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211 / 845 Reviews
"...scintillating..."
Robert Harley / the abso!ute sound reviews the Berning 211 / 845 Mono Amplifier
"I won't mince words: The Berning 211/845 is the most beautiful sounding amplifier I've ever heard."
"Just when I thought I'd heard virtually the entire spectrum of power amplifiers, along comes the 211/845 from The David Berning Company. With 60W of pure Class A push-pull tube power, no output transformer, and zero global feedback, the 211/845 certainly occupies a little-explored corner of high-end audio. But I'm glad that I gave this offbeat amplifier a listen, because it opened my ears to the starling qualities of vacuum tube power when freed from the sonic bottleneck that is the output transformer. No other amplifier is built like the 211/845—and no other amplifier sounds quite like the 211/845."
"The 211/845's stunning sense of realism isn't just the result of its transparency and naturalness of tone color, but is heightened by the amplifier's extraordinary soundstage dimensionality. This dimensionality is manifested as remarkable separation of instruments from each other, tremendous depth, expansive space, and the impression that the reverberation is distinct from the instrumental images rather than being fused to them. The Berning's "see-through" quality amplified this spatial rendering, allowing me to hear with vivid clarity very fine instrumental lines at the back of the hall."
"...an amplifier like no other."
Robert Harley / the abso!ute sound / Further Thoughts on Berning 211 / 845 Mono Amplifier
"The heightened sense of immediacy and transparency, of hearing nothing between you and the music, puts the Berning in a class by itself. You simply have to hear this quality for yourself to know what a revelation this amplifier is; words alone can't describe the illusion of hearing the music rather than the usual electro-mechanical recreation of it."
ZH-230 Reviews
"Harmonically sophisticated"
Soundstage Ultra reviews the Berning ZH-230 Stereo Amplifier
"Many manufacturers claim that their products are 'innovative,' but few merit that description more than the amplifiers designed by David Berning. ...
"When the Berning arrived, I was reviewing a pair of speakers that sounded decent. The ZH-230 transformed them into speakers that sounded seriously good. The bass was now supercharged, with considerably more extension and weight. I ended up swearing a lot as I put this amp through its paces, saying things like "I can't believe this amp sounds this @#%&* good! ...
The ZH-230 "...delivered power right now. That speed made it the most effortlessly dynamic-sounding amplifier I've ever heard, and it seemed much more powerful than its rated output. Heck, it sounded more dynamic than my Audio Research VS115, which puts out 115Wpc to the Berning's 30Wpc. And it wasn't just the ZH-230's ability to play loudly -- the microdynamic changes within musical passages that constitute a musician's phrasing were somehow more clearly defined than with most other amps I've heard. There was a sense of unlimited dynamic reserve -- as if every other amp I've heard has been dynamically compressed. But I don't think those amps were actually compressed -- I think they were slow. I can't emphasize enough how the ZH-230's dynamic agility enhanced the music played through it. And I don't mean just a few orchestral blockbusters; it applied equally to every album I listened to. Dynamics are a huge part of music, and doing them better makes the music sound better. ...
"And as the musicians' musical lines ebbed and flowed, the Berning's microdynamic capabilities made these continuous variations in their instruments' volumes very easy to follow. When an amplifier reproduces the most fleeting volume changes, you hear more of the performers' intent. That's what high-end audio is all about....
"...the ZH-230 realistically presented tonality in time and space -- instruments sounded right. ... The ZH-230's instantaneous dynamics benefited ... lightning-fast dynamic swings. I seem to be saying that a lot. ...
"I was totally smitten by the David Berning Company's ZH-230. It solves some of the significant drawbacks of tube amplifiers -- short tube life, heavy weight, limited bandwidth -- while retaining the tonal luminosity, detail, and smoothness for which tubes are prized. Its ability to provide almost instantaneous power made it sound more powerful than its rated output. ...
"As a reviewer, I get to audition a fair number of amplifiers ... the Berning ZH-230 is the best I've ever heard. ... what counts is that the ZH-230 made music sound right. For me, that meant it was more fun to listen to music with the Berning ... David Berning's ZH-230 has made it very hard for me to listen to other amplifiers."
ZH-230 wins The Absolute Sound 2011 Editors Choice Award
The Absolute Sound Magazine TAS210, by Dick Olsher
"...the ZOTL is in reality an emulation circuit for an ideal output transformer. It matches impedance just like a transformer, and it is a two-way communication between tubes and speaker as is a conventional transformer. The beauty of it is that the ZOTL does not suffer from the frequency-dependence issues of a transformer... the two-way communication is a critical design feature. This is the thing that separates the ZOTL from a hybrid amplifier. The ZOTL should not be considered a tube amp followed by some other kind of output buffer -- it is not. By having the two-way communication, the speaker is fully controlled by the output characteristics of the tubes, and that includes all-important damping. This is not the case with the hybrid amplifier that is simply tubes with an output buffer.
"In particular, the midrange was most compelling, being pure and dynamically nuanced. The timbre of both male and female vocals was right on...Overall, this was the sort of sound that was felicitous...and could be enjoyed till the cows came home.
"This is one of the few power amps I can easily carry under my arm. That can be explained not only by the lack of a conventional output transformer but also by the absence of a power transformer. There's no heavy iron here. The power supply is a switching type and incorporates a five-stage power-line filter and surge suppressor. The amplification circuitry is fully balanced... Since the ZH-230 is auto-biasing, these tubes may be changed without having to worry about manual bias-calibration... Since the idle-plate dissipation of the power tubes is only 7.5W and their heaters are operated below the rated voltage, their expected lifetime, according to Berning, is 10,000 hours.
"A natural consequence of a steady exposure to a particular medium is blind acceptance of the underlying paradigm, including all of its limitations...what I found instantly startling about the ZH-230 was its superlative transient speed at the point of attack. By contrast, conventional transformer-coupled tube amps appear to round off the leading edge, making transients appear softer...than the real thing... Mellow may be fun, but to my mind, the ZH-230 is a game-changer... It's a considerable gift, combining...the best of tube and transistor sound. Control of transient decay was also exemplary. Treble nuances were silky smooth and delicate, yet never aggressive or in your face...
"The overall presentation possessed a refreshingly low-distortion signature -- no tube brightness or glare to complain about. Harmonic colors shone vividly while textures were consistently sweet sounding, smooth, and totally grunge- and grain-free. The harmonic envelope of a solo instrument ebbed and flowed in a relaxed, effortless manner, with richness of tone. By extension there was plenty of low-level detail to behold. But it was all very discreet, without the cheap trick of etching treble transients.
"The Berning ZH-230 is the one, the anointed new king. It represents in my estimation the state-of-the-art in medium-power amplification. Let no one doubt the sonic potential of ZOTL technology. It delivers a substantial dose of tube magic while avoiding the pitfalls of tube euphonics and textural hyper-liquidity that afflict so many conventional tube amps. Its sound is rich, luxuriant, and dramatic, with a winning combination of transient speed and immediacy. A must audition for anyone serious about reproduced music.
"...a new product introduction from the creative mind of David Berning is an event, a happening if you will. His designs are far from being yet another twist on a 1950s circuit, which to be perfectly honest is what most of tube audio is all about nowadays... It represents David Berning's severing of the Gordian Knot that is a conventional audio output transformer..."
"The other attribute that set the Berning apart from the crowd was its immediacy -- a lack of veiling that created a strong sensation of being able to reach out and touch image outlines. This combination of speed, control, and immediacy resulted in ... a cohesive, spacious, fully 3-D soundstage with excellent transparency and fabulous image palpability...
"...[in reproduction of bass] the ZH-230 exhibited convincing pitch definition and was capable of thunderous bass output and of fleshing out a convincing orchestral foundation. In particular, the lower mids were characterized by a realistic tonal authority. Quickness in the bass range was at least partly responsible for considerable rhythmic drive, really a prerequisite for toe-tapping musical involvement. Recordings high on boogie factor were propelled forward with a huge kinetic impulse. Microdynamic nuances were given full scope of expression...
New York Audio & AV Show, April 2012
"...this system kicked all manner of ass. The sound was delicate and finessed. ...the sound went deep, played cleanly, and had tremendous extension. When the music called for grace, there was grace. When the music called for balls, well, yeah. Uh huh... The imaging was freaky-precise, with spectacular depth and width. What a sound stage! ...the Berning gear was stunning. I couldn't stop ogling. ... My favorite system of the show by far. This one blew me away."
New York Audio & AV Show 2012
"...A new deck for most people (myself included) was the Holborne, a minimalist Swiss-made Pd.5,275 Analog 2 turntable with matching $3,475 turntable and a made-for-Holborne Benz-derived moving coil cartridge for just under $2k. Driven by a belt made of magnetic tape, the deck was sounding intriguing in a Berning pre/power (with the new 60w mono versions of the ZH-230), driving a pair of prototype versions of the Zellaton Concert, using Tellurium Q cables once again. The room...had distinct touches of greatness about it. As in, this was warming up to be one of the best sounds I've heard at a show. Perhaps any show."
Quadrature-Z Reviews
Quadrature Z is Hi-Fi+ Magazine's Power Amp of the Year 2009
Issue 68, 2009 [PDF]
Quadrature Z follow-up by Roy Gregory, editor of Hi-Fi+ Magazine
Issue 61, November 2008 [PDF]
"I have had so many great listening experiences with these amps that it is going to be a terrible wrench to see them go and I may get quite broody for a while. These are extremely special and important products that represent the culmination and apex of a whole year of audio discovery for me, almost like a musical mystery tour."
"These amplifiers are one of the very, very few products whose performance is completely music-led, making it very difficult to describe in hi-fi terms."
"I have never heard a soundstage so animated and alive with dynamic movement. The music appears in the room with a freedom that really needs to be experienced to be appreciated."
"[The Quadrature Z] has the distinction of being not only the fastest power amplifier I have ever heard but also the amplifier that makes no show of the fact by over accentuating the leading edge of the note or the percussive element that marks the beat."
"With these amplifiers the music is the message and the method of delivery is awesome."
"The first time I fired them up I was not expecting too much for the first hour or so and expected to leave them gently cooking on CD repeat while I did other things. But they hooked me from the first few bars of music, and that's when I realized I was dealing with something quite different and special."
"[Herbie] Hancock's piano is confident and wonderful as he shows us what real touch sensitivity is. There is a stillness at the heart of his playing, as if he is feeling out and shaping each note. Every small change in pressure, every carefully crafted tonal colour is an extension of his sensitivity -- and the piano, with its ten billion possibilities, is his instrument of expression. The Bernings take you there, right to his fingertips, to the hammer on the string and to the colourful harmonic signature of the piano as a whole. They are marvelously commanding and confident in the way that they allow the instruments to breathe the fundamentals and harmonics with no trace of system artifice to get in the way and have a clarity against a background of silence that is, in my experience, unique."
"You think you have heard uncompressed, colourful texture coupled with serious power? And do you know how far reaching the term resolution can really be? I thought I had a pretty good idea of these things, but the Quadrature Z has redefined my notion of what a power amplifier can do. To speak of it in terms of grip, bass weight, bandwidth and detail is meaningless and if you judge equipment at this level by those yardsticks then you will find that you (like me) need to rethink a whole new vocabulary to describe these amplifiers."
"I had many listening hours with these amplifiers that bordered on the spiritual...breathless and hanging on each tiny rhythmic paraphrase. This is where great hi-fi should take you."
"[The Quadrature Z amplifiers] bring no preformed view of the musical picture and do not impose their view of the world on every piece of music you ask them to play. Each disc, be it digital or vinyl, sounds as different as the musicians, producer and engineers who made it, the studio or venue where it was recorded."
"...I point the finger across the Atlantic at David Berning of Maryland in the USA, as it is his monobloc amplifiers that have had me totally hooked and continually capture my musical fascination in a way that so few products ever have."
"...the Quadrature Z amplifiers will shake your preconceptions to the core. They'll open your ears to the sheer beauty of music."
"The Bernings are utterly articulate when dealing with music and as fast as they need to be for any given music situation. You will never, ever hear these amplifiers smear time or tempo."
"Regardless of what level of performance you are used to you will be amazed at the purity of musical energy available. At two hundreds watts per channel the [Quadrature Z] amplifiers have power in abundance, but this is no Tsunami of sheer volume, as they employ it with discretion and quite breahtaking vitality at whatever level you require. I have never heard a soundstage so animated and alive with dynamic movement. The music appears in the room with a freedom that really needs to be experienced to be appreciated. It certainly makes so much other high-end amplification sound over-damped, electronically reconstructed and it has to be said, contrived. I actually found myself listening at lower levels than usual for much of the time as the Quadrature Z maintains its stellar performance and uncanny stability regardless."
"As you have probably guessed by now, these are certainly the best amps I have heard. I feel privileged to have spent time with them and they have redefined my concept of what power amplifiers can bring to a system. They are masters of time and space."
"...[the Quadrature Z technologies have] eliminated the problems usually associated with OTL designs, yet have preserved all those things that commend them, such as their astonishing openness and transparency. And valve life is very impressive too, at a projected 20,000 hours."
"...the Berning amplifiers never lose focus or a single strand for a moment. The music just draws you further and further in."
"...trying to explain how the [Quadrature Z] amplifiers manage this level of [spiritual] connection is elusive. They are the most completely textured and delicately shaded of amplifiers for sure, brimming with impossibly fine resolution and responsive to the tiniest of dynamic inflections."
"The more time you spend with them the more insight you gain, but one of the things that kept ramming itself home when I was trying to get to the bottom of why they are so special is the moments of transition between notes -- and I don't limit this to just the way that leading edges are dealt with. That special moment of birth as a new note grows over the decay of what went before is just one area where the Bernings are so compelling and so real."
Quadrature Z reviewed by Hi-Fi+ Magazine, Issue 60, October 2008 [PDF]
"But there's more besides; the cult reputation and almost underground status of previous Berning products, tales of whose performance have been whispered in the darkened back corridors of the audiophile community for many a year."
"The Berning mono-blocs pitch up right alongside the likes of the Hovland Stratos, the big c-j and Karan mono-blocs, established favourites offering a powerful and balanced performance that makes them the pick of the amplification options we've heard. The Quadrature Zs are perfectly comfortable in such exalted company, but like each of those models, they also bring their own particular slant to proceedings, that one realm in which they excel - except that in this instance it's not so much a presence as an absence that really impresses."
"...if you want to hear a player's technique and immerse yourself in the structure and inner relationships of a performance then I can think of no finer tool for the job than the Quadrature Z. Quick, capable and almost intuitively direct in its communication, this is an amplifier than can beguile, astonish and thrill.
Berning tests and certifies for the U.S. government power device performance and safety. "It is, quite literally, a high-powered responsibility. How does he accomplish the task? By designing and building ultra fast and accurate valve circuits to do the job. Yes, that's right; he uses tube circuits to test and measure the fastest solid-state devices..."
"Add to the the OTL's traditional transparency and the Berning's lack of grain, a facet of their sophisticated power supply, and you have an instrument for unimpeded access to the inner workings of any recording. Key to that capability is the lack of baggage, the absense of extra weight or colour, either right across or at discrete bands within the bandwidth. Rhythmic patterns are never slurred or slowed, and only stumble when they're meant to - or they were played that way. These amps aren't lean in the traditional sense that we use that word - but they are spare, without an ounce of extra fat on their musical bones, neither adding to the music's colours nor taking away."
"More people, [Berning owners] reason, should have the opportunity to hear what a truly ground breaking amp can do (and make no mistake - the circuitry in these amps is totally unlike anything you'll have seen or heard before)."
"Even the briefest of listens to the Berning amps will make you realize that there's something remarkable going on."
"[The Quadrature Z] invests the playing with an expressive range, a mastery of time and space that's captivating."
"What you become aware of is the complete lack of restraint in the process - not the music, where the players exhibit exemplary control - but the process of reproducing it. No matter how fast the signal or how wide and sudden the dynamic jumps it makes, it is never slowed or impeded. Simply because things can happen as quickly as they need to, suddenly the sense of the system tracking the demands of the signal disappears altogether, allowing the music to ebb and flow, race or dwadle as the players desire."
"Both the speed of the amp and the pace of the music, its ability to progress seamlessly from measured phrases to lightening quick runs of notes, is remarkable in the realm of hi-fi reproduction."
"The balance between the instruments is perfectly maintained..."
"CT has declared them the most impressive amps he's ever used, and whilst they are also the most expensive by some margin, there's no escaping the depth of the impression they made on him.
"I gave these amps to CT for review because they would for both his system and my purpose - I wanted to stretch his appreciation of the possible. Well, now I'm duly humbled, for they've stretched my appreciation too."
"...spectacularly successful, possessing phenomenal presence, intimacy and immediacy."
"Berning's patented Zero Hysteresis current-impedance conversion technique [is] a topology that allows the Quadrature Z to drive low impedance loads without its output collpasing the way it does in conventional OTLs."
ZH270 commentary and comparison by StereoMike on ZeroGain audio forum, August, 2007.
Starting at the bottom, the bass is wonderfully rounded and perfectly damped, yet solid as a sledgehammer unlike any valve amplifier I had heard before or since. ... Indeed the midrange and treble are utterly natural and delightfully transparent. People talk of veils. With this amp, all the veils are off before the first note's finished. ... I have not heard an alternative amplifier with this speed or openness regardless of price. And this speed is coherent - not varying at all across the audible response. This coherency all adds to the illusion of real musicians playing real instruments - something the Berning is extremely good at purveying. ... A remarkable performance for a 70wpc [push-pull output stage] device that can drive real world loudspeakers to real listening levels.
ZH270 reviewed by Rick Becker, Enjoy The Music, December 2006
"...more importantly, waves of goose bumps rolled over me as I listened... outstanding focus, combined with the outstanding transparency... the estimated tube lifespan being in the neighborhood of 15 to 20 years. Compare that with your own life expectancy. ... Acoustically, it leaps over almost the entire field, landing in the upper echelon of the finest sounding amplifiers."
ZH270 reviewed by Gary Beard, Positive Feedback, Issue 5, 2002
"First and foremost, this amp is musical. It draws you into the music and makes it difficult to tear apart the sound in the typical audiophile way. It does not seem to have a confining musical signature to which one can constantly point. Unlike the VAC, which was seductively rich and beautiful no matter the source, the ZH acts like a mirror of the original, yet does so with a purity of tone and grainless-ness that won't leave your ears scarred from a near-death experience if the source is less than perfect."
The Berning showcases the beautiful tone and timbre of instruments and voices. It is exceptionally clear, and has excellent inner resolution. When you least expect, it will thump you in the chest with deep tuneful bass, serenade you with a beautiful midband, and give you chills with exquisitely delicate treble. The attack and decay of notes are excellent, and the amp's speed and ability to present dynamic contrasts can be startling. All the airy images and soundstaging that I've come to expect of a first rate amplifier are present in spades. All these audiophile qualities add up to an amplifier that is wonderfully musical and engaging.
"'Visceral, delicate, beautiful, rhythmic, dynamic, in a word, incredible' were the descriptors I used in an email sent to another Berning owner shortly after my first taste of the sound of the ZH270. Today I would add 'lightning fast, extended, and musical.' In the high-priced world of audio, I believe the Berning ZH270 is a great value. It is a unique product, built by a designer dedicated to finding new and better ways to reproduce sound, and yet, unlike so many other 'new and different' components, it is one that fits within the real world."
ZH270 reviewed by Charles Hansen, Glass Audio, vol. 12 iss. 1-2, 2000
"Right out of the box, the ZH270 was a sonic pleasure. ... The bass was tight, far more so than I have ever heard on any tube amplifier. Acoustic bass was woody, resonant, and full of life. The extra harmonic richness in electric bass came through in spades, and kick drum had a lively pop...the bass never became tubby or boomy. The soundstage was spacious, wide, and deep. You could hear each individual instrument in even the most complex orchestral crescendo. Piano was portrayed as though you were standing right above the soundboard. You could hear each hammer and pedal in realistic detail. The sound never became confused, nor did the soundstage retreat even the slightest bit. This amplifier was absolutely unperturbed at even the highest volume. Complex pop music with layer after layer of synthesizer was more detailed than I have ever eheard. Yet the ZH270 also tames the bright, edgy CD mixes that seem to be in vogue these days. The best of both worlds!"
ZH270 reviewed by Martin Appel, stereotimes.com, 1999
"My system, however replaced with the Berning ZH270, immediately became more alive, with a good dose of vibrancy, not to mention a metaphoric veil was lifted between the music and the listener. This dear reader added an increase in palpability to instruments and voices with each and every disc. ... The soundstage is much more open, possessing more air that few amps can match. The mid-range, where the majority of music happens, is special. Clarity and articulation go hand in hand with imaging and depth. Instrumental timbres and voices are detailed, three-dimensional, and accurate, with dynamics to match. (Nothing mushy, boomy, or vague here.) High frequencies are clear and bell-like, and free of any grain, without that electronic etching that can irritate--I'm talkin' making music."
ZH270 reviewed by Dick Olsher, Fi Magazine, 1998
"In several respects, the ZH270 pushes the state-of-the-art envelope forward. ... The first and lasting impression was of speed and control-speed beyond ordinary tube amps and control in the class of the finest solid-state designs. It is felicitous of treble transients like almost no other amp in my experience. Transients were articulated with delicacy and a silky smoothness, unfolding with a totally believable organic wholeness. Plucked strings, in particular, were reproduced with convincing attack and decay. Midrange textures took on an electrostatic-like clarity. It was easy for me to resolve harmonies or to make out densely layered orchestration. Low-level detail and the decay of notes into the noise floor of the recording were clear. ... True to its tube origin, the ZH270 dished out a lifelike harmonic palette. ... Feelings and emotions are buried in the music's microdynamics. The Berning had no difficulty at all in retrieving the music's full emotional gamut. It excelled in highlighting inflections in human voice and the filigree-like nuances in bowed strings. It could deliver quite a punch into a compatible load and recovered quickly from overload conditions."
microZOTL Reviews
A personal amplifier. 1 Watt. Line or battery powered. For driving headphones. ZOTL Technology.
microZOTL reviewed by Dick Olsher, enjoythemusic.com, October 2000
"There's undeniably a lot of magic in that little box. ... Just as a lark I plugged [headphones] into the Berning, and I almost fell out of my chair! All of a sudden, resolution and clarity galore! The ugly duckling was instantly transformed into a beautiful swan. Bass lines gained tremendous impact and precision. The midrange snapped into focus as though a thick veil had been lifted from the soundstage..."
microZOTL reviewed by Harvey "Dr. Gizmo" Rosenberg
"[microZOTL] is the best sounding headphone amp I have heard to date."
EA-2101 Reviews
EA-2101 reviewed by Absolute Sound Magazine, vol. 80, June 1992
"If the Berning's soundstage is wide, deep, and filled with stable images, even more impressive is its ability to present detail-to make subtle aspects of performances audible, and previously obscure details recognizable. ... The point is that the Berning starkly revealed the phenomenon."
EA-2101 review in Stereophile Magazine by Dick Olsher, September 1992
"The EA2-150 was a copy of nothing; it represented an original and sophisticated design statement. Features such as variable feedback control and digital automatic bias adjustment were well ahead of their time. Dave symbolizes for me the quintessential high-end designer: someone with a glint in his eye who pushes the art forward because of the desire to uncover the truth. Of course, the guy wants to make money, but this is secondary to the creative process. The art is not driven by business. You wouldn't go up to Van Gogh and say: paint me a $299 or a $499 painting. That's low-fi. Instead, allow the artist to express himself freely with a complete palette on a large canvas. If the result costs five kilobucks, so be it. No one has ever sold a ton of $5k amps, but that wasn't the point in the first place. After experimenting with hybrid circuits, Berning settled down to using nothing but tubes; the EA-2101 represents his latest thinking on amplifier design. ...the Berning is capable of conveying an intensely musical experience, with soundstage transparency and dynamic bloom that rival those of any amp out there. Its bass balance nicely complemented the dynamic speakers I used it with. The Berning can also generate quite a punch at the low end, though its bass extension is somewhat restricted by solid-state standards. When it's sitting pretty, the Berning is a lot of fun. It's not a ponderous, fuzzy teddybear of an amp, a la the stock Dynaco Mk.III; its quickness and articulation dispel that notion instantly. The midrange is lucidly transparent, so that spatial outlines are focused palpably within the confines of the soundstage. Its lively nature, however, will dictate the sort of choices you make at the front end; such as phono cartridge. Your audio world will surely revolve around this amp. It has the potential of becoming the cornerstone of one hell of a system."
Berning interview with Ken Kessler, Stereophile Magazine, Vol.11 No.7, July 1988
TF-12 Reviews
The Absolute Sound, vol. 70, March/April 1991, pp. 88
"The TF-12 delivered soundstage-creating performance at a truly spectacular level in my room, using two phono sources, Magnepan MG-III speakers, and three different amplifiers. For me, the Berning preamp has no superior in its ability to craft a large, no, a gigantic stage, and to place specific images in or on it with eerie focus and precision."
Stereophile, vol. 11, no. 7, July 1988, pp. 89
"The first thing I noticed about the TF-12's sound was its incredible liquidity. There is no spurious texturing whatsoever; the sound has all the limpid clarity of a dewdrop in the morning sun. It reproduces an impressively wide, spacious soundstage, while stage depth and front-to-back perspectives are rendered as well as from any preamp I've ever heard..."
J. Gordon Holt, Stereophile Magazine, May 1979
" The thing that makes the TF-10 unique is its hybrid amplifying circuitry. Each amplifying stage consists of a triode tube and an FET in what David Berning describes rather evasively as a "patented special complementary arrangement." The basic idea behind this is that the tandem hookup of a tube and an FET having complementary distortion characteristics will tend to cancel out the distortion from each device. The entire TF-10 preamplifier uses minimal negative feedback, and this is local feedback only. No loop feedback is used -- at all --thus eliminating any possibility of instability or of any of those kinds of distortion (such as TIM and SID) that relate to feedback. The phono equalization, too, is entirely passive, to minimize any interaction between the equalization circuitry and the electrical characteristics of the cartridge.
"Measurements showed that the frequency response of the high-level section was flat from 10Hz to beyond 200kHz (within 0.1dB) and that the RIAA equalization was accurate to within 0.2dB from 30Hz to 15kHz (which is the limit of the range specified by the RIAA standard). This is the highest RIAA-equalization accuracy we have ever encountered in a preamp, but when one considers the fact that designer David Berning works for the US Bureau of Standards, it seems somehow less surprising that this should be so. As a result, our bypass tests (using tape as a source) revealed no audible difference whatsoever between the signal going directly to the power amplifier and that passing through the entire preamp.
"Let it first be said that this is unquestionably the most listenable wideband preamplifier that we have auditioned to date. It seems to be entirely free from any sonic texturing, producing the most liquidly transparent sound we have ever heard from discs. ... Hard transients -- those producing the fastest rise times -- are reproduced with incredible sharpness, yet there is no trace of that irritating edginess at the top which has characterized every other preamplifier having comparable rise time. ... The TF-10 is an unprecedented amalgam of quickness and accuracy with musicality.
"The high end is open, delicate and downright exquisite, sounding as if it has no upper limit. Instrumental timbres are reproduced flawlessly, without a trace of hardness or edginess, and depth, detail and inner definition are for all intents and purposes indistinguishable from that Of the original program source. The low end is full and rich, yet as taut and detailed as the best we have heard from all-solid-state preamplifiers, and the entire middle range has that textureless liquidity we have only heard previously from tubed preamplifiers that fell short in various other ways. In other words, this is now the preamplifier by which others must be judged."
EA-230 Reviews
Tube amplifier. Screen drive technology.
EA-230 reviewed by Stereophile Magazine, vol. 5, no. 1
"Like Berning's TF-10 preamp, the EA-230 is almost perfectly neutral in perspective, having neither the forwardness of typical tubed equipment nor the slightly laid-back character of good solid-state amplifiers. Because of this, it avoids one of our major criticisms of most audiophile-type audio systems: Their tendency to sound recessed and more distant than most recordings are supposed to sound... In other words, this is THE amplifier of choice for driving electrostatics. ...the EA-230 has finally unseated our long-time favorite power-amp: The Infinity HCA. ... We just never expected the massive, 80-pound HCA to be outperformed by a pair of relatively-diminutive 28-pounders."
David Berning's Burning Brain
© 1974-2023 The David Berning Company Milbert TubeData


According to the Pew Research Center*, 47 percent of adults in their 40s and 50s in the U.S. find themselves in a similar situation. Many millennials are struggling with debt, underemployed and are far behind past generations in owning their own homes. Along with longer life spans of aging parents, this means many of us provide some level of care or financial support for our parents and children simultaneously.
I'm a member of the Sandwich Generation, currently navigating the path forward. My husband and I are taking care of a high schooler who plays multiple sports, helping our oldest son find his way to his first career and making sure two sets of parents are well-cared for and safe. Here are some tips that may help if you face a similar journey.
The first step to dealing with the future is facing it. Have an open and honest conversation with your parents about their financial situation sooner rather than later. People naturally want to remain independent, so beginning to rely on your children and having that discussion may be uncomfortable. Asking your parents about their plans – where they want to live in the near and longer term and what arrangements they have made to accomplish their plans is a good way to start the conversation.
Understanding the financial resources your parents have is a critical piece in this journey. Once you start the conversation about planning, help them assemble the information about what resources they have and where it is located. Your financial advisor should give you guidance about what to look for and what to ask. At BB&T, for example, we provide a Personal Document Locator. This useful document is designed to help you quickly retrieve valuable financial and personal information. It lists all assets, income and employee-benefit information, financial account information, estate planning information and important contacts. It can be used as a quick information guide when you need to make critical decisions.
While you are helping everyone else, remember to set plans for yourself. You can't help others if you aren't in good shape, and that is true physically, mentally and financially. Additionally, you are setting an example for your children and, hopefully, easing their future burdens. In addition to your own planning, I have found a good wedding gift for children is to pay for their financial plan. Understanding saving, financial planning and preparing a route to a successful retirement improves everyone's future.
Facing challenges on your own is a natural desire, but planning for your own future and helping both children and parents is often overwhelming. Realize the task is too complex to face alone and there are knowledgeable experts prepared to help ease the burden. In addition to your attorney and CPA, having a financial advisor who understands your circumstances and can help you create a plan is critical. Your advisor should have access to experts – there are several areas where you'll need in-depth knowledge, including: financial planning, trusts and estates, insurance and investments. Your team will help by having conversations with you and your parents to gain in-depth knowledge that should result in an integrated action plan that grows and matures as financial needs and lifestyle objectives change.
For example, the financial planner on the team will help create a financial plan to ensure your parent's financial resources are applied to support their lifestyle now and into the future. The trust specialist will review your parents' estate planning documents and make sure you and your parents understand how assets will flow. The insurance strategist will review any existing life and long-term care insurance policies and make recommendations on changes to policies if needed. The investment specialist will make sure liquid assets are invested per your parent's preferred investment strategy.
I feel fortunate I get to help navigate life's journey with my children and parents. With honest conversations, solid planning, help from a knowledgeable, experienced financial team and family members, the Sandwich Generation can have an easier journey and a bright future, too!
Liz is a financial services industry veteran of more than 30 years. Her experience includes credit analysis and commercial lending in addition to wealth management. She earned her bachelor's degree in business administration from Gettysburg College.


text:
Actor Siddharth Booked by Hyderabad Cyber Crime Police for Tweet Against Saina Nehwal
January 12, 2022 Posted in Entertainment NewsTagged best updates about bollywood, bollywood actor hot pics, breaking news, Entertainment News, film release, latest bollywood news, netflix, sexy pics, Trending News, web series
Actor Siddharth was booked by Hyderabad Police on Wednesday for allegedly making derogatory comments against Olympic bronze medalist Saina Nehwal on Twitter. According to KVM Prasad, Additional DCP, Cyber Crime Wing, Detective Department, Hyderabad, a woman named Prerna approached Cyber Crime Wing and lodged a complaint against actor Sidharth for his sexist remarks against shuttler Saina Nehwal on Twitter.
The police official said that the basis of the complaint a case has been registered under Sections 509 of the Indian Penal Code and 67 of Information Technology Act and an investigation has been taken up. Notice will be served to Sidharth, the additional DCP added.
Notably, earlier today, Siddharth had apologised to Nehwal in an open letter shared on his social media handles. Siddharth's letter on Twitter read, "Dear Saina, I want to apologise to you for my rude joke that I wrote as a response to a tweet of yours, a few days ago. I may disagree with you on many things but even my disappointment or anger when I read your tweet, cannot justify my tone and words. I know I have more grace in me than that. As for the joke… If a joke needs to be explained, then it wasn't a very good joke to begin with. Sorry about a joke that didn't land."
Dear @NSaina pic.twitter.com/plkqxVKVxY
— Siddharth (@Actor_Siddharth) January 11, 2022
https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js
Siddharth had been engulfed in a controversy that erupted after the actor in a Twitter post on January 6, retweeted a post by Nehwal in which she had expressed her concern over the security breach of Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his Punjab visit on January 5.
Various activists slammed Siddharth over his comments, calling it "sexist, misogynistic" and demanded that he should apologise to Nehwal.
The NCW also said that the comment by the actor was "misogynist and outrageous to the modesty of a woman amounting to disrespect and insult to the dignity of women on social media platforms." Subesequently, the actor apologized to Nehwal on Tuesday night, after receiving criticism for his "rude joke" directed towards the badminton player.
In an open letter, Siddharth asserted that his 'word play' and 'humour' had no malicious intent.
PM Narendra Modi to hold Covid-19 review meet with CMs on January 13 amid spike in cases
PM Narendra Modi to chair meet with chief ministers on COVID-19 situation today

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


11:00: Debra Kay Endeman, 51, of Atascadero, was arrested for possession of drug paraphernalia.
21:38: Transient Laura Young, 66, was arrested for possession of a shopping/laundry cart in the 7600 block of El Camino Real.
23:04: Sean Thomas Harvell, 29, of Atascadero, was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol in the area of Lake View Drive and Santa Rosa Road.
02:00: Chris Casas, 20, of Fresno, was arrested for conspiracy, first-degree burglary, and felony receiving/concealing stolen property in the area of Morro Road and Atascadero Avenue.
02:00: Mario Aquino, 28, of Fresno, was arrested for conspiracy, first-degree burglary, felony receiving/concealing stolen property and on a misdemeanor warrant in the area of Morro Road and Atascadero Avenue.
17:52: Carlos A. Reyesabrigo, 37, of Paso Robles, was arrested on a misdemeanor warrant in the 3900 block of El Camino Real.
23:39: Transient Marci Kay Hastie, 53, was arrested on a misdemeanor warrant in the 6900 block of Capistrano Avenue.
01:15: Diana Lynn Dill, 52, of Rosemead, was arrested for illegal camping using a car, trailer, camper, recreational vehicle in the 8300 block of El Camino Real.
06:13: Transient Layn Allen Banks, 65, was arrested for illegal camping in a public place in the 8300 block of El Camino Real.
10:42: Anthony David Cagnina, 23, of Atascadero, was arrested for arrested for being under the influence of a controlled substance and violation of probation.
15:56: Casey Jean Warner, 40, of Atascadero, was arrested on a misdemeanor warrant in the 3900 block of El Camino Real.
14:00: Robert Dennis Little, 41, of Atascadero, was arrested on felony warrant.
14:51: Anthony Lee Chavera, 39, of Atascadero, was arrested for disorderly conduct/drunk in public.
14:51: Brad Forrest Davis, 32, of Templeton, was arrested for being under the influence of a controlled substance.
14:54: Debra Kay Endeman, 51, of Atascadero, was arrested for assault with a deadly weapon other than a firearm.
15:20: Joshua Justin Lara, 25, of Atascadero, was arrested on a misdemeanor warrant.
16:13: Desiree Marie Hobson, 29, of Atascadero, was arrested on a misdemeanor warrant.
16:30: James Caldwell Benton, 56, of Atascadero, was arrested on a misdemeanor warrant.
10:52: Transient Zachary Tyler Cordero, 29, was arrested for possession of drug paraphernalia.
20:22: Christopher Rafael Burrell, 43, of Atascadero, was arrested on a felony warrant in the area of Traffic Way and Lewis Avenue.
22:43: Transient Darlene Marion Moore, 57, was arrested on a misdemeanor warrant in the 5500 block of El Camino Real.
15:34: Robert Shawn Martinez, 33, of Paso Robles, was arrested for possession of drug paraphernalia and violation of probation.
22:03: Christopher Lee Smith, 40, was arrested for disorderly conduct/drunk in public in the 9500 block of Morro Road.
JULY 16 11:00: Debra Kay Endeman, 51, of Atascadero, was arrested for possession of drug paraphernalia. 21:38: Transient Laura Young, 66, was arrested for possession of a shopping/laundry cart in the 7600 block of El Camino Real. 23:04: Sean Thomas Harvell, 29, of Atascadero, was arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol in the area of Lake View Drive and Santa Rosa Road.


Parking is not guaranteed or reserved. If weather is 30.C or more, there may be limited or no parking availability. Non-residents pay for parking during open season (Apr - October) All residents and guests are responsible for displaying a valid parking pass in their vehicles during park hours.
No bookings accepted in July and August unless start time is 8 PM or later.
Picnic areas available upon request. A fee may apply, please visit the Parks, Picnic Areas and Picnic Shelters web page.


College basketball bettors and fans alike can easily make a case for March Madness as the most exciting sporting event of the year, especially when it comes to sports wagering. Only the Super Bowl is a more popular event overall although it is just a single NFL game compared to 67 college basketball matchups that make up the entire NCAA Tournament, starting with the First Four play-in games and ending with the national title game.
Sixty-eight of 334 Division I teams earn invitations to the Big Dance and have a shot at winning college basketball's top prize, culminating with the champion cutting down the nets after putting together six consecutive wins during the single-elimination tournament over the course of three weeks. The massive volume of college basketball betting action during the month of March as a whole is unmatched when you add conference tournaments to the "Madness" mix, which is the main reason why the sport is so much fun to not only watch but also to wager on.
Betting on the NCAA Tournament the right way can be very rewarding when it comes down to betting on college basketball games in the Big Dance, and many find the best method to start the process is simply filling out a bracket sheet as early as Selection Sunday. As soon as the bracket is released and college basketball matchups in each NCAA Tournament region are revealed, bettors can pick which teams they think will advance throughout the field all the way to the winner of the national championship.
However, most college basketball handicappers often find that taking home bracket pool money based on making prognostications for every matchup well in advance is tougher than picking winners on a game-by-game basis, making the prediction of upsets critical to any bettor's long-term success when wagering on the NCAA Tournament. Factor in the point spread, though, and the task becomes increasingly difficult.
For example, it is a no-brainer to pick a No. 1 seed against a No. 16 seed since the latter has never beaten the former in tourney play. But in 2014, No. 16 seeds went 3-1 against the spread in four games against top seeds, so it pays to research historical past performances of all of the different seeded matchups.
To give you an idea of how rare it is for all four No. 1 seeds to make it to the Final Four, consider there is a better chance of none advancing that far based on previous results. In 2008, four No. 1 seeds made it to the Final Four for the first time in the NCAA Tournament's 76-year history. In the past decade alone, two of the three all-time occurrences where no No. 1 seeds made it to the Final Four (2006 and 2011) have taken place with a pair of No. 3 seeds, the Florida Gators and Connecticut Huskies, respectively, winning the championship in those years.
Furthermore, while No. 1 seeds are 120-0 all-time vs No. 16 seeds, No. 9 seeds actually have the better record against No. 8 seeds at 61-59. Then in the next round, No. 1 seeds are 56-5 vs. No. 9 seeds but 48-11 against No. 8 seeds. These are only straight-up statistics, but OddsShark has recent ATS results and scores for every seeded matchup from a historical perspective to save bettors hours of research time.
OddsShark even has a powerful March Madness Betting Odds Database that handicappers can take advantage of to query any matchup between any schools in any round of the NCAA Tournament. In addition, the database can be used to pit team vs seed and seed vs seed to gauge performances under more specific scenarios.
You may already know that one of the keys to winning your March Madness bracket contest is picking the one No. 12 seed that upsets a No. 5 seed seemingly every year, but there is much more to this trend than meets the eye. The No. 5 seed is 79-49 all-time in the series since 1985, but the OddsShark March Madness Betting Odds Database shows the No. 12 seed has gone 7-5 ATS in the past 12 meetings, though winning only three games outright. This is another example of exactly the type of invaluable info successful bettors need to make money wagering on March Madness games.
Upsets are inevitable during the NCAA Tournament both SU and ATS, so putting yourself in the best position to pick each game individually will ultimately determine whether you are a long-term winner or loser. And choosing the right college basketball handicapping tools to help you succeed before the Big Dance tips off could be the difference between your team sinking the game-winning three-pointer as time expires for the final leg in a winning parlay or shooting an air ball and losing it all.


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Birth of NHSScotland
Highlands and Islands Medical Service
Emergency Hospital Service
Cathcart Report
Scottish Medicine
Hospitals before the NHS
An Expectant Public
A Labour Delivery
A Scottish Baby
Miner Complications
Delivery Day July 5, 1948
Early Infancy
International Year of the Nurse and the Midwife
NHSScotland has been providing high-quality health and care, meeting many challenges since its creation on 5 July 1948. How the NHS came into being in Scotland is a story that isn't widely known. It had its own strong and distinctively Scottish roots well before 1948.
July 2022 marks the 74th Anniversary of the National Health Service, which was founded on the 5 July 1948. Join us in marking 74 years of the NHS in Scotland.
This interactive timeline has been created to showcase some of the fantastic accomplishments, milestones, innovations and breakthroughs that have been made in the NHS in Scotland over the last 72 years.
2022 marks the 74th Anniversary of the NHS which was founded on 5 July 1948. 2022 also marks the 74th year of social care services. On this page, you'll find a range of resources to support you in marking 74 years of the NHS in Scotland.
While the majority of the population are now staying safe at home, our NHS staff and colleagues working across health and social care in Scotland are working tirelessly to save lives. Show your support by adding an NHS Scotland or Health and Social Care frame to Twitter
Add a Frame


Paraclete Aviation operates a Short SC-7 Skyvan. The Skyvan is a high wing, twin-engined all-metal monoplane with a mid-mounted tailplane and twin rudders. The Skyvan is a tailgate or ramp aircraft and is outfitted for static line operations. Ideal for Military Free Fall training and military aircraft leasing.


RackNation S.A. Review 2019: Is RackNation S.A. a Good Hosting?
Website Planet > Web Hosting > RackNation S.A.
Reviews and expert opinion RackNation S.A.
Costa Rican company RackNation offers shared hosting, colocation services, cloud computing, and dedicated server solutions.
RackNation is a large web hosting provider based in Costa Rica. Established in 2006, the company that started out as a software-as-a-service (SaaS) provider decided to change direction to become a web hosting solutions provider in 2012. Since its 2012 relaunch, RackNation has increased its market share substantially by delivering hosting services to individuals and businesses in Costa Rica and other countries including the United States and Canada. Today, RackNation is ranked among the top three largest web hosting companies in Costa Rica by market share. Their website is available in English and Spanish.
RackNation's cloud and dedicated servers are housed in a big Costa Rican data center that is guarded 24/7 by CCTV cameras and an armed security team. Further security measures include secure Mul-T-Lock main entrance doors and access controls that use magnetic cards on all server areas.
For their dedicated server clients, RackNation guarantees customers access to their redundant cooling systems, redundant power supply units, and premium bandwidth. They use Noction, an intelligent routing platform that uses live and accurate network analysis to avoid network congestion by ensuring that traffic to your website uses the least congested path. All RackNation's routing and switching uses multiple 10 Gbps connections between endpoints and is composed of fiber optic uplinks. The physical fiber paths achieve a higher resiliency by taking different routes through the public infrastructure so that in the event that one fiber path is damaged, the network continues running with no disruptions.
RackNation offers competitive prices compared to other hosting vendors in Costa Rica, and you can sign up on a monthly, quarterly, semi-annual or annual basis. They advertise a 99.982% uptime guarantee, but this doesn't seem to be backed by any kind of compensation plan. What's more, RackNation does not offer any refunds for any reason unless a refund promise was made as a promotional offer at the time of purchase.
RackNation's SSL certificates include a trust seal that webmasters can install on their websites to increase visitors' trust. But these SSL certificates are not free and must be purchased separately. Their plans do include a free anycast DDoS-protected DNS plan with up to 25 zones.
The responsive, polite, patient and helpful technical support team are ready to offer assistance 24/7/365. You can reach out to them via their American and Canadian phone lines. Alternatively, you can contact them via email, live chat, and their ticketing system. It's just a pity they don't have a more comprehensive set of tutorials for those of you who like to support yourselves.
Bottom line on RackNation S.A.
RackNation is an ideal website hosting provider for its solid client base in Costa Rica. Businesses in other parts of the world should consider that this vendor has no data centers outside its own country, which could negatively affect website loading speeds.
Wondering how RackNation S.A. stacks up against other Web Hosting companies? Enter any other Web Hosting company and we will give you a side-by-side comparison.
Thank you for taking your time to share your thoughts on RackNation S.A.


Umbrella Insurance Coverage refers to a broad type of liability coverage. Our industry has found it easier to call this insurance 'umbrella coverage' rather than referring to it as excess liability coverage. Excess liability is that over and above the insurance provided by a primary policy.
Each of these policies provides insurance coverage to pay for an individual's responsibility. These insurance policies respond in the case of an accident or lawsuit to protect the individual. For example, if you're involved in a car accident and charged with a violation, you may be responsible to pay for the bodily injury or property damage caused to others. These costs may include legal fees, copying fees, witnesses, and all the materials needed to defend a lawsuit. The problem is that the limits of liability on your policy may not cover all the costs. You could be responsible to pay for anything beyond the limits of liability.
Consider the fact that the recommended liability for car insurance is $100,000 per individual for bodily injury/$300,000 per accident. Property damage liability is usually $50,000 per accident. Rationally consider the costs that can be incurred in a car accident. Medical, hospital, and rehabilitation costs for an individual involved in a car accident may be well over the limits of liability, not including the legal fees and costs.
This is where an umbrella policy's protection enters into the picture. An excess liability policy adds a layer of protection above the liability coverage of your primary policy. The additional $1,000,000 or $2,000,000 of coverage will help pay for the additional costs incurred in the event of a catastrophic liability loss. In addition, premiums are reasonable. Umbrella policies ordinarily provide coverage above the liability offered. Some additional coverage may be given as part of an umbrella policy. An umbrella policy is a crucial addition to your insurance portfolio.


Development of theory, methods and codes to study ion-atom and ion-molecule collisions.
Most of the research deals with the use of the molecular method to describe the collisional event (which may include vibrational excitation, electronic excitation, charge transfer and ionization) at low and intermediate energies (from meV/amu to keV/amu).
Classical mechanics is also employed to study electron capture and ionization from medium to high energy collisions.
For further details, see our methods and codes pages.
Application to the calculation of cross sections.
These developments are applied to the calculation of cross sections and rates of interest in several fields, including astronomy, fusion research, cancer therapy.


text:
/****************************************************************************
 * kernel/paging/pg_worker.c
 * Page fill worker thread implementation.
 *
 *   Copyright (C) 2010-2011 Gregory Nutt. All rights reserved.
 *   Author: Gregory Nutt <gnutt@nuttx.org>
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 *
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in
 *    the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
 *    distribution.
 * 3. Neither the name NuttX nor the names of its contributors may be
 *    used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
 * "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
 * LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
 * FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
 * INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
 * BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS
 * OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
 * AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
 * ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
 * POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 ****************************************************************************/

/****************************************************************************
 * Included Files
 ****************************************************************************/

#include <tinyara/config.h>

#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <queue.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <debug.h>

#include <tinyara/arch.h>
#include <tinyara/page.h>
#include <tinyara/clock.h>

#include "sched/sched.h"
#include "paging/paging.h"

#ifdef CONFIG_PAGING

/****************************************************************************
 * Pre-processor Definitions
 ****************************************************************************/

/* Configuration ************************************************************/

#ifdef CONFIG_DISABLE_SIGNALS
#warning "Signals needed by this function (CONFIG_DISABLE_SIGNALS=n)"
#endif

/****************************************************************************
 * Private Type Declarations
 ****************************************************************************/

/****************************************************************************
 * Public Variables
 ****************************************************************************/

/* This is the task ID of the page fill worker thread.  This value was set in
 * os_start when the page fill worker thread was started.
 */

pid_t g_pgworker;

/* The page fill worker thread maintains a static variable called g_pftcb.
 * If no fill is in progress, g_pftcb will be NULL. Otherwise, g_pftcb will
 * point to the TCB of the task which is receiving the fill that is in progess.
 *
 * NOTE: I think that this is the only state in which a TCB does not reside
 * in some list.  Here is it in limbo, outside of the normally queuing while
 * the page file is in progress.  Where here, it will be marked with
 * TSTATE_TASK_INVALID.
 */

FAR struct tcb_s *g_pftcb;

/****************************************************************************
 * Private Variables
 ****************************************************************************/

#ifndef CONFIG_PAGING_BLOCKINGFILL

/* When a page fill completes, the result of the fill is stored here.  The
 * value -EBUSY means that the page fill callback has not yet been received.
 */

static int g_fillresult;

/* A configurable timeout period (in clock ticks) may be select to detect
 * page fill failures.
 */

#ifdef CONFIG_PAGING_TIMEOUT_TICKS
status systime_t g_starttime;
#endif
#endif

/****************************************************************************
 * Private Functions
 ****************************************************************************/

/****************************************************************************
 * Name: pg_callback
 *
 * Description:
 *   This function is called from the architecture-specific, page fill logic
 *   when the page fill completes (with or without an error).  A reference to
 *   this function was provided to up_fillpage().  The driver will provide
 *   the result of the fill as an argument.
 *
 *   NOTE: pg_callback() must also be locked in memory.
 *
 * When pg_callback() is called, it will perform the following operations:
 *
 * - Verify that g_pftcb is non-NULL.
 * - Find the higher priority between the task waiting for the fill to
 *   complete in g_pftcb and the task waiting at the head of the
 *   g_waitingforfill list.  That will be the priority of he highest priority
 *   task waiting for a fill.
 * - If this higher priority is higher than current page fill worker thread,
 *   then boost worker thread's priority to that level. Thus, the page fill
 *   worker thread will always run at the priority of the highest priority
 *   task that is waiting for a fill.
 * - Signal the page fill worker thread.
 *
 * Input parameters:
 *   tcb    - The TCB of the task that just received the fill.
 *   result - The result of the page fill operation.
 *
 * Returned Value:
 *   None
 *
 * Assumptions:
 *   Possibly executing in the context of a driver interrupt handler???
 *
 ****************************************************************************/

#ifndef CONFIG_PAGING_BLOCKINGFILL
static void pg_callback(FAR struct tcb_s *tcb, int result)
{
	/* Verify that g_pftcb is non-NULL */

	pgllvdbg("g_pftcb: %p\n", g_pftcb);
	if (g_pftcb) {
		FAR struct tcb_s *htcb = (FAR struct tcb_s *)g_waitingforfill.head;
		FAR struct tcb_s *wtcb = sched_gettcb(g_pgworker);

		/* Find the higher priority between the task waiting for the fill to
		 * complete in g_pftcb and the task waiting at the head of the
		 * g_waitingforfill list.  That will be the priority of he highest
		 * priority task waiting for a fill.
		 */

		int priority = g_pftcb->sched_priority;
		if (htcb && priority < htcb->sched_priority) {
			priority = htcb->sched_priority;
		}

		/* If this higher priority is higher than current page fill worker
		 * thread, then boost worker thread's priority to that level. Thus,
		 * the page fill worker thread will always run at the priority of
		 * the highest priority task that is waiting for a fill.
		 */

		if (priority > wtcb->sched_priority) {
			pgllvdbg("New worker priority. %d->%d\n", wtcb->sched_priority, priority);
			sched_setpriority(wtcb, priority);
		}

		/* Save the page fill result (don't permit the value -EBUSY) */

		if (result == -EBUSY) {
			result = -ENOSYS;
		}

		g_fillresult = result;
	}

	/* Signal the page fill worker thread (in any event) */

	pgllvdbg("Signaling worker. PID: %d\n", g_pgworker);
	kill(g_pgworker, SIGWORK);
}
#endif

/****************************************************************************
 * Name: pg_dequeue
 *
 * Description:
 *   Dequeue the next, highest priority TCB from the g_waitingforfill task
 *   list.  Call up_checkmapping() see if the still needs to be performed
 *   for that task. In certain conditions, the page fault may occur on
 *   several threads for the same page and be queued multiple times. In this
 *   corner case, the blocked task will simply be restarted.
 *
 *   This function will continue to examine g_waitingforfill until either
 *   (1) a task is found that still needs the page fill, or (2) the
 *   g_waitingforfill task list becomes empty.
 *
 *   The result (NULL or a TCB pointer) will be returned in the global
 *   variable, g_pftcb.
 *
 * Input parameters:
 *   None
 *
 * Returned Value:
 *   If there are no further queue page fill operations to be performed,
 *   pg_dequeue() will return false.  Otherwise, it will return
 *   true to that the full is in process (any errors will result in
 *   assertions and this function will not return).
 *
 * Assumptions:
 *   Executing in the context of the page fill worker thread with all
 *   interrupts disabled.
 *
 ****************************************************************************/

static inline bool pg_dequeue(void)
{
	/* Loop until either (1) the TCB of a task that requires a fill is found, OR
	 * (2) the g_watingforfill list becomes empty.
	 */

	do {
		/* Remove the TCB from the head of the list (if any) */

		g_pftcb = (FAR struct tcb_s *)dq_remfirst((dq_queue_t *)&g_waitingforfill);
		pgllvdbg("g_pftcb: %p\n", g_pftcb);
		if (g_pftcb != NULL) {
			/* Call the architecture-specific function up_checkmapping() to see if
			 * the page fill still needs to be performed. In certain conditions,
			 * the page fault may occur on several threads for the same page and
			 * be queues multiple times. In this corner case, the blocked task will
			 * simply be restarted.
			 */

			if (!up_checkmapping(g_pftcb)) {
				/* This page needs to be filled.  pg_miss bumps up
				 * the priority of the page fill worker thread as each
				 * TCB is added to the g_waitingforfill list.  So we
				 * may need to also drop the priority of the worker
				 * thread as the next TCB comes off of the list.
				 *
				 * If wtcb->sched_priority > CONFIG_PAGING_DEFPRIO,
				 * then the page fill worker thread is executing at
				 * an elevated priority that may be reduced.
				 *
				 * If wtcb->sched_priority > g_pftcb->sched_priority
				 * then the page fill worker thread is executing at
				 * a higher priority than is appropriate for this
				 * fill (this priority can get re-boosted by pg_miss()
				 * if a new higher priority fill is required).
				 */

				FAR struct tcb_s *wtcb = this_task();
				if (wtcb->sched_priority > CONFIG_PAGING_DEFPRIO && wtcb->sched_priority > g_pftcb->sched_priority) {
					/* Don't reduce the priority of the page fill
					 * worker thread lower than the configured
					 * minimum.
					 */

					int priority = g_pftcb->sched_priority;
					if (priority < CONFIG_PAGING_DEFPRIO) {
						priority = CONFIG_PAGING_DEFPRIO;
					}

					/* Reduce the priority of the page fill worker thread */

					pgllvdbg("New worker priority. %d->%d\n", wtcb->sched_priority, priority);
					sched_setpriority(wtcb, priority);
				}

				/* Return with g_pftcb holding the pointer to
				 * the TCB associated with task that requires the page fill.
				 */

				return true;
			}

			/* The page need by this task has already been mapped into the
			 * virtual address space -- just restart it.
			 */

			pgllvdbg("Restarting TCB: %p\n", g_pftcb);
			up_unblock_task(g_pftcb);
		}
	} while (g_pftcb != NULL);

	return false;
}

/****************************************************************************
 * Name: pg_startfill
 *
 * Description:
 *   Start a page fill operation on the thread whose TCB is at the head of
 *   of the g_waitingforfill task list.  That is a prioritized list so that
 *   will be the highest priority task waiting for a page fill (in the event
 *   that are multiple tasks waiting for a page fill).
 *
 *   This function may be called either (1) when the page fill worker thread
 *   is notified that there is a new page fill TCB in the g_waitingforfill
 *   prioritized list, or (2) when a page fill completes and there are more
 *   pages to be filled in g_waitingforfill list.
 *
 * Input parameters:
 *   None
 *
 * Returned Value:
 *   If there are no further queue page fill operations to be performed,
 *   pg_startfill() will return false.  Otherwise, it will return
 *   true to that the full is in process (any errors will result in
 *   assertions and this function will not return).
 *
 * Assumptions:
 *   Executing in the context of the page fill worker thread with all
 *   interrupts disabled.
 *
 ****************************************************************************/

static inline bool pg_startfill(void)
{
	FAR void *vpage;
	int result;

	/* Remove the TCB at the head of the g_waitfor fill list and check if there
	 * is any task waiting for a page fill. pg_dequeue will handle this (plus
	 * some cornercases) and will true if the next page TCB was successfully
	 * dequeued.
	 */

	if (pg_dequeue()) {
		/* Call up_allocpage(tcb, &vpage). This architecture-specific function will
		 * set aside page in memory and map to virtual address (vpage). If all
		 * available pages are in-use (the typical case), this function will select
		 * a page in-use, un-map it, and make it available.
		 */

		pgllvdbg("Call up_allocpage(%p)\n", g_pftcb);
		result = up_allocpage(g_pftcb, &vpage);
		DEBUGASSERT(result == OK);

		/* Start the fill.  The exact way that the fill is started depends upon
		 * the nature of the architecture-specific up_fillpage() function -- Is it
		 * a blocking or a non-blocking call?
		 */
#ifdef CONFIG_PAGING_BLOCKINGFILL
		/* If CONFIG_PAGING_BLOCKINGFILL is defined, then up_fillpage is blocking
		 * call. In this case, up_fillpage() will accept only (1) a reference to
		 * the TCB that requires the fill. Architecture-specific context information
		 * within the TCB will be sufficient to perform the fill. And (2) the
		 * (virtual) address of the allocated page to be filled. The resulting
		 * status of the fill will be provided by return value from up_fillpage().
		 */

		pgllvdbg("Call up_fillpage(%p)\n", g_pftcb);
		result = up_fillpage(g_pftcb, vpage);
		DEBUGASSERT(result == OK);
#else
		/* If CONFIG_PAGING_BLOCKINGFILL is defined, then up_fillpage is non-blocking
		 * call. In this case up_fillpage() will accept an additional argument: The page
		 * fill worker thread will provide a callback function, pg_callback.
		 *
		 * Calling up_fillpage will start an asynchronous page fill. pg_callback
		 * ill be called when the page fill is finished (or an error occurs). This
		 * This callback will probably from interrupt level.
		 */

		pgllvdbg("Call up_fillpage(%p)\n", g_pftcb);
		result = up_fillpage(g_pftcb, vpage, pg_callback);
		DEBUGASSERT(result == OK);

		/* Save the time that the fill was started.  These will be used to check for
		 * timeouts.
		 */

#ifdef CONFIG_PAGING_TIMEOUT_TICKS
		g_starttime = clock_systimer();
#endif

		/* Return and wait to be signaled for the next event -- the fill completion
		 * event. While the fill is in progress, other tasks may execute. If
		 * another page fault occurs during this time, the faulting task will be
		 * blocked, its TCB will be added (in priority order) to g_waitingforfill
		 * and the priority of the page worker task may be boosted. But no action
		 * will be taken until the current page fill completes. NOTE: The IDLE task
		 * must also be fully locked in memory. The IDLE task cannot be blocked. It
		 * the case where all tasks are blocked waiting for a page fill, the IDLE
		 * task must still be available to run.
		 */
#endif							/* CONFIG_PAGING_BLOCKINGFILL */

		return true;
	}

	pgllvdbg("Queue empty\n");
	return false;
}

/****************************************************************************
 * Name: pg_alldone
 *
 * Description:
 *   Called by the page fill worker thread when all pending page fill
 *   operations have been completed and the g_waitingforfill list is empty.
 *
 *   This functin will perform the following operations:
 *
 *   - Set g_pftcb to NULL.
 *   - Restore the default priority of the page fill worker thread.
 *
 * Input parameters:
 *   None.
 *
 * Returned Value:
 *   None
 *
 * Assumptions:
 *   Executing in the context of the page fill worker thread with interrupts
 *   disabled.
 *
 ****************************************************************************/

static inline void pg_alldone(void)
{
	FAR struct tcb_s *wtcb = this_task();
	g_pftcb = NULL;
	pgllvdbg("New worker priority. %d->%d\n", wtcb->sched_priority, CONFIG_PAGING_DEFPRIO);
	sched_setpriority(wtcb, CONFIG_PAGING_DEFPRIO);
}

/****************************************************************************
 * Name: pg_fillcomplete
 *
 * Description:
 *   Called by the page fill worker thread when a page fill completes.
 *   Either (1) in the non-blocking up_fillpage(), after the architecture-
 *   specific driver call the pg_callback() to wake up the page fill worker
 *   thread, or (2) after the blocking up_fillpage() returens (when
 *   CONFIG_PAGING_BLOCKINGFILL is defined).
 *
 *   This function is just a dumb wrapper around up_unblocktask().  This
 *   function simply makes the task that just received the fill ready-to-run.
 *
 * Input parameters:
 *   None.
 *
 * Returned Value:
 *   None
 *
 * Assumptions:
 *   Executing in the context of the page fill worker thread with interrupts
 *   disabled.
 *
 ****************************************************************************/

static inline void pg_fillcomplete(void)
{
	/* Call up_unblocktask(g_pftcb) to make the task that just
	 * received the fill ready-to-run.
	 */

	pgllvdbg("Restarting TCB: %p\n", g_pftcb);
	up_unblock_task(g_pftcb);
}

/****************************************************************************
 * Public Functions
 ****************************************************************************/
/****************************************************************************
 * Name: pg_worker
 *
 * Description:
 *   This is the page fill worker thread that performs pages fills for tasks
 *   that have received a pag fault and are blocked in the g_waitingforfill
 *   task queue.
 *
 *   The page fill worker thread will be awakened on one of three conditions:
 *   - When signaled by pg_miss(), the page fill worker thread will be
 *     awakenend, or
 *   - if CONFIG_PAGING_BLOCKINGFILL is not defined, from pg_callback()
 *     after completing a page fill.
 *   - A configurable timeout with no activity.
 *
 * Input parameters:
 *   argc, argv (not used)
 *
 * Returned Value:
 *   Does not return
 *
 ****************************************************************************/

int pg_worker(int argc, char *argv[])
{
	/* Loop forever -- Notice that interrupts will be disabled at all times that
	 * this thread runs.  That is so that we can't lose signals or have
	 * asynchronous page faults.
	 *
	 * All interrupt logic as well as all page fill worker thread logic must
	 * be locked in memory.  Therefore, keeping interrupts disabled here
	 * should prevent any concurrent page faults.  Any page faults or page
	 * fill completions should occur while this thread sleeps.
	 */

	pgllvdbg("Started\n");
	(void)irqsave();
	for (;;) {
		/* Wait awhile.  We will wait here until either the configurable timeout
		 * elapses or until we are awakened by a signal (which terminates the
		 * usleep with an EINTR error).  Note that interrupts will be re-enabled
		 * while this task sleeps.
		 *
		 * The timeout is a failsafe that will handle any cases where a single
		 * is lost (that would really be a bug and shouldn't happen!) and also
		 * supports timeouts for case of non-blocking, asynchronous fills.
		 */

		usleep(CONFIG_PAGING_WORKPERIOD);

		/* The page fill worker thread will be awakened on one of three conditions:
		 *
		 *   - When signaled by pg_miss(), the page fill worker thread will be awakenend,
		 *   - if CONFIG_PAGING_BLOCKINGFILL is not defined, from pg_callback()
		 *     after completing a page fill, or
		 *   - On a configurable timeout expires with no activity.
		 *
		 * Interrupts are still disabled.
		 */

#ifndef CONFIG_PAGING_BLOCKINGFILL
		/* For the non-blocking up_fillpage(), the page fill worker thread will detect
		 * that the page fill is complete when it is awakened with g_pftcb non-NULL
		 * and fill completion status from pg_callback.
		 */

		if (g_pftcb != NULL) {
			/* If it is a real page fill completion event, then the result of the page
			 * fill will be in g_fillresult and will not be equal to -EBUSY.
			 */

			if (g_fillresult != -EBUSY) {
				/* Any value other than OK, brings the system down */

				ASSERT(g_fillresult == OK);

				/* Handle the successful page fill complete event by restarting the
				 * task that was blocked waiting for this page fill.
				 */

				pgllvdbg("Restarting TCB: %p\n", g_pftcb);
				up_unblock_task(g_pftcb);;

				/* Yes .. Start the next asynchronous fill.  Check the return
				 * value to see a fill was actually started (false means that
				 * no fill was started).
				 */

				pgllvdbg("Calling pg_startfill\n");
				if (!pg_startfill()) {
					/* No fill was started.  This can mean only that all queued
					 * page fill actions have and been completed and there is
					 * nothing more to do.
					 */

					pgllvdbg("Call pg_alldone()\n");
					pg_alldone();
				}
			}

			/* If a configurable timeout period expires with no page fill completion
			 * event, then declare a failure.
			 */

#ifdef CONFIG_PAGING_TIMEOUT_TICKS
			else {
				lldbg("Timeout!\n");
				ASSERT(clock_systimer() - g_starttime < CONFIG_PAGING_TIMEOUT_TICKS);
			}
#endif
		}

		/* Otherwise, this might be a page fill initiation event.  When
		 * awakened from pg_miss(), no fill will be in progress and
		 * g_pftcb will be NULL.
		 */

		else {
			/* Are there tasks blocked and waiting for a fill?  If so,
			 * pg_startfill() will start the asynchronous fill (and set
			 * g_pftcb).
			 */

			pgllvdbg("Calling pg_startfill\n");
			(void)pg_startfill();
		}
#else
		/* Are there tasks blocked and waiting for a fill?  Loop until all
		 * pending fills have been processed.
		 */

		for (;;) {
			/* Yes .. Start the fill and block until the fill completes.
			 * Check the return value to see a fill was actually performed.
			 * (false means that no fill was perforemd).
			 */

			pgllvdbg("Calling pg_startfill\n");
			if (!pg_startfill()) {
				/* Break out of the loop -- there is nothing more to do */

				break;
			}

			/* Handle the page fill complete event by restarting the
			 * task that was blocked waiting for this page fill. In the
			 * non-blocking fill case, the page fill worker thread will
			 * know that the page fill is  complete when pg_startfill()
			 * returns true.
			 */

			pgllvdbg("Restarting TCB: %p\n", g_pftcb);
			up_unblock_task(g_pftcb);;
		}

		/* All queued fills have been processed */

		pgllvdbg("Call pg_alldone()\n");
		pg_alldone();
#endif
	}

	return OK;					/* To keep some compilers happy */
}
#endif							/* CONFIG_PAGING */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
The Economic Development Coalition of Southwest California will be hosting the State of Our Region in October of 2017.
This annual event is attended by investors, elected officials, international business leaders, partnership Boards of Directors, public policy leaders, county municipal leadership, community leaders, and company decision makers, to name a few.
Leaders from all over the globe as well as southwestern California will gather to be inspired by industry experts and network with the region's top deal makers. The region is made up of the cities of Canyon Lake, Lake Elsinore, Menifee, Murrieta, Temecula, Wildomar and the county of Riverside.
The Economic Development Coalition Valley of Innovation is tied to the global and California economy as strongly as it is tied to world-class industries, education, workforces, strong history and innovation. This is the most diverse region in the state of California with five cities, many diverse cultures represented and more than 50 languages spoken.
Interestspick one!
Select An OptionFundraiserHospitalityEvent RegistrationSponsorshipVendorsVolunteers
How did you hear about us?survey
Select An OptionFacebookInstagramPrint AdPress ReleaseOther
Economic Level - $1,500
1/2 (5 seats) a table, a mention in all ads and press releases, 1/4 page ad in SOAR program book, mentions in all email blasts, social media mentions
Visionary Level - $3,000
A full table (10 seats), a mention in all ads and press releases, 1/2 page ad page in the SOAR program book, mentions in all email blasts, listing on SOAR page of EDC website, social media mentions
Empowerment Level - $5,000
A full table (10 seats), logo on all ads and mention on press releases, logo and one full page ad in the SOAR program book, logo on banner, one vendor booth, mentions in all email blasts, listing on SOAR page of EDC website, social media mentions
Full Name:your full name
Sponsor Levelpick one!
Sponsor Level$1,500$3,000$5,000
Public Relation AnnouncementsI authorized the Economic Development Coalition to use my name for promotional purposes in event related press releases and articles.
Yes No thank you
Send Logo


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In 2012 Dr. Smith formed Pain MD Productions Inc. from which he executive produced and co-wrote the feature film American Addict (2013) and American Addict 2: The Big Lie scheduled to be released in July of 2015. The film Cancer in Wonderland is in production with a scheduled release date of April 2016. "I believe people can get vital information while being entertained at the same time documentaries don't have to be boring".
He also hosts the radio show Truth, Medicine and Politics on KABC in Los Angeles and has appeared as a guest on multiple local and national radio and television shows. He has lectured around the United States and currently resides in Redondo Beach, CA with his family.
Since I was a little boy I always felt that I was here for a great purpose. Over the years I have grown to know what that purpose is. There is so much beauty and love in this world and at the same time so much pain, suffering and deception. I believe it is the deception that is linked to most of this pain and suffering, at least in America. People are thirsty for the truth and truth is difficult to find these days. People want so badly to believe in something; a cause or a person and so often they are let down by people who deceive them.
I believe everyone should be given information without bias, just the information and then, when they take a stand or make a decision, it is truly their own and they are not being manipulated, controlled or told what to think. It seems like such a simple concept but all I see in our society is the illusion of unbiased information being served up as different points of view but in all reality it is the same message being put out by multiple media outlets that have common owners. Often alternative media is not much better because they can be so cynical of anything mainstream that they criticize and discredit everything put out by the mainstream and put their bias in their analysis of the information.
My something… is my time, my energy, my financial resources all put forth in films, print, radio and television, and of course in the treatment of patients. Hopefully I can help millions and not just the hundreds that I can see personally in my office. Hopefully I can help you find the truth in complex political-health issues that affect us all. I have strong opinions but they are mine; my goal is that my efforts will allow you to find your own truth without making up your mind based on propagandized information.
People need to have an open mind and realize every time they react to a new idea as "crazy" or "ridiculous" it may be their years of programming from what they have seen on TV and heard on the radio or read on the internet; keeping them from considering other points of view. If I can jump start people to really begin thinking for themselves then I believe that will help fuel the intellectual revolution that needs to occur to make this world a better place for the generations to come.


text:
Ianthella aerophoba är en svampdjursart som först beskrevs av Lendenfeld 1883.  Ianthella aerophoba ingår i släktet Ianthella och familjen Ianthellidae.

Artens utbredningsområde är Sydaustralien. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Horn- och kiselsvampar
aerophoba

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In lieu of a pre-printed program, we are offering a PDF program which conference attendees may download and print if they wish. Additionally, the online program is available with full searching capabilities, and it is available in the conference app, where you can create a personal schedule. You can also find the mobile app by searching for RSA Annual in the App Store and Google Play Store.
Once the mobile app is downloaded it doesn't require an internet connection to work, though you will need to occasionally connect to the internet to receive updates (including session changes).
Pre-circulated papers for seminar sessions at the conference are available to download on this page. You must be logged in to a current RSA member account to view this page.
Registration is now open for RSA 2019 Toronto. Log into your RSA member account and register by 31 January 2019 to receive the best rates.
Accepted presenters are required to be current members of the RSA and to register for the conference by 31 January 2019; after this date, unregistered presenters will be permanently removed from program. For details on RSA member benefits and a full list of dues rates please visit our Join RSA page.
By registering to attend the conference, you agree to the Participant Disclaimer, Release and Indemnification and to abide by the RSA Professional Conduct Policy.
On the first day of the conference, sessions will be held at the Sheraton Centre Toronto Hotel and the University of Toronto (two subway stops away). On the second and third days, all sessions will be held at the Sheraton Centre. The RSA has reserved a block of sleeping rooms. The $199 rooms have more than sold out, but we have deluxe rooms at $239 CAD per night (plus taxes and fees) for both singles and doubles. Reservations in the RSA block can be made by booking online at our reservation mini-site. If you prefer to book using the telephone, please call the Sheraton Centre Toronto Hotel group reservations line at 1-888-627-7175 and identify yourself as a member of the Renaissance Society of America. Please be advised that the hotel will charge a deposit equal to one night's stay (one night's rental fee plus taxes and fees) to guarantee your reservation; the deposit is refundable up to 72 hours in advance of your arrival date.
Conference attendees who wish to share a room at the Sheraton Centre with another member in order to split the costs of accommodation may post their contact information on the RSA's Room sharing blog. A current RSA membership is required to make a new post. The RSA plays no additional role in brokering agreements made between individual members using this blog.
Visa-exempt foreign nationals need an eTA (CAD $7) to fly to or transit through a Canadian airport. Unless you are a citizen of the U.S. or Canada, a legal resident of Canada, or required to obtain a visa before traveling to Canada, please review the eTA website to determine if you need to apply. For more information please see the Government of Canada's eTA website.
Canadian law requires that all persons entering Canada carry both proof of citizenship and proof of identity. A valid U.S. passport, passport card, or NEXUS card satisfies these requirements for U.S. citizens. While U.S. citizens used to be able to travel to Canada using just a state ID or driver's license in the past, requirements have changed. For more information please see the U.S. State Department's Canada Country Information.
The following events and services are open to all conference registrants and there's no additional charge for using or attending them. In the case of some services such as the Headshot booth or Lactation room, you may encounter a delay if the service is popular.
The first morning of the conference is always busy at Registration; we recommend building a bit of extra time into your schedule if you plan to pick up your badge then. To make the experience more enjoyable, we've added a Welcome Breakfast with coffee, tea, and some light pastries right by Registration so you can have a bite and chat with colleagues before attending your first session. Conversely, if you're at the Sheraton Centre on Saturday, you can pick up your badge before the conference even starts.
A current list of RSA 2019 Toronto exhibitors.
We're picking up the bill for your latest set of headshots. Visit the headshot booth in the book exhibit (Sheraton E) to take your photos with a professional photographer then receive a card directing you to a download page. In about two business days, the headshots will be available in a private, secure online gallery like this.
Headshots will be taken on a first-come, first-served basis.
Sunday, March 17: 12:00–4:00 p.m.
Monday, March 18: 11:00 a.m.–3:00 p.m.
Tuesday, March 19: 10:00 a.m.–2:00 p.m.
Attending the conference can be a useful educational tool for undergraduates and beginning graduate students who are interested in learning about Renaissance studies or the academic profession generally. Professor Christopher Carlsmith wrote about his experience bringing undergraduates to the 2016 Annual Meeting in Boston.
Please contact rsa@rsa.org to request more information on bringing students to the Annual Meeting as a pedagogical tool.


text:
Q: Hard Drive performance bottleneck? I have what I'll admit is an old system but not old hard drives.  I just updated my network to 10Gbe fiber and seeing a lot of caching of content on my raid server holding up the network being all it can be.  Wondering thoughts on potential fixes.
So my system is:

*

*Dell Precision R5500 running Windows Server 2016

*Storage Controller is a Perc H800 (connected to a PCIe 16x slot)

*Hard drive enclosure is external and a Dell MD1220 direct attached

*Hard drives are Seagate Enterprise Capacity ST10000NM0096 10TB 7200RPM SAS 12.0 GB/S 256MB Enterprise Hard Drive

I have 3 drives running Raid 5.  Below are the crystaldiskmark results for it.

Is this what these drives are capable of?  Or is the enclosure or controller or motherboard causing this?  Hopefully answer isn't yes to all the above.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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