text:
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Ninety percent of all natural hazards are water-related and take a tragic human toll. Since 1900, more than 11 million people have died as a consequence of drought alone. By 2050, loss of wetlands, rising populations in flood-susceptible areas, climate change, rising sea levels, and deforestation are set to increase the number of people vulnerable to floods to 2 billion.
Healthy wetlands, which include such iconic sites as the Everglades, Pantanal, Sundarbans and Okavango Delta, not only provide most of our freshwater, they also function as 'natural infrastructure' defending us from the often catastrophic effects of floods, droughts, storm surges and other natural hazards.
Harnessing traditional knowledge, cultural practices and innovations can contribute significantly to disaster risk reduction. For example, in Indonesia, Dayak communities in Borneo have used peatland swamp forests for generations for native tree crops and fisheries in traditional fish ponds called Beje. Peatlands and other carbon-rich wetlands hold twice the amount of carbon contained in all of the world's forests. The Dayak communities' sustainable use of peatlands helps maintain the wetland, reduces the likelihood of flooding and fires, and keeps carbon locked in the ground.
If these peatlands were to be drained and converted, such benefits would be lost and these huge natural carbon stores would become greenhouse gas sources. In support of these communities, Wetlands International, a partner of the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, has established a fund for community-based peatland restoration initiatives called the Indonesian Peatlands Partnership Fund (IPPF).
Another example of a community-based approach to disaster risk reduction is found in Senegal. To restore the Saloum Delta Ramsar Site, local communities and organizations have worked together to re-plant mangroves. The restoration of the Saloum Delta not only helps control natural hazards such as flooding, it also protects the area against coastal erosion and provides freshwater to local communities and their livestock through-out the year. This community-based mangrove restoration project, supported by the Livelihoods Carbon Fund with the NGO Océanium, is the largest in the world, with 100 million mangrove trees planted in an area covering 10,000 hectares. It won the Ramsar Award for Innovation in 2015.
In the Philippines in Pangasinan, several villages have adopted an early warning system for floods that combines indigenous and scientific knowledge. The villages use scientific monitoring of river flows to predict flooding, and then launch flood warnings by striking a traditional bamboo musical instrument called the 'kanungkong'. During heavy flooding in 2007, this innovative hybrid system allowed the community to prepare and respond with sufficient time.
Another example of the value of traditional environmental knowledge as an early warning system is the tsunami legend of the Moken (also known as 'sea gypsies'), which speaks of a 'wave that eats people' and identifies its signs, such as receding sea levels and the sudden quiet of insects. The Moken, who live in the Andaman Sea, were able to read the signs of the 2004 Asian Tsunami thanks to this knowledge and save themselves and several tourists who happened to be in the area. At the time, this story was broadcast on international news channels.
As climate change worsens, water-related hazards such as floods, droughts and storm surges are set to increase in both frequency and intensity. These hazards disproportionally affect poor populations, and the international community should and is endeavoring to put in place effective measures to combat climate change and its effects.
In the long run, reducing the tragic toll of water-related hazards, which constitute 90% of all natural hazards, requires an integrated approach – one which addresses not only wetland conservation and restoration, but also the implementation of effective climate change solutions and the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. The traditional knowledge, cultural practices, and innovations of local communities and indigenous peoples constitute a valuable 'living repertoire' of solutions. This 'living repertoire' can play a powerful role in successful strategies to prevent, reduce and cope with natural hazards.
 Victoria L.,2008, Combination Indigenous and Scientific Knowledges in the Dangupan City Flood Warning System, in Indigenous Knowledges for Disaster Risk Reduction. Good Practices and Lessons Learned from Experiences in the Asia-Pacific Region. Published by ISDR, Kyoto University, and the European Union, p 52.


text:
Forest Products (1) Apply Forest Products filter
(-) Remove Ritter, Michael filter Ritter, Michael
(-) Remove Thompson, Frank R. filter Thompson, Frank R.
Nanotechnology opportunities in residential and non-residential construction
Over 1.9 × 106 housing units are constructed in the United States in 2004. On a volume basis, wood products comprise almost 80% of all materials used in residential housing. It is estimated that over 7 × 109 m3 of lumber have gone into structures in the United States over the last century. Half of the wood products now used in construction are engineered wood...
https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/search?keywords=%22construction%22&%3Bamp%3Bf%5B0%5D=author_facet%3A%22Grambsch%2C%20Michael%22&%3Bf%5B0%5D=author_facet%3A%22Bennett%2C%20Neal%22&f%5B0%5D=author_facet%3A%22Thompson%2C%20Frank%20R.%22&f%5B1%5D=author_facet%3A%22Ritter%2C%20Michael%22
Theodore H. Wegner; Jerrold E. Winandy; Michael A. Ritter
Construction, nanotechnology, wood, biocomposites
2nd International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Construction, 13-16 November 2005, Bilbao, Spain [CD-ROM]. Bagneux, France: RILEM: 9 pages.
Science supporting the economic and environmental benefits of using wood and wood products in green building construction
The objective of this report is to summarize the scientific findings that support the environmental and economic benefits of using wood and wood products in green building construction. Despite documented advantages in many peer-reviewed scientific articles, most building professionals and members of the public do not recognize wood as a renewable resource or the role...
Michael A. Ritter; Kenneth Skog; Richard Bergman
Wood, green building, sustainability, environment, life cycle assessment, sustainable buildings, sustainable construction, product life cycle, sustainable engineering, design, construction, standards
General technical report FPL-GTR-206. Madison, WI : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2011: 9 p.
Landscape habitat suitability index software
Habitat suitability index (HSI) models are traditionally used to evaluate habitat quality for wildlife at a local scale. Rarely have such models incorporated spatial relationships of habitat components. We introduce Landscape HSImodels, a new Microsoft Windowst (Microsoft, Redmond, WA)-based program that incorporates local habitat as well as landscape-scale attributes...
William D. Dijak; Chadwick D. Rittenhouse; Michael A. Larson; Frank R. III Thompson; Joshua J. Millspaugh
habitat, index, landscape, model, software, suitability
Journal of Wildlife Management. 71(2): 668-670.
Field performance of timber bridges. 17, Ciphers stress-laminated deck bridge
In September 1989, the Ciphers bridge was constructed within the Beltrami Island State Forest in Roseau County, Minnesota. The bridge superstructure is a two-span continuous stress-laminated deck that is approximately 12.19 m long, 5.49 m wide, and 305 mm deep (40 ft long, 18 ft wide, and 12 in. deep). The bridge is one of the first to utilize red pine sawn lumber for...
James P. Wacker; James A. Kainz; Michael A. Ritter
Bridges, Structural timbers, Laminated wood, Stress lamination, Bridge decks
(Research paper FPL ; RP-572):16 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm.
Miscellaneous wood structures
This section addresses the design of two types of glulam timber bridges : beam bridges with transverse decks and longitudinal glulam deck (slab) bridges. The material presented in the section is based on the 1992 edition of the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges (AASHTO specifications), including interim specifications through 1993. When specific design...
Michael A. Ritter; Keith F. Faherty
Wooden bridges, glulam timber bridges, beam bridges with transverse decks, longitudinal glulam deck (slab) bridges
Wood engineering and construction handbook. New York, NY : McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1999: Pages 10.1-10.77
Evaluation of fleet management techniques for timber highway bridges
The general condition of the nation's bridges presents a complex management issue when considering cost, safety, and time. Consequently, the management of those bridges can become an overwhelming task. The need for a management system that is specific to rural systems may help to improve the management of this significant number of bridges. Although individual...
Brent M. Phares; Travis K. Hosteng; Justin Dahlberg; Michael A. Ritter
Wooden bridges, management, maintenance, repair, deterioration, evaluation, inspection, bridges, rural roads, timber, wood
General technical report FPL-GTR-198. Madison, WI : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2011: 197 p.
Development of a six-year research needs assessment for timber transportation structures
A timber bridge, once a thing of the past, is now becoming a thing of the present. Interest in timber bridges and other transportation structures has been rapidly increasing. Much of this is due to new technologies in design and construction as well as advances in material manufacturing and presevative treatments. Although timber bridges and other transportation...
Terry J. Wipf; Michael A. Ritter; Sheila Rimal Duwadi; Russell C. Moody
Timber, wood, research, bridges, transportation structures
Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR- 74. Madison, Wi: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory; 1993. 44 p.
Two test level 4 bridge railing and transition systems for transverse timber deck bridges
The Midwest Roadside Safety Facility, in cooperation with the Forest Products Laboratory, which is part of the U.S. Department of Agricultureas Forest Service, and FHWA, designed two bridge railing and approach guardrail transition systems for use on bridges with transverse glue-laminated timber decks. The bridge raging and transition systems were developed and crash...
Ronald K. Faller; Michael A. Ritter; Barry T. Rosson; Michael D. Fowler; Sheila R. Duwadi
Bridges, Structural timbers, Highways, Road transport, Laminated wood, Structural design, Performance testing, Safety testing
Fifth International Bridge Engineering Conference. Washington, D.C. : National Academy Press, 2000. Transportation research record ; 1696.:p. 334-351 : ill.
Evaluation and field load testing of timber railroad bridge
Several spans of a 60-year-old open-deck timber railroad bridge on the Southern Pacific Railroad Line (now the Union Pacific) in Southwest Texas were field tested. The tests were conducted with the sponsorship and cooperation of the Association of American Railroads to determine the vertical live load distribution characteristics of the...
Terry J. Wipf; Michael A. Ritter; Douglas L. Wood
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Larix, Bridges, Structural timbers, Railways, Rail transport, Laminated wood, Loads, Performance testing, Quality standards, Texas, Stringers
Greater sage-grouse apparent nest productivity and chick survival in Carbon County, Wyoming
Greater sage-grouse Centrocercus urophasianus populations across North America have been declining due to degradation and fragmentation of sagebrush habitat. As part of a study quantifying greater sage-grouse demographics prior to construction of a wind energy facility, we estimated apparent net nest productivity and survival rate of chicks associated with...
Leslie A. Schreiber; Christopher P. Hansen; Mark A. Rumble; Joshua J. Millspaugh; Frank R. Thompson; R. Scott Gamo; Jon W. Kehmeier; Nate Wojik
greater sage-grouse, Centrocercus urophasianus, nest productivity, chick survival, management
Wildlife Biology. 22: 37-44.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Life after The O.C.
As we welcome one former O.C. character back to our screens this week, we decided to check in on the cast… where are they now?
By Candice Jackson | 8th October 2014
The O.C. images (credit: Fanpop)
Yes, it really has been more than 10 years since preppy tough guy Luke Ward voiced the famed line, "Welcome to the O.C., bitch!" on the beaches of Newport. Feel old yet?
As you may have noticed, Ryan Atwood (actor Benjamin McKenzie) is making a return to our television screens this week as part of Channel 9's Gotham… minus the bad boy 'tude and muscle tanks.
As we prepare to see McKenzie on our screens once more we decided to reminisce on the characters who brought us the witty banter, Harbour School gossip, fist fights and the insight into the high life of The O.C.'s cotillion balls, charity events and infinity pools.
McKenzie features in the upcoming TV series Gotham, a crime show based upon the early days of Gotham City, introducing the Gotham City police force, Bruce Wayne and the numerous Batman villains, including Catwoman, Joker, Mr. Freeze, Harvey Dent, Joker and Riddler, to name a few.
So as we welcome McKenzie back to our screens this Sunday at 8.30pm, we unearth where our favourite O.C. cast members have been for the past seven years!
RYAN ATWOOD (Benjamin McKenzie)
Actor Benjamin McKenzie in The O.C ( left) and Gotham (right). Images: Showbiz Geek (left) and Schmoe Ville (right).
This chino bad boy has since turned a 180 in his acting roles, playing an L.A cop in the TV series Southland and now the leading role in Gotham as Commissioner Gordon.
MARISSA COOPER (Mischa Barton)
So we may have some bitter feelings towards Coop (or at least I do) for quitting the show and practically running the series into the ground (too harsh?). It's rumoured she left the show for higher hopes as an A-list movie star… when in actuality her 'it girl' status of the '00s didn't get her that far in the Biz. Since leaving The O.C. set at the end of season three limp and cold in Ryan's muscly arms, she has been in numerous films, all of which average a 5 star rating or less on IMDB. Her personal life has also been rumoured to be suffering, as she was arrested for a DUI in 2007, a psychotic break in 2009 and now whispers that she is currently in major financial debt. She is currently cast in 14 films set for release dates in the next two years… so let's keep our fingers crossed for Coop's screen revival.
SETH COHEN (Adam Brody)
When we were all meant to fall for bad boy Ryan… Seth stole the limelight with his geeky charms and witty banter. Adam Brody's character played the adorable, ironic t-shirt wearing, skateboarding, comic obsessed Seth Cohen who not only won our hearts, but that of Orange County's Summer Roberts. Since the show has ended Brody has appeared in feature films, such as Jennifer's Body, Scream 4, In The land of Women and The Oranges. In more exciting news though, earlier this year Brody got married to Gossip Girl's It Girl Blair Waldorf (Leighton Meester) – joining two iconic TV stars into one dynamic couple! In a trailer released this month for the movie Life Partners we see the newlywed stars on screen together with witty bickering galore!
SUMMER ROBERTS (Rachel Bilson)
Princess Sparkles, rage black outs and sarcastic one-liners… how could we not fall in love with Summer! The wealthy Newport character was supposedly only meant to have a short lived supporting character, but due to her chemistry on screen with Seth was made a regular – Phew! After The O.C. finale she had a few quite years, but has since been in a few movies, including New York, I Love You and Waiting For Forever. But her big return to the screen was in 2011 with her lead role in Hart of Dixie, where she plays a small town Doctor in the town of Bluebell, Alabama.
Remember these guys?
Their appearances may have been short lived on the set, but they've made some waves on the media scene since!
So we may only remember actress Willa Holland playing mini Coop later in the series, but the original Kaitlin Cooper (Shailene Woodley) that was obsessed with her alopecia pony China has become the star of major blockbusters, The Fault in Our Stars, Divergent, The Descendants and The Spectacular Now.
Playing the lesbian love interest of Marissa Cooper in season two, Alex (played by Olivia Wilde) has appeared in numerous films and even had a significant role in the TV series HOUSE M.D.
In season one Ryan worked at the Crab Shack with Donnie (actor Paul Wesley) who pulled a gun on Luke at a Newport party. The now Vampire Diaries star (Stefan) has become one of the many future vampires to have appeared on the O.C., with Twilight stars Jackson Rathbone (Justin in season three), Nikki Reed (Sadie in season three) and Cam Gigandet (Volchock in season three and four) also having minor appearances on the popular show.
Pretty Little Liars stars, Ashley Benson, Lucy Hale and Janel Parish also made brief appearances in The O.C. in season three, while the now New Girl Schmidt (actor Max Greenfield) played young Sandy Cohen in a flashback episode in season four.
Has this sparked a nostalgia for the O.C.? Maybe it's time to dust off the DVD box sets and have a rerun of those favourite eps… California here we come!
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Article by Candice Jackson
Candice Jackson is a former Journalist of Style Magazines. She has an uncontrollable sweet tooth, an irrational fear of birds and a love of travel. Candice believes in the Yes Man Philosophy.


text:
\section{Introduction}

During the last decade, terahertz (THz) sources based on laser-plasma interactions have attracted considerable attention due to their potential to produce ${\rm GV/cm}$, ${\rm mJ}$ level THz radiation.
Such powerful THz sources would open up new regimes to investigate/manipulate physical systems across a broad range of research areas, ranging from biology to astrophysics \cite{Hebling2008,Pickwell2006,Siegel2004,Globus2003}.
Laser-driven underdense plasmas usually deliver a few-microjoule THz radiation in experiments and the THz energy saturates with increasing pump laser intensity \cite{Leemans2003,Clerici2013,Xie2006,Dechard2018}. However, particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations have predicted that $\sim$$1\ {\rm GV/cm}$, $\sim$$1\ {\rm mJ}$ THz pulses can be
obtained by adopting a tailored pump laser \cite{Chen2016} or by obliquely irradiating a underdense plasma slab with sub-100-$\mu$m thickness \cite{Wu2008}.
Employing laser-solid interactions appear even more promising \cite{Liao2016,Ding2016,Liao20191}.
As a solid foil is irradiated by a pump laser, coherent transition radiation in the THz range is emitted in the backward and forward directions, when the accelerated electrons pass through the front and rear surfaces
of the target, respectively. Forward THz pulses with energy over $10\ {\rm mJ}$ have been experimentally demonstrated by Liao et al \cite{Liao20192}, with conversion efficiency at the level of $0.1\%$.

The main factor in shaping the properties of coherent transition radiation from laser-driven solid targets is the quality of the electron beam \cite{Schroeder2004,Ding2019}. The radiation is coherent if the bunch length is shorter than the radiated wavelength of interest, and the THz energy improves strongly with decreasing beam divergence. In the coherent regime, the radiated energy is proportional to the square of beam charge. Therefore, an electron beam with high charge, high energy and small divergence is required for generating powerful THz radiation. For solid foil targets, the electron beam usually suffers from large divergence, and this prevents scaling the scheme towards higher THz energies \cite{Liao20162}.

In order to acquire high-quality electron beams and high-energy THz radiation, schemes utilizing micro-structured targets have been proposed.
3D PIC simulations demonstrate strong electron emission at the micro-scaled target edge, which leads to a THz energy of over $10\ {\rm mJ}$ with a $1$-${\rm J}$ pump laser \cite{Hu2020}.
Another study employs solid foil targets covered with aligned nanorod arrays in experiments;  the resulting efficiency is enhanced by an order of magnitude compared to a solid foil target \cite{Mondal2017}.

Among these structured targets is the microplasma waveguide (MPW); not only does it  suppress the transverse diffraction of the pump laser, but it also enhances the longitudinal acceleration field \cite{Gong2019,Shen1991}.
Such targets have already shown their potential in electron acceleration \cite{Snyder2019,Xiao2016}, X-ray generation \cite{Yi20161,Yi20162}, production of ion beams \cite{Zou2015,Kluge2012} and manipulation of relativistic laser pulses \cite{Ji20161}.
In our previous work, simulations show that high charge ($\sim10\ {\rm nC}$), high energy ($\sim100\ {\rm MeV}$) and well-collimated ($10^{\circ}$) electron bunches can be produced and accelerated by the transverse magnetic modes \cite{Yi2019}. Their energies are converted to strong THz emission through coherent diffraction radiation (CDR) when they exit the MPW.
Although that study has shown that an efficiency over $1\%$ can be realized, even more powerful THz output can be reached by target optimization.
The goal of the present paper is to optimize the laser and target parameters for highly efficient THz generation. This will be done by investigating the  dynamics of fast electrons inside a MPW, in particular the effects of several target parameters, including target length and preplasma scale length, by means of 3D PIC simulations and  analytic theory.
It is found that the efficiency can be over $5\%$ when the MPW length is optimal and the preplasma scale length is small.

The paper is organized as follows: Sec.~II introduces the optical modes and electron dynamics inside a MPW. Sec.~III discusses properties of THz radiation as well as its dependence on laser-plasma parameters.
In Sec.~IV, the effect of preplasma is studied.
At last, a brief summary is given in Sec.~V.

\section{Electron dynamics}
The setup of a laser-MPW THz source is shown in Fig.~1(a). A  linearly polarized laser pulse is tightly focused onto the entrance of a cylindrical waveguide along the $x$ axis, from the left.
The electrons get accelerated inside the MPW and finally convert their energy to a relativistic half-cycle THz radiation pulse when leaving the channel.
The interaction process is explored using the 3D PIC code EPOCH \cite{arber}.
The dimensions of the simulation box are $x \times y \times z=80\ {\rm \mu m} \times 100\ {\rm \mu m} \times 100\ {\rm \mu m}$ with grid steps $dx \times dy \times dz=0.05\ {\rm \mu m} \times 0.1\ {\rm \mu m} \times 0.1\ {\rm \mu m}$.
The pump laser pulse has a temporal FWHM duration of $T_0=35\ {\rm fs}$ and normalized amplitude of $a_0=eE_0/mc\omega_0=10$, where
$c$ is the speed of light, $m$ is the electron mass, $e$ is the unit charge, $\lambda_0=1\ {\rm \mu m}$ is the laser wavelength and $\omega_0=2\pi c/\lambda_0$ is the angular frequency.
The spot size of the pulse is $w_0=3\ {\rm \mu m}$.
The MPW target has a length of $L=20\ {\rm \mu m}$ and a density of $n_0=15n_c$, where $n_c=\epsilon_0m\omega_0^2/e^2$ is the critical density.
Its wall thickness and inner radius are $5\ {\rm \mu m}$ and $r_0=3\ {\rm \mu m}$, respectively. The entrance of the MPW is placed at $x=1\ {\rm \mu m}$.

Figure~1(a) presents the $40.2$-${\rm mJ}$ THz radiation pulse shown with rainbow color scale.
The electric fields are considered in spherical coordinates with the origin at the exit of the MPW.
The polar component $E_{\theta}$ contains $97\%$ of the THz energy, since the coherent diffraction radiation is intrinsically radially polarized.
The peak electric amplitude reaches $7\ {\rm GV/cm}$, indicating that the THz pulse is relativistic. The optical-to-THz conversion  efficiency  is $6.7\%$, much higher than can be achieved by any other state-of-art laser-plasma THz source.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{fig1}
	\caption{
		(a) 3D schematic setup of the THz radiation source based on an MPW.
		The orange dots are fast electrons (with relativistic gamma factor $\gamma>10$) at simulation time $t=200\ {\rm fs}$ and the color represents their energies.
		The polar component of the THz field $E_{\theta}$ (frequency $f<60\ {\rm THz}$) at $t=267\ {\rm fs}$ is shown with rainbow colorscale, where a quarter is removed to display the intensity inside.

		(b) The distribution of the initial longitudinal positions of the  electrons shown in (a).
		(c) Cross section of the longitudinal electric field inside the MPW
		at $t=107\ {\rm fs}$ in the $x-y$ plane at where $z=0\ {\rm \mu m}$.
		White dots represent projections of the positions of fast electrons on the $x-y$ plane.
	}
\end{figure}

Strong THz radiation is emitted when the energetic electron bunch, represented by the orange dots in Fig.~1(a), leaves the channel.
We track those electrons and plot the distribution of their initial locations along the $x$ direction in Fig.~1(b).
We note that almost all these electrons originate from the vicinity of the entrance of MPW. This can be attributed to the strong diffracted laser light generated during the violent impact of the laser and onto the MPW front surface.
Such diffraction-induced injection is the dominant mechanism for electron injection as long as $r_0 \leq w_0$.
In the next section we will show that the THz radiation under this condition is much more powerful than that in the case of $r_0 > w_0$.
Since our main interest is high-energy THz radiation, in the following,  we focus on the interaction when $r_0 \leq w_0$ and  assume all fast electrons are to be injected at the MPW entrance.

We then proceed to discussing the propagation of the pump laser  inside a MPW.
Normally, many optical modes are excited simultaneously, and their intensities mainly depend on the waveguide radius.
For the micro-scale waveguide used in our scheme, most of the laser energy is coupled into the fundamental waveguide mode and higher modes can be ignored, which effectively simplifies our analysis.
Considering the shape of the target, it is appropriate to express the electromagnetic fields in cylindrical coordinates ($x$, $r$, $\phi$) \cite{Yi20162}:

\begin{eqnarray}
E_{x}=E_0\frac{k_t}{k}J_1(k_t r){\rm sin}(\phi){\rm cos}(\Phi),\\
B_{x}=-B_0\frac{k_t}{k}J_1(k_t r){\rm cos}(\phi){\rm cos}(\Phi),\\
E_r=-\frac{E_0}{2}\left[\frac{k+k_x}{k_t}J_0\left(k_t r\right)  + \frac{k-k_x}{k_t}J_2\left(k_t r\right) \right]{\rm sin}(\phi){\rm sin}(\Phi),\\
B_r=\frac{B_0}{2}\left[\frac{k+k_x}{k_t}J_0\left(k_t r\right)  - \frac{k-k_x}{k_t}J_2\left(k_t r\right) \right]{\rm cos}(\phi){\rm sin}(\Phi),\\
E_{\phi}=-\frac{E_0}{2}\left[\frac{k+k_x}{k_t}J_0\left(k_t r\right)  + \frac{k-k_x}{k_t}J_2\left(k_t r\right) \right]{\rm cos}(\phi){\rm sin}(\Phi),\\
B_{\phi}=-\frac{B_0}{2}\left[\frac{k+k_x}{k_t}J_0\left(k_t r\right)  - \frac{k-k_x}{k_t}J_2\left(k_t r\right) \right]{\rm sin}(\phi){\rm sin}(\Phi).
\end{eqnarray}

where $E_0$ and $B_0$ are the amplitude of the electric and magnetic components of the pump laser, respectively. $k=2\pi/\lambda_0$ is the wave number in vacuum and $\Phi$ is the phase within the laser pulse.
$J_\alpha(x)$ denotes the Bessel function of the first kind of order $\alpha$.
$k_x$ and $k_t$ are the longitudinal and transverse components of the wave number inside the MPW, respectively, which satisfy
$k_t={x_1}/{r_0}$ and $k_t^2+k_x^2=k^2$.
$x_1$ is a parameter obtained by numerically solving an eigenvalue equation \cite{Shen1991}. For the interaction geometry defined here, $x_1=2.5$ can be considered as a constant \cite{Yi20162}.

Structures of the longitudinal electric field $E_x$ in the $x-y$ plane are presented in Fig.~1(c). The amplitude of the acceleration gradient is $4\ {\rm TV/m}$, much higher than the longitudinal field of the pump laser in vacuum.
Even though fast electrons acquire most of their energy from longitudinal acceleration, we note that only a small amount of laser energy is coupled to the longitudinal fields, namely $E_{x}^2 \ll (E_r^2+E_{\phi}^2)$.

One important feature of $E_x$ is that its phase velocity is superluminal, which means that energetic electrons undergo first an acceleration stage when they are in desirable phases (see Fig.~1(c)), then a deceleration stage after the dephasing effect takes place. The phase varies from $\Phi=0$ to $\Phi=\pi$ at the acceleration stage.
The maximum acceleration distance $L_{acc}$ satisfies \cite{Yi2019}

\begin{equation}
L_{acc} \propto r_0^2.
\end{equation}
From Eq.~(1), we can deduce that the peak acceleration gradient is proportional to $a_0/r_0$. Therefore the maximum relativistic gamma factor fulfills
\begin{eqnarray}
\gamma_{max} \propto r_0a_0.
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{fig2}

	\caption{
		Average $\gamma$ of internal fast electrons plotted against propagation distance of the pump laser for different $r_0$ (a) and $a_0$ (b). $a_0=10$ is fixed in (a), channel inner radius $r_c=3\ {\rm \mu m}$ is fixed in (b) and laser spot size $w_0=r_c$ is satisfied in both panels.
	}
\end{figure}

Next, we show a series of simulations, in which the laser waist size equals  the channel inner radius, ranging from $2.0\ {\rm \mu m}$ to $4.0\ {\rm \mu m}$. A few-cycle pump laser ($T_0=10\ {\rm fs}$) is adopted in order to lower the length of the electron bunch, making it easier to distinguish the acceleration or deceleration stage.
As soon as the laser enters the waveguide, excited electrons ($\gamma>3$) are selected out and their dynamics are tracked every four laser cycles during the simulation. At each moment we exclude escaping electrons ($r>r_0$), and only consider energetic electrons ($\gamma>10$) that are inside the tube, which we call internal fast electrons (IFEs) hereafter.

The average gamma factor of IFEs versus propagation distance of the pump laser, for different $w_0$ and $r_0$ are plotted in Fig.~2(a). At the acceleration stage, the average electron energy increases rapidly for small $r_0$, since the acceleration field is inversely proportional to MPW radius.
However, the violent acceleration phase only lasts for a short time and the saturation energy is below $25\ {\rm MeV}$ when $r_0=2\ {\rm \mu m}$.
On the contrary, when the channel radius is larger, the acceleration is weaker but lasts for a longer time, finally leads to a higher saturation energy.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{fig3}
	\caption{Fraction of radially escaping electrons
		plotted against propagation distance of the pump laser for different $r_0$ (a) and $a_0$ (b).
		$a_0=10$ is fixed in (a), $r_c=3\ {\rm \mu m}$ is fixed in (b), and $w_0=r_c$ is satisfied in all panels.
	}
\end{figure}

Similarly, in Fig.~2(b), we present the effect of laser amplitude on the acceleration process, in the case of a fixed channel radius $r_0=3\ {\rm \mu m}$.
The electron energies reach their maximum values at almost the same time, since the acceleration length is not related to the pump laser amplitude (Eq.~(7)).
Furthermore,  the saturation energy increases with laser amplitude, in agreement with Eq.~(8).

We now proceed to discuss the effect of transverse optical modes on electron dynamics. Using Eqs.~(3)-(6), the transverse force acting on the IFEs can be derived as
\begin{eqnarray}
F_{\bot}=e\sqrt{(E_r-B_{\phi})^2+(E_{\phi}-B_r)^2}\propto \frac{a_0}{r_0^2} {\rm sin}\left(\Phi \right).
\end{eqnarray}
The force can lead to a maximum transverse displacement $r_{max}$, that scales as
\begin{eqnarray}
r_{max} \propto a_0r_c^2.
\end{eqnarray}

At the same time, the relative phase varies from $\Phi=0$ to $\Phi=\pi/2$, which means that the IFEs have passed approximately half of the maximum acceleration distance in the $x$ direction.
For small channel radius, the maximum acceleration distance is short, hence a large fraction of fast electrons tend to be scattered and escape earlier. Those escaping electrons transmit into the target bulk through inner boundaries of the MPW before reaching the channel exit, thus making a negligible contribution to THz emission.

Figures 3(a) and (b) show the fraction of escaping electrons among the energetic ones versus the pump laser's propagation distance for different channel radii and laser amplitudes, respectively.
Electrons escape from the channel fast when the channel radius is small, same as what we predicted above.
Since the maximum acceleration distance is not related to the laser amplitude, the rates of reduction in electron charge are approximately equal for different $a_0$.

\begin{figure}[b]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{fig4}
	\caption{
		Dependence of THz energy ((a) and (c)) and conversion efficiency of energy ((b) and (d)) on the length of MPW for different $r_0$ ((a) and (b)) and $a_0$ ((c) and (d)).
		$a_0=10$ is fixed in (a) and (c), while $r_c=w_0=3\ {\rm \mu m}$ is fixed in (b) and (d).
		(e) The optimal length of MPWs vs $r_c$ for fixed $a_0=10$.
		(f) Peak THz radiation energy and conversion efficiency vs varying laser amplitude $a_0$ for fixed $r_c=3\ {\rm \mu m}$. $w_0=r_c$ is satisfied in (e) and (f).
	}
\end{figure}

\section{Terahertz radiation}

The radiated THz energy scales as the square of the beam charge that leaves the waveguide.
The electron beam consists of electrons that fulfill the following two conditions:
(i) have high enough energies to escape through the exit;
(ii) are not expelled from the channel radially before arriving in the exit.
A short MPW is not favorable for the pump laser to deposit its energy to more IFEs, whereas in a long target, more fast electrons will escape during the long propagation.
Therefore the MPW has an optimal length $L_{opt}$
at which the number and energy of IFEs are most advantageous to the emission of THz radiation.
The scattering angle of the IFEs can be roughly estimated by ${\rm tan}(\Theta) \approx r_{max}/L_{acc}$.
Therefore, using Eq.~(7) and Eq.~(10), we obtain
\begin{eqnarray}
L_{opt}=\frac{r_{0}}{{\rm tan}(\Theta)} \propto r_0^2.
\end{eqnarray}

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.3\textwidth]{fig5}
	\caption{
		THz radiation energy and conversion efficiency as function of laser spot size $w_0$. The other parameters are $r_c=3\ {\rm \mu m}$, $a_0=10$ and $L=20\ {\rm \mu m}$.
	}
\end{figure}
A series of 3D PIC simulations are conducted to investigate the optimal MPW length.  The laser pulse duration is set to $T_0=35\ {\rm fs}$.
Since the THz frequency depends on the length of the electron bunch and it is close to the pump laser duration, $T_0=35\ {\rm fs}$ leads to a central THz frequency of about $3\ {\rm THz}$.
We  introduce preplasma at the inner surface of the MPW, in order to better simulate the interaction in realistic conditions. The preplasma has a density profile $n(r)=n_0{\rm exp}\left[ -(r-r_0)^2/\sigma_0^2 \right]$, where $\sigma_0$ is the scale length.
This leads to an effective channel radius $r_c$, which satisfies
$n(r_c)=n_c$.
In the previous equations, $r_0$ should be replaced with $r_c$ in the presence of preplasma.
Here, the scale length is set as $\sigma_0=0.2\ {\rm \mu m}$; a discussion on its effect can be found in the next section.

Figures 4(a) and 4(b) show the THz energy and conversion efficiency against the length of MPW for different MPW radius $r_c$, respectively.
It can be observed that the energy of THz radiation is typically over $10\ {\rm mJ}$.
As the MPW length is increased, the THz energy first increases then reduces in every case except for $r_c=2.0\ {\rm \mu m}$.
The reason is that when the tube radius is small, the effect of expulsion is so severe that it has more significant impact than the effect of acceleration in a very early stage.
Figure 4(c) shows the relationship between optimal MPW length and channel radius.
The dependence of $L_{opt}$ on $r_c$ has a squared scaling as predicted by Eq.~(11).

Similarly, in Figs.~4(c) and 4(d), we present the THz energy and conversion efficiency under different laser amplitudes. When the laser spot size and channel radius are fixed at $w_0=r_c=3\ {\rm \mu m}$, the optimal MPW length is the same for laser amplitudes ranging from $a_0=5$ to $15$. From Fig.~4(c), we see that the peak THz energy reaches $99\ {\rm mJ}$ in the case of $a_0=15$ (corresponding to a pump laser energy of $1.6\ {\rm J}$).
In addition, Fig.~4(f) illustrates that the peak efficiency increases with $a_0$ and finally saturates at about $6\%$ when $a_0>10$. Keeping in mind that the energy spectrum of IFEs satisfies an approximately Maxwellian distribution, a small laser amplitude leads to a small saturation energy, thus many relatively low-energy electrons (distributed on the low-energy part of the spectrum) are not energetic enough to escape from the MPW. This accounts for the rapidly dropping efficiency as $a_0$ is decreased below $10$.

Finally, Figure 5 shows a scan of the THz energy and efficiency plotted against laser spot size $w_0$. $r_c=3\ {\rm \mu m}$ remains unchanged to ensure the same optimal MPW length $L=20\ {\rm \mu m}$ for all cases.
The THz energy increases with laser spot size, while the efficiency reaches its maximum at $w_0=r_c$.
Increasing $w_0$ leads to enhanced electron excitation at the entrance and more powerful electron acceleration inside the channel, thus helps for the boost of  THz energy.
However, for $w_0>r_c$, increasing $w_0$ means a smaller fraction of the laser that can make its way to the channel, which is responsible for the decrease of efficiency.

\begin{figure}[t]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{fig6} \\
	\caption{
		(a) THz radiation energy as a function of the preplasma density scale length.
		(b)(c) show the distribution of longitudinal electric field inside the MPW at $t=200\ {\rm fs}$ for $\sigma_0=0\ {\rm \mu m}$ and $\sigma_0=0.8\ {\rm \mu m}$, respectively.
		(d)(e) present the density distribution of inner boundaries of MPWs under the same condition as in (b) and (c), respectively.
	}
\end{figure}

\section{Preplasma effects}
In relativistic laser interaction with micro-scale channel target,  the preplasma condition, in particular the scale length of the density profile on the inner boundary, has a significant impact on the number and energy of fast electrons, as well as the energy of THz radiation.
In Fig.~5(a), THz energy is plotted against the scale length $\sigma_0$ in the case of $a_0=10$, $L=20\ {\rm \mu m}$, $r_c=w_0=3\ {\rm \mu m}$.
We note that the THz energy decreases with increasing preplasma scale length. When $\sigma_0=0.8\ {\rm \mu m}$, the THz radiation has an energy of $18\ {\rm mJ}$, corresponding to about $25\%$ of the case without preplasma.

The main reason for the detrimental effect of the preplasma is that the distribution of electromagnetic fields inside a MPW is modified. To  illustrate this, we use 3D PIC simulations with higher resolution ($dx \times dy \times dz =0.02\ {\rm \mu m} \times 0.04\ {\rm \mu m} \times 0.04\ {\rm \mu m}$), while the other parameters remain the same.
Figures 5(b) and 5(c) present the distribution of acceleration gradient $E_x$ for $\sigma_0=0$ and $\sigma_0=0.8\ {\rm \mu m}$, respectively. The snapshot was taken at the moment when the pump laser pulse has propagated a distance of
\textbf{$20\ {\rm \mu m}$}. It is evident that the electric field in Fig.~5(c) is greatly distorted and is no longer radially uniform, resulting in less IFEs that can be accelerated steadily for a sufficiently long time.

In essence, the distortion of optical modes can be attributed to the oscillation of inner waveguide surfaces, induced directly by the radial component of the laser field. Such oscillations are violent in the region of near-critical-density preplasmas \cite{Lichters1996,Bulanov1994}, which can be illustrated by a snapshot of density profile around the inner plasma surface when $\sigma_0=0.8\ {\rm \mu m}$, plotted in Fig.~6(e). The amplitude of oscillation is so large that overdense electron clusters are extracted from the surface and then reinjected into the bulk plasma. In contrast, in Fig.~6(d), one sees mild density oscillations in the case of a step boundary of overdense plasma. Therefore, in order to obtain high THz energy, it is required to lower the scale length of preplasmas by using high contrast pump lasers.

\section{Conclusion}
We have studied a mechanism of relativistic terahertz radiation generation based on laser interaction with micro-plasma-waveguides via coherent diffraction radiation. The critical underlying physical processes involve acceleration and expulsion of fast electrons.
The former can be attributed to powerful longitudinal component of the optical modes inside the MPW, while the latter is induced by a weak transverse force caused by the asymmetry in the transverse components of these optical modes.
The two processes for different laser amplitudes and waveguide radii are investigated via a theoretical model and 3D PIC simulations, in order to find parameters that optimize the optical-to-THz conversion efficiency.

It is found that the optimal length is proportional to the square of MPW radius and is independent of laser amplitude. Typically, a THz radiation pulse at the order of a few tens of millijoule can be obtained from a joule level pump laser, corresponding to a peak efficiency over $6\%$. In addition, it is found that preplasma is detrimental to THz generation due to the distorted distribution of optical modes.

Our results directly assist the design of MPW THz sources that can reach unprecented conversion efficiencies among laser-plasma based approaches, and provide theoretical insights into the relevant microphysical processes.

\ack
The authors acknowledge fruitful discussions with I Pusztai.
This work is supported by the Olle Engqvist Foundation and
the European Research Council (ERC-2014-CoG grant
647121). Simulations were performed on resources at
Chalmers Centre for Computational Science and Engineering (C3SE) provided by the Swedish National Infrastructure for Computing (SNIC).

\section*{References}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Deer Creek Drive, by Beverly Lowry book review
By Allison R. Scales on August 31, 2022 Fiction books
Comment this story
In 1948, Idella Thompson, an elderly widow from a prominent family in Leland, Mississippi, was horribly murdered – stabbed 150 times with a pair of pruning shears. Her daughter Ruth claimed to have encountered an unidentified black intruder who had just killed Idella in her bathroom downstairs, but almost no one believed her. In fact, Ruth – a former debutante and mother of two who was described by family members as the "perfect girl" – herself was tried and found guilty of the murder. Yet even today, questions persist about what really happened.
Few stories are more compelling than a grisly small-town crime where no one can agree on what happened – or why – and is solved, only to remain unsettling many years later. Add matricide and an incendiary period, and you have Beverly Lowry's new book, "Deer Creek Drive: A Reckoning of Memory and Murder in the Mississippi Delta."
Lowry has a special connection to her subject: she grew up in a nearby town, and although she was only 10 when the murder took place, it made such an impression on her that 70 years later, writes- her, the memories "still refuse to let go. A novelist who has written two other true-crime books, Lowry is finally returning to Mississippi to report not only the details of the case, but also the environment in which it took place. At the same time, she weaves her own troubled family history throughout the story. While the relevance of this parallel narrative is not always clear, Lowry's granular recreation of this time and place treasuredly captures its sensibility.
Even the geology of the Mississippi Delta is suggestive, a wet, fertile plain that is not a delta at all but "a fat, juicy floodplain composed mostly of buckshot soil", which gave rise to "white gold ", as cotton was once called. , apparently without irony. Descriptions of Lowry's courtroom are particularly evocative, as she describes the rigorously enforced segregated seating, slow ceiling fans, spectators arriving with "picnic baskets filled with fried chicken or sandwiches Egg Salad" to watch the jury's selection. Meanwhile, local newspapers report in detail on Ruth's courthouse outfits and cover the party favors and debutante balls just as assiduously as the trial.
Summoning the customs and prejudices of the time as she re-examines this crime and its consequences, Lowry does her best to provide an "account" – as her title promises – with life in the Mississippi Delta in the 1950s. His forensic look at this period certainly shows that pervasive racism as well as a less frankly acknowledged homophobia surrounded the case. When Ruth Dickins stands trial for murder, she has few supporters. Instead, the townspeople seem eager to condemn her, one of the many strands of this tangled story that Lowry tries to unravel. Was it her short "masculine" hairstyle, her friendships with younger women, and her disregard for the "southern lady's rule and behavior book" that turned so many against Ruth? All these years later, the people of Leland still don't want to talk about it.
What is clear is that the investigation has been very confusing: Idella and Ruth appear to be related to half the townspeople, including the doctor who examines the body, the sheriff who helps clean up the bloody floor before he can photograph it, and the police chief who allows Ruth to go to the hospital before she is questioned and to change her clothes, which are then washed. More, somebody cleaned these shears.
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Perhaps the biggest surprise of the book is that, despite such a singularly botched investigation, the justice system more or less worked. Ruth's attempts to pin the blame on an unknown black man failed, as did most of her wealthy husband's efforts to pull political strings on her behalf after he was sent to the State Penitentiary. And even, has been justice done? Lowry believes that Ruth's first-degree murder conviction was suspicious, given the details of the case, and eventually questions his conviction. Another family member was with Idella on the day she was murdered: Ruth's "fragile older brother" Jimmy, who had long depended on Ruth to care for him. Why was he expelled from the city just before his indictment?
Calculation is a hopeful act but rarely settles what inspired the need for it. Lowry reveals that as a girl she shared some of the prejudices of that time, which is honorable to admit, but not unexpected, but clearly continues to bother her. As for the reluctance of the inhabitants to discuss the murder, their reluctance seems less linked to collective guilt than to the reluctance to reconsider the family disgrace. Rather, the significance of this story lies in its irresolution, showing how, like bigotry, violent crime will continue to cast a shadow over a community for generations, disrupting their sense of themselves as survivors.
Suzanne BernThe latest novel from, "The Blue Window," will be published in January.
A Review of Memory and Murder in the Mississippi Delta
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text:
LonM's Blog
LonM starts rambling and doesn't know when to stop
2017-11-14 2020-03-27 — Posted inLiterature — 5 min read
Origin – Dan Brown [wikipedia]
The latest in Dan Brown's Langdon series. I've got some thoughts about this one, and overall, I think it's worth a read if you followed the series so far, and a good story even if you haven't. Spoilers after the jump.
Sagrada Familia – Features in the Story, this image (c) Craig Sunter
A note on Continuity
Although one of the good things about the series is that the stories are almost entirely self-contained, it did strike me as a bit odd that there was no real mention of the end of the previous novel. The ending suggests a massive impact on global society, but its lack of a mention in this book almost says that it failed to have any impact, which I find kind of cheap. I don't find this is a major problem with this book, but more for the structure of the series as a whole. This is just an aside, on to…
Lets get right into the plot. Mad Catholics, eccentric scientists, murder and mayhem, conspiracies and secrets unravelling. At points it gets completely over the top, but that's all part of the fun of mad rush treasure hunt stories like this. I do like the way Dan Brown tends to pit Science against Religion and in this book it works very well. You are left guessing quite a bit as to who is pulling the strings behind the attacks on both the religious bigwigs and the scientist.
One thing I particularly like is the presence of fast-acting social media. In previous stories this has been somewhat lacking, but here we do get a sense that the world is watching and indeed spurring the story along, which does add some realism, even if the things being spurred on are a bit extreme.
The story is also funny. Not the whole way through, but Dan Brown sets a good serious tone when it's needed and sprinkles humour throughout. The docent introduced, Winston, is great at this. Both Winston and Edmond are written in such a way that they do seem like the kind of pair that an eccentric computer scientist would end up creating. Langdon, Vidal and Winston have a very good pairing in terms of the humour as they run off together. It is nice to see that Winston is written as an AI, but not one that is overtly inhuman. That's the future we're heading towards, and sort of already in.
A lot of the other characters have good stories. The awkward relationship between Ambra and the Prince, and the ensuing PR issues, seems like the kind of thing that would happen when you deal with such a public spotlight. And the same is true of Valdespino and the King. I enjoyed the books balance of all of these side arcs as it followed the main treasure hunt.
Lots of references to art. Reading does help you get cultured! Particularly of note are the depictions of Gaudi's work, which feature prominently throughout. I knew nothing of this artist beyond maybe hearing his name, and decided to look up his works as they are referenced in this book. Amazing stuff, and I'm glad to have been introduced to them. If you're interested, this is a good site to have a look at: https://www.origin-guide.com/ for more on the art.
The inclusion of "real" people, places and facts adds an interesting dimension to the story. I did not really know much about Spain's history but what is told in this book has a good kicking off point for reading up about incidents like the Civil War, and Franco's rule.
The Ending
Now, on to Edmond's Grand Reveal – During this book, from start to finish, you are teased over the grand reveal that was interrupted. It is hyped up massively. Unfortunately, to me at least, that leads to expectations which I don't think can be fulfilled. Especially considering the grand questions it claims to answer. Douglas Adams did something similar, although his funny approach of framing the answer 42 in the absence of the correct question kind of lets him off the hook. In this story, the grand reveal of Edmond's Prediction – Humans embracing the singularity, is hardly a new one.
Now, all this isn't to say the ending is bad, per se, it's a good ending and fits well into the story. Its just not quite the massive earth-shattering revelation that was teased. Oh well.
Post-Edmond-Announcement there is a lot of cleanup that needs to happen and I did like the final grand secret of Winston's involvement from the very beginning. One thing that I did find interesting was the general response in the media that we see in the aftermath. Little to no one seems to care about the substance of what was said, and are more interested in having both sides (Religion and Science) shout at each other. Very real, right there.
Definitely a recommendation. Following in the usual themes of religion, symbology, conspiracy, this book is a welcome addition to the series. It has some off bits, but I didn't feel that really hampered the bulk of the story. If you haven't read the rest of the Langdon series, I would recommend them also, but the books all act in a standalone manner that les you jump in as you please, so you could start with this one.
Overall, I would give it a 5 startling revelations out of 7:
💥💥💥💥💥 x x
Tags:art, books, dan brown, novel, origin, origin (book), review, spain
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ginnie says:
2017-11-15 at 0144
very nice sagrada view !
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text:
Familiar of 10 by rangertennyson005
Ben 10 & Familiar of Zero Xover Rated: T, English, Ben T., Words: 34k+, Favs: 120, Follows: 128, Published: 3/28/2013 Updated: 11/4/2013}
164 Chapter 1
"YAY. It's VACATION TIME." This over enthusiastic voice belonged to a teenager who was wearing a black shirt, blue pants and a green jacket with white stripes and the number 10 on it, and black shoes
Yes, All of guesses are correct . He is the Ben 10
Ben Tennyson really liked liked summer vacations and why not?. It was that very summer 5 years ago which introduced him to the alien device called the Omnitrix and aliens from all over the galaxy.
Ben used to be impulsive and ready to jump into things without thinking. He had an ego to match his impatient streak. Of course, he was ten years old then. He had a better head on his shoulders now that he was fifteen. The Omnitrix had also changed since he first put it on. It used to be a large black and white object that was bulky and hard to hide. Over time, it somehow upgraded itself into its current form. Grandpa Max theorized that it was designed to upgrade itself over time. They had no proof otherwise so they went with it.
His fifteenth year ...well Ben really got a shaking start which forced a lot of heavy responsibilities on him and I don't have to explain why( Ref. Alien force)
Ben Tennyson was tired now. It was just yesterday Tetrax returned after a long time and demanded Chromastone. Then after a turn of bizarre events he saved the day like always and revived all inhabitants of petrosapia
But he wasn't all successful every time. He still regretted that moment...If he acted a bit more mature . Kevin would have been "normal". Kevin's mutation put a strain on his relationship with Ben and Gwen who was Kevin's girlfriend now. It took time to resolve that. Kevin didn't put the blame on Ben but Ben knew that it was somehow his fault that Kevin was tempted to work with the likes of Charmcaster and Darkstar. Yes, Kevin always came back to them and apologized for his behavior but that didn't change the regret Ben felt when he saw Kevin
Now let's see what our hero is doing now. As the vacations began and our hero had a lot of free time he decided to spend some quality time with Julie and as always...he is late
"Hey Julie sorry I am late. Just wait for five minutes okay" Ben said while running
"Hurry up Ben the movie is about to start"
"Just com..." Ben's words died when he saw a vortex appearing in front of him. He took a fighting stance and tried to push the dial of omnitrix but before he can do anything the vortex sucked him.
As he entered the portal, he felt as he was falling into a dark abyss with no end .
"What is this ? null void or something else ?" Ben thought as he fell into the dark abyss.
Tristain is a world where magic and mystical arts ruled over science. No electricity, only fire. Right now within this plane, a school made specially for nobles to harness their magical talents was having a very important test.
"Now everyone.", a nearly bald man with glasses had an eager look to his face. "You are all second years here at Trystain Academy. From this day forward, you will take your first true step into becoming a great mage.", he paused to give them all a once over as well as to let his words sink in. "Today", he announced grandly, "You will finally be able to summon your familiar!".
The sound of collective cheers of teenagers resounded from the students.
"Let's start already Professor Colbert.", one of the restless teens shouted.
Colbert smiled at the eagerness of his students. "Now, now,", he placated them. "Summoning one's familiar as a very exciting event I agree, but it is also a sacred and important part of a mage's life. Please understand that this may determine your future for years to come.". After that speech, the mood sobered up a bit. The drunken feeling of exuberant arrogance was no longer in the air.
"Now that you understand.", the near bald teacher pulled out a list. "Please come forward as I call your name."
A long procession of young mages later, some calling upon beings of great power like a Rhyme Dragon by a rather quiet girl named Tabitha, to the bizarre like a blonde youth's oversized mole, to just plain normal like another student's cat. Names continued to be called out, each time a name was being ticked off the list until at last.
"Please step up.", the teacher began unsurely as he adjusted his glasses for a better read. "Miss Valliere!", he called out.
Silence fell upon the open testing grounds. It seemed even nature itself kept quiet in this occasion as the light rustle of clothes singled out this individual female. She had long strawberry hair that went down to her waist, a thin body with unpronounced curves which earned her a call of "Stick girl" a couple of times if not her utter horror of "Flattie". Even though her body suffered criticism from suitors due to its immaturity, her face did not suffer such treatment at all. If any, it received would receive nothing but praise as he childlike face gave of cuteness that would make even kittens jealous, only if her features didn't carry a scowl semi-permanently.
"Louise the Zero! Everyone run!", one horrified scream ripped through the ranks. This command was hastily followed en masse as chaos filled the air.
Their instructor, Professor Colbert tried to take control of the situation, but his kind approach was repelled by the mob's fear stricken panic.
In the midst of all this, the little lady of Valliere only stood still, betraying none of the seething anger that bubbled underneath. It was without warning when the emotional bomb set off. "Shut up!", she screamed loud enough to overpower the great din.
"I will not stand here and be made a mockery of. Just watch me and I will summon a familiar of absolute grace, power and beauty.", she declared for all to hear.
A pregnant pause followed and subsequently laughter. It was an obnoxious laughter that Louise absolutely loathed.
"You? Summon that great a familiar?", a tanned red-head with dynamite body doubled over in her mirth. "That's like saying you'll marry the princess and become the king!", she laughed some more.
Soon one more joined in. "Kirsche's right.", the new voice laughed. "She's always boasting about doing something great but in the end it comes out a failure.".
"Hear, hear", another agreed in mocking merriment. "Not one spell has she ever completed. Truly she deserves her name of Louise the Zero.".
"Her current attempt should be good for kicks at the very least."
"Remember to stay a fair ways off though. It'll definitely blow up again."
More laugher, more jeers. Louise could only take so much. She ignored everyone, shaking her head free of hindering thoughts. "I'll definitely summon a great familiar. I will summon something that can put even Kirsche's flaming gecko to shame.".
The red head in the crowd took that personally. She quickly hugged her familiar in challenge. "My salamander is definitely better than whatever you can call upon. Why with your ability, I'd be amazed if something appears at all.".
"Fine!", Louise shot back.
"Fine!"
Silence finally covered the field again. Professor Colbert looked nervously amongst his students for any more possible ruckus. After noticing none, he approached Louise and gave her the go ahead. "Miss Valliere, if you would please.", he gestured for her to start.
The girl herself was absolutely terrified. Never in her life had she wished this hard to do just what she had said. This would make or break her standing amongst the students, not that she ever had much of a social figure amongst them anyway. But still, this time her long term pride was at stake. She licked her dry lips as she began her chant.
"Bonds that weave and transcend through time.", she began.
Whispers went through the crowd. "What kind of chat was that?" was the common line.
"come together and bind me with my destined partner.", she continued in a state almost approaching like that of one in a trance. Honestly, she had been planning to say something else but her mouth just moved on its own when she opened them. "cross our paths and destinies for all eternity. I repeat the words promised to powers beyond comprehension.". Louise raised her wand, closing her eyes. Her cheeks tinged pink in embarrassment as the next lines came to mind for her to speak. She wanted to stop but they were already being said. "I wish for friends. Friends that would never betray me and friends I would never betray. This is all I ask. Appear before me now familiar!".
The student body would have roared in laughter at the childish chant but they were too busy screaming in terror from the great explosion Louise had made.
The dust cleared easily enough, leaving nothing but scorched grass and bare earth where the summoned being was supposed to appear. Louise who had been closest to the explosion stood motionless with little more than a little dirt on her. Pink eyes glued to the vacant spot where her great call was supposed to be answered.
It began quickly enough, insults, laughter, contempt. Fear was long forgotten already in the past 5 seconds. Nobody cared about the big bang anymore, only the fact that Louise had failed, again.
A whirring sound called the attention of one student whose hearing was sharp enough to pick it out from the noise. "What's that?", he looked up to the sky.
"What's what?", his companion questioned. She followed the boy's gaze and screamed.
Something was falling from the sky and it was falling fast.
By the time Ben was aware of it. He was no longer in Bellwood. He was at least a hundred meters in mid-air and the landing was not something he looked forward to.
Ben's eyes widened and he quickly went through his omnitrix. He didn't have time to choose now. when he saw a familiar hologram he pressed the dial and a bright green flash engulfed the area
BAAM
A yellow sphere was slammed on the ground like a stone and the impact sent a massive shock wave . The yellow sphere spun on the ground several times to regain its balance which created a dust cloud in result. Then the yellow sphere stopped spinning and with in a bright green flash reverted back to our favorite hero. It was a bit difficult but Ben regained his balance quickly and groaned " Cannonbolt but I didn't want Canonbolt . I wanted Jetray"
Louise was much like everyone else on the field today when that yellow sphere crashed into the earth, shocked and covered in a mixture of crushed grass and soil. She was mostly speechless as she approached it. Realization hit her as a boy wearing a green flank jacket came out of the small crater
His clothes might be weird but it was a boy. Definitely a boy around her age but he was a bit taller than her. He wore a black shirt, blue pants and a green jacket with white stripes and the number 10 on it and black shoes. His brown hair were messed up but it did have their own charm. His face was well built which revealed his sparkling emerald eyes. In Louise's opinion he was surprisingly dashing. All in all, he looked like a commoner but there was a sense of nobility in the way the boy handling himself.
Ben sighed in relief as he saw a pink haired girl approaching him. He dusted off the dirt from his jacket and asked politely " Miss can you tell me where am I?"
Louise scrunched up her brow in confusion, what was he saying? She watched the boy repeat the same foreign words again. Once more a third time accompanied by understandable gestures. So she replied what she believed would be the most proper in this situation. "Trystain.", she gestured out to the open.
This was a big mistake. Doing as such had led her gaze back to the mass of teens watching her every move as well as that of the man before her. The noble's face glowed red in embarrassment as it all came rushing back. This was an exam, a test and a challenge to her validity as a mage. "Don't move.", she suddenly commanded the wielder of the omnitrix.
She ran to Professor Colbert immediately and begged half-way into a wail, "Please let me redo the test!". Her knees were trembling and her breath came in pants. The tension was not helping her any.
The near bald man seemed to zone out. It took a desperate Louise who was grasping at his robes to catch his attention. "Miss Valliere!", he exclaimed with a tug to retrieve the cloth in his student's clutches. He listened this time to Louise's third repeat of her request before saying, "I'm sorry young miss but he is your familiar. Summoning is a sacred tradition that symbolizes a mage's growth. Retrying would be an insult to mages' past.".
"Th-then I have to?", the girl stuttered as her crimson cheeks intensified in their glow.
"I'm afraid so.", Colbert gave his student a sympathetic look. "Please don't look so down. If you think about it, this might be a good thing.", he encouraged the school pariah.
"Fine.", Louise conceded as she trudged back to the boy that was her familiar.
In the crowd, Kirche and a couple more students were having a ball at Louise's expense. "A commoner.", she laughed. "She claims to summon a beast that would put mine to shame and what she calls forth is a commoner!".
Ben Tennyson was confused as he heard the pink haired girl's angry rumbles. He mentally swore that he heard the language before. But where and when?
"Damn! How could I forgot? French classes. It's french" Ben said to himself
He looked up to face the girl from earlier and boy did she look angry. "You are now my familiar. From this day on we are bounded for our whole life.", she told him.
Ben understood most of it and his eyes widened. " Me and her bonded for life? WTF" Ben thought and he snapped in french " What do you mean by that?"
Louise was so surprised she would have done a spit take had she been drinking anything. "You speak our language after all!", she said in surprise.
"Not much good. Jut a bit more than the basics" Ben kept his reply short. French was not his best subject
The noble shook her head. It seemed she was having some sort of internal conflict. Her face had grown a rosy color as she said. "Look there's no time for that. Just appreciate what I'm to do for you right now. I'm sure you'll never see a noble do as such for the rest of your life.".
The girl who was still a little bit smaller than Ben pulled him into a kiss but there was a little problem. Our hero had way better reflexes to be caught by surprise. So without much trouble he had kept her lips away from his. Pushing her away, Ben snapped " Whoa get a hold on yourself girl"
Ben's mood was worsened. Just when his vacation started and he is about to spend a good time with Julie he is transported from his home to somewhere foreign which looked like some knock off version of Hogwarts.
"Getting sucked into a vortex, Falling from a sky and now getting forced in a surprise kiss. Just where the hell am I? Ben sighed with annoyance then he thought back on how he treated that girl. He shouldn't be that rude to her. He needed to keep calm and cool so as to get to the fastest solution. After deciding the apology was in order Ben turned around the girl . "I'm so-", the words died on his lips when he saw the look on the girl's face. She didn't look at him, or anything for that matter. All he knew was that she was about to cry.
She was grumbling under her breath again but this time Ben heard her. "I know, I know that I'm a failure… stop reminding me… stop reminding me… stop telling me that I'm a disgrace to my family's name.".
It was instantaneous. Something in Ben clicked then. No matter where he was there was one thing Benjamin Tennyson hated with passion. BULLIES
His hearing widened their area of detection. He could hear one voice stand out amongst the students, an egotistic narcissist from the sound of it. Ben said nothing as he grabbed the girl by her wrist and walked towards the crowd. She offered maximum resistance, screaming for him to let go but to no avail. She did not want to be thrust into the middle of all that contempt
Once the odd pair were in range people began to part for them to enter. The aura around Ben was to say the least, intimidating. The warm breeze itself turned into frigid slaps, warning whoever the sinner was that justice was coming to their door.
"Hey you near the wolf. Black hair and green wand" Ben yelled getting the whole crowd's attention.
The black haired teen tuned to the summoned familiar. Then his face became one of amused surprise, "Oh my it speaks!".
"Wow, I'm glad you noticed. Thought it would take longer for someone smart as you." Ben replied with a smirk
The crowd gasped at the slight insult, turning their eyes from the pair to the boy who just stood there. "Hmph, but of course.", he replied arrogantly. And the group droops at hearing the air-head admit his density in more ways than one. It was after five seconds before the boy realized his mistake.
Ben never gave him the chance to correct himself. "You seem to be the the one who begins the insults or at least the biggest contributor to this mob.", he scanned his eyes around the faces. He pulled the pink-haired girl behind him forward as he said, "Apologize to her.".
Arrogant boy stomped his foot on outrage. "Why should I?".
"You've been insulting her.", Ben spoke with an edge to his voice.
"And she deserves every word we've said."
"No one deserves to be bullied, Now don't waste time and apologize" Ben snapped with a hard glare
The boy also known as the Percival Von Descartes III was about ready to blow. "I will not stand here and let commoner scum like you order me around. I am a noble of high birth you have no right to make me apologize, especially not to Louise the Zero."
"Oh great another one stuck up bastard like Highbreeds" Ben sighed and mocked him with a smirk "At least a commoner like me knows how to respect others" Ben mocked
"Are you insulting me?", Percival challenged.
"You did a well enough job on your own.", Ben grinned and said , "Now apologize.".
Percival couldn't take it no longer. "Fine then!", he whipped out his wand like a weapon, pointing it at the familiar. "We duel. You win, I apologize.".
"If you win?" Ben asked with an icy glare
The noble's smirk became villainous had he not looked ridiculously incompetent. "You shall do my bidding for a year.".
"You're on" Ben said with a grin
Everyone's eyes widened when they heard Ben's words. The commoner's bravery was astonishing but what can a mundane commoner do against a nobleman's magic?
That of course was the very thing that went through Louise mind right now. She snapped out of her thoughts and pulled on his arm. "Stop!", she commanded him.
Ben respectfully obliged her. "What is it?", he gave her complete attention.
"Do you have any idea what you've gotten yourself into?", the pink haired mage hissed.
"Duel" Ben replied with annoyance. Of course he knew what duel means
Louise stared at him as if he were some sort of alien from another world, which wasn't far off. "You are an idiot.", she face-palmed. "I don't know what backwards community you live in but when we say the word duel here then it means a fight to the death between two individuals, If you go out there to fight Percival then you'll die. We have magic here and Percival is no slouch when it comes to his lightning magic.".
"Thanks for your concern but you have no idea who or what I am. Stay here and enjoy the show" Ben grinned and gestured Louise to let go
But she stubbornly refused. Ben sighed and barely let off her then yelled " I am ready"
"Alright then. You will pay for your insults you filth" Percival said with a smirk
"I have one thing to say, It's hero time" Ben grinned and slammed the dial of omnitrix. A green flash covered the area and Diamondhead stood at Ben's place
All of them were startled to see the muscular crystal golem standing at the place where the commoner stood before . Finally a smile formed on Louis' face may be her commoner wasn't as bad as she thought
"You...what are you? " Percival said still startled by Ben's transformation
"An adventurer who can turn into aliens and who is going to kick your ASS" Ben replied with a smirk
A note- this starts in the alien force. Just after the events in the episode " Vendetta". This story is just a little bit AU because Ben never took of his omnitrix. But that fact doesn't change any thing on the Ben 10 story line
Whoa finally I am posting this. The first story in the crossover section between Ben 10 and familiar of zero. I haven't seen Familiar of zero but I read the stories Familiar of Zerooo and Shinigami of zero . Both the writers did a really great job and ten faced paladin . Dude you totally rock .
I must agree this fic is inspired but from a lot of other fanfics. Anyways guys what should I do next? Give me some ideas and your suggestions. And what should happen in the battle between Percival and Ben?. As a Ben 10 fan I know what Diamondhead can do but I need ideas on what Percival should be able to do? It would be better if any foz fan would be able to help me with this story
Any help from you would be nice so please please review .


Fans are still reeling after Fox announced their hit show, Brooklyn Nine-Nine, has been cancelled after just five seasons.
Rumours about the show's cancellation were circulating online yesterday (May 10), which studio Fox finally confirmed, breaking the hearts of millions of fans.
However, it isn't just fans who are devastated by the cancellation, the show's cast have also been reacting to the news on social media.
Actor Terry Crews, who plays Detective Sergeant Terence 'Terry' Jeffords, was one of the first to announce his sadness on Twitter.
Sharing a link to a news article about the show's cancellation, Crews simply wrote 'thank you everyone' followed by a crying face emoji.
As fans come to terms with the news, it's no wonder the tweet has received 48,000 likes at time of writing (May 11).
Now would be a good time to get loud Nine Niners.
After the cancellation became official, it was clear Melissa had been left broken-hearted by the decision, retweeting fans' reactions.
I am still processing… don't have all the words.. but… these last five years have been incredible. Thank you for all your love and support.
We have the best fans. It's been a huge honour to play Amy and be a part of this tremendous ensemble. NINE NINE!
Fan favourite Chelsea Peretti, who plays hilarious administrator Gina Linetti, attempted to make us all feel better by tweeting a meme of her character saying 'you'd make a decent prostitute'.
Joe Lo Truglio, Brooklyn Nine-Nine's Charles Boyle, also took to Twitter to share his thoughts on the cancellation.
I love you fans. I love you squad. It has been an incredible five years.
I'm so very lucky, so deeply thankful to have been part of a show that has brought so much joy to so many. NINE-NINE!
Joe also shared a collage on Instagram, full of behind the scenes photos of the cast having fun on set.
Take nothing for granted. Look around at the love. Be thankful. It all goes by so fast, kids.
It's clear the news of the cancellation has hit him hard.
Finally Rosa Diaz, played by actress Stephanie Beatriz, tweeted a meme of her character saying 'your sadness has been noted'.
Squad, we love you. What a gift this series has been: it's been my honour. Your sadness is noted. NINE- NINE!
Brooklyn Nine-Nine's season five finale – which focuses on Jake (Andy Samberg) and Amy's (Melissa Fumero) wedding – will now be the show's last episode, airing on May 20.
There's still hope though another network will pick it up in the near future, meaning this might not be the squad's last hurrah!
For now, Nine-Nine we will miss you!


One of the most frustrating parts of training can be getting stuck in a cycle of repeated injury. Are you just prone to injury? Is your body breaking down? Do you need to take a break to allow your body to rest and heal? Likely not, and there is another approach to breaking this cycle.
Enjoy this conversation I had with Matt Dixon of purplepatch fitness. Matt is a highly sought after resource in the fitness and endurance community. Coaching everyone from first-time triathlon finishers to World Champions at the professional level. Matt takes a much broader and adaptive view of the path to peak performance than conventional endurance sports coaches.


This course aims to develop practical skills and knowledge in the field of interventional bronchoscopy for practitioners who already have a basic level of training.
[+] 10 Is there still a role for bronchoscopy in the diagnosis and management of Tuberculosis?
[+] 11 Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction denervation and bronchial thermoplasty. Where do we stand?