text:
An experiment in interrupting the congruity of audio-visual relationships
Iris Garrelfs
override is a series of two experimental works for mobile phone investigating creative ways in which the experience of audio-visual relationships may be interrupted to facilitate a more considered encounter with the senses. The aim of this project was to gain a more visceral understanding of how sound might function in combination with vision, and how sensing and sense-making might relate to each other. In other words, I was exploring an embodied understanding of Chion's (1994) notion of synchresis. Somewhat led by Niall Moody's (2009) thesis that the motion inherent in sight and sound acts as a connecting device between them, I set out to create an environment in which the congruity between the senses would be interrupted.
override developed into two audio-visual works to be experienced on a double-decker bus with the help of a mobile phone and noise-cancelling headphones. Both pieces aim to create discrepancy between seeing and hearing with the help of the movement felt whilst riding on a bus. In both cases the visual aspect of the film shows a journey made on a similar bus, whilst the sonic aspects and their relationship to the visual and kinetic information differ.
This article will begin by providing a project outline of override, as an experience of making at the intersections of hearing, seeing and kinetic sensations. It then discusses several topics relevant to its making: the relationships between synchresis and motion, virtual and real experiences, the role of listening in the development of the project and the journey from sensing to sense-making, explored from the perspective of creating override. One key point that emerged from this project was the realisation that conceptualisations – including preconceptions – readily insert themselves into sensorial experiences. Attempting to interrupt sensorial congruity therefore offers itself as an opportunity to question the many assumptions that are part of the sense-making process underlying our creative process.
Bachelard, G. (1958). The Poetics of Space. Boston: Beacon Press.
Barthes, Roland (1977). Image music text. (S. Heath, Trans.). London: Harper Collins
Benford, S., & Giannachi, G. (2011). Performing Mixed Reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bourriaud, N. (2002). Relational Aesthetics. (S. Pleasance, & F. Woods, Trans.). Dijon: Les Presses du Réel.
Brown, E. (2006). Folio and Four Systems. CD Liner Notes. Tzadik Records.
Chion, M. (1994). Audio-Vision: Sound on Screen. (C. Gorbman, Trans.). New York: Columbia University Press.
Coughlan, S. (2011). 'Fake' paintings trick viewers in brain scan test. BBC News. Retrieved from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-16032234
Drever, J. (2017). The Case for Auraldiversity. Acoustic Regulations and Practice: The Hand Dryer Noise Story. Proceedings of the 24th International Congress on Sound and Vibration 2017 (ICSV 24), 5, 3576-3581.
Eisenstein, S. (2010). Towards a Theory of Montage. Sergei Eisenstein Selected Works, Volume 2. London: I.B. Tauris & Co.
Farinati, L., & Firth, C. (2018). The Force of Listening. Doormats No 6. Berlin: Errant Bodies.
Fodor, Jerry A. (1983). Modularity of Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Garrelfs, I. (2015). From inputs to outputs: an investigation of process in sound art practice (doctoral dissertation). University of the Arts London, UK. Retrieved from: http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/8342
Garrelfs, I. (2016a). From Conceptual Blending to Procedural Blending: Applying a Model of Cognition to Process in Sound Art Practice. In: Denham, S., & Punt, M. (Eds.), Off the Lip: Transdisciplinary Approaches to Cognitive Innovation. Conference Proceedings 2015. Plymouth: TT OA Papers, 71-88. Retrieved from: http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/4271
Garrelfs, I. (2016b). Traces in/of/with sound: an artist's experience of audio-visual space. Paper presented at Sonic Environments/NIME (New Interfaces for Musical Expression), Brisbane, Australia.
Grimshaw, M. (2015). A brief argument for, and summary of, the concept of Sonic Virtuality. DanskMusikforskning Online (Special Edition), 81-98. Retrieved from: https://vbn.aau.dk/en/publications/a-brief-argument-for-and-summary-of-the concept-of-sonic-virtuali
Huron, D. (2006). Sweet Anticipation: Music and the Psychology of Expectation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.
Ihde, D. (2007). Listening and Voice: Phenomenologies of Sound. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Ingold, T. (2007). Against Soundscape. In: Carlyle, A. (Ed.), Autumn Leaves: Sound and the Environment in Artistic Practice (pp. 10-13). Paris: Double Entendre.
Kahn, D. (2006). Sound Art, Art, Music. The Iowa Review Web. Retrieved from: http://iowareview.uiowa.edu
Kapuscinski, J. (2001). Basic Theory of Intermedia Composing with Sounds and Images. (Originally published in 1998 in Monochord: De musica acta, studia et commentarii, Vol. XIX, 43-50. Adam Marszelek Publications, Torun). Retrieved from: http://www.jaroslawkapuscinski.com/pdf/composing-sound-images.pdf
Huang, M., Bridge, H., Kemp, M. J., & Parker, A. J. (2011). Human cortical activity evoked by the assignment of authenticity when viewing works of art. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 5(134). doi:10.3389/fnhum.2011.00134
Hui, A. (2013). The Psychophysical Ear: Musical Experiments, Experimental Sounds, 1840-1910. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Karpf, A. (2007). The Human Voice: The Story of a Remarkable Talent. London: Bloomsbury.
LaBelle, B. (2018). Sonic Agency: Sound and Emergent Forms of Resistance. London: Goldsmiths Press.
Landy, L. (2007). Understanding the art of sound organization. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Lawrence, S. J. D., Formisano, E., Muckli, L., & de Lange, F. P. (2017). Laminar fMRI: Applications for cognitive neuroscience. NeuroImage. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.07.004
Masumi, B. (2002). Parables for the Virtual Movement, Affect, Sensation. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Merleau-Ponty, M. (2002). Phenomenology of Perception (C. Smith, Trans.). London: Routledge.
Mlodinow, L. (2013). Subliminal: How Your Unconscious Mind Rules Your Behavior. New York: Vintage Books.
Moody, N. (2009). Ashitaka: An Audiovisual Instrument (doctoral dissertation). University of Glasgow, UK. Retrieved from: http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1217
Moody, N. (n/d). Ashitaka: An Audiovisual Instrument. Retrieved from: http://www.niallmoody.com/phdstuff/index.htm
Nagai, M. (2011). Listen Compose Listen: A study of perception, process and the spaces between in two works made from listening. Organised Sound, 16(3), 211-219. doi:10.1017/S1355771811000215
Schaeffer, P. (2012). Pierre Schaeffer: In Search of a Concrete Music (C. North & J. Dack, Trans.). Berkeley CA: University of California Press.
Smalley, D. (1996). The listening imagination: Listening in the electroacoustic era. Contemporary Music Review, 13(2), 77-107. doi:10.1080/07494469600640071
Stoever, J. L. (2017). The Sonic Color Line: Race and the Cultural Practices of Listening. New York: New York University Press.
Tiippana, K. (2014). What Is the McGurk Effect? Frontiers in Psychology. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00725
Vincs, K. (2007). Rhizome/myzone: a case study in studio-based dance research. In Barrett, E., & Bolt, B. (Eds.), Practice as research: approaches to creative arts enquiry (pp. 99-112). London: I. B. Tauris.
Voegelin, S. (2010). Listening to Noise and Silence: Towards a Philosophy of Sound Art. London: Bloomsbury.
Voegelin, S. (n/d). Sonic Possible Worlds: In Conversation with Salomé Voegelin. Retrieved from: http://www.fourbythreemagazine.com/issue/world/salom-voegelin-interview
Westerkamp, H. (2015). The Disruptive Nature of Listening. Keynote Address International Symposium on Electronic Art, Vancouver, B.C. Canada. Retrieved from: https://www.sfu.ca/~westerka/writings%20page/articles%20pages/disruptive.html
Garrelfs, I. (2019). override. SoundEffects - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Sound and Sound Experience, 8(1), 104-121. Retrieved from https://www.soundeffects.dk/article/view/115036


DETROIT, MI – The Detroit Red Wings and the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund will host their 4th Annual Law Enforcement Appreciation Night this Thursday, December 4th, 2014.
The Annual Law Enforcement Appreciation Night is to honor the service and sacrifice of Michigan's law enforcement officers, corrections officers, and their families. A portion of the proceeds ($10 from each ticket sold) will directly benefit the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund.
During a special pre-game ceremony, the Red Wings will celebrate the 225th anniversary of the United States Customs Service, the oldest agency of U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). The Michigan State University Police Department Honor Guard will present the colors during the national anthem.
The event will also honor three officers from Michigan who received the 2014 National Law Enforcement Officers of the Month Award for their heroic actions and dedication to their communities. The officers are Lieutenant Timothy Jungel of the Eaton County Sheriff's Office (February), Investigator Phillip Seguin of the Alpena County Sheriff's Office (April), and Deputy Brian Matthews of the Van Buren County Sheriff's Office (June). The officers will be honored at a special luncheon in May during the 2015 National Police Week in Washington, D.C.
The ticket packages include a commemorative Red Wings Law Enforcement Pint Glass. Groups of 35 or more will receive an autographed Henrik Zetterberg hockey stick. The first 10,000 fans will also receive a Pavel Datsyuk holiday ornament. This special offer is open to all law enforcement officers, corrections officers, support staff, their families, supporters, and general public.
To learn more, and to purchase ticket packages, visit www.detroitredwings.com/law.


text:
Replacements releasing 2-CD set to benefit ailing former band mate
The Replacements are expanding an original benefit release for former band mate Slim Dunlap into a new two-CD compilation, Spin reports.
"Rockin' Here Tonight: A Benefit Compilation for Slim Dunlap," will be released Nov. 11. Dunlap, who sang and played guitar for The Replacements, suffered a debilitating stroke in February 2012.
In an effort to help their ailing friend, The Replacements released a benefit EP titled "Songs for Slim" in June 2012. In addition, several artists including Jeff Tweedy, Vanessa Carlton and Jakob Dylan released a series a benefit singles.
"Rockin' Here Tonight" will include The Replacements' 2012 EP and previously released singles, in addition to 10 unreleased bonus tracks.
Spin received a statement from Slim Dunlap's wife, Chrissie Dunlap, about the project, which said in part: "His comfort has been interrupted by many trips to the hospital, but his will to live is strong. His mantra is 'Fight, fight, fight.' All of us who love him are fighting with, and for, him. His strength, along with the love and support of so many wonderful friends and fans, has kept him going."
The Star Tribune reports a benefit show for Slim Dunlap, titled "A Tribute to the Replacements" will be held Nov. 29 at First Avenue.
Tickets for the tribute concert are $10.
The tribute will be a 30th-anniversary live recreation of The Replacements' 1983 album, "Hootenanny."
The band, of course, reunited for the first time in 22 years in August at RiotFest in Toronto. They also played RiotFest gigs in Chicago and Denver in September.
Last month, The Replacements were nominated for the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The inductees for the 2014 class will be announced in December.
Minnesota Artistsentertainment & artsLifeFirst AvenueThe Replacementsmusic
'Slow-moving' thunderstorm prompts another flash-flooding warning
The warning is in place until 7:30 p.m.
NFL suspends Vikings' Roc Thomas after felony drug arrest
The running back was arrested in January.
Springsteen fan of ailing former Replacements guitarist
Former Twin Cities journalist publishes 'lost' Replacements photos
Replacements miss call for Rock Hall
New book features previously-unseen photos of The Replacements
Replacements to play Atlanta's Shaky Knees Festival in May
Adios, 'Mats? Westerberg reportedly says Replacements are done
Replacements to reunite again, this time for Coachella music festival
Replacements to tread on Tonight Show's welcome mat next week

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Top 5 Sexy Women of Game of Thrones
1. Sofie Turner (below)- Sansa Stark - I have to admit this ginger started off as an awkward looking teen. But years later she holds this Jerk Off's heart.
2. Natalie Dormer (below) - Margerie Tyrel - This Jerk Off has lusted after this babe since her days on The Tudors. She is gorgeous.
3. Emilia Clarke (below) - Danny Targareyn - When she puts on her silver wig and slaps on some dirt God rest this Jerk Off heart! And her confidence in her position makes my bone wag!
4. Lena Headey (below) - Cersi Lannister - Cersi is quite the slut on the show. She bangs everyone, including family members to get what she wants. As taboo and gross as that is, her being insanely sexy seems to make it okay.
5. Carice van Houten (below) -Melisande - She is a very dark and evil character. Also, to this Jerk Off she is hands down the sexiest. Hey Carice I'd burn a 13 year old kid to death also if you let me cuddle with you!
Game of Thrones - Season 5
In the day of DVR, every Sunday night HBO is must see TV for this Jerk Off. I have to see who gets killed and how before some other Jerk Off spoils it on social media. I am one of those annoying people who have read the books thus I pretty much know what's going to happen. But season 5 ended on a cliffhaanger the books don't even answer. I won't spoil anything. Keep in mind this isn't a show you can watch half assed. It requires your full attention. As a bonus it is full of naked hot chics.
Jerk Off scale - 5 out of 5 faps
In Meereen, the insurgent "Sons of the Harpy" have started to revolt against Daenerys Targaryen's regime by murdering citizens and Unsullied, also taking the life of Barristan Selmy. In order to regain peace and control, Daenerys complies with the request of re-opening the fighting pits. Tyrion Lannister arrives in Pentos along with Varys, and they begin their journey to Meereen together. They pass through Volantis, where Tyrion is abducted by Jorah Mormont, who takes him to Meereen as a way to redeem himself to Daenerys. Daenerys takes Tyrion as her advisor, but orders Jorah exiled once more. After the Sons of the Harpy mount an attack on Daenerys and her retinue at the fighting pits, Jorah saves her life. Drogon reappears and Daenerys flies away on his back. After landing for safety, Drogon rests on a hillside. Daenerys goes looking for food, only to be surrounded by Dothraki horsemen. Jorah and Daario Naharis leave to search for Daenerys, while Tyrion, Varys, Missandei, and Grey Worm remain to rule Meereen.
At the Wall, Stannis Baratheon has Mance Rayder burned alive for treason. Stannis promises Jon Snow legitimacy and rule of Winterfell should he ride with him against the Boltons, but Jon declines his offer and stays at the Wall. As newly elected Lord Commander of the Night's Watch, Jon forms an alliance with the Wildlings, much to the dismay of the rest of the Night's Watch. They begin evacuating Wildlings at Hardhome, when the settlement suddenly comes under attack from White Walkers and their wight armies. Though many die and are revived as wights, the brothers still manage to rescue a large number of Wildlings and Jon leads them through the gate to Castle Black, south of the Wall. After Samwell Tarly and Gilly leave for Oldtown and Maester Aemon passes away, the majority of the Night's Watch become disillusioned with Jon's leadership and see him as a traitor. They lure Jon into a trap and stab him to death.
In the Vale, Littlefinger puts Robin Arryn in the care of House Royce and leaves for Winterfell with Sansa Stark. Brienne, still loyal to the oath she swore to Catelyn Stark, and her squire Podrick follow them. In Winterfell, Sansa is reunited with Reek and marries Ramsay Bolton to form an alliance between the Vale and the Boltons. Ramsay subjects Sansa to physical and psychological abuse, including raping her on their wedding night while forcing Reek to watch. After Reek reveals to Sansa that he did not kill her brothers Bran and Rickon, the two escape together, jumping off the castle walls.
At his camp in the North, Stannis reluctantly acquiesces to Melisandre's demands to burn Shireen alive as a sacrifice to the God of Light. As a result, his wife Selyse is found hanging from a noose and half of his forces desert him. The remaining Baratheon forces ride for Winterfell, but are soon defeated by the Boltons. In the aftermath of the battle, Stannis is apparently killed by Brienne of Tarth. Melisandre flees for Castle Black.
In King's Landing, Lancel Lannister returns, now a member of the devoutly religious "Sparrows". Following the wedding of Margaery Tyrell and Tommen Baratheon, Cersei Lannister begins losing control of Tommen, and with him her power source. She tries to regain her status by authorizing the revival of the Faith Militant, the military wing of the Faith of the Seven. The Sparrows quickly begin imposing their puritanical views upon King's Landing by ridding it of all "sins", in the process also seizing Loras Tyrell for being homosexual. They proceed to imprison him, as well as Margaery and Cersei herself for committing various sins. Cersei is released after confessing to adultery with Lancel and being forced to march naked through King's Landing.
In Dorne, the Sand Snakes, the bastard daughters of Oberyn Martell, seek vengeance against the Lannisters for the death of their father. After a threatening message arrives, Bronn and Jaime Lannister travel to Dorne, planning to rescue Myrcella Baratheon. Oberyn's brother Doran Martell discovers that Ellaria Sand had sent the message and allows Jaime and Myrcella to leave for King's Landing, provided Myrcella's betrothed Trystane Martell go with them and be given a seat on the Small Council. En route to King's Landing, Myrcella collapses after having been poisoned by Ellaria.
Arya Stark arrives in Braavos and starts training with the Faceless Men, guided by Jaqen H'ghar and another young woman. She disguises herself as an oyster seller and is told to kill a dishonest insurance agent at the harbor. But after Meryn Trant's arrival, Arya assassinates him instead. She is blinded in punishment.


text:
Anjani gets fantastic review
Postby Geoffrey » Wed Mar 28, 2007 12:41 am
Dagbladet (Norway) Tuesday 27th March 2007
[Translated by Sum Wun Nyce]
Blue Alert by Anjani
CD reviewed by Fredrik Wandrup
Most people have heard the American vocalist Anjani Thomas sing, but not necessarily via her two earlier solo albums 'Anjani' (2000) and 'The Sacred Names' (2001). She was actually on the original recording of Leonard Cohen's 'Hallelujah'. She also played keyboards on Cohen's 1985 tour, and sang on his albums 'I'm Your Man', 'The Future' and 'Dear Heather'. So close is she to the Canadian singer and poet that she has been allowed to hunt through his notebooks for lyrics. The result is this powerfully atmospheric collection. Anjani and Cohen are credited with every one of these simple and yet stylishly beautiful songs. Anjani's piano-playing accompanies her voice on these 'stripped-down' arrangements that are co-produced by Cohen and Ed Sanders. Her voice is everything; near, deep, absolute and warm. Doubtlessly in keeping with Cohen's spirit.
Postby lizzytysh » Wed Mar 28, 2007 1:04 am
Her voice is everything; near, deep, absolute and warm.
Excellent description .
Doubtlessly in keeping with Cohen's spirit.
Excellent conclusion .
Thanks for posting this translated review, Geoffrey .
I so hope that you'll be experiencing this for yourself.
Location: Where clouds go to die
Postby Manna » Wed Mar 28, 2007 4:24 am
Yeah, I wish I could take a bath in Anjani's singing too.
Go to New York and you will, Manna .
Postby Manna » Thu Mar 29, 2007 5:25 pm
I would love to, but life is in the way, plus I just dropped a chunk-o-change on my bike and can't really convince myself that I can afford it. She'll be through again, most probably.
Postby lizzytysh » Thu Mar 29, 2007 5:54 pm
Oh, well, Manna . I understand the financial aspects. The difference that I see with this concert is that, even though Anjani will likely be through again, Leonard may not accompany her. He seems to be bringing focus now to the fact that this is her concert tour. He's 'introducing' her via his own material and participation and production/recording... however, this doesn't require a literal introduction, as well.
I seriously hope to see Leonard tour with his new album and, if that happens, Anjani will very likely be there, as well... as it seems duets may be a given on the album, and she will likely sing from Blue Alert, as well... at least a couple of songs.
For seeing the two of them together; for absolute certain, however, these performances at Joe's Pub seems to be the venue. So, I just keep encouraging those who want to see Anjani and have always wanted to see Leonard... to do it now. "A bird in the hand . . . " theory... still, we have to make our own decisions according to our own lives .


text:
Hirofumi Uzawa (, Uzawa Hirofumi, * 21. Juli 1928 in der Präfektur Tottori; † 18. September 2014 in Tokio) war ein japanischer Wirtschaftswissenschaftler und Hochschullehrer.

Werdegang, Forschung und Lehre
Uzawa studierte zunächst Mathematik an der Universität Tokio, ehe er nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges mit marxistischer Wirtschaftstheorie in Berührung kam und seine Ambitionen hinsichtlich der Mathematik zugunsten der Auseinandersetzung mit der Ökonomie aufgab. Über einen Mitspieler in der Rugbymannschaft der Universität kam er Anfang der 1950er Jahre in die Forschungsgruppe des Ökonomen Hiroshi Furuya. Dieser hatte mit der Stanford University regelmäßige Gastprofessuren aus den Vereinigten Staaten vereinbart und durch Hendrik Houthakker erhielt Uzawa Einblicke in die Arbeiten von Kenneth Arrow und Leonid Hurwicz. Nachdem er Arrow einen Artikel geschickt hatte, der Ansätze zu einer Erweiterung ihrer Theorie zum Operations Research aufwies, erhielt er eine Einladung in die USA.

Von 1956 an war Uzawa an der Stanford University tätig. Am Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Science war er zunächst wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter, ehe er im Laufe seiner Ausbildung zum Assistant Professor und Associate Professor aufstieg. Beeinflusst von seiner ursprünglichen marxistischen Lektüre und den wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Erkenntnissen Thorstein Veblens und Milton Keynes entwickelte er in dieser Zeit ein Zwei-Sektoren-Modell zur Beschreibung des Wirtschaftswachstums. Später holte ihn Lloyd Metzler als ordentlichen Professor an die University of Chicago. 1966 wurde er in die American Academy of Arts and Sciences gewählt. 1969 kehrte er als Professor an die Universität Tokio zurück, war aber in den folgenden Jahren als Gastdozent weltweit tätig. Seit 1995 ist er Mitglied der National Academy of Sciences.

Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit Uzawas lag im Bereich der Volkswirtschaftslehre. Mit seinen Arbeiten trug er zu einer formal-mathematischen Beschreibung wirtschaftlicher Zusammenhänge bei. Er publizierte insbesondere über die neoklassischen Theorie und erweiterte dabei besonders die Arbeiten von Robert M. Solow und dessen Solow-Modell, für das Solow später mit dem Alfred-Nobel-Gedächtnispreis für Wirtschaftswissenschaften ausgezeichnet wurde. Später dehnte er sein Forschungsgebiet auf Humankapital und soziales Kapital aus, wobei er seinen Schwerpunkt auf die Bereitstellung von Bildung und ärztlicher Versorgung legte.

Uzawa gehörte zu den wissenschaftlichen Beratern des Papstes Johannes Paul II. in der Vorbereitung zu dessen Enzyklika Centesimus Annus, die 1991 als Reminiszenz zum hundertjährigen Jubiläum der Enzyklika Rerum Novarum die Bedeutung der Sozialpolitik unterstrich und eine Neuausrichtung der katholischen Soziallehre angesichts der aktuellen Ereignisse nach dem Zusammenbruch der totalitären planwirtschaftlichen Systeme in Mittel- und Osteuropa erklärte.

1983 wurde Uzawa als Person mit besonderen kulturellen Verdiensten geehrt, 1997 wurde er mit dem Kulturorden ausgezeichnet.

Werke
Die folgende Auflistung gibt von ihm in englischer Sprache veröffentlichte Bücher wieder, zudem hat er zahlreiche japanische Bücher sowie Zeitschriftenartikel und Arbeitspapiere verfasst.

 Studies in Linear and Non-linear Programming mit Ken Arrow und Leonid Hurwicz (1958)
 Readings in the Modern Theory of Economic Growth (1968)
 Preference, Production, and Capital: Selected Papers of Hirofumi Uzawa (1988)
 Optimality, Equilibrium, and Growth: Selected Papers of Hirofumi Uzawa (1988)
 Economic Theory and Global Warming (2003)
 Economic Analysis of Social Common Capital (2005)

Literatur
 S. Noma (Hrsg.): Uzawa Hirofumi. In: Japan. An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kodansha, 1993, ISBN 4-06-205938-X, S. 1671.

Weblinks
 "An Interview with Hirofumi Uzawa", Macroeconomic Dynamics 13 (2009), 390–420.
 Hirofumi Uzawa in der Datenbank der History-of-Economic-Thought-Webseite

Einzelnachweise

Ökonom (21. Jahrhundert)
Ökonom (20. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Tokio)
Hochschullehrer (University of Chicago)
Hochschullehrer (Stanford University)
Mitglied der American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Mitglied der Japanischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Mitglied der National Academy of Sciences
Person mit besonderen kulturellen Verdiensten
Träger des japanischen Kulturordens
Japaner
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 2014
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Better energy saving performance, this 10W LED is equivalent to the 100W traditional incandescent with up to 80% less energy consumption.
Estimate 250000 hours product lifespan, reduce re-lamping and maintenance frequency.
Use the free "Smart Life" app installed in your smart phone or tablets to change the color you want based on the RGB circle showed in the APP. And the color brightness can be changed from the dark to bright.
UL-listed for top quality and safe operation, does not contain any mercury, UV, infrared or other deleterious radiation. It will do no harm or fade to your fabrics and furnishings, suitable for use in damp locations.
We are so proud about our product quality so we promise 3-Years Warranty. Contact seller if you meet product peroblems, we promise you get perfect service and 100% Satisfaction.
Convenient to Lighting— Certified 100% Perfectly Works with Amazon Alexa and Google Home and can be voice controlled. Groups Settings also available to control two or more bulbs.
Make Home Lighting Colorful—Can be used as a common LED light and for special purpose with its multi-color function. More than 16 million colors are available to suit your mood anyhow.
Built-in Scene & Timer Option Available— Total 8 built-in scenes is available for your to choose based on your specific needs anywhere and anytime with simply one click . You can also create customized schedules to turn the bulb with timer function.
Easy to Install–There are 3 steps to start your smart life. Scan the QR code to download the APP "Smart Life", install the lamp and use the APP to control the Wi-Fi bulb(No Hue Required).
Energy Saving and Quality certified– UL, CE, ROHS & FCC Certificated. Reduce power usage up to 80%. Rated life span over 250000 hours, which reduces frequency of re-lamp. No Lead or Mercury and No UV or IR. We are so proud about our product quality so we promise 3-Years Warranty. Contact us seller if you meet product peroblems, we promise you get perfect service and 100% Satisfaction.


Synopsis: " A simple, yet interesting romantic movie, 'Chitchor' revolves around Vinod - Amol Palekar who falls in love with Geeta - Zarina Wahab after her family mistakes him for someone else. When the misunderstanding about Vinod's identity is cleared, it seems that he may have to lose Geeta for no fault of his. This Basu Chatterji film boasts of a sterling performance by Master Rajoo and an excellent music score by Ravindra Jain, which contains soulful songs like 'Gori Tera Gaon', 'Jab Deep Jale Aana', 'Tu Jo Mere Sur Mein' and 'Aaj Se Pehle'. "


Hole DDH07-122 drilled recently during exploration drilling between Cinco de Mayo and El Creston, has returned a significant intercept cutting 5.00 meters of 13.56 g/t Au, 88.6 g/t Ag, 0.61% Cu, 0.97% Pb, 6.99% Zn. This is the highest grade intersection from an area that the company is now naming the Catorce Zone. The Catorce Zone is located half way between the southern end of the El Creston and the north end of the Cinco de Mayo Zone along the large, continuous Cinco De Mayo-Perdido-Santiago Structure. Due to the increasing importance of this area the company has given this new zone a name to separate it from the Cinco de Mayo Zone to the south. Other holes from the Catorce Zone were published in the August 15, 2007 press release including DDH07-101 which returned 14.65 meters of 1.64 g/t Au, 268.28 g/t Ag, 0.02% Cu, 0.28% Pb and 0.28% Zn and hole DDH07-105 which returned 9.15 meters of 0.82 g/t Au, 50.6 g/t Ag, 0.05% Cu, 0.52% Pb and 2.20% Zn.
Additional new results from El Creston include Hole DDH07-114 which returned 7.10 meters of 3.79 g/t Au, 27.6 g/t Ag, 0.41% Cu, 0.89% Pb and 0.66% Zn and hole DDH07-116 which returned 16.31 meters of 1.78 g/t Au, 69.7 g/t Ag, 0.01% Cu, 0.81% Pb and 0.91% Zn AND a second intercept of 16.29 meters grading 1.88 g/t Au, 5.9 g/t Ag, 0.03% Cu, 1.25% Pb and 1.79% Zn. These and all other drill results since the last press release are presented in the table below.
Soho continues to drill with two diamond drills at El Creston including the company's fly capable rig. The company is finalizing the data base for transfer to Mine Development Associates in Reno, Nevada who will be responsible for the independent resource calculation planned to be completed later this year.
The current holes being drilled are DDH07-127 and DDH07-131. Drill core samples for 8 holes, DDH07-123 through DDH07-130, have been submitted to the lab for analysis.
Sample location plans (http://www.sohoresources.ca/news/2007/images/LocationMapAug15.pdf) are available for viewing on the Company's web site along with sampling and shipping procedures. Drill core and rock samples are shipped from site to ALS Chemex' preparation facility in Guadalajara, Mexico with pulps being shipped by ALS Chemex to their analytical laboratory in Lima, Peru where final analysis is conducted. Gold is analyzed by Fire Assay. Silver, Copper, Lead and Zinc are analyzed by HF, HNO3, HClO4 digestion and Atomic Absorption.
The Tahuehueto project is situated in north-western Durango State, within the historic Sierra Madre mining district, which hosts a number of producing gold, silver and base metal mines, and many active exploration and development projects.
The exploration program is being conducted under the direction of Hall Stewart, PGeo, a qualified geologist as defined under National Instrument 43-101. Mr. Ralph Shearing, President, P.Geol, also a qualified geologist, authored this news release.
WARNING: The Company relies upon litigation protection for "forward-looking" statements. This News Release may contain forward-looking statements including but not limited to comments regarding the timing and content of up-coming work programs, geological interpretations, receipt of property titles, potential mineral recovery processes, etc. Forward-looking statements address future events and conditions and therefore involve inherent risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from those currently anticipated in such statements. Soho Resources Corp. relies upon litigation protection for forward-looking statements.
About this company Soho Resources Corp.


Forget the Concerto Grosso, this is the real deal.
Rovescio Delle Medaglia (RDM) were formed in late 1970 in Rome and became a very popular live act in the early '70s Italian scene. After two albums more in the rock realm than prog they added keyboardist Franco Di Sabbatino in 1973. This move, along with the collaboration of Argentinean composer Luis Bacalov was the double spark they needed to fuel one of Italian prog's most beloved titles, "Contamination," I believe a reference to the melding of classical music with rock. Bacalov should ring a bell for Italian fans as he helped New Trolls with their "Concerto Grosso" prior. But with RDM he would create an album that would blow that previous work out of the water. In fact, beyond just Italian prog, Contamination is sometimes cited as one of the best, perhaps *the* best example of classical music with progressive rock. The stunning baroque arrangements are seamlessly tied to the RDM sound and are amazingly natural and unforced. Even an English version was floated in an attempt to break the band wider. The well received work in the magic year of Italian prog ('73) should have lent a brighter future but their impressive live stage sound system was ripped off that year and apparently this development took the wind from their sails. The core group folded soon thereafter as yet another of Italy's promising acts faded too soon.
"Contaminazione" is apparently a story of a man's obsession with the music of Bach. It begins with light strings panning back and forth in your speaks with spectacular choral voices. "Ora Non Ricordo Piu" starts with trippy synth effects and warm, pleasant vocals. There are more of those choral waves of sound before the band comes out of the gate with a heavy guitar riff. As they bound along there are wild synth digs spicing it up. The bass is awesome, lively and easily heard. "Il Suono del Silenzio" reprises the heavy main riff as the vocals flow. I know things are getting nuts when I have to pause the CD to keep up typing. The first real strings hit at this point and they sound just incredible. Totally alive, vibrant, well-recorded. As soon as they appear there is a blast of synth, then piano, then harpsichord all at once signaling this will not be a laid back affair. The band comes back with organ to the fore in their rock section. The track winds down with the main riff and vocal reprise. "Mi Sono." starts with gorgeous violin as soft as a feathered bed over easy vocals. Suddenly the mood gets darker with tom-toms and building operatic choir, then it eases for more strings. Then all subsides for a Malmsteenish classical-tinged electric solo, very cool but too short. The tracks drifts to fading keyboards at close. "Lei Sei Tu" starts with a fast harpsichord (I think) run to lightly backing guitar bends and attentive drumming. Majestic strings break in pulling the mood straight up! Then the harpsichord/drums return with vocals. "La Mia Musica" begins with gorgeous classical piano and then floats lovely, delicate vocals over you. Halfway through organ and strings commence and you feel like you're in the middle of some great cathedral in Europe 200 years ago. A great vocal tops off this standout song. "Johann" is a short trippy montage with vocal and distant guitar. "Scotland Machine" begins with a band and some synth freakouts followed by organ, harpsichord and mellotron. The band jumps in with spirited well conceived rock parts. It's all so much more sophisticated and satisfying than the Concerto Grosso. "Cella 503" is a foray of delicious classical acoustic guitar soon joined by electric and then horns and strings in response. Just fabulous! (Ladies and Gentlemen, put on your gush-protection suit at this time.thank you.) The rock picks back leading to some great gothic BLASTS of organ that will rattle the walls. The title track is a short sojourn of flutes and woodwinds whippering away. "Alzo un Muro Elettrico" goes a bit Purple/Tull with the main riff but stops half-way through for a brief break. "Sweet Suite" is next, ouch, the name is a bit corny! A very quiet, moody keyboard for the first half. The second half is a reprise of the heavy rock in the previous track with a nice strings ending. Finally we reach "La Grande Fuga" with the strings from the previous track descending into muscular electric guitar leads and organ flashes. From that point the band charges forward towards a fitting grandiose ending to this super album.
An essential title for fans of classical music and Italian prog fans. I award 4 solid stars because of the incredible marriage of the two main styles rock and classical. I've never heard it done so well. Perhaps I should have lit up the fifth star but it kills me when I have to do that. Often the attempt to mix classical and rock can be disastrously cheesy or annoying, here is it joyous and musically satisfying. This is one of many titans that makes the Italian scene competitive with the UK/German/French scenes in a creative sense, if not in the commercial sense.


text:
Recognize 4-H youth through State Awards
Many youth like to get an award for completing something and kids love to feel special. Even at a young age, youth are very excited to receive an award or ribbon. Learn more about recognizing a young person through 4-H.
Michelle Neff, - January 28, 2014
The Michigan 4-H Youth Program feels it is very important for 4-H youth to receive recognition for the hard work and accomplishments they have made through 4-H. To honor youth, Michigan 4-H has developed two programs: the Mark of Excellence and State Awards Program.
The Make of Excellence program provides an opportunity for youth, age 11 to 12 years-old, to write a short essay about what they have learned in 4-H. The theme of their essay is "Because of 4-H I can..." Essays are then chosen at the county level before being sent to the state level. Selected youth will be recognized and have their essay permanently displayed.
The second program, the 4-H State Awards, is designed for youth 13 to 19 years-old. This program is broken up into two divisions: the Junior division for 13 to 15 year olds; and the Senior division for 16 to 19 year-olds. Both Junior and Senior division youth fill out an application that includes questions about their experiences and what life skills they might have gained through their 4-H career. The Seniors compete in a professional interview with industry representatives, while Junior youth participate in an elite leadership program. Cash awards are given to the top winner in each category and all youth participate in a professional reception to receive recognition.
Michigan State University (MSU) Extension feels that while youth are in 4-H, they are developing valuable life skills. This type of recognition will highlight those skills as well as help them to develop more. Making kids feel special also helps to build their self-esteem and develop the confidence to tackle projects in the future.
If you are interested in learning more about the Michigan 4-H State Award Program and how to get involved with 4-H, visit the Michigan 4-H website. You should also feel free to stop into your local MSU Extension Office to get more information.
4-h4-h youth mentoringacademic successanimal sciencecareers & entrepreneurshipcitizenship & servicecommunity service & service learningenvironmental & outdoor educationglobal & cultural educationhealthy youthleadershiplife skillsmsu extensionscience & engineeringvolunteering & mentoringyouth entrepreneurship
Ready to grow with 4-H? Sign up today!
Michigan 4-H recognizes true leaders with 4-H State Awards
How will you celebrate National 4-H Week?
Extension takes part in outreach events for families
Show your 4-H face on social media during National 4-H Week
Impacts made in Gladwin County through Michigan State University Extension
Impacts made in Clare County through Michigan State University Extension
4-H Animal Science
4-H Environmental & Outdoor Education
4-H Community Service & Service Learning
4-H Science & Engineering
4-H Global & Cultural Education
4-H Leadership, Citizenship & Service
4-H Volunteering & Mentoring
4-H Youth Mentoring
4-H Life Skills
4-H Healthy Youth


LA Archdiocese Fingerprinting Schedules Scroll to the bottom of the page with the monthly calendars.
VIRTUS Online - List of Sessions From this page click on "VIEW A LIST OF SESSIONS"
From the drop down menu look for "LOS ANGELES - SAN GABRIEL REGION"
A list of sessions will appear. Be sure to read all instructions on how to register online, or contact the Church directly.


text:
Parks and gardensTim Dixon2019-11-19T15:49:26+00:00
Award winning parks, gardens and the coast
The Fylde area is a regular winner of a wide range of awards for its beautifully presented parks and gardens and great pride is taken on the presentation of these public spaces. You'll see gardeners out come rain or shine and there's many volunteer groups that work tirelessly to upkeep these special areas – whether the beach, dunes, parks or gardens. Plus, do look out for the coastal ranger team who are out and about patrolling the area and delivering wildlife activity and educational projects.
You'll find many parks, open spaces, residential gardens right throughout the Fylde borough that are regular winners of the North West In Bloom awards. This means that the towns and villages of Fylde are beautifully presented and there's much dedication, passion and team work from the In Bloom volunteer groups that comes together to achieve fantastic results.
Elswick are recent gold award winners for North West In Bloom and have been entered for Britain In Bloom 2020 – GOOD LUCK Elswick!
For more information about In Bloom, click here.
The Green Flag Award is the benchmark national standard for parks and green spaces in the United Kingdom. The Green Flag scheme was set up to recognise and reward green spaces in England and Wales that met the laid-down high standards. The range of parks and gardens in Fylde with a Green Flag flying confirms that you are never too far from a great outdoor space anywhere in the borough, with many having had significant improvements over the years. These are as follows:
Lowther Gardens, Lytham
Fairhaven Lake, Fairhaven
Promenade Gardens, St Annes
Ashton Gardens, St Annes
Memorial Gardens, Lytham
Elswick Village Hall and Gardens
Beautiful parks and gardens
There are some absolutely stunning parks and open spaces around Fylde and well worth a visit. These include:
Ashton Gardens, St Annes. Located close to the centre of the town, the Grade II listed Ashton Gardens has a popular Pavilion for coffee or bite to eat, crown green bowling, toddler and junior playground, rose garden, war memorial rock and water garden, sunken garden and rose garden.
Lowther Gardens, Lytham. These gardens include tennis court, playground, crazy golf, the popular Lowther Theatre and café, mature gardens and the well known Shrimper statue in the central water feature.
Promenade Gardens. Take a stroll through the Grade II listed Promenade Gardens from St Annes Pier along to the Beach Terrace Café (opposite the Chadwick Hotel). There's a beautiful Victorian bandstand and shelters, Mexico disaster monument, boating pool, pulhamite rock work, lake, waterfall, play area and adjacent mini links golf course.
Peace and Happiness Garden, St Annes on the Sea. Located close to the pier in St Annes, you'll find a statue of former local resident, the much loved comedy legend Les Dawson. Also you'll see some artwork relating to famous entertainers who have a close connection with the area, including local resident Bobby Ball.
Fairhaven Lake. Nestled between Lytham and St Annes, you'll find Fairhaven Lake with its Spitfire memorial, café, tennis, toddler play area, bowling greens, boats for hire, RSPB Discovery Centre and it is a haven for birdlife, popular with migrating species. There's plenty of parking. For information about the Friends of Fairhaven Lake group, click here
Lytham War Memorial Gardens. Located in the centre of Lytham adjacent to Hastings Place, you'll find the War Memorial Gardens, beautifully planted and there's benches for a quiet moment of reflection too.
Park View 4U, Lytham. There's sports pitches, an Eco Pod, sand and water play area, coffee shop, popular adventure playground, popular BMX track. The very popular park is run by a trust established in 2003 and there's many events throughout the year.
Coast and Conservation Team
You may see our rangers and coastal patrol staff if you spend some time out and about on the beach or in some of the green spaces around Fylde borough. Undertaking regular patrols and protecting wildlife, they are delivering environmental education, a comprehensive programme of guided walks and children's activities as well as getting people involved in volunteer schemes. They are working hard to look after our wonderful natural environment, so do say hello to them and take the opportunity to find out about their excellent work and the beautiful coast and countryside that we are so very lucky to enjoy.
Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee Gardens
In the 1890's shops were erected on the Crescent in St Anne's and the St Annes On The Sea Town Council embarked on a scheme that would provide a permanent and fitting memorial to Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. St Anne's resident Monica Pople has put together some interesting background of the history of these gardens in conjunction with local authors, libraries, heritage groups and historians. For more information click here
There are opportunities to purchase a memoral bench at various locations around Fylde. There's four different types of bench available and you should contact Fylde Council to ascertain what locations may be available and what timescales would apply. There is a cost for the benches which varies according to the type of bench and more information can be found here.
There are numerous allotment locations around Fylde and are a great way to grow your own and meet new people too. Allotment locations are:
Moss Hall Lane – managed by Fylde Borough Council
Mythop Road – managed by the Mythop Road Allotment Association
Shepherd Road and Blundell Road – managed by St Annes Town Council
Croft Butts Lane and Naze Lane – managed by Freckleton Parish Council
Kirkham – managed by Kirkham Town Council
Wesham – managed by Medlar with Wesham Parish Council
Please see this link for contact details for the various allotments listed above


text:
namespace nd4j {
    Pair::Pair(int first, int second) {
        _first = first;
        _second = second;
    }

    int Pair::first() const {
        return _first;
    }

    int Pair::second() const {
        return _second;
    };
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The circuit diagarm for the pad unit is very simple. Six input lines receive the signals from the main controller. I don't think I need to explain this part of the circuit in detail, although I will mention a few things. Firstly make sure that the relay you choose can handle the current from your battery launching the ignitor. Don't think that just because you only have a 1Ah battery that is the most current that will ever flow. A 1A battery will be able to source a current much higher than one amp, although only for a short period of time. Secondly please take note that launch + and launch - is the power from a seperate lead acid or other type of battery to launch the rocket. You can't use the same battery as the one powering the main controller unit, as when the ignitor is fired the battery is shorted. This would then turn off the controller unit and then subsequently turn off the pad unit you are trying to launch with. Also, each pad unit should have a different address. To change this just connect it to a different output of the decade counter. For example, for pad unit 3 any wires connected to output 0 on the decade counter in the pad unit circuit would be connected to output 2 instead.
I only recommend building this circuit if you have experience with electronics, as it is fairly complexed for beginners. This circuit is correct to the best of my knowledge, although it is always best to breadboard any circuit before making it. The use of different components such as optoisolators may result in the circuit operating differently, and you may find a few changes need to be made to get the circuit working perfectly.


Whether or no longer you're taking part in slot machines, video poker, video keno, or any a great deal of machine game never play bigger than one machine at a time when it's crowded. Constantly give others a likelihood to play. When it is incredibly crowded, casinos also can publish indicators for the period of the slot ground requesting that avid gamers play fully one machine at a time.
In account for for you a spoil, you too can step away for a instant timeframe. Within the ancient days an empty coin bucket over the kind out reserved your slot machine. This day the coin buckets and most handles are long gone. Leave a non-public item equivalent to a jacket or sweater on the seat. Gamers will decide up the message that it is taken. NEVER recede the leisure treasured and ALWAYS money out and uncover your credit effect sooner than leaving.
Customarily avid gamers will accidentally recede their Gamers Membership cards within the machine. Whereas you study one identify it and eave it viewed on the machine where the old participant can simply uncover it. You may perhaps presumably perhaps presumably also flip it in to the Gamers Membership booth.
Tipping is continually as much as the participant (s) but whenever you occur to may perhaps presumably perhaps be fortunate sufficient to hit a jackpot that requires a hand payout by an attendant it's feeble to give them a minute tip. About 1% is the norm. As an illustration, a $ 10 tip for a $ 1,000 jackpot is okay. You may perhaps presumably perhaps be paid within the next denominations: Nine $ 100 bills, four $ 20's, one $ 10 ant two $ 5's (hint hint).
All desk games have a minute poster list the minimum and maximum bets allowed. Customarily the increments are $ 5, $ 10, $ 15, $ 25, and $ 100. Greater minimums are normally stumbled on in high restrict rooms. To manual clear of embarrassment, constantly examine sooner than taking a seat.
Whereas you scrutinize an empty seat at a desk, focus on over with the dealer first to uncover if the grunt is originate. A participant may perhaps presumably perhaps be on a lavatory spoil or but any other participant may perhaps presumably perhaps be taking part in bigger than one hand at a time. Here's total in Blackjack and a great deal of desk games. In incompatibility to slots, a Pit Boss is no longer so desirous to restrict play to single hands fully, especially if the multi-bettors are wagering high amounts.
When you may perhaps presumably perhaps be seated wait till a round is completed sooner than making a prefer in. Under no circumstances hand your money to the dealer. Fair problem it entrance of you with your avid gamers card and specify the denomination of chips (checks) you'd like. Handiest save the volume of cash you settle on to play with on the desk. Dealers can no longer make exchange.
Throughout play never give advice to a great deal of avid gamers. If a participant asks you guidelines on how to make a sure model of wager, it's permissible to level how. Customarily at some level of Blackjack newbie avid gamers hit after they need to stand and vice versa. Here's irritating to a seasoned participant but it's easiest to preserve mum.
Following these easy suggestions of etiquette need to make your consult with to the casino extra savory.


text:
'Look at my African American over here': Black Conservatism's Purpose in the Party of Trump
Once a moderating force within the GOP, black conservatives are now relegated to defending racial resentment galvanized by the Trump campaign.
At a time when autopsies run aplenty on the Democratic Party's losses in the 2016 general election, the problems facing Republicans in an increasingly more diverse and more socially liberal country have fallen to the wayside of political scrutiny. Donald Trump's shocking win last November proved that Republicans can still get out the vote, but they did so mostly by doubling down on, rather than expanding beyond, their base of non-college educated whites.
For the most part, doubling down on white voters explains how the Party of Lincoln has now become the Party of Trump. As FiveThirtyEight's Clare Malone wrote last summer at the start of the Republican National Convention, support for Donald Trump appears to be motivated not by opposition to high taxes and government spending but instead by resentment to cultural changes and economic policies that white voters fear will benefit minorities at their expense.
The shift away from fiscal orthodoxy toward white identity politics has left black conservatives in an ugly place, from once being a moderating force within the Republican Party to being alibis for white voters who express fear and anger towards minorities. Instead of promoting direct engagement with black voters and their political demands, today's black conservatives are mostly deployed by the White House and right-wing media circuit to confirm decades-old pathologies of black communities.
To be sure, on the campaign trail Donald Trump was more frank in his appeals to black voters than many other Republican presidential candidates. But Trump tended to frame blackness in unmitigated sorrow and would depict himself as the white savior black people needed after having been bamboozled by Democratic Party elites for years. And he would frequently cite drugs, crime, and gang violence in cities like Chicago to offset criticisms made by black activists of racial bias and increased militarization of U.S. police forces. So, while Trump did not shy away from making appeals to black voters, he has not engaged them or their political demands with the level of empathy and political urgency he has shown working class whites.
Perhaps the strongest indication that the Republican Party under Trump has abandoned efforts to win over black voters is the president's unwavering support of law enforcement in the face of multiple police shootings of unarmed black men. His continued calls for more police officers to patrol black neighborhoods and his pick of former Alabama Senator Jeff Sessions for Attorney General — who recently announced the Justice Department would pull back on its oversight of local police forces for civil rights violations—signaled a rebuke of the progress black activists had begun to make with getting bipartisan support for police and criminal justice reform.
Had Republicans really wanted to make inroads with black voters during last year's elections, they would have capitalized on Hillary Clinton's struggles with black millennials over her and her husband's record on racial justice issues — and black conservatives would have led the charge. Back in 2014, following the shooting death of 18 year old Michael Brown by a white police officer in Ferguson, Missouri, former RNC chairman Michael Steele penned an op-ed piece on The Grio: "[W]herever we are, this moment does cry out for us to finally and honestly answer some fundamental questions about ourselves and America before we can move forward," he wrote. "It begins with the acknowledgement that whites and blacks cannot resolve the obvious problems until we deal with discreet issues of race and racism that exist between and among us."
But these words were nowhere to be found during the 2016 presidential race. Black conservatives did not come out to defend "principled conservatism" against the explicitly racist demagoguery of Trumpism. The Never Trump movement may have failed to challenge Trump at the ballot box, but at least those involved put forward an alternative in Evan McMullin. And they were vocal and present across the news media to make the case against someone who they felt did not represent their values. The same can't be said of black conservatives who once claimed their party's survival depended on doing better outreach to black voters.
I can still recall efforts to do just that following the historic 2008 election. Days after Barack Obama was sworn in as the first black president of the United States, Michael Steele was elected the first black American to chair the Republican National Committee. He showed a willingness, to the ire of many within the party, to talk candidly about the party's race problem and about the racial double standards black political leaders faced on both sides of the aisle. There was also Hip-Hop Republican, a popular black conservative political blog that quickly grew into a space for engaging black millennials on their terms.
Although I had supported Obama in the 2008 presidential election, as a "Blue Dog" Democrat at the time I was inspired by those creating space in the Republican Party for younger, moderate black voices. In the first op-ed article I wrote for my university's newspaper, I declared that in the age of Barack Obama, there were no more excuses for black people to not take full responsibility for the problems in our communities.
As a conservative Democrat, I was drawn to the idea of total economic independence, and could be convinced that reliance on government programs and diversity quotas kept black people fixed to a narrative of victimization. And although I was socially liberal, I found Christianity to be a powerful organizing force in my life; therefore it seemed foolish to alienate black Christians over the issue of same-sex marriage, as I believed the Democratic Party had.
I would break from conservatism completely within a few semesters of my first newspaper post; it would take much longer for me to understand black conservatism as a set of ideologies that acknowledge black people's shared racial experiences while rejecting the notion of a collective black politics. I recommend Dr. Angela K. Lewis's book, Conservatism in the Black Community, for an easy-to-read, empirically supported analysis of the different types of black conservatism in America; but there are two types that I feel are most relevant to Republican politics in the era of Trump. They differ in focus, but in recent years they have both been elevated against the more centrist, pro-diversity faction of the Republican Party that was most visible in the months following President Obama's first inauguration.
The first group are black cultural conservatives. They are similar to the social conservatives in the Republican Party who stress the importance of morality and tradition for the welfare of society, but they do not necessarily advocate for these things from a religious place. Above all else, black cultural conservatives view the patriarchal black family as the bedrock of society —the institution that establishes respect for authority, good conduct, and strong work ethic. Last summer in the midst of anti-police brutality protests, Milwaukee County Sheriff David Clarke described how black children being raised in broken homes had created a culture of dependency in their communities that Democrats exploit in order to hang onto power:
Black cultural conservatives ultimately see Trump's "America First" message as inclusive of them as responsible, law-abiding citizens. They are, in other words, American before they are black, and they believe that Trump's tough-on-crime policies will protect them from people in their communities who do not share their values.
The second group of emerging black conservatives in the Trump era are what I call black neoliberal Republicans. They are only conservative in the sense that they tend to support capitalist, rather than social democratic, methods of elevating black communities out of poverty. For black neoliberal Republicans, social welfare programs should exist only for those who absolutely need it, such as the elderly and disabled; but they strongly oppose the welfare state as the path toward substantive equality with whites. Black neoliberals Republicans believe that Trump, a businessman, can help black people by expanding economic opportunities in their communities, which includes making investments in black colleges and universities. Omarosa Manigault's economic-centered public defense of Trump (as well as her recount of her personal rags-to-riches story) during this heated exchange with The View hosts fully captures the black neoliberal Republican worldview:
Black neoliberal Republicans may not harp on broken homes and bad schools, but they share black cultural conservatives' insistence that the problems black communities face with crime, joblessness, and low educational attainment are rooted in who black people are and not in what society has done to them. The problem, in their view, is pathological, not structural. Thus black conservatives are able to validate white resentment of blacks — and they are routinely deployed across the news media to do just that.
So long as white racial resentment remains at the center of Republican Party politics, black conservatives offer little else of value to the party than their eagerness to defend Trump's racism and xenophobia. Republicans have traded in Michael Steele for Candace Owens because 2016 proved they don't need to change what they've become under Donald Trump — they just need enough people willing to defend it.
More from Kimberly Joyner
You Might Be A Republican if….
David Martin in Politically Speaking
Propaganda 2.0? — Revolution 2.0!
Jana Lücke
Incarcerated Sex Offenders Mailing Letters to Kids
Amethyst Rose
Russian Bots, The US Election, And Trevor's Axiom
Josh Hamilton in The Jist
The People's Plan
Dan Feltes
A more personal insight on healthcare
Dayanna Campos in Power and Representation 2020: New Creativity & Activism at Kresge College
Biden sealed his defeat by choosing Kamala Harris as his running mate
Frantz Fanon II
Another Election, Another Split-Decision: How Constitutional Roadblocks to Democracy Continue to…


text:
Q: why there is a running disparity in excess of +/- 1000 bits when over a 64Kbit time scale in 64B/66B scrambler 64B/67B Encoding
the sentence in Interlaken Protocol Definition, "Analysis of the
64B/66B scrambler polynomial shows that over a 64Kbit time scale a running disparity in
excess of +/- 1,000 bits can occur, which can produce excessive eye shifts, cause
complications in the design of receiver circuitry, and increase the bit-error rate.", I don't know why there will be a running disparity in excess of 1000 bits occured when over 64Kbit time scale. Could anyone tell me the mathematical explanation of this phenomenon? And can I find an explanation for this phenomenon in some papers or books? Thanks for your help.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home › Progammes › 1. GENERAL MUSLIM STUDIES › • Madhhabs of Islam ›
17A • Islamic History 2 • The Madhhabs of Islam • Lecture 01 • Introduction • 02.02.12 from The Muslim Faculty on Vimeo.
See the Welcome page
for all our other free sample lectures and to enrol in the courses and to find out about our rates, special offers and concessionary rates.
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم وصلى الله على سيدنا محمد وعلى ءاله وصحبه أجمعين وسلّم
Title: Introduction to the Madhhabs of Islam
Author: Tobias Sahl Andersson
The Madhhabs of Islam (The History of the Muslims II)
Lecture I: Introduction
Welcome to the Muslim History Programme of MFAS. This is the first of 12 sessions which make up the second module, The Madhhabs of Islam. The lecture will last approximately 40 minutes during which time you should make a written note of any questions that may occur to you for clarification after the lecture.
This course concerns the formation and development of the intellectual tradition of Islam, principally represented by the four madhhabs of fiqh and the two schools of 'aqida, although, as we shall see, there have been several other permutations of Islamic legal and theological thought throughout history. The scholarly formation of Islam has been well examined by both Muslim, as well as non-Muslim academics. Numerous monographs have been written regarding the development of the schools of Islamic jurisprudence and many courses, including recorded lectures, are available for those interested in the characteristics of each madhhab. Likewise, the historical record of the actual methodologies, materials and practices of those active as fuqaha, or legal experts, is of course still accessible to dedicated seekers of knowledge in madrasas and modern university settings all over the world.
The focus of this course, albeit concerned with the same basic enquiry into the formation of the intellectual tradition of Islam, is nevertheless different. Not because of its focus on the four remaining schools of law and the two, or three, remaining approaches to belief ('aqida), but because of the particular questions, aims and perspectives, which have determined our choice of sources and the manner in which we have approached them. This will become apparent as we attempt to understand the intellectual history of Islam in relation to the prevailing intellectual, political and socio-economic developments of our own time. Therefore, the purposes, interests, expectations and questions via which we approach the material before us, will naturally determine the learning outcomes of this course. In order to lay the foundations upon which this course is predicated, we will begin by clarifying these aims, questions, methods and sources. In addition to this, we will also take a preview of the course outline and the recommended reading, insha'Allah.
2. Aims and perspectives
The aim of this course is to examine the emergence of the madhhabs of Islam – including the schools of fiqh and 'aqida – within their political and socio-economic contexts, in order to understand the dynamic relationship between intellectual and socio-political factors in the development of the Islamic intellectual tradition. Based on Ibn Khaldun's notion that sciences and intellectual disciplines are not abstract entities, but crafts (sana'i') formed as integral parts of the surrounding society, the purpose is to throw a light on the internal and external factors that determined, or at least played some part in, the evolution of the intellectual legacy that remains active and applicable to this day.
As we know, new challenges arose when the pre-modern schools of law and belief encountered the modern world – challenges that led to reformist as well as iconoclastic reactions in the classical Islamic world. Therefore, the course will also focus attention on the current situation of the madhhabs and their legacy, including the contrasting positions of those who have reacted against them and that of those seeking to defend and uphold the transmission of Islamic law and belief within the classical form of the madhhabs.
In addition to conveying a clear sense of our purposes and perspectives, today's lecture will set out in some detail ten areas of primary interest that all participants are expected to bear in mind while following these sessions and in approaching the course reading materials. I strongly recommended that these ten points are written down and brought to each lecture, as an important reminder and a means of maintaining the correct bearings as we explore the historical and conceptual terrain that confronts us. After the lecture, the students will also be given a copy of the ten mabadi, or defining principles, that underlie the course, and which you are similarly advised to familiarise yourselves with and refer back to throughout the module.
3. Questions and areas of interest
For those students particularly interested in the details of the methods and ideas of the 'ulama, please be patient with our initial emphasis on political and socio-economic issues. The different approaches and methodologies of the madhhabs will certainly be dealt with in due course. In the meantime we will discuss below how to approach these ideas from a historical perspective in a way that does not require us to be fuqaha, but which, among other things, will make us aware of the process of deriving legal judgements and the relationship of the authoritative scholars and ordinary laymen with respect to these procedures, which have indeed become important issues of debate in our own time.
3.1. Politics
Our first point of departure then, is the question of power and authority. The madhhabs as scholarly institutions developed, as we know, at the cultural peak of the 'Abbasid period, although the foundations for schools or guilds of law had already been in evidence towards the late Umayyad period, if not earlier. After the initial years of 'Abbasid caliphs pursuing a wide range of political and religious policies with dramatic consequences, the strength of the dawla gradually declined in the third/ninth century. These shifts in political authority and political policies, however, did not only destabilise the political-military elite of the dawla, they also contributed to the cultural vitality of the great Abbasid cities. The madhhabs as formalised institutions became stronger as the caliphal authority became weaker. In the previous course, History of the Khalifas, we also noted that the end of universal jihad and the collapse of the unified Muslim polity towards the end of the Umayyad period changed the way Muslims viewed the world. The 'Abbasid period saw an emphasis on consolidating the intellectual tradition, upholding the validity of ikhtilaf (difference of opinion) and various attempts at bringing internal unity to the Umma rather than external expansion. The emergence of the madhhabs can be seen as a consequence of the strategic failure on the part of the political leadership to encourage, or otherwise impose, a single legal praxis, since this was explicitly opposed by the fuqaha. We might, therefore, ask what political circumstances affected the development of the madhhabs and what indications the political history offers us as to why the madhhabs develop at this specific time and place.
As for the later history, we may also note that the colonial period and the challenges of modernity accompanied, on the one hand, reformist modernism and, on the other hand, iconoclastic reactionism, which clearly indicates the importance of understanding the nature of the interaction between the madhhabs and the political context of the time. The basic question we need to ask is this: How did the politics of power affect the scholarly developments in the madhhabs and how did the scholarly developments affect the politics?
3.2. Geography
Another important topic is the impact of the geographical context in which the madhhabs developed. It is not to say that the madhhabs in themselves are geographically determined, but rather, that geographical considerations which include the urban culture (hadara) as well as the agrarian culture of the majority population, contributed significantly to the character of the institutions and the differences that appeared between their various traditions. When examining variations between the madhhabs, their different socio-political impact and scholarly concerns, it is useful to look at the geographical context and particularly the cities in which they emerged.
For instance, when the centre of authority moved from Madina to militarily empowered garrison cities such as Kufa and Basra after the murder of 'Uthman, this had implications for the scholarly formation in Madina as well as in the provincial cities. Another indication of the importance of understanding the geographical context and the role of the cities, particularly garrison cities, is the non-existence of a khawarij madhhab, which some historians have not only attributed to their secessionist ideology, but also to the fact that they did not have enough influence in the cities during the urban expansion of Islam. On the one hand, we might ask how urban culture affected scholarly development; be it the culture of the old cities or that of the new garrison cities. While on the other hand, considering that the lands of Islam in the 'Abbasid period consisted mostly of agrarian culture, we must also ask ourselves what effect this had on the scholarly developments and what its socio-political impact might have been. Please bear in mind that these are just examples of the kinds question that you should be aiming to formulate for the purposes of your own reflections, and should be written down and kept as potential avenues for subsequent investigation.
3.3. Demography and culture
Having discussed the geographical context of the madhhabs, we should now turn our attention to the demographic factors (i.e. the structure of the human population) and the urban culture, which strongly influenced scholarly developments. One only has to observe the differences between the cosmopolitan nature of the Hanafi madhhab that developed out of the multicultural, multi-religious city of Kufa and the comparatively down-to-earth character of the Maliki madhhab. Likewise, interesting comparisons can be made between the early Madinan and eastern Maliki school on the one hand, and on the other, the western Maliki school that developed in North Africa and al-Andalus. We might well ask ourselves how the demographic context and the cultural environment impacted on each of these schools respectively. What was the significance of the emergence of various political, cultural or religious forms of organised opposition? And, perhaps most importantly, what part did the mawali and early non-Arabs play in the development of the madhhabs after their lands had been incorporated into the caliphate?
3.4. Institutions
The increasing complexity of political and administrative institutions in the 'Abbasid period was accompanied by a corresponding increase in complexity within the scholarly institutions. The 'Abbasid governance relied upon a functional interconnection with the fuqaha, whose judgements and advice provided the legitimate foundation for the implementation of civic and governmental policy. Likewise, the sophisticated economic administration of 'Abbasid society and its prosperous city culture intensified the connections between commerce and the emerging schools of fiqh. The madhhabs emerged in parallel with the division between the institutions of siyasa, i.e. the political administration of government officials, and shari'a, i.e. the revealed law elaborated by the fuqaha. The most fundamental questions, therefore, that remain to be answered are: What, in actual fact, is a madhhab? How and why did they develop in relation to other institutions in 'Abbasid society? How did their relationship to other institutions evolve over time, and right down to the present? What was, or is, the importance of these institutions for establishing scholarly standards and authoritative practices among Muslims in general? What were the connections between the madhhabs, as guilds of law, and commercial life? And lastly, what influence did these two spheres of law and commerce exert over each other's development?
3.5. The people of the Madhhabs
After looking at the scholarly institutions that made up the madhhabs and the institutions that the madhhabs actually became, it is necessary to give some attention to the people within these institutions. We might ask about the various different ways in which the principal imam, the mujtahid, the faqih and the muqallid all relate to the madhhab, and how these various groups relate to each other. What was the nature of the student-teacher relationship, and what was its importance for the development of the madhhabs as guilds of law? How did the people and their interconnectedness within the institutional structures contribute to the consolidation of what we could call the orthodoxy of Islamic legal theory and practice? Of course, this field of investigation also includes the biographies of the principal imams and the great mujtahidun throughout history.
3.6. Scholasticism and apolitical trends
We previously mentioned the impacts of the political circumstances on the development of the madhhabs. Perhaps the strongest impact, or rather consequence, at the beginning of the 'Abbasid era was the separation of scholarship from politics (due to a number of factors that we will come to as the module proceeds), after which many scholars tended to take a more apolitical stance towards the politics of power. It resulted in the creation of a new form of authority based on scholarship, more or less independent of the politics, which in turn emphasised the divide between siyasa and shari'a. Some historians, therefore, argue that one effect of the lost ideal of the perfectly legitimate government was the emergence of a more apolitical scholarship. Thus, the increased complexity and professionalisation within the madhhabs raises as many questions regarding the role of scholarship in society. An example would be the highly disputed topic of political activity among the four principal imams. For instance, why did Abu Hanifa support oppositional movements to both Umayyad and 'Abbasid rulers, while his two main transmitters, Abu Yusuf and Muhammad b. al-Hasan ash-Shaybani, were employed as qadis and closely affiliated to the official 'Abbasid institutions? What were the intellectual and legal conditions that impacted on the scholars' relationship to politics?
3.7. Methods and practises within the madhhabs
In order provide an adequate historical description of this period, it is of course necessary to examine the methods and practices of the scholars of the madhhabs. This area includes legal rulings, methodological aspects and differences of usul al-fiqh, as well as the similarities and relationships between the legal approaches of the scholars. It also includes the activities of the scholars out in the community; for instance, their functions as providers of advice and their roles as qadis, muftis, fuqaha, teachers and so forth. We will thereby examine how the remarkably enduring norms of Islamic scholarship, law and science were established. Thus, by examining the theories, methodologies, nomenclature and other normative modes of intelligibility within the madhhabs, we can hopefully increase our understanding of the transmission of law and belief throughout history, including its scholarly results and its relationship to the political history of the Muslim world.
3.8. Intellectual challenges
An obvious area to examine is the intellectual or ideological challenges that the Muslims faced, which contributed to the development of new ideas and ways of approaching the intellectual heritage from the first generations. These challenges include ideas from other cultures, religions and scientific traditions, many of which had been incorporated into the caliphate during the early expansion. They also include internal challenges from sectarian movements, most notably the politically explosive khawarij, mu'tazila and shi'a groupings. Among the challenges, we can also include the ikhtilaf among the Muslim scholars, which contributed greatly to the scholarly developments. Thus, by relating the development of the madhhabs to the intellectual challenges, we will increase our understanding as to why certain ideas, schools or movements developed at those particular times.
We will also look into why the two main schools of 'aqida did not develop as distinct schools until well into the third/ninth century. What had preceded them and what were the challenges that made the scholars of the credal sciences respond in the way they did? And, in turn, what were the intellectual and political issues that arose when certain modern movements in the 18th century onwards began to oppose the historically agreed-upon schools of law and creed? When we begin to ask these types of questions, we will not only get a broader picture of the past, but hopefully also begin seeing our own place in history in a new light by being able to trace the ramifications of these issues and events, many of which still are sources of confusion and dispute within the Muslim Community.
3.9. Pre-modern schools in the modern world
Inevitably we come to the meeting between the legacy of the pre-modern madhhabs and the challenges posed by the modern world from around the 18th century, if not earlier. This area of enquiry focuses specifically on the material and intellectual issues thrown up by modernity, which led to various responses or reactions among Muslim scholars and, indeed, among ordinary Muslims who, by means of modern technique, were able to impact greatly on Muslim intellectual thought. We will thus examine the emergence of reactionary tendencies, reformism and various attempts to preserve and revive the glories of the past, whether it be by transmission within or outside the traditional madhhabs. As I have argued in a previous paper, many of these modern movements share the same intellectual and discursive foundations in their reaction to the challenges of modernity, in spite of the apparent disparity in their responses.1 In order to come to grips with these contemporary issues, students must be prepared to make comparisons between the various historical responses and apply their findings to modern movements in the Muslim, as well as the non-Muslim, world. An interesting source to begin with is Inidira Falk Gesink's Islamic Reformism and Conservatism, in which she, among other things, indicates the common ground between the modernist reformism of al-Azhar and even some of the modern terrorist movements, sharing the same idea of abrogating the traditional transmission within the madhhabs and independently re-interpreting the sources of law and creed. The same connections can obviously be made to the various movements claiming to return to the 'Book and the Sunna' independently of the madhhabs.
3.10. Connection to the present
The final phase then, concerns the relationship of this history to the present time. For this we must enter into the arena of how to make sense of the intellectual legacy of the great Muslim scholars and their transmission in our own time. How do we identify and locate ourselves within this history? Here, we should all be ready to put the same questions to present events and configurations that we have put to the past, and at least begin to answer them. Proceeding in this way should enable us to reflect upon and relate the current situation of Islamic scholarship and the madhhabs to contemporary politics, economy, geography, demography, institutions, scholarly practices and intellectual challenges, which will be one of the most important outcomes of this course, insha'Allah.
4. Method and material
4.1. Method
In this introduction, we will not go into great depth regarding any particular historical method or theoretical approach to the material under examination, since our general methodological approach to this course has been made clear by the perspectives, objectives and questions presented above. A few words might nevertheless be said about how to approach the material and sources that are included in the module. Our historical approach is characterised by contextualisation and comparison, i.e. we seek to understand the material and the scholarly developments they reflect in relation to their intellectual and socio-political context. Although the primal value of the works of fiqh and 'aqida, in our lives as Muslims, are the knowledge and guidelines they provide, our focus in this course is to increase our appreciation and application of that knowledge by understanding the historical context in which they were formed and from which they originally derived their meaning. It will thereby improve our understanding of the intellectual history of Islam as well as its present-day significance.
4.2. Material
Although our primary materials are the works of the scholars of the madhhabs, much of our understanding of them will be derived from secondary sources and academic literature. To get a taste of the sources, all students are encouraged to familiarise themselves with the classical works of fiqh and 'aqida, preferably in Arabic, but otherwise through the many reliable translations that are now available. The main effort with respect to reading, however, should be directed towards lecture notes and secondary literature, which in themselves contain selected materials and explanations that are essential for the course. Original sources and supplementary readings will not be included in the basic reading list, but students will receive recommended material relevant to each topic in the lectures. The core literature for the module comprises the following:
•	Abu Zahra, Muhammad 1999. The Four Imams: Their lives, works and their schools of thought. London: Dar al-Taqwa.
•	Bewley, Abdalhaqq 2013. The Four Madhhabs of Islam. Norwich: Diwan Press.
•	Gesink, Inidira Falk 2009. Islamic Reformism and Conservatism: Al-Azhar and the Evolution of Modern Sunni Islam. London. I.B. Tauris.
•	Ibn Khaldun 1980. The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History. 3 voI. Trans. Franz Rosenthal. New York: Princeton University.
•	Keller, Nuh 1995. "Why Muslims Follow Madhhabs?" (www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/madhhabstlk.htm)
•	Keller, Nuh n.d. "Kalam and Islam". (www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/nuh/kalam.htm)
•	Makdisi, George 1984. Rise of Colleges: Institutions of Learning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
•	Murad, Abdal Hakim 1999. Understanding the Four Madhhabs. Cambridge: Muslim Academic Trust. (Also available at www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/ahm/newmadhh.htm)
•	Winter, Tim (ed.) 2008. The Cambridge Companion to Classical Islamic Theology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Apart from these core texts, other books included as recommended or extra reading will be presented during or at the end of each individual lecture.
5. Course outline
Before ending this introduction, I will give you a brief summary of the course outline:
1.	Introduction - Abdalhakim Andersson
2.	A Classical Outline of the Emergence of the Madhhabs - Abdalhakim Andersson
3.	Pre-madhhab fiqh - Hajja Aisha Bewley
4.	The madhhab of Abu Hanifa – Ḥasan Anyabwile
5.	The madhhab of Mālik – Mufti Na'im Abu Layth
6.	The madhhab of ash-Shafi'i – Shaykh Aḥmad Sa'ad
7.	The madhhab of Aḥmad
8.	The schools of 'aqīdah I - Shaykh Ali Laraki
9.	The schools of 'aqīdah II - Imām Abdul Latif Finch
10.	Modernism and Reactionism I - Abdassamad and Abdalhakim
11.	Modernism and Reactionism II - Abdassamad and Abdalhakim
12.	Conclusion - Abdassamad and Abdalhakim
That brings us to the end of today's lecture. Next week's lecture is entitled "A Classical Outline of the Emergence of the Madhhabs", in which I will discuss how some of the classical scholars analysed the historical development of the madhhabs. Recommended reading in relation to both today and the up-coming lecture is Shaykh Abdal Hakim Murad's Understanding the Four Madhhabs (1999) and Shaykh Nuh Keller's article "Why Do Muslims Follow Madhhabs?" (1995), which will provide a basic acquaintance with the subject. I also recommend that you take a look at the chapters in Ibn Khaldun's al-Muqaddima that concern fiqh, 'aqida and sciences in general, which will be discussed in next week's lecture. Besides that, it is strongly advised to begin going through the other recommended reading as soon as possible, since that will enable you to quickly understand the material presented in the lectures and hopefully progress to more advanced topics of study under the guidance of the other teachers on the course. Thank you for your attention.
السلام عليكمNISUS_HTML_PAGE_BREAK_777
Appendix 1. The ten mabadi (defining principles) of the course
1.	Definition (حدّ): The course examines the historical development of the madhhabs of fiqh and 'aqida up to the present day, including its relation to contemporaneous intellectual trends as well as political, social, economic and institutional changes.
2.	Subject (موضوع): The ideas, institutions and people that formed, transmitted and reformed the intellectual tradition of Islam.
3.	Fruit – outcome (ثمرة): An understanding of the genealogy of Islamic thought and its relation to other societal developments, as well as a historical understanding of the present-day condition of the scientific disciplines of Islam.
4.	Its merit (فضله): It has high merit since an understanding of the social context out of which the fard/fard 'ayn sciences of fiqh and 'aqida have emerged is an important foundation not only for those who master the sciences, but for those who must rely upon these men of knowledge. It is likewise of high merit because it facilitates an important understanding of the relationship between intellectual and societal developments throughout history, which is necessary for effective participation in current scholarship as well as politics.
5.	Its relationship to other sciences (نسبته): Besides its primary connection to the sciences of fiqh and 'aqida, the historical perspective creates a close link to the disciplines of history (tarikh), politics (siyasa) and sociology ('ilm al-ijtima').
6.	The Founder (الواضع): There are many examples of early compilations of biographical material about the great 'ulama of the various sciences of Islam. An example of a study of these personalities, sciences and institutions in relation to the larger course of history would be Ibn Khaldun. Although he might not be the founder of the science, his chapters in al-Muqaddima about the origins of the different schools of fiqh as well as kalam are good examples of a classical scholar analysing the developments from a historical perspective.
7.	Its name (اسمه): The Madhhabs of Islam, i.e. the major (and minor) ways that the intellectual development of Islam has taken throughout the ages down to the present.
8.	Its sources and references (استمداده): The classical works of fiqh and 'aqida relating to each specific era and school of thought, as well as contemporary academic works on the intellectual, political, social and institutional developments in Muslim societies.
9.	The judgement of the sharī'a on it (حكم الشارع فيه): Although not obligatory, it is certainly an important and recommended area of study, since it opens the way to further intellectual developments and contributes to the future preservation, transmission and revival of Muslim scholarship.
10.	The topics it covers (مسائله): The what, when, who, how and why regarding the development of the madhhabs of Islam up until the twentieth century.
1 Andersson, Abdalhakim 2012. "Discourses of the Secular: Thinking About Language and Law in the Modern World". (themuslimfaculty.org/1-discourses-secular)
Progammes
1. GENERAL MUSLIM STUDIES
• History of the Khalifas
• Madhhabs of Islam
• Early Madina
• MFAS Residentials I
3. 'Amal vs Hadith in Islamic Law
2. CIVILISATION AND SOCIETY
MFAS is constituted under the aegis of the Blackstone Foundation, UK Registered Charity No.: 1027789.
Copyright © 2012. Design and template by Khalid Hussin (Login). email: info@themuslimfaculty.org. Tel: +44(0)203-239 0603


text:
How worried should we be that glyphosate was found in our Cheerios?
It depends on which scientific organization—or advocacy group—you ask.
By Jennifer Lu
Cheerios in milk.Photo by freestocks.org on Unsplash
An environmental advocacy group found traces of controversial herbicides on popular breakfast cereals like Cheerios, Lucky Charms, and Quaker Oats, according to their report published Aug. 15. The weed killer in question—glyphosate—has long been the subject of controversy and confusion, especially when it comes to whether it's associated with cancer. Recently, a California jury decided that Monsanto, the agrochemical giant that produces a weed killer called Roundup, must pay a former groundskeeper with terminal non-Hodgkin lymphoma $289 million in damages for failing to warn him of glyphosate's cancer risks. Dewayne Johnson, the plaintiff, testified that he sprayed large amounts of weed killer on the job and was accidentally doused with the product on two occasions.
But juries are not necessarily making their decisions based on science alone, and sometimes shoddy science can make its way into the courtroom.
Glyphosate, a broad-spectrum herbicide that indiscriminately kills crops and weeds, is commonly sprayed in fields prior to planting or on crops genetically modified to resist glyphosate. The Johnson case is the first of hundreds of lawsuits against Monsanto and its weed-killer to go to trial.
In response, Monsanto released a statement saying that glyphosate does not cause cancer and that they would appeal the verdict.
So what does the science say?
In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, the World Health Organization's cancer research arm, classified glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic to humans." Although the IARC working group said the evidence was limited, they found a positive association between the herbicide and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer that develops from certain white blood cells, or lymphocytes. Glyphosate also damages DNA in cultured human cells and in animal studies, the IARC concluded, prompting an influx of lawsuits after the report came out.
However, that same year, the European Food Safety Authority also evaluated glyphosate and deemed that it wasn't likely to pose a cancer threat. The European Union committee explained that they reached a different conclusion because they only looked at glyphosate, whereas the IARC included glyphosate-based formulations in their review and also considered additional routes of exposure, such as on the job or from the environment.
Similarly, a joint May 2016 report from the World Health Organization and the United Nations' Food and Agriculture Organization contradicted WHO's earlier position, concluding that glyphosate exposure through diet was unlikely to pose a cancer risk. Instead, the report acknowledged some evidence of a positive correlation between glyphosate and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, but noted that the majority of animal studies didn't show any damage to the genetic material in cells, even at doses as high as two grams per kilogram of body weight. Scaled linearly for a 154-lb person, that amount of glyphosate would equal the weight of about 35 sugar cubes.
The 2017 draft risk assessment from the Environmental Protection Agency looking at exposure through food and drink or accidental ingestion from work-related applications also concluded that glyphosate was unlikely to cause cancer in people. This draft didn't include a dietary reference dose, but an EPA report from 1993 proposed a reference dose of 140 milligrams per day for a 154-pound person.
California, which is usually extra cautious when it comes to cancer risk, says that glyphosate exposure below 1.1 milligrams per day doesn't pose a significant risk. The Environmental Working Group, in their report on breakfast cereals, used a limit 100 times more conservative than California's already cautious one.
Of course, nobody likes the idea of eating weed killer with their breakfast. But if it's any consolation, you'd have to eat about 12 servings of the breakfast cereal flavored with the most Roundup (Quaker Old Fashioned Oats) to reach California's already conservative limit for glyphosate exposure.


text:
RaleighDurhamFayettevilleSurrounding Area
WeatherTrafficU.S. & WorldNorth CarolinaI-TeamTroubleshooterEntertainment
WeatherLOCALISHSportsPoliticsHealth and CoronavirusScience ClubSweepstakes
About ABC11Contact UsSend us your photos & videosABC11 TogetherEvents CalendarTV ListingsJobs
ABC11 Live NewscastsABC11 Perspectives
North Carolina 13-year-old uses her own experiences to write book about self-love
WTVD
By Ana Rivera
RALEIGH, N.C. (WTVD) -- Creating her empire at just 13-years-old, Haelee Moone spent her time during this pandemic writing a book about how to love yourself.
"Originally it wasn't going to be a book; it was more of just a journal I was writing in and my dad was the one who told me it should be a book," Haelee said.
It was that encouragement from her dad and her own strength that helped her publish Rules of a Big Boss, but learning to love herself wasn't something that always came easy.
When Haelee was just seven years old, a classmate sexually assaulted and bullied her, bringing her to her lowest point at a very young age.
"It gives me tears of joy to see how far she's come and that she's not that person anymore and that she has enough strength through her experiences that she can help other people," said Dedrick Moone, Haelee's father.
Now, the sky is the limit. She's created a clothing line, and she's now working on her second book with her dad, hoping that young girls like her will always love themselves.
"I hope that they understand that they are enough and they don't have to be like someone else to be enough. Someone else's light doesn't dim yours," Haelee said.
Haelee's second book is scheduled to come out in February but she's already planning for the future. All of the proceeds from the books and her clothing line with go toward paying for her dream of going to law school one day.
For more information on how you can get your hands on a copy of Haelee's book, click here.
societyraleighdurhambooksteengood news
Copyright © 2021 WTVD-TV. All Rights Reserved.
LATEST: Long line forms for vaccine in Cumberland County
MLK events kicked off Friday in Raleigh
'One more check isn't enough,' Durham mayor pleads
VACCINE TRACKER: Where you can get the COVID-19 vaccine in NC
Man ejected, killed in Fayetteville crash on I-295 off-ramp
WatchPhotosU.S. & WorldNorth CarolinaI-TeamTroubleshooterEntertainment
U.S. & WorldNorth CarolinaI-TeamTroubleshooterEntertainment
Copyright © 2021 ABC, Inc., WTVD-TV Raleigh-Durham. All Rights Reserved.