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Cannabis Ruderalis
Region of Europe
Different views of Central Europe
Central Europe according to The World Factbook (2009),[1] Encyclopædia Britannica, and Brockhaus Enzyklopädie (1998). There are numerous other definitions and viewpoints.
Central Europe or Mitteleuropa: usage recommendation by the Standing Committee on Geographical Names, Germany.[2]
Central Europe is the central region of Europe. Central Europe includes contiguous territories that are sometimes also considered parts of Western Europe, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe.[3][4][5] The concept of Central Europe is based on a common historical, social and cultural identity[a] and is a patchwork of territories that are traditionally Catholic and Protestant. The Thirty Years' War between Catholicism and Protestantism was a significant shaping process in the history of Central Europe, and neither side was able to prevail in the region as a whole.
Historically, Central Europe comprised most of the territories of the Holy Roman Empire and the territories belonging to the two adjacent kingdoms to the east (Poland and Hungary). Hungary and parts of Poland were later parts of the Habsburg Monarchy, which was also a significant shaping force in its history. Unlike their Western European counterparts, few Central European states had any overseas colonies, owing to both their central location and other factors. This has often been cited as one of the causes of World War I. After World War II, Central Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain to the parts belonging to the West and those of the Eastern bloc. The Berlin Wall was the most visible symbol of that division.
Central Europe was characterized for centuries by the fact that the most diverse ethnic, linguistic and religious groups lived next to each other in a largely peaceful mosaic. It was only nationalism and communism that oppressed the respective minorities, with many people being expelled and murdered. This unique Central European multiculturalism has only existed since then in a few "forgotten" areas such as the former Habsburg port of Trieste.[16]
Central Europe began a "strategic awakening" in the early 21st century,[17] with initiatives such as the Central European Initiative (CEI), Centrope, and the Visegrád Four Group. While the region's economies show considerable disparities of income,[18] all Central European countries are listed by the Human Development Index as very highly developed.[19]
1 Historical perspective
1.1 Middle Ages and early modern era
1.2 Before World War I
1.3 Interwar period
1.4 Mitteleuropa
1.5 Central Europe during World War II
1.6 Central Europe behind the Iron Curtain
1.7 Roles
2.1 Academic
2.2 Encyclopedias, gazetteers, dictionaries
2.3 Geographical
2.4 Governmental and standards organisations
2.5 Map gallery
3.1 Other countries and regions
6.1 Currencies
6.2 Human Development Index
6.4 Prosperity Index
6.5 Corruption
6.6 Infrastructure
6.6.1 Rail
6.6.2 River transport and canals
6.7 Branches
6.7.1 Agriculture
6.7.2 Business
6.7.3 Tourism
6.7.4 Outsourcing destination
7.1 Languages
7.2 Education performance
7.3 Higher education
7.3.1 Universities
7.3.2 Central European University
8 Culture and society
8.1 Architecture
8.2 Religion
8.3 Cuisine
8.4 Human rights
8.7 Sport
9.1 Organisations
9.2 Democracy Index
9.3 Global Peace Index
10 Central European Time
11 In popular culture
14 Bibliography
Historical perspective[edit]
Middle Ages and early modern era[edit]
Elements of cultural unity for Northwestern, Southwestern and Central Europe were Catholicism and Latin. However Eastern Europe, which remained Eastern Orthodox, was the area of Graeco-Byzantine cultural influence; after the East-West Schism (1054), Eastern Europe developed cultural unity and resistance to the Catholic (and later also Protestant) Western world within the framework of Orthodox Church, Church Slavonic language and the Cyrillic alphabet.[20][21][22][23]
Frankish Empire and its tributaries (AD 843–888)
Certain and disputed borders of Great Moravia under Svatopluk I (AD 870–894)
Kingdom of Poland in late 12th–13th centuries.
Bohemia in 1273
Kingdom of Hungary in 1190
Stages of German eastern settlement, 700–1400 adapted from Walter Kuhn
Holy Roman Empire in 1600 superimposed on modern state borders
According to Hungarian historian Jenő Szűcs, foundations of Central European history at the first millennium were in close connection with Western European development. He explained that between the 11th and 15th centuries, not only Christianization and its cultural consequences were implemented, but well-defined social features emerged in Central Europe based on Western characteristics. The keyword of Western social development after millennium was the spread of liberties and autonomies in Western Europe. These phenomena appeared in the middle of the 13th century in Central European countries. There were self-governments of towns, counties and parliaments.[24]
In 1335, under the rule of the King Charles I of Hungary, the castle of Visegrád, the seat of the Hungarian monarchs was the scene of the royal summit of the Kings of Poland, Bohemia and Hungary.[25] They agreed to cooperate closely in the field of politics and commerce, inspiring their post-Cold War successors to launch a successful Central European initiative.[25]
In the Middle Ages, countries in Central Europe adopted Magdeburg rights.
Before World War I[edit]
A view of Central Europe dating from the time before the First World War (1902):[26]
Central European countries and regions: Germany and Austria-Hungary (without Bosnia & Herzegovina and Dalmatia)
Regions located at the transition between Central Europe and Southeastern/Eastern Europe: Romania
Before 1870, the industrialization that had started to develop in Northwestern and Central Europe and the United States did not extend in any significant way to the rest of the world. Even in Eastern Europe, industrialization lagged far behind. Russia, for example, remained largely rural and agricultural, and its autocratic rulers kept the peasants in serfdom.[27] The concept of Central Europe was already known at the beginning of the 19th century,[28] but its real life began in the 20th century and immediately became an object of intensive interest. However, the very first concept mixed science, politics and economy – it was strictly connected with the intensively growing German economy and its aspirations to dominate a part of European continent called Mitteleuropa. The German term denoting Central Europe was so fashionable that other languages started referring to it when indicating territories from Rhine to Vistula, or even Dnieper, and from the Baltic Sea to the Balkans.[29] An example of that-time vision of Central Europe may be seen in Joseph Partsch's book of 1903.[30]
On 21 January 1904, Mitteleuropäischer Wirtschaftsverein (Central European Economic Association) was established in Berlin with economic integration of Germany and Austria–Hungary (with eventual extension to Switzerland, Belgium and the Netherlands) as its main aim. Another time, the term Central Europe became connected to the German plans of political, economic and cultural domination. The "bible" of the concept was Friedrich Naumann's book Mitteleuropa[31] in which he called for an economic federation to be established after World War I. Naumann's idea was that the federation would have at its centre Germany and the Austro-Hungarian Empire but would also include all European nations outside the Triple Entente.[32] The concept failed after the German defeat in World War I and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary. The revival of the idea may be observed during the Hitler era.
Interwar period[edit]
Interwar Central Europe according to Emmanuel de Martonne (1927)
CE countries, Sourcebook of Central European Avant-Gardes 1910–1930 (L.A. County Museum of Art)[33]
According to Emmanuel de Martonne, in 1927 the Central European countries included: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Switzerland. The author uses both Human and Physical Geographical features to define Central Europe, but he doesn't take into account the legal development or the social, cultural, economic, infrastructural developments in these countries.[34]
The interwar period (1918–1939) brought a new geopolitical system, as well as economic and political problems, and the concept of Central Europe took on a different character. The centre of interest was moved to its eastern part – the countries that have (re)appeared on the map of Europe: Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland. Central Europe ceased to be the area of German aspiration to lead or dominate and became a territory of various integration movements aiming at resolving political, economic and national problems of "new" states, being a way to face German and Soviet pressures. However, the conflict of interests was too big and neither Little Entente nor Intermarium (Międzymorze) ideas succeeded.
The interwar period brought new elements to the concept of Central Europe. Before World War I, it embraced mainly German states (Germany, Austria), non-German territories being an area of intended German penetration and domination – German leadership position was to be the natural result of economic dominance.[28] After the war, the Eastern part of Central Europe was placed at the centre of the concept. At that time the scientists took an interest in the idea: the International Historical Congress in Brussels in 1923 was committed to Central Europe, and the 1933 Congress continued the discussions.[35]
Hungarian historian Magda Ádám wrote in her study Versailles System and Central Europe (2006): "Today we know that the bane of Central Europe was the Little Entente, military alliance of Czechoslovakia, Romania and Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later Yugoslavia), created in 1921 not for Central Europe's cooperation nor to fight German expansion, but in a wrong perceived notion that a completely powerless Hungary must be kept down".[35]
The avant-garde movements of Central Europe were an essential part of modernism's evolution, reaching its peak throughout the continent during the 1920s. The Sourcebook of Central European avantgards (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) contains primary documents of the avant-gardes in Austria, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, and Poland from 1910 to 1930.[33] The manifestos and magazines of Western European radical art circles are well known to Western scholars and are being taught at primary universities of their kind in the western world.
Mitteleuropa[edit]
Mitteleuropa may refer to an historical concept, or to a contemporary German definition of Central Europe. As an historical concept, the German term Mitteleuropa (or alternatively its literal translation into English, Middle Europe[36]) is an ambiguous German concept.[36] It is sometimes used in English to refer to an area somewhat larger than most conceptions of 'Central Europe'; it refers to territories under Germanic cultural hegemony until World War I (encompassing Austria–Hungary and Germany in their pre-war formations but usually excluding the Baltic countries north of East Prussia).[citation needed] According to Fritz Fischer Mitteleuropa was a scheme in the era of the Reich of 1871–1918 by which the old imperial elites had allegedly sought to build a system of German economic, military and political domination from the northern seas to the Near East and from the Low Countries through the steppes of Russia to the Caucasus.[37] Later on, professor Fritz Epstein argued the threat of a Slavic "Drang nach Westen" (Western expansion) had been a major factor in the emergence of a Mitteleuropa ideology before the Reich of 1871 ever came into being.[38]
In Germany the connotation was also sometimes linked to the pre-war German provinces east of the Oder-Neisse line.[citation needed]
The term "Mitteleuropa" conjures up negative historical associations among some elderly people, although the Germans have not played an exclusively negative role in the region.[39] Most Central European Jews embraced the enlightened German humanistic culture of the 19th century.[40] German-speaking Jews from turn of the 20th century Vienna, Budapest and Prague became representatives of what many consider to be Central European culture at its best, though the Nazi version of "Mitteleuropa" destroyed this kind of culture instead.[41] However, the term "Mitteleuropa" is now widely used again in German education and media without negative meaning, especially since the end of communism. In fact, many people from the new states of Germany do not identify themselves as being part of Western Europe and therefore prefer the term "Mitteleuropa".
Central Europe during World War II[edit]
During World War II, Central Europe was largely occupied by Nazi Germany. Many areas were a battle area and were devastated. The mass murder of the Jews depopulated many of their centuries-old settlement areas or settled other people there and their culture was wiped out. Both Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin diametrically opposed the centuries-old Habsburg principles of "live and let live" with regard to ethnic groups, peoples, minorities, religions, cultures and languages and tried to assert their own ideologies and power interests in Central Europe. There were various Allied plans for state order in Central Europe for post-war. While Stalin tried to get as many states under his control as possible, Winston Churchill preferred a Central European Danube Confederation to counter these countries against Germany and Russia. There were also plans to add Bavaria and Württemberg to an enlarged Austria.[42] There were also various resistance movements around Otto von Habsburg that pursued this goal. The group around the Austrian priest Heinrich Maier also planned in this direction, which also successfully helped the Allies to wage war by, among other things, forwarding production sites and plans for V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks and aircraft to the USA.[43][44] So Otto von Habsburg also tried to detach Hungary from its grasp by Nazi Germany and the USSR.[45][46] There were various considerations to prevent German power in Europe after the war. Churchill's idea of reaching the area around Vienna and Budapest before the Russians via an operation from the Adriatic had not been approved by the Western Allied chiefs of staff.[47] As a result of the military situation at the end of the war, Stalin's plans prevailed and much of Central Europe came under Russian control.[48][49]
Central Europe behind the Iron Curtain[edit]
Politically independent states during Cold War: Finland, Austria, Yugoslavia[50]
Following World War II, large parts of Europe that were culturally and historically Western became part of the Eastern bloc. Czech author Milan Kundera (emigrant to France) thus wrote in 1984 about the "Tragedy of Central Europe" in the New York Review of Books.[51] The boundary between the two blocks was called the Iron Curtain. Consequently, the English term Central Europe was increasingly applied only to the westernmost former Warsaw Pact countries (East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary) to specify them as communist states that were culturally tied to Western Europe.[52] This usage continued after the end of the Warsaw Pact when these countries started to undergo transition.
The post-World War II period brought blocking of research on Central Europe in the Eastern Bloc countries, as its every result proved the dissimilarity of Central Europe, which was inconsistent with the Stalinist doctrine. On the other hand, the topic became popular in Western Europe and the United States, much of the research being carried out by immigrants from Central Europe.[53] At the end of communism, publicists and historians in Central Europe, especially the anti-communist opposition, returned to their research.[54]
According to Karl A. Sinnhuber (Central Europe: Mitteleuropa: Europe Centrale: An Analysis of a Geographical Term)[50] most Central European states were unable to preserve their political independence and became Soviet Satellite Europe. Besides Austria, only the marginal European states of Finland and Yugoslavia preserved their political sovereignty to a certain degree, being left out of any military alliances in Europe.
The opening of the Iron Curtain between Austria and Hungary at the Pan-European Picnic on 19 August 1989 then set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which there was no longer an East Germany and the Eastern Bloc had disintegrated.[55][56] It was the largest escape movement from East Germany since the Berlin Wall was built in 1961. After the picnic, which was based on an idea by Otto von Habsburg to test the reaction of the USSR and Mikhail Gorbachev to an opening of the border, tens of thousands of media-informed East Germans set off for Hungary.[57] The leadership of the GDR in East Berlin did not dare to completely block the borders of their own country and the USSR did not respond at all. This broke the bracket of the Eastern Bloc and Central Europe subsequently became free from communism.[58][59][60]
Roles[edit]
According to American professor Ronald Tiersky, the 1991 summit held in Visegrád, Hungary and attended by the Polish, Hungarian and Czechoslovak presidents was hailed at the time as a major breakthrough in Central European cooperation, but the Visegrád Group became a vehicle for coordinating Central Europe's road to the European Union, while development of closer ties within the region languished.[61]
The European floristic regions
The Pannonian Plain, between the Alps (west), the Carpathians (north and east), and the Sava/Danube (south)
Carpathian countries (north-west to south-east): CZ, AT, PL, SK, HU, UA, RO, RS
American professor Peter J. Katzenstein described Central Europe as a way station in a Europeanization process that marks the transformation process of the Visegrád Group countries in different, though comparable ways.[62] According to him, in Germany's contemporary public discourse "Central European identity" refers to the civilizational divide between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.[62] He says there's no precise, uncontestable way to decide whether the Baltic states, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Romania, and Bulgaria are parts of Central Europe or not.[63]
Definitions[edit]
Geopolitical Challenges - Panel on the Future of Europe
Rather than a physical entity, Central Europe is a concept of shared history that contrasts with that of the surrounding regions. The issue of how to name and define the Central European area is subject to debates. Very often, the definition depends on the nationality and historical perspective of its author.
Academic[edit]
The main proposed regional definitions, gathered by Polish historian Jerzy Kłoczowski, include:[64]
West-Central and East-Central Europe – this conception, presented in 1950,[65] distinguishes two regions in Central Europe: German West-Centre, with imperial tradition of the Reich, and the East-Centre covered by variety of nations from Finland to Greece, placed between great empires of Scandinavia, Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union.
Central Europe as the area of cultural heritage of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth – Ukrainian, Belarusian and Lithuanian historians, in cooperation (since 1990) with Polish historians, insist on the importance of the concept.
Central Europe as a region connected to the Western civilisation for a very long time, including countries such as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Kingdom of Croatia, Holy Roman Empire, later German Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy, the Kingdom of Hungary and the Crown of Bohemia. Central Europe understood in this way borders on Russia and South-Eastern Europe, but the exact frontier of the region is difficult to determine.
Habsburg-ruled lands
Central Europe as the area of cultural heritage of the Habsburg Empire (later Austria-Hungary) – a concept which is popular in regions along the river Danube: Austria, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Slovenia, large parts of Croatia, Romania and Serbia, also smaller parts of Poland and Ukraine. In Hungary, the narrowing of Central Europe into former Habsburg lands is not popular.
A concept underlining the links connecting Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine with Russia and treating the Russian Empire together with the whole Slavic Orthodox population as one entity – this position is taken by the Russian historiography.
A concept putting the accent on links with the West, especially from the 19th century and the grand period of liberation and formation of Nation-states – this idea is represented by the South-Eastern states, which prefer the enlarged concept of the "East Centre" expressing their links with Western culture.
Former University of Vienna professor Lonnie R. Johnson points out criteria to distinguish Central Europe from Western, Eastern and Southeast Europe:[66]
One criterion for defining Central Europe is the frontiers of medieval empires and kingdoms that largely correspond to the religious frontiers between the Catholic West and the Orthodox East.[67] The pagans of Central Europe were converted to Catholicism while in Southeastern and Eastern Europe they were brought into the fold of the Eastern Orthodox Church.[67]
Multinational empires were a characteristic of Central Europe.[67] Hungary and Poland, small and medium-size states today, were empires during their early histories.[67] The historical Kingdom of Hungary was until 1918 three times larger than Hungary is today,[67] while Poland was the largest state in Europe in the 16th century.[67] Both these kingdoms housed a wide variety of different peoples.[67]
He also thinks that Central Europe is a dynamic historical concept, not a static spatial one. For example, Lithuania, a fair share of Belarus and western Ukraine are in Eastern Europe today, but 230 years ago they were in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.[67]
Johnson's study on Central Europe received acclaim and positive reviews[68][69] in the scientific community. However, according to Romanian researcher Maria Bucur this very ambitious project suffers from the weaknesses imposed by its scope (almost 1600 years of history).[70]
Encyclopedias, gazetteers, dictionaries[edit]
The Columbia Encyclopedia defines Central Europe as: Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary.[71] The World Factbook[1] uses a similar definition and adds also Slovenia. Encarta Encyclopedia and Encyclopædia Britannica do not clearly define the region, but Encarta places the same countries into Central Europe in its individual articles on countries, adding Slovenia in "south central Europe".[72]
The German Encyclopaedia Meyers Grosses Taschenlexikon (Meyers Big Pocket Encyclopedia), 1999, defines Central Europe as the central part of Europe with no precise borders to the East and West. The term is mostly used to denominate the territory between the Schelde to Vistula and from the Danube to the Moravian Gate. Usually the countries considered to be Central European are Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland; in the broader sense Romania and Serbia too, occasionally also Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
According to Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon,[73] Central Europe is a part of Europe composed of Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Romania and Switzerland, and northern marginal regions of Italy and Yugoslavia (northern states – Croatia, Serbia and Slovenia), as well as northeastern France.
The German Ständige Ausschuss für geographische Namen (Standing Committee on Geographical Names), which develops and recommends rules for the uniform use of geographical names, proposes two sets of boundaries. The first follows international borders of current countries. The second subdivides and includes some countries based on cultural criteria. In comparison to some other definitions, it is broader, including Luxembourg, Croatia, the Baltic states, and in the second sense, parts of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Italy, and France.[2]
Geographical[edit]
There is no general agreement either on what geographic area constitutes Central Europe, nor on how to further subdivide it geographically.[74]
At times, the term "Central Europe" denotes a geographic definition as the Danube region in the heart of the continent, including the language and culture areas which are today included in the states of Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and usually also Austria and Germany, but never Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union towards the Ural mountains.[75]
Governmental and standards organisations[edit]
The terminology EU11 countries refer the Central, Eastern and Baltic European member states which accessed in 2004 and after: in 2004 the Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, and the Slovak Republic; in 2007 Bulgaria, Romania; and in 2013 Croatia.[76]
Map gallery[edit]
Central Europe according to Peter J. Katzenstein (1997)
The Visegrád Group countries are referred to as Central Europe in the book[62]
countries for which there's no precise, uncontestable way to decide whether they are parts of Central Europe or not[63]
According to The Economist and Ronald Tiersky a strict definition of Central Europe means the Visegrád Group[61][77]
Map of Central Europe, according to Lonnie R. Johnson (2011)[78]
Countries usually considered Central European (citing the World Bank and the OECD)
Countries considered to be Central European only in the broader sense of the term.
Central European countries in Encarta Encyclopedia (2009)[72]
Central European countries
Slovenia in "south central Europe"
The Central European Countries according to Meyers Grosses Taschenlexikon (1999):
Countries usually considered Central European
Central European countries in the broader sense of the term
Countries occasionally considered to be Central European
Middle Europe (Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, 1998)
Central Europe according to Swansea University professors Robert Bideleux and Ian Jeffries (1998)[79]
Central Europe, as defined by E. Schenk (1950)[80]
Central Europe, according to Alice F. A. Mutton in Central Europe. A Regional and Human Geography (1961)
Central Europe according to Meyers Enzyklopaedisches Lexikon (1980)
States[edit]
The comprehension of the concept of Central Europe is an ongoing source of controversy,[81] though the Visegrád Group constituents are almost always included as de facto Central European countries.[77] Although views on which countries belong to Central Europe are vastly varied, according to many sources (see section Definitions) the region includes the states listed in the sections below.
Depending on context, Central European countries are sometimes grouped as Eastern or Western European countries, collectively or individually[82][83][84][85] but some place them in Eastern Europe instead:[82][83][84] for instance Austria can be referred to as Central European, as well as Eastern European[86] or Western European.[87]
Other countries and regions[edit]
Some sources also add neighbouring countries for historical reasons (the former Austro-Hungarian and German Empires, and modern Baltic states), or based on geographical and/or cultural reasons:
Croatia[66][88][89][90][91] (alternatively placed in Southeast Europe)[92][93]
Romania (Transylvania, along with Banat, Crișana, and Maramureș[94] as well as Bukovina[95])[96][97][98]
Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast)
Serbia (primarily Vojvodina and Northern Belgrade)[99][100][101][102][103][104]
Slovenia (alternatively placed in Southeast Europe)[105]
Ukraine (Transcarpathia,[106] Galicia and Northern Bukovina[95])
The Baltic states, geographically in Northern Europe, have been considered part of Central Europe in the German tradition of the term, Mitteleuropa. Benelux countries are generally considered a part of Western Europe, rather than Central Europe. Nevertheless, they are occasionally mentioned in the Central European context due to cultural, historical and linguistic ties.
The following states or some of their regions may sometimes be included in Central Europe:
Italy (South Tyrol, Trentino, Trieste and Gorizia, Friuli, Lombardy occasionally Veneto or all of Northern Italy)[107]
The Danube watercourse system throughout Central and Southeastern Europe
Geography defines Central Europe's natural borders with the neighbouring regions to the north across the Baltic Sea, namely Northern Europe (or Scandinavia), and to the south across the Alps, the Apennine peninsula (or Italy), and the Balkan peninsula[74] across the Soča-Krka-Sava-Danube line. The borders to Western Europe and Eastern Europe are geographically less defined, and for this reason the cultural and historical boundaries migrate more easily west–east than south–north. The river Rhine, which runs south–north through Western Germany, is an exception.[original research?]
Southwards, the Pannonian Plain is bounded by the rivers Sava and Danube – and their respective floodplains.[108] The Pannonian Plain stretches over the following countries: Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia, and touches borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Ukraine ("peri- Pannonian states").
As southeastern division of the Eastern Alps,[109] the Dinaric Alps extend for 650 kilometres along the coast of the Adriatic Sea (northwest-southeast), from the Julian Alps in the northwest down to the Šar-Korab massif, north–south. According to the Freie Universität Berlin, this mountain chain is classified as South Central European.[110] The city of Trieste in this area, for example, expressly sees itself as a città mitteleuropea. This is particularly because it lies at the interface between the Latin, Slavic, Germanic, Greek and Jewish culture on the one hand and the geographical area of the Mediterranean and the Alps on the other. A geographical and cultural assignment is made.
The Central European flora region stretches from Central France (the Massif Central) to Central Romania (Carpathians) and Southern Scandinavia.[111]
Population density in Central European countries
Population density (people per km2) by country, 2018
Central Europe is one of the continent's most populous regions. It includes countries of varied sizes, ranging from tiny Liechtenstein to Germany, the largest European country by population (that is entirely placed in Europe). Demographic figures for countries entirely located within notion of Central Europe ("the core countries") number around 165 million people, out of which around 82 million are residents of Germany.[112] Other populations include: Poland with around 38.5 million residents,[113] Czech Republic at 10.5 million,[114] Hungary at 10 million,[115] Austria with 8.8 million, Switzerland with 8.5 million,[116] Slovakia at 5.4 million,[117] and Liechtenstein at a bit less than 40,000.[118]
If the countries which are occasionally included in Central Europe were counted in, partially or in whole – Croatia (4.3 million),[119] Slovenia (2 million, 2014 estimate),[120] Romania (20 million), Lithuania (2.9 million), Latvia (2 million), Estonia (1.3 million), Serbia (7.1 million) [121] – it would contribute to the rise of between 25–35 million, depending on whether regional or integral approach was used.[122] If smaller, western and eastern historical parts of Central Europe would be included in the demographic corpus, further 20 million people of different nationalities would also be added in the overall count, it would surpass the 200 million people figure.
Further information: List of central European countries by development indexes § Economy
Currencies[edit]
Currently, the members of the Eurozone include Austria, Germany, Luxembourg, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland use their currencies (Croatian kuna, Czech koruna, Hungarian forint, Polish złoty), but are obliged to adopt the Euro. Switzerland uses its own currency – Swiss franc, Serbia too (Serbian dinar), as well as Romania (Romanian leu).
Human Development Index[edit]
Further information: List of central European countries by development indexes § Human Development Index
World map by quartiles of Human Development Index in 2013.
In 2018, Switzerland topped the HDI list among Central European countries, also ranking #2 in the world. Serbia rounded out the list at #11 (67 world).
Globalisation[edit]
Further information: List of central European countries by development indexes § Globalisation
Map showing the score for the KOF Globalization Index.
The index of globalization in Central European countries (2016 data):[123] Switzerland topped this list as well (#1 world).
Prosperity Index[edit]
Further information: List of central European countries by development indexes § Prosperity
Legatum Prosperity Index demonstrates an average and high level of prosperity in Central Europe (2018 data).[124] Switzerland topped the index (#4 world).
Corruption[edit]
Further information: List of central European countries by development indexes § Corruption
Overview of the index of perception of corruption, 2015.
90–100 60–69 30–39 0–9
80–89 50–59 20–29 No information
Most countries in Central Europe tend to score above the average in the Corruption Perceptions Index (2018 data),[125] led by Switzerland, Germany, and Austria.
Infrastructure[edit]
Industrialisation occurred early in Central Europe. That caused construction of rail and other types of infrastructure.
Rail[edit]
Rail network density.
Central Europe contains the continent's earliest railway systems, whose greatest expansion was recorded in Austro-Hungarian and German territories between 1860-1870s.[126] By the mid-19th century Berlin, Vienna, and Buda/Pest were focal points for network lines connecting industrial areas of Saxony, Silesia, Bohemia, Moravia and Lower Austria with the Baltic (Kiel, Szczecin) and Adriatic (Rijeka, Trieste).[127] Rail infrastructure in Central Europe remains the densest in the world. Railway density, with total length of lines operated (km) per 1,000 km2, is the highest in the Czech Republic (198.6), Poland (121.0), Slovenia (108.0), Germany (105.5), Hungary (98.7), Serbia (87.3), Slovakia (73.9) and Croatia (72.5).[128][129] when compared with most of Europe and the rest of the world.[130][131]
River transport and canals[edit]
Before the first railroads appeared in the 1840s, river transport constituted the main means of communication and trade.[127] Earliest canals included Plauen Canal (1745), Finow Canal, and also Bega Canal (1710) which connected Timișoara to Novi Sad and Belgrade via Danube.[127] The most significant achievement in this regard was the facilitation of navigability on Danube from the Black sea to Ulm in the 19th century.
Branches[edit]
Compared to most of Europe, the economies of Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia and Switzerland tend to demonstrate high complexity. Industrialisation has reached Central Europe relatively early: Luxembourg and Germany by 1860, the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Switzerland by 1870, Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia by 1880.[132]
Agriculture[edit]
Central European countries are some of the most significant food producers in the world. Germany is the world's largest hops producer with 34.27% share in 2010,[133] third producer of rye and barley, 5th rapeseed producer, sixth largest milk producer, and fifth largest potato producer. Poland is the world's largest triticale producer, second largest producer of raspberries, currants, third largest of rye, the fifth apple and buckwheat producer, and seventh largest producer of potatoes. The Czech Republic is world's fourth largest hops producer and 8th producer of triticale. Hungary is world's fifth hops and seventh largest triticale producer. Serbia is world's second largest producer of plums and second largest of raspberries.[134][135] Slovenia is world's sixth hops producer.
Business[edit]
Central European business has a regional organisation, Central European Business Association (CEBA), founded in 1996 in New York as a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting business opportunities within Central Europe and supporting the advancement of professionals in America with a Central European background.[136]
Tourism[edit]
Central European countries, especially Austria, Croatia, Germany and Switzerland are some of the most competitive tourism destinations.[137] Poland is presently a major destination for outsourcing.[138]
Outsourcing destination[edit]
Kraków, Warsaw, and Wrocław (Poland), Prague and Brno (Czech Republic), Budapest (Hungary), Bucharest (Romania), Bratislava (Slovakia), Ljubljana (Slovenia), Belgrade (Serbia) and Zagreb (Croatia) are among the world's top 100 outsourcing destinations.[139]
Further information: List of central European countries by development indexes § Education
Languages[edit]
Further information: List of central European countries by development indexes § Languages
Various languages are taught in Central Europe, with certain languages being more popular in different countries.
Education performance[edit]
Further information: List of central European countries by development indexes § Education performance
Student performance has varied across Central Europe, according to the Programme for International Student Assessment. In the 2012 study, countries scored medium, below or over the average scores in three fields studied.[140]
Higher education[edit]
Karolinum of the Charles University in Prague
Further information: List of central European countries by development indexes § Higher education
Universities[edit]
The first university east of France and north of the Alps was the Charles University in Prague established in 1347 or 1348 by Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and modeled on the University of Paris, with the full number of faculties (law, medicine, philosophy and theology).[141]
Central European University[edit]
The entrance of the Central European University in Budapest
The Central European University (CEU) is a graduate-level, English-language university promoting a distinctively Central European perspective. It was established in 1991 by the Hungarian philanthropist George Soros, who has provided an endowment of US$880 million, making the university one of the wealthiest in Europe.[142] In the academic year 2013/2014, the CEU had 1,381 students from 93 countries and 388 faculty members from 58 countries.[143]
Culture and society[edit]
See also: Magdeburg rights
Research centres of Central European literature include Harvard (Cambridge, MA),[144] and Purdue University.[145]
Architecture[edit]
Further information: List of central European countries by development indexes § Architecture
Religion[edit]
Adherence to Catholicism in Europe
Adherence to Protestantism in Europe
Central European major Christian denomination is Catholicism as well as large Protestant populations. Click map to see legend.
Central European countries are mostly Catholic (Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia) or mixed Catholic and Protestant, (Germany and Switzerland). Large Protestant groups include Lutheran and Calvinist. Significant populations of Eastern Catholicism and Old Catholicism are also prevalent throughout Central Europe. Central Europe has been a centre of Protestantism in the past; however, it has been mostly eradicated by the Counterreformation.[146][147][148] The Czech Republic (Bohemia) was historically the first Protestant country, then violently recatholised, and now overwhelmingly non-religious, nevertheless the largest number of religious people are Catholic (10.3%). Romania and Serbia are mostly Eastern Orthodox with significant Protestant and Catholic minorities.
Before the Holocaust (1941–45), there was also a sizeable Ashkenazi Jewish community in the region, numbering approximately 16.7 million people.[149]
In some of these countries, there is a number of atheists, undeclared and non-religious people: the Czech Republic (non-religious 34.2% and undeclared 45.2%), Germany (non-religious 38%), Slovenia (atheist 14.7%[150]), Luxembourg (23.4 non-religious[150]), Switzerland (20.1%), Hungary (27.2% undeclared, 16.7% "non-religious" and 1.5% atheists), Slovakia (atheists and non-religious 13.4%, "not specified" 10.6%) Austria (19.7% of "other or none"), Liechtenstein (10.6% with no religion), Croatia (4%) and Poland (3% of non-believers/agnostics and 1% of undeclared).
Cuisine[edit]
Central European cuisine has evolved through centuries due to social and political change. Most countries share many dishes. The most popular dishes typical to Central Europe are sausages and cheeses, where the earliest evidence of cheesemaking in the archaeological record dates back to 5,500 BCE (Kujawy, Poland).[151] Other foods widely associated with Central Europe are goulash and beer. List of countries by beer consumption per capita is led by the Czech Republic, followed by Germany and Austria. Poland comes 5th, Croatia 7th and Slovenia 13th.
Human rights[edit]
Generally, the countries in the region are progressive on the issue of human rights: death penalty is illegal in all of them, corporal punishment is outlawed in most of them and people of both genders can vote in elections. Nevertheless, Central European countries struggle to adopt new generations of human rights, such as same-sex marriage. Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany, and Poland also have a history of participation in the CIA's extraordinary rendition and detention program, according to the Open Society Foundation.[152][153]
Literature[edit]
Regional writing tradition revolves around the turbulent history of the region, as well as its cultural diversity.[154][155] Its existence is sometimes challenged.[156] Specific courses on Central European literature are taught at Stanford University,[157] Harvard University[158] and Jagiellonian University[159] The as well as cultural magazines dedicated to regional literature.[160] Angelus Central European Literature Award is an award worth 150,000.00 PLN (about $50,000 or £30,000) for writers originating from the region.[161] Likewise, the Vilenica International Literary Prize is awarded to a Central European author for "outstanding achievements in the field of literature and essay writing."[162]
Further information: List of central European countries by development indexes § Media
There is a number of Central European Sport events and leagues. They include:
Central European Tour Miskolc GP (Hungary)*
Central European Tour Budapest GP (Hungary)
Central Europe Rally (Romania and Hungary)*
Central European Football League (Austria, Croatia, Hungary, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and Turkey)
Central European International Cup (Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Switzerland and Yugoslavia; 1927–1960)
Central Europe Throwdown*[163]
Football is one of the most popular sports. Countries of Central Europe had many great national teams throughout history and hosted several major competitions. Yugoslavia hosted UEFA Euro 1976 before the competition expanded to 8 teams and Germany (at that times as West Germany) hosted UEFA Euro 1988. Recently, 2008 and 2012 UEFA European Championships were held in Austria & Switzerland and Poland & Ukraine respectively. Germany hosted 2 FIFA World Cups (1974 and 2006) and are the current champions (as of 2014).[164][165][166]
Further information: List of central European countries by development indexes § Politics
Organisations[edit]
Central Europe is a birthplace of regional political organisations:
Visegrád Group
Centrope
Central European Initiative
Central European Free Trade Agreement
Middleeuropean Initiative
Central European Defence Cooperation
CEFTA founding states
CEFTA members in 2003, before joining the EU
Current CEFTA members
Democracy Index[edit]
Further information: List of central European countries by development indexes § Democracy
The Economist Intelligence Unit Democracy index map for 2016, with greener colours representing more democratic countries
Central Europe is a home to some of world's oldest democracies. However, most of them have been impacted by totalitarianism, particularly Fascism and Nazism. Germany and Italy occupied all Central European countries, except Switzerland. In all occupied countries, the Axis powers suspended democracy and installed puppet regimes loyal to the occupation forces. Also, they forced conquered countries to apply racial laws and formed military forces for helping German and Italian struggle against Communists. After World War II, almost the whole of Central Europe (the Eastern and Middle part) was occupied by Communists. Communism also banned democracy and free elections, and human rights did not exist in Communist countries. Most of Central Europe had been occupied and later allied with the Soviet Union, often against their will through forged referendum (e.g., Polish people's referendum in 1946) or force (northeast Germany, Poland, Hungary et alia). Nevertheless, these experiences have been dealt in most of them. Most of Central European countries score very highly in the Democracy Index.[167]
Global Peace Index[edit]
Further information: List of central European countries by development indexes § Global Peace Index
Global Peace Index Scores.
In spite of its turbulent history, Central Europe is currently one of world's safest regions. Most Central European countries are in top 20%.[168]
Central European Time[edit]
Central European Time Zone (dark red)
The time zone used in most parts of the European Union is a standard time which is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. It is commonly called Central European Time because it has been first adopted in central Europe (by year):[citation needed]
Poland (1893)[169]
Serbia (1884)[170]
In popular culture[edit]
Central Europe is mentioned in the 35th episode of Lovejoy, entitled "The Prague Sun", filmed in 1992. While walking over the famous Charles Bridge, the main character, Lovejoy says: " I've never been to Prague before. Well, it is one of the great unspoiled cities in Central Europe. Notice: I said: "Central", not "Eastern"! The Czechs are a bit funny about that, they think of Eastern Europeans as turnip heads."[171]
Wes Anderson's Oscar-winning film The Grand Budapest Hotel is regarded as a fictionalised celebration of the 1930s in Central Europe, and the region's musical tastes.[172][173]
Geography portal Europe portal
Central European Time (CET)
East-Central Europe
Geographical midpoint of Europe
Life zones of central Europe
Międzymorze (Intermarum)
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^ "In praise of writers' bloc: How the tedium of life under Communism gave rise to a literature alive with surrealism and comedy". The Independent. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
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^ "Germany are FIFA World Cup Champions!". NDTVSports.com. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
^ James Richardson. "World Cup Football Daily: Germany crowned champions of the world". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 September 2015.
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^ Since Poland was partitioned since 1922 (official adoption), the dates of introduction in Germany (1893) and Austria (1893) should be understood as de facto adoption
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Hayes, Bascom Barry (1994). Bismarck and Mitteleuropa. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3512-4.
Johnson, Lonnie R. (1996). Central Europe: enemies, neighbors, friends. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-510071-6.
Katzenstein, Peter J. (1997). Mitteleuropa: Between Europe and Germany. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-124-0.
Magocsi, Paul Robert (2002). Historical Atlas of Central Europe (Rev. and expanded ed.). University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-8020-8486-6. OCLC 150672781.
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Journal of East Central Europe
Central European Political Science Association's journal "Politics in Central Europe"
CEU Political Science Journal (PSJ)
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source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe
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What is the Difference Between Hemp and Cannabis?
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The surprising story of medical marijuana and pediatric epilepsy | Josh Stanley | TEDxBoulder
Josh and his brothers developed a non-psychotropic strain of marijuana which is drastically reducing seizures for read more »
Clinical Application of Cannabinoids and Terpenes | M. Gordon,
The complexity of medical cannabis stems from the millions of combinations of doses and cannabinoid/terpene profiles. read more »
Understanding the Endocannabinoid System
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CB1 & CB2 receptors role in Cancer Texas Health Co-op is a subsidiary, in name reservation only, of Good Acts LLC. read more »
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There are a lot of factors to take into consideration when choosing to get eyelash extensions done, from the type of lash to get to the length of the extension to the upkeep it will require. Nowadays most salons offer lash extension services, but it's important to do your research and make sure you're going to a reputable stylist that knows what they're doing. If you're considering extensions but don't know where to start, we talked to Christian Zamora, makeup artist, lash extension pro, and "Master Eye Stylist," to get the ins and outs of eyelash extensions and to help you on your way to envious lashes.
Lash extensions are usually either synthetic, silk or mink. "It started out there were just synthetic lashes because that's what strip lashes used, but the synthetic lashes began to damage the lashes because they were so heavy," Christian explained. Choosing the right hairs comes down to how your lashes are naturally. If you have thick, coarse hair, a synthetic lash can work for you: "It's a heavier lash and the natural lashes can support it." If you have fairer skin, chances are your hair is much finer. Christian suggests going for a silk lash in this case, since it's much lighter than a synthetic lash. As for mink lashes, anyone can pull them off and achieve a very natural effect. "A person with really thick lashes can do a mink lash. It won't make them look much larger or fuller, but it will make them look much softer and kind of fluffy…. Somebody who has very, very fine lashes, almost non-existent, can do a mink lash and it will make them look like they have a natural lash line." Keep in mind that mink lashes are more of a luxury, often costing $100 more for the service.
MORE: Mink Lash Extensions: Are They Worth the Fuss?
Extensions are usually good for 4-6 weeks. Depending on the growth of your lashes, you may need to go for touch-ups after as little as 3 weeks.
"It really depends on the adhesive that you use." In Christian's studio, he uses an adhesive that requires maintenance with oil. "A lot of the adhesives don't use oil so the lashes can get really dry at that point." But his biggest tip? Brush out and separate your lashes with a lash comb every time they get wet: "What happens is, as they dry, they'll come together. After a while the adhesive begins to break down, so as one lash sheds, it'll pull everything out with it and will leave a hole in your lash line." Yikes!


TPMS sensors are great for helping you keep your tires properly inflated, but they don't last forever. That's where replacement TPMS Sensors for Dodge, Freightliner and Mercedes Sprinters come in. These are the latest design, offering a lighter, more-streamlined design that fits both OEM and aftermarket wheels.
Keep your tires perfectly inflated for safety and longer life with replacement Sprinter TPMS Sensors. They are a wise investment.
2007-2018 Dodge, Freightliner and Mercedes Sprinter 2500 with factory or aftermarket wheels. Does not fit 3500 DRW.
12 month/12,000 mile limited warranty. Warranty Details.
I have not yet installed the sensors, so I cannot provide any feedback on the sensors yet - once installed, I shall return to update my review. However, I was greatly impressed and satisfied with the prompt delivery of the item.
Excellent. Mistake on part of manufacturer of TPMS sensors was immediately addressed and exchanged with correct replacement parts.
Great Service! Speedy delivery! Very satisfied and very good product.


Have Celebrities Gone Wacko for Acupuncture?
You are here: Home › Blog › Have Celebrities Gone Wacko for Acupuncture?
Everywhere you turn; there are stories about celebrities getting acupuncture.
Celebrities have embraced acupuncture so whole-heartedly that they even schedule regular acupuncture treatments for their pets. Sarah Michelle Gellar of Buffy the Vampire Slayer fame, has been spotted in Los Angeles taking her pampered pooch, Tyson, in for his acupuncture treatment.
Acupuncture is becoming more and more respected by conventional medicine, so much so that there were acupuncturists on-site for the athletes at both the Summer and Winter Olympics.
. To read the rest of the article, click here.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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Home Social Networks Top Tools That Can Help to Make YouTube Channels Look Creative
Top Tools That Can Help to Make YouTube Channels Look Creative
YouTube Channels If you will talk to the most famous YouTubers about the creative YouTube channels, you will get the same answer that you should use the best YouTube video editors. They will also tell you that you can't do anything without the YouTube video editor tools. Before selecting the best YouTube Video Editor, you should try to get the possible answers to the specific questions. You should try to know about the kinds of the projects, the complexity of the editing tools and investment in the YouTube video editing tools. Here, we will discuss the top tools that you can use to make YouTube channels to look creative.
iMovie:
Lightworks 14:
Filmora9:
Final Cut Pro X:
Camtasia Studio:
Animoto:
It is one of the best video editing tools to create the best effects in your YouTube videos. By using this video editing tool, you can create Hollywood style trailers. It is also the best tool to create 4k-resolution video clips for YouTube channels. It is offering the best tool to introduce the transitions in the YouTube videos. By using this tool, you can create 4k videos that have stunning cinema-quality. The tools of this video editing software are highly accessible for the users. The YouTubers can also use its powerful mobile version. By using its powerful mobile version, you can edit the YouTube videos on smartphones. It is also the best tool to add animated titles into YouTube videos. After creating the videos, you can easily import these videos by using its straightforward sharing options.
As a YouTuber, if you want to stand out your YouTube videos from the crowd, you should use this video editing software. This YouTube video editing software has lots of benefits. First, it has a simple and intuitive interface. By using this simple and intuitive interface, you can easily edit YouTube videos. You can use this software on various devices to edit the videos. You can use this tool to edit the videos on the Windows, Linux and macOS devices. By using this tool, you can easily trim the YouTube videos. You can also use this tool for easy timeline editing. To enhance the quality of the YouTube videos, you will have to edit audio and video. It is also offering the best features to edit the audio and video for the YouTube videos. This tool is also offering the variable frame rate media to edit YouTube videos.
Recommended by a dissertation help firm, it is known as one of the most elegant YouTube video editing tools for the YouTubers. Either you are a beginner or you are professional YouTuber, you can easily use this tool. It means that to edit the videos by using this tool, you don't require special skills. While using this tool, you can create all the effects of the Filmstock effect store. Its reason is that this tool is compatible with the Filmstock effect store. You can easily use this tool on the Windows as well as on the Mac devices. After creating videos by using this tool, you can import the videos in 50 different formats. It is also providing the facility of burning the projects in the DVD form. You can also create some essential effects in your videos by using its basic and advanced editing tools.
It is the best tool to fulfil all the video editing needs of the Youtubers. For the beginners, it is offering an intuitive interface. On the other hand, if you are an advanced YouTuber, it will offer sophisticated features. That's why it is known as one of the most powerful video editing software for the YouTubers. As a YouTuber, you will be stunned to know the most important features of this tool. It is the best YouTube video editing tool to create 360-degree effects in the YouTube videos. By using this software, you can create the 4K effects in your YouTube videos. By using its advanced editing features, you can also enhance the functionality of the YouTube videos. There are some Motion Graphics templates in this tool. By using these templates, you can create the best features in your YouTube videos.
Most of the YouTubers are using Camtasia Studio to create stunning effects in their YouTube videos. The most important benefit of this tool is that it is offering stunning features of video editing to the YouTubers. First, it is providing the video recording facility to the YouTubers. Secondly, it is offering video editing facility to the YouTubers. By using this software, you can create the most stunning and professional videos for the YouTube channel. This tool is offering lots of customizable options for video editors. By using these options, you can easily customize the YouTube videos. If you want to include media in the YouTube videos, it is showing a wide range of flexibility to the users. If you are using Camtasia Studio to edit the videos, you can edit each and everything. It means that you can edit visual effects and you can also add animations in your YouTube videos.
If you want to create a branded YouTube channel on a specific topic, you can use this video editing tool. This is the best YouTube video editing tool to create recipe videos, to create tutorials and to create marketing videos. If you don't have enough money to spend on the high-end software to edit the YouTube videos, this is the best tool for you. Like other tools in this list, it is also offering lots of features to the users. You can utilize the music library of this tool to create the best audio effects in the YouTube videos. It is also the best tool to customize the colours, styles and effects of the YouTube videos. The pre-built storyboard features of this tool are allowing the users to create the best storytelling videos. After creating the videos by using this tool, you can export the videos in the HD and 4K formats. Anyhow, you can also share these videos directly on YouTube. To add the voice on the YouTube video, it is providing one-click voice-over click to the users.
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You are never too old to get a picture with Santa, right? Growing up in Colombia we had different traditions for the holidays and one of my goals have been getting my son to experience the best of both cultures. We love having pictures with Santa in our scrapbooks.
This year after the amazing people at the mall invited us to visit them,we headed over to The Oaks Mall in Thousand Oaks for the HGTV's Santa HQ . They have an immersive, interactive experience that will make your visit to Santa a very memorable one.
You start your visit with the Santa's elves. They asked my son to go through the Naughty or Nice Meter to see if the he had been naughty or nice this year. He made Santa's nice list!!
You then head to the Elf Academy and you can even take an Elfie Selfie . We loved the Elf-Ray Vision where you can see Santa's Observatory with special goggles (ipads) that allowed us to visit different areas of Santa's Workshop.
Finally, we met the big guy himself….SANTA! We got one of our holiday photos. You get to pick to print a few depending on the package you purchase and then you get digital copies emailed to you as well.
I need a picture with Santa fast because I forgot to order our holiday cards. How soon do they give you the pictures?