High Level Implementation Panel series of talks in Addis Ababa as well as providing the troops for the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei.
Meles has managed the difficult task of remaining on good terms with both states, expanding cross-border links and meeting with Juba as well as Khartoum. On Somalia, Meles has also managed to persuade regional peers to follow his line, allowing Ethiopia to keep its current involvement to a minimum.
Some problems remain, including questions over the Gilgel Gibe III dam on the Omo River and the possible threat to Lake Turkana in Kenya, as well as the still unresolved concerns of Egypt over the Renaissance Dam on the Abay River (Blue Nile).
President Bashir has, however, recently said that Sudan now understands the benefits that will accrue from the dam. And negotiations with Egyptians have not yet hit an impasse.
Meles' confidence has also been apparent in the AU, which he persuaded to go along with calls for sanctions against Eritrea. He has been helped by the loss of Eritrea's main ally in Africa, Libya. This strengthened Ethiopia's position in the AU, as it had always had to keep an eye on Libya's efforts to get the AU headquarters moved from Addis Ababa.
Meles' role on the continent has been boosted by his articulating Africa's concerns on climate change at the Copenhagen and Durban summits. He has been a vocal champion on the need for mitigation and adaptation at these meetings, at G8 and G20 meetings, and most recently at Davos.
Ethiopia hosted the meeting of the World Economic Forum in Africa in May. Recent events in Africa, including the Arab Spring, troubles in Kenya and Nigeria's concentration on internal issues, have increased Ethiopia's role, as has its 8 percent -11 percent annual economic growth over the past eight years.
The UN has defined Ethiopia as "undergoing a major strategic shift to a transformational growth trajectory".
Civil rights to follow
It's all part of Meles' vision of Ethiopia as a successful "democratic developmental state", using South Korea or Taiwan as models.
Ethiopia, however, believes that civil and political liberal western human rights need to follow on from economic, social and cultural rights that can provide for food, water, housing and similar necessities.
Meles Zenawi remains firmly in power in Ethiopia, as he has for 20 years.
Inevitably, he is now accused of increasingly autocratic behaviour.
Meles still appears determined to retire in 2015, even if his ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front tries to persuade him to stay.
He probably will go, but he will hope for, and expect, some international recognition.
meles zenawi
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South Africa: Land, Statues And Malema
A Letter To A Jew From A Garveyite
Modern Day Lynchings In The Age Of Obama


Named after the majestic New Zealand canyon that features in both 'Lord of the Rings' and 'King Kong', Mokai is 4,000 square feet of terminally trendy club. Here DJ's spin the latest house and hip-hop tracks to an appreciative audience. If you manage to get past the velvet rope, recline smugly on wooden ottomans, run your hand against brick walls, and drink in the atmosphere, of which there is plenty. Bring a pair of opera glasses if you really want to oggle at the A-listers who are often to be seen here. Tuesday's DJ supplies powerful mixes that fuel nonstop dancing and because it is so small and cozy, the vibe feels like that of an intimate house party being thrown in an A list star's NYC loft. Its worth noting Mokai has a kitchen open until 5am serving up small bites like sliders and grilled sandwiches.


My husband says that I have an addiction. I am beginning to agree with him! Mike came to the MakerFaire in DC last month with my "Partner in SLIME" Gina, and her daughter Hannah. He was there to make balloon car racers, water bottle confetti poppers, duct tape flower pens, and (my favorite!) soda can jewelry. He couldn't believe how popular our table was. And we were mostly using recycled materials!
Well, just recently Mike posted this YouTube video link on my Facebook page. Now I'm REALLY hooked! I take the tabs off of soda cans to use for jewelry. Then I use a can opener to take the top off, leaving a smooth edge. So amazing and simple. I think Mike has created a monster.
While I was still at the ISTE conference in Philly, I took some downtime in the hotel to cruise through the Craigslist "Free" postings. When I returned home I was able to snag three boxes (about 300!) samples of picture frame corners. Just the corners. And none of them match. I have a variety of styles and colors to choose from. What will my students create with them? I have no idea, but I had to have them! Sure you can find the perfect craft on Pinterest or in a magazine article and then search for the materials. But I won't have to find 300 picture frame corners when I need them because, yes, I will need them.
A few months ago, I asked the manager at Home Depot for a box of paint stirrers. They went from my cart, to the already packed trunk of my SUV, to the library workroom of my middle school library. Today, I found this in the June/July 2015 issue of Make: magazine. Just perfect! Check out other comics at http://www.howtoons.com.
Remember as you enjoy spending time with friends and family at your barbeque, as you wait in line for two hours to ride that new roller coaster at the amusement park, and as you spend a romantic weekend at a BnB and antiquing, you just may come across someone else's trash that can become your treasure.
So many great makerspace ideas here! I love the idea of using free and recycled materials to create "upcycled" products. I'm getting my family to start saving all these recyclables for my library makerspace right now!
It is such a great idea to recycle and create, especially with children! Thanks fo sharing this with us!
I am excited to follow this blog as you have so many great ideas to share! I love the diet coke can ideas too!


Do you want to learn how to protect your brain from dementia? Are you the kind of person who wants to take charge of your own future? Do you have a sense of adventure? The Ageless Mind Project is dedicated to helping you do this. We can show you how to apply current research on brain health to your daily life in innovative ways.
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A co-founder of the Ageless Mind Project and creator of exciting courses for music lovers that use brain science to add value to your listening.
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Discover how you can use the music you love to improve your brain health and well-being. Expand your musical interests too.
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This is a program for everyone at every age. We are pleased to be able to offer it to people in the second half of life, especially, because that is when brain functions slow down and the brain mass itself can deteriorate…or continue growing.


I was too beat to get up and go with them, but my lady caught this great shot of Kamaal acting like a little braided seagull on the beach in San Diego. I bug out when i think that there's a chance this dude could be dunking on kids in less that 11 years, 'cause right now he's got the "newspaper" vertical (AKA can only jump high enough for you to slide a Sunday paper under his feet). Classic shot.


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Delhi Daredevils will be hosting their first game of the season against Kings XI Punjab. DD will look to change their fortunes as they have won only one game but it will be difficult as they are facing a side which has lost just a single game this year.
Delhi was expected to do well this season as they had big players like Jason Roy, Colin Munro, Maxwell with the experience of Gautam Gambhir. But the only thing that has done well for DD is their young players like Pant, Iyer and Tewatia. They have to do something in their bowling department as it looks too. So, they might play Mishra in place of Vijay Shankar.
KXIP have a lot of things to cheer about in this year's IPL, be it the performance Gayle, Rahul or teen Afghan bowler Zadran. The online concerning thing for them will be Yuvraj Singh performing and if that happens for them, they won't only be just qualifying for the playoffs but with flying colors. Today they're not expected to make any change in their team.
No expectations of rain is forecasted and the temperature will also remain in the late 20s in the evening. And the Kotla pitch can go either side today as it's the first here today.


What is First in First Out (FIFO)?
In reality, sales patterns don't usually follow this simple assumption. You'll often sell a mix of new and older merchandise.
But FIFO has to do with how the cost of that merchandise is calculated, with the older costs being applied before the newer. This is often different due to inflation, which causes more recent inventory typically to cost more than older inventory.
As a result, profits may be higher with FIFO than with LIFO.
Using FIFO, when that first shipment worth $4,000 sold, it is assumed to be the merchandise from June, which cost $1,000, leaving you with $3,000 profit. The next shipment to sell would be the July lot under FIFO – since it is not the oldest once the June items are sold - leaving you with $2,000 profit.
This assumption that inventory is sold according to age, which works well for companies with seasonal inventories, such as clothing, housewares, and furniture, doesn't necessarily match up well with companies that routinely introduce new merchandise, such as in the technology space.
Unlike with LIFO, which tends to minimize profits by applying the most recent (and often higher) costs when calculating company profits, FIFO may result in higher profits, thanks to the practice of assuming product costs are older and lower.


Lost Levels :: View topic - Mail Plane for Vectrex Video, Ebay Auction Lost Levels - A website about unreleased video games.
That is rather fantastic. The light pen innovation is pretty great. It makes me wonder if someone could anachroprogram a version of Crayon Physics for the Vectrex.
I hope someone decent wins these goodies... The auction is already too rich for me!
That is fantastic news!... Will be interesting to see what the buyer does and if they will dump the roms afterwards!
Yeah, seriously. We all know moms throw stuff like that away. It's going in his dad's closet.


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Q: Fast Fourier Transform polynomial multiplication? I am using the FFT to evaluate a polynomial at certain points so that it can be represented using value representation. (representation as a number of points equal to its degree)
However to multiply two polynomials of degree d, I need to evaluate both at 2d + 1 points. However using the FFT for evaluation (multiplying by the dth roots of unity) only evaluates the polynomial at d points. Therefore how can the FFT be used for evaluation for polynomial evaluation if it only evaluates a polynomial at d points? (as opposed to 2d + 1)

A: You get to choose which n-th roots of -1 you evaluate at. If you need 2d-1 points (as I suspect you do) just use the (2d-1)-th roots of -1. In fact, you would normally use the 2^k-th roots of -1, where 2^k is the first power of 2 >= 2d-1, because it is much easier to get fast FFT for powers of 2. The complexity is still O(d log d) because the definition of O allows for constant factors.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Mara-Cosău-Rooster's Crest area consists of many traditional wooden churches raised in the 17th and 18th centuries – having old interior paintings, wooden and glass icon collections or specific architectural designs found only in Maramureș. Most of these constructions are monument churches; that is why two of these have been included in the UNESCO heritage.
IMPORTANT TO KNOW: Churches can be visited even outside normal visiting hours. Look for the keeper of the key in the village – most of the times this person is the priest of the church or someone from his family. In order to find out where the key is, simply ask any villager and she or he will guide you.


A modern twist on an enduring classic — Katie (Lucy Hale), dreams of being a recording artist but is continually thwarted by her cruel stepmother, Gail (Missi Pyle), and her stepsister, Bev (Megan Park). When Katie falls hard for Luke (Freddie Stroma), the new boy at her Performing Arts school, she tries to get his attention with her singing. However, her stepmother has other ideas and her stepsister mistakenly gets credit and Luke falls for the wrong girl. At the school's talent showcase Katie must learn to believe in herself to win Luke and succeed in her dreams of getting a recording contract.
MPAA Rating: PG © 2011 Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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15's an old age, sounds like they got to live a full life at least <3
Sorry for your losses though, stay strong~
Do you plan or have already given them a burial, and maybe make/preserve some things to honor them?
Reactions: fantanoice
My dad buried her already, she didn't really play with toys so I have no idea what to do to honor her
إضاءة بيضاء
Founder of the Sharknado Clan, formed 2015
Yeah I have the same problem, my dog of 14 years passed away 11 days ago.
I am addicted to Felicia, the character in the image on the left. R.I.P. George Jones, in the image in the center and J. D. Sumner, in the image on the right.
That's okay, if you want you could frame a picture, or make a collage, or draw something, or write something heartwarming about them. C:
ArchagentEverlasting
Your favorite travel guide gal
I feel so weirdly miserable AND I DONT KNOW WHY
It's most likely a result I mental illness, do you have a psychiatrist? If you do, see them as soon as you can. Recall positive facts about yourself and do things that relax you, I been there, buddy, don't give up
I don't have any positive facts about myself though
If I did I probably wouldn't hate myself
I understand that you are younger than me, but at that point of my life I said that too, don't wallow in sadness, take aim to improve yourself, think of things: Do you make people laugh? Do people like your content? Are you still around? Denial of it is just going to make things worse, you're in a bad state but you have to try
I make my dad laugh, but he kind of has to. I mean, I don't think people like my content, but I can't observe what other people think of what I make objectively. I am still around, yes.
Rinka Hayami
Koops, King of cowards.
It takes time to adapt to social environment but even if you can't, I think being in touch with those close to you is generally enough to make one happy. Even if your dad has to laugh to make you feel better, well take it in a good way. That shows he cares and hates to see you sad. If he's genuinely laughing, then that's even better!
BIG IDIOT ALERT!
I feel like this might help people
Reactions: Redshift, Princess of Tennis and Rinka Hayami
Thank you so much for everything you do
Reactions: Rinka Hayami
Okay, time to break down.
My problems is with if someone is a bad guy or not, many of you know that I was in a messaging group that affected my mental health, but the thing is, their damage might be unintended? They didn't acknowledge me very much even though I created the group, the only project of mine they were interested in helping was my rp, which they had problems with how I ran it, they would tear me into the ground for ideas I had only for them used the idea anyways with no mention of me at all, they attack me only for them to blame me for being hostle, they only seem to praise me when I'm sick or I did something that went my moral code just to be their friend, they admit to stalking my social media for dirt and when I say what they have done for me, the most they can say is "we brought up that thing you like", they absolutely refuse to acknowledge my fear of yelling, I was only still in there for guilt tripping rules.
But the thing is, was this intentional malice or just (mostly) teens getting ahead of themselves? Can it really be gaslighting if there was no intention of doing so? My memory fog and the lack of access to these conversations due to being banned doesn't help. They still hurt me in the end and one is a transaphobe that relates to that murder bear and fucking Ultron, so I don't know what to think, I just want to think people are better than that
Edit: After it happened, they didn't talk to me, removed any mention of me on their profiles, had the mods not let me join a RP, which was a spin off of my rp, erased my universe of my rp without my consent and removed my credit for spinning it off in the first place
It's important to know that gaslighting is still gaslighting whether or not the perp is intending harm. Harm is harm is harm. But in this instance it really sounds like the perp went in with the intent to steal your project. Being a teenager doesn't justify that.
Even as a teenager, people can do fucked up things. Just come to my school and see for yourself. At the end of each year, the last year students all start hiding fucking FIREWORKS everywhere and they also regularly gas bomb the main stairs when they're unhappy because of some exam they have that was "unjustly put on this date" when in reality I can bet you 100% of these people just haven't studied for it and are finding excuses. Even in my grade there is a lot of people who can do things that make me question my own state of mind. Teenagers are definitely not out of guilt. Nope. They know full well what they're doing. That's what separates them from kids.
So by all means, don't feel as if their actions are justifiable.
We love and support you Kringle! I don't know how to help, but I hope you feel better!
Can I just get banned please
Reactions: Anncr. Kotori Minami, إضاءة بيضاء and Princess of Tennis
Alien superhero princess
A PM on another site gave me a caution for something I said which really wasn't uncivil or disrespectful and I feel so triggered and I feel sick about stepping near that site again and I don't know if I should respond or not. Honestly doing so might get me banned but I just feel really bad about people seeing me as in the wrong and that simply being the way it is when it really isn't and that's just such an injustice and yeah
"Duude! You got it twisted. Your old man is straight up the bomb."
"I understand. I promise I will stop the lying. Now if you'll excuse me, my head is engulfed in flames and I must extinguish it."
"I am going to my room to partake of the mustard."
"I am the cool...Shamma lamma mu-mu."
"It is all the Bill of Rights to be one's, two's and three's self."
Shy Guy on Wheels
Hornet from Daytona USA for Smash
what did you say?
/s
I'm not going to give out the exact details but basically I noted the conventional usage of a term in such a way that excluded some of the people who the mods think are included in the term - hence my comment was considered to be exclusionary of these people, and the mod who PMed me said that it was a violation of the rule concerning flaming/bashing etc. which if you ask me is entirely unreasonable as I took care to be respectful of everyone and I didn't even explicitly say that I thought that the term should be used in that way (even though I really do) and yeah taking the right to express that away from me isn't fair
I'm not sure if I can help you cope with the problem properly, because to me, it's still far too vague to discuss about. It sounds to me like you had honest intentions, but you misused a word that still offended people. This happened to me in this forum in the past, I typically tend to say things I don't really mean or I didn't know what I was actually insinuating when it came out. What I did was apologize for it, attempt to tell the truth behind the words, and try not to do it again, because whenever I do screw up on this forum, I usually actually am very sorry that it occurred.
It's really tough to get messages that tell you that you screwed up in some manner. It comes from people who typically want to maintain a good forum and weed out bad behavior so that the forum is a good place for everyone involved. I don't know explicitly what forum you're referring to and I still don't know exactly what you said, but if it is what I think it is, I think it's best to apologize, learn from your mistake, and move on. I don't think mods are trying to take away your right to express yourself. they're just concerned about other people's sensibilities, and doubling down always makes things worse for everyone involved.
Again, I must repeat myself that I don't know the exact scope and context of the situation, though, so do take it with a grain of salt if I get some details incorrect or if I misunderstand something.
Well he got his wish...
I have something I need help with.
How do I redeem codes in the Eshop on the Switch?
This isn't the right topic to ask this as this more pertains to serious real life issues but I'll answer this anyway:
Nintendo Support: How to Redeem a Download Code on Nintendo Switch eShop
en-americas-support.nintendo.com
I assummed folks on Twitter saw what happened, but there is signs a WW3 could happen, I'm so scared that my stomache is hurting extremely, I am sweating a lot, time seems slower and my vision is blurry, I don't know what to do
Reactions: Princess of Tennis and Princess Mario
Yeah, the killing an influential leader of Iran is seriously concerning and a war in Iran may start because of this. I'm not sure if it would be a full-blown out World War though, but yeah, shit is going to hit the fucking fan.


There's a substantial inhabitants of people that don't want to rent an interior designer to oversee their house decorating initiatives. Usually this is because they wish to be involved in every element of redecorating their homes. For many this gives sense of satisfaction and achievement.
Redecorating your private home by your self is much totally different from participating an outsider to brighten your private home. You understand your self better than anybody else. Subsequently you might be better suited to design a room in accordance with your requirements and desires better than a professional decorator. This is true even in case you are not a inventive particular person.
You already know your favourite colours. You already know what helps you loosen up and what helps you are feeling energized. Most of all what the rooms in your home are used for and the way usually you utilize them. What it's possible you'll not know is the place to begin. If you end up at a loss for concepts begin by asking your self a number of easy questions.
Thanks for visiting my blog, article above (Spectacular Console Cabinet Images Regarding Our House) published by Jessamy Pritchard at August, 26 2018.


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South East Coast Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust (SECAmb) has appointed a new interim Medical Director, it announced today (Friday, January 13).
Dr Andy Carson replaces the previous Medical Director Dr Rory McCrea, who stepped down from the role for personal reasons last Friday (January 6).
Dr Carson will provide medical oversight at the Trust two days a week – the same number of days as Dr McCrea.
Meanwhile, Dr Carson's substantive position remains with West Midlands Ambulance Service.