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Sri Lankan President tells police chief, Defense Secretary to Resign
COLOMBO, April 24: Sri Lankan President Maithripala Sirisena has asked the country's Police Chief Pujith Jayasundara and Defense Secretary Hemasiri Fernando to resign following serious security lapses, which led to Sunday's explosions, an official close to the president told Xinhua on Wednesday.
Officials said Sirisena had informed the defense secretary of his decision during a meeting, and later conveyed it to the police chief.
Sirisena on Tuesday evening said in an address to the nation that he had expected to change the heads of defense forces within 24 hours following their failure to take adequate measures to prevent Sunday's deadly terror explosions.
He said he will also completely restructure the police and security forces in the coming weeks and admitted that there had been lapses on the part of the defense authorities.
Sri Lankan Prime Minister Ranil Wickremesinghe said a day after the terror attacks that police had received prior information on possible terror attacks but adequate measures had not been taken.
Wickremesinghe said the information had not been shared with him or the ministers while president said he had not been informed either.
The president has launched an investigation into why the details had not been shared.
As of now, 359 people have been killed in the eight terror blasts which ripped through several parts of Sri Lanka on Sunday.
Sixty suspects have been arrested over the blasts so far. Xinhua
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Welcome to Scrambling at the Seattle branch of the Mountaineers! Seattle Alpine Scramble Committee is co-chaired by Brittany Weiler and Brian Seater.
Learn more about the avalanche safety courses offered by the Seattle Avalanche Safety Committee, along with useful local avalanche resources.
The Seattle Canyoning Committee hosts introductory and comprehensive beginner courses, as well as intermediate technical clinics. Canyon Leaders lead trips in beginner to intermediate canyons for those who have the skills to join.
Learn more about The Mountaineers Seattle Climbing community, and the activities and courses in the Seattle Climbing Program.
This committee is primarily responsible for offering a one-day leadership seminar, held at the Mountaineers' Seattle Program Center, is for both current and prospective leaders of Mountaineers trips and activities.
The Seattle Navigation Committee offers the Wilderness Navigation Course (required by other committees), Introduction to Map & Compass, Smart Phone & Dedicated GPS, and special event instruction throughout the outdoors community. We also undertake special projects to improve the wilderness navigation experience.
The Photography Committee encourages members to develop their photographic skills and creative visions through various activities and programs offered throughout the year. Monthly potlucks are held the third Wednesday of each month. It's a opportunity to socialize and share images. We also have classes and field trips.
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A novel conditional ZsGreen-expressing transgenic reporter rat strain for validating Cre recombinase expression
Elizabeth C. Bryda1,2,3,4,
Hongsheng Men1,2,
Daniel J. Davis3,
Anagha S. Bock1,2,
Mary L. Shaw1,2,
Kari L. Chesney4 &
Miriam A. Hankins1,2
Scientific Reports volume 9, Article number: 13330 (2019) Cite this article
The Cre/loxP recombination system has revolutionized the ability to genetically manipulate animal genomes in order to conditionally control gene expression. With recent advances in genome editing, barriers to manipulating the rat genome have been overcome and it is now possible to generate new rat strains (Cre drivers) in which Cre recombinase expression is carefully controlled temporally and/or spatially. However, the ability to evaluate and characterize these Cre driver strains is limited by the availability of reliable reporter rat strains. Here, we describe the generation and characterization of a new transgenic rat strain in which conditional expression of the ZsGreen fluorescent protein gene requires the presence of exogenous Cre recombinase. Breeding Cre-expressing rat strains to this stable ZsGreen reporter strain provides an ideal method for validating new rat Cre driver lines and will greatly accelerate the characterization pipeline.
The Cre/loxP recombination system has revolutionized the ability to genetically manipulate animal genomes in order to spatially and temporally control gene expression1. This has resulted in the generation of a large number of mouse strains, often called "Cre drivers", in which Cre recombinase expression is carefully controlled. While this technology has been used in the mouse for decades, the previous lack of genetic tools to efficiently engineer the rat genome has led to a paucity of rat Cre drivers. With recent advances in rat embryonic stem cell technology and general genome editing, including methods involving CRISPR/Cas9, barriers to manipulating the rat genome have been overcome and there is an increasing interest in using rat models instead of mouse models. This creates a new need to generate Cre driver lines in rats. An ideal method for validating new Cre driver lines involves breeding to a conditional reporter strain and assessing Cre recombinase expression based on resulting expression of a fluorescent protein gene such as green fluorescent protein (GFP). However, the rat reporter strains described in the literature to date are limited2,3,4 or in at least one case, the transgene has been silenced and the strain no longer expresses the reporter gene even in the presence of Cre recombinase (5 and unpublished data, personal communications). In some cases, access to reporter strains may be hindered. For example, the W-Tg(CAG-DsRed2/GFP)1Jmsk and W-Tg(CAG-DsRed2/GFP)15Jmsk strains are DsRed2/GFP double-reporter transgenic rats with expression driven by a CAG promoter. DsRed2 expression is replaced with GFP expression after Cre recombinase-mediated excision4. The strains are available as cryopreserved material through the National BioResource Project for the Rat in Japan (http://www.anim.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp/NBR) and the Rat Resource and Research Center in the US (http://www.rrrc.us). The strains would need to be cryorecovered in order for an investigator to use them, resulting in a delay in the availability of live animals. Another reporter strain is SD.Rosa26(tm-imCherry)-GC/ILAS2. These rats have ubiquitous expression of EGFP unless Cre recombinase is present. Cre-mediated recombination results in deletion of the EGFP gene with subsequent expression of mCherry instead2. This strain is available currently as live animals at the Rat Resource in China (www.ratresource.com) and represents one of the few well-characterized rat reporter strains currently available as live animals. The need for reliable reporter rat strains with stable expression of a variety of fluorescent proteins that are readily accessible to the biomedical community is critical. Here we describe a new strain (F344-Tg(CAG-loxP-STOP-loxP-ZsGreen) that has consistent and specific expression of ZsGreen in the appropriate tissues as dictated by the expression pattern of Cre recombinase. A benefit of ZsGreen is that it is >8-fold more intense than EGFP6. We present data that shows appropriate ZsGreen expression when the rats were bred to both a ubiquitously expressing-Cre strain, Wistar-Tg(CAG-Ncre)81Jmsk4, and a cell-type specific-Cre expressing strain, LE-Tg(Chat-Cre)5.1Deis7. Importantly, we show that the ZsGreen transgene continues to exhibit stable expression in the presence of Cre recombinase even in reporter animals multiple generations removed from the original founder animal, demonstrating that transgene silencing has not occurred over time as has been seen in other transgenic reporter strains.
Generation of conditional ZsGreen-expressing rats
Reporter rats were generated by random transgenesis through microinjection into F344/NHsd zygotes. The incorporated transgene contains a ZsGreen gene downstream of a floxed STOP cassette (Fig. 1A). In the presence of Cre recombinase, loxP site-specific excision of the STOP cassette occurs (Figs. 1B and S1). This results in expression of the ZsGreen gene driven by the ubiquitously active chicken β-actin promoter coupled with the CMV early enhancer (CAG). Two independent male founders, confirmed by PCR analysis to carry the transgene, were subsequently bred to F344/NHsd females to establish two independent lines, F344-Tg(CAG-loxP-STOP-loxP-ZsGreen)551Bryd (RRRC# 795) and F344-Tg(CAG-loxP-STOP-loxP-ZsGreen)561Bryd (RRRC# 797). Colonies were established by continual backcrossing of hemizygous transgene positive animals to F344/NHsd animals. The transgene has been stably maintained for 4 and >8 generations for Lines 551 and 561 respectively (data not shown).
ZsGreen transgene. (A) The transgene construct contains a chicken β-actin promoter with a CMV enhancer element followed by a chimeric intron. The floxed-STOP region contains loxP sites flanking 3 tandem SV40 polyadenylation signal sequences. Downstream of the floxed-STOP cassette is the ZsGreen gene sequence (originally derived from a Zoanthus sp. reef coral) followed by a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation signal. Upon Cre recombinase-mediated recombination, the loxP sites are recombined resulting in the excision of the 3 tandem SV40 polyadenylation signals. This event allows expression of the ZsGreen gene. (B) PCR amplification to demonstrate removal of the floxed STOP region from the ZsGreen-containing transgene. Lane 1: ZsGreen transgenic animal; Lane 2: NCre transgenic animal; Lane 3: double transgenic animal. Upper panel: results of amplification with primers flanking the floxed STOP region. Lower panel: results of amplification with primers that detect the Cre recombinase gene. A molecular size standard is shown to the left of the image. For reference, the uncropped image is included as Fig. S1.
Copy number and integration site analysis
Each line had integration of the transgene at a single insertion site. Interestingly, targeted locus amplification (TLA)8, indicated that the integration location for both lines was on Chromosome 2 (Fig. S2). For line 551, the integration site was at Chr2:258601453 and for line 561, the integration site was at Chr2:209721072 based on mapping to the rat genome, version Rattus_norvegicus.Rnor_5.09. While exact copy number cannot be determined reliably using TLA, copy number estimates in a hemizygous animal were >20 for line 551 and 3–10 for line 561. To more accurately assess the number of transgene copies that had integrated at the single Chr. 2 insertion site for each line, droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)10 was performed. Based on this analysis, hemizygous animals from line 551 carry approximately 35 integrated transgene copies and hemizygous animals from line 561 carry approximately 4 transgene copies at their respective Chr. 2 integration sites. Analysis of homozygous samples confirmed the copy number estimates. Based on ddPCR analysis, approximately 70 and 8 copies of the transgene are detected in homozygous animals from line 551 and 561 respectively (Fig. S2). Since we saw no differences in levels of expression in the studies to be described subsequently, we chose to cryopreserve line 551 and the data presented in this report shows the analysis for animals carrying the line 561 transgene. This strain continues to be maintained as a live colony at the Rat Resource and Research Center (RRRC).
Cre-dependent ZsGreen expression
Because of the STOP cassette, ZsGreen should not be expressed in transgene positive animals. However, in the presence of Cre recombinase, loxP-site specific recombination removes the STOP cassette, allowing expression of ZsGreen in tissues and cell types in which the CAG promoter is active. Hemizygous rats from line 561 were mated to hemizygous rats from the Wistar-Tg(CAG-Ncre)81Jmsk strain also known as NCre rats4. This strain carries a transgene with the Cre recombinase gene under control of a CAG promoter and therefore expression of Cre is expected to be ubiquitous. One finding that became clear in the course of these studies was that the transgene in the NCre rats is inserted on the X Chromosome. This was based on the genotypes of offspring from a series of breeding experiments where inheritance of the transgene clearly followed expected Mendelian ratios for an X-linked transgene. Hemizygous males never transmitted the transgene to their male offspring and hemizygous females transmitted the transgene to half of their offspring regardless of sex. Because of this finding, crosses to analyze expression of ZsGreen in the presence of CAG-Cre recombinase were performed between line 561 hemizygous males and hemizygous NCre females.
The ubiquitous expression of ZsGreen in rat pups hemizygous for both transgenes was readily apparent even at birth by examining the pups under fluorescent light (488/503–563 nm excitation/emission wavelengths). To more globally assess ZsGreen expression in double hemizygous animals, a number of major organs were collected from 3–4 week old animals. Tissues were examined by fluorescence microscopy (Fig. 2). Table 1 summarizes the results. Similar to the expression patterns reported when NCre rats were mated to a LacZ reporter rat (SD-Tg(CAG-lacZ)541Htsu)11, no expression was seen in liver and spleen perhaps due to lack of or low CAG promoter activity in these tissues. While the CAG promoter is commonly used for ensuring ubiquitous and robust expression, low expression of transgenes under control of this promoter have been noted in some organs in other transgenic rat strains12. Differences in the level of tissue expression of the reporter genes (ZsGreen in this study, LacZ in the previously reported study11) were noted; for example, in our rats, no expression was seen in lung (Table 1) whereas mild expression was noted in the previous LacZ expression study11. These differences are most likely due to effects related to influences of the specific transgene integration sites in the two reporter strains.
Fluorescent images of individual tissues dissected from representative 3–4 week old rats of various genotypes. Images of fresh tissue were taken immediately after euthanasia at 1X magnification using a dissection microscope under bright field (images to left). Fluorescent images were taken at 1X using 488 nm excitation with an emission filter of 503 to 563 nm (images to right). Tissues from a double hemizygous rat are shown on top and tissues from a littermate that carries only the ZsGreen transgene and not the NCre transgene are shown on the bottom.
Table 1 Expression pattern comparison in double hemizygous transgenic animals from crosses between reporter strains and NCre.
It should be noted that in these crosses, it is possible to see expression of ZsGreen in offspring that do not inherit the Cre transgene. It is well documented that maternally-derived transcripts are active in the early embryo13. In our studies, if the ubiquitously expressed Cre transgene was carried by the female in these crosses, evidence of Cre recombinase activity (i.e. deletion of the STOP cassette) was detected at the DNA level and via fluorescent protein expression in offspring that carried the ZsGreen transgene but did not carry the Cre recombinase transgene (Fig. 3). We speculate that this is due to expression of maternally-derived Cre transcripts in the embryos. The same males used in these crosses were also mated to hemizygous ZsGreen transgene females. The transgene positive offspring did not have evidence of either a genetic alteration involving the transgene or expression of ZsGreen indicating that there was not some genetic change or failure of the STOP sequence in the strain. These data demonstrate that if females of the Wistar-Tg(CAG-Ncre)81Jmsk strain are used in combination with a strain carrying a floxed allele, it may be possible to mediate recombination in the offspring without the inheritance of the Cre recombinase transgene.
Fluorescent images of postnatal day 2 (P2) littermates from a cross between a homozygous ZsGreen line 561 male and a hemizygous NCre female. Sexes from left to right: female, male, female. Images were taken at 1X under a dissection microscope using 488 nm excitation with an emission filter of 503 to 563 nm.
Cell type-specific ZsGreen expression
To examine if the ZsGreen reporter strain worked well in conjunction with a cell-type specific Cre driver strain, ZsGreen line 561 rats were mated to LE-Tg(Chat-Cre)5.1Deis rats7. This latter strain carries a transgene in which the Cre recombinase gene was introduced immediately before the ATG start codon of the mouse choline acetyltransferase (Chat) gene in BAC RP23-246B12 and therefore, Cre expression is restricted to the cholinergic neurons7. Analysis of brain slices from the hippocampus was performed to examine neurons of the medial septum, nucleus basalis, and nucleus accumbens. Three-week old rats showed ZsGreen expression in select neurons, presumably cholinergic neurons, in double hemizygous animals but not in animals carrying the ZsGreen transgene only or the mChat-Cre transgene only (Fig. 4). Interestingly, ZsGreen expression appeared limited to the cell body of the neurons and was quite punctate in appearance.
ZsGreen expression in the brains from offspring of a cross between ZsGreen transgenic X mChat-Cre-expressing animals. Representative confocal images of brain slices from three-week old rats (n = 14). (A) Schematic indicating location where brain slice section was taken. Images were taken at 200X magnification (B–D) and 400X magnification (E–G) under 488 nm excitation with an emission filter of 503 to 563 nm.
We describe the generation and characterization of a new transgenic rat strain in which conditional expression of the ZsGreen fluorescent protein gene requires the presence of exogenous Cre recombinase. Breeding Cre-expressing rat strains to this stable ZsGreen reporter strain provides an ideal method for validating new rat Cre driver lines. The utility of this particular reporter strain is in confirming that Cre recombinase is being expressed and that it is being expressed in the expected organ/tissue. Using a Cre driver strain that expresses Cre under control of the CAG promoter4, we showed that double transgenic animals had robust ZsGreen expression in the majority of organs examined. It should be noted that we did not see expression in lung, liver or spleen when these organs were examined grossly. This lack of expression may be due to a positional effect related to the particular insertion site of the ZsGreen transgene. However, since we did not do additional analysis either by sectioning these three organs or by using a secondary detection method, it is possible that ZsGreen was present at very low levels histologically. Once Cre lines driven by lung-, liver- and/or spleen-specific promoters known to be active in adult tissue are available to test with the ZsGreen reporter strain, it will be possible to better assess if appropriate ZsGreen expression can be seen in any cells within these organs. To test our reporter with a cell-type specific Cre driver strain, we chose a well-characterized and often used mChat-Cre rat strain7. The ZsGreen expression pattern in the brain of double transgenic rats was consistent with the expected pattern seen in other experiments involving specific expression in mChat-expressing neurons. We noted a punctate expression pattern in the cell bodies of neurons in our cross with the Chat-driven Cre recombinase. A review of the literature indicates that this punctate pattern has been seen in other studies involving ZsGreen expression in neurons but it is not clear if it is related to a general characteristic of ZsGreen expression or if it is cell-type specific14,15,16. This finding should be taken into consideration when interpreting expression results such that while labeling of a particular neuronal cell type is possible, it might not be possible to label all parts of the cell (i.e. axons, dendrites) due to the restricted localization of the ZsGreen within the cell body. Despite these caveats, the stable, strong expression of a fluorescence gene in this reporter rat line provides a reliable and powerful tool for evaluating new rat Cre-driver strains as they are being developed and characterized.
Generation of ZsGreen transgenic rats
All experimental procedures were approved by the University of Missouri's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and were performed according to the guidelines set forth in the Guide for the Use and Care of Laboratory Animals. The pCAG-loxP-STOP-loxP-ZsGreen plasmid was a gift from Pawel Pelczar (Addgene plasmid # 51269)17. A linearized gel-purified SpeI fragment from this plasmid at a concentration of 2 ng/µL was used for the microinjections (Fig. 1). Of the 354 F344/NHsd microinjected zygotes, 210 were transferred to 8–9 week old Crl:CD(SD)(Charles River, Kingston, NY) pseudo-pregnant female recipients. A total of 22 live pups were born of which three were transgene positive. Two of these founder animals, both males, were bred to F344/NHsd females (Envigo, Indianapolis, IN) to confirm germline competency. Both were found to be germline competent and were used to establish two independent lines: 551 and 561. The lines are available from the Rat Resource and Research Center (RRRC) (www.rrrc.us) as F344-Tg(CAG-loxP-STOP-loxP-ZsGreen)551Bryd (RRRC# 795) and F344-Tg(CAG-loxP-STOP-loxP-ZsGreen)561Bryd (RRRC# 797).
Animal crosses
Lines 551 and 561 have been maintained by backcrossing hemizygous ZsGreen transgene positive animals to F344/NHsd animals for 4 and >8 generations respectively. To demonstrate the ability to remove the floxed STOP to allow ZsGreen expression in the presence of Cre recombinase, hemizygous ZsGreen transgene positive animals were mated to hemizygous animals from either strain LE-Tg(Chat-Cre)5.1Deis (RRRC# 658)7 or Wistar-Tg(CAG-Ncre)81Jmsk (RRRC# 301)4. Both Cre-expressing strains are available from the Rat Resource and Research Center (www.rrrc.us).
DNA was extracted from tail snips of 2 week old rats using the KOD Xtreme® Hot Start PCR protocol (Millipore Sigma, St. Louis, MO). Primers used and expected amplicon sizes are listed in Supplementary Table 1. PCR reactions (20 µL volume) for detecting the CAG-Cre recombinase (strain RRRC# 301) and ZsGreen (strains RRRC# 795 & 797) transgenes included 30–40 ng genomic DNA, 10 µL KOD buffer, 4 µL KOD dNTPs, 0.3 µL each of 25 µM primers, and 0.4 µL KOD polymerase. PCR reactions (20 µL volume) for detecting the mChat-Cre transgene (strain RRRC# 658) included 30–40 ng genomic DNA, 10 µL Sigma Ext-N-Amp solution and 0.3 µL each of 25 µM primers. PCR reactions (20 µL volume) for the assay to determine sex by amplification of sequences unique to the X and Y Chromosomes included 30–40 ng genomic DNA, 2 µL 10X Roche FastStart Taq buffer, 3.2 µL 1.25 mM Promega dNTPs, 0.3 µL each of 25 µM primers, and 0.2 µL FastStart Taq polymerase. Reactions were performed in 200 µL thin-walled PCR tubes in a Bio-Rad T100 thermal cycler (Hercules, CA) with thermal cycler conditions listed in Table S1. PCR amplicons were analyzed using the QIAxcel Advanced capillary electrophoresis system (Qiagen-USA, Germantown, MD) with the QIAxcel DNA Screening Kit, QX Alignment Marker 15 bp/3 kb, QX DNA Size Marker 100 bp–3 kb. The AM320 injection method with injection of 10 s at 5 kV and separation of 320 s at 6 kV was used.
Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR)
DNA was extracted from rat tail snips using Qiagen's DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit, following the spin-column protocol for animal tissues (Qiagen – USA, Germantown, MD). The DNA was quantified using the Nanodrop 8000 and diluted with nuclease-free H2O to a working concentration of 10 ng/µL. Primers to detect the Zsgreen1 transgene were 5′-GTG TAC AAG GCC AAG TCC GT-3′ and 5′-CCA CTT CTG GTT CTT GGC GT-3′; the Zsgreen1 transgene probe was 5′-/56-FAM/TTC ATC CAG/ZEN/CAC AAG CTG AC/3IABkFQ/-3′. Primers to detect the Ggt1 reference gene were 5′-CCA CCC CTT CCC TAC TCC TAC-3′ and 5′-GGC CAC AGA GCT GGT TGT C-3′; the Ggt1 probe was 5′-/5HEX/CCG AGA AGC/ZEN/AGC CAC AGC CAT ACC T/3IABkFQ/-3′. Each 26 µL ddPCR reaction consisted of 13 µL BioRad ddPCR Supermix for Probes (no dUTPs), 0.5 µL of each 25 mM Zsgreen1 transgene primer, 0.5 µL of each 25 mM Ggt1 primer, 0.25 µL of the 20 mM Zsgreen1 transgene probe, 0.25 µL of the 20 mM Ggt1 probe, 0.25 µL of MseI (5 U/µL), 7.25 µL of nuclease-free H2O, and 3 µL of 10 ng/µL DNA. All further pipetting was performed using Rainin LTS 200 uL filter tips to prevent destruction of droplets. Droplets were generated using the BioRad QX200 Droplet Generator, and reactions were run in a BioRad C1000 Touch Thermal Cycler with 96-Deep Well Reaction Module. Thermal cycler parameters were 1 cycle at 95 °C for 10 minutes, 40 cycles of 94 °C for 30 seconds (ramp rate of 2 °C/second) and 60 °C for 1 minute (ramp rate of 2 °C/second), and 1 cycle of 98 °C for 10 minutes. After cycling, the plate was loaded into the BioRad QX200 Droplet Reader, and BioRad QuantaSoft software, version 1.7.4.0917, was used to analyze droplet fluorescence. This data was transferred to the BioRad QuantaSoft Analysis Pro software, version 1.0.596, for data analysis.
Transgene copy number and integration site determination
Integration sites and transgene copy number for each line were determined by targeted locus amplification (TLA)8. Spleen cells from 12 week old rats, a hemizygous animal for Line 551 and a homozygous animal for Line 561 were isolated using protocols provided by Cergentis (Utrecht, Netherlands). TLA was performed by Cergentis using two sets of custom primers. The Rattus_norvegicus.Rnor_5.0 genome sequence was used for mapping to determine transgene integration site.
Tissue isolation and preparation
All animals were euthanized by carbon dioxide inhalation in accordance with the 2013 AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia. Animals were perfused immediately with phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) to remove blood from tissues and then with 4% paraformaldehyde fixative to preserve tissue integrity until imaging. Whole tissues were removed and placed in sterile petri dishes on ice. Contents were removed from gastrointestinal-derived tissues prior to imaging. Tissues collected include brain, lung, heart, eye, thymus, liver, spleen, kidney, stomach, pancreas, colon, and femoral skeletal muscle. Tissues were immediately taken, on ice, for confocal microscopy imaging.
Brain slice tissue preparation
Animals were transcardially perfused with ~50 mL of PBS followed by 4% paraformaldehyde (36 mL total). Vessels caudal to the heart were occluded with a hemostat to allow for brain-specific perfusion. The brains were then dissected carefully and post-fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 24 hours. After post-fixation, the brains were equilibrated to 15% sucrose until they sank to the bottom of the tube and were then stored in 30% sucrose until sectioning. Brains were cut into 40 µm thick sections (caudal to cranial) on a Microm HM 505 N cryostat (Fisher Scientific, Hampton, NH). Serial sections were stored at 4 °C in 1X PBS in 12-well plates. For analysis, sections were mounted with Prolong Gold anti-fade reagent with DAPI (Life Technologies, Eugene OR) on glass slides with coverslips.
ZsGreen fluorescence in rat tails was visualized on a Nikon SMZ1500 microscope with a GFP filter. Live animals were imaged using a M165FC dissecting microscope (Leica, Solms, Germany) and DFC450 camera (Leica, Solms, Germany). Individual tissues were kept on ice and imaged immediately after dissection also using a M165FC dissecting microscope with DFC 450 camera. Confocal images of brain slice slides were obtained on a TCS SPE system equipped with a DMI 4000B confocal microscope (Leica, Solms, Germany). All fluorescent images were taken under 488 nm excitation with an emission filter of 503 to 563 nm.
The rat strains described in these studies are deposited in the Rat Resource and Research Center (RRRC) and are available to the community for research use. Associated data and protocols are also available on the publically accessible RRRC web site (www.rrrc.us).
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Pinheiro, L. B. et al. Evaluation of a droplet digital polymerase chain reaction format for DNA copy number quantification. Anal Chem 84, 1003–1011, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac202578x (2012).
Fukamachi, K. et al. A novel reporter rat strain that expresses LacZ upon Cre-mediated recombination. Genesis 51, 268–274, https://doi.org/10.1002/dvg.22371 (2013).
Inoue, H. et al. Development of new inbred transgenic strains of rats with LacZ or GFP. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 329, 288–295, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.01.132 (2005).
Tadros, W. & Lipshitz, H. D. The maternal-to-zygotic transition: a play in two acts. Development 136, 3033–3042, https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.033183 (2009).
Cox, B. C., Liu, Z., Lagarde, M. M. & Zuo, J. Conditional gene expression in the mouse inner ear using Cre-loxP. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 13, 295–322, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10162-012-0324-5 (2012).
Madisen, L. et al. A robust and high-throughput Cre reporting and characterization system for the whole mouse brain. Nat Neurosci 13, 133–140, https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2467 (2010).
Saito, K. et al. Visualizing estrogen receptor-alpha-expressing neurons using a new ERalpha-ZsGreen reporter mouse line. Metabolism 65, 522–532, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2015.12.011 (2016).
Hermann, M. et al. Binary recombinase systems for high-resolution conditional mutagenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 42, 3894–3907, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt1361 (2014).
This work was supported by funding from the Office of the Director of the National Institutes of Health under award P40 OD011062. KLC is supported in part by a training grant (NIH T32 OD011126). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. We would like to thank the colony management and cryobiology/reproductive biology staff of the Rat Resource and Research Center (RRRC) for assistance with generation and maintenance of the strains.
Rat Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
Elizabeth C. Bryda
, Hongsheng Men
, Anagha S. Bock
, Mary L. Shaw
& Miriam A. Hankins
Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
Animal Modeling Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
& Daniel J. Davis
Comparative Medicine Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
& Kari L. Chesney
Search for Elizabeth C. Bryda in:
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E.C.B. conceived and oversaw the project, analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. H.M. performed the microinjections to generate the strains, M.L.S. and M.A.H. performed the genetic analysis of the strains and developed the genotyping assays, D.J.D., A.S.B. and K.L.C. isolated tissues, characterized expression patterns and produced figure images. All authors reviewed and revised the manuscript.
Correspondence to Elizabeth C. Bryda.
The authors declare no competing interests.
Publisher's note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Bryda, E.C., Men, H., Davis, D.J. et al. A novel conditional ZsGreen-expressing transgenic reporter rat strain for validating Cre recombinase expression. Sci Rep 9, 13330 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41598-019-49783-w
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49783-w
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text:
Q: JWT expire token on ruby on rails I'm trying to set the expiration time to a jwt token like this:
class JsonWebToken
  def self.encode(payload)
    payload[:exp] = (2).minutes.from_now.to_i #expire in 2 minutes
    JWT.encode(payload, Rails.application.secrets.secret_key_base)
  end

  def self.decode(token)
    return HashWithIndifferentAccess.new(JWT.decode(token, Rails.application.secrets.secret_key_base)[0])
  rescue
    nil
  end
end

But when I try to access the url the token is always valid. Also if I decode the token I never get the exp key:value on the hash.
Any suggestion
UPDATE
I'm using the jwt gem
This is how I authenticated the user.
def authenticate_user
    user = User.find_for_database_authentication(email: params[:email])
    if user.valid_password?(params[:password])
      render json: payload(user)
    else
      render json: {errors: ['Invalid Username/Password']}, status: :unauthorized
    end
  end

  private

  def payload(user)
    return nil unless user and user.id
    {
      auth_token: JsonWebToken.encode({user_id: user.id}),
      user: {id: user.id, email: user.email}
    }
  end

Example using curl:
curl -X POST -d email="a@a.com" -d password="changeme" http://localhost:3000/auth_user

This curl return:
{"auth_token":"eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxfQ.wPPX7T6WJ5K8ucjZF_l8-9mG7IzabcusLeWw1UOhhTM","user":{"id":1,"email":"a@a.com"}}

Then on my rails console:
JWT.decode("eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxfQ.wPPX7T6WJ5K8ucjZF_l8-9mG7IzabcusLeWw1UOhhTM", Rails.application.secrets.secret_key_base)

and get:
[{"user_id"=>1}, {"typ"=>"JWT", "alg"=>"HS256"}]

as you can see the token is always valid, even though I set the expiration on this line:
def self.encode(payload)
    payload[:exp] = (2).minutes.from_now.to_i #expire in 2 minutes <<--- This one
    JWT.encode(payload, Rails.application.secrets.secret_key_base)
  end

A: Here's a simple test that shows the JWT gem is working properly:
require 'JWT'

class JsonWebToken
  def self.encode(payload, expiration)
    payload[:exp] = expiration
    JWT.encode(payload, 'SECRET')
  end

  def self.decode(token)
    return JWT.decode(token, 'SECRET')[0]
  rescue
    'FAILED'
  end
end

# expire 2 minutes from now
token = JsonWebToken.encode({ :hello => 'world' }, Time.now.to_i + 120)
puts token # eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJoZWxsbyI6IndvcmxkIiwiZXhwIjoxNDY4Njg3OTc1fQ.NhIsdEa0Q7Wl5Dx6kyJvSZY6E8ViJ5Kooo7rKr2OBPg
puts JsonWebToken.decode(token) # {"hello"=>"world", "exp"=>1468687975}

# expire 2 minutes ago
token = JsonWebToken.encode({ :hello => 'world' }, Time.now.to_i - 120)
puts token # eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJoZWxsbyI6IndvcmxkIiwiZXhwIjoxNDY4Njg3NzM1fQ.kDD_WWN3ZTTdFXQvYEgm1CgDaE1mEZxjMvQkQEq4HX8
puts JsonWebToken.decode(token) # FAILED

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What is 70:20:10 and How Can Your Organization Benefit From It?
Informal learning encourages learning in the flow of work – here are 5 ways to help you make it happen. A recent report by the Conference Board of Canada found that 62% of learning activity in Canadian workplaces is informal, compared with only 38% formal learning.
Earlier blog posts have stressed on how workplace learning has evolved over the years and L&D managers are re-inventing the wheel to meet the demands of the 'millennial audience'. Understanding Informal Learning? Let's take a simple example, you are learning to drive a car.
Classroom teaching has been debunked for newer forms of learning and engagement across organizations. Interestingly, startups seem to be the ones driving companies towards such learning. The Use Of Informal Learning For Startups. New Vision For eLearning On A Global Scale.
As I've described in several articles over the last few weeks, the Learning Experience Platform (LXP) market is growing rapidly. Bersin & Associates, Leading Research and Advisory Services in Enterprise Learning and Talent Management.
Modern learning truth: everything's a blend. Our audience learns perpetually; they turn to Google and each other when they need to know something immediately. We already struggle to gain buy-in from stakeholders when we update technology or learning models.
Photo on Pixabay Join our global #EDENchat by Steve Wheeler was written in Plymouth, England and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Posted by Steve Wheeler from Learning with e's.
At the 2016 Association for Talent Development (ATD) International Conference and Expo (ICE) in Denver, Kathy Granger and I presented a session titled, Learning Anytime, Anywhere: How to Activate Informal Learning at Work. Informal and social learning are valuable and the source of most innovation and performance improvement in organizations. There are recent advances in how informal and social learning can be activated and made visible and intentional.
To me it resembles a global digital tribe. It is tribal because the global online community exhibits many of the characteristics of traditional, territorial tribal practice. The global digital tribe has many smaller sub-sets we can call clans. Charlotte, NC: Information Age.
He has written some of my favorite e-learning posts, such as: A Defence of the Next Button. How to revamp your learning model. Ryan Tracey is an e-learning manager in the Australian financial services industry, an Advisory Board Member for eLearn Magazine , and a Review Panellist for the Journal of Online Learning and Teaching (JOLT). Ryan has worked in corporate e-learning for over a decade, following several years in the higher education market.
Informal learning has answers to some of the most pressing educational challenges organizations face. " These early academic experiences may have contributed to the eventual development of Bandura's influential ideas about self-directed learning, observation and imitation. In the last decade, globalization and the rampant availability of highly interactive technologies have altered the modern definition of social learning and its practice.
Modern learning truth: everything's a blend. Our audience learns perpetually; they turn to Google and each other when they need to know something immediately. As learning and development professionals, we need to adapt our design and facilitation approach to accommodate this new global, mobile, social, and always-changing reality. We already struggle to gain buy-in from stakeholders when we update technology or learning models. Want to learn more?
Global mobile data traffic grew 69 percent in 2014 and was nearly 30 times the size of the entire global Internet in 2000. These are just some excerpts from Cisco's Visual Networking Index: Global Mobile Data Traffic Forecast Update for 2014 to 2019, but they clearly prove a point.
We talk a lot about the 70:20:10 learning model, and we know it works, but training professionals in much of the world have yet to adopt this approach. The 70:20:10 learning model was developed by the Center for Creative Leadership (CCL) in the mid-1980's.
In this third part of our series of behind-the-scenes posts, we'll be interviewing Simon Birt, a recent addition to the eFrontPro team, who is in charge of the product's global business development. For the past nine years, this has been in the field of Corporate Learning and Development.
The globally connected individual (I) in the workplace builds and maintains effective networks both inside and outside their organization. Connections are virtually all informal, put in place one relationship at a time by mutual agreement between two individuals.
After what can only be described as a fantastic Learning Technologies show this month, we're also delighted to announce that Unicorn LMS has been ranked third in the world – and top overall for financial services for the third successive year.
It has helped me to develop my personal learning network (PLN) and enabled my PKM. However, in an era of distributed, dispersed and global workforce, an online platform becomes a necessary connector and amplifier. I deal with sensitive information and data.
I have written before about the fallibility of trying to have social learning as a bolt-on strategy , on the role of social technology as an avenue for building communities in organizations , and the importance of building communities to facilitate emergent learning.
It has helped me to develop my personal learning network (PLN) and enabled my PKM. The workforce today is not only globally distributed but also contingent giving rise to the notion of the extended enterprise. I deal with sensitive information and data.
I have been writing about MOOCs in the context of workplace learning from different perspectives for some time now. The earlier posts… MOOCs in Workplace Learning – Part 1: Some Points to Consider. MOOCs in Workplace Learning – Part 2: Designing a MOOC.
Online learning ( aka E-Learning ) is now considered to be an integral part of the education sector. In simple words, online learning refers to the type of learning where the learning process is mediated by the internet i.e. the learners use the internet to learn.


Lufthansa Group increased its total first half-year revenues by 5.2 percent in 2018, excluding the impact of the first-time application of the IFRS 15 accounting standard. Reported total first half-year revenues amounted to EUR 16.9 billion, broadly in line with the prior-year level. Traffic revenue for the first six months totaled EUR 13.2 billion, which, excluding the first-time impact of IFRS 15, represents an increase of 7.0 percent. Adjusted EBIT – the key profit metric of Lufthansa Group – was roughly at its prior-year level at EUR 1,008 million. Adjusted EBIT margin amounted to 6.0 percent (compared to 6.1 percent in the first half year of 2017). Net income for the period also remained broadly stable at EUR 677 million (prior-year period: EUR 672 million).
The airlines' performance was the key driver of the Group's results in the first half year. Some 67 million passengers were carried, a new record for the period. Capacity, volumes sold and seat load factor were also all at new record highs. The biggest driver here was the Network Airlines, with both Lufthansa German Airlines and SWISS making positive earnings contributions by achieving not only higher unit revenues but above all substantial reductions in their unit costs.
First half-year fuel costs rose by EUR 216 million to EUR 2.8 billion. The increase is attributable to both the higher volumes and a higher fuel price.
An increase in the costs incurred through delays and flight cancellations had a negative impact on first half-year earnings. The main causes of these irregularities were strike action and the infrastructural inadequacies of Europe's aviation systems, such as the current capacity problems at the continent's national air navigation services providers. Extreme weather (such as storms) also adversely affected flight operations far more than usual in the first half-year period. The impact of these trends was felt by all airlines, not only the Lufthansa Group. However, Group earnings for the period were also depressed by the expense of integrating the aircraft formerly operated by Air Berlin into the Eurowings fleet – a process which is unprecedented in its scope within the European airline industry and took longer than originally envisaged.
Despite these adversities, unit costs were reduced by 0.6 percent in the first six months – thanks primarily to efficiency enhancements at the Network Airlines, which benefited from the comprehensive modernization of their aircraft fleets, the collective labor agreements reached last year with large parts of the workforce and a streamlining of operational processes and management structures. As a result of all these positive influences, first half-year unit costs at the Network Airlines (excluding currency factors and fuel) were 2.1 percent below their prior-year level.
The Network Airlines' focus on sustainable cost reductions and revenue growth was reflected in their earnings results for the first half-year period. Reported total revenues declined 3.9 percent to EUR 10.7 billion. However, excluding the effect of the first-time application of IFRS 15, the Network Airlines' total first half-year revenues increased 3.2 percent on the same period last year. Unit revenues (excluding currency factors) were also up 1.4 percent, thanks to higher load factors and improved yields, with North Atlantic and European routes seeing particularly strong customer demand. Adjusted EBIT increased by 25.6 percent to EUR 951 million. And Adjusted EBIT margin improved accordingly, rising 2.1 percentage points to 8.9 percent.
Lufthansa German Airlines raised its Adjusted EBIT by 16.0 percent to EUR 660 million in the first six months.
SWISS increased its first half-year Adjusted EBIT by 56.7 percent to EUR 293 million.
Despite favorable earnings in the second-quarter period, Austrian Airlines reported a first half-year Adjusted EBIT of EUR -3 million, a EUR 6 million decline on the prior-year period that is attributable to the flight cancellations suffered in the first three months of the year.
Eurowings raised its total first half-year revenues to EUR 1.9 billion, a 9.2 percent increase on the prior-year period, or a 25.2 percent improvement excluding the impact of the first-time application of IFRS 15. Along with the sizeable capacity expansion, revenue was also boosted by a 3.4 percent increase in unit revenues (excluding currency factors). The decline in Adjusted EBIT for the period to EUR -199 million is largely attributable to the one-off effects of integrating parts of the former Air Berlin aircraft fleet, and particularly to the higher technical, charter and leasing costs incurred to achieve the capacity expansion required within such a short time. Lufthansa Group expects these additional integration expenses to continue to depress earnings at Eurowings in the third quarter of 2018, but not beyond. Further costs were also incurred at Eurowings as a result of flight delays and cancellations whose causes were largely beyond Lufthansa Group's control.
Within Aviation Services, the first half-year results for Lufthansa Cargo showed particularly sizeable growth, reflecting continuing strong demand for airfreight service products. Lufthansa Technik also saw business pick up tangibly in the second quarter after a weaker start to the year.
First half-year Adjusted EBIT for Lufthansa Cargo amounted to EUR 125 million, a 60.3 percent improvement on the prior-year period.
Lufthansa Technik posted an Adjusted EBIT of EUR 218 million for the first-half period, 1.8 percent below its 2017 level.
The LSG Group raised its first half-year Adjusted EBIT to EUR 40 million, a 207.7 percent year-on-year improvement.
Other Businesses & Group Functions reported a EUR 119 million decline to EUR -78 million Adjusted EBIT in the first half year, owing primarily to the non-recurrence of currency gains recorded in 2017.
Operating cash flow declined 6.4 percent to EUR 3.0 billion. With substantially higher investments in the aircraft fleet, free cash flow declined 53.3 percent to EUR 977 million.
Pension fund provisions increased 5.9 percent to EUR 5.4 billion, in response to a lowering of the discount rate from 2.0 to 1.9 percent and a negative development of the pension plan assets.
Net financial debt declined 11.4 percent from its level at the end of 2017 to EUR 2.6 billion. The equity ratio decreased by 1.5 percentage points over the same period to 25.0 percent, following the increase in total assets. However, the equity ratio on 30 June 2018 was still 5.6 percentage points above the same date last year, primarily thanks to the positive earnings contribution over the last twelve months.
Lufthansa Group reaffirms its previous forecast for 2018. Full-year capacity will increase by around 8 percent – slightly less than the earlier forecast of 8.5 percent growth. Fuel costs are expected to be some EUR 850 million higher than in 2017. However, Lufthansa Group now expects a slight increase of unit revenues for the full year. The reduction in unit costs (excluding currency factors and fuel) is expected to amount to around one percent – negatively affected by higher-than-planned integration costs at Eurowings. The Group is also expecting a slight reduction in earnings for Aviation Services now, in light of the earnings decline at Other Businesses & Group Functions in the first half year period, which was driven by the non-recurrence of prior year currency gains. Overall, however, Lufthansa Group still expects an Adjusted EBIT for 2018 that is only slightly below 2017's record level.
Lufthansa Group's adoption of the IFRS 15 "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" reporting standard entails changes in revenue and cost positions, especially at its Network Airlines and Eurowings. Passenger-based fees and charges, which were previously accounted on both the income and the expenditure side, are now netted in the profit and loss account. This reduces both income and expenditure. Since EBIT is not affected, EBIT margin increases mathematically. Prior-year figures have not been restated.
Only the 2018 figures are stated in accordance with IFRS 15. Prior-year figures have not been restated.


text:
WRITEBACK 2022
In this short film, which was screened before the performance of their play, each young person on our 2022 Writeback course introduces themselves and the inspiration for their character.
REPLAY 2020
The Impact of Lockdown on our Replay Production 2020:
PLAYMAKING ONE AUTUMN 2019
As we created our first Writeback course in 2017, Spare Part Films documented the process, from writing at The Foundling Museum, through rehearsals and to performances at Theatro Technis (12 minutes):
From the same Writeback course, our film crew also produced 3 themed 'bitesize' films:
In 2004, three Scene & Heard Member Playwrights took part in an animation project. They each wrote and story-boarded a new script which was made into a film by director Tim Hope, as part of the Arts Council/Channel 4 funded animate! commission. The films were screened on Channel 4 and at film festivals around the world as Minema Cinema. You can watch all 3 here:
Our 2010 documentary followed a group of Playmaking One children as their first plays were produced and has been an invaluble tool for us in sharing what we do with a wider audience. You can watch the shorter (5 minutes) version here…
…or the full version (27 minutes) here:


text:
Q: Objective-C: How to properly set didSelectViewController method for TabBarController, so I can refresh the VC everytime it is tapped Trying to accomplish
Tap on the tabbaritem and it will called the respective method on the tabbaritem VC.
Issue
When I tap on tabbaritem2 it will call didSelectViewController on tabbaritem2 and then the respective method. Then when I tap on tabbaritem3it will still call the didSelectViewController on tabbaritem3 and the respective method.
But when I switch back and tap on tabbaritem2. It will still call the didSelectViewController on tabbaritem3 and not didSelectViewController on tabbaritem2 and the respective method doesn't work anymore
The issue without break
The issue with break
Question
How to properly set up the didSelectViewController method so that when tabbaritem is tapped it will call and load the method respectively?
Code
MyTabBarController.m (Do I need to do something here?)
- (void)tabBarController:(UITabBarController *)tabBarController didSelectViewController:(UIViewController *)viewController {
    NSLog(@"didSelectViewController... ");

   // if ([viewController isKindOfClass:[UINavigationController class]]) {
   //      [(UINavigationController *)viewController popToRootViewControllerAnimated:NO];
   // }

    //=== I tried the following but it is not loading the method=====================
    //if ([viewController isKindOfClass:[ClassNavigationController class]]) {   // Here newViewController is the controller where the webview reload happens.
      //  [[[Classes alloc] init] reloadWebViewData];  // We create and instance for the new controller and call the delegate method where the reload works.
    //}

    //if (viewController == [tabBarController.viewControllers objectAtIndex:2]){
     //   [(UINavigationController *)viewController popToRootViewControllerAnimated:YES];
     //   [[[Classes alloc] init] LoadClasses];

    //}else if (viewController == [tabBarController.viewControllers objectAtIndex:3]){

      //  [(UINavigationController *)viewController popToRootViewControllerAnimated:YES];
      //  [[[Gym alloc] init] handleRefreshGym:nil];

    //}else{
        //=== The following code will make viewWillAppear load on each tab bar item
        //=== Without it, tapping on new tab bar item will not load viewWillAppear
      //  [(UINavigationController *)viewController popToRootViewControllerAnimated:NO];
    //}
    //=================================================================================
}

Classes.m
- (void)viewDidLoad {

    [super viewDidLoad];

    UITabBarController *tabBarController = (UITabBarController*)[UIApplication sharedApplication].keyWindow.rootViewController ;

    [tabBarController setDelegate:self];

}

-(void)tabBarController:(UITabBarController *)tabBarController didSelectViewController:(UIViewController *)viewController {

    NSLog(@" Classes Called ");

    if (viewController == [tabBarController.viewControllers objectAtIndex:2])
    {
        [(UINavigationController *)viewController popToRootViewControllerAnimated:YES];
        [self handleRefresh:nil];

    }else{
        [(UINavigationController *)viewController popToRootViewControllerAnimated:NO];
    }

}

Gym.m
    - (void)viewDidLoad {

    [super viewDidLoad];

    UITabBarController *tabBarController1 = (UITabBarController*)[UIApplication sharedApplication].keyWindow.rootViewController ;

    [tabBarController1 setDelegate:self];

}

-(void)tabBarController:(UITabBarController *)tabBarController didSelectViewController:(UIViewController *)viewController {

    NSLog(@" Gym Called ");

    if (viewController == [tabBarController.viewControllers objectAtIndex:3])
    {
        [(UINavigationController *)viewController popToRootViewControllerAnimated:YES];
        [self handleRefreshGym:nil];

    }else{
        [(UINavigationController *)viewController popToRootViewControllerAnimated:NO];
    }

}

MyStoryBoard

A: So the TabBarController can only have one delegate at a time.  In the code you posted you're setting the tabBarController.delegate = self in each respective view controllers lifecycle method of viewDidLoad (called once when the view is first loaded).  So whatever the last view controller is to load will be the final tabBarControllerDelegate.
Here's a very simple example to show what I mean:
FirstViewController
#import "FirstViewController.h"

@interface FirstViewController () <UITabBarControllerDelegate>

@end

@implementation FirstViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    self.tabBarController.delegate = self;
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.
}

- (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated {
    [super viewWillAppear:animated];
    NSLog(@"Who's my tab bar controller delegate = %@", self.tabBarController.delegate);
}

- (void)tabBarController:(UITabBarController *)tabBarController didSelectViewController:(UIViewController *)viewController {
    NSLog(@"Delegate called on %@", NSStringFromClass([self class]));
}

@end

SecondViewController
#import "SecondViewController.h"

@interface SecondViewController () <UITabBarControllerDelegate>

@end

@implementation SecondViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    self.tabBarController.delegate = self;
    // Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.
}

- (void)viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated {
    [super viewWillAppear:animated];
    NSLog(@"Who's my tab bar controller delegate = %@", self.tabBarController.delegate);
}

- (void)tabBarController:(UITabBarController *)tabBarController didSelectViewController:(UIViewController *)viewController {
    NSLog(@"Delegate called on %@", NSStringFromClass([self class]));
}

@end

If I run this and start by selecting the FirstViewController's tab, then select the SecondViewController's tab, then go back to selecting the FirstViewController's tab this is the log result I get:
First Tab Selected:
Who's my tab bar controller delegate = <FirstViewController: 0x7ff9eb406970>
Delegate called on FirstViewController

Second Tab Selected:
Who's my tab bar controller delegate = <SecondViewController: 0x7fa33ac0a540>
Delegate called on FirstViewController (this is still FirstViewController here because the tab bar selection occurred prior to setting the SecondViewController to the tabBarControllerDelegate)

First Tab Selected:
Who's my tab bar controller delegate = <SecondViewController: 0x7fa33ac0a540>
Delegate called on SecondViewController

Second Tab Selected:
Who's my tab bar controller delegate = <SecondViewController: 0x7fa33ac0a540>
Delegate called on SecondViewController

...
 and it continues on that the SecondViewController will remain the delegate

So my recommendation would be to use a different pattern that just maintains one coordinator to handle the TabBarDelegation.
Edit in response to your comment about other recommendations
A rather standard idiom in iOS is loading your data from the server once (usually in viewDidLoad of the respective view controllers then storing it), then having a pull to refresh control which allows users to refresh the data on command: https://medium.com/ios-os-x-development/ios-tips-pull-to-refresh-in-less-than-30-seconds-ef884520f0df If you definitely require the tab bar delegate to do something on each view controller selection, I'd recommend having one central object that is the only tab bar delegate and having it handle what tasks to do based on the view controller passed in through the delegate method tabBarController:didSelectViewController: as one additional example.


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text:
The Mueller Report – Hacking with Malware
Russia Intelligence Units Hacked Election Databases and Voting Technology
The Muller Report states that Russian military intelligence officially known as Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Army, but commonly known as GRU hacked the election process through malware attacks as well as spear phishing email campaigns. Hackers targeted U.S. election officials, election websites, and private manufacturers of voting machines.
In 2016, GRU Unit 26165 hacked the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) and the Democratic National Committee (DNC) using spear phishing emails. While GRU Unit 74455 hacked various state and local boards of elections, secretaries of state, and companies that provide voting technology. GRU exploited vulnerabilities on official election websites. Hackers used straightforward techniques including a tactic known as SQL injection to gain access to databases of voter information. The cyber attack vector was to inject malicious SQL code to allow hackers to run more SQL commands to download data.
The Mueller Report is officially titled, The Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election, Volumes I and II, by Special Counsel Robert S Mueller, III. The report outlines the investigation into Russian interference with the 2016 US Presidential elections. It details how Russian hackers compromised election websites, hacked Clinton campaign email servers, and conducted email phishing campaigns.
According to the Mueller Report, in June 2016, a GRU unit hacked the IT system of the Illinois State Board of Elections by exploiting a vulnerability in its website. GRU gained access to millions of registered Illinois voters. They downloaded thousands of voter records before the malware was detected and access was shut down.
Malware was sent to over 120 Florida county election officials in November 2016. The malware was sent via spear phishing emails. Spear phishing emails are malicious emails purposefully targeted at individuals. The emails attempt to gain personal information about the recipient and encourage them to take some action. Recipients are tricked by spear phishing emails because they are personalized and appear to be legitimate. Sometimes only spelling mistakes or the suspicious intentions of the email text are the only clues that the email may be criminal. The spear phishing emails had a Trojan Word document attached which launched malware. Once infected, GRU was able to access infected machines.
How Does Trojan Malware Work?
Trojan is an umbrella term for a malware delivery strategy. Trojans are also considered a form of malware as they carry out unwanted activity on a computer or IT system. Trojans are used by hackers to gain access to computer systems and hardware. Targets are tricked into downloading an email attachment or clicking on a link that sends them to a spoofed website. The trojan loads files and executes malware on their computer systems.
In addition to hacking election related IT systems, GRU also hacked the computer systems of the DCCC and the DNC. Beginning in March 2016, GRU hacked the computers and email accounts belonging to Clinton campaign workers. This including the email breach of campaign chairman John Podesta, the Mueller report stated.
Both the DCCC and DNC IT systems were infected with two malwares, X-Agent and X-Tunnel according to the Mueller Report page 38. The X-Agent malware record the keystrokes of infected machines. It also took screenshots and recorded the files system. The X-Tunnel malware tunneled outside of the DCC and DNC networks and was used for large data transfers of stolen information.
What is Malware?
Malware is any unwanted application on a computer, IT network, or electronic device such as a smartphone. Malware can take control or a device or download files. Sometimes malware quietly uses an infected device to spread more malware waiting for some future purpose. Malware can be used spy on the activities of a device or to recruit computers to work together in a botnet.
The malware used by the Russian hackers was developed to infiltrate computer networks and infecting as many devices as possible.
Malware is called ransomware when it locks up a machine and takes control away from its legitimate owner promising to return control when a ransom is paid. Recipients' machines are infected when they click on a link in an email or download malware that in turn downloads even more malware. Email can be accompanied by attachments that contain malicious executable files. Malware includes ransomware, computer viruses, adware, and trackers. Well-known, recent malwares include GandCrab, SamSam, Bad Rabbit, Petya, Not Petya, and WannaCry.
How Does Malware Work?
Malware works by gaining access to a computer or system. The malware generally attempts to gain administrative rights to a device by exploiting known security vulnerabilities. An SQL injection is a chunk of malicious commands that work on SQL databases. The hacker breaks a database allowing unauthorized access to the data. Once in, they extract information from the database. In the case of the Illinois Board of Election hack, the hackers downloaded thousands of voters records before they malware was detected.
Russian owned, Internet Research Agency (IRA), also carries out botnet activities on social media to cause political and social discord during election season.
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SS Atlantic
Thread starter Mike Taylor
Atlantic 1871-1873
I only caught the tail end of a story on the SS Atlantic on a Discovery channel show the other day. Said something about the loss of live either being greater then or close to the Titanic with very few people having survived, she is said to have sunk off the Atlantic provinces after running aground. Anyone have any info on this ship or know where I can find any?
The Atlantic was a White Star ship which tried to put into Halifax when she ran low on coal. Unfortunately, a navigation error put her onto a reef, and she began to flood rapidly. Supposedly, 300 people trapped below decks were killed in the first several minutes after the ship ran aground. All told, an estimated 481 people out of the 931 died in the disaster.
This happened on April 1st 1873. April Fools day ironically enough.
Jan C. Nielsen
There's another thread on S.S. Atlantic that has 18 messages, and some interesting comments. Check it out.
Barbara DeCrow Goldberg
There is an article about the SS Atlantic in the most recent edition of the THS "Commutator." I believe that it is the first part of a two part series.
Thanks for your help on this one
get Great Sea Disasters the book i have it its great the whole story of the Atlantic is there and many more shipping disasters.plus an artists impression of the disaster.hope it helps.
Mary Ellen Logan
The Atlantic has its own web site:
ssatlanticpark.com. I found it by links with the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic's site: museum.gov.ns.ca/mma
April 1, 1873 the ship went down off Terence Bay -about 30 minutes from Halfiax, Nova Scotia. There is a cemetery and a memorial to the lives lost.
An elderly gentlman told me that his grandfather was one of the rescuers. He took part in the rescue of the only child to live - 12 year old John Hendley. There were 976 passengers. 546 drowned. No women survived.
Atlantic,128 metres long,13 metres wide,and with a gross tonnage of 3,700 tonnes was a mixed propulsion boat,which means that,as well as a steam engine,the vessel was also equiped with sails which enabeled her to sail at a cruising speed of 13.5 knots and top speed of 14 knots.she could carry 1,200 passengers,166 first class and second class and 1,000 in third.after her maiden voyage at the end of spring 1871 the international press described her as the most luxurious ship to have ever sailed across the seas.she left Liverpool on 20 March 1873 bound for New York with 931 passengers and crew.from the start it was bad the ship battled head gales all the way across.after more than a week of slow progress and discomfort and the coal bunkers rapidly emptying, captain J.A.Williams ordered to alter course to Halifax,Nova Scotia.it was a poor decision.at 3 am on 1 April,the Atlantic ran into rocks of Meagher Island,Nova Sotia.the boats were washed from deck and there was panic all around ,but one of the officers swam a line to a dry rock 150 yards (137 metres away) many were halled to safety that way.many more however succumbed to exposure and exaustion and were swept away.as dawn lightened the sky local Islanders came out on fishing boats to pick up survivors,but no less than 560 lives had already been lost.
News US, UK to safeguard Titanic beneath Atlantic; To open the sunken treasure to public soon - International Business Times, Singapore Edition
News Actually, Titanic II May Have To Dodge Lots Of Icebergs On Its Maiden Voyage Across The Atlantic - Forbes
Would a Confederate States victory have affected transatlantic shipping?
Started by Dan Kappes
What If Events that never happened
Are modern cruise ships more luxurious than the old transatlantic liners?
Are icebergs still a threat to shipping in the North Atlantic?
Aftermath of a disaster


Kuberg is a Czech Republic company that focuses on creating "heavy-duty, high-performance electric bikes that deliver huge power, massive torque and unparalleled acceleration with a build quality that's engineered to last." They have dealers positioned around the world, including Europe, Australia and the United States, but design, engineer and assemble all their bikes in the Czech Republic. Kuberg has traditionally focused on electric bikes for children, but their newest iteration, the Freerider, is squarely aimed at adults. The Freerider is an interesting machine that feels like a hybrid between a high-power electric bike and a full-size electric motorcycle. It doesn't have pedals, so it's not an electric bike, but it's also not as a big and heavy as a traditional electric motorcycle, weighing in at roughly 79 lbs. So where does that leave us? With an electric motorbike? I couldn't say, but one thing I know for certain is the on-demand 8,000 watts of power makes for an incredibly fun experience. The top speed is ~34 mph but acceleration and torque are high leading up to this mark.
The Freerider's frame is crafted from powder-coated, double-cradle steel tubing, giving it some serious structural integrity. It has a curb weight of just 79 pounds, but only 220-pound maximum carrying capacity. Given the beefiness of the bike (motorbike?) and it's intended philosophy of use as an off-road trailblazer, I suspect it could handle far more weight, but to be safe I made sure to limit the amount of gear I carried while riding. As a 200-pound rider, I found the Freerider was more than able to rocket me up the steepest hills I could find without so much as a hiccup. With the 8,000-watt motor the low-end torque is good, but nowhere near as impressive as the 12,000-watt version. Even still, once my 8,000-watt Freerider finds its way to the middle of its power band it takes off like a missile. Given it's size and limited maximum carrying capacity, I was somewhat concerned with really pushing the Freerider off-road, but I found that it was able to conquer every obstacle I put in front of it. Now, that's not to say a more experienced rider than myself would run into trouble with seriously technical terrain, but in my experience the Freerider performed well.
On the right side of the handlebars is a rubberized full-twist throttle, something I was quite excited to find. Growing up tearing through the countryside on dirt bikes and quads, I felt right at home with the throttle. The throttle is also extremely sensitive and is reminiscent of a traditional dirt bike throttle, with the slightest of twists setting you into motion and a seemingly endless range of available speed settings – I never found it difficult to travel at a specific speed. The throttle connects to the 8,000 watt mid-drive motor and power to the rear wheel is virtually instantaneous. I didn't detect any delay from the time I twisted the throttle to the time I actually felt myself move forward. On the right side of the handlebars is also a brake lever that leads down to the front 203 mm disc brake. Yes, the front brake. Like the full-twist throttle, having the right brake lever activate the front brake felt familiar and natural, like the olden days of riding dirt bikes. The Freerider has front and rear 203 mm hydraulic disc brakes that are effective given the weight and power of this machine. I never found stopping power to be an issue, and furthermore, there was no brake rattle or play in the brake levers themselves. On the left side of the handlebars is another brake lever that leads down to the rear disc brake and a magnetic kill switch, which must be activated for the bike to be powered on. If the magnetic kill switch is removed, the bike immediately powers down. Overall, the handlebars were okay, but not fantastic. They felt a little narrow to me and though I haven't tried them, I would recommend the optional upgraded handlebars, which are much wider and look more like traditional dirt-bike handlebars. Unfortunately, there's no integrated HUD on the Freerider, so managing speed was all done by feel. The lack of a HUD also means I was reliant on the somewhat crude single-LED battery indicator to monitor by battery level. This LED is located on the top of the frame and displays three different colors depending on your battery level: green, yellow and red. Thankfully, there is an option to upgrade to the Streamport, which is Kuberg's hardwired bluetooth accessory that feeds pertinent information like current speed and battery level to your smartphone via the Kuberg Volt app.
The Manitou Dorado Expert front suspension on the Freerider offers 180 mm of travel and is adjustable with the included air pump. I ended up stiffening up the front and rear suspension a bit as I'm a 200-pound rider – they felt a little spongey out of the box. After adjusting the suspension, however, I found there was minimal dive during hard braking and the rebound also felt more than adequate. I tried to push the Freerider as hard as I could given my experience level and while I wasn't hitting 50-foot jumps or anything, I was definitely airborne on a handful of occasions and tackled some moderately difficult terrain. In my experience, the suspension never bottomed out or felt like it was lacking.
Beneath the suspension rests the front 203 mm disc brake and the standard 20″ x 2.5″ Maxxis Creepy Crawler knobby tire and steel-spoked rim. My Freerider came with the optional 24″ front tire but I didn't feel like I needed to swap them out in order to conquer my trails. For those who are looking to seriously push the Freerider though, the 24″ front tire may be a good idea as it can make for a smoother ride over rough terrain. I went through a variety of different trails from hard-packed dirt and gravel, trail blazing through the bush, pavement, loose soil and more; I never felt like there was a lack of traction.
Riding atop the vinyl-covered foam seat didn't feel uncomfortable, but it didn't feel overly comfortable either. The seat was a bit narrow for me and riding for the first half-hour or so was okay, but sitting on the Freerider for longer than caused a bit of discomfort. Of course, most of the time I was transitioning between sitting and standing, but for the sake of information I wanted to see what it was like if I chose to sit the entire time. The plus side of having such a narrow seat and frame is that it's incredibly easy to grip the bike with your legs, allowing for some serious stability even during difficult patches of trail. Beneath the seat is the 48v, 22.2ah battery. The battery is swappable, though it does take a few minutes to remove the seat and disconnect the battery from the frame. It was difficult to get an accurate max range on the Freerider given the fact it's an off-road machine. The type of trail I tackled seriously impacted the range, which is to be expected. Kuberg estimates the Freerider will allow for an average of one hour of use, and that was pretty close to my findings as well. It seemed like despite the various trails I rode, I was able to go for about an hour before the LED battery indicator turned red. I may have been able to ride for longer, but since I didn't have the optional Streamport I didn't have a super accurate battery reading and therefore didn't want to push it and get stranded in the middle of nowhere. Charging the battery takes about two and a half hours, though you can get up to 80% charge in around an hour. This is great for topping off and trying to squeeze in some extra ride time without having to wait the full two and a half hours. Beneath the battery is the 8,000-watt motor that drives the Freerider to a top speed of 34 mph, and let me tell you, this thing is powerful. Like I mentioned, the torque on this motor is through the roof, especially in the middle of the power band. That's not to say it's slow off the line, because it isn't, but you can really feel the power after about 10 mph. The motor was able to carry me up some treacherously steep hills and I was honestly shocked at how easily it climbed. This is likely to do the moderately low top speed – this machine is clearly geared for off-road use.
All in all, my experience with the Freerider was more than positive. I'm still not entirely sure where this electric bike/motorcycle hybrid fits categorically, but I do know that it's an extremely fun vehicle to ride. Though not the fastest, it's certainly the most powerful electric vehicle I've tested to date and it was a very unique experience. I think the Freerider is a great choice for anyone looking for a true, off-road electric vehicle that can be used to blast through trails, for camping or even as a utility vehicle. At $3,999 it's not in the affordable category of off-road toy, but in my opinion you're getting much, much more than you're paying for. Testing the Freerider was a blast, and I'd like to thank Kuberg for partnering with me on this review and providing a demo unit.


I'm having trouble with a pvr150 card that I just added to my system.
pinnacle cards are hooked up to rabbit ears, and tune ATSC just fine.
input: USB HID v1.10 Mouse [Logitech USB Receiver] on usb-0000:00:1d.
[fglrx] Maximum main memory to use for locked dma buffers: 929 MBytes.
[fglrx] PAT is enabled successfully!


text:
Paying Da Bills
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Posts Tagged 'Mike Clevinger'
Is This Cleveland's Year?
September 23, 2016 | by RotoRob | Comments Comments Off on Is This Cleveland's Year?
Cleveland's postseason hopes may ride on Mike Clevinger and his freak flag. (Joe Camporeale-USA Today Sports)
It's that time of year when we start dreaming of the World Series. And while everyone focuses on the great season the Chicago Cubs are having and how hot Boston is right now, we may be overlooking the best team in baseball since late June — the Cleveland Indians.
The Indians got off to a middling start, sitting at 10-12 as of May 1. But thanks to a fantastic month of June and a pretty great September so far, they've gone 79-51 since.
Cleveland has the best home record in the American League. With three straight wins and six in the last 10, this team has pretty much blown the Tigers away in the AL Central. With a magic number of four, the Indians are about to wrap up their first division title in nearly a decade. One of the biggest reasons? After going 9-10 against the Royals last year, Cleveland is 9-1 vs. KC this season.
The Tribe ranks second in the AL in runs scored and has given up the least amount of runs.
And they've done this all despite season-ending injuries to Michael Brantley, Jan Gomes, Carlos Carrasco and Danny Salazar. Obviously, the losses of Carrasco and Salazar really put a dent in Cleveland's playoff hopes given how important pitching is in a short series. After all, as much of a workhorse as he is, Corey Kluber can't pitch every night.
So it's likely going to take yeoman's work from the likes of starters Trevor Bauer and Josh Tomlin for this team to advance, regardless of a very powerful offense and stellar bullpen. But hey, now that the Cavaliers have broken the championship seal for Cleveland, anything's possible.
Let's review some of the Fantasy developments from Cleveland this year…
First baseman Carlos Santana has pretty much put the team on his back over this fine September run. He doubled, homered and walked Thursday, driving in four runs, giving him hits in four straight games and six of seven, batting .428 over that stretch (perhaps because his dad is in town — see video below). Over the last four games, he has five runs, three homers, three doubles and seven RBI. Smoking! The 30-year-old Dominican is having his best month of the season, slashing .310/.451/.634 with five doubles and six dingers, capping perhaps his finest campaign. Santana has been unable to duplicate last year's out-of-nowhere 11-steal performance, but is otherwise passing or closing in on several career highs, including putting up his first 30-homer effort.
As mentioned, with the rotation depleted by injuries, Cleveland will need more efforts like those recently put up by rookie Mike Clevinger (who, incidentally, looks like the kind of dude you'd share a bong with in your parent's basement). The Angels' fourth round pick in 2011 enjoyed really fine results in his first season at Triple-A despite a higher walk rate. Promoted to Cleveland several times, Clevinger mostly struggled, but he's looked much better since being moved back into the rotation this month. After limiting KC to four hits and two runs over five innings Thursday, he has now allowed just nine hits and four earned runs over his last 13 innings, covering three starts, fanning 12 and walking five. In just over a month, Clevinger has managed to shave over a run off his ERA, and while he's no one's idea of an inning hog, he's become a serviceable MLB starter — at the time when this team needs one of the most.
We alluded to Cleveland's stellar bullpen earlier. One of the unsung heroes has been Dan Otero. He was so bad last year that he had to spend a chunk of the season at Triple-A, where he was dominant. Back in the bigs this year, Otero pitched like he never wanted to leave. On Thursday, he earned his fifth win by hurling two scoreless innings, his third straight scoreless outing. September (3.12 ERA) has actually been a rough month for Otero considering the rest of his season: 0.00 in April; 1.23 in May; 1.13 in June; 2.19 in July; and 1.10 in August. His walk rate is up this season, but his control remains superb, so it's hardly been a concern during this career year.
For the last four years, Bryan Shaw has been extremely consistent as a setup option for Cleveland. He's worked harder this season, and while his bottom line results haven't been quite as good, he's averaging over a K per inning for the first time and has matched his career high in holds. The fact that Shaw's numbers are right in line with what we expect despite an awful start is a real testament to his consistency. Since the All-Star break, he has a 1.84 ERA and has held opponents to a .206 BAA.
At the back end of the pen, Cody Allen continues to thrive as a closer despite the team adding Andrew Miller at the deadline. Allen nailed down his 29th save with a perfect inning on Thursday, his 11th scoreless outings in the last 12 appearances. He had a rough August, but has definitely righted the ship this month and has never been harder to hit than he's been this season. So what if Allen has matched his career high in losses? He's a tremendously steady Fantasy option.
Now it's your turn. Let us know in the comments below how you think the Cleveland Indians will fare in the 2016 playoffs.
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Tags: Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Cleveland Indians, Detroit Tigers, Kansas City Royals, Mike Clevinger, World Series
Posted in BASEBALL, RotoRob, Team report | Comments Off on Is This Cleveland's Year?
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In the day to day realities of life, we all have our moments when we trip while walking. We may be checking our phones, talking to someone else, or simply day dreaming the day away when we trip on a surface or object we didn't see. If we're lucky, we catch ourselves; if not, we fall. Despite the thousands of trips that occur every day, most do not rise to the level of a tort claim or negligence because the thing that caused us to fall was not inherently dangerous, or the owner of the property or object had no reason to believe any danger existed. In a recent case before the Tennessee Court of Appeals, one plaintiff tried to push a claim for negligence too far, arguing that a simple feature was enough to support his negligence claim.
In this Tennessee premises liability case, R.B. was in the process of getting routine drug testing for his work when he tripped and fell on a door frame leading into the testing facility. R.B. had been in the facility before without problem, but this time around, he was talking on the phone and not generally observing where he was going, so he did not notice the door frame as he tripped. The door frame raised slightly above the ground to accommodate the door, but it was not excessive or unusual in any respect. Despite these facts and circumstances, R.B. sued the location for negligence, alleging that the frame had caused his injuries because it was unreasonably dangerous.
The testing facility, Accurate, immediately responded with a summary judgment motion. It made three arguments: (1) that R.B. could not show that the door frame was unreasonably dangerous; (2) that R.B. could not show that anyone at Accurate was on notice of a dangerous condition; and (3) that R.B. was at least 50% liable for his injuries. In support of the summary judgment motion, Accurate attached photographs of the premises and the door frame, as well as deposition testimony from its facility manager, who stated that R.B. had never had any prior problems entering the premises, nor had any other visitors.
In response, R.B. acknowledged that he was not aware of any other individuals having problems with the same door frame, but the door frame did not appear to be compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and this lack of compliance suggested that the door frame was not safe. Noting that R.B. had not raised any claims under the ADA, the trial court held that R.B. had not established any genuine issue as to whether the door frame was unreasonably dangerous or whether Accurate knew of the danger of the door frame. It granted the motion for summary judgment, and R.B. appealed.
On appeal, R.B. argued only that there was evidence to suggest triable issues regarding the dangerousness of the door frame and Accurate's knowledge. Under Tennessee law, in order to bring a successful premises liability claim, a plaintiff must show that a dangerous or defective condition existed and that the defendant was on notice of such danger, or the possibility of danger. Defendants cannot be held liable for problems or conditions of which they had no way of knowing.
Here, the appeals court noted that Accurate's evidence had successfully shown that the door frame did not appear to be a dangerous condition, and Accurate had no reason to know or believe that the frame was a dangerous condition. The burden was on R.B. to rebut these arguments by showing genuine issues in dispute. Beyond the ADA argument, which the appeals court affirmed was not relevant, R.B. had not provided any evidence to the trial court to support his claims. Since his claims could not be substantiated, the appeals court affirmed the trial court's grant of summary judgment.
When you bring a claim in Tennessee courts, you must be prepared to back it up with evidence. Judges will not rely on promises, speculation, or unsupported theories to keep your claim alive. Knowledgeable premises liability attorney Eric Beasley can help you assess the information and evidence available in your case and conduct further discovery if necessary to get you the facts you need. If you have recently been injured and are uncertain about your rights, contact the Law Office of Eric Beasley today at 615-859-2223.
Tennessee Court Reverses Lower Court In Premise Liability Case, Tennessee Personal Injury Blog, August 23, 2017.


text:
export const EXCERCISE_COLLECTION = 'excercises';
export const USER_ID_FIELD_NAME = 'user_id'

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Guide History NYC
A Guide to Nikola Tesla's New York
New York wouldn't be the city that never sleeps if it weren't for one individual. A Serbian immigrant born in a lightning storm, proclaimed by his mother to be a "child…
Alexander Hamilton's Life in New York
Weehawken Dueling Grounds The Hamilton Musical opens with a simple question: How does a bastard, orphan, son of a whore and aScotsman, dropped in the middle of a forgottenSpot in the…
History NYC
Why is New York a Fashion Capital
Let's weave through history to find out how NYC became a fashion capital of the world.…
5 Hidden Secrets of New York
We all know the touristy spots of the Big Apple, but there are many secrets that lurk in this city. Here are the 5 hidden secrets you need to visit next…
Architecture Guide NYC
8 Unique Buildings You Must See in Manhattan
However there is more to architecture in the big apple than a magnificent buildings like the Flatiron. Let's take a journey through a selection of the 8 most unique buildings in…
Guide Hotels & AirBNB NYC
How to Find the Best AirBNB: A Guide to Affordable Lodging
Here are 5 tips on getting the best Airbnb for your travels.…
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New York City can easily overwhelm you when you need to take that crucial decision: What to eat next?…
I'm Ariel! I uncover the secrets of cities and share them via this blog and on videos via Facebook and YouTube. You'll learn about places you won't find in guide books and history that isn't in the textbooks.
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text:
Q: At least one checkbox must be check inside every div Html code

    <input type="checkbox" />
    <input type="checkbox" />
    <input type="checkbox" />
    <input type="checkbox" />

    <input type="checkbox" />
    <input type="checkbox" />
    <input type="checkbox" />
    <input type="checkbox" />

<button>check</button>

jQuery Code
$('button').click(function(){

    var checkedboxes = $('.answer :checkbox:checked').length;

    if (checkedboxes === 0){
        alert('At least 1 checkbox must be checked from this div!');
    }
});

But my code not check at least one checkbox check inside every

JS FIDDLE DEMO

A: Try,
if ($('.answer').filter(function(){  return $(this).find(':checked').length === 0 }).length > 0 ) {
 alert('At least 1 checkbox must be checked from this div!');
}

DEMO

A: You can loop through all the .answer and check if there's no checkbox has been checked inside it:
$('button').click(function(){
    $('.answer').each(function() {
        if($(this).find(':checkbox:checked').length === 0) {
            alert('At least 1 checkbox must be checked from this div!');
        }
    });
});

Fiddle Demo

A: Try this:
$('button').click(function(){
  $('.answer').each(function() {
    if (!$(this).find('input:checked').length ) {alert('At least 1 checkbox must be checked from this div!');
        return false;
}});});

Working Demo

A: The issue in your selector is that you select all answers .answers.
To select the problematic block, without looping all answers, there is a bit more complicated selector:
$('button').click(function(){
  // check if there is an '.answer' which does NOT have checked checkbox.
  var checkedboxes = $(".answer:not(:has(> input:checkbox:checked))").length;

    if (checkedboxes > 0){
        alert('At least 1 checkbox must be checked from this div!');
    }
});

Fiddle Demo