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Home TV Stars Male TV Stars Arie Luyendyk Jr. Height, Weight, Age, Body Statistics
Arie Luyendyk Jr. Height, Weight, Age, Body Statistics
Arie Luyendyk Jr. Quick Info
Date of Birth September 18, 1981
Zodiac Sign Virgo
Spouse Lauren Burnham
Arie Luyendyk Jr. is a Dutch auto racing driver who gained fame on TV and social media for getting cast in the Bachelor Nation franchise. Fans often label him as one of the worst bachelors in the history of the dating reality show after he abruptly broke up with the winner of The Bachelor (2018) Becca Kufrin to get engaged to the runner-up Lauren Burnham. He has a huge social media fan base with more than 600k followers on Instagram and more than 300k followers on Twitter.
Arie Luyendyk Jr. (Last name pronounced LION-dike)
Arie Luyendyk Jr. in an Instagram selfie as seen in July 2014 (Arie Luyendyk Jr. / Instagram)
Den Bosch ('s-Hertogenbosch), The Netherlands
Dutch (By Birth)
He studied in Chaparral High School. In his sophomore year, Arie transferred to Desert Mountain High School based in Scottsdale, Arizona and graduated in 2000. He passed his Arizona Real Estate exam in 2016.
Off-road & Indy Lights Race car driver, Broadcast Analyst, Sports Commentator, Real Estate Broker for RE/MAX, Reality TV Personality
Father – Arie Luijendijk anglicized as Arie Luyendyk aka The Flying Dutchman (Former Race car driver, Chief Steward for IndyCar Series, Winner of Indianapolis 500 in 1990 & 1997)
Mother – Mieke Luyendyk
Siblings – Maida Luyendyk (Younger Sister) (Veterinary Technician), Luca Luyendyk (Younger Brother) (VP of Sales and Automotive at With Ease Inc), Alec Luyendyk (Younger Brother)
Arie is represented by –
Klint Briney, BRANDed MGMT
Kerrie Shellian (Publicist)
6 ft 2 in or 188 cm
80 kg or 176.5 lbs
Arie has dated –
Cassie Lambert – Cassie is one of Arie's ex-girlfriends who was a producer on The Bachelorette and got in touch with him for a background check of a fellow race car driver known to Arie. Although Arie gave the other driver a great review, he also recommended himself for the show since he was single. Barely a week before the beginning of filming for Season 8 of The Bachelorette, Arie was asked to join the show as a contestant since the other race car driver in consideration was not available for participation.
Sonia Rockwell – Arie dated actress Sonia on and off for 5 years during his 20s. She is 3 years older than him. When the couple dated, Arie was traveling frequently owing to his racing career while Sonia was working as a flight attendant. The actress stated that their 5-year erratic relationship was like one long vacation. The reality star even moved to Los Angeles for a brief while to be with Sonia, but the actress admitted that once she started booking acting jobs, it became difficult to sustain their relationship.
Elizabeth Classen (2007–2010) – Arie dated stuntwoman Elizabeth for nearly 4 years. She shared that the race car driver's company was enjoyable as he is very charming and romantic. When the couple lived together, Arie was neat and organized and would often cook for Elizabeth. The stuntwoman moved on and has a son named Beckett with her present partner.
Cassie Harshman (2009–2011) – The reality star formerly lived with Cassie, a yoga instructor for nearly 2 years who was also a single mother to two kids from a previous relationship. Since Arie had to travel a lot being a race car driver, his erratic lifestyle was a perpetual cause of dispute with his then-girlfriend. Their relationship ended when Cassie suffered a miscarriage of Arie's baby. The Indy Lights driver shared this story with Emily Maynard on The Bachelorette Season 8 and with Lauren Burnham in The Bachelor Season 22 which invited harsh criticism from Cassie. She accused him of using this story to gain sympathy and further added that he participated in the reality show merely for fame and attention.
Emily Maynard (2012) – Arie had never seen even an episode of The Bachelor or The Bachelorette when he joined the cast of the reality show in Charlotte, North Carolina to compete for Emily Maynard in 2012. He considered his participation in The Bachelorette as time off from racing to review his priorities as he did not have any sponsors for racing season that year. Since he had grown up facing the cameras giving interviews as a race car driver Arie faced no trouble being his authentic self while wooing Emily Maynard. He had meaningful conversations with Emily for the 6 weeks he dated her on the show, although, the reality star complained that most of them were edited out of the broadcast episodes and they were usually shown kissing each other. Arie finished the show as runner-up since Emily chose to give her final Rose to entrepreneur, Jeffery aka Jef Holm. However, Jef and Emily broke up by October 2012. The race car driver confessed in an interview that he could not develop strong feelings for any other women he dated after 2012 as much as the attraction he felt towards Emily which was the primary reason why he agreed to appear on The Bachelor (2018) in Season 22. In Touch magazine reported that Arie was the one to break up with Emily after he found out that he was not the only man she slept with in the fantasy suite as Emily also got intimate with Jef Holm. To save the bachelorette from embarrassment, the producers asked Arie to stage a date scene where Emily broke up with him.
Karina Smirnoff (2012) – He briefly dated ballroom dancer and Dancing with the Stars professional, Karina Smirnoff in the last quarter of 2012.
Courtney Robertson (2012–2013) – Courtney is a model and realtor who won Season 16 of The Bachelor and got engaged to the winery owner, Ben Flajnik. Their engagement lasted 11 months. Within a week of her break-up with Ben, Courtney started dating Arie. In her memoir, she confessed that she dated Arie on and off while he also dated another woman at the same time. Before getting started on season 22 as The Bachelor, Arie shared that he continues to remain friends with Courtney and owns the property she rents in Scottsdale, Arizona.
Selma Alameri (2013) – Selma is also a real estate developer who was a contestant on Season 17 of The Bachelor that featured Sean Lowe. He eliminated Selma in 7th place of the show. Arie and Selma connected over the common experience of being Bachelor Nation alumni and dated for a brief period before arriving at a mutual decision to break-up.
Jenna Jones (2015) – Arie met Arizona based sports reporter, Jenna during a racing event when Jenna was working as a publicist for another driver. The reality star first confirmed his romance with her in 2015. When he was confirmed as the Bachelor for Season 22, his ex-girlfriend stated that he is incapable of staying monogamous. Life and Style Weekly magazine published one of her deleted tweets about Arie that said, "…a dude who claims to be a hopeless romantic but forever cheats on and does despicable wrongs to women."
Giustina Lee (2013–2017) – Arie met model Giustina at a Playboy Mansion party in September 2013 and dated her on and off for many years in between courting Jenna and Sydney. The model told Daily Mail that Arie broke up with her 4 times only to renew contact after a while. Both Giustina and Arie introduced each other to their family, but Arie was unwilling to commit beyond casual dating. Giustina was the last woman he got intimate with during a weekend getaway in Las Vegas right before his stint on The Bachelor.
Sydney Stempfley (2016–2017) – Sydney worked as a secretary/receptionist when she dated Arie for a year between 2016 and 2017. A few weeks after celebrating her 1 year relationship anniversary, she claimed to be blindsided by his decision to end their relationship. Before The Bachelor Season 22 aired, Sydney predicted on Twitter that Arie is likely to face a hard time picking one woman at the end of the show which in a way turned out to be true. Users on social media often express surprise how much Sydney resembles Emily Maynard and even more so Lauren Burnham referring to the type of appearance Arie tends to prefer. Days later, Sydney confessed to People magazine that she regretted making that Tweet. Ironically, she also auditioned to participate in The Bachelor Season 22 without knowing that Arie was the designated bachelor for that season.
Rebecca Kufrin (2018) – Also known as Becca, she is a publicist from Minnesota who won The Bachelor Season 22. However, Arie changed his mind and broke up with her before the final episode of the season was broadcast. The show aired raw, unedited footage of their break-up that attracted criticism from ex-contestants and fans of The Bachelor on social media. Spurred by public outrage, Minnesota State Representative Drew Christensen proposed legislation to ban Arie from the state of Minnesota. Other fans raised 6,000 US dollars for Becca on the Venmo application that Becca donated to charity. Anonymous fans also got in touch with OutFront Media to pay for 12 Billboards in Minneapolis, 4 in LA, and 1 Billboard at Time Square, NYC carrying slogans in support of Becca. Becca was cast as the next Bachelorette in Season 14 of the show at the end of which she got engaged to a medical sales representative, Garrett Yrigoyen from Nevada.
Lauren Burnham (2018–Present) – Arie got engaged for a second time on The Bachelor Season 22 to Tech Salesperson from Virginia, Lauren Burnham in the last episode of the show. Post-engagement, the couple headed for a vacation to Europe. Upon return, Lauren relocated to Arizona to move in with Arie. In May 2018, the couple announced their wedding date during an interview on The View. In November 2018, Lauren found out that she was expecting. The couple revealed the gender of their child through US Weekly in January 2019 confirming the arrival of a baby girl on the way. On January 12, 2019, Lauren and Arie got married at Maui's historic Haiku Mill in Hawaii. The Bachelor host Chris Harrison conducted the ceremony. Their daughter, Alessi Ren was born on May 29, 2019. In May 2020, the couple revealed that they had suffered a miscarriage and in December 2020, it was announced that they were expecting again, this time twins.
Arie Luyendyk Jr. and Lauren Burnham as seen in June 2018 (Arie Luyendyk Jr. / Instagram)
He has Dutch ancestry.
Blonde (Natural)
Due to advancing age, his hair has turned 'Salt and Pepper'.
Tall and lanky build
Long, lean face
Some of Aries's racing sponsors are –
Hostile Offroad Wheels
SSi Decals
Arie shared during the filming of The Bachelor (Season 17) that he is non-religious.
Arie Luyendyk Jr. as seen in August 2015 (Arie Luyendyk Jr. / Instagram)
Getting cast in ABC network's dating reality show The Bachelorette Season 8 (2012) and The Bachelor Season 22 (2018)
He made his TV show debut as an Indy Car Driver in an episode of Hell's Kitchen in 2011.
With a predisposed tendency to stay lean, Arie Jr. has the body type of an ectomorph. He does not share any information about his gym or workout routine but has posted photos describing his fondness for hiking and outdoor cycling.
Before getting married, Arie used to dine outside most days of the week. He enjoys drinking wine and likes to eat at smaller, authentic restaurants in his home town that are not part of any corporate chains.
Arie told GQ magazine that during the filming of The Bachelorette (2012) while other contestants lifted weights every day and drank green juices for breakfast, he would opt for Nutella on French bread along with multiple cups of cappuccinos implying that he is genetically blessed to stay lean.
Arie Luyendyk Jr. Favorite Things
Restaurants – Fox Restaurants especially Blanco, Postino, The Mission
Takeout Restaurant – Pita Jungle
Dinner Date Spots – Dinner at Postino followed by drinks at Kazimierz Wine & Whiskey Bar in Old Town, Scottsdale
Comfort Food – Grilled cheese
Non-Alcoholic Beverage – Vita Coconut Water
Drink While Watching TV – Wine
City For Racing Events – Sonoma in California for its small restaurants and wineries
Ideal Food Day For A Date – A picnic
Cocktail – Ketel and Soda with lime
Drive – Likes to drive down to Saguaro Lake
Dog Park – On Chaparral and Hayden
Hiking Spots – Camelback and Pinnacle Peak
Karaoke Song – You've Lost That Loving Feeling by The Righteous Brothers
Source – PhoenixBites.com, NorthValleyMagazine.com, GQ
Arie Luyendyk Jr. with his dog as seen in February 2018 (Arie Luyendyk Jr. / Instagram)
Arie Luyendyk Jr. Facts
His family immigrated to the United States when he was 3 years old.
He has been living in Scottsdale, Arizona since the age of 9.
Arie's grandfather allowed him to sit behind the wheel of a racecar without his father's knowledge when he was just 14 years old which was the pivotal moment when he decided to pursue a career in racing cars.
He became a professional driver at the age of 16.
His first car was a black colored Dodge Stealth that he liked driving fast and rash until it broke down.
From the age of 16 to 25, Arie got several speeding tickets. After 25, the reality star made a conscious effort to drive calmly on civilian roads because repeatedly paying off speeding tickets became very expensive.
In October 2008, Arie got arrested for driving with a suspended driver's license. 6 days later, he got arrested for the 2nd time for driving without a vehicle registration.
At the peak of his active racing career, Arie traveled 250 days of the year.
He speaks fluent Dutch. He shared in an interview that a strong Dutch name and cultural background was one of the major reasons he struggled to gain sponsors because his name lacked American marketability. Many fans frequently speculate that his motivation to participate in The Bachelor franchise was to gain mass popularity for a career boost. However, Arie defended his decision stating that his fellow 33-year-old British Indycar champion Dan Wheldon died in a car crash at a racing event in October 2011 that sent Arie into a professional slump. Opportunity to participate in Emily Maynard's season came to him shortly after, that allowed Arie time off from his routine to reevaluate his priorities.
The reality star had to lobby for his gig as The Bachelor for many years before getting cast in Season 22. Show producers filmed introductory segments with Arie to cast him in Season 19 of the show, but new network executives replaced him with Chris Soules.
Arie got his ex-girlfriend Cassie Harshman's name tattooed on his inner bicep but covered it up with another tattoo of a wing after they broke-up.
During a visit to London, he saw the musical Les Misérables and connected with the lead character Jean Valjean so much that he got his prison number "24601" tattooed on his forearm.
With The Bachelor host Chris Harrison, Arie also participated in ABC networks' Wipeout (2014) and Who Wants to be a Millionaire (2016).
Arie's elaborate kissing scenes with Emily Maynard in The Bachelorette Season 8 won him the permanent label of "The Kissing Bandit".
He told GQ magazine that he likes watching cheesy dating shows such as 90 Day Fiance, Married at First Sight, and Dating Naked.
Arie is fond of kids and often volunteers at the Phoenix Children's Hospital.
Towards the end of 2020, he was tested positive for coronavirus. However, he got recovered by November end.
Featured Image by Arie Luyendyk Jr. / Instagram
Arie Luyendyk Jr.
Auto Racing Driver
Reality TV Personality
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Hello my beauties, I know I'm a bit late but Happy New Year! Hope you all had a lovely Christmas/festive period! This is my last Westfield post and it is a long time coming! I have been so busy with uni and christmassy stuff that I haven't had time to keep up with my blogging. I have some lovely things to write about lined up though so stick with me!
Inglot is a Polish cosmetics company and they have 300 stores in total but the Westfield store is the only one in the UK so it was very exciting...I was like a kid in a sweet shop! They have developed the 'Freedom System' allowing customers to be able to choose and make their own customised palettes. How it works is you pick what type of palette you want, for example, eye shadow, powder or lipstick and then you pick what size you want. I went for the palette that holds four eyeshadows as I thought it was perfect taking away for a weekend as everything is together. Stupidly I didn't note down the numbers of the colours I bought and they are on the bottom of the eyeshadows so I can't put them here, I wish they had names instead. I picked four colours that compliment each other so they can be used together or used individually, one matte eyeshadow, two pearl (I think) and one shine. I've wanted a matte dark brown for ages to blend in to my eye sockets as shimmery or sparkly eyeshadows can make slightly puffy eyes stand out. I love bronze colours on the eyes and purple compliments brown eyes so I went for these colours along with a pearly white to highlight the inner corners of my eyes. The staff were really helpful and allowed me the time to pick what I wanted without feeling rushed.
Palette prices vary but mine was £6.00 and the eyeshadows are £4.50 each which I think is really reasonable considering how high quality they are.
I am so pleased with my palette and I use it almost everyday, definitely recommend having a look if you pop to Westfield. The only problem is choosing which ones you want! I want to go again and have a look at the lipsticks and blushes as I love having a compact palette with the essentials in.
I also got a silver nail varnish from there, I have worn it a few times but it took ages to dry and didn't last very well on my nails so I wouldn't recommend this one in particular, but I would be willing to try another. Also they do a 'breathable' polish which sounds interesting as it apparently allows water vapour and oxygen to pass through keeping the nails healthier and as a polish addict this is important as I know nails need to breath occasionally.
Inglot Freedom Eyeshadow Palette: £24 in total.
Do you like the idea of this or have you been to the Inglot store before? What did you think?


Pizza Express in City Lofts Tower, St Pauls Place is one of three Pizza Express outlets in Sheffield. The theme within the restaurant is a tribute to local band Pulp with head shots picked out in relief above the kitchen area. The rock&roll theme extends to the blue fluorescent lighting in the front façade facing onto St Pauls Place which illuminates the 6 foot polished steel orb scluptures that inhabit the St Paul's Place plaza. The double height aspect inside the restaurant creates a sense of space and relaxation while the geometric space dividers maintain a level of intimacy.


KUALA LUMPUR, March 7 - eOneNet.com, the leading local e-business services provider, will launch the first Internet Coaching Programme on March 15 and 16 in Kuala Lumpur to help entrepreneurs make money online.
The programme which integrates a two- day Internet Success System training and one year group Internet coaching will guide entrepreneurs to earn a new source of income using the Internet, the company said in a statement here today.
This coaching seminar is ranked as the best Internet marketing coaching seminar in top search engines.
"We are excited that our coaching seminar is ranked number one in Yahoo, out of some 140,000 competitive listings worldwide," its president and chief executive officer Fione Tan said.
She said that all the participants will be offered the tools necessary to sell online for free immediately after the seminar so that they are able to sell products without incurring additional costs.
eOneNet will also provide them with online payment system to facilitate e-Commerce transactions, she said.
In particular, the seminar will cover the step-by-step guide to start an Internet business and earn multiple income streams on the Internet with little investment, finding products or services that have a hungry online market.
"eOneNet.com Launches Internet Coaching To Help Entrepreneurs - TheVaultMagazine.com"


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Venue and Hotel
Renaissance Phoenix Downtown Hotel
Tour: Innovative Housing in Tempe, AZ
March 27, 2023 11:00 AM – 4:00 PM (GMT-07:00) Arizona
Participants on this tour will experience a variety of innovative approaches to housing, some of which can be found nowhere else in the country. From a neighborhood with no cars to a community land trust to senior housing on a state university and a few highlights in-between. As a land-locked city, Tempe has continuously been on the front lines of progressive approaches to ensuring all residents have access to housing along a continuum of options.
Tour Locations:
Culdesac
Tempe Micro Estates
Valor on Eighth
Habitat for Humanity 3D Printed Home
Mirabella at Arizona State University
(Lunch Included.)
#HousingOpp
© 2023 Urban Land Institute

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Bucs To Sign Joe Hawley
12:03pm: It'll be a two-year deal for Hawley, Vaughn McClure of ESPN.com tweets.
10:50am: The Buccaneers are expected to sign center Joe Hawley today, Adam Caplan of ESPN.com tweets. Hawley was a former starter for Atlanta but he was released by the team this offseason.
Hawley, 27 in October, was on his way to returning from the ACL surgery that ended his 2014 season prematurely. However, the Falcons jumped at the chance to add center Gino Gradkowski when he was waived by the Broncos, and Hawley was quickly displaced.
Hawley wasn't playing exceptionally well in the early going last season, but he appeared in 16 games with seven starts in 2013 and the team was counting on him to start in '14. This year, Hawley started the first two preseason games for Atlanta but he was moved to the bench for the final two contests.
Panthers Sign Trenton Robinson
Demaryius Thomas practices Fri, Questionable
Antonio Brown palced on Covid-19 list
Andre Ellington could miss 2-3 weeks
Dolphins Waive LaMike James


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Texas Lieutenant Governor Confronts Obama Over Police Shootings
Daughter of Eric Garner, killed in Staten Island, shouts she was not heard
By Noreen O'Donnell	• Published July 15, 2016 • Updated on July 15, 2016 at 2:47 pm
Texas Lt. Gov. Dan Patrick confronted President Barack Obama over the way he has responded to recent police-involved shootings, urging him to be careful that he is not "too quick to condemn the police without due process until the facts are known."
Obama dismissed the comments, saying he relies on law enforcement "to protect me and my family just like everybody else does" and has spoken out repeatedly in support of police.
During the tense exchange, which came during a Thursday night town hall meeting televised on ABC and ESPN, Patrick told Obama that his "words matter" when he responded to the recent string of shootings by police.
"I'm concerned that police officers across the country, they know you support law enforcement of course, but do they really in their heart feel like you're doing everything you can to protect their lives?" asked the Republican who has clashed previously with the Obama administration. "Yesterday you had meetings at the White House and afterwards you said that the tension between the police and between black America is only going to get worse."
The meeting followed the deaths of five Dallas police officers, gunned down at the end of an otherwise peaceful protest of the police shootings of two black men in Louisiana and Minnesota. Patrick called the protesters "hypocrites" for relying on the police for protection once the single gunman began firing on the officers though later said he might have used the wrong word to describe them.
Obama told Patrick that he had been unequivocal in condemning rhetoric directed at police officers, beginning with the shooting death of an unarmed black teenager by a white police officer in 2014 in Ferguson, Missouri.
"I think, lieutenant governor, you'd have to find any message that did not include a very strong support for law enforcement in all my utterances dating back to Ferguson," the president said.
"So I appreciate the sentiment," Obama added. "I think it's already been expressed. But I'll be happy to send it to you in case you missed it."
Obama also said that data showed a disparity in how police treat white people and people of color — an inequity not good for building trust and not good for police officers either, he said.
"We have to address that honestly," he said. "But I think that the one thing that all of us need to do, you and me, is to make sure that we don't pretend as if there aren't potential problems in how police and certain communities interact and that when we raise those issues or people raise those issues that the perception is somehow that that's anti-police."
Patrick asked the president to light the White House with blue in honor of the police, a request the White House has denied.
Among the others who questioned Obama was Diamond Reynolds, the girlfriend of 32-year-old Philando Castile, the man killed by police in Minnesota. Reynolds, who livestreamed what followed his shooting on Facebook, said she was scared for her daughter's future and asked the president remotely, "What do we do?"
Obama said it was important for officers to know the community they were protecting and to undergo training to avoid "implicit biases."
"We all carry around with us some assumptions about other people," he said, one of which is often that black men are dangerous.
After the taping of the meeting in a Washington, D.C., theater, the daughter of Eric Garner, who was choked to death by police officers on Staten Island in 2014, began shouting when her question was not taken.
"That's what I have to do?" Erica Garner asked. "A black person has to yell to be heard?"
Garner was able to speak with Obama afterward, according to ABC and the White House.
The Associated Press contributed to this article.


The stunning and luxurious LX600 is in her element either as a charter vessel or as the perfect tender to your superyacht. She is ideal for day trips, water sports or for calmly ferrying your guests, dry and in comfort. Fully MCA Coded, the Wahoo LX600 is extensively fitted out for chartering in the Cote d'Azure and further afield. Meticulously maintained by Wahoo Ltd, the LX600 is a cut above the rest and the impressive twin 300HP Verados, which power her, are covered by the full Mercury Extended Warranty.


Thoughtful fiber preparation results in stunning handspun yarns and fiber art pieces. Join Diana North of FeistyFenn Fibers and learn how to use various fiber tools to create unique fiber preparations for your future spinning and felting projects.
Class participants will learn how to blend fibers on a carder, a blending board, and a hackle. Tips for how to blend and prepare fibers without the use of a fiber tool will also be shared in class.
Take your next fiber art project to a new level with a few hours of fun fiber play in this class!
No prior skills are needed for this class. It is targeted for adults and young adults.
Click the button below to add the Fiber Blending Class for Spinners and Felters to your wish list.


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Deep Learning for Jet-Images

Look inside `training` for up to date (though messy) training files.

Our validation data is hosted at `https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/jet-images/jetimages.npy`

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Good overall experience, very good communication with sales people throughout the sale. Valetting a bit rushed, loads of product on the dashboard and steering wheel (?), left my hands greasy. But very happy with the car bought.
Thank you Amanda for taking the time to leave a review with some constructive feedback. I have spoken to the valetors who worked on your car and given your feedback. We like our cars to look as good as new but not using so much product that it leaves your hands greasy... apologies for that. Lovely to hear you are happy with your overall experience and of course happy with your car. We hope to see you again in the future. Many thanks.
Easy and enjoyable just the way it should be Claire! Thank you for taking the time to leave a great 5 star review. It was a pleasure doing business with you and we hope you will come to us again when it's time for an update.
Ian and all the staff i dealt with at first4cars made the process of buying my new car a pleasure. I will be back for my next wheels in a few years no doubt. Thank you very much guys. A very happy customer.
Buying a new car should most definitely be a pleasurable experience, so great to hear that's how you found it Paul. It can feel like a bit of a minefield when buying a new car so we try our best to make things as straight forward as possible. We would love to help you with your next car Paul it would be a pleasure.
Quick, easy, efficient and friendly. Knowledgeable staff, non pressuring. Got car up to like-new standard quickly and for free before purchase. Would recommend.
That's what we like to hear Matthew! It puts a smile on our face each and every time we get a great review from our customers. It's great to know our hard work has paid off. Enjoy your new car and you know where to come when it's time for an update.
Thank you Emmanuel. It's great to hear that you feel we have our customers best interests at heart. It's important to us that every customer buys a car that is right for their individual needs. Buying a new car is a big decision and an expensive one so it has to be right. We hope you enjoy your new car and hope to see you again in the future.
I have to commend the guys here, they were all excellent at keeping me in the loop from day one regards my recent purchase. Very honest and upfront about everything from the beginning and gave superb customer service. Not your typical car salesman experience! I wouldn't hesitate to buy another car from First4Car. Well done lads!
Thank you Gareth for taking the time to leave a fantastic review. We are all genuine people who want to do a good job and please our customers so that's really nice that that is what come across when you came to purchase your car from us. We believe keeping customers informed is extremely important in order for a car buying experience to run smoothly. We hope you are enjoying your new car.
Thank you Curt for a fantastic 5 star review. Applying for finance can seem a little daunting when you've never done it before, and buying a car is a huge purchase. We believe supporting people through this process is really important. Each and every customer needs to feels happy and confident the car and their choice of payment whether it be finance, loan or cash is right for them. We hope you are enjoying your new car.
Excellent service great selection of new cars at affordable prices very friend staff.
You couldn't have had a sunnier day to collect your new car! We're so pleased to hear you're happy it was a pleasure looking after you ..... enjoy! and you know where to come when it's time for an update.
Brilliant experience from start to finish dean was great very helpful and profesional would recommend first 4 car to anybody looking for a car.
Thank you Matthew for a great 5 star review. It was a pleasure doing business with you. We look forward to seeing you again when it's time for an update.
Traveled a distance to see the car and it was exactly as described by the salesman, was very happy with the service provided and was pleased with the car I purchased. Would recommend them to others.
Thank you William for a great review. We appreciate that many of our customers travel a distance to buy their new car so we try make the whole process as easy and straight forward as possible. It's always great to hear our customers are happy! We look forward to seeing you again in the future.


I recently read in the paper that Point Park University, who is the owner of the Pittsburgh Playhouse, is planning to demolish the former Pittsburgh Playhouse complex and old Tree of Life Synagogue. Of course, when I heard that I knew that I had to make a trip out to Oakland to snap a few pictures of the property before it is gone.
After a recent doctor appointment in Oakland, I decided to swing by the Playhouse. The playhouse is actually made up of three mismatched buildings which we all built with theater being the last thing in mind. Even before Shirley Jones graced the Playhouse's stage (before launching her Hollywood career), Pittsburgh had a long history of theater and the arts.
The first building to be purchased was a former German social club which became the Rauh Theater. The lobby of the theater was made up of an adjacent house which was purchased by the Rauhs. The first performance of at the Pittsburgh Playhouse took place in the Rauh Theater in 1934.
A view of the theater inside of the former Tree of Life Synagogue at Pittsburgh Playhouse.
The third building to make up the Playhouse complex was the former Tree of Life Synagogue. When the congregation moved to Squirrel Hill in 1951, the building was purchased and became the largest of the Playhouse theaters, the Rockwell Theater. Underneath the theater, in what was a former ballroom, was the Playhouse Restaurant which featured an ice cream parlor as well as its own water features.
Of the three buildings, I have to say that the Tree of Life building is absolutely the most interesting of them, even despite the tragedy that happened at the congregation's Squirrel Hill synagogue in the fall. At the time the building was purchased by the Pittsburgh Playhouse, Tree of Life Synagogue was etched in the facade above the four white columns.
A closeup of the cornerstone of the original Tree of Life Synagogue which reads Erected 5666.
A cornerstone saying "Erected 5666" (which is for the Jewish calendar year of 1906) is visible on the right-hand side of the building. Additionally, if you stand across the street you can see an inlaid menorah at the top of the facade of the building.
A menorah is visible at the bottom of the triangle above the name. It is not as visible now as it once was.
Unfortunately, over the years, the menorah has become less noticeable and the Tree of Life name was removed from the facade. The cornerstone has remained and the current Tree of Life congregation has asked for it back when the building is demolished.
The Tree of Life building originally featured stained glass as well as a domed ceiling, both of which have been removed or covered up as light is the enemy of the theater. The domed ceiling has been the bane of many sound designers over the years.
Over the years, the Playhouse had always experienced issues with finding proper funding. In the 1960s the problem reached a breaking point. In 1965, the Pittsburgh Playhouse was the first home to the American Conservatory Theater. However, the performers ran a large deficit before moving the troupe to San Francisco the next season.
In the 1970s, Point Park University came along and partnered with the Playhouse which enabled it to remain a cultural entity. However, in 2013 it was announced that a new Playhouse would be constructed downtown, and the Oakland location would no longer be used. The curtain fell for the last time at the Oakland location for the last time in 2018.
A photo taken in March of 2019 of the now-abandoned Pittsburgh Playhouse.
"But what will happen to the ghosts?" I've read this comment several times in relation to the impending demolition of the old Pittsburgh Playhouse. In fact, there are reports of several ghosts who inhabit the Playhouse.
The most famous of these is the Woman in White, who supposedly murdered her husband and his mistress before killing herself back when the building was still a social hall. She can be seen pacing around in Rauh Theater. Another ghost is John Johns, and actor who had a heart attack on stage and died in his dressing room in 1963. He can been see still wearing a tuxedo. Weeping Eleanor has never been seen, but can be heard crying at night. She and her daughter perished in a fire that claimed her Oakland row house that once stood where the Playhouse's dressing rooms now are.


It was breakfast time, and the food stand in the village in northeastern Thailand was crowded. Maesubin Sisoipha, the middle-aged woman cooking the food, was friendly, her portions large and the price right. For the equivalent of about 5 cents, she offered a huge green mango leaf filled with rice, fish paste and fried beetles. It was a hearty breakfast, if one didn't mind the odd antenna left sticking in one's teeth.
One of the half-dozen men and women sitting on a bench eating was a sinewy, bare-chested laborer in his late 30's named Mongkol Latlakorn. It was a hot, lazy day, and so we started chatting idly about the food and, eventually, our families. Mongkol mentioned that his daughter, Darin, was 15, and his voice softened as he spoke of her. She was beautiful and smart, and her father's hopes rested on her.
''Is she in school?'' we asked.
''Oh, no,'' Mongkol said, his eyes sparkling with amusement. ''She's working in a factory in Bangkok. She's making clothing for export to America.'' He explained that she was paid $2 a day for a nine-hour shift, six days a week.
''How terrible,'' we murmured sympathetically.
He was not, of course, indifferent to his daughter's suffering; he simply had a different perspective from ours -- not only when it came to food but also when it came to what constituted desirable work.
Nothing captures the difference in mind-set between East and West more than attitudes toward sweatshops. Nike and other American companies have been hammered in the Western press over the last decade for producing shoes, toys and other products in grim little factories with dismal conditions. Protests against sweatshops and the dark forces of globalization that they seem to represent have become common at meetings of the World Bank and the World Trade Organization and, this month, at a World Economic Forum in Australia, livening up the scene for Olympic athletes arriving for the competition. Yet sweatshops that seem brutal from the vantage point of an American sitting in his living room can appear tantalizing to a Thai laborer getting by on beetles.
Fourteen years ago, we moved to Asia and began reporting there. Like most Westerners, we arrived in the region outraged at sweatshops. In time, though, we came to accept the view supported by most Asians: that the campaign against sweatshops risks harming the very people it is intended to help. For beneath their grime, sweatshops are a clear sign of the industrial revolution that is beginning to reshape Asia.
On our first extended trip to China, in 1987, we traveled to the Pearl River delta in the south of the country. There we visited several factories, including one in the boomtown of Dongguan, where about 100 female workers sat at workbenches stitching together bits of leather to make purses for a Hong Kong company. We chatted with several women as their fingers flew over their work and asked about their hours.
The others we talked to all seemed to regard it as a plus that the factory allowed them to work long hours. Indeed, some had sought out this factory precisely because it offered them the chance to earn more.
It sounded pretty dreadful, and it was. We and other journalists wrote about the problems of child labor and oppressive conditions in both China and South Korea. But, looking back, our worries were excessive. Those sweatshops tended to generate the wealth to solve the problems they created. If Americans had reacted to the horror stories in the 1980's by curbing imports of those sweatshop products, then neither southern China nor South Korea would have registered as much progress as they have today.
The truth is, those grim factories in Dongguan and the rest of southern China contributed to a remarkable explosion of wealth. In the years since our first conversations there, we've returned many times to Dongguan and the surrounding towns and seen the transformation. Wages have risen from about $50 a month to $250 a month or more today. Factory conditions have improved as businesses have scrambled to attract and keep the best laborers. A private housing market has emerged, and video arcades and computer schools have opened to cater to workers with rising incomes. A hint of a middle class has appeared -- as has China's closest thing to a Western-style independent newspaper, Southern Weekend.
growing countries in the world between 1978 and 1995 would all have been Chinese. When Britain launched the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century, it took 58 years for per capita output to double. In China, per capita output has been doubling every 10 years.
In fact, the most vibrant parts of Asia are nearly all in what might be called the Sweatshop Belt, from China and South Korea to Malaysia, Indonesia and even Bangladesh and India. Today these sweatshop countries control about one-quarter of the global economy. As the industrial revolution spreads through China and India, there are good reasons to think that Asia will continue to pick up speed. Some World Bank forecasts show Asia's share of global gross domestic product rising to 55 to 60 percent by about 2025 -- roughly the West's share at its peak half a century ago. The sweatshops have helped lay the groundwork for a historic economic realignment that is putting Asia back on its feet. Countries are rebounding from the economic crisis of 1997-98 and the sweatshops -- seen by Westerners as evidence of moribund economies -- actually reflect an industrial revolution that is raising living standards in the East.
Of course, it may sound silly to say that sweatshops offer a route to prosperity, when wages in the poorest countries are sometimes less than $1 a day. Still, for an impoverished Indonesian or Bangladeshi woman with a handful of kids who would otherwise drop out of school and risk dying of mundane diseases like diarrhea, $1 or $2 a day can be a life-transforming wage.
But then Nhem Yen's daughter and son-in-law both died of malaria, leaving her with two grandchildren and five children of her own. With just one mosquito net, she had to choose which children would sleep protected and which would sleep exposed.
In Cambodia, a large mosquito net costs $5. If there had been a sweatshop in the area, however harsh or dangerous, Nhem Yen would have leapt at the chance to work in it, to earn enough to buy a net big enough to cover all her children.
The effect of American pressure on sweatshops is complicated. While it clearly improves conditions at factories that produce branded merchandise for companies like Nike, it also raises labor costs across the board. That encourages less well established companies to mechanize and to reduce the number of employees needed. The upshot is to help people who currently have jobs in Nike plants but to risk jobs for others. The only thing a country like Cambodia has to offer is terribly cheap wages; if companies are scolded for paying those wages, they will shift their manufacturing to marginally richer areas like Malaysia or Mexico.
Sweatshop monitors do have a useful role. They can compel factories to improve safety. They can also call attention to the impact of sweatshops on the environment. The greatest downside of industrialization is not exploitation of workers but toxic air and water. In Asia each year, three million people die from the effects of pollution. The factories springing up throughout the region are far more likely to kill people through the chemicals they expel than through terrible working conditions.


text:
Q: Foreign key error 1215 I am receiving an

error code 1215 cannot add foreign key constraint.

When I leave FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES products(product_id)
out of the code it seems to work but when I add it I receive the error.
CREATE SCHEMA `my_web_db`;

USE my_web_db;

DROP TABLE IF EXISTS USERS;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS DOWNLOADS;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS PRODUCTS;

CREATE  TABLE `my_web_db`.`USERS` (
  `user_id` INT NOT NULL ,
  `email_address` VARCHAR(100) NULL ,
  `first_name` VARCHAR(45) NULL ,
  `last_name` VARCHAR(45) NULL ,
   PRIMARY KEY (`user_id`) )
DEFAULT CHARACTER SET = utf8;

CREATE  TABLE `my_web_db`.`DOWNLOADS` (
  `download_id` INT NOT NULL ,
  `user_id` INT ,
  `download_date` DATETIME NULL ,
  `filename` VARCHAR(45) NULL ,
  `product_id` INT NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`download_id`),
  FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(user_id),
  FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES products(product_id)
)
DEFAULT CHARACTER SET = utf8;

CREATE  TABLE `my_web_db`.`PRODUCTS` (
  `product_id` INT NOT NULL ,
  `product_name` VARCHAR(45) NULL ,
  PRIMARY KEY (`product_id`)
)
DEFAULT CHARACTER SET = utf8;

A: I think your you are using ENGINE=myisam, you should use ENGINE=InnoDB to create foreign key reference.
Added ENGINE type.
Updated SQL:
CREATE  TABLE `my_web_db`.`USERS` (
  `user_id` INT NOT NULL ,
  `email_address` VARCHAR(100) NULL ,
  `first_name` VARCHAR(45) NULL ,
  `last_name` VARCHAR(45) NULL ,
   PRIMARY KEY (`user_id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARACTER SET = utf8;

CREATE  TABLE `my_web_db`.`PRODUCTS` (
  `product_id` INT NOT NULL ,
  `product_name` VARCHAR(45) NULL ,
  PRIMARY KEY (`product_id`)
)ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARACTER SET = utf8;

CREATE  TABLE `my_web_db`.`DOWNLOADS` (
  `download_id` INT NOT NULL ,
  `user_id` INT ,
  `download_date` DATETIME NULL ,
  `filename` VARCHAR(45) NULL ,
  `product_id` INT NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`download_id`),
  FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES users(user_id),
  FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES products(product_id)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARACTER SET = utf8;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Is molybdenum disulfide modified with molybdenum metal catalytically active for the nitrogen reduction reaction?
Hoang Long Du, Rebecca Y. Hodgetts, Manjunath Chatti, Cuong K. Nguyen, Douglas R. Macfarlane, Alexandr N. Simonov
Inspired by the previously published theoretical findings, the present work aims to assess the electrocatalytic activity of molybdenum(IV) sulfide modified with metallic molybdenum for the nitrogen reduction reaction in aqueous electrolyte solution (0.1 M Li2SO4; pH 3) and in aprotic [C4mpyr][eFAP] ionic liquid electrolyte at ambient temperature. The material of interest was synthesized via a high-temperature partial reduction of MoS2, while electrocatalytic tests followed a previously established robust protocol, which in particular involves strict control over any NH3 and NO3−/NO2− contamination at every key step. As expected, no activity was found in aqueous solutions. In aprotic medium, the formation of small amounts of ammonia at low rates was observed and was found to strongly depend on the water concentration and applied potential. However, the amount of electrochemically generated NH3 always reached a particular limit and did not increase further, even when the N2 pressure was increased from 1 to 16 bar. The results suggest rapid blockage of the surface of the investigated electromaterial with NH3, which prevents its operation as a catalyst for the ammonia electrosynthesis.
Journal of the Electrochemical Society
https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abc1a8
10.1149/1945-7111/abc1a8Licence: CC BY-NC-ND
ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science
Wallace, G., Forsyth, M., Macfarlane, D., Officer, D., Cook, M. J., Dodds, S., Spinks, G., Alici, G., Moulton, S., in het Panhuis, M., Kapsa, R. M. I., Higgins, M., Mozer, A., Crook, J., Innis, P., Coote, M. L., Wang, X., Howlett, P. C., Pringle, J. M., Hancock, L., Paull, B., Sparrow, R., Zhang, J., Spiccia, L., Diamond, D., Guldi, D., Kim, S. J., Unwin, P. & Watanabe, M.
Australian Research Council (ARC)
Centre for Electron Microscopy (MCEM)
Peter Miller (Manager)
Office of the Vice-Provost (Research and Research Infrastructure)
Facility/equipment: Facility
Du, H. L., Hodgetts, R. Y., Chatti, M., Nguyen, C. K., Macfarlane, D. R., & Simonov, A. N. (2020). Is molybdenum disulfide modified with molybdenum metal catalytically active for the nitrogen reduction reaction? Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 167(14), [146507]. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abc1a8
Du, Hoang Long ; Hodgetts, Rebecca Y. ; Chatti, Manjunath et al. / Is molybdenum disulfide modified with molybdenum metal catalytically active for the nitrogen reduction reaction?. In: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 2020 ; Vol. 167, No. 14.
@article{2c612f53c5014698b32599eb59c9088a,
title = "Is molybdenum disulfide modified with molybdenum metal catalytically active for the nitrogen reduction reaction?",
abstract = "Inspired by the previously published theoretical findings, the present work aims to assess the electrocatalytic activity of molybdenum(IV) sulfide modified with metallic molybdenum for the nitrogen reduction reaction in aqueous electrolyte solution (0.1 M Li2SO4; pH 3) and in aprotic [C4mpyr][eFAP] ionic liquid electrolyte at ambient temperature. The material of interest was synthesized via a high-temperature partial reduction of MoS2, while electrocatalytic tests followed a previously established robust protocol, which in particular involves strict control over any NH3 and NO3−/NO2− contamination at every key step. As expected, no activity was found in aqueous solutions. In aprotic medium, the formation of small amounts of ammonia at low rates was observed and was found to strongly depend on the water concentration and applied potential. However, the amount of electrochemically generated NH3 always reached a particular limit and did not increase further, even when the N2 pressure was increased from 1 to 16 bar. The results suggest rapid blockage of the surface of the investigated electromaterial with NH3, which prevents its operation as a catalyst for the ammonia electrosynthesis.",
author = "Du, {Hoang Long} and Hodgetts, {Rebecca Y.} and Manjunath Chatti and Nguyen, {Cuong K.} and Macfarlane, {Douglas R.} and Simonov, {Alexandr N.}",
doi = "10.1149/1945-7111/abc1a8",
journal = "Journal of the Electrochemical Society",
publisher = "Electrochemical Society Inc.",
Du, HL, Hodgetts, RY, Chatti, M, Nguyen, CK, Macfarlane, DR & Simonov, AN 2020, 'Is molybdenum disulfide modified with molybdenum metal catalytically active for the nitrogen reduction reaction?', Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 167, no. 14, 146507. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abc1a8
Is molybdenum disulfide modified with molybdenum metal catalytically active for the nitrogen reduction reaction? / Du, Hoang Long; Hodgetts, Rebecca Y.; Chatti, Manjunath et al.
In: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Vol. 167, No. 14, 146507, 11.2020.
T1 - Is molybdenum disulfide modified with molybdenum metal catalytically active for the nitrogen reduction reaction?
AU - Du, Hoang Long
AU - Hodgetts, Rebecca Y.
AU - Chatti, Manjunath
AU - Nguyen, Cuong K.
AU - Macfarlane, Douglas R.
AU - Simonov, Alexandr N.
N2 - Inspired by the previously published theoretical findings, the present work aims to assess the electrocatalytic activity of molybdenum(IV) sulfide modified with metallic molybdenum for the nitrogen reduction reaction in aqueous electrolyte solution (0.1 M Li2SO4; pH 3) and in aprotic [C4mpyr][eFAP] ionic liquid electrolyte at ambient temperature. The material of interest was synthesized via a high-temperature partial reduction of MoS2, while electrocatalytic tests followed a previously established robust protocol, which in particular involves strict control over any NH3 and NO3−/NO2− contamination at every key step. As expected, no activity was found in aqueous solutions. In aprotic medium, the formation of small amounts of ammonia at low rates was observed and was found to strongly depend on the water concentration and applied potential. However, the amount of electrochemically generated NH3 always reached a particular limit and did not increase further, even when the N2 pressure was increased from 1 to 16 bar. The results suggest rapid blockage of the surface of the investigated electromaterial with NH3, which prevents its operation as a catalyst for the ammonia electrosynthesis.
AB - Inspired by the previously published theoretical findings, the present work aims to assess the electrocatalytic activity of molybdenum(IV) sulfide modified with metallic molybdenum for the nitrogen reduction reaction in aqueous electrolyte solution (0.1 M Li2SO4; pH 3) and in aprotic [C4mpyr][eFAP] ionic liquid electrolyte at ambient temperature. The material of interest was synthesized via a high-temperature partial reduction of MoS2, while electrocatalytic tests followed a previously established robust protocol, which in particular involves strict control over any NH3 and NO3−/NO2− contamination at every key step. As expected, no activity was found in aqueous solutions. In aprotic medium, the formation of small amounts of ammonia at low rates was observed and was found to strongly depend on the water concentration and applied potential. However, the amount of electrochemically generated NH3 always reached a particular limit and did not increase further, even when the N2 pressure was increased from 1 to 16 bar. The results suggest rapid blockage of the surface of the investigated electromaterial with NH3, which prevents its operation as a catalyst for the ammonia electrosynthesis.
U2 - 10.1149/1945-7111/abc1a8
DO - 10.1149/1945-7111/abc1a8
JO - Journal of the Electrochemical Society
JF - Journal of the Electrochemical Society
Du HL, Hodgetts RY, Chatti M, Nguyen CK, Macfarlane DR, Simonov AN. Is molybdenum disulfide modified with molybdenum metal catalytically active for the nitrogen reduction reaction? Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 2020 Nov;167(14). 146507. https://doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/abc1a8


4) Last but not least the reimbursement costs for in-hospital treatment of patients with PAD are markedly increasing.
Dr. Malyar: Previous population-based estimations predicted an increase of PAD due to ageing of population and increase of atherosclerotic risk factors in general and especially of those having critical limb ischemia. However, the magnitude of the increase we found was unexpectedly high. It was also striking that the rate of limb amputation and mortality among PAD patients during the index hospitalization remains alarmingly high with only a slight trend towards decreasing rate in both outcome measures.
Dr. Malyar: The data presented should help to increase the awareness for PAD in general, and the prognostic implication of this disease among patients, physicians and all other health care providers. Early recognition and application of adequate therapeutic measures might not only impact the direct limb related functional status and quality of life but also the general prognosis of these underdiagnosed and undertreated patients.
Dr. Malyar: From other reports and the current guidelines there is a clear recommendation for diagnostic angiography and revascularization in all patients wit critical limb ischemia. Nevertheless, although this was not in the focus of our study, the rates of angiography and revascularization were surprisingly low in this contemporary cross-sectional analysis. Thus, these data demonstrate the need for a more focused and dedicated clinical research and cooperation of diverse disciplines involved in the medical management of vascular patients to develop strategies for reducing the still high number of limb amputations and the excessive high mortality rates among PAD patients.
This entry was posted in Author Interviews, Cost of Health Care, PAD and tagged PAD by Marie Benz MD FAAD. Bookmark the permalink.


81611.live is for sale or lease. It is a very memorable domain name perfect for promoting a brand, product or service in Aspen, CO.
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text:
Essays, Moral, Political, and Literary (1758) is a two-volume compilation of essays by David Hume. Part I includes the essays from Essays, Moral and Political, plus two essays from Four Dissertations. The content of this part largely covers political and aesthetic issues. Part II includes the essays from Political Discourses, most of which develop economic themes. The total two-part collection appeared within a larger collection of Hume's writings titled Essays and Treatises on Several Subjects. This was a collaborative publication with the important Scottish bookseller Alexander Kincaid, with whom the bookseller Andrew Millar had a lucrative but sometimes difficult relationship.

Content:
 My Own Life, by David Hume
 Letter from Adam Smith, L.L.D. to William Strahan, Esq.
 Part I, Essay I, OF THE DELICACY OF TASTE AND PASSION
 Part I, Essay II, OF THE LIBERTY OF THE PRESS
 Part I, Essay III, THAT POLITICS MAY BE REDUCED TO A SCIENCE
 Part I, Essay IV, OF THE FIRST PRINCIPLES OF GOVERNMENT
 Part I, Essay V, OF THE ORIGIN OF GOVERNMENT
 Part I, Essay VI, OF THE INDEPENDENCY OF PARLIAMENT
 Part I, Essay VII, WHETHER THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT INCLINES MORE TO ABSOLUTE MONARCHY, OR TO A REPUBLIC
 Part I, Essay VIII, OF PARTIES IN GENERAL
 Part I, Essay IX, OF THE PARTIES OF GREAT BRITAIN
 Part I, Essay X, OF SUPERSTITION AND ENTHUSIASM
 Part I, Essay XI, OF THE DIGNITY OR MEANNESS OF HUMAN NATURE
 Part I, Essay XII, OF CIVIL LIBERTY
 Part I, Essay XIII, OF ELOQUENCE
 Part I, Essay XIV, OF THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE ARTS AND SCIENCES
 Part I, Essay XV, THE EPICUREAN
 Part I, Essay XVI, THE STOIC
 Part I, Essay XVII, THE PLATONIST
 Part I, Essay XVIII, THE SCEPTIC
 Part I, Essay XIX, OF POLYGAMY AND DIVORCES
 Part I, Essay XX, OF SIMPLICITY AND REFINEMENT IN WRITING
 Part I, Essay XXI, OF NATIONAL CHARACTERS
 Part I, Essay XXII, OF TRAGEDY
 Part I, Essay XXIII, OF THE STANDARD OF TASTE
 Part II, Essay I, OF COMMERCE
 Part II, Essay II, OF REFINEMENT IN THE ARTS
 Part II, Essay III, OF MONEY
 Part II, Essay IV, OF INTEREST
 Part II, Essay V, OF THE BALANCE OF TRADE
 Part II, Essay VI, OF THE JEALOUSY OF TRADE
 Part II, Essay VII, OF THE BALANCE OF POWER
 Part II, Essay VIII, OF TAXES
 Part II, Essay IX, OF PUBLIC CREDIT
 Part II, Essay X, OF SOME REMARKABLE CUSTOMS
 Part II, Essay XI, OF THE POPULOUSNESS OF ANCIENT NATIONS
 Part II, Essay XII, OF THE ORIGINAL CONTRACT
 Part II, Essay XIII, OF PASSIVE OBEDIENCE
 Part II, Essay XIV, OF THE COALITION OF PARTIES
 Part II, Essay XV, OF THE PROTESTANT SUCCESSION
 Part II, Essay XVI, IDEA OF A PERFECT COMMONWEALTH
 Part III, Essay I, OF ESSAY-WRITING
 Part III, Essay II, OF MORAL PREJUDICES
 Part III, Essay III, OF THE MIDDLE STATION OF LIFE
 Part III, Essay IV, OF IMPUDENCE AND MODESTY
 Part III, Essay V, OF LOVE AND MARRIAGE
 Part III, Essay VI, OF THE STUDY OF HISTORY
 Part III, Essay VII, OF AVARICE
 Part III, Essay VIII, A CHARACTER OF SIR ROBERT WALPOLE
 Part III, Essay IX, OF SUICIDE
 Part III, Essay X, OF THE IMMORTALITY OF THE SOUL

References

External links
Four of the Essays, slightly modified for easier reading

1758 books
Books by David Hume
Ethics books
Books in political philosophy
Essay collections
Aesthetics books
1758 in Scotland
Political history of Scotland
Economic history of Scotland
Philosophy essays

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Gold has long been valued for centuries. If you are interested in buying gold, continue reading for useful advice.
Gold prices change all of the time, so make sure you have up-to-date information about gold prices before selling something. If you choose to go ahead with the sale, pieces with different karat values should be weighed and valued separately. Don't sell jewelry that's worth more than its melt value because of its designer piece.
Stay with reputable buyers when selling gold. You can check out their reputations with the local BBB and through online reviews. A legitimate buyer with a good reputation will pay you good service and an equitable price for the gold you great customer service. Protect your invest and your gold by doing this.
Gold prices fluctuate on a regular basis, so make sure you have up-to-date information about gold prices before selling something. When selling gold, be sure that items of differing karat values are weighed separately. Don't sell jewelry with a designer name that has a higher worth than straight melt value.
Check out current price in the gold market before you ever sell your jewelry. This can help you to evaluate a good price or not.
Check the day your are buying or selling gold. This information is available on several different websites. Never pay any more than 8% premiums on the gold prices. Some dealers will try to charge more, but that's overcharging, which is generally unethical.
Sell only to gold buyers that are licensed by the state. There is no shortage of places to do gold trading, but some are out to rip you off.
Only deal with reputable buyers. There are several ways to find out about their reputation, such as online reviews or Better Business Bureau filings. Good customer service and fair market prices are good indicators of reputable buyers. You have to protect your investment as well as yourself.
While purchasing gold can be quite exhilarating, don't tell everyone about it. You don't know who else could be listening or who you can really trust. Make sure you keep your investment is kept private and kept safe. This will ensure your gold investment.
Use a magnet to determine if it consists of gold. Precious metals do not going to be attracted to a magnet.Sometimes a jewelry piece is only plated in gold with a solid but the rest is plated. This is a good test that.
Always read small print on your contracts. You need to know what you're getting into if selling through a mail-in purchasing service to sell gold. This helps you to know how much of your proceeds will be used to pay for commissions and fees.
Do you know how pricing on precious metals works? Precious metal prices vary from day to day and it's best to check the price before selling or buying gold. Also, understand that some types of gold will be more expensive than others.
Gold is usually a safe investment but volatile investment. If you would be made anxious by unexpected peaks and valleys in the market, perhaps the gold market is not for you. If you have enough tolerance, start out with a small investment. Only a small portion of your portfolio in gold. A good limit is about five percent.
Gold is best when looked at as a great long-term investment.This requires you to invest in gold no matter what the current price is and not just when prices are high.
You should guard against buying too much when you're investing in gold. Gold does not yield income to the way bonds or stocks and mutual funds can with dividends. The price tends to fluctuate a lot in the gold is also volatile.When equities are devalued that is when you get a rise in value. You shouldn't invest more than five percent of your investment portfolio into the gold market.
Always make delivery arrangements before purchasing gold from a vendor. Delivery times are important. If the person selling you the gold does not deliver the product right away, it is necessary for you to obtain a written estimate of when your items should arrive. Make sure that a specific date is listed within this writing. Don't buy without such a contract.
You must fully understand what you intend to buy. Some "gold" coins are only gold plated while others will be difficult for you to sell.
As you can now agree, gold is a treasure. Gold is also a highly traded commodity. Gold can even gain more value if you keep it for a long time. Since you know much more about gold now, get going with some gold investments today.
This entry was posted in Gold and tagged current price, gold market, gold prices, selling gold by Glendale Gold. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
Alicia Silverstone, Garden of Life launch new mykind Organics Herbals
Garden of Life has partnered with actress, author, and health advocate Alicia Silverstone to create the new mykind Organics Herbals.
Garden of Life has partnered with actress, author, and health advocate Alicia Silverstone to create the new mykind Organics Herbals. A spinoff of mykind Organics, launched five years ago in a similar collaboration between Garden of Life and Silverstone, this new line features a full range of USDA Organic, Non-GMO Project Verified, certified gluten-free, and vegan herbal supplements.
Like the original line launched in 2013, mykind Organic Herbals was an effort to create supplements from whole foods free from pesticides, genetically modified ingredients, or other harsh chemicals. This is no easy task, the company explains.
"Before Garden of Life can create any formula, we first have to build a supply chain to support our goals of Certified Organic and Non-GMO Project Verified real food ingredients. In the case of herbal products, this was particularly urgent," Jeffrey Brams, general counsel and vice president product development, quality, regulatory, and international at Garden of Life, tells Nutritional Outlook. "Many of the herbs we needed to create this diverse line of products, at the time we began this journey, were not grown on organic farms, using only USDA Organic farming methods, on a commercial scale. Others, like organic turmeric, may have been grown organically but were only available as culinary ingredients."
Besides having to build up a supply chain, the other major challenge was extraction because many herbs have typically required the use of solvents during the extraction process, none of which can be used in organic products. "Organic turmeric is a great example when describing challenges," explains Brams. "Before we began this journey, the only way to extract curcumin and concentrate its powerful benefits was to use harsh chemical solvents derived from petroleum, like hexane and methanol, and from genetically modified corn-based alcohols. So, to bring this line to market, we not only had to create a fully traceable, sustainable farming network for our herbs, but we also had to create new ways of extracting the herbal compounds that were also clean, organic, and non-GMO."
This took years to figure out and perfect. The result is 16 supplements in a several formats, including tablets, sprays, liquids, gummies, and powders. The products will be making their debut in September.


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text:
Q: How to get the corresponding row based on the current date for tax calculation in mysql I have a table called tax calculation as follows

effective_date     c_gst     s_gst
01-03-2019         5%        5%
01-08-2019         8%        8%
01-05-2020         9%        9%

how to get the row based on the current date ie. 19-02-2020, this is for tax calculation the effective date is used to search the tax %. the row has to >= to the effective date.
The output should be:
01-08-2019    8%    8%

A: If you want the row with the latest date that is less than or equal to '2020-02-19':
select *
from tablename
where effective_date = (
  select max(effective_date)
  from tablename
  where effective_date <= '2020-02-19'
)


text:
Shipping to: USA - VIRGINIA
Born in Tokyo in 1948, Sugimoto left Japan in 1970 after graduating from Rikkyo University with a degree in economics. He traveled throughout the Soviet Union and Europe and then moved to Los Angeles, where he studied photography at the Art Center College of Design. His work has been exhibited internationally in group and solo shows, and he was the recipient of the Hasselblad Foundation International Award in Photography in 2001 and the Mainichi Art Prize in 1988. He currently lives in New York and Tokyo.
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Country: USA - Virginia


I am convinced leaders can become stronger creators of success conditions and organisations more effective, productive and rewarding operations. That is the social construction, in my mind, which I endeavour to manifest as I show up in my personal life as well as through my work, both as principal of Inspired-Inc. (an international leadership and organisation development consultancy) and Organisation Development professor (at American University, in Washington, DC). The essential message is that, by holding an appreciative stance, we can create the conditions in the world in which we, and others, become capable of imagining, stating and then creating the better future reality we call "vision". Doing so, we bring accountability to the process, enabling the creative tension between who we are (authenticity) and what we ultimately want to achieve (accountability). Finally, adding adaptability to this equation enables the agility to interact effectively.
An opportunity to practice my appreciative stance happened recently during my first time in Saudi Arabia, where I led several leadership development sessions, over a three-week period, with over 100 managers. My own mindful awareness that I – like every other human being – am perceiving the world through the filters of my unique cultural lens (which I've labelled MUCL – see 2014 AI Practitioner 16(1), pp. 9–19) in combination with my own effort, over years of exploring my own MUCL, proved enlightening. It kept reminding me that every person in front of me (virtually all of them Saudi citizens) had her or his own MUCLs. Theirs were neither better nor worse than mine; they were simply different. Such recognition fuelled my genuine curiosity to get to know each one of them, as individuals, as well as to learn and respect their culture, thus building my cultural capacity (i.e., my ability to operate effectively) in their culture. The combination of success achieved, with the expressions of appreciation I received for how that work was conducted, gives me great personal and professional satisfaction. It ended up being fun while adding significant value to the client. Plus, it is one more powerful confirmation of the value from holding an appreciative stance.
Teaching every semester, we have seen the powerful impact that inviting students to show up with an appreciative stance has on their success, within their teamwork and with their clients. It is not indispensable to be AI experts to competently embody a practice of appreciation, an appreciative stance, and reap benefits from doing so.
Anybody interested in bringing out the best in others and self can show up with an appreciative stance. It is based on the essential AI philosophical tenets, which compel us to explore more distinctions and possibilities, enriching deliberations and discernment. This empowers us to go beyond mere initial impressions and prejudices, considering the vast array of information which becomes available to us when we are genuinely curious to explore our own, and the other person's, MUCL. Without this, well meaning and appreciative individuals are at risk of bringing unwilling cross-cultural prejudice into their inquiry and subsequent behaviours.


The international R3 blockchain project to develop blockchain commercial applications and standards for the financial world just got a whole lot weightier as 13 new global banks joined the distributed or "shared" ledger initiative.
These banks join current project members Barclays, BBVA, Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Credit Suisse, Goldman Sachs, J.P. Morgan, Royal Bank of Scotland, State Street and UBS.
"The addition of this new group of banks demonstrates widespread support for innovative distributed ledger solutions across the global financial services community, and we're delighted to have them on board," R3 CEO and former ICAP Electronic Broking CEO David Rutter said in a press release.
"We have placed an emphasis on working with the market from day one, and our partners recognize that a collaborative model is the best way to quickly, efficiently and cost-effectively deliver these new technologies to global financial markets," Rutter said.
As Bitcoin Magazine previously reported , Rutter has recruited Nichola Hunter, former ICAP trading executive; Richard Brown, a technology expert formerly with IBM UK; and Tim Swanson, a U.S.-based cryptocurrencies consultant, to work in a collaborative lab environment or "sandbox" to test and validate blockchain applications, prototypes and protocols.


text:
Q: Cannot debug asp.net application remotely - breakpoint doesn't get hit I did this several time before, without any problem.
But somehow, this time it simply doesn't work.
Systems:
Remote PC: VPS,  Guest Win2008R2 x64 dual core (hosted on VMWare Server), VS 2008 remote debug x64 Sp1, application ASP.NET 2.0, isolated in own classic app pool. All updates applied. Host (if matters):  AMD Phenom quad core
Develop PC - Win7 x64, VS 2008, all updates applied
I can connect to remote PC with Attach to Process. If I stop and start the app pool while "Attach to process"  is open in VS, I can see the process and (apparently) I can attach to it.
However, the breakpoint briefly get activated (red, filled) then  immediately gets deactivated (red empty circle) and of course it doesn't stop the application.
I searched on google and found very few references. One suggested to copy the *.PDB in asp.net temporary files, and even if there there are lot of dirs with subdirs (one for each dll) I copied all PDB in temp folder with the dll. No success.
I'm running out of ideas. Does anyone feced similar issue? Any thoughts?
Thanks

A: You need pdb files for the same. Copy the actual pdb files of the dll from the development project. It will be inside the bin/debug/ directory of your original project (source code one not the deployed). Then copy the pdb file to remote directory where the dlls resides and then attach the debugger.  Also for that , you need Remote Debugger.


text:
@interface OptionsTests : XCTestCase
@end

@implementation OptionsTests

- (void)testHelpOptionSetsFlag
{
  assertThatBool([[Options optionsFrom:@[@"-h"]] showHelp], equalToBool(YES));
  assertThatBool([[Options optionsFrom:@[@"-help"]] showHelp], equalToBool(YES));
}

- (void)testOptionsPassThrough
{
  assertThat(([[Options optionsFrom:@[@"-configuration", @"SomeConfig"]] configuration]), equalTo(@"SomeConfig"));
  assertThat(([[Options optionsFrom:@[@"-arch", @"SomeArch"]] arch]), equalTo(@"SomeArch"));
  assertThat(([[Options optionsFrom:@[@"-sdk", @"SomeSDK"]] sdk]), equalTo(@"SomeSDK"));
  assertThat(([[Options optionsFrom:@[@"-workspace", @"SomeWorkspace"]] workspace]), equalTo(@"SomeWorkspace"));
  assertThat(([[Options optionsFrom:@[@"-project", @"SomeProject"]] project]), equalTo(@"SomeProject"));
  assertThat(([[Options optionsFrom:@[@"-toolchain", @"SomeToolChain"]] toolchain]), equalTo(@"SomeToolChain"));
  assertThat(([[Options optionsFrom:@[@"-xcconfig", @"something.xcconfig"]] xcconfig]), equalTo(@"something.xcconfig"));
  assertThat(([[Options optionsFrom:@[@"-jobs", @"10"]] jobs]), equalTo(@"10"));
  assertThat(([[Options optionsFrom:@[@"-destination", @"platform=iOS Simulator"]] destination]), equalTo(@"platform=iOS Simulator"));
  assertThat(([[Options optionsFrom:@[@"-destination-timeout", @"10"]] destinationTimeout]), equalTo(@"10"));
  assertThat(([[Options optionsFrom:@[@"-launch-timeout", @"20"]] launchTimeout]), equalTo(@"20"));
}

- (void)testReporterOptionsSetupReporters
{
  Options *options = [Options optionsFrom:@[
                         @"-reporter", @"pretty",
                         @"-reporter", @"plain:out.txt"
                      ]];
  [options assertReporterOptionsValidate];

  NSArray *reporters = [options reporters];
  assertThatInteger([reporters count], equalToInteger(2));
  assertThat(([[reporters[0] reporterPath] lastPathComponent]), equalTo(@"pretty"));
  assertThat(([[reporters[1] reporterPath] lastPathComponent]), equalTo(@"plain"));
}

- (void)testBuildSettingsAreCollected
{
  Options *options = [Options optionsFrom:@[
                      @"-configuration", @"Release",
                      @"ABC=123",
                      @"DEF=456"
                      ]];

  NSDictionary *buildSettings = [options buildSettings];
  assertThatInteger(buildSettings.count, equalToInteger(2));
  assertThat(buildSettings,
             equalTo(@{@"ABC" : @"123",
                       @"DEF" : @"456"}));
}

- (void)testDisallowRunTestsWithBothTestsAndWorkspaceAndProject
{
  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
    @"-workspace", @"Something.xcworkspace",
    @"-project", @"Something.xcodeproj",
    @"run-tests",
    @"-logicTest", TEST_DATA @"tests-ios-test-bundle/TestProject-LibraryTests.octest",
    ]]
   assertOptionsFailToValidateWithError:
      @"If -logicTest or -appTest are specified, -workspace, -project, and -scheme must not be specified."];
}

- (void)testDisallowBothWorkspaceAndProjectSpecified
{
  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
    @"-workspace", @"Something.xcworkspace",
    @"-project", @"Something.xcodeproj"
    ]]
   assertOptionsFailToValidateWithError:
   @"Either -workspace or -project can be specified, but not both."];
}

- (void)testSchemeIsRequired
{
  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
    @"-workspace", TEST_DATA @"TestWorkspace-Library/TestWorkspace-Library.xcworkspace"
    ]]
   assertOptionsFailToValidateWithError:
   @"Missing the required -scheme argument."];
}

- (void)testWorkspaceMustBeADirectory
{
  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
    @"-workspace", TEST_DATA @"TestWorkspace-Library/TestWorkspace-Library-Bogus.xcworkspace",
    @"-scheme", @"SomeScheme",
    ]]
   assertOptionsFailToValidateWithError:
   @"Specified workspace doesn't exist: " TEST_DATA
   @"TestWorkspace-Library/TestWorkspace-Library-Bogus.xcworkspace"];
}

- (void)testWorkspaceMustBeADirectoryThatEndsInXcworkspace
{
  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
                          @"-workspace", TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library/TestProject-Library.xcodeproj",
                          @"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library",
                          ]]
   assertOptionsFailToValidateWithError:
   @"Workspace must end in .xcworkspace: " TEST_DATA
   @"TestProject-Library/TestProject-Library.xcodeproj"];
}

- (void)testProjectMustBeADirectory
{
  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
    @"-project", TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library/TestProject-Library-Bogus.xcodeproj",
    @"-scheme", @"SomeScheme",
    ]]
   assertOptionsFailToValidateWithError:
   @"Specified project doesn't exist: " TEST_DATA
   @"TestProject-Library/TestProject-Library-Bogus.xcodeproj"];
}

- (void)testProjectMustBeADirectoryThatEndsInXcodeProj
{
  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
    @"-project", TEST_DATA @"TestWorkspace-Library/TestWorkspace-Library.xcworkspace",
    @"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library",
    ]]
   assertOptionsFailToValidateWithError:
   @"Project must end in .xcodeproj: " TEST_DATA
   @"TestWorkspace-Library/TestWorkspace-Library.xcworkspace"];
}

- (void)testSchemeMustBeValid
{
  // When we're working with projects...
  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
   @"-project", TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library/TestProject-Library.xcodeproj",
   @"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library"
   ]]
   assertOptionsValidateWithBuildSettingsFromFile:
   TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library-TestProject-Library-showBuildSettings.txt"];

  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
    @"-project", TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library/TestProject-Library.xcodeproj",
    @"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library-Bogus",
    ]]
   assertOptionsFailToValidateWithError:
   @"Can't find scheme 'TestProject-Library-Bogus'.\n\n"
   @"Possible schemes include:\n"
   @"  Target Name With Spaces\n"
   @"  TestProject-Library\n\n"
   @"TIP: This might happen if you're relying on Xcode to autocreate your schemes\n"
   @"and your scheme files don't yet exist.  xctool, like xcodebuild, isn't able to\n"
   @"automatically create schemes.  We recommend disabling \"Autocreate schemes\"\n"
   @"in your workspace/project, making sure your existing schemes are marked as\n"
   @"\"Shared\", and making sure they're checked into source control."
   withBuildSettingsFromFile:
   TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library-TestProject-Library-showBuildSettings.txt"];

  // When we're working with workspaces...
  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
    @"-workspace", TEST_DATA @"TestWorkspace-Library/TestWorkspace-Library.xcworkspace",
    @"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library"
    ]]
   assertOptionsValidateWithBuildSettingsFromFile:
   TEST_DATA @"TestWorkspace-Library-TestProject-Library-showBuildSettings.txt"];

  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
    @"-workspace", TEST_DATA @"TestWorkspace-Library/TestWorkspace-Library.xcworkspace",
    @"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library-Bogus",
    ]]
   assertOptionsFailToValidateWithError:
   @"Can't find scheme 'TestProject-Library-Bogus'.\n\n"
   @"Possible schemes include:\n"
   @"  TestProject-Library"
   withBuildSettingsFromFile:
   TEST_DATA @"TestWorkspace-Library-TestProject-Library-showBuildSettings.txt"];
}

- (void)testResultBundlePathMustBeADirectory
{
  NSString *validFilePath = TEST_DATA @"TestWorkspace-Library-TestProject-Library-showBuildSettings.txt";
  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
                          @"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library",
                          @"-workspace", TEST_DATA @"TestWorkspace-Library/TestWorkspace-Library.xcworkspace",
                          @"-resultBundlePath", validFilePath,
                          ]]
   assertOptionsFailToValidateWithError:
   [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Specified result bundle path must be a directory: %@", validFilePath]];
}

- (void)testResultBundlePathMustExist
{
  NSString *invalidResultBundlePath = @"SOME_BAD_PATH";
  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
                          @"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library",
                          @"-workspace", TEST_DATA @"TestWorkspace-Library/TestWorkspace-Library.xcworkspace",
                          @"-resultBundlePath", invalidResultBundlePath,
                          ]]
   assertOptionsFailToValidateWithError:
   [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Specified result bundle path doesn't exist: %@", invalidResultBundlePath]];
}

- (void)testResultBundlePathWorks
{
  Options *options = [Options optionsFrom:@[@"-resultBundlePath", @"foo"]];
  assertThat(options.resultBundlePath, equalTo(@"foo"));
}

- (void)testDerivedDataPathWorks
{
  Options *options = [Options optionsFrom:@[@"-derivedDataPath", @"foo"]];
  assertThat(options.derivedDataPath, equalTo(@"foo"));
}

- (void)testFindTargetWorks
{
  Options *options = [Options optionsFrom:@[@"-find-target", @"foo"]];
  assertThat(options.findTarget, equalTo(@"foo"));
}

- (void)testFindTargetPathWorks
{
  Options *options = [Options optionsFrom:@[@"-find-target", @"foo", @"-find-target-path", @"bar"]];
  assertThat(options.findTarget, equalTo(@"foo"));
  assertThat(options.findTargetPath, equalTo(@"bar"));
}

- (void)testFindTargetPathRequiresFindTarget
{
  [[Options optionsFrom:@[@"-workspace", @"blah", @"-find-target-path", @"foo"]]
   assertOptionsFailToValidateWithError:@"If -find-target-path is specified, -find-target must be specified."];
}

- (void)testSDKMustBeValid
{
  __block NSString *expectedSDKList = nil;

  // When we GetAvailableSDKsAndAliases() calls xcodebuild, we want it to get
  // the faked output which always has a stable list of SDKs regardless of what
  // SDKs are actually installed.
  [[FakeTaskManager sharedManager] runBlockWithFakeTasks:^{
    expectedSDKList = [[GetAvailableSDKsAndAliases() allKeys] componentsJoinedByString:@", "];
  }];

  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
    @"-project", TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library/TestProject-Library.xcodeproj",
    @"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library",
    @"-sdk", @"macosx10.7",
    ]]
   assertOptionsValidateWithBuildSettingsFromFile:
   TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library-TestProject-Library-showBuildSettings.txt"];

  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
    @"-project", TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library/TestProject-Library.xcodeproj",
    @"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library",
    @"-sdk", @"BOGUSSDK",
    ]]
   assertOptionsFailToValidateWithError:
   [NSString stringWithFormat:
    @"SDK 'BOGUSSDK' doesn't exist.  Possible SDKs include: %@",
    expectedSDKList]
   withBuildSettingsFromFile:
   TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library-TestProject-Library-showBuildSettings.txt"];
}

- (void)testReporterMustBeValid
{
  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
    @"-reporter", @"pretty"
    ]] assertReporterOptionsValidate];

  [[Options optionsFrom:@[
    @"-reporter", @"blah"
    ]] assertReporterOptionsFailToValidateWithError:
   @"Reporter with name or path 'blah' could not be found."];
}

- (void)testArgumentsFlowThroughToCommonXcodebuildArguments
{
  NSArray *arguments = @[@"-configuration", @"SomeConfig",
                         @"-sdk", @"SomeSDK",
                         @"-arch", @"SomeArch",
                         @"-destination", @"platform=iOS,OS=6.1",
                         @"-destination-timeout", @"10",
                         @"-toolchain", @"path/to/some/toolchain",
                         @"-xcconfig", @"some.xcconfig",
                         @"-jobs", @"20",
                         @"SOMEKEY=SOMEVAL",
                         @"SOMEKEY2=SOMEVAL2",
                         @"-SomeUserDefault=SomeVal",
                         @"-SomeUserDefault2=SomeVal2",
                         ];
  Options *action = [Options optionsFrom:arguments];
  assertThat([action commonXcodeBuildArgumentsForSchemeAction:nil xcodeSubjectInfo:nil], equalTo(arguments));
}

- (void)testXcodeBuildArgumentsForWorkspaceAndSchemeSubject
{
  NSArray *arguments = @[@"-workspace", @"path/to/Something.xcworkspace",
                         @"-scheme", @"Something",
                         ];
  Options *action = [Options optionsFrom:arguments];
  assertThat([action xcodeBuildArgumentsForSubject], equalTo(arguments));
}

- (void)testXcodeBuildArgumentsForProjectAndSchemeSubject
{
  NSArray *arguments = @[@"-project", @"path/to/Something.xcodeproj",
                         @"-scheme", @"Something",
                         ];
  Options *action = [Options optionsFrom:arguments];
  assertThat([action xcodeBuildArgumentsForSubject], equalTo(arguments));
}

- (void)testXcodeBuildArgumentsForWorkspaceAndSchemeSubjectWithDerivedData
{
  NSArray *arguments = @[@"-workspace", @"path/to/Something.xcworkspace",
                         @"-scheme", @"Something",
                         @"-derivedDataPath", @"path/to/deriveddata"
                         ];
  Options *action = [Options optionsFrom:arguments];
  assertThat([action xcodeBuildArgumentsForSubject], equalTo(arguments));
}

- (void)testXcodeBuildArgumentsForProjectAndSchemeSubjectWithDerivedData
{
  NSArray *arguments = @[@"-project", @"path/to/Something.xcodeproj",
                         @"-scheme", @"Something",
                         @"-derivedDataPath", @"path/to/deriveddata"
                         ];
  Options *action = [Options optionsFrom:arguments];
  assertThat([action xcodeBuildArgumentsForSubject], equalTo(arguments));
}

- (void)testCanSpecifyLatestInsteadOfSpecificSDKVersion
{
  Options *options = [[Options optionsFrom:@[
                      @"-project", TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library/TestProject-Library.xcodeproj",
                      @"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library",
                      @"-sdk", @"iphonesimulator",
                      ]] assertOptionsValidateWithBuildSettingsFromFile:
                      TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library-TestProject-Library-showBuildSettings.txt"
                      ];
  assertThat([[options xcodeBuildArgumentsForSubject]
              arrayByAddingObjectsFromArray:[options commonXcodeBuildArgumentsForSchemeAction:nil xcodeSubjectInfo:nil]],
             equalTo(@[
                     @"-project", TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library/TestProject-Library.xcodeproj",
                     @"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library",
                     @"-sdk", @"iphonesimulator6.1",
                     @"PLATFORM_NAME=iphonesimulator",
                     ]));
}

- (void)testDefaultReporterIsPrettyIfNotSpecified
{
  Options *options = [[Options optionsFrom:@[
                       @"-project", TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library/TestProject-Library.xcodeproj",
                       @"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library",
                       ]] assertOptionsValidateWithBuildSettingsFromFile:
                      TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library-TestProject-Library-showBuildSettings.txt"
                      ];
  assertThat(([[options.reporters[0] reporterPath] lastPathComponent]), equalTo(@"pretty"));
}

- (void)testHelpOptionSetsPrintUsage
{
  assertThatBool([Options optionsFrom:@[@"-help"]].showHelp, equalToBool(YES));
  assertThatBool([Options optionsFrom:@[@"-h"]].showHelp, equalToBool(YES));
}

- (void)testActionsAreRecorded
{
  NSArray *(^classNamesFromArray)(NSArray *) = ^(NSArray *arr){
    NSMutableArray *result = [NSMutableArray array];
    for (id item in arr) {
      [result addObject:@(class_getName([item class]))];
    }
    return result;
  };

  assertThat(classNamesFromArray([Options optionsFrom:@[
                                  @"clean",
                                  @"build",
                                  @"build-tests",
                                  @"run-tests",
                                  ]].actions),
             equalTo(@[
                     @"CleanAction",
                     @"BuildAction",
                     @"BuildTestsAction",
                     @"RunTestsAction",
                     ]));
}

- (void)testDefaultActionIsBuildIfNotSpecified
{
  Options *options = [[Options optionsFrom:@[
                       @"-project", TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library/TestProject-Library.xcodeproj",
                       @"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library",
                       ]] assertOptionsValidateWithBuildSettingsFromFile:
                      TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library-TestProject-Library-showBuildSettings.txt"
                      ];

  assertThatInteger(options.actions.count, equalToInteger(1));
  Action *action = options.actions[0];
  NSString *actionClassName = @(class_getName([action class]));
  assertThat(actionClassName, equalTo(@"BuildAction"));
}

- (void)testBuildOnlyProjectFoundIfNoProjectSpecified
{
  Options *options = [Options optionsFrom:@[@"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library",
                                             ]];
  options.findProjectPath = [[[NSFileManager defaultManager] currentDirectoryPath]
                             stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"xctool-tests/TestData/TestProject-Library"];

  [options assertOptionsValidateWithBuildSettingsFromFile:
                      TEST_DATA @"TestProject-Library-TestProject-Library-showBuildSettings.txt"
                      ];

  assertThatInteger(options.actions.count, equalToInteger(1));
  Action *action = options.actions[0];
  NSString *actionClassName = @(class_getName([action class]));
  assertThat(actionClassName, equalTo(@"BuildAction"));
}

- (void)testDirectoryMustNotContainMultipleProjectsIfNoProjectSpecified
{
  Options *options = [Options optionsFrom:@[@"-scheme", @"TestMultipleProjectsInDirectory1",
                                            ]];
  options.findProjectPath = [[[NSFileManager defaultManager] currentDirectoryPath]
                             stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"xctool-tests/TestData/TestMultipleProjectsInDirectory"];

  [options assertOptionsFailToValidateWithError:
   [NSString stringWithFormat:@"The directory %@ contains 2 projects, including multiple projects with the current "
    "extension (.xcodeproj). Please specify with -workspace, -project, or -find-target.",
    options.findProjectPath]];
}

- (void)testProjectOrWorkspaceRequiredIfNoProjectSpecifiedOrFound
{
  Options *options = [Options optionsFrom:@[@"-scheme", @"TestProject-Library",
                                            ]];
  options.findProjectPath = [[[NSFileManager defaultManager] currentDirectoryPath]
                             stringByAppendingPathComponent:@"xctool-tests/TestData/TestWorkspace-Library"];

  [options assertOptionsFailToValidateWithError:
   [NSString stringWithFormat:@"Unable to find projects (.xcodeproj) in directory %@. Please specify with -workspace, -project, or -find-target.",
    options.findProjectPath]];
}
@end


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text:
Taiheiyo Evergreen Forest Animals
••• night herons image by Antonio Oquias from Fotolia.com
Plants & Animals of Germany
By Lizzie Brooks
The Taiheiyo Evergreen Forest is located in southern Japan and is classified as a critical-to-endangered biome. This forest is a temperate broadleaf and mixed forest about the size of the state of Florida that covers plains, hills and low mountains. The biome is under threat due to urbanization – Japan's largest cities, including Tokyo, Yokohama and Osaka are located in this region – as well as from introduced plant and animal species, and conversion to agricultural land. There are still many beautiful indiginous species to be found in the Taiheiyo Evergreen Forest.
The Fairy Pitta
The fairy pitta, or Pitta nympha, is a small, brightly colored bird that lives in northeast Asia and calls the countries of Japan, South Korea and China home. This 16- to 19.5-centimeter-tall bird has a green back, blue tail, chestnut crown and a buff-colored belly with a red stripe. The fairy pitta has been classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as a vulnerable species because its population is declining rapidly as a result of deforestation in its breeding range. Fairy pittas also are being trapped and sold as cagebirds.
Japanese Night Heron
At 49 centimeters tall, the Japanese night heron, or Gorschius goisagi, is a small, stocky heron with a red-brown head and neck and chestnut-brown back and tail. This nocturnal bird breeds in Japan, spends the spring and summer in Russia and South Korea, and winters in the Phillipines. With an estimated population size of less than 1,000 adult birds, the Japanese Night Heron has been classified by the IUCN as a endangered species. There are several factors that are influencing the decline in numbers of this particular species. Like the fairy pitta, deforestation is an issue. Changes in traditional agricultural practices are resulting in dense undergrowth in the forests of the Japanese night heron's habitat, which reduces the suitability of these habitats as feeding grounds. This small heron is hunted by human beings, and its nests are preyed upon by an increasing crow population that thrives in urban areas.
Odaigahara Salamander
The Odaigahara salamander, or Hynobius boulengeri, is a terrestrial, freshwater salamander living in the forests, rivers and streams of the Taiheiyo Forest. Some varieties are known to secrete toxins when scared as a defense against predation. Native to Japan, the population of these little animals is declining in the areas of Kyushu and Honshu, but the Shikoku population seems abundant and stable. The IUCN has classified the Odaigahara salamander as vulnerable because its population is fragmented, and several of these fragmented populations are decreasing in number. Their decreasing population size is related to habitat loss, as well as the pet trade.
National Geographic: Taiheiyo evergreen forests (PA0440)
Birdlife: Fairy Pitta
Birdlife: Japanese Night Heron
IUCN Redlist: Hynobius boulengeri
night herons image by Antonio Oquias from Fotolia.com
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