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Home » Articles » Implementing a worldwide concussion programme
Implementing a worldwide concussion programme
The World Rugby strategy to secure player welfare
– Written by Martin Raftery, Australia and Ross Tucker, South Africa
World Rugby, formerly known as the International Rugby Board, is the global governing body for Rugby Union, representing more than 7.2 million men, women and children playing the game across 120 national member unions, affiliated via six regional associations.
Rugby is a sport for all shapes and sizes and the variants of the game include Fifteens, Sevens (which will debut at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games), Beach and the non-contact variants of Touch and Tag.
World Rugby's governance responsibilities cover both the professional and community games and is also responsible for development of the game in emerging and new markets.
Rugby's showcase global event is the Rugby World Cup (RWC), which is one of the world's biggest and best-loved major sports events. The RWC features the world's top 20 fifteen-a-side teams, competing for the most prestigious prize in the sport, the Webb Ellis Cup. As one of the largest single-sport tournaments worldwide, the RWC 2015 drew crowds of over 2.4 million fans to games, had a global television audience of 780 million and a global social media reach of more than 300 million.
World Rugby's number one priority is player welfare and this is reflected within the World Rugby Strategic Plan and confirmed by its position as the number one agenda item at all World Rugby Executive, Council and Rugby Committee meetings.
At the 2011 World Rugby Medical Commission Conference, concussion was identified as the number one medical risk in rugby. This opinion was supported by previous World Rugby research, which concluded that concussion was under-recognised¹, yet it was still rated in rugby among the top five most frequently occurring match injuries in the 2009 to 2010 season².
CONCUSSION INTERVENTIONS AND RESULTS
World Rugby's concussion programme is based on activities focused on the following four pillars:
1. Education and awareness
2. Injury management
3. Injury prevention
The key intervention in World Rugby driving the worldwide concussion programme has been the introduction of the Head Injury Assessment (HIA) in 2012. This highly visible intervention was developed primarily to improve pitch-side care for our elite athletes, but it was recognised from the outset that it would play a critical role in a public awareness programme for concussion across the entire sport.
Since 2012, with the HIA as the spearhead for public awareness, World Rugby has developed written guidelines, videos and online education modules to support the dissemination of educational and awareness messages. The following interventions have been key to our public awareness programme and are available on www.playerwelfare.worldrugby.org/ concussion:
World Rugby Concussion Guidance for the General Public (in six languages) – this was developed with the support of our International Concussion Advisory Group and has been used by several other sporting federations and governments – for example, Scotland– to underpin the development of their general public education documents.
Four Online Concussion Education Modules (in eight languages) – four different educational modules have been developed, one each for the general public, non-rugby healthcare professionals, non-elite team rugby healthcare professionals and elite team rugby healthcare professionals. To date, over 20,000 people have completed these concussion education modules, with an 83% increase in completions in the first 10 months of 2015. This material is available via: www.playerwelfare.worldrugby.org/concussion
#RecogniseAndRemove Campaign – promoted across World Rugby's social and digital channels. The campaign features posters (in 12 languages), video, Facebook, Twitter and Instagram content that targets the general public. This campaign complements World Rugby's Rugby Ready programme – a safety awareness programme, completed over 175,000 times since its launch.
Concussion App – in 2015 World Rugby launched its Concussion Guidance App for the general public which is freely available via: www.itunes.apple.com/gb/app/world-rugby-concussionmanagement/ id1031517215?mt=8
In addition to these interventions, World Rugby has also introduced and enforces compliance with compulsory annual concussion education for all elite team members including players, coaches and management staff.
In total, more than 250,000 players, coaches, medics and individuals have been educated through these World Rugby interventions.
It should be noted that the above education and awareness initiatives have been implemented by World Rugby and are complemented by each Union's individual programmes.
The key intervention strategy in injury management has been the introduction of the HIA process for the elite game. Introduced in 2012, it was initially known as the PSCA or Pitch-Side Concussion Assessment, however in 2014, the name of this pitch-side tool was changed to the HIA.
This intervention has not only provided a worldwide standardisation of pitch-side assessment of head injuries in the elite game, but it has also led a marketing programme for the World Rugby Concussion General Public Awareness Programme. Combined with the compulsory education of all team medical staff, the HIA process has raised the standard of care within rugby with respect to head injuries.
The key and unique levers used to assist with the introduction of – and compliance with – the HIA process are discussed later in this paper.
Completion of the online elite team concussion educational module is compulsory for access and accreditation to use the HIA. Since its development in 2012, it has been completed by over 1450 medical staff worldwide.
At the community level of the game, the introduction of a 'Blue Card' system is being trialled in two member unions. The blue card is shown by the referee to any player who leaves the field or is required to leave the field for a suspected head injury. They must receive clearance from a medical practitioner to return to play. The rationale behind this system is that it identifies to all spectators and coaches the necessity to remove a player following a head injury and highlights the necessity for medical follow-up of this injury.
In 2012, World Rugby commissioned an independent safety scientist to review all rugby laws and regulations in use within the game. The goal was to confirm that safety within the sport with respect to head injuries was being maximised. This review was not limited to only identifying the existence of appropriate laws and regulations, but also included an assessment of implementation and compliance by key match officials. This review resulted in strengthening the recognition and enforcement of the laws and regulations that impact on head contact.
Another benefit of the introduction of the HIA process has been the ability to identify over 600 videos related to HIA game intervention. This video library of head impacts events is currently being analysed to assist in identifying common mechanisms for HIA events. The aim of this research is to assess whether changes in rugby laws or changes in other areas within the game can be identified that will help reduce the incidence of head injuries in the sport.
Further research is also currently being undertaken into protective materials, in an effort to identify preventative interventions.
THE HEAD INJURY ASSESSMENT (HIA) PROCESS
At the 2011 World Rugby Medical Commission Conference, it was agreed that all player welfare initiatives developed must:
a) improve player welfare or safety
b) not undermine the fabric of the game
c) not be open to tactical manipulation.
With these principles as guidance, in early 2012 a working group was established to investigate and develop a side-line assessment process for evaluation and management of head injuries in the elite adult game. This resulted in the development of the PSCA tool, later in 2014, to be known as the HIA tool.
The working group consisted of medical representatives from 5 countries (all had previous experience as team doctors at the elite level of the game), a player representative, two independent (non-rugby) concussion experts and the Chief Medical Officer of World Rugby, who did not have any voting rights, but chaired these meetings.
The objective for this group was 'to investigate the available options for pitch side assessment of head injury at the elite level of the game, recognising that, at present, rugby is in a unique position in world sport, where free interchange of players for tactical or injury purposes is not allowed under the current laws and regulations'.
What appeared to be an initial impediment to the development of a pitch-side assessment for head injury, that is, no access to a temporary replacement, was to become the lever for many benefits that arose from the HIA process.
In 2012, there was agreement across the sport, including working group members, Unions, teams and medical staff, that provision of a temporary replacement player for head injury assessment was essential.
In early 2012, the World Rugby Executive Committee approved a trial law to allow temporary replacement for a head injury. This unanimous decision was obtained after review of the following information:
Research from two independent sources, World Rugby Junior World Championship Injury Surveillance³ and English Rugby Union (RFU) Injury Surveillance4, which confirmed that 56% of players with a concussion returned to play following their head incident.
Video analysis by the World Rugby Game Analysis Department, which showed that during the 2011 RWC, team doctors took on average 64 seconds to make a decision, 'on the run and on the field', regarding a player's removal from play following a head impact event.
Obtaining a law change for temporary replacement for head injury was critical to the pitch-side HIA process, but the most important working group strategic decision was linking access to a temporary replacement for head injury to:
use of a standardised assessment tool (developed by the HIA Working Group),
compulsory education for all medical and healthcare practitioners involved in on-field head injury management and
compulsory participation of teams who access a temporary replacement, in a multi-national research programme.
These strategic decisions have resulted in a uniform approach to pitch-side head injury management across the world within rugby, provided the HIA Working Group with an homogenous cohort for research purposes and provided the working group with information that has allowed for ongoing improvement in the HIA process.
EVOLUTION OF THE HIA
In mid-2012, the pitch-side head injury assessment tool and process, initially known as the PSCA, but now called the HIA, was trialled in the Under 20 Junior World Championship and, following feedback regarding logistics, was introduced into elite adult rugby competitions in both the northern and southern hemispheres.
The HIA has subsequently been through three evolutionary phases and these are outlined below. It should be highlighted that in Phases 1 and 2, the temporary replacement time was limited to 5 minutes as there was concern amongst administrators that the temporary replacement might be open to tactical manipulation. This concern had been heightened by an episode of abuse of the law for temporary substitution for 'blood injuries' in 2009.
All versions of the HIA tool have been based on the Sport Concussion Assessment Tool (SCAT) 25 and SCAT 36, developed by the Concussion in Sports group. The HIA 1 (pitch-side) tool uses two distinct criteria, each requiring a different action:
> Criteria 1 – indications for immediate and permanent removal, no pitch-side assessment required
> Criteria 2 – indications for pitch-side assessment using the standardised tool.
The key differences in the 3 phases are outlined below:
Phase 1: August 2012 to July 2013
In this period, the tool was known as a Pitch-Side Concussion Assessment or PSCA.
The number of Criteria 1 indications was three and included confirmed concussion, convulsion and tonic posturing.
When Criteria 2 indications were met, a 5-minute temporary replacement period was allowed for completion of the PCSA.
The PSCA was undertaken in the medical room or at another agreed location if the medical room was too far from the field of play.
The content of the PCSA included a symptom checklist, Maddock's Questions and tandem stance assessment.
Post-game follow-up processes were at the team doctor's discretion using the follow-up assessment tool (SCAT 2 or computerised neuro-cognitive tool) of that team's choice.
All PSCA data was collected centrally by World Rugby and an official report (not peer-reviewed) was delivered to the working group in late July 2013. This official report identified that the number of players with a confirmed concussion remaining on the field following their injury had dropped from 56% to 12% with the introduction of this pitch-side intervention.
Following this report, Version 2 of the PSCA Tool was developed and a more rigid and rigorous post-game follow-up process introduced.
Phase 2: August 2013 to May 2014
Version 2 of the PSCA Tool was introduced from August 2013.
This included an increase in the number of Criteria 1 indicators from three to five with suspected loss of consciousness and obvious ataxia being added. Both the 5-minute temporary replacement for head injury assessment and the assessment component of the PSCA 1 Tool remained unchanged in this phase.
A more rigid and standardised postgame follow-up procedure was introduced with the implementation of compulsory PSCA 2 (post-game, same-day assessment – SCAT 3) and PSCA 3 (a 36 to 48 hour assessment) assessments.
In January 2014, the Phase 1 Scientific Report7 was published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine authored by Dr Gordon Fuller. This scientific report:
Confirmed the Phase 1 Official Report findings that the number of players with confirmed concussions returning to play following a concussive injury had dropped from 56% to 12% following the introduction of the PSCA process.
Identified areas for improvement in the PSCA tool and process that were introduced in Phase 3.
In May 2014, the Phase 2 Official Report was developed by Paris University, confirming similar results to those obtained in Phase 1 Official and Scientific reports.
Phase 3: August 2014 to August 2016
• Results from the Phase 1 Scientific Report and the Phase 2 Official Report underpinned changes in the name, content and time allowed for the temporary replacement.
• Phase 3 changes introduced in August 2014 included:
Name change of pitch-side tool from PSCA to HIA. This name change reflected that the assessment was an assessment of a head injury, not an assessment of a concussion. The three tools were now referred to as HIA 1 (pitch-side tool), HIA 2 (postgame, same day tool) and HIA 3 (36 to 48 hour tool).
Expansion of Criteria 1 indicators (immediate and permanent removal criteria) from five to eleven criteria.
Consolidation of Criteria 2 indicators used to identify players requiring temporary replacement and sideline assessment using the HIA 1 tool.
Change in HIA 1 tool content – the cognitive evaluation component of the HIA was strengthened by substituting the Standardised Assessment of Concussion (SAC) for Maddock's Questions and the tandem balance test was replaced by the tandem gait test.
Time for temporary replacement increased from 5 minutes to 10 minutes due to increased activities required to be undertaken with the new HIA tool.
In May 2014, the World Rugby Executive Committee approved an increase in time allowed for temporary replacement for head injury assessment from 5 to 10 minutes. Phase 3 research commenced in August 2014 and continues to date.
On 1 August 2015, temporary replacement for head injury moved from a trial law within Rugby Union to a permanent law.
During the first 3 years of the HIA trial, enforcement of compliance was difficult as teams and medical staff in most instances were not participating in World Rugby tournaments and therefore were not operating directly within World Rugby's jurisdiction. The move of temporary substitution for head injury from a trial law to permanent law resulted in an opportunity to improve World Rugby's ability to enforce compliance.
This improved control over compliance was achieved in 2015 by introducing World Rugby's Player Welfare Standards into the RWC participation agreements.
Player Welfare Standards were not only unique in content, but were included in the contractual agreement between participating teams and the tournament owner (World Rugby). This resulted in the Player Welfare Standards, which covered compliance with HIA processes, being legally binding.
This intervention was a first for rugby and international sport.
The World Rugby Executive Committee initially adopted the Player Welfare Standards for RWC in 2015 and then immediately extended them to all World Rugby tournaments, and strongly recommended their adoption across all elite Rugby tournaments.
At the time of writing, the majority of elite tournaments around the world have adopted the Player Welfare Standards and the expectation is that these standards will provide a uniform player welfare standard worldwide.
The Player Welfare Standards introduced for the RWC 2015 covered more than concussion and included the following:
Unions must confirm that team staff are suitably qualified and fully-registered with the appropriate body in their respective medical fields.
Unions and team medical staff must confirm that a pre-tournament medical, mental and physical assessment has been completed on all tournament players.
Unions and team medical staff must confirm that cardiac screening including ECG, has been completed on all tournament players.
Unions and team medical staff must confirm that baseline concussion tests have been completed on all players. As a minimum, baseline SCAT 3 is required and computer neuro-cognitive assessments are recommended.
Team medical staff must confirm that risk stratification for concussion is completed on all players.
Unions and team medical staff must confirm that concussion education for all players and team officials has been undertaken and delivered within the 12 months prior to start of a tournament or competition.
Team medical staff must ensure that players who meet the criteria identified in the HIA Tool and procedures for permanent removal from the field of play (Criteria 1) are removed from play and do not return to play.
Team medical staff must ensure that players who have sustained a confirmed concussion follow a graduated return to play protocol, as outlined in the World Rugby Concussion Guidelines.
Team medical staff must have completed the following online World Rugby education modules:
Match Day Medical Staff – www. playerwelfare.worldrugby.org/
Concussion Management for Elite Level Match Day Medical Staff – www.playerwelfare.worldrugby.org/concussion
Keep Rugby Clean (Anti-doping) – www.keeprugbyclean.worldrugby.org/
Keep Rugby Onside (Integrity) – www.integrity.worldrugby.org/
On-field healthcare team staff must have completed the Immediate Care in Rugby Level 2 course or equivalent, within the preceding 3 years.
Unions and teams must agree to participate in an untoward incident review process, if requested by World Rugby.
Team medical staff must acknowledge that the match day doctor under Regulation 15, has the final say on whether a player can access 15 minute temporary substitution for a blood injury and also if a player is not to return to play following a head injury or any other injury.
Prior to issuing the medical accreditation for the RWC 2015, the educational compliance (online modules and the 2-day Level 2 Immediate Care in Rugby course) was confirmed for all 65 team medical and healthcare professional staff who were allowed admission to the field of play during a game. In addition, 77 medical staff, providing immediate care during games, had also completed all educational requirements.
The introduction of the Player Welfare Standards into the RWC Participation Agreement has provided a mechanism for enforcing compliance with HIA protocols. The recommendation from the World Rugby Executive Committee for the adoption of the Player Welfare Standards in non-World Rugby tournaments and competitions will support compliance and underpin the highest standards of medical care for our athletes.
The introduction and delivery of a worldwide Concussion Programme in World Rugby has required a collective approach from all national member unions. The critical steps supporting the success of the programme worldwide included:
Formation of a multi-national working group to develop the HIA Tool.
Inclusion of external experts in the development of both the HIA Tool and educational materials.
Use of the elite pitch-side HIA tool as a marketing device for a wider concussion awareness programme.
Use of access to temporary substitution as a lever for a uniform worldwide approach to pitch-side head injury management and multi-national research.
Recognition that review supported by research and ongoing assessment of the content of the pitch-side tool was essential.
Introduction of Player Welfare Standards to enforce compliance with HIA protocols.
Global public relations approach to educate players and public at all levels.
Delivering this worldwide Concussion Programme has followed the accepted business model of 'develop, implement, review, improve and measure.'
Fuller CW, Laborde F, Leather RJ, Molloy MG. International Rugby Board, Rugby World Cup 2007 injury surveillance study. Br J Sports Med 2008; 42:452-459.
2009/10 England Rugby Premiership Training & Injury Audit 2009-2010 Season Report. 2011 Available from https://playerwelfare.worldrugby.org/?documentid=69
Fuller C and Taylor A. Junior World Championship - Injury Surveillance Summary of Results 2008-2014. Available from http://playerwelfare.worldrugby.org/?documentid=142
England Rugby Premiership Injury and Training Audit 2010-2011 Season Report 2012. Available from https http://playerwelfare.worldrugby.org/?documentid=75
McCrory P, Meeuwisse W, Johnston K, Dvorak J, Aubry M, Molby M, Cantu R. Consensus statement on concussion in sport 3rd international conference on concussion in sport held in Zurich. Br J Sports Med 2009; 43:i76-i84.
Guskiewicz KM, Register-Mihalik J, McCory P, McCrea M, Johnston K, Makdissi M et al. Evidence-based approach to revising the SCAT2: introducing the SCAT3. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47:289-293.
Fuller GW, Kemp SP, Decq. The International Rugby Board (IRB) pitch side concussion assessment trial: a pilot test accuracy study. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:529-535.
Martin Raftery M.B.B.S., F.A.C.S.P.
CMO World Rugby
Ross Tucker Ph.D., B.Sc. (Med), Post Grad Dip. Sports Marketing
Consultant Sports Scientist World Rugby
Contact: Martin.Raftery@consultant.
worldrugby.org
Image by Mike Alvarez


The Boston Celtics overcame a herculean game by LeBron James to win 107-94 and take a 2-0 lead in the Eastern Conference finals.
Unlike Game 1 which was decided in the opening quarter, Game 2 featured more intensity and drama. The Cavs tried to blow away Boston in the first half but the young but composed Celtics weathered the early storm from LeBron James and then put the cuffs on the Cavs in the second half to win by double digits for the second straight game.
The Cavaliers were up 61-52 and well in control of Game 2 with 10 minutes left in the third quarter. But the Celtics unleashed a 36-22 third quarter storm to change the complexion of the ball game. Terry Rozier, who scored only two points in the first half, led the Celtics charge with 14 big points in that crucial third period.
The key to the Celtics was contesting Cleveland's shots and them not doing the same on the other end. Of Cleveland's 39 field goal attempts in the second half, the Celtics challenged 36 of them or 92%. Meanwhile, Boston had 20 uncontested field goals out of their 48 attempts, meaning the Cavs only contested 58% of the Celtics' shot attempts.
Boston's balance was on full display again with six players, including all starters, scoring in double digits. Aron Baynes, who played only 17 minutes was one point shy of scoring in double figures too with 9 points. Of the double digit scorers, only Jaylen Brown scored in his 20s with 23 to lead the Celtics.
Likewise, different players led Boston in scoring in every quarter. Jaylen Brown had 14 points in the opening quarter while Jayson Tatum had 9 in the second period. Terry Rozier was on fire in the third with 14 and Al Horford finished the job with 8 points in the fourth quarter for the Celtics.
The same couldn't be said of Cleveland who had LeBron James take more than half of Cleveland's field goal attempts ( 13/24 or 54% ) in the first half. James scored 21 points in the opening quarter, just two less than the total point production of the entire Celtics team.
He waxed hot, shooting the ball at 8/13 from the floor including 4/7 from behind the three point arc. His points scored, field goal attempts and three pointers made in the first quarter were all career playoff highs for him.
King James continued to dominate the scoring for Cleveland as he finished the half with 25 of Cleveland's total 55 halftime points. James' halftime total matched the scoring total of Boston's top two scorers at the half as Jaylen Brown and Jayson Tatum combined for 25 for Boston at the end of two quarters.
James finished the game with 42 points, 10 rebounds and 12 assists. It was LeBron's third career 40 point triple double in the playoffs. However impressive that is from an individual standpoint, his teams are 1-2 in those games. But LeBron coming up big on Tuesday night didn't come as a surprise for the Celtics and for all us who have followed the 2018 playoffs religiously.
In the three games following a Cavaliers' loss this postseason, LeBron James has been spectacular. James had 46 points, 12 rebounds and 5 assists in Game 2 against the Pacers, 32 points, 13 rebounds and 7 assists in Game 4 of that series and then of course, we all remember his 45 points, 8 rebounds and 7 assists in the deciding Game 7 against Indiana.
Not only that, James has been equally sensational in Game 2s this year. In the first two rounds, James has averaged 44.5 points per game on 26 shots per contest and at a 69% field goal shooting percentage.
While King James took the fight to the Celtics, the Cavalry wasn't there to give him the support he needed to topple the Celtics. Sure, Kevin Love had 22 points and 15 boards, credit him for a big game. You can't ask any more from Love as the Cavs' second best scorer.
But outside James and Love, only Kyle Korver scored in double digits for Cleveland. Korver had 11 in the game but he scored all of his points in the third quarter when Cleveland was still in control. Korver took only three shots in the second half and missed all of them. Not good for the Cavs.
What was most disappointing though was the scoring discrepancy from the team's starting backcourt. Boston's Terry Rozier and Jaylen Brown outscored J.R. Smith and George Hill by a whooping 38 point margin. Boston's backcourt combined for 41 points while Cleveland's starting guards shot just 1-11 from the floor. That was the biggest difference maker in Game 2.
Time To Take Morris Seriously?
One of the interesting sidelights of this series was Marcus Morris claiming to be the best LeBron defender outside Kawhi Leonard. We know that most found that to be funny and some ridiculous. Morris won the argument in Game 1, holding James to 5 points on 2-6 shooting in 24 plays.
Well now Morris has won two in a row because in aggregate, LeBron James has scored just 11 points off him on 4-14 shooting, including 0-4 from three point range on a total of 56 plays. That's very impressive because James has been shooting 16-28 on 5-10 three point shooting against other Boston defenders in this series.
Aside from his tremendous defense on the King, Morris is also averaging 16.5 points and 7.5 rebounds in the first two games of the series. That's monumental, considering that he is tasked to defend the universally recognized best player in the planet.
Because Boston has home court advantage over the Cavaliers, winning the first two games of the series actually doesn't give them any advantage. But if you take a look at Boston's history, the franchise has never lost in 37 series when they are up 2-0 to begin a playoff series. That's what puts Cleveland's backs against the proverbial wall really.
Boston improves to 9-0 at home in the current playoffs and they are now just two games away from advancing to the 2018 NBA Finals. Cleveland gets a chance to stop this landslide on Saturday when the series shifts to Cleveland.


[Image] A black woman with short hair looking sad and nervous. She is holding a paper to her chest.
[Caption] In my first semester of grad school, I took a non-fiction writing workshop.
It's nerve wracking, sharing a personal story.
[Image] Several people sitting around a round table, each with papers in front of them. A woman is holding her paper, and looking down at it, reading.
[Caption] One by one, people shared a story from their life.
[Image] A closeup of the paper against the black woman's chest. She is holding it very tightly.
[Caption] And then it was my turn.
[Image] The next three panels are done in a softer style, to indicate the content of the story she reads out loud.
The black woman, wearing a jacket and and a backpack, staring at an empty road in front of a "closed" sign on doors behind her.
[Caption] Xmas day, when I turned 18.
[Image] A silhouette of the woman, in front of the airport. The road in front of the airport is deserted. There is no one else.
[Caption] I was accidentally left alone at a small airport.
[Caption] My mentally ill father – he was undiagnosed at the time – didn't check if the terminal was open. I ended up hitchhiking home.
[Image] The black woman, seen from behind, faces the table of other students. Three women face her around the table, all with disbelieving expressions.
[Caption] What? They think I'm lying?
Woman 1: Wait, are you sure that's how it happened?
Woman 2: I kind of don't believe it. Why didn't you know better?
Woman 3: Yeah I found it odd too.
[Caption] I didn't want to cry. I wanted to scream. I looked down at my story instead.
Is it me and my writing? Did I not convey my father to be mentally ill enough? Why did no one else get these questions? Why would they doubt my own word for my own experience? My experience doesn't fit into a typical black experience. Maybe that's why they don't believe me? Maybe my classmates don't understand mental illness?
[Caption] I am bombarded by self-doubt. Historically, black writers have had to have white people vouch for their own stories to be taken seriously. Maybe that was part of it, maybe it wasn't – but it's what growing up black has forced me to expect.
I am plagued by this rampant self-doubt as I ask these questions: this is how I live with double consciousness, of thinking about how people see me along with how I see myself.
It's an extra alter ego that my white classmates inadvertently evoked, and by which they will never be haunted.
I moved from Illinois to Florida to attend an MFA program in creative writing, where I received a fellowship to attend. I experienced some culture shock, going from a culturally diverse community to a white, culturally insular student body. I have noticed that as a writer who is also a black woman, there are questions that my white counterparts don't have to face in this environment.
In my first semester of grad school, I took a nonfiction class where we had writing workshops. It takes a lot of guts to put your story into the hands of strangers for their critique. Yet this nerve-wracking experience can be a very enlightening, even uplifting experience.
I wrote and shared my painful experience of turning 18 on Christmas Day, where I was accidentally left outside in an unfamiliar, small airport terminal by my father. I ended up having to hitchhike home.
My mentally ill father didn't check the terminal to see if it would be open on a major holiday. I didn't consider him mentally ill back then – the illness was undiagnosed. So I just thought that his behavior was only eccentric and odd. That's just who he was to me.
I felt the story was pretty universally understandable – a child dealing with a mentally ill parent, thinking that was just how he was, and believing that this was normal, healthy behavior.
What I wasn't expecting was the reaction from some classmates. In a non-fiction workshop – where I wrote about a personal experience, and can't change the facts – I was questioned whether my experience occurred the way that I experienced and wrote about it. Some classmates could not take my own word for my own past. Historically, black writers have had to have white people vouch for their stories (e.g. slave narratives) to be taken seriously. I don't know if I was touching that third rail, or if they were. Either way, I was shocked by how closely they scrutinized my true story.
Inside, I was livid. How could they blame me, a child (at the time), for my father's negligence? I sat in my seat, half looking at my classmates, and half looking at what I wrote, and shook inside with the abandonment, loneliness, and shame that I felt on that cold, wintry day. It's like I had traveled back to that moment but now I had random strangers pointing their fingers at me. I didn't want to cry — I wanted to scream. I was reliving that horrible day all over again, all cold with the wind whipping through my ears, my fingers going numb, feeling that heavy, existential dread. Except this time I was surrounded by unsympathetic strangers.
Most of the classmates expressed fear for the story "me", hitchhiking on Christmas Day – as they should have. Yet it only took about three women, all white and above the age of 30, to ruin what would have been a decent workshop experience. Since then, my workshops, which have had mostly white audiences, have been challenging, although I have been able to grow as a writer.
A recent study has shown that people assume that black people feel less pain than white people. Basically, the black experience is already marked by injustice from racism, so how much more painful can being left outside on your birthday really be? My experience doesn't fit into the mold of the typical black experience, so my classmates assumed that my pain on that day was somehow less than if the story belonged to someone else.
All of this is happening on an unconscious level. But when I write, I aim for universal truths that can be felt and understood by everyone. I am challenged to improve a story if readers don't get it. So the lack of diversity in my program shouldn't be a deterrent or obstacle. There may have been legitimate flaws in my story: it could have been that I didn't show my father to be mentally ill enough. Or it could have been that my classmates are not really acquainted with how mental illness plays out in families.
I am plagued by this rampant self-doubt as I ask these questions; this is how I live with double consciousness, of thinking about how people see me along with how I see myself. It's an extra alter ego that my white classmates inadvertently evoked, and by which they will never be haunted.
I'm white as a white thing but my father has a list of illnesses as long as my arm, mental illness is high on his side of our family and in my husbands as well, yay!
I'm so sorry you had to go through that. What a horrible lonely feeling that must have been even without the doubters questioning every line of your very personal story that you chose to share with them. Mental illness in a parent, or any loved one, is hard enough to deal with. Then bring in the insecurity of racial relations and you have a time bomb just waiting to go off. I realize that I am privileged by my race and can only imagine what others have to deal with on a daily basis. We all wear scars, I only wish that everyone had good friends to help sooth them.
I don't know if you're reading this still, but I hope you are still continuing to write with the same conviction that brought you into the MFA program. Even if people, even a majority may disrespect your writing and your person, I hope the knowledge that there will always be people who are receptive to your work will keep you going.


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2021-10-03 October 3, 2021
October 1, 2021 - October 31, 2021 Recurring
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October 3, 2021 @ 10:30 am - 1:30 pm EDT
Michigan National Guard – Cyber Expo & Change of Command Ceremony
3411 N Martin Luther King Jr Blvd	3411 North Martin Luther King Junio, Lansing
Learn from Cyber industry experts & network with other IT professionals. Military Change of Command ceremony and Cybersecurity Summit About this event Michigan Army National Guard's Cyber Protection Team 172 is hosting the change...
October 3, 2021 @ 1:00 pm EDT
Survivors Benefits Workshop – Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 5337
Veterans of Foreign Wars Post 5337	3705 Pulaski Highway, Abingdon
A workshop presented by the Veterans of Foreign Wars open to all US Military Veterans and their families to learn about survivor benefits. Too often families of Veterans have to struggle to understand...
October 3, 2021 @ 1:00 pm - 3:30 pm PDT
Burbank Aviation and WWII Historical Tour
3898 Valhalla Dr	3898 Valhalla Drive, Burbank
Join us on an afternoon as we explore the best of history and aviation in the heart of Burbank Burbank has long been known as a home to aviation. The Portal of the...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Sunny & bright 2 bed, 2 bath townhome in the heritage-inspired Villagio in the heart of the Heights! NO UNITS ABOVE OR BELOW YOU! This home has fresh coat of Paint, Maple Kitchen Cabinets, Granite counters, Stainless Steel appliances, pantry & large eating bar. The Kitchen is open to the living room w/gas fireplace & dining room which overlooks the large 20 x 16 south facing, private and fenced beautiful, sunny garden patio. 2 piece bath & in-suite storage area complete the main floor; 2 spacious bedrooms up with en suite 4-piece bath & laundry. Great worry-free complex! Pet friendly. 2 underground parking plus storage locker. Best location in the Heights-steps to shops, restaurants, schools, parks & recreation. 15 minutes to Downtown Vancouver! OPEN HOUSE April 23rd/24th SAT/SUN 2-4PM.


I'm booked in for a c section and have heard that some hospitals say not too wear make up.
No one see's me without make up on except my OH, it's like a comfort thing. I can go without foundation if I have too, but mascara is a must.
I know people will say, that will be the last thing on your mind and shouldn't worry how you look. But I do, I've always been that way and it won't ever change.
Could you get the LvL treatment done before your section? Or just go for a lash tint?
And maybe use a CC/BB cream, that way you'll still feel like you have a little on?
I don't mind going without makeup running errands and stuff but must admit I'm thinking - must remember to get my lashes done before the birth so look a bit better in the first photos!! Sounds so shallow but who doesn't want to look nice at such a big moment!?!?
You are a very negative person, I only simply asked if you could wear mascara.
That's a very unhealthy view of pregnancy. Giving birth, the mother's wants and needs are IMPORTANT, having an attitude she doesn't matter its all about if the baby survives is the view of male doctors that are traumatising women in hospitals.
If she needs an emergency C section, that's a complete different procedure to a planned C section.
Annh17, ignore this idiot. You wear your make up and make yourself feel as comfortable and good as possible, its YOUR body and YOUR baby, don't listen to these type of idiots , they obviously had horrible births and want everyone else to suffer!!!
Plus you can wear nail varnish. I had it on my toes and the surgeons assistant and a midwife asked me what colour it was as they both liked it! They just say have either toes or nails not coloured - leave one natural. And no false nails.
i support this response whole heartedly! there was nothing derogatorive in there, just honest truths, and if you wanted the responses to pander to your ego then maybe you should have written that in the actual post - the only idiots on these responses are the ones who tell you to ignore this post, you should take ALL of them into account, not just the ones you deem acceptable. Also if this is the first time you've been made aware of the C-Section procedure then i highly recommend you do your own research, not to scare yourself but to be fully informed on the ins and outs!
that being said, i hope you have a safe delivery. enjoy your little bundle of joy!
Don't worry, my hospital says on paper no make up but the midwife said it was fine to wear a bit.
I'm not having a go at you, but Annh17 asked for advice about wearing make up for a c section, not if wearing make up is wrong. She can look into that herself in the future, at the moment she asked a simple question, and deserves a simple answer , not a lecture.
Plus hospital will have lots of air conditioning which makes your skin drier so a dewy look will be better anyway (more flattering in case any wrinkles should pop up and means no need for powder and brushes)!
Ooh this got a bit heated didn't it?!
I'd imagine a bit of mascara is probably ok tbh but they will do pre-op checks so worst case scenario is that they'll make you take it off before you go to theatre. They might actually make you shower before as well.
There are some safety implications eg no nail varnish as they will likely use a sats monitor on your finger (I'm sure you've said before you work in care so prob know what that is) and also if you need any oxygen, they won't want you wearing any oils/creams etc that could be flammable when in contact with oxygen.
I feel naked without makeup I don't leave the house without it on but if I had to not wear it for a surgery then I guess I'd go bare face but bring it with me for after.
14 weeks +1 Pregnant, self-injecting clexane and taking aspirin.
Is it a bad idea to have one of the things where you can hear the heart beat your self at home?
Over 40 when you give birth?


Minsk, Belarus - May 28, 2018: Volkswagen Teramont (known as Atlas in the USA) drives on a narrow road throught a forest during test-drive. Volkswagen Teramont / Atlas is a three-row seven-seater crossover powered by 2.0 TSI or by 3.6-liter V6. It is available with eight speed automatic gearbox and with all-wheel drive transmission.


As Texas began its new HB 4 pre-k grant program in the 2016-2017 school year, the Texas Education Grantmakers Advocacy Consortium (TEGAC) sponsored a research project to explore local demand and provide a preliminary analysis to policymakers.
In September 2016, our team here at Texans Care for Children published the first report, "Ensuring the Success of HB 4 and Texas Students: A Preliminary Analysis of the Texas High-Quality Pre-k Grant Program." Our report found a high level of demand, with grants provided to 573 districts serving 86 percent of the state's pre-k students, including school districts across the economic spectrum. The report noted that the relatively low level of per-student funding ($734, or about half of the $1,500 originally envisioned for the program) would make it difficult for districts to support all of the critical pre-k quality improvements high on their priority list.
The reports found strong local support for the pre-k grant program. Most participating school districts used the grants for teacher training, curriculum, instructional materials, technology, and parent engagement. A smaller number of districts used the grants to expand full-day pre-k options. Among the school districts contacted for this research, there was broad agreement that funding to boost pre-k quality needs to be more stable and predictable.
As the Legislature considers next steps on HB 4, it should take into account these local experiences and recommendations, particularly the need for adequate and stable funding.


text:
What's New In Self-Sovereign Identity? (January 2020)
Alex Andrade-Walz
We're back with our first newsletter of the year, where we're highlighting how self-sovereign identity (SSI) fits into GDPR and CCPA, exciting new SSI pilots, the role of blockchain in combating deepfakes and location tracking, and a look at what SSI means for both universities and retailers.
We're also excited to announce a new webinar coming your way on Thursday, January 23 all about what SSI means for universities and their students, alum, faculty, and staff. With 200+ already signed up, this is one webinar you won't want to miss. To save your spot, RSVP here.
The Self-Sovereign Identity Roundup:
Our top 10 picks for January 2020
1. The Three Pillars of Self-Sovereign Identity
As awareness of self-sovereign identity grows at an accelerating pace, so too have the misconceptions grown—notions that SSI means putting personal information on a blockchain or that we can all go around verifying our own credentials.
To address some of this misinformation, we wanted to return to the basics and reduce SSI down to its three core pillars: Secure connections, digital data 'watermarking,' and a trusted, tamperproof public key directory.
The combination of these three components defines the new identity paradigm of SSI. Together, these components provide a new way of securely moving data from A to B, without anyone in the middle snooping on it, and in a way that the recipient can verify the data's source, integrity, and validity.
Read more on the Evernym Blog
2. Innovation meets compliance: Data privacy regulation and distributed ledger technology
The emergence of data privacy as a consumer right over the past decade accelerated through a series of scandals and data breaches and reached a crescendo with the introduction of the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation. Better known as GDPR, Europe established a "gold standard" for what data privacy should mean for citizens in a connected world. Simultaneously, the Sovrin Foundation showed how a global network for digital identity based around a blockchain could provide this gold standard in practice.
Now, in a new paper, Innovation Meets Compliance: Data Privacy Regulation and Distributed Ledger Technology, the Sovrin Foundation makes the case that self-sovereign identity is the most flexible system for handling data privacy as regulations are adopted in different jurisdictions and evolve to meet changing local needs over the next decade.
Read the whitepaper from the Sovrin Foundation
3. Amid privacy and security failures, digital IDs advance
Self-sovereign identity takes center stage in this Computerworld article discussing how a growing frustration over privacy and security failures is driving interest for a new, user-centric model of identity.
This article highlights how SSI solves many of the shortcomings and security risks we're seeing today and how early pilots (including those of Evernym customer CULedger) show a promising future for this new technology.
Read more on Computerworld
4. What does self-sovereign identity mean for higher education?
In recent months, we've seen more interest in SSI from higher education than from any other sector, and it's not hard to see why: SSI offers universities a way to not only set their students up for success in their professional lives but in their digital lives as well.
To explore the opportunities facing higher education, we wanted to highlight a few of the use cases we're currently working on with our customers, along with some practical tips for how universities can prepare for a self-sovereign future.
Read more on the Evernym Blog or hear the authors discuss the post on our Jan 23 webinar
5. What we've learned from California's Consumer Privacy Act so far
In June 2018, California passed a major consumer privacy law called the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). It was the first comprehensive consumer privacy law passed in the United States and gives consumers several important new rights, including the right to know more about a company's privacy practices, a right to see, delete, and download the personal information stored about them, restrictions on a company's right to sell their personal information, restrictions on discrimination against consumers for exercising their privacy rights, and the right to sue companies for certain types of data breaches.
While we're still in the early days—with the law going into effect on January 1—we're already seeing some important ramifications and a host of "CCPA-like" regulation passing in other U.S. states, including Nevada and New York.
Read more on The Hill
6. An interview with Daniel Hardman, Evernym's Chief Architect
Few have had a greater influence on the development of self-sovereign identity than Daniel Hardman. His work touches on just about every aspect of the technology, from designing the core architecture as Evernym's Chief Architect and the Sovrin Foundation's Technical Governance Board Secretary, to facilitating an open-source community as one of Hyperledger's Technical Ambassadors, to advancing open standards as a primary contributor to the W3C's Decentralized Identifiers Working Group.
Tykn recently interviewed Daniel to get his thoughts on the technical underpinnings of SSI, including the risks and challenges facing mass adoption and the decision to write the Indy-SDK in Rust.
Read the interview on the Tykn Blog
7. Credit unions pilot blockchain-based digital ID system
Evernym customer CULedger celebrated a major milestone back in December when it announced the completion of its first three live pilots with major credit unions.
The credit unions (Unify Financial, Desert Financial, and TruWest) used CULedger's system (along with Evernym's Connect.Me consumer wallet app) within their call centers to securely authenticate incoming callers.
CULedger says that the technology helped reduce the time to verify members from more than 50 seconds to under ten. In the longer term, the company hopes to see a reduction in fraud losses, lower member friction, and increased loyalty.
Read more on Finextra
8. Twelve million phones, one dataset, zero privacy
How would you react if someone knew your every footstep, where you went each and every day and when you went there? Unfortunately, it's not a hypothetical situation.
With the rise of location tracking (which we unknowingly agreed to in the terms of service of even many of the most respected mobile apps), our location is continually tracked and, in many cases, sold to the highest bidder. The data is sold on the basis that it is anonymized and secure, but this New York Times interactive analysis shows just how easy it is to correlate this 'anonymous data' back to an individual based on where they're observed at certain times throughout the day—and sheds some light on what it means for personal privacy and security.
Read more on the New York Times
9. Deepfakes sit on the frontier of digital identity – but operators are more than a match for them
Deepfakes – apparent digital recordings that use AI to generate false representations of people saying things they never said – have been around for more than a year now, but are now starting to permeate the public consciousness in earnest.
This article explores the implications of deepfakes on fraud and the role of blockchain-based identity models, like SSI, in creating a digital audit trail.
Read more on GSMA
10. Nine ways SSI will benefit retailers
As our customer NCR demoed earlier this week with a POS integration for issuing trusted, digital receipts at NRF 2020 (one of retail's biggest annual conferences), self-sovereign identity is a game-changer for retail.
SSI offers retailers a new paradigm for customer connections, enabling personalized and secure communications with seamless and instant data sharing. For retailers, this means one-tap online checkout experiences, personalized and consent-based customer journeys, and significant improvements across the entire supply chain.
To explore just how much self-sovereign identity can transform today's retail environment, we highlight nine examples of retail-based use cases our customers are exploring today.
Meet the Evernym team at an upcoming event
Vancouver, CA: Identity North (Jan 22-23) – Evernym's Drummond Reed will be there discussing SSI standards and the evolving SSI ecosystem
Amsterdam / The Hague, NL: Workshop: Migration Towards SSI (Jan 27) – Drummond Reed will share his thoughts on how organizations can get started with SSI in a workshop hosted by the Dutch Blockchain Coalition and TNO
London, UK: Good Intelligence Identity Summit (Jan 30) – Andrew Tobin will be there presenting on SSI / BYOI
Barcelona, ES: Mobile World Congress (Feb 24-27) – Andrew Tobin will be presenting two sessions on identity
Phoenix, US: Hyperledger Global Forum (March 3-6) – As major contributors to the Hyperledger Indy, Ursa, and Aries projects, Evernym will be there in force
London, UK: Blockchain Week (Mar 4-11) – Jamie Smith will be presenting
Amsterdam, NL: Money20/20 Europe (June 16-18) – Andrew Tobin will speak on what SSI means for banks and other financial service companies
And that's a wrap!
If you'd like more frequent insights, be sure to follow us on Twitter and check out our Early Access Plan for tailored learning tracks and the resources, tools, and support needed to build business cases and rapid POCs.
June 2022 Release Notes
Our Analysis of the EU Digital Identity Architecture and Reference Framework
7 Deadly Sins (9) Company News (24) eIDAS (2) Finance (5) GDPR (4) General (52) Higher Education (2) Hyperledger (4) Newsletter (7) Policy & Compliance (9) Products (19) Release Notes (7) Retail (2) Thought Leadership (16)


If you have a toothache, call one of our Coast Dental Mableton endodontists today at (770) 732-0900. We look forward to helping you find relief through root canal therapy or another type of endodontic treatment in Mableton, Georgia .
Endodontics is one of the nine dental specialties recognized by the American Dental Association (ADA). Our Mableton endodontists specialize in providing our patients with root canals and other endodontic treatments. Whatever your dental condition or concern, our endodontist is committed to providing you with the best possible patient experience. Book an appointment for Mableton endodontic treatment or endodontic surgery by calling our office today at (770) 732-0900.


text:
Q: Jacoco doesn't produce coverage reports I 'm using maven-sure fire plugin to execute tests and Jacoco plugin to generate the coverage reports.  Jacoco does't provide coverage reports and instead fails with the debug log as shown here under.
[INFO] --- jacoco-maven-plugin:0.8.0:report (jacoco-site) @ util ---
[INFO] Skipping JaCoCo execution due to missing execution data file.
Here is how the maven sure-fire plugin looks.
             <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-release-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>2.5.2</version>
            </plugin>
            <plugin>
                <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
                <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>2.10</version>
                <configuration>
                    <parallel>classes</parallel>
                     <threadCount>8</threadCount>
                     <forkCount>4</forkCount>
                     <encoding>UTF-8</encoding>
                    <inputEncoding>UTF-8</inputEncoding>
                    <outputEncoding>UTF-8</outputEncoding>
                    <argLine>-Xms256m -Xmx512m -XX:MaxPermSize=128m -ea
                        -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8</argLine>
                     </configuration>
            </plugin>

Here is how the Jacoco plugin looks like.
<plugin>
                <groupId>org.jacoco</groupId>
                <artifactId>jacoco-maven-plugin</artifactId>
                <version>0.8.0</version>
                <configuration>
                    <destFile>${basedir}/target/coverage-reports/jacoco-unit.exec</destFile>
                    <dataFile>${basedir}/target/coverage-reports/jacoco-unit.exec</dataFile>
                </configuration>
                <executions>
                    <execution>
                        <id>jacoco-initialize</id>
                        <goals>
                            <goal>prepare-agent</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                    <execution>
                        <id>jacoco-site</id>
                        <phase>package</phase>
                        <goals>
                        <goal>report</goal>
                        </goals>
                    </execution>
                </executions>
            </plugin>

A: Quoting http://www.jacoco.org/jacoco/trunk/doc/prepare-agent-mojo.html :

If your project already defines VM arguments for test execution, be sure that they will include property defined by JaCoCo.
One of the ways to do this in case of maven-surefire-plugin - is to use syntax for late property evaluation:
<plugin>
  <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
  <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
  <configuration>
    <argLine>@{argLine} -your -extra -arguments</argLine>
  </configuration>
</plugin>

Another way is to define "argLine" as a Maven property rather than as part of the configuration of maven-surefire-plugin:
<properties>
  <argLine>-your -extra -arguments</argLine>
</properties>
...
<plugin>
  <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
  <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
  <configuration>
    <!-- no argLine here -->
  </configuration>
</plugin>

so either define
<argLine>-Xms256m -Xmx512m -XX:MaxPermSize=128m -ea
                    -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8</argLine>

as property:
<build>
  <properties>
    <argLine>-Xms256m -Xmx512m -XX:MaxPermSize=128m -ea
                    -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8</argLine>
  </properties>
...
  <plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>2.10</version>
    <configuration>
      <!-- no argLine here -->

or add @{argLine} to it:
<plugin>
  <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
  <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
  <version>2.10</version>
  <configuration>
    <argLine>@{argLine} -Xms256m -Xmx512m -XX:MaxPermSize=128m -ea
                    -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8</argLine>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


There's something magical about Hannagan Meadow. Maybe it's the morning dew and the not-so-distant bugling of elk. Maybe it's because the cellphone that gets reception here is a rare, special cellphone. Maybe it's just because Hannagan Meadow is, hands down, the crown jewel of the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forests.
The campground isn't chock-full of amenities like some of the others in the region, but it is one of the most popular. That's likely because of its scenery — stately ponderosas, mostly — and wildlife. Birds and squirrels chatter away in the trees, and elk are common. For amenities, you'll find spacious sites and potable water, and for a song — Hannagan Meadow is a no-fee campground.
When you're not watching for wildlife near your tent, it is possible to venture out on Aker Lake Trail, which originates at the campground between sites 6 and 7. The moderately rated trail is 3.5 miles one way, and leads to its namesake body of water via a mixed forest of aspens and conifers as well as the Butterfly Cienega meadow. Along the way will be even more birds and the occasional mule deer or even a black bear. Have your camera handy and watch from a distance. You might capture a frame-worthy photograph and a magical memory all your own. Although the trail experienced significant damage during the Wallow Fire of 2011, grasses and young trees are emerging from the ash and, at press time, cleanup was under way to restore trail clarity.
Campfire Tale: During summer, elk range within a half-mile of water, which means they're common in higher elevations. There they will stay until snow forces them to lower elevations and easier access to food — weeds, grasses and shrubs.


Caelus Cubesat Bringing Revolutionary technology to space.
The goal is to send a Cubesat with a Bitcoin node to Space. this funding is for the Cubesat Structure.
Operation Caelus is a project i'm starting to get a Cubesat with a Bitcoin node to space.
this will be a open source project for everyone to follow. the goal is to send a cubesat with a Bitcoin node to the thermosphere.
you can follow all the work here; https://bitcointalk.org/index.php?topic=1183158.0 and you can also Contribute your own work and help us work on the satellite itself !
the first step is to acquire the Cubesat structure, which this Kickstarter campaign was made for.
one of the key goals with this project, except for the bitcoin node part is to create unique satellite with 0 or close to 0 commercial Satellite parts, such as NanoPower P31U Power Supply, ISIS On Board Computer and so on. for that, i suggest the Core computer to be made out of a tweaked RPI. if Possible a camera could also be used on the satellite to broadcast live footage. to make it more cost effective we will use a 1.33 Kg mass (MAX) Cubesat (10x10x10CM) Temperature sensors, and vibration sensors will also be added for more Data.
We are now also working on a project which will allow us to send bitcoin transactions through radio frequency to the satellite which will then bounce it off to a main server and broadcast it !
we are going to use a Commercial made Cubesat computer but also a RPI. we have started researching to build a Radioactive Case for the RPI. if this works as we plan we can lower the cost for future Cubesats and satellites by Tens of thousands of dollars!
This listing is only to achieve the structure itself for the cubesat, the rest of the parts will hopefully be Made by the community itself !
The risks that involves this project will mainly be the launch itself. building the satellite will not be a problem at all.
but with the power of the community i have no doubts that we will get to space - together !
Delays are of course a risk.
you will have your name sent to space!
just imagine having something in space with your name on it!
a Mission Post card !


text:
Q: R adding a column to one dataframe based on another dataframe and the date I have a dataframe (Reports_following_AC) where each row represents a report. This dataframe looks like this:
> head(Reports_following_AC)

 Park               Month      Obs_con Coy_Season Number_AC Number_4w_AC
  <chr>              <date>       <dbl>      <dbl>     <int>        <int>
1 14st NE - Coventry 2019-06-14       1          2         8            0
2 14st NE - Coventry 2019-10-12       0          3        10            0
3 14st NE - Coventry 2019-10-13       0          3        10            0
4 14st NE - Coventry 2021-06-23       1          2        10            0
5 Airways Park       2020-07-05       0          2         3            0
6 Airways Park       2021-07-18       1          2         6            0

I would like to add a column to my Reports_following_AC dataframe, "Last_treatment", based on the "AC_code" column of the Reaction_per_park_per_day_3 dataframe (below). In my Reaction_per_park_per_day_3 dataframe, each row represents an AC event.
The Last_treatment column that would be added to the Reports_following_AC dataframe would represent the "AC_code" (treatment) of the last AC event prior to a report in a Park, if that AC event was done in the 4 weeks (28 days) prior to a report.
> head(Reaction_per_park_per_day_3)
# A tibble: 6 x 10
Park                 Date      AC_code
<chr>                <date>       <dbl>
1 14st NE - Coventry 2019-06-05       6
2 14st NE - Coventry 2019-07-12       7
3 14st NE - Coventry 2019-10-05       1
4 14st NE - Coventry 2021-06-18       2
5 Airways Park       2020-06-26       1
6 Airways Park       2021-06-30       5

The resulting dataframe would therefore look like this:
 Park               Month      Obs_con Coy_Season Number_AC Number_4w_AC  Last_treatment
  <chr>              <date>       <dbl>      <dbl>     <int>        <int>          <dbl>
1 14st NE - Coventry 2019-06-14       1          2         8            0              6
2 14st NE - Coventry 2019-10-12       0          3        10            0              1
3 14st NE - Coventry 2019-10-13       0          3        10            0              1
4 14st NE - Coventry 2021-06-23       1          2        10            0             NA
5 Airways Park       2020-07-05       0          2         3            0              1
6 Airways Park       2021-07-18       1          2         6            0              5

I tried the following code, but it's not quite working because instead of providing the AC_Code for the last AC event prior to the reports if within 30 days of the report, it provides the AC_code for all the AC events within 30 days of the report.
Reports_following_AC_1 <- Reports_following_AC %>%
  left_join(select(Reaction_per_park_per_day_3, c(Park, Date, AC_code))) %>%
              filter(Date <= Month ) %>%
              group_by(Park, Month, Obs_con, Coy_Season) %>%
              mutate(Last_treatment = if_else((Month - max(Date))<28, AC_code, as.character(NA))) %>%
              distinct

> head(Reports_following_AC_1)

  Park               Month      Obs_con Coy_Season Number_AC Number_4w_AC Date       AC_code Last_treatment
  <chr>              <date>       <dbl>      <dbl>     <int>        <int> <date>     <chr>   <chr>
1 14st NE - Coventry 2019-06-14       1          2         8            0 2019-01-30 3       NA
2 14st NE - Coventry 2019-06-14       1          2         8            0 2019-01-30 4       NA
3 14st NE - Coventry 2019-06-14       1          2         8            0 2019-01-30 1       NA
4 14st NE - Coventry 2019-06-14       1          2         8            0 2019-02-01 4       NA
5 14st NE - Coventry 2019-06-14       1          2         8            0 2019-02-01 2       NA
6 14st NE - Coventry 2019-06-14       1          2         8            0 2019-02-04 1       NA

I'm ideally looking for a dplyr solution, but I'm open to other possibilities.

A: you want to join with a selection of columns from Reaction_per_park_per_day_3 if i understand correctly? This should work:
Reports_following_AC_1 <- Reports_following_AC %>%
  left_join(select(Reaction_per_park_per_day_3, c(Park,Month,AC_cod), by="Park" ) %>%
  filter(Date <= Month ) %>%
  group_by(Park, Month, Obs_con, Coy_Season) %>%
  mutate(Last_treatment = if_else((Month - max(Date))<28, lag(AC_code), as.character(NA))) %>%
  distinct

A: I figured it out!
Reports_following_AC_1 <- Reports_following_AC %>%
  left_join(select(Reaction_per_park_per_day_3, c(Park, Date, AC_code))) %>%
              filter(Date < Month ) %>%
              group_by(Park, Month, Obs_con, Coy_Season, Number_4w_AC) %>%
              mutate(Last_treatment = last(if_else((Month - max(Date))<28, AC_code, as.character(NA)))) %>%
  select(c(Park, Month, Obs_con, Coy_Season, Number_4w_AC, Last_treatment)) %>%
              distinct


The Socialist Workers Party stand against antisemitism…..yeah right!
As the cases of antisemitism continue to emerge from the Labour party and the Jewish community continues to battle against the tide of hate, our friends over at the Socialist Workers Party will be hosting a number of events across the country about how they can defend Jeremy Corbyn against these "attacks", and why "such suggestions" of antisemitism are really about "undermining the left's support for Palestinians". Because remember folks, allegations of antisemitism against the left can never be done in good faith. Its all about Palestine and those free-speech hating, colonialist loving Zionists. Well, that is what the SWP are saying anyway.
The events will be taking place this evening in London, as well as in Manchester and Oxford. One other event in London will be taking place next week.
The below comment on the event discussion page probably gives a good indication as to what kind of spirit the event will be conducted in.
The Corbynites continue to belittle antisemitism in the name of Jeremy Corbyn. When will he come out and tell them to stop?


text:
Q: How do you load a text file into a list and then work with that list with normal list functions in Python? I am having trouble with my program. I had originally set it up to have a user enter employee information that populated a nested list, and then do things with that info. Each nested list was one employee. Worked fine. Now I am adding the ability to save the entered info as a text file, and also to load from that file. I believe we are supposed to have it run in the IDLE shell as opposed to a terminal window.
I can save the info in a text file and it comes out like this:
John Doe,111111111,(555)555-1212,john@john.com,$50000
Jane Doe,222222222,(444)555-1111,jane@jane.com,$50,000

I am loading it as such:
for line in open('employee_file.txt'):
    items = line.rstrip('\n').split('\t')
    items = [item.strip() for item in items]
    temp_load_list.append(items)

This gets me a nested list like this:
[[John Doe,111111111,(555)555-1212,john@john.com,$50000],[Jane Doe,222222222,(444)555-1111,jane@jane.com,$50,000]]...

This is the same structure I got when only using my user entered data, except the user entered data had single quotes around all but the second item since it was an integer. It doesnt work with all of the other functionality that I wrote for the user entered stuff so I thought, well I will add the single quotes around the certain items, and type each as a string or integer as needed...but I can not address a single item in this list!
If I try to print the first item in the first list, Id expect "John Doe" to be returned.
print('This should be first item of first list:',temp_load_list[0][0])

Instead what I get is:
John Doe,111111111,(555)555-1212,john@john.com,$50000

The brackets are gone, but that's it. If I try to break that down with a for loop, I get each character streaming out vertically. So, I am not able to change any of the specific items, or pick them out to populate a display field like "Employee 1 Name:"
I'd like to have a solution that will work in the IDLE editor environment, so any imported modules would have to do that.
Why is the list I make from a text file not behaving like a list?
Thanks in advance for any suggestions!
Neil


text:
Helmut Köhler ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Helmut Köhler (Politiker) (1928–2009), deutscher Politiker (SPD)
 Helmut Köhler (Heimatforscher, 1930) (1930–2012), deutscher Lehrer und Heimatforscher
 Helmut Köhler (Chemiker) (1931–1990), deutscher Chemiker
 Helmut Köhler (Rechtswissenschaftler) (* 1944), deutscher Rechtswissenschaftler und Hochschullehrer
 Helmut Köhler (Heimatforscher, 1945) (* 1945), deutscher Heimatforscher

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
OBERON for April & May
Second Stage for A.R.T.
By: A.R.T. - Apr 01, 2015
Cambridge, MA – OBERON, the American Repertory Theater's (A.R.T.) second stage and club theater venue on the fringe of Harvard Square, announces all the offerings to be presented at OBERON during the months of April and May, in addition to the previously announced productions, including Visiting Artists, Artists in Residence, and Usual Suspects.
THE BIG QUIZ THING
OBERON Presents
Presented by The Big Quiz Thing and OBERON
Monday, April 6 at 8PM
Monday, May 4 at 8PM
The Big Quiz Thing, the major-league game show that you get to play, is live at OBERON every month. Quizmaster Noah Tarnow presents five big rounds of the world's greatest multimedia quiz excitement, including video puzzles and audio clues. Plus, there's hope for dummies: Smart-Ass Points for wrong but funny answers. Best of all is the $200 cash grand prize, along with show tickets, books, DVDs, CDs, baked goods, and more. May the "fourth" be with you and guide you to the right answers for the Star Wars themed trivia on May 4!
ACOUSTICAELECTRONICA
OBERON Artist in Residence
Presented by Touch Performance Art and OBERON
Friday, April 10 at 10:30PM
Friday, May 8 at 9:30PM
Tickets $25-55
AcousticaElectronica sends the audience on a tantalizing voyage filled with sensual and emotional discoveries as elements of electronic and classical music, dance, circus arts, and immersive theater are fused with the infectious energy of the contemporary nightclub. Dancers, symphonies, aerialists, operas, and live musicians (THE WIG included) all happen around every inch of the space to keep the audience guessing at every turn.
EMILY DICKINSON'S MUSIC BOOK: A PRELUDE TO THE CIVIL WAR
Presented by Harvard Library
Free, but ticketed
The music that Emily Dickinson knew and loved is brought to life in words and music, illuminating her poetic voice that was emerging against the backdrop of the impending Civil War. The Red Skies Music Ensemble interweaves period music with an archive-based illustrated narrative presented by George Boziwick that centers on Dickinson's "binders' volume", her personal sheet music collection. Actress Elise Toscano uses Emily Dickinson's own words to portray Dickinson's New England spirit as a knowing observer of her inner and outer musical and poetic worlds.
OSCAR AT THE CROWN AND THE LOVE THAT DARE NOT SPEAK ITS NAME
Created by Mark Mauriello
Original Music by Andrew Barret Cox
Wednesday, April 15 and Thursday, April 16 at 8PM
In May of 1895, poet and celebrity Oscar Wilde was convicted of gross indecency and sentenced to two years hard labor. The career, persona, and world Wilde created for himself shattered in an explosion of public scandal and intimate anguish. In this love-torn fall, Oscar was neither the first nor the last. Journeying from pop party to abstract performance, OSCAR… offers a glimpse into the mind of the man behind the reputation, ultimately breaking apart the distinctions between performer, character, and inspiration.
HARVARD CHAN SCHOOL'S ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL NIGHT: U-NITE
Friday, April 17 at 7PM
Tickets $5
This event is an opportunity for Harvard Chan students from diverse backgrounds to celebrate their culture and share their talents through music, dance, and art. All members of the Harvard Chan community are welcomed to immerse themselves in the cultural and artistic showcases of their student body.
QUEEN NIGHT AT THE DONKEY SHOW – STARRING MIRANDA WRIGHTS
Usual Suspect
Presented by OBERON
Saturday, April 18 at 7:30PM & 10:30PM
Once a month The Donkey Show's glittery world gets a little more glitter with Queen Night. Miranda Wrights will join this disco retelling of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream as she takes the stage for a disco diva inspired performance.
POETRY GRUDGE MATCH: HOUSE SLAM VS. BOSTON POETRY SLAM
To celebrate National Poetry Month, Boston's oldest and freshest poetry slam venues, the House Slam and Boston Poetry Slam, will take the stage for big-city bragging rights. Team captains will each recruit seven cutthroat slammers who will use the tricks of their trade – lyricism, comedy, political fury, and personal narrative – to impress rowdy a rowdy audience and five all-star judges.
THE STORY COLLIDER
Presented by The Story Collider
Tuesday, April 21 at 8PM
The Story Collider is an evening of true, personal stories about science. From finding awe in Hubble images to visiting the doctor, science is everywhere in our lives. Whether we wear a lab coat or hasn't seen a test tube since eighth grade, science affects and changes us.
LITERARY DEATH MATCH
Presented by Todd Zuniga and Kirsten Sims
Wednesday, April 22 at 8PM
Literary Death Match carries the literary and performative aspects of Def Poetry Jam, rapier-witted quips of American Idol's judging (without the meanness), and the ridiculousness and hilarity of Double Dare. Each episode of this competitive, humor-centric reading series features a thrilling mix of four famous and emerging authors who perform their most electric writing in seven minutes or less before a lively audience and a panel of three all-star judges.
EXPERIENCE CAMPS FIRST ANNUAL BOSTON FUNDRAISER
Thursday, April 23 at 6:30PM
Experience: Boston features a night of open bar, plentiful hors d'oeuvres, heartwarming stories, and legendary milkshake tradition of Steve Hirsch. All proceeds benefit Experience Camps, one-week summer camps for children whose parent or sibling has died.
THE YOUTH HOUSING INITIATIVE GALA
Presented by the Youth Housing Initiative
Tickets $100
The Youth Housing Initiative (YHI) is a new initiative coming from the Harvard Square Shelter. Both are programs of the Phillips Brooks House Association (PBHA), the non-profit at Harvard College that involves students in a community work around Cambridge/Boston. The evening will include great music, cash bar, dancing, personal stories, door prizes and more.
A DARK KNIGHT IN THE ASYLUM
After a sold-out show last year, The Slaughterhouse Sweethearts and their fiendish friends present the villainous burlesque, A Dark Knight in the Asylum. Catwoman, Two-Face, Mr. Freeze, Poison Ivy, among others, will be stripping the audience of their morals along with their own clothing.
Presented by The Moth
Tuesday, May 19 at 8PM
Tickets $8-16
The Moth StorySLAMs are steadily spreading all over the map, gathering people and stories from all over the country. New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and Boston have multiple shows each month. The Moth is open to anyone with a five-minute story to share on the night's posted theme. The brave of heart, or those with stories they're aching to tell, prepare personal, true tales. When the doors open, storyteller hopefuls put their names in The Moth Hat. A half hour later, names are picked, and one by one, storytellers take the stage. Each person has just five minutes. The 10 featured stories are scored by teams of judges selected from the audience. Each StorySLAM generates a StorySLAM winner. After ten SLAMs, the winners face off in the GrandSLAM Championships.
THE BIG FAMILY QUIZ THING
Sunday, May 2 at 1PM
Tickets $10 for children up to 13; $15 for adults; $40 for family of 4
Following a sold-out event this winter, The Big Family Quiz Thing returns to OBERON with an afternoon of trivia fun for kids and adults. Bring the whole family because everyone gets to play the six rounds of fast and funny multimedia team-trivia. Family ticket packages available.
Presented by Juventas New Musical Ensemble and Puppet Showplace Theater
Tuesday, May 5 and Wednesday, May 6 at 7:30PM
An evening of unforgettable music and visual theater as Juventas and Puppet Showplace Theater lead the audience on a journey through 100 years of modern music. From Satie to Benjamin Perry Wenzelberg – Juventas' 15-year-old composer – the performance celebrates the past while giving a glimpse into the future of music.
FIFTY SHADES OF BEY
Presented by the Lipstick Criminals
Thursday, May 14 and Friday, May 15 at 8PM
Directed by Vanessa White, creator of The Slutcracker, Fifty Shades of Bey promises a night of fresh, original choreography performed to a bangin' selection of the Queen Bey's risqué repertoire.
NEWPOLI CD RELEASE "NUN TE VUTÁ"
Presented by Newpoli
Friday, May 29 at 8PM
Newpoli performs music from the South of Italy laced with influences from all of the surrounding Mediterranean cultures. Originals are mixed with exciting arrangements of traditional music, the tempo is high, and their drama and passion can be heard in every note.
THE DONKEY SHOW'S 600TH PERFORMANCE APRIL CELEBRATION
The Long-Running Hit
Presented by A.R.T.
Every Saturday night at 7:30PM & 10:30PM
600 Dance Floor Tickets for $10
In celebration of 600 fabulous performances, The Donkey Show will be selling 600 dance floor tickets for only $10. Tony Award-winner Diane Paulus' celebrated smash hit continues its 5th Season at OBERON every Saturday night, bringing you the ultimate disco experience – a crazy circus of mirror balls and feathered divas, of roller skaters and hustle queens inspired by Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. The party rages on the dance floor to all the best 70s hits as the show unfolds around the audience. After the show, the party continues into the night so you can live out your own disco fever fantasy!
Back to Theatre Section Home


text:
Artur Manuel Ribeiro Soares Dias (Vila Nova de Gaia, 14 de julio de 1979) es un árbitro de fútbol de Portugal que pertenece a la UEFA.

Trayectoria
Soares Dias fue nombrado árbitro FIFA en 2010. Arbitró los primeros partidos internacionales en la UEFA Europa League en la temporada 2012-13. También dirigió los play-offs entre Italia y Suecia de la Eurocopa Sub-21.

Artur también fue designado para la Copa Mundial de Fútbol Sub-20 en Nueva Zelanda el 2015, donde arbitró los cuartos de final entre Estados Unidos y Serbia.

En 2016, fue designado para dirigir la vuelta del partido de la tercera ronda previa de la Liga de Campeones de la UEFA 2016-17 entre el Mónaco y el Fenerbahçe.

En 2022 fue designado para arbitrar la vuelta de los cuartos de final de Europa League entre el FC Barcelona y el Frankfurt

Referencias

Enlaces externos

  Worldreferee Artur Soares Dias

Nacidos en Vila Nova de Gaia
Árbitros de fútbol internacionales
Árbitros de fútbol de Portugal
Árbitro UEFA de la Categoría Élite


text:
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Home> Publications & Directories> Perspectives on History> Issues> April 2017> From the President> Happy Anniversary? Historians and the Commemoration of the Past
Happy Anniversary? Historians and the Commemoration of the Past
Tyler Stovall | Apr 1, 2017
In French the word anniversaire means both "birthday" and "anniversary," whereas in English the two concepts require separate words. The fact that each language approaches the relationship between these two ideas so differently has important implications for historians as we strive to remember and recreate the past. The distinction that English-speaking scholars make between celebrating personal landmarks and commemorating major historical events offers insights into the relationships between individuals and societies, both yesterday and today.
The year 2017 offers us the opportunity to consider a rich collection of historical dates. In the United States, for example, the year marks the bicentennial of the Erie Canal, the sesquicentennial of the Alaska Purchase, the centennial of America's entry into World War I, and the 75th anniversary of Japanese American internment during World War II. Closer to my own home, 2017 is the 50th anniversary of San Francisco's Summer of Love. Our commemoration of 1967 will help prepare us to consider that most turbulent of modern years, 1968. This year, several countries, including India, Pakistan, and Canada, will mark anniversaries of national independence, while the centennial commemorations of World War I (which began in 2014) will continue. Perhaps most notably, Russia will mark the centennial of the revolutions of 1917, and Protestants, Catholics, and many others will consider the 500th anniversary of Martin Luther's act of defiance at Wittenberg, Germany, triggering the Reformation.
As dates on steroids, anniversaries permit us to consider the local and the global at the same time.
Historians often choose major anniversaries as ways of reassessing and mobilizing interest in the past. As Pierre Nora observed, national anniversaries are sites of memory; they have served as a key indication of how modern nations recognize their histories.1 Some historians use anniversaries to highlight studies of a particular event, while others study the anniversaries themselves, analyzing them as a window into the popular commemoration of history. This year's AHA annual meeting featured more than 20 sessions dealing with historical anniversaries, ranging from the Balfour Declaration to the independence of Ghana. Seven panels discussed the quincentennial of the Reformation alone. Moreover, authors and publishers often plan to release historical works to coincide with anniversary celebrations. In 2014, the 70th anniversary of the Allied D-Day landings, Mary Louise Roberts published not one but two books on the American and French histories of the event. My own recent monograph on Paris in 1919 appeared seven years before the centennial, but I am currently considering my own anniversary project for that year.
What role do anniversaries play in our construction of history, and how do they relate to the more pervasive and personal celebrations of birthdays and family anniversaries? The latter greatly contribute to charting the landmarks and transitions of individual lives; annual birthdays celebrate a person's origins and the passing of the years. Wedding anniversaries commemorate the shared life of a couple. Both cases mark events that are (or are at least presumed to be) causes for celebration. Very few people celebrate or even mark the anniversaries of the deaths of loved ones, for example, even though "deathdays" would logically parallel birthdays. Wedding anniversaries have no counterpart in divorce anniversaries. Birthdays and anniversaries thus not only celebrate happy events but give an idea of personal histories as positive narratives of progress.
In stark contrast, historians tend to analyze the anniversaries of major events, dramatic ones that changed the lives of millions. Wars, battles, declarations of national independence, and major cultural landmarks preoccupy us. We rarely concern ourselves with how happy these events made people; rather, we tend to see them as particularly vibrant examples of our main concern, change over time. For historians, anniversaries also offer a perspective on how peoples see their own histories; many studies of anniversaries compare different commemorations of a specific event over time. For example, how did popular views of Columbus's "discovery" of the Americas differ between 1892 and 1992? At the same time, historical and personal anniversaries sometimes coincide, notably when the birthdays of great public figures like George Washington or Martin Luther King Jr. become national holidays (although in such cases the historical significance of these individuals largely overshadows memories of their personal lives).
For historians, studies of anniversaries also represent the enduring importance of dates and the history of events. In a profession that has long rejected the simplistic view of history as an amalgam of chronological facts, emphasizing instead processes and changes in mentalities, anniversaries show not only that dates matter, but that they offer their own insights into different types of historical processes. Just as historians use specific anniversaries to illustrate broader processes of change, so more generally do they deploy chronology in the service of historical argumentation and ideas. As dates on steroids, anniversaries permit us to consider the local and the global at the same time.
Finally, it is worth noting that most histories of anniversaries tend to regard them in isolation, not from other anniversaries of the same event but from commemorations of different events.2 For example, 2017 will mark the 50th anniversary of the Six-Day War in the Middle East, the 70th anniversary of the United Nations vote to partition Palestine, and the centennial of the Balfour Declaration. What is the relationship between these anniversaries, and how does that relationship speak to and shape the entangled histories of Israelis and Palestinians? The coincidence of the sesquicentennial of Das Kapital and the centennial of the Bolshevik Revolution raises similar questions. Making such comparisons could also serve to challenge the emphasis on the nation-state that has often shaped the history of memory. One of the most prominent groups in the Summer of Love was the Diggers, which took its name from the 17th-century English Protestant activists inspired by the radical Reformation. The arbitrary, coincidental nature of dates and anniversaries can produce comparisons both strange and meaningful.
For historians, therefore, the study of anniversaries serves both to facilitate an intensive, microhistorical study of a given event, and to mobilize and benefit from public interest in that event and in history in general. To be sure, our interests differ strongly from those of individuals and families celebrating major landmarks in their own lives, although there are important points of convergence. The most public anniversaries, notably national holidays like Bastille Day, occasion massive communal celebrations—in effect, national birthday parties. Here anniversaries become a public version of intimate private rituals, like them emphasizing happy festivity rather than critical historical analysis. To study the ways in which nations and other groups celebrate such events is to approach an understanding of how private and public lives intersect. The history of Thanksgiving, for example, involves both the story of early encounters between Native Americans and Europeans and also that of Thanksgiving traditions created by individuals, families, and communities over time. The same is true of many religious celebrations and rites of passage. Studying anniversaries, therefore, can help historians consider not just the presence of the past in the present, but also the various levels of human experience from the most intimate to the most global.
Tyler Stovall is president of the AHA.
1. Pierre Nora, "Between Memory and History: Les Lieux de Memoire," Representations 26 (Spring 1989).
2. Daniel Levy and Natan Sznaider, The Holocaust and Memory in a Global Age (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006).
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What-does.net is your comprehensive online definition dictionary. If you are not sure how to define Rabid, our website can provide you with the appropriate definition. On this page, you can find what is Rabid.
5. Raving; mad; affected with hydrophobia.
The more rabid fanatics were still tugging forward, the others were holding back, and the lines vibrated between the two impulses without advancing.
And when the little boy followed his mother to church, she standing humbly in the porch, whilst he, childlike, would steal forward till the sexton flung him back as though his very breath defiled the sacred precincts; or when attempting to join other children in their play about the streets he was kicked away like a rabid dog, and nothing seemed left but to take his grief to the one heart beating for him in a cruel world;- that heart would grew strong in the suffering woman, lending her words so generous, so wise, that one could have believed in inspiration were not a mother's love in itself grand enough to be the fount of things noble and true.
The positive evidence that a rabid dog has been near cattle would greatly assist in making a decision in doubtful cases. - "Special Report on Diseases of Cattle", U.S. Department of Agriculture J.R. Mohler.


text:
Peter Ambarach (1663–1742) was a Maronite priest and a pioneer of printing in oriental languages, operating for the Catholic church from Florence.

Biography
Ambarach was born in Syria in 1663. From 1672–1685, he was educated at the Marionite College in Rome. He returned to Syria in 1685, where he was ordained as a priest.

He returned to Rome in 1691 to represent the Maronite Church in a legal dispute. After completing this assignment, he was commissioned by Cosimo III de' Medici to organize an Oriental-language printing establishment in Florence. His goal there was to prepare and print Oriental-language editions of theological manuscripts for the Palatina Library at Parma and the Laurentian Library at Florence. Soon after, he was designated the chair of Hebrew at the University of Pisa. In 1708, he became a member of the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits.

Shortly after he joined the Jesuit order, Pope Clement XI appointed him to a commission intended to organize the printing of a corrected edition of the Septuagint. His most notable work is a collected edition of the works of St. Ephrem the Syrian, a prolific writer in the Syriac language, with accompanying Latin translation. He had only published two volumes of this collection when he died in 1742. The third volume was completed by Stephen Assemani.

References

1663 births
1742 deaths
Italian printers
17th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
18th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests
Syrian Maronites