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The Encyclopedia of Jewish Women
Hadassah in the United States
by Deborah Dash Moore
Unquestionably the most prominent Jewish woman in Canada in the interwar period, philanthropist and Zionist Lillian Freiman (1885 – 1940) served as head of Canadian Hadassah-WIZO for twenty-one years and was the first Canadian Jew to be awarded the Order of the British Empire.
Photographer: Paul Horsdal.
Institution: Canadian Jewish Congress National Archives, Montreal.
When seven women concluded on February 14, 1912, "that the time is ripe for a large organization of women Zionists" and issued an invitation to interested friends "to attend a meeting for the purpose of discussing the feasibility of forming an organization" to promote Jewish institutions in Palestine and foster Jewish ideals, they scarcely anticipated that their resolve would lead to the creation of American Jews' largest mass-membership organization. Yet Hadassah, the Women's Zionist Organization of America, became not only the most popular American Jewish organization within a short span of years, maintaining that preeminence to this day, but also the most successful American women's volunteer organization, enrolling more women and raising more funds than any other national women's volunteer organization.
From the beginning, ideals found expression in a language of specific tasks whose rationale reflected Hadassah's emerging sense of mission. "You are going to learn by doing," Henrietta Szold, Hadassah's founder and first president, told a meeting of collegial Zionist women. "It amazed all who knew her," recalled Margaret Doniger, a member of Hadassah's National Board (1925–1977), "that this scholar, this woman who had been an editor up to that time … had unusual genius for leadership, for organization." Szold demanded that Hadassah be exclusively a women's organization: "Women will work better when there are only women in the group." She insisted that "the group must … not begin until it has a project." Doniger's recollections highlight critical aspects of Hadassah's approach to Zionism and its organizational philosophy.
The first meeting drew over thirty female Zionists to the vestry rooms of New York City's Temple Emanu-El on February 24, 1912. At the meeting's conclusion, almost two-thirds of those in attendance were elected officers or directors, suggesting the leadership opportunities Hadassah would offer women. The women involved included the seven signers of the invitation: Henrietta Szold, at age fifty-two, was the senior leader, deeply committed to Zionism as a political and moral movement of Jewish renewal; Mathilde Schechter was married to Solomon Schechter, the distinguished scholar, religious thinker, and president of the Jewish Theological Seminary (JTS); Emma Leon Gottheil traveled in elite Jewish and gentile social circles and was the wife of the Zionist leader Richard Gottheil; Rosalie Solomons Phillips, a wealthy and respected member of New York City's oldest Sephardic congregation and a descendant of Revolutionary War hero Haym Salomon, participated in various Jewish and gentile societies and was married to N. Taylor Phillips; Sophia Berger led the Harlem Daughters of Zion study group; Lotta Levensohn, graduate of the Teachers Institute of JTS, worked as secretary to Rabbi Judah Magnes of the New York Kehillah and belonged to one of the three Daughters of Zion study groups that became a nucleus of Hadassah; and Gloria Goldsmith, at age twenty-one the youngest of the seven, had already helped found Young Judaea and enthusiastically supported Zionism as an expression of Jewish idealism.
The cooperation of these seven women indicates how the idea of Hadassah inspired support from a broad spectrum of American Jewish women. Despite differences in age, background, marital status, and wealth, Hadassah's early leaders shared, in addition to their Zionism, strong Jewish educations and an eagerness to act in concert with other women at a time when women could not vote and were denied many of the perquisites of citizenship and independent action.
FORMATIVE YEARS, 1912–1933
Hadassah recruited a leadership cadre from women of Eastern European, German, and Sephardic backgrounds. The older women "gave Hadassah the high prestige of their moral support at a time when Zionism was neither fashionable nor popular, and individual Zionists were often regarded as crackpots," Levensohn recalled. Many of the women, both young and middle-aged, were native-born college-educated American Jews. Their level of formal learning was unusual for women in this period and signified their cultural aspirations. Often mavericks in their social class, Hadassah leaders were attracted to Eastern European Jews not as objects of assimilation or as inferiors needing help but as "real" Jews: practical idealists. The first board of directors reflected the amalgamation of three groups: young women of the Daughters of Zion study circles, older prominent Zionists, and members of Alice Seligsberg's ethics study group.
In its first year, Hadassah adapted aspects of women's public activities to create a flexible Zionist organization. Aspiring to national stature, it modeled its structure on the National Council of Jewish Women. Local chapters linked women irrespective of class, marital status, age, or immigrant background. Although an area contained only one chapter, different groups reflected members' particular interests, including study and sewing circles, English- and Yiddish-language groups, and daytime and evening meetings. Hadassah recruited women from varied socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds, but many were working women—teachers, stenographers, shopgirls, and garment workers.
Seligsberg recalled that "for reasons of economy, we decided to hold parlor meetings only in houses provided with electric current since acetylene needed for lantern pictures would be an extra expense." Lantern pictures conveyed Jewish women's plight in Palestine and their need for adequate maternity care. Hadassah focused on women's health issues, reflecting the social feminism of settlement house work. Especially influential was Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement Visiting Nurse Service. In January 1913, with 122 members and $542 in dues collected, Hadassah agreed to support a nurse in Palestine for two years. Emma Gottheil's sister, Eva Leon, who had worked with Jerusalem midwives, raised five thousand dollars from wealthy Chicago non-Zionists for a second nurse. Two weeks later, Rose Kaplan and Rachel [Rae] Landy sailed for Jerusalem, where they established Hadassah's Nurses Settlement, a first step to "bring order to that land of chaos."
The decision signaled organization growth. After Leon reported that the nurses needed guidance, Hadassah created a Palestine Advisory Committee in New York City to supervise them, setting an important precedent that policy decisions were to be made in America. In 1914, this committee evolved into the Central Committee, later becoming the National Board. By July 1913, Hadassah had chapters in Philadelphia, Boston, Baltimore, and New York. Sarah Kussy, who founded Hadassah in Newark in 1914, described it as "composed not of swells, nor of the very poorest class of people," but of "women who have regard for the meaning of a dollar." In 1917, when Hadassah had fifty-three sewing circles, fourteen asked for Zionist literature to be read aloud as the women sewed. Of these circles, ten requested English literature and four Yiddish. From the outset, self-education was a central feature of Hadassah's social activities. Jessie Sampter initiated its modest education program in 1913. "A song is not enough," Sampter declared. In the fall of 1914, the Hadassah School of Zionism opened to provide "intellectual substance," to counteract Christian missionaries, and to prepare Hadassah women to speak in public. Hadassah also started Hadassah Bulletin. On June 19, 1914, Hadassah held its first national convention in Rochester, New York, where it officially adopted the name Hadassah and its purpose: "to promote Jewish institutions and enterprises in Palestine and to foster Zionist ideals in America." Hadassah had already chosen a motto, suggested by Israel Friedlaender, from Jer. 8: 19–23, Arukhat Bat Ami, translated as "The Healing of the Daughter of My People," and a seal, designed by Victor Brenner, of myrtle [hadas] branches around a Jewish star. It affiliated with the Federation of American Zionists (FAZ).
Hadassah introduced many innovations to Zionist organization and ideology. Male leaders of FAZ criticized Hadassah, its women's division, for not engaging in Zionist work designed to change Jews into a self-conscious political entity. Hadassah, they claimed, merely did Palestinian work or charitable endeavors meant to improve Jewish living conditions. In fact, Hadassah's decision to establish an urban nurses' settlement ran counter to Zionist emphasis on cooperative rural settlements and European methods of colonization. Hadassah stressed women-to-women work on humanitarian and religious grounds, as well as American social feminism. Hadassah's Zionism was distinctly nonideological, a form of practical idealism that Szold considered characteristically Jewish. "Zionism as we dreamed it in America," Sampter wrote in 1921, "was the dream of a regenerate humanity." Hadassah also avoided religious controversy: The only two holidays it celebrated were Holiday held on the 14th day of the Hebrew month of Adar (on the 15th day in Jerusalem) to commemorate the deliverance of the Jewish people in the Persian empire from a plot to eradicate them.Purim and Lit. "dedication." The 8-day "Festival of Lights" celebrated beginning on the 25th day of the Hebrew month of Kislev to commemorate the victory of the Jews over the Seleucid army in 164 B.C.E., the re-purification of the Temple and the miraculous eight days the Temple candelabrum remained lit from one cruse of undefiled oil which would have been enough to keep it burning for only one day.Hanukkah. Hadassah urged its members to express their Jewish identification through work for Palestine. As Hadassah's first president from 1912 to 1921, Szold wanted to mold "a compact, self-reliant organization … to foster solidarity, to weld thousands of women scattered all over the country into a homogeneous group." Hadassah actively recruited non-Zionists. It resisted efforts to decentralize and established an administration fund—a novelty in Jewish organizational circles—to cover costs of its central administration.
World War I challenged Hadassah, which had 34 chapters and 2,100 members when the United States entered the war. Turkish repression of Zionist activities in Palestine forced Hadassah to close its Nurses Settlement in 1915. At home, domestic politics strained Hadassah's unity. Many leaders, including Szold, Seligsberg, Levensohn, Sampter, Nellie Straus, and Gertrude Goldsmith Rosenblatt (who married the Zionist activist Bernard Rosenblatt), identified themselves as progressives and advocated socialism, racial equality, and, most important, pacifism. Other leaders, including Gottheil, Berger, and Ruth Bernard Fromenson, ardently supported the Allies. At a protracted meeting on the issues in October 1917, Szold agreed to resign from the antiwar People's Council for Peace and Democracy for the sake of Hadassah. Judith Epstein, whose mother was part of the group that organized Hadassah, remembered that controversial meeting: "I returned to my new home at one a.m. to find that my husband had called the police!" The Gottheil faction withdrew from Hadassah in 1921, although both groups worked together to raise the thousands of dollars required to fund the American Zionist Medical Unit (AZMU), consisting of forty-five physicians, dentists, and nurses, as well as tons of supplies.
Seligsberg headed AZMU, which arrived in Palestine in 1918 and established hospitals in six cities: Jerusalem, Haifa, Jaffa, Tiberias, Tel Aviv, and Safed. The hospitals followed Hadassah's policy of providing services to all regardless of race, color, or creed. This reflected the progressive commitments of Hadassah's leaders and set an important precedent, initially established by the Nurses Settlement, of treating equally Arabs and Jews. "What we have sent to Palestine," Hadassah reported, "is not a relief expedition, but rather an embryonic Department of Health, the nucleus of a permanent institution." As soon as municipal authorities were prepared to run the hospitals, Hadassah turned them over. Hadassah rejected Zionist policy of creating institutions only for Jews in Palestine and refused to join the yishuv's political structure.
In 1918, Hadassah joined the restructured Zionist Organization of America (ZOA), despite doubts about its district plan of organization. During the war, Hadassah had moved into separate office space—thus removing its administration from its leaders' homes—and cooperated with Zionist men in organizing AZMU. Yet Hadassah soon discovered its loss of autonomy. As part of the ZOA, it surrendered its practical program and authority, two key elements of its organizational identity. Nevertheless, its membership kept on increasing—by 1922 Hadassah had over twelve thousand enrolled—while the membership of ZOA declined. In 1920, after seven members of Hadassah's Central Committee were expelled from the building and told they had to resign because the committee refused to raise money for the Zionist fund Keren Hayesod, Hadassah began to reassert its autonomy. It started the Hadassah Newsletter nineteen months after it had discontinued the Bulletin. Rose Gell Jacobs, a charter member of Hadassah, became editor. The Central Committee also authorized the creation of Junior Hadassah, for girls eighteen and older, despite competition with Young Judaea, the Zionist youth movement. The young women immediately adopted the care of war orphans, a project started by AZMU that lacked adequate funds. Szold suggested their motto: "A joyful mother of children." By 1923, Junior Hadassah had its own leaders. Frieda Silbert of Boston served as its first chair, and Mignon Levin Rubenovitz, a graduate of Columbia University's Teachers College and early Hadassah member, was senior adviser.
By 1921, Hadassah began its steady rise to prominence. Seligsberg, who had returned from two years in Palestine, was elected president as Szold departed for Palestine. Although she returned and served again as president for three years beginning in mid-1923, Szold effectively passed on the leadership to younger women. By mid-1926, when Hadassah almost achieved autonomy in its program, Irma Levy Lindheim became president. Under her leadership, Hadassah initiated its first partnership with the Jewish National Fund. When Lindheim could not continue in a second term because of family problems, Zip Falk Szold, a Bryn Mawr graduate and wife of Henrietta Szold's cousin Robert Szold, accepted the position in 1928. The presidency was "mostly hard, hard work. It was something that I could not put down." She had loved being organization chair, keeping tabs on Hadassah's growth and activities throughout the country. Growth registered in numbers—by 1928 membership reached a peak of over thirty-seven thousand—while activities demonstrated a commitment for practical work in Palestine, infused with Zionist idealism. Each project's specificity enabled members to identify with the individual undertakings. These included the Hadassah School of Nursing (1919), an urban recreation program (1928), a school lunch program (1923), as well as health and day care centers and a children's village. Each project reflected and reinforced Hadassah's initial social feminism. As Seligsberg explained about the nursing school: "The idea was (1) as soon as possible to turn over the work of nursing to the people of Palestine so that the supply of nurses would be indigenous and normal; (2) to give useful work to the unemployed; (3) to educate the young Jewish girls of Palestine and their parents to respect women's work. …" Many Jewish parents considered nursing an immodest profession, inappropriate for women.
Patterns established during the formative years were subsequently strengthened and reinforced. Hadassah maintained its social feminism, Progressive political commitments, and understanding of Zionism as a movement to renew Jewish practical idealism. It also remained staunchly protective of its autonomy, its focus on specific projects helping women and children, and its openness to women of all backgrounds. Its leaders continued to include an elite of educated women, who drew young women into their ranks. The latter testified to the formative influence of Szold and Epstein. Hadassah fostered close personal ties with the land of Israel, and many early leaders spent years living in Palestine, while a significant number of Hadassah's presidents settled there.
CONSOLIDATION AND GROWTH, 1933–1953
Only in 1933 did Hadassah achieve complete independence from the ZOA, although it remained affiliated with the World Zionist Organization (WZO). Hadassah's organizational, political, and ideological autonomy allowed it to chart its own distinctive course as a women's organization, to consolidate its achievements, to initiate new projects, and to expand its membership.
Hadassah entered the family lives of many American Jewish women: Its leaders often were daughters of mothers who had been Hadassah activists. These mothers transmitted a love of Zionism and Palestine to their daughters who, if they were lucky, actually visited the land of Israel as did Miriam Freund-Rosenthal in 1935 and Sara Nachamson Evans in 1933. The eldest of eight daughters, Evans accompanied her mother, Jennie Nachamson, who founded Hadassah in North Carolina in 1919 after an inspiring meeting with Szold in Baltimore. Evans subsequently organized for Hadassah throughout the South in the 1940s and 1950s, gaining a reputation as Hadassah's "Southern accent." All eight Nachamson daughters served as presidents of local chapters.
Such family connections contributed to Hadassah's impressive growth. From 1935 to 1945, Hadassah's membership increased from over thirty-eight thousand to over 142,000, and in 1952 Hadassah reached a new peak of almost 275,000 members. The pace did not slacken until 1953. Critical to its broad appeal was the increase in the numbers of native-born American Jews who found its brand of American Zionism compelling, as well as Hadassah's decision to adopt Youth Lit. "ascent." A "calling up" to the Torah during its reading in the synagogue.Aliyah in 1934. "One of the most effective movements in human rehabilitation to emerge from an era of unprecedented cruelty and destruction" in Etta Rosensohn's opinion, Youth Aliyah was perhaps Hadassah's most popular practical project.
Tamar De Sola Pool, Hadassah's president from 1939 to 1943, recalled suggesting the idea to the National Board in 1934 when she was president of the New York chapter. Jacobs, then in her second term as Hadassah's president (1934–1937), went to Palestine to investigate the nascent program of Youth Aliyah initiated by Recha Freier from Berlin, in response to Adolf Hitler's rise to power. The choice lay between Youth Aliyah or vocational education. "Jacobs, the pragmatist and superb organizer, came back with a contract, making Hadassah sole representative of Youth Aliyah in America and guaranteeing a contribution of sixty thousand a year." In fact, Hadassah raised $125,000 in the first year under Marian Greenberg's chairmanship. In 1933, however, Hadassah's total collections had plummeted to $161,697 from $365,000 in 1932, and only $45,860 was collected in 1934 for Youth Aliyah.
Szold agreed to direct the program of rescuing young people from Germany and bringing them to Palestine to settle on A voluntary collective community, mainly agricultural, in which there is no private wealth and which is responsible for all the needs of its members and their families.kibbutzim and in youth villages. Taking young people from their parents, who it was hoped would follow them to Palestine, Hadassah became their foster parents, nurturing and educating them. Szold dedicated the last twelve years of her life to Youth Aliyah and definitively shaped it into an educational movement and national organization of rescue. Hadassah's practical idealism put it in the forefront of American Jewish organizations: It began to rescue Jews from Nazism before any other Zionist group by choosing a project that continued its social feminist orientation as a women's organization. By 1967, every tenth Israeli under fifty was a Youth Aliyah graduate.
Jacobs not only secured Hadassah's sponsorship of Youth Aliyah but also initiated construction of the Rothschild-Hadassah Hospital on Mount Scopus in Jerusalem, designed by architect Eric Mendelsohn. Rose Halprin, who settled in Palestine after finishing her first term as Hadassah president (1932–1934), served on the building committee. "Sometimes, we were penny-wise and pound-foolish," she recalled. "I remember we had to decide whether to put an insignia on the floor in marble." The cost was perhaps $250, but "the vote was against it because it was too much money. Now I always giggle every time I think back on that period." Yet a beautiful hospital emerged, opening in 1939. In 1936, Hadassah and the Hebrew University, also located on Mount Scopus, agreed to establish a joint graduate school of medicine, inaugurated in 1938. World War II transformed the new hospital into a medical center for the entire region. In 1942, Hadassah opened its vocational school for girls, named in honor of Alice Seligsberg.
Despite its focus on Palestine projects, Hadassah also experimented with new ways to foster Zionist ideals in America. In 1934, it continued its early work in adult education by sponsoring the School for the Jewish Woman under the direction of Trude Weiss-Rosmarin. The school conducted afternoon and evening classes for married and single women: Its curriculum included Hebrew, Bible, Lit. "teaching," "study," or "learning." A compilation of the commentary and discussions of the amora'im on the Mishnah. When not specified, "Talmud" refers to the Babylonian Talmud.Talmud, Jewish history, and ethics. But turbulent relations between Hadassah and the school's strong-willed director soon led to the school's dissolution. Hadassah also helped establish the American Zionist Youth Commission in 1940, directed by Shlomo Bardin. The programs of leadership training it sponsored proved quite successful both for Young Judaea and Junior Hadassah, and paved the way for Hadassah supervision of the former. The Speaker's Bureau, which had initially enlisted the aid of Miss Manners, became well established and helped spread Hadassah's message throughout the country. It continued to provide lessons in public speaking for women, so critical to their assumption of leadership positions within Hadassah. The Newsletter changed its format to include articles on contemporary issues by well-known public figures. In America, Hadassah leaders often cooperated with individuals associated with the newly established Reconstructionist Movement. Both shared a common attachment to American democratic progressive traditions as well as a deep dedication to Zionism as an international Jewish movement of renewal.
Hadassah forged an independent political path in the Zionist movement. In 1937, it ran its own slate of eighteen delegates to the WZO Congress. It supported the Biltmore Platform of 1942 calling for a Jewish state, even though it had abstained from the prewar debate on the partition of Palestine. Epstein, president of Hadassah for a second term (1943–1947) during the years immediately preceding the establishment of a state, later articulated Hadassah's expectation: "We wanted a Jewish state and a Jewish society. And it was self-evident among Hadassah members that Jewish society would be constituted on the elements of equality, justice, and humanism." Representing Hadassah, Epstein testified before the Anglo-American Board of Inquiry in 1946 to get the British to open Palestine to Jewish refugees. Halprin, whose second term as president (1947–1952) followed Epstein's, explicitly rejected any glorification of the State of Israel: "The State is merely a vessel. It is not a purpose in itself. A State is a means to an end. The end is the content of the state."
Hadassah worked actively on the American political scene to support the establishment of a Jewish state. Women spread the word in their local communities in favor of partition. The personal cost of founding the State of Israel hit Hadassah on April 13, 1948. That night, Arabs ambushed and murdered seventy-five nurses, physicians, and technicians, including Dr. Hayim Yassky, head of the Hadassah Medical Organization, in a convoy on its way to Mount Scopus. Faced with the inability to protect its staff, Hadassah evacuated the medical center it had worked so hard to build, leaving it under Israeli army guard. In 1952, during Rosensohn's presidency, Hadassah broke ground at Ein Kerem to build for the second time a medical center in Jerusalem.
Hadassah's efforts to recruit new members after the establishment of Israel on May 14, 1948, emphasized the relationship of Zionist ideals and American democratic values. "Ever greater numbers of Jewish women should be drawn into Hadassah where they have the opportunity to work on two fronts: as Zionists, for the welfare of the Jewish people in Israel, and as Americans, for a democratic America and a democratic world to help bring peace and security to peoples everywhere." New chapters organized that year reflected the suburbanization of American Jews. Hadassah appeared on Long Island from Levittown to Hollis Hills, in New Jersey from Princeton to Deal, and in Maryland from Silver Spring to Chevy Chase. Irene Ruza joined Young Judaea, but instead of going to Palestine as a pioneer, she went to Hunter College in New York and married. "When I joined the great 'exodus' to Queens suburbia, Hadassah found me—to my eternal gratitude." Ruza gradually moved up from president of the Hollis Hills Chapter to the National Board.
Hadassah effectively negotiated the transition from a "small, compact organization" to a large, national one during years of world war and the destruction of European Jews. It adapted its Zionist practical idealism to the political reality of the State of Israel by becoming one of the founding constituents of the World Confederation of General Zionists. Hadassah has a seat on the executive of the Jewish Agency for Israel and the Zionist General Council. It is also accredited with the United Nations as a nongovernmental organization. Hadassah integrated its democratic American commitments into its social feminism.
MASS-MEMBERSHIP ORGANIZATION, 1953–1976
"Those were the days when if you sat next to a woman, your first question was, 'Are you a member of Hadassah?' If the answer was 'No,' you signed her up on the spot," Rose Dorfman recalled of the 1950s. Hadassah membership drives reached all sections of the country, all states in the union. Young women, mostly married with children and barred from working outside the home by strong social conventions, joined Hadassah for its sociability, its idealism, and the opportunities it offered to learn and to acquire new skills, including those of leadership. As in previous decades, Hadassah recruited women from varied backgrounds. "When I came to the United States thirty and some years ago, Hadassah became my ticket to the New World," Sara Rosen recalled. "In a way, I received an introduction to the idea of women's lib many years before it became a household word. … I never imagined, nor had I ever seen, so many independent, accomplished women working together for a cause that did not in any way benefit them personally," she marveled. "Physically remote from the land of Israel, oftentimes removed from Jewish tradition by generations, they nevertheless basked in their Jewishness, and were eager to learn. Hadassah was the 'shaliah,' the messenger, which inspired them." The constant recruitment offset normal attrition: Only after the Six Day War of 1967 did membership increase steadily to a new high of 360,000 by 1977.
A successful mass-membership organization, Hadassah's presence registered forcefully on the American scene. Its decision to upgrade its monthly Newsletter into Hadassah Magazine made visible its substantial achievements. Because of its wide circulation to all members, the Magazine quickly became self-supporting through advertising. Hadassah continued to sponsor publications to educate its members further. Among its most notable were two anthologies that became classics: The American Jew: A Composite Portrait (1942), edited by Oscar I. Janowsky, and Great Ages and Ideas of the Jewish People (1956), edited by Leo W. Schwarz. When the Conference of Presidents of Major American Organizations was organized in 1956, Hadassah became a constituent member. In 1970, Hadassah was a founding member of the reorganized American Zionist Federation. In 1967, when the ZOA withdrew financial support from Young Judaea, Hadassah merged Junior Hadassah with Young Judaea into Ha-Shahar [The dawn] and restructured the summer camp activities, leadership training, and study scholarships in Israel that it had sponsored since 1940. As well, Hadassah assumed financial responsibility for all youth programs. "Unfortunately, the merger basically destroyed Junior Hadassah," Barbara Goldstein concluded, and with it "a movement that identified with and loved its parent, Hadassah. Our National Board officers used as their role models National Presidents of Hadassah. I am no exception." The issue of an aging membership would not be felt, however, until the 1980s.
Although Hadassah continued to turn over many of its health centers and programs to municipalities or the Israeli government, it also initiated new projects in both health and education, such as a model family and community health program in a poor Jerusalem neighborhood, Kiryat ha-Yovel, in 1953 and the Rural Vocational Guidance Center at Kefar Vitkin in 1952. The latter offered education and training for Arab as well as Jewish youth, maintaining Hadassah's well-established policy of providing equal treatment. In 1968, Hadassah designated the nonmedical aspects of its Israel program as "Hadassah-Israel Education Services."
Perhaps Hadassah's biggest postwar achievement was the rapid construction of the Hadassah Medical Center in Ein Kerem. In cooperation with the Hebrew University, Hadassah established a teaching and research hospital with over fifteen medical departments, as well as a school of dentistry and pharmacy. Freund-Rosenthal dedicated the new buildings in 1960, the last year of her presidency. She also convinced the famous Jewish artist, Marc Chagall, to design twelve stained-glass windows for the hospital's chapel at a modest cost of one hundred thousand dollars by making her request "not only on behalf of Hadassah, but on behalf of the Jewish people." The windows received widespread critical acclaim. Then, in 1967, Israel's stunning victory in the Six Day War reunited the divided city of Jerusalem, and Hadassah discovered itself once more in possession of its hospital on Mount Scopus. "For Hadassah—rejoicing in the greatest gift in 19 years—the return of our buildings on Mt. Scopus is tempered by the knowledge that the ground on which we shall build is soaked with the blood of precious youth," Charlotte Jacobson wrote in her president's column that year. In 1975, Hadassah rededicated its restored and rebuilt hospital on Mt. Scopus.
In 1968, Hadassah subscribed to the Jerusalem Platform of the World Zionist Congress, including the unity of the Jewish people and centrality of Israel, the ingathering of Jews in their historic homeland, strengthening the State of Israel, preserving Jewish identity through education, and protection of Jewish rights everywhere. Hadassah previously had joined the struggle to free Soviet Jewry, and many of its presidents had made Lit. "ascent." A "calling up" to the Torah during its reading in the synagogue.aliyah to Israel. In 1969, it sent the first group aliyah, graduates of Young Judaea, to settle in Neve Ilan near Jerusalem. Four years later, on Thanksgiving Day, graduates of Ha-Shahar founded A voluntary collective community, mainly agricultural, in which there is no private wealth and which is responsible for all the needs of its members and their families.Kibbutz Ketura in the Arava Valley.
Hadassah continued to draw women from diverse backgrounds into its top ranks of leadership. Lola Kramarsky, president from 1960 to 1964, left Holland with her husband and three children just before the Nazis invaded. Faye Schenk, president from 1968 to 1972, was the daughter of an Orthodox rabbi. She married a rabbi and spent ten years in Australia before returning to the United States. Rose Matzkin, president from 1972 to 1976, was born on Ellis Island, the day her mother arrived in the United States. She joined Hadassah immediately after she married. Like many Hadassah leaders, she also joined other organizations, like the League of Women Voters and the Red Cross. "For those of us who came to maturity—real maturity—during the years of the Holocaust, the opportunity to try to do something for Jews outweighed almost everything else. …" Hadassah offered that opportunity. Others, like Rebecca Shulman, president from 1953 to 1956, grew up in a Zionist family and continued the Zionist tradition through Hadassah. The tradition of leadership, social feminism, and Zionism, passed on from mothers to daughters, carried Hadassah to new heights during the 1970s, making it the preeminent American Jewish women's organization.
THE CHALLENGE OF CONTEMPORARY FEMINISM, 1976–PRESENT
In 1980, Hadassah commissioned a survey, sensing that its blend of Zionism, social feminism, and practical idealism was not reaching a new generation of Jewish women eager to pursue careers and unwilling to join an organization identified with their mothers and grandmothers. The survey revealed the gradual graying of Hadassah members, a decline in the percent of younger members who considered themselves Zionists, a wide diversity of religious affiliation, and increasing levels of education among younger members. Hadassah remained predominantly an organization of married women, attracting only a minority of single or divorced women. Half of the women polled who worked full time had never been members of Hadassah. Feminist feelings were widespread among all women surveyed, while Zionist sentiment was not.
The survey did not document that, along with its success, Hadassah had acquired a host of negative stereotypes. "Hadassah ladies" appeared to young feminists to be the antithesis of the new Jewish woman they hoped to create through the feminist movement and Jewish feminism. New magazines like Lilith challenged Hadassah's priorities, the character of its meetings, even its existence as a women's organization that seemed to acquiesce in separate and unequal representation of women in American Jewish communal life. Hadassah's historic role mattered less to these critics than its current agenda. In fact, Hadassah admitted men as associate members in 1966, and men always attended national conventions, albeit as observers (and often critics). But Hadassah's feminism never involved a critique of patriarchy, though it supported the Equal Rights Amendment. Hadassah responded to contemporary feminism by increasing its identification with Israel, becoming active in international women's conferences, and initiating a new series of educational programs.
In 1978, Hadassah held its first national convention in Israel, letting Israelis glimpse the women behind the health institutions. Hadassah had started tours to Israel in the 1960s, including some that focused on the Bible, but these drew small numbers. The Jerusalem convention attracted a record twenty-eight hundred members from forty-five states. In the 1980s, Hadassah also began to organize throughout the world under the auspices of the Hadassah Medical Organization because the Women's International Zionist Organization (wizo) broke an unwritten agreement made with Szold that America would be the exclusive province of Hadassah. When WIZO began to organize in the United States, Hadassah created the Hadassah Medical Relief Association, later Hadassah International, in 1983. Hadassah in Israel, made up of former members who had settled there, became its first incorporated chapter. Bernice S. Tannenbaum, president from 1976 to 1980, instigated these initiatives.
When Carmela Efros Kalmanson became Hadassah's nineteenth president in 1988, she recalled: "The first plank in my platform involved returning to the basics that launched us as a distinct movement in the Zionist dream. Hadassah was founded as a study group. … I wanted to see us studying together again." In 1989, Hadassah published Jewish Marital Status, its first step in programming to reach unaffiliated families. "More than an educational tool, it was to serve as a catalyst for informed action," reported Carol Diament, Hadassah's director of National Jewish Education. Over sixty seminars on Jewish family issues were conducted throughout the United States. In 1991, Hadassah held a three-day symposium devoted to "Israeli and American Jews: Understanding and Misunderstanding." The event, and subsequent one-day symposia on university campuses, involved collaboration with scholars and activists, including feminist women who previously had rejected Hadassah.
In 1997 Hadassah established the Hadassah-Brandeis Institute (originally The Hadassah International Research Institute on Jewish Women at Brandeis University), the first university-based research institute devoted to the study of Jewish women. The Institute supports a broad base of interdisciplinary study, underwriting scholarly research, publications and conferences that seek to promote a greater understanding of Jewish women's historical and contemporary experiences.
Such initiatives have not halted the aging of Hadassah's membership, but they do reflect creative engagement with issues important to Jewish women at the close of the twentieth and the early twenty-first century, as well as continuity with Hadassah's own history. Innovations accompanied regular Hadassah programs of medical research and care, Youth Lit. "ascent." A "calling up" to the Torah during its reading in the synagogue.Aliyah, education, and reclamation of the land through cooperation with the Jewish National Fund. In 1991, Deborah Kaplan assumed the presidency of Hadassah's 385,000 members who raised $74,432,000 that year. In 2003, these members gave ninety-four million dollars towards, among other campaigns, the building of a new Center for Emergency Medicine at the Hadassah Medical Center in Ein Kerem. The seven signers of that first invitation eighty years earlier would have been impressed. With a dedication to practical idealism, they built a large organization of women Zionists who continue to be, in the words of current President June Walker, "highly motivated practical Zionists, always finding concrete ways to improve the lives of the citizens of Israel."
National Hadassah Presidents 1912–2004: Henrietta Szold 1912–1920, 1923–1926; Alice L. Seligsberg 1921–1923; Irma Lindheim 1926–1928; Zip Szold 1928–1930; Rose Jacobs 1930–1932, 1934–1937; Rose L. Halprin 1932–1934, 1947–1952; Judith Epstein 1937–1939, 1943–1947; Tamar de Sola Pool 1939–1943; Etta Rosensohn 1952–1953; Rebecca Shulman 1953–1956; Miriam Freund-Rosenthal 1956–1960; Lola Kramarsky 1960–1964; Charlotte Jacobson 1964–1968; Faye L. Schenk 1968–1972, Rose E. Matzkin 1972–1976; Bernice S. Tannenbaum 1976–1980; Frieda S. Lewis 1980–1984; Ruth W. Popkin 1984–1988; Carmela E. Kalmanson 1988–1991; Deborah B. Kaplan 1991–1995; Marlene Post, 1995–1999; Bonnie Lipton 1999–2003; June Walker 2003–.
Evans, Eli. The Lonely Days Were Sundays: Reflections of a Jewish Southerner (1993); Freund-Rosenthal, Miriam, ed. A Tapestry of Hadassah Memories (1994); Gal, Allon. "Hadassah and the American Jewish Political Tradition." In An Inventory of Promises: Essays in Honor of Moses Rischin, edited by Jeffrey S. Gurock and Marc Lee Raphael (1995); Hadassah. Archives, NYC; Hadassah Annual Report (1929–1930, 1947–1948, 1966–1967); Kutscher, Carol Bosworth. "The Early Years of Hadassah: 1912–1921." Ph.D. diss., Brandeis University (1976); Levin, Marlin. Balm in Gilead: The Story of Hadassah (1973); Miller, Donald H. "A History of Hadassah 1912–1935." Ph.D. diss., New York University (1968); Weisburgh, Aileen. Hadassah chronology (October 1993).
Encyclopedia Article: Zionism in the United States
Article: Death of author, educator, and Zionist pioneer Jessie Sampter
Lesson Plan: Moving Inward: bringing liberation movements into the Jewish community
Encyclopedia Article: Political Parties in the Yishuv and Israel
zelda lubart4 years ago
10512 zip looking for chapter
Bella Book4 years ago
In reply to <p>10512 zip looking for by zelda lubart
Hi Zelda, Thank you for your comment! Unfortunately, we are a digital historical archive and as a result, don't have any regional chapters. I suggest checking with your local synagogues for a woman's reading group, etc.
Louann2 years ago
A "phobia" is usually defined as "an irrational critical dread that sales opportunities to avoidance of the feared scenario, object or activity" (nevertheless, the Greek word "phobia" only
implies anxiety). Exposure to the feared stimulus provokes
an instant stress response, which may take the kind
of a worry assault. The phobia brings about a great
deal of distress, and impacts on other aspects of the individual's daily life, not just their oral well being.
Dental phobics will shell out an dreadful whole lot of time
imagining about their tooth or dentists or dental situations, or else shell out a great deal of time striving not to feel of tooth or
dentists or dental conditions.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychological Ailments (DSM-IV) describes dental
phobia as a "marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable".
It also assumes that the man or woman acknowledges that the
fear is extreme or unreasonable. On the other hand,
in recent moments, there has been a realization that the phrase "dental phobia" may possibly be a misnomer.
The variance in between panic, fear and phobia
The conditions stress, worry and phobia are usually utilized interchangeably nevertheless, there
are marked variances.
Dental anxiety is a reaction to an unknown threat.
Nervousness is really prevalent, and most persons experience some diploma of dental stress
and anxiety particularly if they are about to have a little something completed which
they have in no way skilled right before.
Basically, it is a worry of the unknown.
Dental fear is a response to a acknowledged threat ("I know what the dentist is going to do, been there, completed that - I am scared!"), which requires a battle-flight-or-freeze reaction when confronted with the
threatening stimulus.
Dental phobia is essentially the very same as worry, only a lot much
better ("I know what occurs when I go to the dentist - there is no way I am heading again if I can aid it. I am so terrified I come to feel sick").
Also, the struggle--flight-or-freeze reaction takes
place when just pondering about or remaining reminded of the threatening condition. An individual with a dental phobia will keep away from dental treatment
at all charges until both a actual physical difficulty
or the psychological burden of the phobia becomes frustrating.
What are the most common results in of dental phobia?
Poor activities: Dental phobia is most typically prompted by poor,
or in some scenarios hugely traumatising, dental
experiences (scientific studies recommend that this is accurate for about eighty -85% of dental phobias, but
there are complications with acquiring agent samples). This not only contains painful dental visits,
but also psychological factors this kind of as becoming humiliated by a dentist.
Dentist's behaviour: It is frequently considered,
even amongst dental industry experts, that it is the dread of
agony that retains individuals from seeing a dentist. But even in which discomfort
is the person's major concern, it is not discomfort itself that
is necessarily the issue. Otherwise, dental phobics would not stay clear
of the dentist even when in pain from toothache. Instead,
it is soreness inflicted by a dentist who is perceived
as cold and managing that has a substantial psychological effect.
Ache inflicted by a dentist who is perceived as caring and who treats their patient as an equivalent is considerably a
lot less probably to outcome in psychological trauma. A lot of individuals with dental phobia report that they really feel they would
have no regulate above "what is performed to them" at the time
they are in the dental chair.
Anxiety of humiliation and humiliation: Other results in of dental
phobia involve insensitive, humiliating remarks by a dentist or hygienist.
In reality, insensitive remarks and the extreme inner thoughts
of humiliation they provoke are just one of the main aspects which
can trigger or add to a dental phobia. Human beings are social animals, and negative social analysis
will upset most people, apart from the most thick-skinned persons.
If you happen to be the delicate variety, unfavorable analysis can be
shattering.
A record of abuse: Dental phobia is also frequent in people who
have been sexually abused, notably in childhood. A background
of bullying or owning been bodily or emotionally abused by a particular person in authority may possibly also contribute to creating dental phobia,
primarily in mixture with undesirable experiences with dentists.
Vicarious studying: An additional cause (which judging by our forum seems
to be significantly less common) is observational finding out.
If a mother or father or other caregiver is fearful of dentists,
little ones might pick up on this and discover to
be worried as properly, even in the absence of
lousy experiences. Also, hearing other people's horror tales about distressing visits
to the dentist can have a very similar influence
- as can kid's films such as "Horton Hears a Who!" which portray
dental visits in a damaging mild.
Preparedness: Some subtypes of dental phobia may without a doubt be described as "irrational" in the traditional perception. Men and women may perhaps be
inherently "prepared" to find out certain phobias, these as needle phobia.
For tens of millions of years folks who speedily discovered to steer clear of snakes, heights, and
lightning probably experienced a fantastic possibility to endure and to transmit their genes.
So it may possibly not just take a significantly agonizing
face with a needle to acquire a phobia.
Submit-Traumatic Stress: Research indicates that folks who have experienced horrific dental activities (unsurprisingly) put up with from symptoms
normally documented by people today with publish-traumatic anxiety
condition (PTSD). This is characterised by intrusive thoughts of the undesirable experience and nightmares about dentists or
dental circumstances.
This very last cause is particularly important. Most individuals with dental phobia have had
prior aversive or even hugely traumatising dental experiences.
They do not check out their symptoms as "abnormal" or "unreasonable", and in that sense resemble persons with write-up-traumatic worry disorder.
Legitimate, innate dental phobias, these as an "irrational" fear at the sight of blood
or a syringe, in all probability account for a smaller sized proportion of conditions.
Here is my page :: dental implants
Gussie Wyner in July 1931, turning the first shovel of soil for a new maintenance building and power plant at Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. The building was paid for by the proceeds of the Life Membership Fund of the Beth Israel Women's Auxiliary, which she founded.
Courtesy of the American Jewish Historical Society.
Moore, Deborah Dash. "Hadassah in the United States." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 20 March 2009. Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on January 18, 2020) <https://qa.jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/hadassah-in-united-states>.


text:
package eventstore

class ReadStreamEventsForwardITest extends TestConnection {
  implicit val direction = ReadDirection.Forward

  "read stream events forward" should {
    "fail if count <= 0" in new TestConnectionScope {
      readStreamEventsFailed(EventNumber.First, 0) must throwAn[IllegalArgumentException]
      readStreamEventsFailed(EventNumber.First, -1) must throwAn[IllegalArgumentException]
    }

    "fail if count > MaxBatchSize" in new TestConnectionScope {
      readStreamEventsFailed(EventNumber.First, MaxBatchSize + 1) must throwAn[IllegalArgumentException]
    }

    "fail if from == EventNumber.Last " in new TestConnectionScope {
      readStreamEventsCompleted(EventNumber.Last, 1) must throwAn[IllegalArgumentException]
    }

    "fail if stream not found" in new TestConnectionScope {
      readStreamEventsFailed(EventNumber.First, 1000) must throwA[StreamNotFoundException]
    }

    "fail if stream has been deleted" in new TestConnectionScope {
      appendEventToCreateStream()
      deleteStream()
      readStreamEventsFailed(EventNumber.First, 1000) must throwA[StreamDeletedException]
    }

    "get empty slice if asked to read from end" in new TestConnectionScope {
      appendEventToCreateStream()
      readStreamEvents(EventNumber(1), 1000) must beEmpty
    }

    "get empty slice if called with non existing range" in new TestConnectionScope {
      appendEventToCreateStream()
      readStreamEvents(EventNumber(10), 1000) must beEmpty
    }

    "get partial slice if not enough events in stream" in new TestConnectionScope {
      appendEventToCreateStream()
      readStreamEvents(EventNumber.First, 1000) must haveSize(1)
    }

    "get events in same order as written" in new TestConnectionScope {
      val events = appendMany()
      readStreamEvents(EventNumber.First, 1000) mustEqual events
    }

    "be able to read single event from arbitrary position" in new TestConnectionScope {
      val events = appendMany()
      readStreamEvents(EventNumber(5), 1) mustEqual List(events(5))
    }

    "be able to read slice from arbitrary position" in new TestConnectionScope {
      val events = appendMany()
      readStreamEvents(EventNumber(5), 3) mustEqual events.slice(5, 8)
    }

    "be able to read first event" in new TestConnectionScope {
      val events = appendMany()
      val result = readStreamEventsCompleted(EventNumber.First, 1)
      result.events.map(_.data) mustEqual List(events.head)
      result.endOfStream must beFalse
      result.nextEventNumber mustEqual EventNumber(1)
    }

    "be able to read last event" in new TestConnectionScope {
      val events = appendMany()
      val result = readStreamEventsCompleted(EventNumber(9), 1)
      result.events.map(_.data) mustEqual List(events.last)
      result.endOfStream must beTrue
      result.nextEventNumber mustEqual EventNumber(10)
    }

    "read not modified events" in new TestConnectionScope {
      appendMany()

      def read() = readStreamEventsCompleted(EventNumber.First, 1)

      val r1 = read()
      val r2 = read()
      r1.events mustEqual r2.events
    }

    "not read linked events if resolveLinkTos = false" in new TestConnectionScope {
      val (linked, link) = linkedAndLink()
      val event = readStreamEventsCompleted(EventNumber(2), 1, resolveLinkTos = false).events.head
      event mustEqual link
    }

    "read linked events if resolveLinkTos = true" in new TestConnectionScope {
      val (linked, link) = linkedAndLink()
      val event = readStreamEventsCompleted(EventNumber(2), 1, resolveLinkTos = true).events.head
      event mustEqual ResolvedEvent(linked, link)
    }
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Seinen (, neplést s "dospělou osobou" ( seinen)) je termín, jímž se označují mangy, popřípadě anime, která je přednostně zaměřena na muže ve věkovém rozmezí 18–30 let. Tento směr se vyznačuje širokou paletou výtvarných stylů a tematických otázek, od avantgardy až k pornografii. Ženská obdoba seinen mangy je džosei manga. Tento termín je srovnatelný s výrazem "pro dospělé".

Obvyklá cesta, jak zjistit, zda se jedná o seinen, je podívat se, zda není nad originálním kandži názvem použita furigana. Absence furigany by mohla znamenat, že je titul určen pro dospělé publikum. Napomoci může i informace o jménu časopisu, ve kterém bylo seinen publikováno. Obyčejně mají japonské manga časopisy zaměřené na seinen ve svém názvu slovo mladý ( young), například Young Jump. Mezi známé časopisy o seinen manze se řadí Ultra Jump, Afternoon a Big Comic.

Seznam seinen mang

Toto je seznam manga titulů, které byly vydávané v seinen sbírkách předtím, než byly shromážděny do tankóbon formy, tj. svazku:

Externí odkazy
 Anime News Network – vysvětlení pojmu seinen

Terminologie anime a mangy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Jean-Christophe Babin, Bvlgari Group CEO, on the Geneva Watch Days and LVMH Watch Week
Talking to the man behind some great initiatives for the industry.
calendar 09/09/2021 | ic_dehaze_black_24px By Frank Geelen | ic_query_builder_black_24px 5 min read |
Last year, 2020, the planned dates for Baselworld and Watches & Wonders were pretty late in the year. Usually, the SIHH, predecessor of Watches & Wonders, took place in January and Baselworld was often around March. These proved to be good moments in the year for the watch business, as retailers purchased new watches, new inventory, shortly after the Christmas sales and that kept a healthy dynamic in the luxury ecosystem. However now the two major watch fairs were planned for April/May, that important sales moment in January was missing and Bvlgari Group CEO, Jean-Christophe Babin, wanted to do something about that. Within a short timespan, he created the LVMH Watch Week in Dubai, which took place early 2020, and filled the void of a missing watch fair early that year. And when the pandemic put a halt to last year's Baselworld, it was again Mr. Babin who initiated a new fair, the Geneva Watch Days, which took place just after the summer. The reason for the LVMH Watch Week was because of the late timing of Baselworld and W&W, while the Geneva Watch Days were organized because Baselworld (and a physical W&W) were canceled due to COVID-19.
The second edition of the Geneva Watch Days ended last Friday and we, as a team, look back at an amazing week. Finally some human contact again! Finally, we can touch the newly introduced watches again and try them on the wrist, instead of staring at the screen for a next Zoom meeting/presentation/launch. Between August 30th and September 3rd, 350 retailers and no fewer than 300 journalists attending this "loosely organized" event. A good reason to ask Jean-Christophe Babin to elaborate further on the LVMH Watch Week and the Geneva Watch Days.
Frank Geelen, MONOCHROME – How long did you and your teams need to initiate and organize both events, as in both cases there wasn't a lot of time to prepare this?
Jean-Christophe Babin, Bvlgari Group CEO – After an estimate of the situation related to the watch events, I took quickly the decision to move ahead in both cases. If it is true that the time left was rather short, but we defined very quickly the teams responsibilities to implement the events. For LVMH Watch Week, we had already the location, our stunning Bvlgari resort in Dubai. It was then simply a matter of speed to organize it. For the GWD 2020, it started also fast. The decision was taken in a weekend, after a few phone calls, right after we learnt both Baselworld and W&W 2020 were cancelled. The idea was to create a 'Phygital' event in Switzerland in 2020 despite COVID and regroup significant brands feeling the same need for a presential initiative. We got also the official support of Geneva State and City within days. Then, action! For this year we benefited from last year's experience so a few routine processes were already implemented and allowed us to save time. Apart from that, Bulgari and Ulysse Nardin teams have coordinated the whole event for all the attending brands.
from left to right: Jean-Christophe Babin (Bvlgari), Fabienne Fischer (Geneva State counsillor), George Kern (Breitling), Patrick Pruniaux (Ulysse Nardin)
How do these events differ from watch fairs like Baselworld and SIHH / Watches & Wonders?
Decentralization, self-management, agility, flexibility, collective approach, and empathy are the key words. We avoid excesses of technocracy which weigh heavily on those you mention, without even mentioning the costs which are by far lower in both cases, LVMH Watch Week and GWD.
How was GWD '21 compared to GWD '20? Were there lessons learned? And is there more growth potential?
The 2021 edition was met by far more attendance than the previous one in 2020. One main reason is that vaccination campaigns have started in the meantime and allowed to travel in confidence, at least for EMEA countries and the USA. Regarding the lessons, they are as follows: the format is highly appreciated by all and symbolizes most probably a new watch events format for the future. Clients and media are happy because the mood and the spirit of the GWD is somehow easygoing. Another point is that we do not want the GWD to become a 100 brands event: its actual size is quite fine, even if we do not exclude to open to more than 25 brands in 2022. Third: the growth might be based on agility. If the GWD will take place in Geneva on a yearly basis, we could imagine migrating the concept anywhere in the world on a tactical basis. The GWD has become a genuine trademark and brand, so everything is possible.
How were the responses of you, your own team, and also retailers and media on the open and almost unregulated character of the GWD?
As precised above, they were excellent. These groups are all very supportive and we believe that this character is precisely the right one for today.
Are there already plans for more of such events?
We already announced the 2022 edition which will take place in Geneva in early September. We speak beside that of the possible extension of the concept in another location depending on the internal discussions with the Association, depending also of course of the evolution of the pandemics, etc. As of today, September 2022 in Geneva is 100% sure, of course unless any major external constraint occurs.
The 25 brands who participated with this year's GWD have unanimously decided to continue, and possibly expand, the operation, in keeping with the founding spirit that drives it: speed, flexibility, agility and conviviality. Also good to know is that the GWD are officially supported by the State and the City of Geneva!
Simply for the record, the participating brands were Bvlgari, Breitling, De Bethune, Gerald Genta, Girard-Perregaux, H. Moser & Cie, MB&F, Ulysse Nardin, and Urwerk, who have formed a non-profit association to organize this.
Besides these nine brands, 16 more attended the GWD: Arnold & Son, Bianchet, Charles Girardier, Czapek, Doxa, Ferdinand Berthoud, Frederique Constant Group, Greubel Forsey, Konstantin Chaykin, Louis Erard, Maurice Lacroix, Oris, Parmigiani Fleurier, Phillips in Association with Bacs & Russo, Raketa and Reuge.
Bvlgari Geneva Watch Days Interviews
https://monochrome-watches.com/intrerview-jean-christophe-babin-bvlgari-ceo-on-the-geneva-watch-days-and-lvmh-watch-week/
Jean-Christophe Babin, CEO of Bvlgari, during the LVMH Watch Week
Jean-Christophe Babin on the 2020 Bvlgari Watches and Geneva Watch Days
LVMH 2017 Annual Report Shows Double-Digit Growth for the Watch and Jewelry...
Great exhibition in Geneva – Mechanical Watch Graffiti
Discovering the Czapek 2020 Novelties during Geneva Watch Days

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Nlp introduction day was tuly excellent. Way above expectation.Since completing the course, our team is using Congratulations Hanne and thank you for your 'massive'contribution to me and others.
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Oulu-based Creoir Oy selected us to develop the web service for a textbook IoT case. We created an application to remotely track freight containers and the environmental conditions inside them, for an international client.
The service allows intercontinental shipping companies and their clients to know if the conditions and hence the goods inside every single container are optimal. Sensitive products, like fruits, are easily damaged in suboptimal conditions. If anything goes wrong, it's now possible to track down where in the process the accident happened, and who is responsible.
The container tracking system consists of a custom device which is put inside the container. The device uses different sensors to monitor the environmental conditions and sends them to the back-end service securely. The transport can last up to 2 months, during which the device must be operational and independent. When the device connects to a GSM network it will automatically send the data to the cloud, with no manual actions needed.
Codemate focused on designing and implementing the web application and the cloud service for the tracking device which was developed by Creoir Oy.
One of the major tasks was to design the UI of the web application so that tracking hundreds of the containers per user would feel pleasant. We introduced intelligent alert systems and prioritised the data on the dashboard so that the containers that need actions are emphasized.
Due to the nature of the system, the back-end system had major scalability, performance and reliability requirements. Thousands of devices can be sending data to the cloud simultaneously. The big data amount needs to be crunched into sophisticated graphs and the information about something going wrong within the transport needs to be picked up and smart actions made in real time. This required right choices for the programming and cloud technologies.
Read more about our IoT development services.


text:
« New Orleans loses an entrepreneur | Main | I always knew she was a witch ;-) »
Why must they be so wrong about everything?
Nope. I'm not granting them the shield of good intentions anymore. Greens don't care whom they hurt in the pursuit of their idea of religious perfection any more than Islamic fascists do. Case in point:
Tonight, PBS will air "Gold Futures," a film by Hungary's Tibor Kocsis. The film focuses on residents in Romania's Rosia Montana, a rural Transylvanian town, who are divided over the benefits of a proposed gold mine. It also features Gabriel Resources, the Canadian mining company trying to convince them to relocate so it can dig for a huge gold deposit estimated at 14.6 million ounces, worth almost $10 billion. PBS describes the film as a "David-and-Goliath story."
While the film gives time to supporters and opponents of the mine, it leaves unsaid that half of the villagers voicing opposition have now either sold their homes or will not have to move, because they live in a protected area where the village's historic structures and churches will be preserved. Viewers who see pristine shots of the Rosia valley won't realize the hills hide a huge, abandoned communist-era mine, leaking toxic heavy metals into local streams--or that while the modern mining project will level four hills to create an open pit, it will also clean up the old mess at no cost to the Romanian treasury. ...
There's plenty of typical Lefty manipulation -- fake but accurate -- in the story:
Mr. McAleer, a former Financial Times journalist who has followed the mine battle for seven years, says he "found that everything the environmentalists were saying about the project was misleading, exaggerated or quite simply false." He produced his film on a shoestring $230,000 budget largely provided by Gabriel Resources, but says he was given complete editorial control.
The Gabriel funding caused environmental groups to label the film "propaganda" and demand the National Geographic Society cancel plans to rent its Washington, D.C., theater to the free-market Moving Picture Institute for a screening. The Institute notes opponents rarely challenge the film's facts. As for Mr. Kocsis's documentary, his Flora Film corporate Web site lists as its partners Greenpeace, the Hungarian Ministry of Environment and the George Soros-backed Energy Club of Hungary, all of which oppose the Romanian project on either environmental or nationalistic grounds (Transylvania used to be part of Hungary). ...
"Local opposition to the mine is strong and organized" says a statement signed by 80 environmental groups in January.
80 environmental groups opposing one little mine! Talk about a gold rush...
In his letter, Mr. Soros cites a recent poll organized by some members of Romania's parliament that "found 90% of respondents rejecting the project." But the poll turns out to be an unscientific Internet survey, and one of the environmental groups Mr. Soros funds urged people outside Romania to participate in it. What is clear: Two-thirds of Rosia Montana's people have accepted Gabriel's voluntary offer to buy their homes at above market rates....
Mr. McAleer tells me such encounters should wake up people "who, like myself, unquestionably believed environmentalists were a force for good in the world."... (emphasis added)
If the gold mine goes ahead, then the toxic mess from the old communist mine will be cleaned up. If not, then it won't be. Yet those labeled Greens oppose the mine. Why do you think that is?
August 21, 2007 in Ataboys *OR* They-Should-Be-Taken-Out-And-Maimed Awards, Financial, International, Media, Mainstream; see also, BIAS, Science, Surf & Turf, Things that sound dirty, but aren't, Unified Field Theory of Liberals | Permalink


text:
Q: Setting up a mysql script to mysql dump I'm following this tutorial - http://www.howto-expert.com/how-to-create-a-server-failover-solution/  and I've done all of it successfully, there was just one bit in the comments that I need assistance with.
I'm running a woocommerce wordpress site with an rsync and mysql dump to another server (Server B)
Once Primary Server A has failed over to Secondary Server it can act like a normal server, until a service called DNSmadeeasy checks the primary is back online and switches back to that.
I was wondering if anyone would be able to help me write a script to copy the data back over once the primary database is back up. I need to do this because once the server has failed over, and someone places an order, the secondary server then has the most up to date copy of the database. A simple mysql dump would work to transfer the contents of Database B back onto the Database A.
At the moment i've tried to draw a diagram but can't seem to get it to work - Can anyone help?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
RetailTechnology
Corporate Social Investment
Technology News United Kingdom
Five 3D printing myths
The first conviction for 3D printing a firearm was recently reported in London, not long after 3D printed masks were used to trick face recognition. Should we be afraid?
By Ahmad Beltagui, Achilleas Sesis and Nikolaos Stylos 16 Aug 2019
The most valuable global retail brands for 2019
The results of the second annual BrandZ Top 75 Most Valuable Global Retail Brands have been revealed. The research shows that the world's most valuable retail brands are worth $339 billion more...
Successful retail chatbot interactions to grow eightfold by 2023
The global number of successful retail chatbot interactions will reach 22 billion by 2023, up from an estimated 2.6 billion in 2019, as AI offers compelling new engagement solutions...
DHL launches Africa eShop, connecting global brands with African shoppers
DHL Express has launched Africa eShop, a platform enabling customers to shop directly from more than 200 US- and UK-based online retailers...
Why the High Street should better harness digital technology - inside its shops
It has become almost fashionable to predict doom and gloom for high street clothes shops. And the outlook can indeed seem bleak...
By Anthony Kent 18 May 2018
With its purchase of Whole Foods, is Amazon's goal to revolutionise food distribution?
On 20 March 2018, Amazon became the second most valuable company in the world, with a market capitalisation exceeding $768 billion...
By Isabelle Chaboud 24 Apr 2018
Ikea buys on-demand help startup TaskRabbit
Ikea has announced a deal to acquire on-demand help startup TaskRabbit as the world's largest furniture retailer grabbed a seat in the online sharing economy...
Cool technology with a conscience
UK supermarket chain Sainsbury's has become the first company in the world to introduce a refrigerated delivery truck cooled by a liquid nitrogen powered engine, which the company says will eliminate all emissions associated with refrigeration...
BT and Gallerie Commerciali Italia to create new digital customer experiences for Italian shoppers
BT has announced that it is working with Gallerie Commerciali Italia to create new digital customer experiences for shoppers in Italy...
Scotland declares online 'independence' from Britain
EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND: Five months after Scotland voted against independence from the rest of the United Kingdom, the Scottish government has seceded - at least online...
Guardian newspaper editor to step down
LONDON, UK: The editor-in-chief of The Guardian newspaper, who led its expansion from a traditional British broadsheet to a digital-first international operation, said on Wednesday that he will step down next year...
The evolving business model for m-governance
A look at the evolving business model for (mobile governance) m-governance projects and the use of mobile technology as a catalyst for inclusive development.
By Vijay Sai Pratap 27 Mar 2014
RBS admits to decades of under-investment
LONDON, UK: The head of Royal Bank of Scotland admitted on Tuesday (3 December) that it had failed to invest in its information technology systems for decades, after a glitch left customers of the state-rescued bank unable to access cash for three hours.
Google's Hummingbird - no big deal, for now
LONDON, UK: September marks the 15th anniversary of when Google began and alongside a birthday Doodle and Easter Eggs to celebrate has come news of what has been a silent shift to a new search algorithm, Hummingbird.


Crowd Sourcing is a modern business term, which was introduced in 2005. It is defined by Merriam-Webster as the process of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from an online community rather than traditional employees or suppliers. This mode of sourcing is often used to divide tedious work between participants. It has a history of success prior to the digital age. By definition, Crowd Sourcing combines the efforts of numerous self-identified volunteers or part-time workers, where each contributor acting on their own initiative, adds a small contribution that combines with those of others to achieve a greater result; however, it is distinguished from outsourcing the work comes from an undefined public rather than being commissioned from a specific.
Crowd Sourcing is the process of getting work or funding from a crowd of people. The word is a combination of the words 'crowd' and 'outsourcing'. The idea is to take work and outsource it to a crowd of workers such asWikipedia.
Instead of Wikipedia, creating an encyclopedia on their own, hiring writers and editors, they gave the ability to the crowd to create the information on their own. It is the most comprehensive encyclopedia the world has ever seen.
The principle of crowd Sourcing is that more heads are better than one. By canvassing a large crowd of people for ideas, skills, or participation, the quality of content and idea generation will be superior.
Crowd funding involves asking a crowd of people to donate money to the project. For example, if people want to raise $10,000 to pay for studio time to record a new CD, crowd funding can help them to raise that money. People find a crowdfunding platform, set the goal amount, deadline, and any rewards offered to donors. They must raise 100% of the goal before the deadline or all the donations are returned to the donors. Deadlines are typically less than 60 days.
Crowd funding is mostly used by artists, charities, & start-ups to raise money for projects such as filming a documentary, manufacturing iPod watch, cancer research, or seed money.
Crowd Sourcing is the practice of engaging a 'crowd' or group for a common goal such as innovation, problem-solving, or efficiency. Crowd Sourcing can take place on many different levels and across various industries. Thanks to our growing connectivity, it is now easier than ever for individuals to collectively contribute whether with ideas, time, expertise, or funds to a project or cause. This collective mobilization is Crowd Sourcing.
Crowd Sourcing include all social and business interactions. It is changing the way we work, hire, research, create and market. Governments are applying crowd Sourcing to empower citizens and give a greater voice to the people. In science and health care, crowd Sourcing can democratize problem-solving and accelerate innovation. With education, it has the potential to revolutionize the system such as crowdfunding is currently challenging traditional banking and investing processes.
The term "crowdsourcing" was originally introduced by "Wired Magazine" writer Jeff Howe in 2006 and is a combination of the words "outsourcing" and "crowd". Outsourcing traditionally describes transferring work processes from the own company to an external service provider in order to use the economies of scale involved and minimize costs. Generally, a crowd describes a large number of individuals who form a community.
The crowdsourcing principle describes a process in which companies outsource parts of their work processes and fall back on a community of thousands of people instead of individual service providers.
The crowd is always a good choice whenever companies have to handle a larger number of tasks in a relatively short period of time. The use of the crowd makes a large number of workers available on demand without creating any overhead costs. Therefore, when demand is irregular, a company can make use of the manpower of thousands of workers on a flexible basis.
It goes without saying that the crowd is best used for tasks that are easily divided into individual work parcels and then reassembled to a convincing overall result after completion. In addition, the task is being outsourced must not require any profound knowledge of the own product or company. This is essential to ensure that a sufficient number of qualified workers are available to implement the project in a short period of time and provide satisfactory results.
In 1968 a Norwegian science fiction writer named Tor Åge Bringsvard published a peculiar short story called "Codemus." The story has achieved the kind of retrospectively prophetic quality that makes sci-fi such a useful imaginative map for navigating our relationship with technology.
A worldwide computer network provides information freely, although people have access only to end-user terminals. Everyone has been equipped with a digital assistant that we might recognize as a Smartphone, right down to its sinister double-duty as a tracking device.


There are companies out there in every industry who's goal is to provide consumers with an average product and to prosper off of that product. There are also companies who want to provide a quality product for consumers but also give back to the community. Ambler Mountain Works is a company that wants… "to make a positive impact in the lives of those knitting them, the ones wearing them, and everyone in between." They are a company that truly gives back.
In 1995 Ambler started hand crafting hats and selling them at craft fairs. Now they are a reputable outdoor company catering to the masses all while contributing to non-profits and helping communities around the world.
This is the type of company I love to stand behind and support and is one reason why I am sharing them with you today. Also, they make awesome hats that keep our melons (heads 🙂 ) warm.
Their new Fall/Winter 2012-2013 line is great.
J-Man and I have been wearing a couple Ambler hats this Fall and Winter and they have certainly allowed us to brave the elements in comfort.
During our trip to Zion the temperature was in the 20's during the evenings and mornings with wind ripping through camp. I'm so glad we had our hats to keep us protected.
I've been wearing the Zinnia from their Himilayan line and it so warm. It's made from 100% wool and the fleece headband inside wicks away sweat, is soft on your skin and keeps you protected from the elements.
J-Man has been wearing the Cruiser from their kids line and it's absolutely adorable. It's 100% merino wool with the fleece headband.
If you are still looking for stocking stuffers for your tykes this would be a perfect addition.
Ambler is coming out with some great summer hats so check back in the Spring when they launch their new collection. There will be something for tykes and adults. I can't wait!


'Wildplukken de buitenkeuken' written by Leoniek Bontje and Yvet Noordermeer published by Terra.
Learn to recognize the most common edible wild plants and use them with Wild picking in your hand. The outdoor kitchen takes you into this book on picking days throughout the year. With the harvest of a picking day you prepare the most delicious dishes.
Descriptions of more than 60 plants to pick, the medicinal effect per plant, tips and many recipes.
With recipes from wild picker Leoniek Bontje and nutrition coach Yvet Noordermeer, photography Bella Thewes and styling Room 465.


Bosman Family Vineyards Pty (Ltd) are committed to protecting your privacy. We recognise our obligation to respect and protect the confidentiality of your personal and financial information. For this reason we have developed this policy to govern the processing of your information. Please read and consider this document carefully since it sets out our intended use of your personal and financial information. We require you to consent to this policy before we can process an order submitted by you or render any services to you.
When we refer to "we", "us" or "our" herein we are referring to Bosman Family Vineyards Pty (Ltd) (Registration Number 2005/000913/07) and its affiliated group companies, or any of them, as the context requires, as well as our assignees and successors in title. Our principal place of business is at Lelienfontein Farm, Hexberg Road, Wellington, 7655 but we recommend you contact us at +27 (0)21 873 3170 or electronic mail at taste@bosmanwines.com.
To access or take advantage of certain features of the site, we may request that you provide personal information. "Personal Information" is information about you that is associated with your name or identity, such as, name, mailing address, e-mail address, credit or debit card account number, birth date, telephone number, or purchase information. Personal Information may also include "Demographic Information," such as your gender, marital status, salary, purchasing habits, or similar information.
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Your personal information is digitally stored on site with a third party service provider in Australia and overseas. We also keep a backup on premises and/or hard copies. We have agreements with service providers to keep personal information secure and they are using appropriate and reasonable security measures.
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We may, in our sole discretion, share information with third parties that is not associated with your name or identity, such as web site usage information, anonymous demographic information, and aggregate user statistics.
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Please contact us if you want to submit any request to us hereunder. We will provide you with the prescribed form and the amount of any applicable prescribed fee.
Please contact us if you want to object to our collection, processing, recording, protection, use or sharing of your information. Please note that we may require a reasonable period to comply with your objection and can only do so if permitted thereto by law and such compliance does not unreasonably prejudice our legitimate interests or that of a third party.


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Q: Rails Console Help Needed HABTM relationship I'm trying to figure out the command to update my roles_users model using the console. Am using cancan with devise and I'm trying to set up my seeds.rb. I wanted to test first.
My users have many roles and vice versa. Everything is working fine and my roles_users table has been populated.
What I'm trying to figure out is how to update a user in the console.
I can see from my development log the following happens:
INSERT INTO "roles_users" ("role_id", "user_id") VALUES (3, 1)

How can I do exactly this in the console??
Thanks

A: User.find(user_id).roles << Role.find(role_id)


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José Ignacio Zenteno del Pozo y Silva (July 28, 1786 – July 16, 1847), was a Chilean soldier, politician and hero of the Chilean War of Independence.

Zenteno was born in Santiago, the son of Antonio Zenteno y Bustamante and of Victoria del Pozo y Silva. He completed his studies at the Colegio Carolino, and took part in the movement for independence from the very beginning.  In 1814, he became the secretary of Supreme Director Francisco de la Lastra, and was forced after the defeat of Rancagua, together with other patriots, to emigrate to Mendoza, Argentina, where, soon after his arrival, he was appointed secretary of the treasury of that province. There he befriended General José de San Martín, of whom became one of his principal assessors.

He formed part of the liberating army of Chile, and made the campaigns of 1817 and 1818, taking part in the battles of Cancha Rayada and Maipu. He was named Governor of Valparaíso and when General Bernardo O'Higgins was elected Supreme Director, he appointed Zenteno as Secretary of War and Navy where he distinguished himself by his activity. The government entrusted him with the formation of the First Chilean Navy Squadron, and he laid the foundation of the Chilean Navy which, under Admiral Lord Cochrane, obtained such glorious results. He created the first course of ship-ensigns. In 1822, after retiring from the ministry of war, he was appointed political and military governor of Valparaiso, and promoted to brigadier.

In 1831 he was appointed inspector-general of the army, and from 1833 till 1846 he filled several important offices in the war department, and was also a member of the supreme council of war, the Society of agriculture, and was several times elected to congress representing Santiago and later, Victoria, and serving as vice-president of the chamber of deputies. He was one of the founders and first editor of the El Mercurio of Valparaíso, taught law at the Universidad de Chile and was a member of the martial court (military tribunal). He died in Santiago at the age of 61.

External links

Official biography

1786 births
1847 deaths
People from Santiago
Chilean Ministers of Defense
Members of the Chamber of Deputies of Chile
Chilean Army generals
Chilean Navy officers
People of the Chilean War of Independence
Chilean Navy personnel of the Spanish American wars of independence
19th-century Chilean Navy personnel


Chigozie Obioma has written biblical parable in his debut novel The Fishermen. The book explores the relationships of four brothers. He read from The Fishermen at WORD Jersey City and wss joined in conversation by Nana-Ama Kyerematen, founder of the website AfriDiaspora.
Obioma left Africa and his family to attend university in Cyprus. He was very homesick. He missed his brothers and sisters. He comes from a family of twelve. A 2009 phone call from his father lead to the germination of the novel. His father explained that his two oldest brothers were headed out on vacation together. His two oldest brothers were born less than a year apart. Growing up they had been hyper competitive with each other, their rivalry so fierce they sometimes would fight. Yet now as adults in their thirties, they were the closest of Obioma's siblings. He explains that he wanted to capture the changing nature of brotherly relationships in his novel.
The Fishermen focuses on four brothers with what Obioma calls a "regular" African mother but a strict disciplinarian father. The brothers encounter a vagrant soothsayer who offers them a prophecy. The narrator, Ben, tells the story two decades after it took place, when he was a nine-year-old boy. This point of view allowed Obioma the distance he wanted to achieve for the characters.
The vagrant prophet served two purposes for Obioma. He had been reading parts of William Durant's The Story of Civilization, an eleven volume history. The theme repeated throughout these books and the fall of the civilizations chronicled by them was that great civilizations cannot be destroyed from the outside. Instead, they always fall from within. He sees the man as playing this role. The prophet acts like a catalyst to create the force necessary to bring about change.
Animals play a role and often are used as chapter titles throughout the novel. Partly this is because Obioma has always had a fascination with non-human creatures. However, the animals also create a reference point for Ben, the narrator, to tell a story. "I cannot tell a story without a comparison to something else," he says.
When Obioma was a child, he spent a period of time in the hospital. His father would visit and tell him stories. He enjoyed the stories, but once he was released from the hospital, his father stopped storytelling. Finally Obioma asked: "Is it only when I'm sick that his man tells me stories?" His father then gave him a book off the family's bookshelf, and had him read his own stories. Reading the books meant Obioma realized his father had simply been retelling stories from the books. Once he learned the magic of stories they came from books, he started reading all the time. He knew he wanted to be a storyteller.
Obioma has read through Shakespeare's body of work. He has a fondness for ancient Greek literature too, like the works of Euripides. His school of course had standards of British literature, but it was the Greek literature he loved. He read through the Odyssey and the Iliad during his lunch breaks. The school library had a large volume with both works inside, but it was housed in the part of the library that students could not take books out of. So he read them forty-five minutes a day for months.
"I don't believe Africa is exotic anymore," he says.


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Canada's Next Leaders: 2018 Top 40 Under 40
Meet Canada's next crop of great leaders.
BNN Bloomberg, in partnership with executive search firm Caldwell Partners announced the 2018 class of Canada's Top 40 Under 40 on Wednesday, shining a spotlight on some of the nation's top young innovators and entrepreneurs.
"It's easy to understand why we recognize and honour the Top 40 — they are truly remarkable young women and men, who are experts in their fields and passionate about their work and communities," Elan Pratzer, managing partner for Canada at Caldwell said in a statement.
"I also thank our program partners for their commitment. They understand that when we honour young leaders, it builds a sense of responsibility in them to be bold but thoughtful, and to contribute to our national economic and social vigour."
The recipients will be honoured at a gala in Toronto on Nov. 21 and will also be featured in exclusive BNN Bloomberg interviews throughout the summer.
Read full article here: https://www.bnnbloomberg.ca/canada-s-next-leaders-2018-top-40-under-40-1.1097343


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Music, lyrics and art
What do Bob Dylan's drawings reveal about his music?
In a new exhibition he has paired his lyrics with his sketches, offering a window onto his imagination
Books, arts and culture
by S.H.
BOB DYLAN has been producing and displaying visual art for the last decade. It is a somewhat puzzling endeavour, given that it has never met much acclaim (but has attracted controversy, as critics thought some paintings resembled famous photographs). Is it not enough for Mr Dylan to be one of the best singer-songwriters in history, a judgment cemented by his win in 2016 of the Nobel prize in literature? He was hailed by the committee as a "great poet in the English tradition".
It seems it is not. For a show at the Halcyon Gallery in London, he has created nearly 60 new drawings, displayed alongside paintings and ironworks. The sketches are the main attraction as they illustrate a number of his most famous songs. A set of handwritten lyrics hangs beside each image; Mr Dylan has tinkered with his words over the years, and some of those on show are subtly different from the original version, while others have been substantially rewritten. It is the first time that he has wedded his music and his visual art.
Are Mr Dylan's drawings good? They're pleasant, certainly: he's far above average in terms of skill. Some are quite moving, but not particularly original or striking. They suggest that if Mr Dylan had dropped the microphone and picked up the sketchbook instead, he would have been a good amateur artist, attuned to trees and faces and scenes of Americana. But the show is not so much about the drawings themselves as it is about his music. The sketches are a kind of self-annotation, offering insights into his six decades of song-writing. The result is a fascinating show.
Taken together, some of the pairings are immediately obvious. The song "Leopard-Skin Pill-Box Hat" is illustrated by a woman in, well, a leopard-skin pill-box hat. For "Maggie's Farm", Mr Dylan offers a farmhouse affixed with a sign for fresh eggs; this literal image is a bit of a let-down for the famous bluesy anti-capitalist protest anthem. Other drawings are more cryptic and seem to bear little relation to the lyrics at all. These are the more interesting ones, which rely on resonances and deepen meaning rather than flattening it.
The men Mr Dylan draws are especially intriguing. The drawings for "Just Like A Woman" and "Don't Think Twice (It's All Right)" are arresting, both featuring faceless men. One, in a hat, is a visual echo of Magritte's bowler-hat men, elusive in pencil. One of his two illustrations for "Ballad of a Thin Man" features a circus performer outside a carnival tent, face turned upward as he plunges a knife down his throat (pictured, below). The sword-swallower appears in the song, but only briefly, and this image of strength, vulnerability and masculine showmanship exposes an undercurrent in the lyrics. Sometimes, Mr Dylan draws men's feet or hands, as in the image for "Man in the Long Black Coat", which pictures legs and shoes on a dock with a view to a distant island. These images feel like quintessential Dylan: melancholy, quietly painful, distilled. The viewer might wonder if any of these men are versions of himself.
The lyrics themselves prove captivating: it's a thrill see Mr Dylan cross out "raging" and replace it with "rolling" in his description of the sea, or to notice that he spells "sailors" as "sailers". Encountering his handwriting feels like a form of intimacy. But while his lyrics can be read, as the Nobel committee argued, as poetry, they really are best when they're sung. To read Mr Dylan's spindly script on a gallery wall is a kind of work; to listen to his songs is a more passive, emotional experience that imbues them with meaning. Listening may be closer to the experience of visual art than reading.
Yet if one knows the songs well, and just looks—or perhaps if one looks and listens to "Highway 61 Revisited" on headphones—it is wonderful to glimpse Mr Dylan's visual imagination, especially when it is unexpected. The drawings are like stills of memory: a woman gazing out the window, framed by an air-conditioning unit. A child reaching out for a balloon that is now floating above a skyline. Saints are bowed in prayer. Incongruously, next to the words of "Hurricane", a baseball pitcher is poised mid-throw.
True, these images wouldn't mean much to us if Mr Dylan weren't Mr Dylan—the same is true of John Lennon's line drawings, and David Bowie's self-portraits—and they probably wouldn't be in a gallery. Artistically, though, a sketch is often a kind of suggestion, an unfinished outline or a possibility for a larger work. These sketches open a unique window into Mr Dylan's imagistic mind and suggest new ways to hear his songs.
"Mondo Scripto" is on show at the Halcyon Gallery in London until November 30th 2018
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