text:
<?php

namespace Joah\Forum;

class ForumController implements \Anax\DI\IInjectionAware
{
    use \Anax\DI\TInjectable,
        \Anax\MVC\TRedirectHelpers;

    protected $question;
    protected $answer;
    protected $comment;
    protected $vote;

    /**
     * Initialize the controller.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function initialize()
    {
        // load question model
        $this->question = new \Joah\Forum\Question();
        $this->question->setDI($this->di);

        // load answer model
        $this->answer = new \Joah\Forum\Answer();
        $this->answer->setDI($this->di);

        // load comment model
        $this->comment = new \Joah\Forum\Comment();
        $this->comment->setDI($this->di);

        // load tag model
        $this->tag = new \Joah\Forum\Tag();
        $this->tag->setDI($this->di);

        // load vote model
        $this->vote = new \Joah\Forum\Vote();
        $this->vote->setDI($this->di);

        // // activate session
        // $this->di->session(); // Will load the session service which also starts the session

        // load CForm
        $this->di->set('form', '\Mos\HTMLForm\CForm');
    }

    //set up database connection and add some example posts
    public function setupAction() {

        $this->views->addString('Databastabeller skapade');

        $this->theme->setTitle('Databastabeller skapade');
        // set to verbose to see what is happening
        // $this->db->setVerbose();

        // remove and create new question table
        $this->db->dropTableIfExists('question')->execute();

        $this->db->createTable(
            'question',
            [
                'id' => ['integer', 'primary key', 'not null', 'auto_increment'],
                'title' => ['varchar(80)'],
                'content' => ['text'],
                'user_id' => ['integer'],
                'timestamp' => ['datetime'],
                'accepted_answer' => ['integer'],
            ]
        )->execute();

        // remove and create new answer table
        $this->db->dropTableIfExists('answer')->execute();

        $this->db->createTable(
            'answer',
            [
                'id' => ['integer', 'primary key', 'not null', 'auto_increment'],
                'question_id' => ['integer'],
                'content' => ['text'],
                'user_id' => ['integer'],
                'timestamp' => ['datetime'],
            ]
        )->execute();

        // remove and create new comment table
        $this->db->dropTableIfExists('comment')->execute();

        $this->db->createTable(
            'comment',
            [
                'id' => ['integer', 'primary key', 'not null', 'auto_increment'],
                'question_id' => ['integer'],
                'answer_id' => ['integer'],
                'content' => ['text'],
                'user_id' => ['integer'],
                'timestamp' => ['datetime'],
            ]
        )->execute();

        // remove and create new tag table
        $this->db->dropTableIfExists('tag')->execute();

        $this->db->createTable(
            'tag',
            [
                'id' => ['integer', 'primary key', 'not null', 'auto_increment'],
                'tag_text' => ['varchar(80)'],
            ]
        )->execute();

        // remove and create new tag2question table
        $this->db->dropTableIfExists('tag2question')->execute();

        $this->db->createTable(
            'tag2question',
            [
                'id' => ['integer', 'primary key', 'not null', 'auto_increment'],
                'tag_id' => ['integer'],
                'question_id' => ['integer'],
            ]
        )->execute();

        // remove and create new vote table
        $this->db->dropTableIfExists('vote')->execute();

        $this->db->createTable(
            'vote',
            [
                'id' => ['integer', 'primary key', 'not null', 'auto_increment'],
                'vote_type' => ['integer'],
                'vote_on' => ['integer'],
                'user_id' => ['integer'],
                'points' => ['integer'],
            ]
        )->execute();

    }

    /**
     *  Test action
     */
    public function testAction()
    {
        // test action
    }

    /**
     *  Add some test data
     *
     *  @return void
     */

    public function addTestDataAction() {

        //$now = time();
        $now = date('Y-m-d H:i:s');

        $this->views->addString('Testdata inläst i databasen');

        $this->theme->setTitle('Testdata');
        // set to verbose to see what is happening
         // $this->db->setVerbose();

        // test data question
        $this->db->insert(
            'question',
            ['title', 'content', 'user_id',  'timestamp', 'accepted_answer']
        );

        $this->db->execute([
            'Hur jagar ni sniglar?',
            'Jag har stora problem med **sniglar** som äter upp mina **smultron**.  Jag blir jättearg när jag tänker på det. Är det någon som har bra tips på hur man jagar sniglar!?',
            1,
            $now,
            2
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            'Hur får man ur det sista ur burken?',
            'När jag dricker *läsk på burk* så får jag ofta problem med att jag inte kan få ur det sista ur burken. Jag brukar kasta fram och tillbaka med huvudet. Headbangarn lite som en hårdrockar, för att få ut det sista. Men är det en varm dag så hinner läsken torka fast innan jag har fått ut sista droppen! Vad ska jag göra för att få ut det sista ur burken?',
            2,
            $now
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            'Jag vill inte gå ut',
            'Jag gillar att vara inomhus. Jag trivs inte utomhus. Måste jag verkligen gå ut bara för att det *är fint väder*?',
            2,
            $now
        ]);

        // test data answer
        $this->db->insert(
            'answer',
            ['question_id', 'content', 'user_id',  'timestamp']
        );

        $this->db->execute([
            1,
            'Jag plockar dem i en hink. Jag ser det som bra vardagsmotion och jag brukar göra utfallssteg när jag plockar dem. Sen tömmer jag hinken i min chefs trädgård. Jag är missnöjd med min lön.',
            2,
            $now
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            1,
            'Jag klipper sniglarna med en **sax**.',
            3,
            $now
        ]);

        // test data comment
        $this->db->insert(
            'comment',
            ['question_id', 'answer_id', 'content', 'user_id',  'timestamp']
        );

        // test data question comment
        $this->db->execute([
            1,
            null,
            'Jag har samma problem! Vad har du provat hittills? Själv har jag provat att flytta upp mina tomatplantor på balkongen,
men de slemmiga sniglarna klättrar upp för väggarna. Fasaden på huset har blivit fuktskadad av allt snigelslem.',
            2,
            $now
        ]);

        // test data question comment
        $this->db->execute([
            1,
            null,
            'Jag har också det här problemet!',
            3,
            $now
        ]);
        // test data answer comment
        $this->db->execute([
            1,
            1,
            'Använder du **handskar**? De är ju ganska slemmiga!',
            1,
            $now
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            1,
            1,
            'Ja! Hanskar är ett *måste*. Jag använder alltid dubbla par.',
            2,
            $now
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            1,
            2,
            'I hur många bitar klipper du dem?',
            1,
            $now
        ]);

        // test data tags
        $this->db->insert(
            'tag',
            ['tag_text']
        );

        $this->db->execute([
            'inomhus'
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            'utomhus'
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            'sniglar'
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            'smultron'
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            'läsk'
        ]);

        // test data tags2question
        $this->db->insert(
            'tag2question',
            ['tag_id', 'question_id']
        );

        $this->db->execute([
            2,
            1
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            4,
            1
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            3,
            1
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            5,
            2
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            1,
            3
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            2,
            3
        ]);

        // test data vote
        $this->db->insert(
            'vote',
            ['vote_type', 'vote_on', 'user_id', 'points']
        );
        $this->db->execute([
            1,
            1,
            3,
            1
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            1,
            3,
            1,
            -1
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            1,
            3,
            3,
            -1
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            1,
            2,
            1,
            1
        ]);

        $this->db->execute([
            1,
            2,
            3,
            -1
        ]);
    }

    /**
     *  view a question with answers and comments.
     */
    public function viewAction($id, $sortAnswersBy = null)
    {
        // set sort order for answers
        $sortAnswersBy = (isset($sortAnswersBy) AND $sortAnswersBy === "date" )? "date" : "rank";

        // check id is valid
        if(!is_numeric($id)) {
            die("ID=$id not recognized");
        }

        $this->theme->setTitle("Fråga");

        // a question, as an object
        $question = $this->question->find($id);

        if(empty($question)){
            die("question ID=$id was not found");
        }

        // fetch tags
        $tags = $this->tag->fetchTags($id);

        // comments belonging to question as array of object
        $questionComments = $this->comment->findQuestionComments($id);

        // multiple answers with votes and variable sort order, as array of objects
        $answers = $this->answer->findAnswersWithVotes($id, $sortAnswersBy);

        // comments belonging to answers as array of object
        $answerComments = $this->comment->findAnswerComments($id);

        // run content through markdown and HTMLPurifier filters
        // question
        $question->content = $this->textFilter->doFilter($question->content, 'markdown');
        $question->content = $this->HTMLPurifier->purify($question->content);

        // questionComments
        foreach($questionComments as $comment) {
            $comment->content = $this->textFilter->doFilter($comment->content, 'markdown');
            $comment->content = $this->HTMLPurifier->purify($comment->content);
        }

        // answers
        foreach($answers as $answer) {
            $answer->content = $this->textFilter->doFilter($answer->content, 'markdown');
            $answer->content = $this->HTMLPurifier->purify($answer->content);
        }

        // answerComments
        foreach($answerComments as $comment) {
            $comment->content = $this->textFilter->doFilter($comment->content, 'markdown');
            $comment->content = $this->HTMLPurifier->purify($comment->content);
        }

        $vote = $this->vote;

        $this->views->add('forum/view-question', [
            'question' => $question,
            'tags' => $tags,
            'questionComments' => $questionComments,
            'answers' => $answers,
            'answerComments' => $answerComments,
            'vote' => $vote
        ]);
    }

    /**
     *  Default action
     */
    public function indexAction()
    {
        // show overview as default
        $this->overviewQuestionAction();
    }

    /**
     *  Display overview of questions
     *
     *  @return void
     */
    public function overviewQuestionAction()
    {
        // fetch questions
        $all = $this->question->findAll();

        // fetch tags, run markdown filter
        foreach($all as $question) {

            // fetch answer count
            $answer_count = $this->answer->countAnswersByQuestion($question->id);
            $question->answerCount = $answer_count[0];

            // fetch array of objects with tag info
            $question->tags = $this->tag->findTagByQuestion($question->id);

            // markdown and HTMLPurifier filter
            $question->content = $this->textFilter->doFilter($question->content, 'markdown');
            $question->content = $this->HTMLPurifier->purify($question->content);
        }

        // pass on vote model
        $vote = $this->vote;

        $this->theme->setTitle('Översikt frågor');
        $this->views->add('forum/overview-question', [
            'title' => "Översikt frågor",
            'questions' => $all,
            'vote' => $vote,
        ]);

        $this->views->addString("url->create('forum/new-question') . "'>STÄLL DIN FRÅGA!");

    }

    /**
     * Create a new question
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function newQuestionAction()
    {
        // check if logged in.
        if(!$this->users->isLoggedIn()) {
        // redirect to login page and return after successfull login
            $this->redirectTo($this->url->create("users/login") . "?url=" . $this->request->getRoute());
            die("Funktionen kräver inloggning");
        }

        $this->theme->setTitle('Ställ en fråga!');

        $form = $this->di->form->create([], [
            'title' => [
                'type'        => 'text',
                'label'       => 'Titel:',
                'required'    => true,
                'validation'  => ['not_empty'],
            ],
            'content' => [
                'type'        => 'textarea',
                'label'       => 'Frågetext:',
                'required'    => true,
                'validation'  => ['not_empty'],
            ],
            'tags' => [
                'type'        => 'text',
                'label'       => 'Taggar (ex: #inomhus #sniglar)',
                'validation'  => array('custom_test' => array('message' => 'Please only use #, letters, numbers and -.', 'test' => 'return empty($value) OR ctype_alnum(str_replace(array(" ","-","_","#","å","ä","ö"), "", $value));')),
            ],

            'spara' => [
                'type'      => 'submit',
                'callback'  => [$this, 'saveQuestion'],
            ],

        ]);

        // Check the status of the form
        $status = $form->check();

        // if form was submitted
        if ($status === true) {
            //$form->AddOUtput("
Sparat!
");
            $this->redirectTo("forum/view/{$this->question->id}");
        }
        // If form could not be submitted.
        else if ($status === false) {
            // What to do when form could not be processed?
            $form->AddOutput("
Något gick fel.
");

            $form->saveInSession = true;

            $this->redirectTo();
        }

        // Print form
        $this->di->views->add('forum/page', [
        'title' => "Ställ din fråga!",
        'content' => $form->getHTML()
        ]);

    }

    /**
     *  callback used to Save question
     */
    public function saveQuestion($form)
    {

        // fetch user id from session
        $user_session = $this->session->get('user');
        $user_id = $user_session['id'];

        // save question
        $res = $this->question->save([
        'id' => null ==! $form->Value('id') ? $form->Value('id') : null,
        'title' => $form->Value('title'),
        'content' => $form->Value('content'),
        'user_id' => $user_id,
        'timestamp' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
        ]);

        // fetch question_id
        $question_id = null ==! $form->Value('id') ? $form->Value('id') : $this->db->lastInsertId();

        $this->saveTags($form, $question_id);

        // Add a check for saveTAgs. AND? multiplication 1*0 = 0?
        return $res;
    }

    /**
     *  callback used to save tag
     */
    public function saveTags($form, $question_id)
    {
        // save tags
        // should I put this code elsewhere?

        // clear old entries in tag2question
        $this->db->delete('tag2question', "question_id = $question_id");
        $this->db->execute();

        //get string of tag(s) from form
        $tagString = $form->value('tags');

        // turn string into array
        $tagArray = $this->tag->tagStringToArray($tagString);

        // check if tag already exists
        $sql = "SELECT * FROM tag WHERE tag_text LIKE ?";

        // loop through array of tags
        foreach ($tagArray as $tag) {

            // check if tag already exists
            $existingTags = $this->db->executeFetchAll($sql, [$tag]);
            if(!empty($existingTags[0])) {
                // tags already in table, store id
                $tagID = $existingTags[0]->id;
            }
            else {
                // if not already there
                // add tag to tag table
                $this->db->insert('tag', ['tag_text'] , [$tag]);
                $this->db->execute();
                // store id of tag
                $tagID = $this->db->lastInsertId();
            }

            // add tag_id and question_id to tag2question
            $this->db->insert('tag2question', ['tag_id' => $tagID, 'question_id' => $question_id]);
            $this->db->execute();
        }
    }

    /**
     * Edit question
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function editQuestionAction($id = null)
    {

        // check if logged in.
        if(!$this->users->isLoggedIn()) {
        // redirect to login page and return after successfull login
            $this->redirectTo($this->url->create("users/login") . "?url=" . $this->request->getRoute());

        }

        $this->theme->setTitle('Redigera fråga');
        // test
        // $this->session->set('user_id', 1);

        // fetch question
        $q = $this->question->find($id);

        // check if question was found
        if (empty($q)) {
            die("question_id = '$id' not found");
        }

        // check editing rights
        if(!($this->users->verifyLogin($this->question->user_id))) {
            die("Du saknar rättigheter för den här åtgärden.");
        }

        $form = $this->di->form->create([], [
            'id' => [
                'type'        => 'hidden',
                'value'       => $id,
                'label'       => 'id',
            ],

            'title' => [
                'type'        => 'text',
                'value'       => $this->question->title,
                'label'       => 'Titel:',
                'required'    => true,
                'validation'  => ['not_empty'],
            ],

            'content' => [
                'type'        => 'textarea',
                'value'       => $this->question->content,
                'label'       => 'Frågetext:',
                'required'    => true,
                'validation'  => ['not_empty'],
            ],

            'tags' => [
                'type'        => 'text',
                'value'       => $this->tag->tagsToString($id),
                'label'       => 'Taggar (ex: #inomhus #sniglar)',
                'validation'  => array('custom_test' => array('message' => 'Please only use #, letters, numbers and -.', 'test' => 'return empty($value) OR ctype_alnum(str_replace(array(" ","-","_","#","å","ä","ö"), "", $value));')),
            ],

            'spara' => [
                'type'      => 'submit',
                'callback'  => [$this, 'saveQuestion'],
            ],

        ]);

        // Check the status of the form
        $status = $form->check();

        // if form was submitted
        if ($status === true) {
            //$form->AddOUtput("
Sparat!
");
            $this->redirectTo("forum/view/{$this->question->id}");
        }
        // If form could not be submitted.
        else if ($status === false) {
            // What to do when form could not be processed?
            $form->AddOutput("
Något gick fel.
");

            $form->saveInSession = true;

            $this->redirectTo();
        }

        // Print form
        $this->di->views->add('forum/page', [
        'title' => "Redigera din fråga",
        'content' => $form->getHTML()
        ]);

    }

    /**
     * Delete question
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function deleteQuestionAction($id)
    {
        // delete question
        $this->question->delete($id);
        // todo. delete comments and answers

        $this->redirectTo("forum/overview-question");
    }

    /**
     *  Display overview of tags
     *
     *  @return void
     */
    public function overviewTagAction()
    {
        $this->theme->setTitle('Översikt taggar');

        // fetch counted tags
        $tags = $this->tag->countTags();

        $this->theme->setTitle('Översikt taggar');
        $this->views->add('forum/overview-tag', [
            'title' => "Översikt taggar",
            'tags' => $tags,
        ]);

    }

    /**
     *  view question associated with an tag
     */
    public function viewTagAction($tag_id)
    {
        $this->theme->setTitle('Tagg');
        $questions = $this->tag->findQuestionByTag($tag_id);

        // fetch tags for each question and run markdown filter
        foreach($questions as $question) {

            // fetch answer count
            $answer_count = $this->answer->countAnswersByQuestion($question->id);
            $question->answerCount = $answer_count[0];

            // fetch array of objects with tag info
            $question->tags = $this->tag->findTagByQuestion($question->id);

            $question->content = $this->textFilter->doFilter($question->content, 'markdown');
            $question->content = $this->HTMLPurifier->purify($question->content);
        };

        // pass on vote model
        $vote = $this->vote;

        // $this->views->add('forum/view-question-by-tag', [
        $this->views->add('forum/overview-question', [
            'title' => "Frågor med tagg #{$this->tag->find($tag_id)->tag_text}",
            'questions' => $questions,
            'vote' => $vote,
        ]);

        // $this->views->addString('Lite text i en sidebar. Här kanske jag kan lägga in en lista på populära taggar?', 'sidebar');

    }

    /**
     *  Fetch user contributions. Questions, Answers, and comments
     */
    public function fetchUserContribution($user_id)
    {
        // creates objects
        $this->initialize();

        $questions = $this->question->findQuestionByUser($user_id);
        $answers = $this->answer->findAnswerByUser($user_id);
        $answeredQuestions = $this->answer->findAnsweredQuestions($user_id);
        $comments = $this->comment->findCommentByUser($user_id);
        $voteCount = $this->vote->countPosNegVotesByUser($user_id);

        // makdown and HTMLPurifier filter
        foreach($answers as $answer) {
            $answer->content = $this->textFilter->doFilter($answer->content, 'markdown');
            $answer->content = $this->HTMLPurifier->purify($answer->content);
        }
        foreach($comments as $comment) {
            $comment->content = $this->textFilter->doFilter($comment->content, 'markdown');
            $comment->content = $this->HTMLPurifier->purify($comment->content);
        }

        return ['questions' => $questions, 'answers' => $answers, 'comments' => $comments, 'voteCount' => $voteCount, 'answeredQuestions' => $answeredQuestions ];

    }

    /**
     * Create an answer
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function answerAction($question_id = null)
    {

        // check if logged in.
        if(!$this->users->isLoggedIn()) {
            // redirect to login page and return after successfull login
            $this->redirectTo($this->url->create("users/login") . "?url=" . $this->request->getRoute());
            die("Funktionen kräver inloggning");
        }

        $this->theme->setTitle('Besvara en fråga');

        // fetch question
        $q = $this->question->find($question_id);

        // check if question was found
        if (empty($q)) {
            die("question_id ='$question_id' not found");
        }

        $form = $this->di->form->create([], [
            'question_id' => [
                'type' => 'hidden',
                'value'       => $question_id,
                'label'       => 'question_id',
            ],
            'content' => [
                'type'        => 'textarea',
                'label'       => 'Svarstext:',
                'required'    => true,
                'validation'  => ['not_empty'],
            ],
            'spara' => [
                'type'      => 'submit',
                'callback'  => [$this, 'saveAnswer'],
            ],

        ]);

        // Check the status of the form
        $status = $form->check();

        // if form was submitted
        if ($status === true) {
            //$form->AddOUtput("
Sparat!
");
            $this->redirectTo("forum/view/{$this->question->id}");
        }
        // If form could not be submitted.
        else if ($status === false) {
            // What to do when form could not be processed?
            $form->AddOutput("
Något gick fel.
");

            $form->saveInSession = true;

            $this->redirectTo();
        }

        // Print form
        $this->di->views->add('forum/page', [
        'title' => "Besvara en fråga",
        'content' => $form->getHTML()
        ]);

    }

    /**
     *  callback used to Save answer
     */
    public function saveAnswer($form)
    {
        // fetch user id from session
        $user_session = $this->session->get('user');
        $user_id = $user_session['id'];

        // save question
        $res = $this->answer->save([
        'id' => null ==! $form->Value('id') ? $form->Value('id') : null,
        'question_id' => $form->Value('question_id'),
        'content' => $form->Value('content'),
        'user_id' => $user_id,
        'timestamp' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
        ]);

        return $res;
    }

    /**
     * Edit answer
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function editAnswerAction($answer_id = null)
    {

        $this->theme->setTitle('Redigera svar');

        // fetch question
        $a = $this->answer->find($answer_id);

        // check if answer was found
        if (empty($a)) {
            die("answer_id = '$answer_id' not found");
        }

        // check editing rights
        if(!($this->users->verifyLogin($this->answer->user_id))) {
            die("Du saknar rättigheter för den här åtgärden.");
        }

        $form = $this->di->form->create([], [
            'id' => [
                'type'        => 'hidden',
                'value'       => $answer_id,
                'label'       => 'id',
            ],
            'question_id' => [
                'type' => 'hidden',
                'value'       => $this->answer->question_id,
                'label'       => 'question_id',
            ],
            'content' => [
                'type'        => 'textarea',
                'value'       => $this->answer->content,
                'label'       => 'Svarstext:',
                'required'    => true,
                'validation'  => ['not_empty'],
            ],
            'spara' => [
                'type'      => 'submit',
                'callback'  => [$this, 'saveAnswer'],
            ],

        ]);

        // Check the status of the form
        $status = $form->check();

        // if form was submitted
        if ($status === true) {
            //$form->AddOUtput("
Sparat!
");
            $this->redirectTo("forum/view/{$this->answer->question_id}/#answer-{$this->answer->id}");
        }
        // If form could not be submitted.
        else if ($status === false) {
            // What to do when form could not be processed?
            $form->AddOutput("
Något gick fel.
");

            $form->saveInSession = true;

            $this->redirectTo();
        }

        // Print form
        $this->di->views->add('forum/page', [
        'title' => "Redigera ditt svar",
        'content' => $form->getHTML()
        ]);

    }

    /**
     * Create a comment
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function commentAction($question_id = null, $answer_id = null)
    {
        // check if logged in.
        if(!$this->users->isLoggedIn()) {
            // redirect to login page and return after successfull login
            $this->redirectTo($this->url->create("users/login") . "?url=" . $this->request->getRoute());
            die("Funktionen kräver inloggning");
        }

        $this->theme->setTitle('Kommentera');

        // fetch question
        $q = $this->question->find($question_id);
        // fetch answer
        $a = $this->answer->find($answer_id);

        // check if question was found
        if (empty($q)) {
            die("question_id ='$question_id' not found");
        }
        // check if answer_id matches question_id
        if (!empty($a) AND $question_id !== $a->question_id) {
            die("question_id and answer_id doesn't match");
        }

        // the form
        $form = $this->di->form->create([], [
            'question_id' => [
                'type' => 'hidden',
                'value'       => $question_id,
                'label'       => 'question_id',
            ],
            'answer_id' => [
                'type' => 'hidden',
                'value'       => $answer_id,
                'label'       => 'answer_id',
            ],
            'content' => [
                'type'        => 'textarea',
                'label'       => 'Kommentarstext:',
                'required'    => true,
                'validation'  => ['not_empty'],
            ],
            'spara' => [
                'type'      => 'submit',
                'callback'  => [$this, 'saveComment'],
            ],

        ]);

        // Check the status of the form
        $status = $form->check();

        // if form was submitted
        if ($status === true) {
            //$form->AddOUtput("
Sparat!
");
            $this->redirectTo("forum/view/{$this->question->id}");
        }
        // If form could not be submitted.
        else if ($status === false) {
            // What to do when form could not be processed?
            $form->AddOutput("
Något gick fel.
");

            $form->saveInSession = true;

            $this->redirectTo();
        }

        // Print form
        $this->di->views->add('forum/page', [
        'title' => "Kommentera",
        'content' => $form->getHTML()
        ]);

    }

    /**
     *  callback used to Save comment
     */
    public function saveComment($form)
    {
        // fetch user id from session
        $user_session = $this->session->get('user');
        $user_id = $user_session['id'];

        // keep numeric ids and turn empty ids into null
        $answer_id = is_numeric($form->Value('answer_id')) ? $form->Value('answer_id') : null;

        // save comment
        $res = $this->comment->save([
        'id' => null ==! $form->Value('id') ? $form->Value('id') : null,
        'question_id' => $form->Value('question_id'),
        'answer_id' => $answer_id,
        'content' => $form->Value('content'),
        'user_id' => $user_id,
        'timestamp' => date('Y-m-d H:i:s'),
        ]);

        return $res;
    }

    /**
     * Edit comment
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function editCommentAction($comment_id = null)
    {

        $this->theme->setTitle('Redigera svar');

        // fetch comment
        $c = $this->comment->find($comment_id);

        // check if question was found
        if (empty($c)) {
            die("comment_id = '$comment_id' not found");
        }

        // check editing rights
        if(!($this->users->verifyLogin($this->comment->user_id))) {
            die("Du saknar rättigheter för den här åtgärden.");
        }

        $form = $this->di->form->create([], [
            'id' => [
                'type'        => 'hidden',
                'value'       => $comment_id,
                'label'       => 'id',
            ],
            'question_id' => [
                'type'        => 'hidden',
                'value'       => $this->comment->question_id,
                'label'       => 'question_id',
            ],
            'answer_id' => [
                'type'        => 'hidden',
                'value'       => $this->comment->answer_id,
                'label'       => 'answer_id',
            ],
            'content' => [
                'type'        => 'textarea',
                'value'       => $this->comment->content,
                'label'       => 'Kommentarstext:',
                'required'    => true,
                'validation'  => ['not_empty'],
            ],
            'spara' => [
                'type'      => 'submit',
                'callback'  => [$this, 'saveComment'],
            ],

        ]);

        // Check the status of the form
        $status = $form->check();

        // if form was submitted
        if ($status === true) {
            //$form->AddOUtput("
Sparat!
");
            $this->redirectTo("forum/view/{$this->comment->question_id}/#comment-{$this->comment->id}");
        }
        // If form could not be submitted.
        else if ($status === false) {
            // What to do when form could not be processed?
            $form->AddOutput("
Något gick fel.
");

            $form->saveInSession = true;

            $this->redirectTo();
        }

        // Print form
        $this->di->views->add('forum/page', [
        'title' => "Redigera din kommentar",
        'content' => $form->getHTML()
        ]);

    }

    /**
     *  Display overview of latest questions
     *
     *  @return void
     */
    public function latestQuestionsAction()
    {
        // fetch latest questions
        $all = $this->question->latestQuestions(5);

        // fetch tags for questions and apply markdown filter
        foreach($all as $question) {
            // fetch array of objects with tag info
            $question->tags = $this->tag->findTagByQuestion($question->id);

            // markdown and HTMLPurifier filter
            $question->content = $this->textFilter->doFilter($question->content, 'markdown');
            $question->content = $this->HTMLPurifier->purify($question->content);
        }

        // add view
        $this->views->add('forum/latest-questions', [
        // $this->views->add('forum/overview-question', [
            'title' => "Senaste frågorna",
            'questions' => $all,
        ]);

    }

    /**
     *  Display popular tags
     *
     *  @return void
     */
    public function popularTagAction()
    {
        // fetch counted tags
        $tags = $this->tag->countTags();

        $this->views->add('forum/popular-tag', [
            'title' => "Populära taggar",
            'tags' => $tags,
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * List active users.
     *
     * @return void
     */
     public function activeUsersAction($num = 3)
    {
        $this->initialize();

        $all = $this->users->findAll();

        // get top three askers
        $askers = $this->question->activeUsers($num);
        $answerers = $this->answer->activeUsers($num);
        $commentators = $this->comment->activeUsers($num);

        // send to view
        $this->views->add('forum/active-users', [
            'askers' => $askers,
            'answerers' => $answerers,
            'commentators' => $commentators,
            'title' => "Aktiva användare",
        ]);
    }

    /**
     * Accept an answer
     *
     * @return void
     */
     public function acceptAnswerAction($question_id, $answer_id)
    {
        // check id is valid and that question and answer exists.
        if(!is_numeric($question_id) OR !is_numeric($answer_id)) {
            die("ID not recognized");
        }

        $question = $this->question->find($question_id);
        if(empty($question)){
            die("question ID=$question_id was not found");
        }
        $answer = $this->answer->find($answer_id);
        if(empty($answer)){
            die("answer ID=$answer_id was not found");
        }

        // check if logged in.
        if(!$this->users->isLoggedIn()) {
        // redirect to login page and return after successfull login
            $this->redirectTo($this->url->create("users/login") . "?url=" . $this->request->getRoute());
        }

        // check editing rights
        if(!($this->users->verifyLogin($this->question->user_id))) {
            die("Du saknar rättigheter för den här åtgärden.");
        }

        // set accepted answer property
        $this->question->accepted_answer = $answer_id;
        // save object
        $this->question->save();
        // redirect to question page
        $this->redirectTo($this->url->create("forum/view/$question_id"));
    }

    /*
     * Vote
     *
     * @return void
     */

    public function voteAction($vote_type, $vote_on, $user_id, $points)
    {

        // check if logged in.
        if(!$this->users->isLoggedIn()) {
            // redirect to login page and return after successfull login
            // $this->redirectTo($this->url->create("users/login") . "?url=" . $this->request->getRoute());
            die("Funktionen kräver inloggning");
        }

        // call on vote method in vote model
        $this->vote->vote(['vote_type' => $vote_type, 'vote_on' => $vote_on, 'user_id' => $user_id, 'points' => $points]);

        // redirect to url in querystring or to default forum
        $this->redirectTo($this->di->request->getGet('url', 'forum'));

    }

    /*
     * Calculate a users ranking score
     *
     * @return int user score
     */
    public function userScore($user_id)
    {
        // scoring activities
        $ASK_QUESTION = 5;
        $QUESTION_POS_VOTE = 5;
        $QUESTION_NEG_VOTE = -2;
        $ANSWER = 5;
        $ANSWER_POS_VOTE = 10;
        $ANSWER_NEG_VOTE = -2;
        $COMMENT = 1;
        $COMMENT_POS_VOTE = 2;
        $COMMENT_NEG_VOTE = -1;
        $VOTE = 1;
        $VOTE_POS = 1;
        $VOTE_NEG = -1;

        // init a score counter
        $score = 0;

        // run init manualy since it's not an Action suffix on this  method
        $this->initialize();

        // question scores
        $questions = $this->question->findQuestionByUser($user_id);
        foreach($questions AS $question) {
            // each question asked scores
            $score += $ASK_QUESTION;

            // fetch votes on question
            $questionVotes = $this->vote->fetchVotesOn(1, $question->id);
            foreach ($questionVotes AS $questionVote){
                // positive vote score
                if($questionVote->points == 1) {
                    $score += $QUESTION_POS_VOTE;
                }
                // negative vote lowers score
                else if ($questionVote->points == -1 ) {
                    $score += $QUESTION_NEG_VOTE;
                }
            }
        }

        // answer scores
        $answers = $this->answer->findAnswerByUser($user_id);
        foreach($answers as $answer) {
            // each answer scores
            $score += $ANSWER;

            // fetch votes on answers
            $answerVotes = $this->vote->fetchVotesOn(2, $answer->id);
            foreach ($answerVotes AS $answerVote) {
                // positive vote score
                if($answerVote->points == 1) {
                    $score += $ANSWER_POS_VOTE;
                }
                // negative vote lower score
                else if ($answerVote->points == -1) {
                    $score += $ANSWER_NEG_VOTE;
                }
            }
        }

        // comment scores
        $comments = $this->comment->findCommentByUser($user_id);
        foreach($comments as $comment) {
            // each comment scores
            $score += $COMMENT;

            // fetch votes on comments
            $commentVotes = $this->vote->fetchVotesOn(3, $comment->id);
            foreach ($commentVotes AS $commentVote) {
                // positive vote score
                if($commentVote->points == 1) {
                    $score += $COMMENT_POS_VOTE;
                }
                // negative vote lower score
                else if ($commentVote->points == -1) {
                    $score += $COMMENT_NEG_VOTE;
                }
            }
        }

        // vote scores
        $votes = $this->vote->countPosNegVotesByUser($user_id);
        // each vote scores
        $score += $votes[0]->pos_votes * $VOTE;
        $score += $votes[0]->neg_votes * $VOTE;
        // positive vote increase score
        $score += $votes[0]->pos_votes * $VOTE_POS;
        // negative vote lower score
        $score += $votes[0]->neg_votes * $VOTE_NEG;

        // return the sum
        return $score;

    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


"We send spaceships to other planets, but we can't build a bridge between the community and the police," a New Haven resident said.
Just like that, the Samsung Galaxy Fold is going into a column marked 'nice ideas that failed.' But Samsung' may find that the Galaxy Fold is a chance to prove a new product first in concept and innovation, through support and roll out, to eventual success.
On Thursday (April 25) the moon will make a close approach to Saturn in the predawn sky. For lucky skywatchers in part of the globe, the moon will actually pass in front of the ringed planet.


text:
Q: Acceleration and Tangential Velocity Vector?
Find the resultant acceleration of a particle moving on a circle of radius $0.70\ m$, if its angular speed is 37 rpm and its tangential acceleration is $2.9 \frac m{s^2}$.
Express the angle with respect to the tangential velocity vector.

I thought that I need to start out finding the circumference fist by
$2\pi \cdot 0.7 = 1.4\cdot \pi$.
Then take $\frac {1.4\cdot\pi\cdot37}{ 60\,sec} = 2.7122$.
However, this is wrong and I have no idea how to figure the tangential velocity vector. Can anyone help me out on this?

A: The acceleration has two perpendicular components. The tangential acceleration is given as $a_t=2.9m/s^2$. The centripetal acceleration (that keeps a body moving in a circle) is given by $a_c=\omega^2r$. Here $\omega$ is the angular velocity in radians per second. Every rotation has an angle of $2\pi$, so $\omega=2\pi\cdot 37/60\ rad/s$. The angle between the acceleration and the tangential vector is $\theta$. If you draw the two components you will see that $$\tan\theta=\frac{a_c}{a_t}$$
Calculate first $\omega$, then $a_c$, and finally plug them into the above equation.

A: First, you need to find the centripetal acceleration of the particle. This is a function of the radius in meters and the speed in meters per second, which you've already computed. Do you know the formula that expresses centripetal acceleration in these terms?
Then, the resultant acceleration is a vector sum of the centripetal acceleration and the tangential acceleration. Can you draw the relevant diagram?
(Edit: fixed the units of speed, since you have meters per second.)

A: We can use the following parametric equation to describe the motion of the object:
$$x=r  \big(\cos(\omega t),\sin(\omega t)\big)$$
Where $r$ is the radius of the circle, and $\omega$ is the angular velocity of the object.
From this equation, we can get the following:$$\dot{x}=\dot r \big(\cos(\omega t),\sin(\omega t)\big)+r\omega \big(-\sin(\omega t),\cos(\omega t)\big)$$
Since $r$ is constant, we conclude that $\dot{r}=0$. So, we have the following:
$$\dot{x}=r\omega \big(-\sin(\omega t),\cos(\omega t)\big)$$
Differentiating again with respect to $t$, we get the following:
$$\ddot{x}=\left(r\dot{w}+\dot{r}w\right)\big(-\sin(\omega t),\cos(\omega t)\big)-r\omega^2\big(\cos(\omega t),\sin(\omega t)\big)$$
Again, since $\dot{r}=0$, we can simplify:
$$\ddot{x}=r\dot{w}\big(-\sin(\omega t),\cos(\omega t)\big)-r\omega^2\big(\cos(\omega t),\sin(\omega t)\big)$$
We notice that $\ddot{x}$ is the resultant acceleration. The first term on the right is the tangential acceleration, while the second is the centripetal acceleration. Notice that they are perpendicular to each other. You can use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the magnitude of the resultant acceleration. This only works if $\omega$ is measured in radians per second.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


We are now on 401 highway in Ontario Canada. mileage 55,995. Gas is a whopping 56 cents a gallon. wow.
Kingston, Ontario mileage 56,088 gas is 57 cents a gallon. Goodness, it is getting worse!
We read in the newspaper back at a rest stop that N.Y. has been warned that smog content is dangerous. Just seems natural that this would be true but they have to put that in the paper? All along the Ontario and Quebec highway there has been a haze of smog covering everything. Perhaps it is the lack of wind and sultry atmosphere.
I especially enjoyed the "sign-language" signage along the roads. A leaping deer, a spoon and fork, a picture of a fire with a line through it. The line through it apparently means "not permitted". Also every sign in English is in French also.
We ran into another camper at a rest stop who had been in that park with us last night. He is from N.Y. He said that park was the hottest and buggyist park he'd ever been in.
We came through a small rain shower but it just wasn't enough to change the temperature, or do much good. Heavy smog is in the air now just past Calborne. R. said it was smoke. It seems to be smog from Toronto. We stopped at the Waterfalls Private Campground about 7 P.M. near Brompton, Ontario, Canada. ($3.00)We noticed that the restrooms weren't too clean and no showers. I was really mad because of this as we had such a hot place last night with no showers. An English lady nearby must have overheard me complaining because she offered the use of her shower in her self-contained camper. (Her husband was being transferred to Ontario.) It felt so good and made all the difference.
It was cool in the night better than in Montreal. After breakfast we packed up and left, after we told our new friends goodbye.
Left at 11:15 A.M. That park would have been beautiful, if the sites with water and electric had some shade and the restrooms had been clean and included showers. There was a swim pond, but algae coated the water. There were two pretty waterfalls but no where to swim there. Also a quarry with clear water but rocks lining it were to sharp for kids to swim.
Stopped at a fruit stand and got some fruit and 1 gallon of peppers and red onions. ($1.91) The apples were great and so were the yellow plums. I've never seen yellow plums.
drove past a line of cars waiting to see Niagra Falls. Police were checking cars. We felt sorry for all those people sweating in their cars.
mileage 56, 316 and gas is 56 cents a gallon.
In Guelph, Ontario, we discovered two separate Waterfalls Parks in Brampton in our book. So the mistake was ours. We went to the wrong one. We drove to Guelph Christian Campgrounds. There was no place to put a trailer but it is a very pretty campground. We drove on, to rest, to eat, to find a place to set up camp. The rain came down, heavy. Thunder, lightning, unending and scary.
Found a motel – "Prudehomes' Garden Centre" with motel and swim pool and trailer parks. Stayed in the motel and ate at Beacon Hill Motel Restaurant. It was a very expensive buffet supper but very tasty. ($30.23) I had hair curlers on my head so was a little embarrassed and felt rather silly. No one took notice. The weather was so terrible outside perhaps that's the reason why.
This motel was right on Lake Ontario and the water was choppy in the storm. We got a good night's sleep and ate a good breakfast the next morning at the motel ($6.35). Still hot and sultry despite the storm last night.
mileage 56,723 gas is 58 cents a gallon.
The high humidity is unusual for Canada, I understand. We specifically brought heavy clothing to wear in Canada but didn't need any of it. We dressed and drove to see the Welland Ship Canal Lock.
We watched big ocean liners being raised and lowered from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. (.50) The water in the lock was filthy. I think Lake Erie is called the dead lake as there can be no fish in it anymore. Took several pictures (see PAGE of Photos from 1970 vacation).
The fruit that we've gotten at fruit stands and that we've eaten in restaurants in the local area are bursting with flavor. The early delicious apples we've been buying taste like apple cider. Got some more just now. 6 for 35 cents – seems very reasonable.
We drove the scenic route to Niagara Falls. Stopped and saw Niagara Gorge – the green churning water surrounded by high rock banks. Saw a clock set into the bank made of flowers. A nearby horticultural station had a round flower medallion in front.
Stopped at a large park and golf course to eat lunch at their restaurant. Sandwiches. Stopped at Niagara Falls and saw the falls. The water was a deep green with white crests and reminded me of green glass with white swirls. The horseshoe falls were best seen from the Canadian side, whereas the American side was also pretty but couldn't see the true shape of the falls, more like a straight line across. Mist from the falls blew across our windshield. We parked and walked along the railing right above the falls. The roar was incredible. We didn't even hear the rain come until we were soaked. We ran into the gift shop to get dry.
The rain ended and we got quite a few pictures from the American side of the falls. On the Canadian side we saw a round hole with dirty brown water pouring out and mingling with the falls water. Looked like pollution to me. The brown spread across the river.
The falls were a breath-taking spectacle. Afterwards we drove back to the motel and got clothes ready for the washateria while kids went swimming. We discovered that the maid had take our personal pillow cases off our pillows. These were expensive permanent press cases, they had been replaced with cheap muslin ones. It made me mad so R said he would say something and see if they would be able to find them.
Souvenirs while waiting for rain to stop (spoon $1.31, film $3.41. condiments $2.15, post cards .95, bone ship $1.79, fudge candy $2.15, other things $11.56.) Motel for 2 nights – $37.80. Toll on Hamilton Bay Bridge Shipway .25.
Who can put a price on the experience of seeing Niagara Falls for the first time?


The Randolph Place Condominiums are two 2-unit buildings that were built on two open lots in the Eckington neighborhood of Washington, DC. Each unit is two stories with a double height living / dining space adjacent to a clean, modern kitchen and contemporary, open, metal stairs. The units all have two bedrooms and a den that boasts sliding glass doors opening to the second floor balcony.
Most interesting in the buildings is that they are built as prefabricated framed units, trucked to the site and laid on top of the concrete foundation. Each floor was composed of three separate units; the middle unit being the "core", having a fire separation wall in the middle with stairs on either side while the outer units created the occupied space. All in all, 12 total units were built and stacked to create the framing. Once all of the units were stacked, they were drywalled and finished. By building the framed units offsite, weather was not an issue while high levels of quality control were upheld.


text:
Q: All my files under C:\ are gone I am using Windows 10 Pro on my laptop. Last night I turned off my laptop (proper shutdown) and today when I started it, the post boot showed up preparing Windows.
After I logged into my Windows everything was gone. It's just like a new installation.
However, the software which I installed for example : VLC, Google Chrome, FireFox, IDM are still intact but all their settings like:  bookmarks, save password, history, etc are gone (guess it didn't overwrite ProgramFiles)

*

*My Windows Update is turned off. As I always defer Updates. So no point of Automatic Update.

*No files under C:\Users as sometimes Windows keeps the old user and their files during/after installation

*No Windows.old directory present under C:\

*The files are not hidden. I checked the hidden item box from view tab.
What can be the cause of it ? Any Ideas ?
Thanks

A: I just followed this link which stated :

*

*Restart your PC to release the locks on your profile.

*Log on with another administrative account

*Delete C:\Users\%username%

*Delete C:\Users\TEMP

*Delete the registry key matching your SID from  "HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows
  NT\CurrentVersion\ProfileList". Check the value "ProfileImagePath" to
  make sure you pick your own profile.

*Restart once again.

Just because I am the solely user/administrator of my PC. Instead of following each and every step. I just removed C:\Users\Temp and restarted my PC.
And Windows picked up my original profile. And all my settings are back :)


text:
Guille Faingold/Stocksy
23 Instagram Captions For Freshman Year Of College, Because You're In The Big Leagues
By Jasmine Vaughn-Hall
The moment you accepted your high school diploma, you knew everything was about to change. Summer is flying by, and in just about no time, you are going to be stepping foot on your college campus as a freshman. It's a little intimidating, exciting, and definitely new territory, but you should fully embrace this special time in your life. On the first day of school and the time that follows, be sure to have those Instagram captions for freshman year ready to go, because you'll be making memories on the regular.
Your freshman year is all about learning the ropes and getting the hang of life without being under the same roof as your parents. It's a little taste of adulting and freedom, and you'll have to balance a school schedule along with it. Some of the people you meet your freshman year are going to be there throughout your entire college career. Before you know it, you will all be graduating together and you'll look back at these freshman pics and think about how it seemed like just yesterday when you were scouring your map looking for the right class.
For now, soak in all of those freshman feels, because you only get to do it once. You've got all of the supplies and a class schedule, so let any of these 23 captions highlight those freshman selfies.
1. "I put the 'fresh' in freshman." — Unknown
2. "We're bringing freshie back. Those upperclassmen don't know how to act." — Unknown
3. "I'm the new kid on the block." — Unknown
4. "Turning the page to a new chapter in my life." — Unknown
5. "Current mood: college life." — Unknown
6. "Move aside. Proud freshman coming through." — Unknown
7. "Starting my college career in 3, 2, 1." — Unknown
8. "And just like that, your girl is headed for the big leagues." — Unknown
9. "I'm a freshman all over again." — Unknown
10. "The future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams." — Eleanor Roosevelt
11. "My time is now." — Unknown
12. "Your education is a dress rehearsal for a life that is yours to lead." — Nora Ephron
13. "Taking matters into my own freshman hands." — Unknown
14. "First thing's first, where is the library?" — Unknown
15. "Does this filter make me look like a happy freshman?" — Unknown
16. "My freshman year is here." — Unknown
17. "You can never know what you are fully made of until you start to do the things that you fear the most." ― Edmond Mbiaka
18. "Be brave enough to try something new; you might just succeed." ― Stacey Kehoe
19. "Although no one can go back and make a brand new start, anyone can start from now and make a brand new ending." — Carl Bard
20. "This is a new year. A new beginning. And things will change." — Taylor Swift
21. "And now we welcome the new year, full of things that have never been." — Rainer Maria Rilke
22. "Never underestimate the power you have to take your life in a new direction." — Germany Kent
23. "The magic in new beginnings is truly the most powerful of them all." — Josiyah Martin
Your freshman year is a special one. Make the most of every moment, because it's going to fly by faster than you think.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The Center for Business & Economic Analysis (CBEA), a part of the Donald J. Schneider School of Business & Economics at St. Norbert College, will present its Fall 2014 Economic Outlook presentation and networking event on Wednesday, Oct. 29. The event will take place 5:30-7:30 p.m. in room 20AB of the Bemis International Center on the college campus.
The event will consist of a 45-minute presentation on current conditions in the national, state and local economies. The presentation will be followed by a 15-minute question-and-answer session and a networking reception, at which beverages and appetizers will be served. The event will be conducted by St. Norbert College's best and brightest business and economics students, alongside assistant professor of economics Marc Schaffer and assistant professor of business administration Jamie O'Brien, who serve as the CBEA's directors. The event is free and open to the public.
The mission of the Center for Business and Economic Analysis (CBEA) is to provide a link between the business and economics departments of St. Norbert College and the local business and nonprofit community. The CBEA plans to offer two economic-outlook presentations a year, one per semester, and offer pro bono consulting to the local community.
For more information, contact Marc Schaffer at marc.schaffer@snc.edu.


text:
Slovo sedák má následující významy:
 Sedací úvaz – součást horolezeckého vybavení
 Sedák (židle) – část židle

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Mirage News Education	May 23, 2019 6:00 am AEST Date Time
First Arctic Investment Conference held at UNE NORTH
UNE NORTH, the Institute for North Atlantic Studies, and Verrill Dana, LLP, recently co-hosted New England's first Arctic Investment Conference.
The goal of the event was to bring together entrepreneurs, researchers, investors and policy makers to learn from each other and help facilitate the next steps for Maine and New England investment in the region's emerging economic sectors.
"Given our state's proximity to that region, we see that developments in the Arctic will play an important role in Maine's economy, and we want to be on top of it," said conference co-organizer Benjamin Ford of Verrill Dana.
The daylong session explored how technologies, developed to solve problems and promote the UN's Sustainable Development Goals in the North Atlantic and Arctic, are creating potential investment opportunities here in New England.
"One of the things that our Nordic friends are really good at is spending a lot of money on research and development, and coming up with really innovative technologies," Ford explained.
"One of the things that Americans are really good at is bringing technologies and new ideas to market. I want this event to be the spark that connects the two."
The event featured presentations by five companies working in the North Atlantic and Arctic, three from New England and two from Norway.
Experts provided attendees with an overview of the North Atlantic and Arctic investment landscape and the proper scale on which a local investor can engage with the region. They also explained who the key actors are and how they work across sectors and industries to collaborate and meet challenges.
"Our future in the Nordic region is about embedding ourselves in trusted partnerships throughout the North," Barry Costa-Pierce, Ph.D., Henry L. & Grace Doherty Professor of Marine Sciences and executive director of UNE NORTH: Institute for North Atlantic Studies, told the gathering.
Holly Parker, Ph.D., UNE assistant provost of strategic initiatives, believes that universities and colleges such as UNE have a key role to play as conveners of just these kinds of conversations. "As Maine establishes and defines its role as the gateway to the region, bringing together cross sector teams to share our knowledge and experience and chart a course forward is a key step and one for which UNE NORTH was designed and established a year ago," she stated.
Tags:america, Arctic, Australia, Barry, conference, Economy, future, Investment, Investor, Maine, market, Norway, Professor, research, spending, sustainable, university, University of New England
In the early morning of Dec. 24, 2019 – days ahead of a critical deadline,…
With these neurons, extinguishing fear is its own reward
The same neurons responsible for encoding reward also form new memories to suppress fearful ones.…
Reasons to go outside
A MindHandHeart Innovation Fund project spearheaded by staff member Angelique Scarpa is bringing elements of…
Effectiveness of anti-inflammatories following surgery depends on when you take them
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The Utah PGA Junior Series is a program developed for Junior Golfers of all ages. We have a program for kids from an Itty Bitty 4 year old who has never held a golf club, all the way to the High School player who is ready for competition AND everything in between. We want Golf to be a fun, educational experience for your Junior, giving them lessons in golf while developing life skills as well.
Part of our efforts to teach the game is teaching course management, etiquette and rules. We will be emailing out tips as well as posting them here occasionally to help our juniors learn more about the game.
The 2019 Schedule is now posted! Tournament registration begins March 1, 2019!
The Utah PGA Junior Series has 4 great programs for you. Click below on any of them for more information.


text:
Nova Kakhovka River Port is an enterprise in the field of river transport. It is located on the Dnipro in Tavriisk (Nova Kakhovka), Kherson Oblast, Ukraine. The duration of navigation is just 270 days a year due to ice in mid-December that generally thaws by mid-March. All types of river vessels and river-sea vessels are accepted. The port provides services for the transportation of bulk mineral cargo, construction cargo, and weighing of goods. It is also possible to store cargo, taking into account the movement of the warehouse. The total area of open warehouses is 61.5 thousand м².

See also
Cargo turnover of Ukrainian ports
Hydrofoil
Nova Kakhovka
Battle of Kherson
Southern Ukraine offensive
Timeline of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

References

River ports of Ukraine
Transport in Ukraine by city
Ports of Kherson Oblast
Kakhovka Raion


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Some time during december 2010, one of our current members felt pretty bored. He created a thread on 4chan's /g/ where he proposed to teach programming (in Python) to those with no programming experience. Around 20 people, some complete beginners, some already accomplished programmers, joined up - #/g/sicp @ Rizon was the result. Since then, the has project grown. We also have another IRC channel that's used exclusively for discussing gentoomen matters.
Since everything we do is project based, you can participate in any area or subject you are interested in and think you have something to contribute to.
We are open to all ideas, so feel free to suggest an idea and the channel may offer to assist you with it. Want to learn a language? You could suggest a project using it.
Collaborate on projects as a learning experience.
Bhottu, our IRC bot, was the result of one of these projects. Lots of people learned intermediate Python as a result.
Have a friendly community for aspiring and expert programmers to exchange insights.
You can find our tutorials here, but the interest for these was lost rather quickly, as there are many much better books and tutorials out there.
You can always polish up an existing tutorial or write a new one if you'd like, but it's not encouraged to do so. It's a fun thing to do if you are bored and have nothing to do, though.
These are the ones we have so far. If you want to submit an addition or a correction, ask in the IRC channel.
Here is a Guide for tutorial writers.
We use git as our main tool for collaboration. Git is a distributed revision control system, which allows multiple persons to participate on a software project. It tracks changes in software made by users and allows a lot of control in versions. Even updates and edits to this website is handled trough git.
We have a organization called gentoomen in github, which acts as an umbrella for different projects. Join our IRC channel to ask for access.
If you would like to help the community by writing a short tutorial on how to use git join our IRC channel.
What are you waiting for? Pop in and say hello!
If you don't have access to an IRC Client you can use mibbit!


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text:
Archive for: ESSE News
You are here: Home / ESSE News
Professor draws on expertise of the Lassonde Education & Innovation Studio
December 18, 2020 /in ESSE News /by Lalitha Manimurugan
When remote course delivery became a reality for the 2020 fall semester, Mojgan Jadidi knew she would need some support in turning her third-year course, ESSE3600 – GIS and Spatial Analysis, into a successful online experience, so the Lassonde assistant professor of geomatics engineering turned to the most likely source of assistance: the Lassonde Education and Innovation Studio (LEIS).
Mojgan Jadidi
LEIS was established in the spring of 2020 as a way of assisting faculty at the Lassonde School of Engineering in bringing innovation into their classrooms. When the pandemic hit and instruction moved online, their work became highly valued. Jadidi is a member of LEIS, as well as a client.
"As an instructor, it's important to give my students a learning journey, and LEIS sparked ideas about how my students could move smoothly toward applying their skills to something tangible," said Jadidi. "Their expertise helped me design my course so that I could continue to use the flipped classroom mode once we return to in-class instruction.
"In working with LEIS, I realized that we also need to be very effective in our communications online and that students need a clear roadmap so they know what they are doing each week."
In the flipped classroom approach, students are responsible for reading/watching the requisite informational material prior to attending class. Class time is used to discuss the concepts and theories or to work through problems that rely on what the students have learned themselves.
Jadidi asks her students to watch a series of short videos prior to attending class. They then solve problems or do exercises together or in break-out groups during a synchronous online class. The lab component of the class operates in similar fashion. Students spend the first portion of their lab time following structured lab instructions on their own. A live, synchronous lab follows, allowing for a discussion of their results and any problems they encountered.
Jadidi has also adopted a different approach to grading the course, focusing largely on competence-based assessment. Sixty per cent of the grade is based on a digital portfolio the students are required to create using COVID-19-related scenarios that also incorporate systems design, problem solving, GIS data science techniques and software, as well as equity, diversity and inclusion. There are three individual projects and a team project.
"We have both engineering and science students in the class, and they have different ways of looking at a problem and designing the solution," Jadidi said. "They complement each other as they work together to create something new."
The students tackle one of these digital challenges every three weeks, using the new knowledge they have accumulated during that period. First, Jadidi asks them, in a hypothetical scenario, to decide where to locate new hand sanitizing stations on campus; next, where a new COVID-19 testing centre should be built; and finally, how to make that testing centre accessible. The team project focuses on dealing with the disruptive COVID-19 situation to implement UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).
"These projects bring a lot of concepts and skills together and allow the students to apply their knowledge," Jadidi said. "Although in this case, their 'client' is York University in a hypothetical scenario, this problem could exist anywhere, and they can apply what they've learned in their future career path.
"By the end of the term, they will have a digital portfolio that they can present to any employer."
Jadidi says she hopes the class has given students skills that will assist them in their careers.
"They will know how to use data to solve problems, applying spatial data science techniques which should be useful when they seek informed decision making and optimal solutions," she said.
She is delighted by the way her revamped course is unfolding and credits LEIS for helping her bring it to life online.
"At Lassonde, we're always trying new educational methods to give practical experiences to the students," Jadidi said. "We need to be innovative and move from traditional objectives to something new so students can learn."
By Elaine Smith, special contributing writer
https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Mojgan-Jadidi-36-Edit.jpg 195 435 Lalitha Manimurugan https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lassonde_300.jpg Lalitha Manimurugan2020-12-18 10:20:502020-12-18 10:20:50Professor draws on expertise of the Lassonde Education & Innovation Studio
Professor Mike Daly Featured in CBC Article as Lead Scientist on NASA Spacecraft
Article originally published on CBC.ca.
On Tuesday, NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission will make history as it attempts its first collection of material from an asteroid to be returned to Earth in 2023.
The spacecraft — which arrived at the asteroid Bennu in 2018 — will conduct a touch-and-go manoeuvre, also referred to as TAG. This crucial part of the mission was made possible in part by Canadian technology, specifically the Canadian Space Agency's OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter (OLA), which mapped the surface of Bennu in 3D. The asteroid lies roughly 332 million kilometres from Earth.
Lassonde Pofessor Mike Daly, is OLA'S lead instrument scientist. Daly has been working on the instrument for 12 years and is very pleased with the amount of detail and precision it was able to provide.
"When I was thinking about what this instrument had to do and what it was — how it would perform — we had a much smoother Bennu, a much more boring Bennu in mind," said Daly, who is also a professor at York University's Lassonde School of Engineering in Toronto. "So when you see the detail that came out of this instrument, it's just unbelievable. It blew us all away, honestly.
"It's going to be owned by Canada, and so we're going to be able to make these samples available for generations and generations of Canadian scientists," he said. "So, we're basically enabling the next 50 to 100 years of discoveries based on these samples."
It will take roughly 18.2 minutes for a signal to be received from the spacecraft. However, while NASA expects to get confirmation that the manoeuvre took place on Tuesday, it won't know for certain until Wednesday if material was successfully collected.
Read the full article on CBC.
https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/DalyM-229x300.jpg 300 229 Lalitha Manimurugan https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lassonde_300.jpg Lalitha Manimurugan2020-12-18 10:08:062020-12-18 10:11:34Professor Mike Daly Featured in CBC Article as Lead Scientist on NASA Spacecraft
JUVS Editors' Choice Article – Canadian Science Publishing
December 2, 2020 /in ESSE News /by Lalitha Manimurugan
Exciting news !!
Journal paper entitled "Individual tree species identification using Dense Convolutional Network (DenseNet) on
multitemporal RGB images from UAV", co-authored by Sowmya Natesan, Costas Armenakis, and Udayalakshmi Vepakomma,
is published in the December 2020 issue of the Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems (JUVS), has been selected by the
Co-editors of the journal to be featured under the Editors' Choice section of the Journal's homepage:
https://cdnsciencepub.com/do/10.1139/news.2020.11.30/full/
The team has also been interviewed about the paper and the article is to be published at"
http://blog.cdnsciencepub.com/
Congratulations to Sowmya Natesan, Costas Armenakis, and Udayalakshmi Vepakomma !!
https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Latest-News.jpg 450 600 Lalitha Manimurugan https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lassonde_300.jpg Lalitha Manimurugan2020-12-02 19:27:412020-12-02 19:27:41JUVS Editors' Choice Article - Canadian Science Publishing
K2I Academy at Lassonde Engages Girl Guides,Krystel Reyes and Neena Govindhan, in a Virtual Badge Day!
November 12, 2020 /in ESSE News /by Lalitha Manimurugan
We are proud to share the exciting news of our students Neena Govindhan and Krystel Reyes, who developed and ran the Girl Guides Badge Day and published an article in AOLS Fall 2020 publication.
https://www.aols.org/site_files/content/pages/about/media/ops-magazine/fall-2020.pdf
The article can be found on Page 28.
Congratulations Krystel and Neena !!.
https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lassonde_300.jpg 0 0 Lalitha Manimurugan https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lassonde_300.jpg Lalitha Manimurugan2020-11-12 18:22:592020-12-18 10:10:30K2I Academy at Lassonde Engages Girl Guides,Krystel Reyes and Neena Govindhan, in a Virtual Badge Day!
NG-14 launch on Oct 2nd!!
We will assume the launch on Oct 2., zoom room will open at 8.15pm, with NASA coverage starting at 8.45 for a possible launch at 9.16pm.
https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/CUBESAT-Oct-2nd-Zoom-.jpg 1080 1920 Lalitha Manimurugan https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lassonde_300.jpg Lalitha Manimurugan2020-09-24 09:48:422020-12-26 22:10:50NG-14 launch on Oct 2nd!!
Lassonde hosts 16 students for 2020 Helen Carswell STEAM Program for Women
The Lassonde School of Engineering welcomed 16 female high school students to participate in the Helen Carswell STEAM Program for Women. This year the program ran over a two-week period in a completely virtual format. The program offered participants a paid research opportunity as lab assistants doing meaningful work in science, technology, engineering, arts and math (STEAM).
Eight Lassonde undergraduate women in STEM joined the K2I Academy Team as mentors to develop leadership, mentorship and project management skills during this unique experience. Mentors were assigned to projects and consulted with Lassonde Faculty to develop the experience for high school student participants.
For more info, Click here
https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lassonde_300.jpg 0 0 Lalitha Manimurugan https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lassonde_300.jpg Lalitha Manimurugan2020-09-21 08:51:112020-09-21 08:51:11Lassonde hosts 16 students for 2020 Helen Carswell STEAM Program for Women
C4: Groundbreaking, interdisciplinary experiential education initiative enters second year
August 24, 2020 /in ESSE News /by Lalitha Manimurugan
After a successful pilot test, an international award-winning capstone course will begin its second year this September at York University.
C4: The Cross-Campus Capstone Classroom, which meets Mondays from 5:30 to 8:30 p.m. between September and April, is open to all York students at the end of their degrees, and enables students from different faculties to work in multidisciplinary teams focused on solving pressing, real-world challenges posed by organizations operating in both the for-profit and not-for-profit worlds – and to get credit for their work.
C4's intertwined personal, professional and academic journey offers students a chance to expand and refine their portfolios and uniquely prepares students to succeed after graduation
Past C4 partners include the Yonge Street Mission, Markham Arts Council, Canobi Tech, L'Arche Daybreak, Foundation for Environmental Stewardship and Panoplo Inc., among many others.
In last year's course, 74 York University students from eight faculties designed solutions for 11 social impact challenges.
https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Franz-Newland-419-Edit_3.jpg 195 435 Lalitha Manimurugan https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lassonde_300.jpg Lalitha Manimurugan2020-08-24 10:29:302020-08-24 10:29:30C4: Groundbreaking, interdisciplinary experiential education initiative enters second year
CBEPS Accreditation and Exemptions Committee accredits the Hydrography course offered by the Geomatics Engineering Program, Lassonde School of Engineering
The Canadian Board of Examiners for Professional Surveyors (CBEPS) establishes, assesses and certifies the academic qualifications of individuals who apply to become land surveyors and/or geomatics professionals in Canada, except for Quebec.
The undergraduate course, ESSE4650 "Hydrography", offered in Geomatics Engineering Curriculum has been approved for an exemption from the CBEPS C12 Hydrographic Surveying (syllabus) by the CBEPS Accreditation and Exemptions Committee, meaning that ESSE4650 "Hydrography" is accredited to be academically equivalent to the subject C12 Hydrographic Surveying in the CBEPS Syllabus. York's undergraduate Geomatics Engineering Program obtained a CBEPS Level-2 accreditation for ten years starting in 2017.
Congratulations to the Geomatics Engineering Program !!.
https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/CHS-1.png 350 358 Lalitha Manimurugan https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lassonde_300.jpg Lalitha Manimurugan2020-08-17 19:09:182020-10-29 23:14:42CBEPS Accreditation and Exemptions Committee accredits the Hydrography course offered by the Geomatics Engineering Program, Lassonde School of Engineering
Athina Peidou, Lassonde grad student to work at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory
July 23, 2020 /in ESSE News /by Lalitha Manimurugan
Lassonde PhD student Athina Peidou is heading off to NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California where she will be doing innovative work on the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and GRACE Follow-on missions.
NASA's GRACE launched in March of 2002. The mission studies gravity variations in Earth such as changes to surface and bottom of the ocean and ground water storage on land masses. Peidou's work will focus on developing strategies and methodologies for new gravitational models for the Earth.
Peidou is positioned well in this research group, having recently worked on a systematic problem present in the gravity field models. Read more about her work in a previously published article here, which details how Peidou and the team discovered that when the orbit of a mission follows an interlaced pattern while sampling the Earth gravitational signal, stripes are created on the gravity field maps.
The gravity field maps derived from satellite measurements are obscured by very disturbing thick lines sweeping from south to north, partially masking useful information. Identifying this pattern was challenging and constitutes a breakthrough, which may eventually lead to removing the stripes altogether, providing more fulsome data for researchers. Peidou will continue working on the uncertainties of the global gravity field models at JPL/NASA.
"This opportunity opens the avenues to collaborate with the top field scientists in my discipline. Now, I get to collaborate with scientists whose work I studied as a PhD student, and develop with them new methodologies for the advancements of the field," says Peidou.
On behalf of ESSE Department, We Wish you All the Very Best !!.
Congratulations Athina !!.
https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Athina-Peidou-002.png 454 354 Lalitha Manimurugan https://esse.lassonde.yorku.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Lassonde_300.jpg Lalitha Manimurugan2020-07-23 12:06:542020-12-26 22:45:35Athina Peidou, Lassonde grad student to work at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory


Memo, our metal goat is ready for Spring. He will come with me to the Good Food Expo on March 23. I will be providing a lecture on urban goat keeping. Please join us at 1:15 at the UIC Forum. The button above will provide you with the full schedule of lectures. See you there!
arch 10 was a shock when Emma our youngest bred goat cried to me as I came to feed the girls their grain. She did not want to eat, which was very strange. I finally noticed the amniotic sack hanging from her behind. After speaking with my mentor, I decided that she was miscarrying. I had to finish a task with visiting consultants, and I returned to the garage and found Emma in heavy labor with a full term baby coming out. The race began as we quickly prepped for what appeared to be a large white kid. Emma had a struggle because the birth was a bit abnormal. She was exhausted when the baby girl slid out ten minutes after I returned to the garage. She could not move. Yet she had the energy to push out a second kid, all black and a boy. I moved both to her face to lick as seen above. Mia and My Shadow, appropriately named, have gained a quarter pound in two days. They are happily jumping and napping in the garage.
After the surprise, we are so excited to have them. We also determined that they are the progeny of little Dodger, our last buckling to leave in October. Six month Dodger and five month Emma created quite a youth romance and babies. Now we are checking the other two doelings, Twist and Ophelia, avoid any future surprises.
Join us at the Southside Occupational Academy on February 9. We will be bringing Ophelia and Twist to receive all visitors. Deborah Neimann-Boehle of Antiquity Oaks will be speaking on nutrition in goats. My focus will be about city goats and intense management practices required to keep them healthy. We will have a session in Spanish. We look forward to visiting with you there.
Glennart Farm like all farms in Illinois has been preparing for the arctic weather this week. We stuff straw in holes in the eaves of the garage roof area, secure the windows, and close and seal the chicken door at night. The record HIGH tomorrow is expected to be -14.
All the girls will stay inside that day. The hens will be released to eat inside the garage to prevent frostbite on their claws. The deep litter of the hay in the garage brings the temperature up 10 degrees. Hay and water will need to be checked with the goats. It appears we have an interloper alley cat sleeping in the 10 foot high bales of hay. He/She has been eating the food and using the garage litter box.
Today we woke to 5 degrees which is slowly falling with the increased wind to zero. Our side pen is secure from wind. The goats were happy to be in the sunlight for some hours. We humans are unrecognizable as we bundle up with layer upon layer of pants, shirts, hats, socks, and scarves. Goats and chickens seem to be fine, we pray for the humans to be safe.
Every year consists of a learning curve. This is the year of nutrition focus and health. I have been studying appropriate nutrition for our goats as they face having their babies in the spring. We have two first year 'fresheners' who are having their first babies. Making certain the kids grow in the womb without complications later, is a careful process.
Grain amounts and contents help or hinder development of pregnant does. Two new elements have been added to their grain mix. Their current grain consists of a 16% calf feed which works fairly well. Our new policy is feeding them smaller amounts twice daily. Once a day I add Diamond VS yeast and kelp less than an ounce per goat. Mixed properly they will eat it with the grain. I feed it to them when they are particularly hungry in the morning and night. Too much grain too early in the pregnancy can cause toxic effects as well as babies that are too big to be born easily.
Hay is important and vital. I spent time in the fall searching for a farmer with the right grass mix with alfalfa. Praise God Michael Uremovich has the number of bales we need for 2019. The alfalfa percentage works for us and still has its green chlorophyll which means it is stored well.
Meanwhile the girls are waiting for spring. Hopefully we will receive a number of fairly warm days to walk to the pasture. Both Starry Night and Emma still appear quite frisky after their time with boys. Everyone will be ready to explore more space.
Our breeders this year are located in Manitowoc,Wisconsin. Pat and Bruce have been breeding Toggenburgs since their daughter was in 4H. With gratitude we look forward to this year's kidding season with specific dates. The girls are bred with a procedures called hand breeding. They are carefully observed interacting with the boy goat through a fence, and at the right moment the doe is brought to the pen for the big moment. Here is the quote from Pat last week.
Well, the girls finally are in love. We bred Abby late last week, Starry Night over the weekend, Esther came into heat yesterday, and Gracie this morning. We should be able to check them before they go home to be sure they conceived.
Blue Moon, seen below, is a registered Toggenburg buck with great milking blood lines. The other photo is of Bruce and Pat with two of their goats. They only breed Nubians and Toggenburgs . Nubians have long ears and Toggies are usually brown and white with airplane ears.
Our babies this year will be brown kids. We are retrieving the girls after the New Year to start our new 2019 season.
As the year ratchets down, the weather cools to a tepid 50 degree high. The wet weather of September is a lost dream as we enjoy the final weeks our our season involving milk production, breeding schedules and farm help. After several calls and emails, we now have a breeder with good qualifications for our girls. Their Date Camp has been scheduled for the week after Thanksgiving. While we now only milk once a day, with a decreasing production, strangely enough we are receiving emails and calls from new customers. Milk now sells out each week. Praise God for new customers who may benefit from our milk, Enrique Orosco has come to live with us and is helping us with the fall clean up as we put our garden to bed and clear the pastures of old hay and manure piles.
We still have work in the cold weather approaching winter. Our accounting needs to be updated to the present. We've a few goat chill times scheduled in the next few weeks. I started to evaluate how to improve the feed of lactating goats for next year. I will be making another trip to Jefferson Wisconsin to visit Frank's Organic Feed Store. We need to stock up on hay for the January through April months. Reflections include deciding on writing grants, participating in fundraising of the Waller property for the next year and setting goals and objectives.
May your fall be as gentle and pleasant as ours.
On the second day of October, we took Martha to our local veterinarian. He reviewed her health after Dr. Vigil's evaluation, and weighed her at 88 pounds. In January, she started the year at 150. Martha could not maintain her health due to the loss of her teeth. When a goat cannot chew and process grasses sufficiently, the animal will deteriorate. I learned a lot about goat teeth and check ever other goat's teeth once a year.
She was six years old and our oldest goat. She was queen leader of the herd and our star milk producer. We could not understand her weight loss and she suffered an eye infection in the last two weeks. Once we saw her missing teeth, we realized the reason for her waning health. I will miss taking care of her; yet it is a release for all of us.
The end of August and beginning of September are doubly busy. Weaning requires us to separate the babies from the mommies. Milking happens twice a day. The production of milk steadily falls until November. All summer long we review production and health of the nursing nannies. We also review the development of each kid analyzing them to see if they have the strength and potential to produce milk on an urban dairy farm. Still we managed to complete our permitting process in all the complexities.
As for the mommy milk production, we have top production winners and problem girls. Gracie has become our queen this year averaging 4.5 of milk per day. Her babies are strong and healthy and she holds up in all the moving around we do. This year Destiny has two different illness and was off the milk line more than on. Illness produces high somatic countwhich is too high to sell to humans. Somatic counts are determined by lab samples sent to Wisconsin once a month. She has just gained good health and is now back on the milk line.
Babies for next year to stay are Emma, Twist and Ophelia. Stay tuned for our announcement to find homes for the other kids.


text:
Q: If a process consists of independent random variables can we say that it is a Markov chain? If a fair die is thrown repeatedly
Let {${B_{n}}$} where $B_{n}$ it is the time that remains to pass, being in the instant n, until the next one comes out.
I have a doubt in if this process is a Homogeneous Markov Chain. My partner says no(it's not even a Markov chain), because the state $X_{n+1}$ it does not depend on  $X_{n}$
But I think it is, because the variables are independients, then:
$P(X_{n+1}|X_{n},X_{n-1},...,X_{0})=$ (by independece) = $P(X_{n+1})= P(X_{n+1}|X_{n})$
So i think the transition matrix, for example in the row i (where rows denote the instant n and the columns denote the number of toss until you get the first 1) is:
$(\frac{5^0}{6^1},\frac{5^1}{6^2},\frac{5^2}{6^3},\frac{5^3}{6^4},...)$
Because in the first entry there is $1/6$ of probability to obtain the firts 1.
For the second entry it implies that at time 1 there is no 1, so for this we have $P= \frac{5}{6}$ and in the second toss we hace a 1, $(P= \frac{1}{6})$, so we have $(P= \frac{5}{6} * \frac{1}{6})$ etc. And equals to every row
I still have to prove that the sum gives 1, but I want to know if I'm modeling the problem correctly Or if the process is not even Markox's...
Thanks

A: A series of independent random variables is a (trivial) special case of a Markov chain.  Remember that the only requirement of a Markov chain is that for all $n \in \mathbb{N}$ you must have:
$$p(X_{n+1} | X_{1}, ..., X_{n}) = p(X_{n+1} | X_{n}).$$
For a series of independent random variables you have:
$$p(X_{n+1} | X_{1}, ..., X_{n}) = p(X_{n+1}) = p(X_{n+1} | X_{n}).$$
Although this is technically a Markov chain, a series of independent random variables is far simpler than a standard Markov chain where the values are not independent.  The results for the former are far simpler than the latter, so we do not bother to try to bring across results from the theory of Markov chains.  (For every such result there is a much simpler version for sequences of independent random variable.)  That is why it is unusual to hear a series of independent random variable referred to as being a Markov chain (though it is trivially true).