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text:
STRONG. Exists for one purpose: to help you be the best you.
You've got a ton of demands on your time and attention, and every additional piece of work that's added to your plate requires more of your already stretched-thin cognitive bandwidth.
Add in an injury, chronic fatigue, or the emotional drain of not feeling good in your skin and it's easy to see why most people don't want to spend their time aimlessly trying to figure out how to use a commercial gym to best suit their needs.
So, here's the good news; we get it.
And because we get it, we've created a welcoming, focused environment and skilled clinical and training team to help you get the results you're after, as efficiently as possible.
At STRONG. All we care about is you feeling your best and getting the results that matter to you.
During your free virtual consultation we spend time with you to understand your situation, and uncover what's truly important to you, so we can determine if we're the best fit for what you want.
It's so important to us that you're happy, that we often put people in touch with other trainers, gyms or clinicians all over the city. We're serious about your results, and we want to put you in a position to win, whether that's with us or not.
Once we understand who you are and what you want, we build your program tailored to help you get as strong and fit as possible, as quickly and safely as possible.
We're all about saving you time, and taking the guesswork out of feeling your best. We've helped tons of people look and feel their best, and we'd love to help you too.
Calum Shaw
Calum is focused on making your workout the best part of your week. Over the last 8 years, Calum has worked as a personal trainer, learning about people and creating relationships. As an adolescent, Calum was overweight. Like many in the same situation, Calum experienced all the joys of being (or feeling) less capable than his fitter peers. Less athletic, less "attractive", less confident, less engaged mentally, and all around just, less. Eventually, he got tired of feeling like less than what he thought he could be. At the age of eighteen, Calum decided it was time to lose the weight.
Over the course of the next 10 months, through diet and exercise, Calum lost 65lbs, radically changing the trajectory of his life. The following year he started the Fitness and Health Promotion program at Humber College. Calum quickly realized the real-world limitations of what he was learning in school. All the knowledge in the world does not equate to getting people results. Calum explains, "I'm grateful for my time at Humber for giving me a solid understanding of the body on which the rest of my coaching practice is built. But the real magic, and the reason I'm good at what I do, stems from an understanding that nobody reads like a textbook." Training with Calum, and training at STRONG. is training built for you, to help you feel (and look) your best.
Ari Benishai
Ari touts 6 years of experience as a personal trainer and strength and conditioning coach. Growing up wasn't easy for Ari, experiencing a host of health issues and serious injuries. Strength training helped Ari overcome these ailments. Further, it reinforced his desire to help other people understand what their bodies are capable of. Ari's clientele is diverse, including powerlifters, physique competitors, and those recovering from injury. He loves to work with those who are looking to improve body composition or rid themselves of aches and pains.
Ari is dedicated to your results. He believes your success requires a collaborative approach, working with a like-minded team. Constant communication is key. Ari loves to learn and continues to educate himself about his craft. He does so through attending courses, seminars, workshops, and dialoguing with health care and fitness professionals. Ari combines these learned techniques to create effective programming for his clients.
Dr. Alex St.Pierre
Alex St.Pierre DC, CSCS, MPK is a chiropractor who takes a sport-sciences approach to clinical practice combining old-school strength and conditioning principles with current evidence-based clinical research. He works with athletes along the entire performance continuum, from the treatment and management of pain to optimizing individual performance.
His work experience involves the roles of consultant, therapist, physiologist, and clinician. This includes work as a strength and conditioning coach in three collegiate settings, Seneca College, Western University, and the University of Toronto. He has worked as an intern of exercise physiology at the Canadian Sports Institute Ontario. There Alex focused on athlete testing for Swim Ontario and Softball Canada. His work was influential in creating a long-term strength and conditioning for Alpine Ontario. Alex also has extensive experience in hockey, working five years in minor hockey and three years as a clinician and strength coach in the daily training environments of NHL and OHL hockey players.
Kristy Zimmermann
Kristy has been working as a personal trainer and coach for over 6 years. Her experience as a coach includes working one-on-one, online, small group intensives, and coaching in the hybrid environment. Kristy is a communication Jedi and excels with technical coaching and habit change. With a broad skill set and diverse experience, Kristy enjoys any challenge thrown at her. Collaboration is an important part of Kristy's process. She has experience working alongside clinicians, helping people move through injury and navigate recovery.
Kristy is committed to her own continuing education in health and fitness. It's a priority for her to learn and grow as a coach and as a human being. This is achieved, in part, by attending courses that challenge her belief systems and methodologies. She is Level 1 certified with Precision Nutrition and is currently training under the expertise of her coach to attain her StrongFirst Level 1 Kettlebell Certification.
Meagan Mishelkowsky
Meagan is a personal training specialist who is passionate about health, fitness, and nutrition. Meagan believes in the importance of cultivating the whole individual: mind, body and spirit. She is especially interested in stress and the physiological impact on the body. Meagan believes two key factors are critical in helping people thrive; movement and a support system. Meagan takes tremendous pride in helping people feel resilient, achieve balance, and reach their goals.
Meagan's specialized training is extensive. In addition to her Specialized honors degree in Kinesiology, Meagan holds certifications in Poliquin Principles of Program Design, TRX suspension training, Hardstyle kettlebell, Olympic lifting, Striking, Exercise Therapy (Level 2), and Fasical Stretch Therapy (Level 2). She has further specialized training in programming and exercise execution for the low back, knee, and foot.
Zach McKenna
Zach is a health and wellness coach with a passion for helping humans reach their maximum potential. Zach focuses on what he believes are the 4 pillars to living an extraordinary life: Training, Nutrition, Mindset, and Habits.
Zach has trained humans from all walks of life from professional athletes to the general population ranging from ages 9 to 70. Every single member gets the utmost attention, care, and respect.
JC Sandoval
Juan-Carlos or "JC" has always had a special interest in health and fitness. Practicing multiple sports growing up, JC experienced the important role of the Strength-Conditioning-Nutrition trifecta not only in sports but in everyday life. Training in a "Globo Gym" environment also showed JC the hard truth of working out without the proper guidance and knowledge. Moving to Canada in 2017 was the pivotal point in his life when he decided to pursue his passion for coaching.
Being one of the newest in the Strong. roster, JC brings all his energy and devotion into his practice. Developing carefully thought-out training programs that cater to his clients' wants and needs, JC strides to make their time together in the gym a safe and fun retreat from everyday life. Trust and communication are key elements JC highlights in building great relationships with clients and teammates.
Andrew Ghaly
Andrew is a physio who is passionate about performance health and injury rehab. Andrew completed a research based Masters at the University of Western Ontario specializing in Physiology. He then travelled to Australia to complete a Master of Physiotherapy degree at the University of Sydney. During his time in Australia he worked at a clinic that specialized in runners and active populations while also playing American football and winning three state championships.
Having grown up playing football and rugby, Andrew knows what it's like to get injured. He has experienced the physical and mental challenges that patients face when injured, and he applies that firsthand knowledge to his work. He has a special interest in ACL injuries after having recovered from one through 2019.
Rob Calzetta
Rob's passion for helping his clients is second to none. Rob's dedication to helping his clients overcome is rooted in his own recovery. At the age of 19, Rob was determined to join the York Regional Police Force and attended the Police Foundations program at Seneca College. This was not meant to be. During his training, Rob suffered two ACL injuries resulting in two separate surgeries. The physical and mental barriers Rob faced in his recovery were immense, but in doing so Rob found a new career path.
Following a full year of dedicating time to intensive rehab, Rob developed a heightened passion for human anatomy and rehabilitation. Rob sought out to join a team that shared his passion for functional training. He was immediately drawn towards STRONG.'s devotion to ensuring their clients perform safe foundational movements, while also pushing them to achieve performance and tackle challenging exercises. His training philosophy is focused on injury prevention.
STRONG.
99 Florence St.
Toronto, ON M6K1P4
Email info@strongtoronto.ca
© 2020 by STRONG.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Germaine Pratt (born May 21, 1996) is an American football linebacker for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at NC State, and was drafted by the Bengals in the third round of the 2019 NFL Draft.

Early years
Pratt attended High Point Central High School in High Point, North Carolina. He committed to North Carolina State University to play college football.

College career
Pratt played at NC State from 2014 to 2018. During his career, he had 235 tackles, six sacks, four interceptions and a touchdown.

Professional career

2019
The Cincinnati Bengals selected Pratt in the third round (72nd overall) of the 2019 NFL Draft. Pratt was the eighth linebacker drafted in 2019.

On June 27, 2019, the Cincinnati Bengals signed Pratt to a four-year, $4.08 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $1.05 million.

Throughout training camp, Pratt competed for a role as a starting linebacker against Preston Brown, Nick Vigil, Jordan Evans, Hardy Nickerson, Malik Jefferson, Deshaun Davis and Noah Dawkins. Head coach Zac Taylor named Pratt the primary backup linebacker, behind starters Preston Brown, Nick Vigil, and Jordan Evans, to begin the regular season.

He made his professional regular season debut during the Cincinnati Bengals' season-opener at the Seattle Seahawks and assisted on one tackle in the 21–20 loss. On October 13, 2019, Pratt earned his first career start and recorded five combined tackles (four solo) during a 23 –17 loss at the Baltimore Ravens in Week 6. In Week 10, Pratt started at middle linebacker, replacing Preston Brown, and made four combined tackles (three solo) in the Bengals' 49–13 loss against the Baltimore Ravens. On November 12, 2019, the Cincinnati Bengals waived Preston Brown. Defensive coordinator Lou Anarumo subsequently named Pratt the starting middle linebacker for the remainder of the season. On December 22, 2019, Pratt collected a season-high 11 combined tackles (nine solo) during a 38–35 loss at the Miami Dolphins in Week 16. He finished his rookie campaign in 2019 with a total of 76 combined tackles (50 solo) in 16 games and nine starts.

2020
Head coach Zac Taylor elected to install a base 5-2 defense and named Pratt and Josh Bynes as the starting linebackers with Carlos Dunlap and Sam Hubbard as edge rushers. He started in the Cincinnati Bengals' season-opener against the Los Angeles Chargers and made 12 combined tackles (eight solo) during a 16–13 loss.

2021
Against the Las Vegas Raiders in the Wild Card round, Pratt recorded six tackles, and recorded the game ending interception on Derek Carr in the 26–19 win, securing the Bengals first playoff win since 1991.

2023
On March 14, 2023, Pratt signed a three-year, $20.25 million contract extension with the Bengals.

References

External links
NC State Wolfpack bio
Cincinnati Bengals bio

1996 births
Living people
Sportspeople from High Point, North Carolina
Players of American football from North Carolina
American football linebackers
NC State Wolfpack football players
Cincinnati Bengals players

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Delaware Remains Among Lowest States Providing Pre-K for Four-Year-Olds
Category: Early Childhood Education
The National Institute for Early Education Research (NIEER) released its latest state rankings for pre-K enrollment, and, much like last year, Delaware landed toward the bottom at 36th in terms of providing access for four-year-olds. Less than 10 percent of Delaware four-year-olds are enrolled in state-sponsored pre-K.
Little has changed with Delaware's NIEER standing since 2002 with preschool enrollment and spending per child relatively flat, while our state-funded pre-K (ECAP) has not been expanded since its inception in the 1990. The report correctly mentioned that the program expanded eligibility to include three-year-olds for the first time in 2017-2018, but Delaware is not yet serving three-year-olds in ECAP.
Make no mistake: Delaware has seen some great early learning progress over the last decade. But NIEER's rankings put Delaware behind all of our neighboring states and many others across the country in terms of four-year-olds being served by state-supported pre-K.
And, when Head Start, special education, and ECAP are included, Delaware ranks 36th for enrollment of low-income students.
Three- and four-year-olds in Delaware attend a scattershot of pre-K offerings, if they attend at all. Some providers are funded through the state, some are private businesses, while others receive a mix of private and public funding. There is little coordination or alignment between various programs.
In Delaware and other states, state-funded pre-K typically carries higher standards than other childcare options when it comes to academics, staff (BAs for teachers and Child Development Associate degrees for assistants, as recommended by NIEER), and expectations on the students. And, as we've noted before, as we continue to align the pre-K and K-12 systems, we need to ensure as many kids as possible are coming to kindergarten with the skills they need to succeed.
This jibes with recent ELS data that show us nearly half of Delaware students are entering kindergarten behind the curve, signaling the need to increase access and quality of state-sponsored pre-K—and all early learning environments that support young people from birth.
The good news is there's a lot of interest in Delaware to improve our ranking and serve more children.
Local and national studies agree—pre-K can have a big impact.
Secretary of Education Susan Bunting, who initiated the Project V.I.L.L.A.G.E. program in Indian River School District, found that English learner participants in pre-K outperformed their nonparticipating peers through high school.
A UD study demonstrated that ECAP participants were outperforming their nonparticipating peers through middle school.
Pre-K is one of the highest return on investments a state can make.
Delawareans support expansion.
86 percent of Delawareans in a recent poll support expanding pre-K.
Delaware recently joined a national network focused on high quality pre-K expansion through CCSSO.
The Vision Coalition of Delaware in Student Success 2025 recommended to "establish and incrementally expand voluntary, full-day, high-quality prekindergarten for three- and four-year-olds."
Districts across the state are expanding their programs, especially Colonial.
The Coalition for Our Kids has advocated for greater investment in ECAP.
And, it's possible—we have a model. In the 2000s, Delaware implemented a 10-year, phased-in, full-day kindergarten requirement during which districts had the time to build facilities, raise the local funding required, hire teachers, and inform families. Pre-K could be done in much the same way, but with public and private settings, with community-based providers providing services as they do now.
Contact your legislator and the governor to encourage them to invest in high-quality pre-K.
As we've said many times on this blog, investments in quality early learning yield enormous returns, for students, families, and society as a whole.
Madeleine Bayard
mbayard@rodelde.org
Why Delaware Should Continue to Lean in on Family Supports
More from: Early Childhood Education
Author: Madeleine Bayard
Delaware Lawmakers Propose Historic Increases to Purchase of Care Subsidy


text:
Q: Python: insert UUID value in Sqlite3 I am trying to insert the UUID value into sqlite3 database as
INSERT INTO user (user_id,username, email) VALUES (uuid.UUID('7005d0e0-f25b-45f9-897d-bae151fddaff'),'user', 'user@gmail.com')

And I am storing the UUID value in the database as a custom data type 'GUID'. For this conversion, I am using sqlite3 converter as
sqlite3.register_converter('GUID', lambda b: uuid.UUID(bytes_le=b))

The problem with this query, the query execution gets failed as:
sqlite3.OperationalError: near "(": syntax error

Am I missing anything? I want to store the UUID value into the database.

A: You are putting Python code in the SQL expression, and you registered a handler to convert SQLite data to a Python type.
Register an adapter for the type, then insert the UID as a SQL parameter. Or pass in a literal byte sequence in the SQL query.
An adapter is as simple as:
sqlite3.register_adapter(uuid.UUID, lambda u: u.bytes_le)

and then you can use your instance as a query parameter:
cursor.execute('''
        INSERT INTO user (user_id, username, email)
        VALUES (?, ?, ?)
    ''', (
        uuid.UUID('7005d0e0-f25b-45f9-897d-bae151fddaff'), 'user',
        'user@gmail.com'
    ))

To go the other direction, getting a uuid.UUID() instance from a SELECT query, you'd either have to use the type name in the register_converter() call in the column definition of the table schema, or use the type name in the column name of the select; you need to tell sqlite3 what variants you plan use in the connect() call (it can be both).
Demo:
>>> import uuid, sqlite3
>>> conn = sqlite3.connect(':memory:', detect_types=sqlite3.PARSE_DECLTYPES)
>>> sqlite3.register_adapter(uuid.UUID, lambda u: u.bytes_le)
>>> sqlite3.register_converter('GUID', lambda b: uuid.UUID(bytes_le=b))
>>> conn.execute('CREATE TABLE user (user_id GUID, username TEXT, email TEXT)')
<sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x1074065e0>
>>> with conn:
...     cursor = conn.cursor()
...     cursor.execute('''
...             INSERT INTO user (user_id, username, email)
...             VALUES (?, ?, ?)
...         ''', (
...             uuid.UUID('7005d0e0-f25b-45f9-897d-bae151fddaff'), 'user',
...             'user@gmail.com'
...         ))
...
<sqlite3.Cursor object at 0x107406570>
>>> cursor = conn.cursor()
>>> for row in cursor.execute('SELECT * FROM user'):
...     print(row)
...
(UUID('7005d0e0-f25b-45f9-897d-bae151fddaff'), 'user', 'user@gmail.com')

In the above demo, passing in a uuid.UUID() instance to cursor.execute() triggers the adapter registered with register_adapter, producing a bytestring to insert into the database column.
And when iterating over rows from a SELECT, the sqlite3 library mapped the GUID type from the user_id column in the table schema and used the register_converter() registration of the same name to produce a uuid.UUID() instance from the bytes stored.

A: uuid.UUID is not an SQL function, so you cannot use it in the SQL query.
You have to use a parameter so that Python can convert it:
cur.execute("INSERT ... VALUES (?,?,?)",
            (uuid.UUID('7005d0e0-f25b-45f9-897d-bae151fddaff'), 'user', 'user@gmail.com'))

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Knut Görich (* 30. Oktober 1959 in Stuttgart) ist ein deutscher Historiker für mittelalterliche Geschichte. Er lehrt und forscht seit dem Wintersemester 2001/02 als Professor für Geschichte des Früh- und Hochmittelalters an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München. Sein Forschungsinteresse gilt dem Zeitalter der Ottonen und Staufer, der früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Geschichtsschreibung, den Formen der Kommunikation und Interaktion im Mittelalter und der Kulturgeschichte des Politischen. Görich zählt zu den führenden Experten für den staufischen Herrscher Friedrich Barbarossa.

Leben und Wirken
Knut Görich legte 1978 das Abitur in Leonberg ab. Es folgte der Wehrdienst. Anschließend studierte Görich Geschichte und Germanistik an der Universität Tübingen und an der Universität La Sapienza in Rom. 1988 legte er sein Erstes Staatsexamen ab. Seine bei Tilmann Schmidt entstandene Staatsexamensarbeit verfasste er über die Berater- und Gesandtentätigkeit Dietrichs von Silve-Benite im Umfeld von Friedrich Barbarossa. Im Jahr 1992 wurde er bei Harald  Zimmermann in Tübingen über das Thema Otto III. Romanus Saxonicus et Italicus: kaiserliche Rompolitik und sächsische Historiographie promoviert. Seine Habilitation erfolgte im Jahr 2000 unter Wilfried Hartmann in Tübingen mit einer Arbeit über Die Ehre Friedrich Barbarossas. Die Darstellung gilt als einer "der wichtigsten Marksteine der modernen Stauferforschung". 2004 wurde ihm dafür der Wissenschaftspreis der Stauferstiftung Göppingen verliehen. Nach seiner Ernennung zum Privatdozenten übernahm Görich im Wintersemester 2000/2001 eine Lehrstuhlvertretung an der Universität Mannheim. Seit dem Wintersemester 2001/02 lehrt Görich als Nachfolger von Stefan Weinfurter als Professor für Geschichte des Früh- und Hochmittelalters an der Universität München. Seit 2014 ist Görich ordentliches Mitglied der Philosophisch-historischen Klasse der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

Seine Forschungsschwerpunkte sind die Zeit der Ottonen und der Staufer, die früh- und hochmittelalterliche Geschichtsschreibung, die Formen der Kommunikation und Interaktion im Mittelalter sowie die "politische" Mentalität. In seiner Dissertation über Otto III. kam er zu zahlreichen neuen Einschätzungen zu Ottos Rom- und Kaiserpolitik. Nach Görichs Analyse der Geschichtswerke (Brun von Querfurt, Vita Bernwardi, Thietmar von Merseburg, Quedlinburger Annalen und Hildesheimer Annalen) ist die Vorstellung einer spezifisch sächsischen Romabneigung fragwürdig. Diese Regungen erwuchsen vielmehr aus innersächsischen Adelsgruppenrivalitäten. Er äußerte sich kritisch zu der von Percy Ernst Schramm vertretenen Vorstellung eines "römischen Erneuerungsgedankens" als die eigentliche politische Antriebskraft des Kaisers. Görich sieht vielmehr kirchenreformerische Ambitionen (Befreiung des Papsttums aus innerrömischen Machtkämpfen oder Klosterreformversuche) als handlungsleitend an.

Görich arbeitete über die Ehre als Ordnungsvorstellung in staufischer Zeit (Honor Imperii). In seiner 2001 veröffentlichten Habilitationsschrift fragte er danach, "ob verletzte Ehre für Friedrich Barbarossa und seine Zeitgenossen ebenso handlungsmotivierend war wie die uns heute eher zugänglichen politischen oder finanziellen Sachzwänge". Er machte in der "unbedingten Wahrung des honor imperii" die wesentliche "handlungsleitende Vorstellung" im Herrschaftsverhalten Friedrich Barbarossa aus. In seiner Habilitationsschrift untersuchte er die Konflikte mit den Salzburger Bischöfen im Schisma (S. 58–91), mit den Päpsten Hadrian IV. und Alexander III. (S. 92–185) und mit den lombardischen Städten zwischen 1153 und 1183 (S. 186–302). Die weiteren Kapitel über Rechtssetzung und Gerichtsbarkeit sowie den Zusammenhang von Geld und Ehre sind stärker systematisch orientiert. Görich untersuchte in einem 2006 veröffentlichten Beitrag die staufische Politik in Italien unter dem Aspekt des honor imperii et imperatoris.

Über die Staufer veröffentlichte er 2006 die Überblicksdarstellung Die Staufer. Herrscher und Reich, die 2019 in vierter Auflage erschien. Im September 2011 veröffentlichte er eine Biographie des staufischen Kaisers Friedrich Barbarossa. Die Barbarossa-Biographie gilt als Standardwerk. Im Jahr 2022 erschien von Görich eine knappe Einführung zu Friedrich Barbarossa. Er befasste sich in seinen Beiträgen mehrmals kritisch mit der Vereinnahmung Barbarossas durch ältere national gefärbte Erzählungen. Seine Forschungen versteht Görich als Beitrag zu einer "Kulturgeschichte des Politischen".

Seit März 2012 ist Görich Präsident der Gesellschaft für staufische Geschichte in Göppingen. Im März 2013 fand im thüringischen Altenburg eine Tagung statt. Dabei standen die unmittelbar zeitgenössischen bildlichen Darstellungen des staufischen Kaisers Friedrich I. Barbarossa im Fokus. Die 19 Beiträge wurden von Görich und Romedio Schmitz-Esser 2014 in einem Sammelband herausgegeben. Das Ziel von Tagung und Sammelband war "eine Zusammenschau der frühesten bildlichen Darstellungen des 1190 auf dem Dritten Kreuzzug verstorbenen Stauferkaisers Friedrich I. Barbarossa". Görich befasste sich dabei mit dem Barbarossarelief im Kreuzgang von St. Zeno in Bad Reichenhall. Er kam zum Ergebnis, "daß das Relief als Visualisierung des kaiserlichen Schutzes für St. Zeno gedacht war, durch die inschriftliche Individualisierung des Herrscherbildnisses aber auch als Memorialbild fungierte".

Görich gab 2017 zusammen mit Romedio Schmitz-Esser und Jochen Johrendt einen Sammelband einer im Dezember 2015 im Deutschen Studienzentrum in Venedig abgehaltenen Tagung heraus. Dabei sollten am Beispiel Venedigs die "Themenbereiche des adventus und die Herrscherbegegnung" im Sinne "einer neuen Kulturgeschichte des Politischen" behandelt werden. Anders als die traditionelle Politikgeschichte standen weniger politische Ideen und vermeintlich objektive Machtstrukturen, sondern symbolische Repräsentation und deren Wahrnehmung im Vordergrund. Görich befasste sich dabei mit dem Besuch Kaiser Ottos III. im Jahre 1001. Auf einer in Brünn veranstalteten Tagung wurden 2017 die politischen Bindungen zwischen Friedrich Barbarossa und den böhmischen, polnischen und ungarischen Königen und Herzögen hinterfragt. Die Tagungsergebnisse von deutschen, polnischen, tschechischen und ungarischen Historikern wurden 2019 von Görich und Martin Wihoda in einem Sammelband veröffentlicht. In den Beiträgen geht es vor allem um die Suche nach einer dem 12. Jahrhundert angemessenen Interpretation der interpersonalen Beziehungen in Ostmitteleuropa und einer geeigneten Terminologie für die Beschreibung und Erklärung dieses Verhältnisses. Die wichtigste Erkenntnis des Sammelbandes ist, dass "das Lehnswesen nicht als Bindemittel der politischen Beziehungen zwischen Friedrich Barbarossa und den ostmitteleuropäischen Fürsten gedient hat".

Schriften

Monographien
 Friedrich Barbarossa. Der erste Stauferkaiser. Beck, München 2022, ISBN 978-3-406-78197-1.
 Friedrich Barbarossa. Eine Biographie. Beck, München 2011, ISBN 978-3-406-59823-4.
 Die Staufer. Herrscher und Reich. 4., durchgesehene und aktualisierte Auflage. Beck, München 2019, ISBN 978-3-406-73805-0.
 Die Ehre Friedrich Barbarossas. Kommunikation, Konflikt und politisches Handeln im 12. Jahrhundert. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2001, ISBN 3-534-15168-2 (zugleich: Habilitationsschrift, Universität Tübingen 2000; Rezension in H-Soz-Kult).
 Otto III. Romanus Saxonicus et Italicus. Kaiserliche Rompolitik und sächsische Historiographie (= Historische Forschungen. Bd. 18). 2., unveränderte Auflage. Thorbecke, Sigmaringen 1995, ISBN 3-7995-0467-2 (zugleich: Dissertation, Universität Tübingen 1992).

Herausgeberschaften
 Cappenberg: 1122–2022. Der Kopf, das Kloster und seine Stifter. Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2022, ISBN 978-3-7954-3612-4.
 mit Jochen Johrendt, Romedio Schmitz-Esser: Venedig als Bühne. Organisation, Inszenierung und Wahrnehmung europäischer Herrscherbesuche (= Studi. Schriftenreihe des Deutschen Studienzentrums in Venedig. Bd. 16). Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2017, ISBN 978-3-7954-3222-5.
 mit Martin Wihoda: Friedrich Barbarossa in den Nationalgeschichten Deutschlands und Ostmitteleuropas (19.–20 Jh.). Böhlau, Köln 2017, ISBN 3-412-50454-8.
 mit Romedio Schmitz-Esser: Barbarossabilder. Entstehungskontexte, Erwartungshorizonte, Verwendungszusammenhänge. Schnell & Steiner, Regensburg 2014, ISBN 978-3-7954-2901-0.
 mit Jan Keupp, Theo Broekmann: Herrschaftsräume, Herrschaftspraxis und Kommunikation zur Zeit Friedrichs II. (= Münchner Beiträge zur Geschichtswissenschaft. Bd. 2). Herbert Utz Verlag, München 2008, ISBN 978-3-8316-0756-3.

Literatur
 Bernd Schneidmüller: Laudatio zur Verleihung des Wissenschaftspreises an Prof. Dr. Knut Görich. In: Alltagsleben im Mittelalter (= Schriften zur staufischen Geschichte und Kunst. Bd. 24). Gesellschaft für Staufische Geschichte, Göppingen 2005, ISBN 3-929776-17-0, S. 170–175.

Weblinks

 Veröffentlichungen von Knut Görich im Opac der Regesta Imperii
 Seite von Knut Görich (LMU München)

Anmerkungen

Mittelalterhistoriker
Hochschullehrer (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München)
Mitglied der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Deutscher
Geboren 1959
Mann


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Butte Area Related Articles
"Gallows" Frames
A Kingdom of Cattle
Beaverhead National Forest
Chinese Pioneers
It Happened in Bannack Montana January 11, 1864
It Happened in Virginia City January 2, 1865
Montana First Legislative Assembly December 12, 1864
Montana's Vigilantes
On The Trail of Lewis and Clark and the Big Hole River
On the Trail of Lewis and Clark in the Rocky Mountains
Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge
They Worked Underground
Washoe Theater
The Vigilante movement began in the winter of 1863 in Alder Gulch. While thousands came to the fields to mine gold others came with them who had other ideas for making money. Gamblers, dance-hall girls, and crooks flooded into the area with the miners. While every part of the west had its share of criminals, Alder Gulch had someone to organize them in the personage of Henry Plummer. A smooth, shrewd con man with a rap sheet going back 10 years, Plummer arrived in Bannack in the winter of '62-'63. By spring, he had conned everyone and was wearing the sheriff's badge. Now in control of the law, he began to organize the criminal elements into a cohesive unit that terrorized the thousands in the area.
After suffering through a year of Mr. Plummer's reign, the honest miners took matters into their own hands. A three-day trial in Nevada City claimed its first "Road Agent," and George Ives was hanged, and the Montana Vigilantes were formed. During the next two months, the Vigilantes cleaned up the area. The nucleus of the Plummer gang was either hanged or banished and the consummate conman finished his reign at the end of a noose.


New research suggests financial jargon could be driving customers away from banks and building societies.
Here are definitions of the terms that prove most confusing for customers.
Consumers are being "bombarded" with financial jargon by banks and building societies, according to the director of retail at National Savings and Investments (NS&I).
While new research has found that jargon is driving customers away from banks and building societies, Julian Hynd said it was important for people to check the information supplied to them.
He said: "It's clear that customers are being bombarded with financial jargon, not only from their bank/building society but other financial service providers too."
He added: "But it's important for customers to remember that although the information supplied to them won't be a riveting read, it will provide essential information relevant to them."


Grandma gets cranky when I ask her about Dad, so I wrote deceased under his name on the family tree. I thought it was a stupid assignment anyway.
Sister Mary Agnes calls me in during lunch. I sit in the creepy chair next to her desk, the low one that makes you feel like a little kid.
"Bring the rest of your lunch," she tells me, but I throw it away when I follow her inside.
She takes a bite of her peanut butter sandwich, sets it down on a paper towel then twists the cap off her thermos and pours water into it. After a sip, she asks if Dad has died.
"Yes, ma'am." Grown-ups ask questions they already have answers for.


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If you adopted your cat from a rescue organization or shelter, we'd love to know that story and how your cat, in turn, rescued you!
If you volunteer at a shelter or animal welfare group, you probably have stories to share about cats who have been adopted…or are still waiting for their forever homes.
If we select your story, it will be shared on the Crimeless Cat Facebook page, Positively Woof website, and our Positively Woof Instagram page. We will contact you when we publish your story.
All items are required for us to publish your story.


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Netflix drops trailer, first look at 'Ada Twist, Scientist'
The upcoming Netflix series is set to debut September 28th on the streamer
Get ready for Ada Twist, Scientist. Hailing from the creator of Doc McStuffins, Netflix has officially dropped the trailer for their latest animated venture, which is sure to be a hit for the whole family.
Ada Twist, Scientist is a new animated based on the best-selling picture book series. The show is coming to Netflix packed with a star-studded cast.
Per the official series synopsis, "Ada Twist, Scientist follows the adventures of eight-year-old Ada Twist, a pint-sized scientist with a giant-sized curiosity, who aspires to discover the truth about absolutely everything. With the help of her two best friends, Rosie Revere and Iggy Peck, Ada unravels and solves mysteries for her friends and family."
(Credit: Netflix)
"But solving the mystery is only the beginning," the description continues, "because science isn't just about learning how and why and what… it's about putting that knowledge into action to make the world a better place."
The cast includes Taye Diggs as Dad Twist, Susan Kelechi Watson as Mom Twist, Amanda Christine as Ada Twist, Candace Kozak as Rosie Revere, Nicholas Crovetti as Iggy Peck, Terrence Little Gardenhigh as Arthur Twist. The show was developed by Chris Nee, known for work on the popular children's series Doc McStuffins, Netflix's We The People which premiered this year, and more.
The series is executive produced by Nee, Mark Burton, Tonia Davis, Priya Swaminathan (from Higher Ground), Andrea Beaty (the author of Ada Twist, Scientist), and David Roberts (illustrator, Ada Twist, Scientist).
Ada Twist, Scientist was published in 2016. The picture book is described as perfect to, "jumpstart conversations about scientists, girl scientists, gender roles, forming hypotheses, giftedness and childhood genius, and individual creativity. Or just use it for laughs on a lazy school day afternoon," by the NY Journal of Books. Booklist Online also wrote that, "Young Ada Twist and her nonstop intellect might just encourage readers to blaze trails of their own."
Mark your calendars for September 28th to watch Ada Twist Scientist when it drops on Netflix. While that date is still weeks away, fans are in luck as the streaming service has exclusively dropped an episode of the series to Netflix Jr. YouTube.
Check out the latest episode of Ada Twist, Scientist, here.
The post Netflix drops trailer, first look at 'Ada Twist, Scientist' appeared first on TheGrio.


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De Communistische Partij van Bohemen en Moravië (Tsjechisch: Komunistická strana Čech a Moravy, KSČM) is een politieke partij in Tsjechië. De partij heeft 34.500 (2018) leden en is lid van de Europees Unitair Links/Noords Groen Links fractie in het Europees parlement.

De partij werd opgericht in 1989 door het Congres van de Communistische Partij van Tsjecho-Slowakije, welke besloten had om een partij op te richten voor het grondgebied van Bohemen en Moravië, de gebieden zouden later de Tsjechische Republiek gaan vormen.

Na een langlopende strijd met het Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken werd in 2008 de jeugdafdeling van de partij verboden, omdat in haar programma stond dat het privé eigendom van de productiemiddelen wil vervangen door collectieve eigendom. Na de beslissing waren er internationale protesten tegen de beslissing.

Geschiedenis

Politiek isolement
Na de Fluwelen Revolutie stonden de communisten jarenlang politiek buitenspel in het nieuwe, democratische Tsjechië. Anders dan veel zusterpartijen in de ex-communistische landen zwoer de Tsjechische communistische partij nooit het marxisme af.

Sinds de regionale verkiezingen van 2012 raakt de Communistische Partij van Bohemen en Moravië uit haar isolement. Samen met de sociaaldemocratische partij (CSSD) begonnen de communisten in 10 van de 13 Tsjechische regio's te besturen. Het begon een reëel scenario te worden dat de communisten ook op nationaal niveau weer aan de macht zouden komen. Maar bij de nationale verkiezingen van 2013 lukte het de linkse partijen niet om een meerderheid te halen, vanwege de opkomt van de partij ANO 2011 van miljardair Andrej Babiš.

Terugkeer naar het centrum van de macht
De nationale doorbraak van de communistische KSČM werd hiermee voor een paar jaar uitgesteld. Sinds de verkiezingen van 2017 zoekt Babiš zelf naar een meerderheid. De communisten bleken bereid te zijn gedoogsteun aan de miljardair Babiš te verlenen, in ruil voor een belasting op kerkgebouwen. De terugkeer van de communististen op nationaal regeringsniveau werd beantwoord met protesten uit de bevolking en oppositie.

Communistische partij
Tsjechische politieke partij


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Israeli airstrike on Gaza home kills 10, mostly children
By Press Trust of India on 1:50 pm May 15, 2021 No Comment
Gaza City: An Israeli air raid in Gaza City killed at least 10 Palestinians, mostly children, early Saturday in the deadliest single strike since the battle with Gaza's militant Hamas rulers erupted earlier this week. Both sides pressed for an advantage as cease-fire efforts gathered strength.
The latest outburst of violence began in Jerusalem and has spread across the region, with Jewish-Arab clashes and rioting in mixed cities of Israel. There were also widespread Palestinian protests Friday in the occupied West Bank, where Israeli forces shot and killed 11 people.
The spiralling violence has raised fears of a new Palestinian "intifada," or uprising at a time when there have been no peace talks in years. Palestinians were set to mark Nakba (Catastrophe) Day on Saturday, when they commemorate the estimated 700,000 people who fled or were driven from their homes in what is now Israel during the 1948 war surrounding its creation. That raised the possibility of even more unrest.
US diplomat Hady Amr arrived on Friday as part of Washington's efforts to de-escalate the conflict, and the UN Security Council was set to meet Sunday. But Israel turned down an Egyptian proposal for a one-year truce that Hamas rulers had accepted, an Egyptian official said Friday on condition of anonymity to discuss the negotiations.
Since Monday night, Hamas has fired hundreds of rockets into Israel, which has pounded the Gaza Strip with strikes. In Gaza, at least 126 people have been killed, including 31 children and 20 women; in Israel, seven people have been killed, including a 6-year-old boy and a soldier.
Rocket fire from Gaza and Israel's bombardment of the blockaded Palestinian territory continued into early Saturday, when an airstrike on a three-story house in a refugee camp in Gaza City killed eight children and two women from an extended family.
Mohammed Abu Hatab told reporters his wife and five children had gone to celebrate the Eid al-Fitr holiday with relatives. She and three of the children, aged 6 to 14, were killed, while an 11-year-old is missing. Only his 5-month-old son Omar is known to have survived.
Children's toys and a Monopoly board game could be seen among the rubble, as well as plates of uneaten food from the holiday gathering.
"There was no warning," said Jamal Al-Naji, a neighbour living in the same building. "You filmed people eating and then you bombed them?" he said, addressing Israel. "Why are you confronting us? Go and confront the strong people!" Shortly afterward, Hamas said it fired a salvo of rockets at southern Israel in response to the airstrike.
A furious Israeli barrage early Friday killed a family of six in their house and sent thousands fleeing to U.N.-run shelters. The military said the operation involved 160 warplanes dropping some 80 tons of explosives over the course of 40 minutes and succeeded in destroying a vast tunnel network used by Hamas.
Lt. Col. Jonathan Conricus, a military spokesman, said the military aims to minimize collateral damage in striking military targets. But measures it takes in other strikes, such as warning shots to get civilians to leave, were not "feasible this time." Israeli media said the military believed dozens of militants were killed inside the tunnels. The Hamas and Islamic Jihad militant groups have confirmed 20 deaths in their ranks, but the military said the real number is far higher.
Gaza's infrastructure, already in widespread disrepair because of an Israeli-Egyptian blockade imposed after Hamas seized power in 2007, showed signs of breaking down further, compounding residents' misery. The territory's sole power plant is at risk of running out of fuel in the coming days.
The U.N. said Gazans are already enduring daily power cuts of 8-12 hours and at least 230,000 have limited access to tap water. The impoverished and densely populated territory is home to 2 million Palestinians, most of them the descendants of refugees from what is now Israel.
The conflict has reverberated widely. Israeli cities with mixed Arab and Jewish populations have seen nightly violence, with mobs from each community fighting in the streets and trashing each other's property.
In the occupied West Bank, on the outskirts of Ramallah, Nablus and other towns and cities, hundreds of Palestinians protested against the Gaza campaign and Israeli actions in Jerusalem. Waving Palestinian flags, they trucked in tires that they set up in burning barricades and hurled stones at Israeli soldiers. At least 10 protesters were shot and killed by soldiers. An 11th Palestinian was killed when he tried to stab a soldier at a military position.
In east Jerusalem, online video showed young Jewish nationalists firing pistols as they traded volleys of stones with Palestinians in Sheikh Jarrah, which became a flashpoint for tensions over attempts by settlers to forcibly evict a number of Palestinian families from their homes.
On Israel's northern border, troops opened fire when a group of Lebanese and Palestinian protesters on the other side cut through the border fence and briefly crossed. One Lebanese was killed. Three rockets were fired toward Israel from neighboring Syria without causing any casualties or damage. It was not immediately known who fired them.
The tensions began in east Jerusalem earlier this month, with Palestinian protests against the Sheikh Jarrah evictions and Israeli police measures at Al-Aqsa Mosque, a frequent flashpoint located on a mount in the Old City revered by Muslims and Jews.
Hamas fired rockets toward Jerusalem late Monday, in an apparent attempt to present itself as the champion of the protesters.
Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has vowed that Hamas will "pay a very heavy price" for its rocket attacks as Israel has massed troops at the frontier. U.S. President Joe Biden has expressed support for Israel while saying he hopes to bring the violence under control.
Hamas has fired some 2,000 rockets toward Israel since Monday, according to the Israeli military. Most have been intercepted by anti-missile defenses, but they have brought life to a standstill in southern Israeli cities, caused disruptions at airports and have set off air raid sirens in Tel Aviv and Jerusalem. (AP)
Israeli airstrike on Gaza home kills 10, mostly children added by Press Trust of India on 1:50 pm May 15, 2021
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Highest single-day tally: 3499 Covid cases in J&K
275 doctors, paramedics tested Covid positive in Kashmir since Jan 1
Director Tourism seeks hassle-free movement of tourists during weekend lockdown in Kashmir
Media bodies across the country condemn state-backed 'coup' at Kashmir Press Club
Private lab skips crucial test, endangering life of newborn
Searches underway as 3 members of family from Lucknow go missing on Sgr-Jmu highway
Clerk at Magam Post Office siphoned money from accounts, to gamble on internet
Minimum temperature in some places in Kashmir settles above normal
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Governance · September, 2009
Stories about Governance from September, 2009
Serbia: The Death of a French Football Fan
Eastern & Central Europe 30 September 2009
Brice Taton, a 28-year-old French citizen and a fan of the Toulouse football team, was brutally beaten by fans of the Partizan football team in downtown Belgrade on Sept. 17, before the Partizan vs Toulouse game. He died in a Belgrade hospital on Sept. 29.
USA: Immigrant Students in National Day of Action
North America 30 September 2009
The National Dream Act Day of Action was initiated by the United We DREAM Coalition and was supported by dozens of organizations across university campuses in the USA last week.
Trinidad & Tobago: Digging a Hole
Caribbean 30 September 2009
"It's like a jamette woman in a rumshop shouting she does go to chuch!": B.C. Pires blogs about issues of governance in the Trinidad & Tobago government.
Pakistan: Who Is Running The Country?
South Asia 30 September 2009
The US Ambassador to Pakistan Anne Patterson's recent statement on Quetta shura raised a controversy in Pakistan. Teeth Maestro poses the question in reaction: "Who's actually running Pakistan? The Americans or Pakistanis?"
China: When will the sunshine come?
China 30 September 2009
Chinese officials will soon be required to report all their assets as part of an anti-corruption "Sunshine Act" of the Communist Party. But resistance so far has been significant, leading to much online public debate among Chinese citizens.
Poland: Sexual Crimes and Roman Polanski
Polandian writes about Poland's plans to legalize chemical castration for those who commit sexual crimes against minors – and about the arrest of Roman Polanski in Switzerland and the Polish foreign minister's intention to ask the U.S. president to pardon the film director: "Now, if the 1977 charge had been...
Czech Republic: Temelín Nuclear Power Plant
The Journeys of Captain Oddsocks writes about the Temelín nuclear power plant, which has been in the news recently "because of a controversial and overpriced contract awarded to a shady company whose former director was recently jailed for planning the violent abduction of his replacement."
Madagascar Delegation Barred from UN General Assembly Stage
Sub-Saharan Africa 29 September 2009
In an attempt to legitimize the military-backed government, Madagascar's acting leader was scheduled to speak at the UN General Assembly on Thursday, only to be barred. Malagasy bloggers and twitterers react.
Bangladesh: Law And Order Situation
Mukti discusses the current state of the law and order situation in Bangladesh.
China: Censorship arms race escalates
East Asia 29 September 2009
Rebecca MacKinnon sums up the recent censorship measures in China, including the launching of new surveillant software and the recent attack of major censorship circumvention techniques and technologies.
Trinidad & Tobago: The Price of Progress is High
"As if the stink of the uselessness of the building weren't enough…here comes talk that toxic fumes from the Performing Arts Academy are making people in the neighbouring buildings fall sick. Yes, this is progress at its best": Trinidadian Attillah Springer says the whole thing "is a tragic kind of...
India: The State Of Democracy
Arundhati Roy at Huffington Post comments on the state of democracy in India: "The hoary institutions of Indian democracy — the judiciary, the police, the 'free' press, and, of course, elections — far from working as a system of checks and balances, quite often do the opposite. They provide each...
Maldives: Renewing Ties With Israel
Mohamed Nasheed reacts to the news that Maldives would renew ties with Israel posing this question: "how does renewing relations with Israel serve our national interest?"
Russia: "Promoting State Interests" Online
Evgeny Morozov writes that "Kremlin no longer hides its [internet] spinning strategy"
Lithuania, Latvia: Capitals of Culture
Viola in Vilnius writes that Riga has been nominated as one of the 2014 European capitals of culture, and comments on how this year's title holder, Vilnius, has done so far.
Hungary: Pro-Nightlife Rally; Art Station
Marietta Le of Remainder of Budapest posts photos and video from a rally in support of Budapest's nightlife and from a graffiti and extreme sports competition held inside a metro station whose construction had been halted due to financial difficulties.
Hungary: Political Talk Show Taken Off Air
GV Author Marietta Le of Remainder of Budapest and Eva S. Balogh of Hungarian Spectrum write about Nap-kelte, a morning political TV talk show that was taken off air last week, some 20 years after its launch in 1989.
Tunisia: Severe Flooding Kills 15
Middle East & North Africa 26 September 2009
Flash floods hit Tunisia this week, killing at least 15 people and damaging property in the town of Redeyef in southern Tunisia. Bloggers declare two day of mourning and speak out against a media apparatus which trades on people's miseries to trump up the government.
Sri Lanka: Suppression Of Media Freedom
Concerned Citizen comments on the media freedom in Sri Lanka at Groundviews: "despite vehement denials, it is obvious that the government is guilty of suppression of media freedom and dissent through intimidation, threats, violence and extrajudicial acts which have seriously affected their credibility both nationally and internationally."
Iran: Artists and Green Movement
Artists from different corners of the world have created posters to support Iranian opposition movement (Green Movement) and Iranian people struggle for democracy.
USA: Clashes with Police at Pittsburgh G-20 Summit
Citizens published photos and videos of clashes between protesters and police during the G-20 meeting of world leaders in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania this week.


Forget the big name (er, C-list celebrity) Christmas pantos – if you want to see how pantomine should really be done, get yourself over to The Octagon in Yeovil to see this year's production of Cinderella – it's a corker!
No need to tell you the story, this is a traditional take on the classic tale but the action rattles along at a pace (there are no boring bits), the double entendres, jokes and puns are cheesey (of course) – but they got genuine laughs rather than groans and there were loads I'd not heard before. The sets and costumes are fab. But what makes this panto for me is the stand-out cast.
Comedian Jack Glanville as Buttons had the audience eating out of his hands from the moment he walked on the stage – the rapport is natural, not forced – Cinders, you married the wrong man!
Joanna Sawyer was a very sweet Cinderella and Ashley Emerson a handsome Prince Charming. There's a bit of chemistry between them – and they can both carry a pretty tune (even got a lump in my throat at one point, gulp).
Lizzie Frances as the Fairy Godmother set each scene with her comic rhyming couplets and there was more than a hint of Mrs Overall when she appeared to Cinderella as the Old Woman.
The prince's manservant Dandini is local boy Thomas Ford (he hails from Crewkerne and studied at Yeovil College before acting school). He's handsome, funny and had great comic timing. Fave joke: posh person's greeting : air hair lair (say it out loud). Matt Daines (who also directed the show) and Ian Smith are awfully brilliant as the ugliest of Ugly Sisters, Beatrice and Eugenie, (a bit mean, boys, those real life prinnies aren't nearly so well dressed), with the costumes and wig changes coming thicker and faster by the minute.
Mark Faith, all gangly arms and legs, was perfect as Cinderella's slightly feeble father Baron Hardup.
There are live musicians in the pit – you can just see the top of Musical Director's Dan Tomkinson's head through the large square hole in the front of the stage. Very impressed that none of the cast fell down it. The supporting cast of singing and dancing courtiers, both professionals and local kids, are full of energy and pizzazz. It's got audience participation by the bucketful and a showstopping end to the second half – don't want to spoil the surprise but it involves a flying horse and a light blizzard. The finale's not half bad either.
This is good old fashioned fun. And we don't get enough of that. Go see.
We've got a family ticket for four people to see the panto on Sat 30 Dec at 6.30. All you need to do is LIKE and FOLLOW the Somerset Muddy Stilettos Facebook page, SHARE the post and write BEHIND YOU! in the comments box. The winner's name will be announced on Christmas Eve, Sun 24 Dec.


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La Compagnie des chemins de fer à voie étroite de Châteaubriant à Erbray et extensions est une société anonyme constituée en .

Histoire

Réseau

Tramway d'Erbray

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Revue de la Société historique Histoire et Patrimoine du Pays de Châteaubraiant "Route et rail Trains et automobiles au Pays de Châteaubriant"
 Henri Domengie, Les petits trains de jadis, Ouest de la France, Éditions du Cabri, Breil-sur-Roya, 1990 .

Ancienne compagnie de chemin de fer en France
Entreprise fondée en 1887
Transport à Châteaubriant


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Pictured above: Sailing boats purchased by FoMS for the Middle School Sailing Programme
The Friends of Middle School (FoMS) welcomes and invites you to meet some of our Committee members.
The Friends of Middle School (FoMS) Committee is a friendly group of parents who meet monthly to organise social events to benefit the Middle School community and fundraise to support parent-driven Middle School initiatives. The object of FoMS is to connect parents with others at the school. A diverse group, the committee plans events such as a Welcome Cocktail Party (in Term 1), Breast Cancer Awareness Day, a Middle School Parents' Dinner (in Term 2), a Melbourne Cocktail Party (in Term 3) as well Saturday mornings throughout the winter sport fixtures (coffee and home-made cake in front of a roaring fire at the Ernest Clark Pavilion) to facilitate this.
The FoMS wish to promote comradeship among the parents, recognising that the more accepted they feel within and by the community of Geelong Grammar School, the more willing they will be to participate in the life of Middle School. By so doing, they will better communicate with staff and students and share in more of Middle School life. Their activities and effort are directed to these objectives.
An inclusive group, the FoMS hold monthly meetings during which the Head of Middle School presents her report and the Committee go over plans for upcoming activities. On occasion, different guest speakers from within GGS are invited to present to the attendees. All Middle School parents are warmly invited to attend any Committee meeting to hear more about the FoMS and/or get involved in its activities.
The Middle School Parents' Association (as it was originally named) was a brain child of Andrew (Andy) Beauchamp, Head of Middle School (1995-2004). The idea came to him in 1998 - the Highton Campus has just closed and a 'Middle School' was instituted at Corio. It was Andy's job to weld this into a viable entity within the Corio campus. He set about doing this by establishing strong lines of communications with parents, encouraging them to involve themselves in many facets of the school. The Association was a way to offer parents an opportunity to actively support the Middle School.
Since then, and over the last 22 years, Friends of Middle School have significantly contributed to Friend-raising and Fund-raising to benefit the parents, students and staff of Middle School at Corio. In 2014, the committee was expanded to enable greater involvement by parents who represented all year levels (from 5 to 8).
Immediate Past President: Libby Naylor (2018-2019)
Past Presidents: Harriett Lawrence (2017), David Watters (2014-2016), Andrew Burgess (2013), George Chirnside (2010-2012), Helen Baillie (2008-2009), Michael Bland (2007), Anna Tantau (2006) (Chair), Michael Bland (2005) (Chair)
FUNDRAISING EFFORTS
Through their fundraising activities, the Friends of Middle School are able to provide financial support within Middle School areas which would not normally be covered by the annual budget.
In the past, through FoMS assistance, new bicycles have been purchased for the GGS fleet to be used on the Great Victorian Bike Ride. This allowed some of the older bikes to be retired or used as spares. Similarly, new iPads have been purchased for the use of students in the Middle School Panckridge Library, and these have proven to be very popular among all year levels. A computer-controlled vinyl cutter has been purchased for the Design and Technology Department where students use the machine for model making and sign writing. Other fundraising projects have included an improvement of the indigenous garden, funding a new basketball ring, outdoor table tennis tables and Lego robotic kits. This last purchase has enabled the robotics programme to grow and flourish, particularly in Years 5 and 6, with students representing GGS at the annual Lego League Space Challenge Competition in Melbourne - all due to this generous donation.
Most recently, the FoMS have funded various author visits, prizes for Middle School art exhibitions and a purchase of a coffee machine. This purchase now enables the Committee to run a coffee stall on Saturday mornings for parents at the Biddlecombe Oval. This has proven a great success, with enthusiastic feedback also from visiting parents, all due to the committee members who give of their time to prepare and serve coffee and welcome all who come on the day, thus further developing the FoMS' aim of connecting the community.
A FoMS initiative in 2019 was to organise and fund a morning tea each term for Middle School children, encouraging day and boarding students to spend time together. FoMS were also delighted to organise a purchase of four Optimist boats to compliment the Middle School Year 5 and 6 Sailing Programme.
FoMS Breast Cancer fundraiser - Mothers' Day weekend 2019
If you would like to join the Committee or would like more information about Friends of Middle School, please contact:
Name Year Level Rep. Position Mobile Children
Leah Carr Year 7 Co-President 0439 032 806 Fraser Carr (Yr7 HI); Elliot Carr (A'19)
Vanessa Eldridge Year 8 Co-President 0409 909 727 Millie Eldridge (Yr8 OT)
Jules Scudamore Year 6 Vice-President 0488 709 439 Hamish Scudamore (Yr6 OT)
Janet Ashton Year 6 Secretary 0407 555 495 Annabelle Ashton (Yr6 OT)
Kim Nankivell-Rowell Co-Treasurer
Carina Reilly Year 8 Co-Treasurer 0467 288 495 Molly Reilly (Yr8 HI)
Wendy Clark Year 7 & 8 Member 0409 803 926 Charlotte Clark (Yr8 OT); Hamish Clark (Yr7 OT)
Joanne Dean Member
Karen Dodd Member
Glenys Hanrahan Member
Sue Stone Year 8 Member 0433 361 487 Samuel Stone (Yr10 FR); Lilly Stone (Yr8 HI)
Sarah Van Newkirk Connor Year 8 Member 0400 335 329 Sam Connor (Yr11 CU); Finn Connor (Yr8 OT)
Janet Wilkins Year 6 Member 0414 196 397 Jonah Wilkins (Yr10 A); Adam Wilkins (Yr6 OT); Jack Wilkins (A'19)
Membership of the Friends of Middle School is free and automatic once your child joins Middle School at Geelong Grammar School, Corio Campus.


Francesco Loreto is an expert on biosphere-atmosphere interactions. His studies focus on the biosynthesis and emissions of volatile organic compounds, and on the impacts of abiotic and biotic stressors on primary and secondary plant metabolism. Dr Loreto is Research Director at CNR, has directed the Institute for Plant Protection (CNR-IPP, 2009-2012), and is now the director of the Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science (CNR-DiSBA) coordinating the activities of nine CNR Institutes and more than 800 researchers and technologists all over Italy. Dr Loreto has been a delegate of the Italian Ministry of Research and Education at the European Commission FP7 "Bio-economy" panel; and is a member of the scientific steering committee of the "Integrated Land Ecosystem Atmosphere Process Study programme" (iLEAPS), a core-programme of the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP). Dr Loreto has published so far (February 2016) 180 papers on peer-reviewed ISI-indexed international journals, with a total number of citations > 12000, and a H index = 59 (Google Scholar). He has also published 11 book chapters, and is editor of the book "Terrestrial photosynthesis in a changing environment" (Cambridge Press, 2012). Dr Loreto serves in the editorial boards of international journals in the field of plant biology, and as a reviewer of the European Commission, of main international research agencies (e.g. ESF, NSF-USA, ANR-France, FCT-Portugal), and of private foundations (e.g. AXA). He has been invited keynote speaker at more than 30 international conference and congresses about plant science, and has organized and chaired prestigious international conferences and symposia (e.g. EU-High Level Scientific Conferences "Photosynthesis in a changing world" Chania, Crete, Greece, 15-26 May 2003; Gordon Research Conference "Biogenic Hydrocarbon & the Atmosphere", Il Ciocco, Italy 2-7 May 2004; symposium "Photosynthesis and new environmental challenges" at the 15th International Congress on Photosynthesis - Beijing August 22-27, 2010; symposium "Life in extreme environments: from knowledge to sustainable exploitation of new resources under growing pressures" at the International Congress "Planet under Pressure: toward Rio + 20" London, March 26-29, 2012). Dr Loreto has coordinated four European projects in the field of biogenic emissions and their role in plant communication and plant protection, and is partner of projects funded by the European Commission within the frame of the FP7 Environment, KBBE and Marie-Curie-People programmes and in the H2020-MSCA programme. He now coordinates the Premium project (Progetti Premiali 2014) of the Ministry of University, Research and Education of Italy (MIUR) "Sustainable water management in agriculture". Dr Loreto has coordinated CNR participation to the Universal Exhibition of Milan (EXPO 2015 – Feeding the planet, energy for life) as science consultant of the Italian Pavilion and of the Lombardy Region.


There's so much to see and do and the following are just a few of the reasons to get out of bed! Strawberry Hill House, Hampton Court Palace, Twickenham Rugby Stadium, Historic Richmond upon Thames and Kew Gardens are nearby. For those wanting to explore further afield then central London is a short train ride way.
Just a short distance from the hotel, Hampton Court Palace and its famous maze is great family day out . Enjoy this beautiful palace built by Cardinal Wolsey and made even more magnificent by Henry VIII. Take a bus from outside the hotel right up to the palace gates or if you are driving parking in the palace grounds is available.
The most famous botanical gardens in the world (and a UNESCO world heritage site) is a must see and is only 10 minutes away by car . The tree top walkway is simply awesome!
Built like a gothic castle Strawberry Hill House was the home of Horace Walpole son of the first British Prime Minister. The house and gardens are just a short walk from the hotel .


This product is a PRINTED SEWING PATTERN. It will be mailed to you.
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Make yourself a mini messenger bag that is perfect for traveling. This bag is lightweight and features a pocket on the back and an adjustable strap!
It measures approx. 8″ x 10″ x 1″ deep.
This bag can be made from Fat Quarters and is a great way to use up some of your scraps. (a fat quarter is an 18″x22″ piece of fabric). You will also need various other interfacings/notions.
Sewing pattern includes full size fold out pattern sheet. Instructional black and white photos and lots of sewing tips and tricks!


What could Capcom's new fighting game be?
Capcom appears to be working on a new fighting game, according to a recent tweet by Yoshinori Ono, one of the producers at the company.
Mr. Ono stated on Twitter, ""I want… no, Capcom wants Game Designer and programer for New Fighting Game. Its location at Tokyo or Osaka Studio." He then went on to add that he does not yet know what the target platform for this brand new fighting game would be.
We'll keep you updated as we learn more information. What do you think this new fighting game will be? Will it actually be a brand new game, or will it be something like Street Fighter V?


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Do aliens exist? We asked five experts
An unreleased US government report does not provide any clear link or association between more than 120 incidents of UFO sightings from the past two decades, and a possibility of Earth having been visited by aliens.
by Press Trust of India June 14, 2021 June 14, 2021
Melbourne: Speculation has been rife about the contents of an unclassified report set to be released later this month from the Pentagon's Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) task force. The document, expected to drop on June 25, will supposedly provide a comprehensive summary of what the US government knows about UAPs or, to use the more popular term, UFOs.
While the report is not yet public, the New York Times recently published what it claimed was a preview of the findings, provided by unnamed senior officials who were privy to the report's contents.
According to the Times's sources, the report does not provide any clear link or association between more than 120 incidents of UFO sightings from the past two decades, and a possibility of Earth having been visited by aliens.
If the Times's sources are to be believed, there's clearly still no good reason to interpret an unexplained object in the sky as evidence of aliens. But does that mean aliens aren't out there, somewhere else in the universe? And if they are, could we ever find them? Or might they be so different to us that finding them is impossible in any meaningful sense?
We asked five experts. Four out of five experts said aliens do exist.
Here are their detailed responses:
Also Read | Pentagon releases UFO videos taken by Navy pilots
— Jonti Horner, Professor (Astrophysics), University of Southern Queensland
I think that has to be a definite yes. But I think the real question is, are aliens close enough for us to discover them?
Space is unbelievably big. In the last few decades, we've learned almost every star in the cosmos has planets. Our galaxy, the Milky Way, is estimated to have up to 400 billion stars. If each of those has five planets, we'd have two trillion planets in our galaxy alone. And we know there are more galaxies in the cosmos than there are planets in the Milky Way.
In other words, there's a lot of real estate out there. And with so much variety, I find it impossible to believe Earth is the only planet that has life including intelligent and technologically-advanced life.
But will we ever find such extra-terrestrial life? That's a tough question. Imagine one in a billion stars host a planet that can develop technologically advanced life which is able to scream its existence into the cosmos.
Well, that would give us 400 stars in our galaxy with technologically advanced life. But our galaxy is vast 100,000 light years from side to side. That's so big that those stars would, on average, be some 10,000 light years apart. That's way too far for us to hear alien signals (at least at the moment) unless they're way more powerful than anything we can send!
So while I do believe alien life exists, I think finding proof of this will prove astonishingly hard.
— Steven Tingay, John Curtin Distinguished Professor (Radio Astronomy), Curtin University
Yes, but that's a bold assertion. So, let's be clear what we are talking about. I consider the term alien to reference all manner of life, as we understand it on Earth, resident in places other than on Earth. Having said that, there is currently no detailed consensus on the definition of life . It is a very complex concept. But if we found something like bacteria somewhere other than on Earth, I would classify this as alien life.
The universe contains hundreds of billions of galaxies, each of which can be composed of up to billions and billions of stars. Most of these stars have at least one planet each. These planetary systems form out of a rich mixture of elements, including all the elements regarded as essential for life . So, it is hard to believe that the particular mix of conditions that resulted in life only occurred on Earth, and not on the trillions of other planets in the universe.
But it remains to be seen whether this life is like bacteria, or is an exciting technologically advanced civilisation we can communicate with. A significant effort is underway to search for alien civilisations which may be using similar technologies to us, such as powerful radio telescopes sending out radio wavelength communications from distant planetary systems.
And then of course, it's possible our definition of life may turn out to be quite narrow, and that aliens wherever they are may play by a completely different set of rules.
Also Read | Galactic Federation? Ex-Israeli general makes 'alien' claims
— Helen Maynard-Casely, Senior Instrument Scientist, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
I'm of the opinion that it's only a matter of time before we find something that resembles biology somewhere other than on Earth. This is because we're increasingly finding various potential pockets in our solar system that may be hospitable to life as we know it. For instance, consider the under-ice oceans of Europa and Ganymede (two of Jupiter's large moons): these are places where the temperature is just right, there is access to water and to minerals, too. Then again, that's viewing things with a very Earth-like lens, and of course alien life could be very different to our own.
That's why I'm really excited about further exploration of Saturn's moon Titan. Titan has a whole range of interesting molecules on its surface, as well as active weather systems to transport them about this too, all within our solar system. And we know there are other solar systems within our galaxy.
Considering all of the above, it really does feel more and more inevitable that we will find a niche for some active biology somewhere. Whether it can say hello to us? Well, that's a different question.
— Rebecca Allen, Swinburne Space Office Project Coordinator, Swinburne University of Technology
Yes, but they probably don't look like us. There are more than 100 billion planets estimated to exist in our galaxy alone (with some six billion potentially being Earth-like). Therefore, the probability that life exists elsewhere is all but confirmed.
When we hear the word alien , however, an image of a humanoid lifeform usually springs to mind. But even on Earth, the most predominant form of life is much older, smaller and more resilient. I'm talking about microorganisms, of course. These organisms defy science by existing where life has no business existing, such as in the sludge around volcanic vents. I would bet alien life exists in the form of these extremophiles .
In fact, NASA just sent a team of tiny tardigrade (or water bears ) astronauts to the International Space Station so that human astronauts can study how they perform in this extreme environment. With key ingredients for life being discovered in our solar system, it seems probable Earth's toughest lifeform are spread across the galaxy.
But what about more advanced life? The reality is space is vast. And from the Kepler mission we learned it's hard to find other worlds, let alone identify one that resembles Earth. Add on the fact it took billions of years for advanced life to thrive on Earth, and there's a slim chance of us finding a similar species of alien.
But hope remains, and scientists continue to use advanced radio telescopes to search the skies for new forms of radio communication.
— Martin Van-Kranendonk, Professor and Head of School, UNSW
A simple answer to this question is no. If we use purely empirical data and assume the question refers to any type of life outside of Earth that is not related to human activity, then the answer as far as we know must be no.
But, of course, our knowledge relating to this question is finite; we have not investigated every corner of the universe for signs of life and we do not even know what may constitute life in another chemical system, as there is no agreed-on definition of carbon-based life even here on Earth.
So, perhaps, the more expanded answer is we do not know. In fact, we may never be able to definitively answer this question. But of course, there is much work being done in an effort to figure this out.
Perhaps one day we can know if we have nearby inter-planetary neighbours, or if indeed we are alone. Or perhaps we never will.
By Chynthia Wijaya and Noor Gillani (The Conversation)
Also Read | Is it a plane? Is it a bird? No, it is a 'UFO' spotted in Pakistan
Watch: Do aliens exist? Here's what a NASA scientist said
China may have picked signs of life beyond our planet
Anybody out there? Astronomers set to send messages into space
Tagged: Aliens exist, EastMojo news


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Synopsis: Davina is an imaginative and strong-willed teenage girl who often escapes into a beautifully twisted fantasy life. Having grown up quickly as the sole caretaker of her disabled mother, she looks for salvation in a new relationship with an older boy. Davina is swept into a whirlwind of romance and adventure, but the enchantment of her new relationship quickly fades when Sterling's volatile side begins to emerge. I Believe in Unicorns takes us on a road trip through the stunning and complex landscape of troubled young love.
Filmmaker bio: Leah Meyerhoff's debut feature film I BELIEVE IN UNICORNS premiered in competition at SXSW 2014 and continues to travel the film festival circuit. Her previous short films have screened in over 200 film festivals, won a dozen awards, and aired on IFC, PBS, LOGO and MTV. She has been shortlisted for the Student Academy Awards and Gotham Awards and received high profile grants from IFP, the Tribeca Film Institute and the Adrienne Shelly Foundation. Leah was one of eight filmmakers chosen to participate in IFP's Emerging Narrative Labs and Narrative Finishing Labs and one of ten filmmakers chosen to participate in the Emerging Visions program at the New York Film Festival. She was also one of eight filmmakers chosen to participate in the Tribeca All Access Labs and was recently honored with the Adrienne Shelly Director's Award. She has been featured in Variety, The Hollywood Reporter and The New York Times and starred on the docudrama Film School on IFC. She holds a BA in Art-Semiotics from Brown University and is a Dean's Fellow in Graduate Film at NYU.


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Category: The Quraan and its Sciences
Revelation all at Once or Gradually?
Some opinions suggest that the Quran was revealed in a single night, and some say that the Quran was revealed over several years in Makkah and Madinah. Do these opinions contradict one another? Is one right and the other wrong? Or are they both wrong?
A soorah in which the name of Allaah is mentioned in every aayah.
The Qur'aan and medicine
Praise be to Allah.
Firstly:
The issue mentioned has two aspects: on one there is consensus and the other is a matter in which there are differences of opinion.
With regard to the aspect on which there is consensus, it is that the Quran did not come down from heaven to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) all at once; rather the Revelation came down to him from Allah piecemeal, according to events and circumstances.
There are verses which confirm this quite clearly with no confusion, and they affirm the wisdom behind its being revealed in this manner:
Allah, may He be exalted, says (interpretation of the meaning):
"And those who disbelieve say: Why is not the Quran revealed to him all at once? Thus (it is sent down in parts), that We may strengthen your heart thereby. And We have revealed it to you gradually, in stages." [25:32].
Shaykh 'Abd ar-Rahman as-S'adi (may Allah have mercy on him) said: That is because every time something of the Quran was revealed to him, it increased him in certainty and steadfastness, especially when there was cause for anxiety. The fact that the Quran was revealed when new developments occurred meant that it had greater impact and was more reassuring to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). And that was more effective than if it had been revealed before that, then was remembered when the new developments occurred.
"And We have revealed it to you gradually, in stages," means We revealed it slowly and sent it gradually. All of this indicates that Allah was taking care of His Book, the Quran, and His Messenger, Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), as He sent down His Book in accordance with the situations faced by the Messenger and as needed to address unfolding issues. End quote from Tafsir as-S'adi
Allah, may He be exalted, says (interpretation of the meaning) says:
"And (it is) a Quran which We have divided (into parts), in order that you might recite it to men at intervals. And We have revealed it by stages." [17:106].
Shaykh 'Abd ar-Rahman as-S'adi (may Allah have mercy on him) said: "at intervals" means at an easy pace, so that they might ponder it and think about its meanings, and derive knowledge from it.
"And We have revealed it by stages," means: bit by bit, piecemeal over twenty-three years. End quote from Tafsir as- S'adi.
What confirms the fact that the Quran was revealed piecemeal is the suspension of the Revelation concerning the slander incident (al-ifk), in which 'Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) was accused of adultery. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was waiting for Quranic verses to be revealed, because of the enormity of the calamity and the accusation that was made against his wife, until the words of Allah were revealed (interpretation of the meaning):
"Verily! Those who brought forth the slander (against 'Aishah, the wife of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)) are a group among you. Consider it not a bad thing for you. Nay, it is good for you. Unto every man among them will be paid that which he had earned of the sin, and as for him among them who had the greater share therein, his will be a great torment." [24:11].
Another confirmation that the Quran was revealed piecemeal is the first few verses of Surah 'Abasa which were revealed when the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) turned away from teaching the blind man Ibn Umm Maktum (may Allah be pleased with him) in the hope that the leaders of Quraysh would become Muslim (as he was already talking to the leaders of Quraysh and the blind mind man came to him in the middle of the conversion).
With regard to that concerning which there is a difference of opinion, it has to do with the start of the revelation of the Quran. Was it sent down all at once to the first heaven, then brought down to the Messenger (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) piecemeal, or was it all brought down in the same manner, piecemeal according to events, as stated above?
The reason for this difference of opinion is differences in understanding some verses which indicate that the Quran came down at a particular time, such as the verses in which Allah says (interpretation of the meaning):
"The month of Ramadan in which was revealed the Quran, a guidance for mankind and clear proofs for the guidance and the criterion (between right and wrong)." [2:185]
"Verily! We have sent it (this Quran) down in the night of Al-Qadr (Decree)." [97:1].
And Ibn 'Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) clearly stated this understanding.
The scholars differed concerning this sending down; there are several opinions, the most well-known of which are two:
The view of the majority is that the Quran was sent down from al-Lawh al-Mahfooz (the Preserved Tablet) to the first heaven on Laylat al-Qadr (the night of the Decree) all at once, then after that it was sent down in stages over twenty-three years.
It was narrated that Ibn 'Abbas (may Allah be pleased with him) said, concerning the verse "Verily! We have sent it (this Quran) down in the night of Al-Qadr (Decree)." The Quran was sent down all at once on Laylat al-Qadr, then Allah sent it down to the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) bit by bit. "And those who disbelieve say: Why is not the Quran revealed to him all at once? Thus (it is sent down in parts), that We may strengthen your heart thereby. And We have revealed it to you gradually, in stages." [25:32]. [an-Nasaa'i]
The second opinion is that the revelation of the Quran began on Laylat al-Qadr, then after that it was revealed in stages at various times, according to the unfolding of events and what the people needed. This is the view of the great Tabi'i (successor) ash-Sh'abi.
This difference of opinion – as you can see – does not have any real impact on the reality of the revelation of the Quran in stages to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). It has been said that the reason for this revelation (being sent down all at once to the first heaven) was to highlight the nobility and great status of the Quran in the upper realm (the heavens).
Badr ad-Deen az-Zarkashi (may Allah have mercy on him) said: If it is asked: what is the reason for the Quran being sent down to the first heaven all at once? The answer is to highlight its high status and the high status of the one to whom it was revealed. That was so as to announce to the inhabitants of the seven heavens that this was the last of the Books that was being sent down to the last of the Messengers and to the noblest of the nations. End quote from al-Burhan fi 'Uloom al-Quran.
Thirdly:
The Angel of Revelation who brought it down to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), Jibril (peace be upon him) only heard it from the Lord of Glory, may He be exalted, then he passed it on to the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), so he heard it with his ears and his heart understood it. Allah, may He be exalted, says (interpretation of the meaning):
"And verily, you (O Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)) are receiving the Quran from the One, All-Wise, All-Knowing." [27:6]
"And if you do not bring them a miracle (according to their (i.e. Quraysh-pagans) proposal), they say: Why have you not brought it? Say: I but follow what is revealed to me from my Lord." [7: 203].
It was narrated that 'Abdullah ibn Mas'ood (may Allah be pleased with him) said: The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: "When Allah speaks via revelation, the people of heaven hear from heaven a clanging like a chain dragged across a rock and they swoon, then they remain like that until Jibreel (peace be upon him) comes to them. When he comes to them, they recover and say: O Jibril, what did your Lord say? He says: The truth, and they say: The truth, the truth."
[Abu Dawood]
Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyah (may Allah have mercy on him) said: The fact that it – the Quran – is written in al-Lawh al-Mahfooz and in pure pages in the hands of the angels does not contradict the idea that Jibril (peace be upon him) brought it down from Allah, whether Allah wrote it down before sending Jibril (peace be upon him) with it or after that. And if He sent it down written to Bayt al-'Izzah (in the first heaven) in one go on Laylat al-Qadr, then He had written it all before sending it down. … If anyone says that Jibril (peace be upon him) took the Quran from the Book and did not hear it from Allah, this is false for a number of reasons – which the author then listed. End quote from Majmoo' al-Fatawa.
We hope that this is sufficiently clear and we hope that you will remain in contact with us if you have any further questions about this matter or if you need to ask more questions about any matter of our religion. We ask Allah to help you and guide you to that which is in your best interests in this world and in the Hereafter.
And Allah knows best.
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