text:
Home » Young Minds » Anita Conti – The Lady of the Sea
Anita Conti – The Lady of the Sea
Posted on December 2, 2020 in Young Minds
Frontiers for Young Minds takes you down on a dive into the depths of the historical scientific archives and introduces you to scientists you may have not heard about, but you definitely should! This time, we tell you the story of a scientist whom fishermen of the past lovingly called, 'The Lady of the Sea'.
— by Élyse Boudin
Which names come to mind first when you think of famous scientists? Maybe Darwin, Pasteur, Einstein, Hawking, Newton, Watson etc. Now, if you try to find as many famous women scientists' names you will find that it is much more complicated. You might think of Marie Curie and her work on radioactivity or Jane Goodall and her discoveries on the behavior of chimpanzees. But many other women who were famous in their time have been forgotten. Here, I tell the story of one of these forgotten women: Anita Conti. And I have to thank Estelle Masseret, a researcher in marine ecology, for introducing me to this great, sadly forgotten, Lady.
It is 1899, France, and Anita Conti was just born, she will go on to live 98 years during which she will be a journalist, writer, photographer but also an oceanographer. Here are a few words to discover (or rediscover) Ms Conti, the first woman oceanographer in France!
Anita Conti loved books and she loved the sea. She began her career as a bookbinder at the end of the First World War. In the 1930s, she also started writing for several women's magazines, however, the subjects of her articles delved into topics which were certainly not typical of women's magazines pre-Second World War which often published articles on topics like Parisian fashion. Through her articles, Anita told the story of the sea and its riches. She knew of these riches from books but also from her many trips on fishing boats during which she observed, noted and mapped them. Her articles and her work quickly attracted the attention of the OSTPM – Scientific and Technical Office for Maritime Fisheries, now Ifremer – and in 1934 they decided to hire her as a media relations officer.
Finally, Anita could now board fishing vessels with a true scientific mission. She took notes, photographs, made analyses and maps and thus participated in the beginnings of what is now called 'oceanography'. The observations that she made during the sea campaigns helped facilitate the work of fishermen as they tried to understand the migration of certain fish species, such as cod. These observations also worried Anita and her colleagues as the fish being caught were smaller and much fewer in number than before. These findings were quickly reported to the OSTPM and Anita also proceeded to warn the press so that these findings could be published in various magazines. She was the first woman oceanographer, but she was now also a whistleblower.
At the end of August 1939, Anita returned from a mission at sea and 3 days later, sadly, the Second World War had begun. Now she was not only the first woman oceanographer but also the first woman in the French Navy. As a result, it was necessary to design and make a whole new uniform just for her! Among the many missions she took part in during the outbreak of the war, one which stands out was her involvement on missions aboard mine clearance ships in Dunkirk Then, in 1941, as the cold waters of the English Channel and North Sea became increasingly inaccessible she left on board a fishing boat bound for Africa. There she decided to continue her own work of observing and mapping fishing zones in the warm waters off Guinea and Senegal. For the proceeding 10 years, she worked with local populations to develop fishing and fish conservation techniques in response to the lack of animal protein in their diets.
In 1952, Anita returned to France to take part in a mission aboard the Bois-Rosé, a fishing vessel which was due to spend 6 whole months in the cold waters off Greenland to bring back more than 1000 tons of cod. From this difficult trip, she came back with notes and photographs that enabled her to eventually write her very first book: "Racleurs d'océans", which was subsequently published in 1953. She went to publish two additional works in 1957 and 1971 combining the accounts of her travels, her observations and her admiration for the work of the sailors. However, these two books also included accounts of her indignation and concern about the plundering of the ocean.
From the 1960s onwards, Anita supported the beginnings of aquaculture in France and helped set up fish and seafood farms with the aim of making fishing and fish production more sustainable for the long-term. She continued her ocean-bound missions until she was 85 years old. Anita Conti, nicknamed the Lady of the Sea, died on the night of 24 December 1997.
Do you know the story of a forgotten scientist that should be heard? Email us with your idea at kids@frontiersin.org!
Frontiers for Young Minds


text:
Economics, Business, Agriculture - Resources, Fishing, and Agriculture
TIMBER IN CHINA
Deforestation in Yunnan Forestry products, measured in annual roundwood production, also abound. In 2004 China produced an estimated 284 million cubic meters of roundwood, the world's third largest supplier after the United States and India, or about 8.5 percent of total world production. From the roundwood, some 11.3 million cubic meters of sawnwood are produced annually. [Source: Library of Congress]
China is quickly becoming the world's leading importer of wood from tropical developing countries like Indonesia, Myanmar and Papua New Guinea, where illegal logging is rampant. It also imports large amounts of wood from Russia and Canada. Much of the illegally logged timber from Southeast Asia ends up in China A cargo ship from New Guinea arrives every week at a port near Shanghai, loaded with 300,000 cubic meters of merbau logs. A third of the exports from logging mills deep in the Amazon rain forest end up in China, where much f it used top-quality hardwood floors. See Rain Forest Under World Topic
Demand from China for timber exploded in the early and mid 2000s much of it because of the rise of the cheap furniture in China that produces furniture for the American, European and Japanese markets. Very little money ends n the hands of those who cut the wood. One study founded that hardwood harvested at $11 a cubic meter in Papua Ne Guineas increases in value to $240 a cubic meter in China.
According to a report by the U.S.-bases Forest Trends and the International Forestry Research, China has captured a third of the global trade in furniture in the past eight years, with wood product exports to the United States and the European Union having increased almost 900 percent between 1998 and 2005 with 40 percent of all wood product imports ending up in the United States.
Increased Demand for Timber
Some say that lumber could become the next commodity to soar in price as a result of Chinese demand. In one projection the price of lumber is predicted to rise 300 percent based on the need for wood to fuel the mass urbanization of China in 2010s.Already around 20 million Chinese move to the cities every year and that figure could rise. [Source: Leo Lewis, Times of London, January 2010]
One of the major factors spurring demand for lumber is a new building code in Shanghai for wood frame structures. Wood will be needed for lumber to build new houses but also to furnish them with new tables, chairs and desks.
Countries with vast forests — namely Russia and Canada'stand to gain handsomely from a surge in demand. It could be bad news for China's dwindling forest and rain forest in tropical countries that are already under pressure from both legal and illegal logging.
Paper in China
China is the number No. 2 paper consumer in the world after the United States Paper consumption increased from 14.6 million tons in 1990 to 48 million tons in 2003 and is expected to rise to 68.5 million tons in 2010. That would raise China's demand for wood pulp to 15.1 million tons — the equivalent of about half the Brazilian Amazon current annual timber harvest — for 9.2 million in 2003.
Top 5 paper producers (millions of tons per year): 1) USA (71.5); 2) Japan (28); 3) Canada (16.4); 4) China (13.7); 5) Germany (11.8).
If Chinese were to consume the same amount of paper as Americans, let say in 20 years, when China's population reaches 1.45 billion, then China would consume double the world's current production of 161 million tons.
Paper in China grass, rice stalks or bamboo in China. Paper is made from wood pulp in the United States
As demand increase, China must look increasingly abroad in part because of logging bans at home and the closure of small, polluting mills that used agricultural residues
China's demand for paper has caused prices for recycled paper to rise, sparking paper battles in Japan (See Japan). One of China's richest people — a woman named Zhang Yin — made her fprtune importing recycled paper from the United States (See Rich, People and Life).
Chinese demand for paper has also fueled paper mill expansion in China and accelerated deforestation in places like Indonesia and the Mekong region . In some cases the mills are built without a source of raw material worked and this in turn provides an incentive to illegally log sources of raw materials such virgin forests.
Rubber in China
China is the world's leading consumer of rubber (3,640,500 tons). China is now a large vehicle and tire producer and consumer.
Image Sources: 1) All Posters com http://www.allposters.com/?lang=1 Search Chinese Art ; 2) Louis Perrochon ; 3) University of Washington; 4, 5) Nolls China website http://www.paulnoll.com/China/index.html ; 6) Mongabey
Text Sources: New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Times of London, National Geographic, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, AP, Lonely Planet Guides, Compton's Encyclopedia and various books and other publications.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Located in the UAE, in the city of Abu Dhabi, Corniche Beach stretches out for just over two kilometers, and is always pristine and spotless, helping it to earn its Blue Flag status. With up to 50,000 visitors heading to Corniche Beach each month, the sands may sometimes be crowded, but the atmosphere is always vibrant, lively and full of energy.
The main section of Corniche Beach is the family beach, which, in accordance with local culture, single men are not permitted to enter. Lined with palm trees and lush, landscaped gardens, Corniche Beach is a natural oasis in the heart of a built up city, making it a great destination for a family day out. In order for families to enjoy the utmost privacy, the beach is fenced off and shielded from public view. The children's playground here is always a big hit, and there are beach umbrellas available to rent, so that you can keep them shaded from the sun. It is possible to swim at this beach, even with young children, and there are floating fences not too far out, to prevent anyone from drifting too far into the water. Several beach volleyball courts are available for those who want to stay active, and, when it comes time for a bite to eat, there are a number of cafés and ice cream shops just nearby.
Al Sahil is a paid section of Corniche Beach that welcomes all visitors, and has no restrictions. Since the majority of families tend to stay in the family section of the beach, Al Sahil is popular with bachelors, singles and larger groups of people.
Blue Flag is a world-renowned eco-label that has been granted to over 4000 beaches, in 49 different countries, around the world. Corniche Beach obtained its Blue Flag status in 2011, meaning that it meets high standards when it comes to water quality, services and amenities, environment management and education.
Due to the intense heat of the sun in Abu Dhabi, ice cream shops and juice bars are always popular, and there are a number to be found along Corniche Beach, such as Special Juice Bar, Baskin Robbins and Cold Stone Creamery. For those that want more of a meal, Rosina Bellina is a stunning Italian restaurant overlooking the beach, while Nova Café serves up a range of tasty light bites.
Being an extremely built up city, Corniche Beach is a breath of fresh air in Abu Dhabi, providing both tourists and locals with a place from which they can truly appreciate the beauty of nature. With over 600 sun loungers and 30 cabanas dotted around the beach, there are plenty of areas at which you can spend the entire day, as well as several activities and facilities to keep you busy and entertained. The beach is open daily from 7:30 in the morning until midnight, and is well-lit during the darker hours of the day. While the family beach and Al Sahil do charge a small admission fee, the other parts of Corniche Beach are free for use by the public.


text:
Carnival Goes After the Loyalist, the Newbie and the Toughest of Them All, the Switcher
- Mar 26, 2014 8:30 am
As Carnival woos a new set of customers, it is actually encouraging that CEO Arnold Donald believes that Carnival is winning over people who have never cruised before as they constitute a huge target market.
Carnival CEO Arnold Donald is not Clint Eastwood, but Donald's description of how the world's largest cruise company thinks about its target customers sounded a bit like The Good, the Bad and the Ugly — in Carnival's case it is the Loyalist, the Newbie and the Switcher.
With 10 global brands, including Carnival Cruise Lines, Holland America and Costa, Carnival reported fiscal first quarter earnings March 25, and readily admitted that although booking volumes are healthy, its pricing has lagged, and the company racked up $15 million in losses.
Donald said "brand perception is most of the way back," as the Loyalist previously returned to the fold, and people "new to cruise" are "back."
These two groups are back, of course, from the 2012 Costa Concordia tragedy, and the 2013 Carnival Triumph "poop cruise."
Although it is unclear to what extent the Newbies are "back" since they are very much a contested target.
Lured by discounts, the Loyalist will "take an extra cruise or two if pricing is lower," Donald said.
The biggest potential prize are the newbies, the masses of people who have never cruised, and don't realize the relative bargain of a vacation they can land if they set sail on one of the big ships.
All of the cruise lines are fighting for these Newbies.
"And the new-to-cruise, that's where all the heavy-duty action has been across all the brands, ours and other cruise company brands…," Donald said.
Carnival and its rivals are all trying to lure the Newbies, and hopefully convert them into Loyalists.
Donald said Carnival Corp.'s marketing efforts have done much to win over the Loyalist and the Newbie, but the really tough segment to attract are the Switchers.
"And, we are working hard to complete perception recovery among Switchers," Donald said.
The Switchers are the smallest of the three target groups, but the toughest to win over because you have to give Switchers a good reason to leave Royal Caribbean or Norwegian.
"And so a Switcher by definition is probably going to be last [to win over] because they have a brand they are with, and you are trying to get them to switch," said Carnival CFO David Bernstein. "And so you need to have perhaps more cause, more rationale for them to switch from a brand they are all in to go to another brand."
In other words, the Switchers can be fickle, but only if you give them a large enough incentive to abandon a competitor.
Of course, with customers like these, the opposite can be true and the Switchers can just as easily abandon Carnival Cruise Lines or Holland America, and cruise right over to Royal Caribbean if Carnival isn't careful.
Bernstein chimed in that "any kind of negative noise makes them [the Switchers, that is] more difficult, obviously."
As Carnival pours millions into TV campaigns and all kinds of other pitches, including wooing travel agents, the cruise line is well aware that there has been an abundance of "noise" over the last two years, and that makes its complete recovery all the more difficult.
Tags: carnival, costa concordia
Photo Credit: Arnold Donald of Carnival Corp is the CEO in the post-Triumph, post-Micky Arison-as-CEO era. He faces the issues rehabilitating its image and getting customers and travel agents back on its side. C.W. Griffin / Miami Herald/MCT
Rosie Spinks, Skift
Carnival Adds to Its Compliance Team as Scrutiny Builds
The Cruise Industry Will Soon Face Its Strictest Pollution Standard Yet: Can Anyone Enforce It?
Federal Judge Warns Carnival on Ocean Pollution: Promise Less, Act More
Travel's Green Revolution Remains a Work in Progress


China faced criticism by Switzerland and other western countries in Geneva on Tuesday concerning detention camps allegedly holding up to one million Uighurs and other Muslims.
On Tuesday, China took part in its Universal Periodic Review (UPR)external link process at the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva.external link This peer review of each UN member state's human rights record takes place every five years before the UN council.
During the review, western countries – including Belgium, France, Germany and the United States - described the deteriorating human rights situation in China since the last UPR, especially its treatment of Muslims in the western Xinjiang region.
Switzerland and other states called for the closure of "re-education camps" for Uighurs in the Xinjiang region and for access to visits by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights.
A UN panel of human rights experts said on August 10external link that it had received reports that one million ethnic Uighurs in China were being held in what resembles a "massive internment camp that is shrouded in secrecy".
"We will not accept politically-driven accusations from a few countries that are fraught with biases," Chinese Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Le Yucheng told the council. China has claims that Xinjiang is under threat from Islamist militants and separatists.
During the UPR, Switzerland also urged China to respect the human rights of the Tibetan people and other minorities.
"We also recommend ending the practice of "surveillance residences in a designated location", specifically for human rights defenders and lawyers," said Swiss ambassador Sabrina Dallafior.
On Tuesday, around 1,000 Tibetan and Uighur protesters from around Europe demonstrated outside the UN headquarters in Geneva.
Switzerland urges China to close Uighur detention camps Nov 6, 2018 - 21:19 China faced criticism by Switzerland and other western countries in Geneva on Tuesday concerning detention camps allegedly holding up to one million Uighurs and other Muslims. On Tuesday, China took part in its Universal Periodic Review (UPR) process at the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva. This peer review of each UN member state's human rights record takes place every five years before the UN council. During the review, western countries – including Belgium, France, Germany and the United States - described the deteriorating human rights situation in China since the last UPR, especially its treatment of Muslims in the western Xinjiang region. Switzerland and other states called for the closure of "re-education camps" for Uighurs in the Xinjiang region and for access to visits by the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. A UN panel of human rights experts said on August 10 that it had received reports that one million ethnic Uighurs in China were being held in what resembles a "massive internment camp that is shrouded in secrecy". China, meanwhile, rejects Western criticism and allegations of suspected mass detention and heavy surveillance of Uighurs in the region of Xinjiang. "We will not accept politically-driven accusations from a few countries that are fraught with biases," Chinese Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Le Yucheng told the council. China has claims that Xinjiang is under threat from Islamist militants and separatists. During the UPR, Switzerland also urged China to respect the human rights of the Tibetan people and other minorities. "We also recommend ending the practice of "surveillance residences in a designated location", specifically for human rights defenders and lawyers," said Swiss ambassador Sabrina Dallafior. On Tuesday, around 1,000 Tibetan and Uighur protesters from around Europe demonstrated outside the UN headquarters in Geneva.


The New York Yankees sent a resounding message this weekend as they swept the defending World Champion Chicago White Sox in a three game series at Yankee Stadium: We're not out of anything yet.
Despite the decimation of the Yankees' roster by injuries and the general lack of quality starting pitching, the Bronx Bombers have made it very clear that they are quite capable of winning. Even with their starting left fielder, starting right fielder and starting second baseman on the disabled list, they managed to score 26 runs in the three game series. Even with a starting rotation that averages fewer than six innings per start, and a bullpen that's been showing signs of overuse in the last several weeks, they held the White Sox, who lead the majors in runs scored this season, to only 12 total runs. Three games are still only three games, but this weekend had to feel like a shot in the arm for just about everyone in that clubhouse.


text:
New Jersey High School Sports
Boys basketball Tournament of Champions results: Roselle Catholic runs past Newark Tech, 98-80
Published: Mar. 18, 2014, 6:22 p.m.
03/18 - 12:00 AM Boys Basketball
Newark Tech 80
Roselle Catholic 98
As the primary ballhandler for Roselle Catholic, Isaiah Briscoe said he's more than happy to defer to a teammate who has the hot hand.
For Briscoe, last night that meant dishing it off to Matt Bullock, then to Asante Gist and Tahir Pretlow. With seemingly every player on the floor, including himself, in a shooting groove, it made the life of a point guard quite easy.
Third-seeded Roselle Catholic, No. 12 in The Star-Ledger Top 20, shot a sizzling 55 percent from the field as it defeated sixth-seeded Newark Tech, 98-80, in the first round of the NJSIAA/ShopRite Tournament of Champions at Pine Belt Arena in Toms River.
For Roselle Catholic (21-9), the 98 points represented a season high for the defending T of C champion. Roselle Catholic advanced to face the second seed, No. 1 Newark East Side, in Thursday's semifinals at Monmouth University in Long Branch at 5:30 p.m. This is the second straight season that Roselle Catholic defeated Newark Tech (20-12) in the T of C.
"It makes my job so much easier, and as a leader I look it as if the ball's going to be in my hands, I can eat last," said Briscoe, who finished with a team-high 22 points and six assists to go with four rebounds and four steals. "I'll dish out all of the dimes. If they're making shots like that, I can go the whole game without scoring a point. As long as everybody's happy, I know I'll be happy because we're winning the game."
There were plenty of happy faces on the Roselle Catholic sideline. Gist had 21 points on 7-of-8 shooting. Bullock went 8-for-11 to finish with 18 points and eight rebounds. Briscoe shot 7-of-12 from the field, Pretlow scored eight points and Omari Hurston and Kyle Elliott added seven points apiece.
"We shot it well in the second half. We really shot it in the third quarter," said Roselle Catholic coach Dave Boff. "We've got guys that can fill it up when they get it going. We got a little bit lucky that they all got it going and a little bit lucky that they all got it going at the same time."
That moment came in the third quarter for Roselle Catholic, which made six of its first seven shots to start the second half. Three-pointers from Gist and Bullock increased the lead to 51-37 and served as the start of a 17-4 run that made it 62-41 in favor of Roselle Catholic.
"It's amazing when all of us are clicking in on offense and then everybody's playing defense and getting steals."
"They shot the ball well. What can we do?" said Newark Tech coach Joe Jordan. "We had a great year, a great season. We'll be back. We'll be fine. We'll be back, and we'll be better next year."
Freshman R.J. Cole paced Newark Tech with 26 points. C.J. Webb scored 16 points, Tyree Sykes had nine points and 13 rebounds and sophomore Mustafa Lawrence added 10 points.


text:
George Clooney 'saddened' by child labour at farms 'used by Nespresso'
The Oscar-winning filmmaker has for years been the face of the company, which advertises its products as being ethically sourced.
Wednesday 26 February 2020 11:46, UK
Image: George Clooney is a Nespresso brand ambassador
George Clooney has said he is "saddened" by an investigation that appeared to show children working at farms used by Nespresso - the coffee brand he has long been associated with.
The Oscar-winning actor and filmmaker has for years been the face of the company, which advertises its products as being ethically sourced from countries including Brazil, Colombia and Costa Rica.
But Nespresso says it will stop buying coffee from farms in part of Guatemala, the world's 10th largest coffee producer, after a Channel 4 Dispatches programme claimed to have found child labourers working there.
Image: Nespresso says it prides itself on ethically sourced coffee. Pic: Nespresso
Clooney is a member of Nespresso's sustainability advisory board, which works to ensure the company sources coffee from well-run and sustainable farms, and said the report showed they "still have work to do".
"We knew it was a big project when it started seven years ago, and honestly I was surprised and saddened to see this story," said the 58-year-old, who along with wife Amal Clooney is a regular political and social activist.
"Clearly this board and this company still have work to do - and that work will be done.
"I would hope that this reporter (Anthony Barnett) will continue to investigate these conditions and report accurately if they do not improve.
More from George Clooney
George Clooney: Extreme weight loss for The Midnight Sky led to pancreatitis
George Clooney reveals how he paid back his friends who helped him when he was broke
'I'm ashamed': George Clooney hits out at grand jury's Breonna Taylor decision
George Clooney: 'I didn't expect kids and a wife - but Amal walked in and everything changed'
George and Amal Clooney offer fans the chance to dine with them at Italian home
George Clooney reveals he warned Ben Affleck not to play Batman
"The check and balance of good corporate responsibility lies not just with the company itself but also independent journalists like Mr Barnett to hold everyone's promise to account."
Image: Guatemala is one of the world's biggest coffee producers. File pic
Clooney, whose recent Nespresso adverts co-starred Game Of Thrones actor Natalie Dormer, said he remained convinced that the company's sustainability programme remained "overwhelmingly positive for coffee farmers".
"(It has) improved the lives and livelihoods of thousands of farms all around the world," he said of the firm's scheme, which works with Rainforest Alliance and Fairtrade International.
"And they've risked their lives trying to rebuild farms in South Sudan and spent a year on the ground helping farmers restore their farms in Puerto Rico after the hurricane."
Obama and Clooney hit the waves
Nespresso said it had launched an investigation to identify the farms featured in the Dispatches footage, and said the use of child labour was "unacceptable".
Chief executive Guillaume Le Cunff said: "Where there are claims that our high standards are not met, we act immediately."
He added: "We will not resume purchases of coffee from farms in this area until the investigation is closed. Any issues we uncover will be dealt with diligently and firm action will be taken."


text:
PLOS Medicine publishes research and commentary of general interest with clear implications for patient care, public policy or clinical research agendas.
Why Publish with PLOS Medicine?
Essay Essays are opinion pieces on a topic of broad interest to a general medical audience.
See all article types »
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False
John P. A. Ioannidis
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
Citation: Ioannidis JPA (2005) Why Most Published Research Findings Are False. PLoS Med 2(8): e124. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
Copyright: © 2005 John P. A. Ioannidis. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Competing interests: The author has declared that no competing interests exist.
Abbreviation: PPV, positive predictive value
Published research findings are sometimes refuted by subsequent evidence, with ensuing confusion and disappointment. Refutation and controversy is seen across the range of research designs, from clinical trials and traditional epidemiological studies [1–3] to the most modern molecular research [4,5]. There is increasing concern that in modern research, false findings may be the majority or even the vast majority of published research claims [6–8]. However, this should not be surprising. It can be proven that most claimed research findings are false. Here I will examine the key factors that influence this problem and some corollaries thereof.
Modeling the Framework for False Positive Findings
Several methodologists have pointed out [9–11] that the high rate of nonreplication (lack of confirmation) of research discoveries is a consequence of the convenient, yet ill-founded strategy of claiming conclusive research findings solely on the basis of a single study assessed by formal statistical significance, typically for a p-value less than 0.05. Research is not most appropriately represented and summarized by p-values, but, unfortunately, there is a widespread notion that medical research articles should be interpreted based only on p-values. Research findings are defined here as any relationship reaching formal statistical significance, e.g., effective interventions, informative predictors, risk factors, or associations. "Negative" research is also very useful. "Negative" is actually a misnomer, and the misinterpretation is widespread. However, here we will target relationships that investigators claim exist, rather than null findings.
It can be proven that most claimed research findings are false
As has been shown previously, the probability that a research finding is indeed true depends on the prior probability of it being true (before doing the study), the statistical power of the study, and the level of statistical significance [10,11]. Consider a 2 × 2 table in which research findings are compared against the gold standard of true relationships in a scientific field. In a research field both true and false hypotheses can be made about the presence of relationships. Let R be the ratio of the number of "true relationships" to "no relationships" among those tested in the field. R is characteristic of the field and can vary a lot depending on whether the field targets highly likely relationships or searches for only one or a few true relationships among thousands and millions of hypotheses that may be postulated. Let us also consider, for computational simplicity, circumscribed fields where either there is only one true relationship (among many that can be hypothesized) or the power is similar to find any of the several existing true relationships. The pre-study probability of a relationship being true is R/(R + 1). The probability of a study finding a true relationship reflects the power 1 - β (one minus the Type II error rate). The probability of claiming a relationship when none truly exists reflects the Type I error rate, α. Assuming that c relationships are being probed in the field, the expected values of the 2 × 2 table are given in Table 1. After a research finding has been claimed based on achieving formal statistical significance, the post-study probability that it is true is the positive predictive value, PPV. The PPV is also the complementary probability of what Wacholder et al. have called the false positive report probability [10]. According to the 2 × 2 table, one gets PPV = (1 - β)R/(R - βR + α). A research finding is thus more likely true than false if (1 - β)R > α. Since usually the vast majority of investigators depend on a = 0.05, this means that a research finding is more likely true than false if (1 - β)R > 0.05.
Table 1. Research Findings and True Relationships
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124.t001
What is less well appreciated is that bias and the extent of repeated independent testing by different teams of investigators around the globe may further distort this picture and may lead to even smaller probabilities of the research findings being indeed true. We will try to model these two factors in the context of similar 2 × 2 tables.
First, let us define bias as the combination of various design, data, analysis, and presentation factors that tend to produce research findings when they should not be produced. Let u be the proportion of probed analyses that would not have been "research findings," but nevertheless end up presented and reported as such, because of bias. Bias should not be confused with chance variability that causes some findings to be false by chance even though the study design, data, analysis, and presentation are perfect. Bias can entail manipulation in the analysis or reporting of findings. Selective or distorted reporting is a typical form of such bias. We may assume that u does not depend on whether a true relationship exists or not. This is not an unreasonable assumption, since typically it is impossible to know which relationships are indeed true. In the presence of bias (Table 2), one gets PPV = ([1 - β]R + uβR)/(R + α − βR + u − uα + uβR), and PPV decreases with increasing u, unless 1 − β ≤ α, i.e., 1 − β ≤ 0.05 for most situations. Thus, with increasing bias, the chances that a research finding is true diminish considerably. This is shown for different levels of power and for different pre-study odds in Figure 1. Conversely, true research findings may occasionally be annulled because of reverse bias. For example, with large measurement errors relationships are lost in noise [12], or investigators use data inefficiently or fail to notice statistically significant relationships, or there may be conflicts of interest that tend to "bury" significant findings [13]. There is no good large-scale empirical evidence on how frequently such reverse bias may occur across diverse research fields. However, it is probably fair to say that reverse bias is not as common. Moreover measurement errors and inefficient use of data are probably becoming less frequent problems, since measurement error has decreased with technological advances in the molecular era and investigators are becoming increasingly sophisticated about their data. Regardless, reverse bias may be modeled in the same way as bias above. Also reverse bias should not be confused with chance variability that may lead to missing a true relationship because of chance.
Figure 1. PPV (Probability That a Research Finding Is True) as a Function of the Pre-Study Odds for Various Levels of Bias, u
Panels correspond to power of 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124.g001
Table 2. Research Findings and True Relationships in the Presence of Bias
Testing by Several Independent Teams
Several independent teams may be addressing the same sets of research questions. As research efforts are globalized, it is practically the rule that several research teams, often dozens of them, may probe the same or similar questions. Unfortunately, in some areas, the prevailing mentality until now has been to focus on isolated discoveries by single teams and interpret research experiments in isolation. An increasing number of questions have at least one study claiming a research finding, and this receives unilateral attention. The probability that at least one study, among several done on the same question, claims a statistically significant research finding is easy to estimate. For n independent studies of equal power, the 2 × 2 table is shown in Table 3: PPV = R(1 − βn)/(R + 1 − [1 − α]n − Rβn) (not considering bias). With increasing number of independent studies, PPV tends to decrease, unless 1 - β < a, i.e., typically 1 − β < 0.05. This is shown for different levels of power and for different pre-study odds in Figure 2. For n studies of different power, the term βn is replaced by the product of the terms βi for i = 1 to n, but inferences are similar.
Figure 2. PPV (Probability That a Research Finding Is True) as a Function of the Pre-Study Odds for Various Numbers of Conducted Studies, n
Table 3. Research Findings and True Relationships in the Presence of Multiple Studies
Corollaries
A practical example is shown in Box 1. Based on the above considerations, one may deduce several interesting corollaries about the probability that a research finding is indeed true.
Box 1. An Example: Science at Low Pre-Study Odds
Let us assume that a team of investigators performs a whole genome association study to test whether any of 100,000 gene polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia. Based on what we know about the extent of heritability of the disease, it is reasonable to expect that probably around ten gene polymorphisms among those tested would be truly associated with schizophrenia, with relatively similar odds ratios around 1.3 for the ten or so polymorphisms and with a fairly similar power to identify any of them. Then R = 10/100,000 = 10−4, and the pre-study probability for any polymorphism to be associated with schizophrenia is also R/(R + 1) = 10−4. Let us also suppose that the study has 60% power to find an association with an odds ratio of 1.3 at α = 0.05. Then it can be estimated that if a statistically significant association is found with the p-value barely crossing the 0.05 threshold, the post-study probability that this is true increases about 12-fold compared with the pre-study probability, but it is still only 12 × 10−4.
Now let us suppose that the investigators manipulate their design, analyses, and reporting so as to make more relationships cross the p = 0.05 threshold even though this would not have been crossed with a perfectly adhered to design and analysis and with perfect comprehensive reporting of the results, strictly according to the original study plan. Such manipulation could be done, for example, with serendipitous inclusion or exclusion of certain patients or controls, post hoc subgroup analyses, investigation of genetic contrasts that were not originally specified, changes in the disease or control definitions, and various combinations of selective or distorted reporting of the results. Commercially available "data mining" packages actually are proud of their ability to yield statistically significant results through data dredging. In the presence of bias with u = 0.10, the post-study probability that a research finding is true is only 4.4 × 10−4. Furthermore, even in the absence of any bias, when ten independent research teams perform similar experiments around the world, if one of them finds a formally statistically significant association, the probability that the research finding is true is only 1.5 × 10−4, hardly any higher than the probability we had before any of this extensive research was undertaken!
Corollary 1: The smaller the studies conducted in a scientific field, the less likely the research findings are to be true. Small sample size means smaller power and, for all functions above, the PPV for a true research finding decreases as power decreases towards 1 − β = 0.05. Thus, other factors being equal, research findings are more likely true in scientific fields that undertake large studies, such as randomized controlled trials in cardiology (several thousand subjects randomized) [14] than in scientific fields with small studies, such as most research of molecular predictors (sample sizes 100-fold smaller) [15].
Corollary 2: The smaller the effect sizes in a scientific field, the less likely the research findings are to be true. Power is also related to the effect size. Thus research findings are more likely true in scientific fields with large effects, such as the impact of smoking on cancer or cardiovascular disease (relative risks 3–20), than in scientific fields where postulated effects are small, such as genetic risk factors for multigenetic diseases (relative risks 1.1–1.5) [7]. Modern epidemiology is increasingly obliged to target smaller effect sizes [16]. Consequently, the proportion of true research findings is expected to decrease. In the same line of thinking, if the true effect sizes are very small in a scientific field, this field is likely to be plagued by almost ubiquitous false positive claims. For example, if the majority of true genetic or nutritional determinants of complex diseases confer relative risks less than 1.05, genetic or nutritional epidemiology would be largely utopian endeavors.
Corollary 3: The greater the number and the lesser the selection of tested relationships in a scientific field, the less likely the research findings are to be true. As shown above, the post-study probability that a finding is true (PPV) depends a lot on the pre-study odds (R). Thus, research findings are more likely true in confirmatory designs, such as large phase III randomized controlled trials, or meta-analyses thereof, than in hypothesis-generating experiments. Fields considered highly informative and creative given the wealth of the assembled and tested information, such as microarrays and other high-throughput discovery-oriented research [4,8,17], should have extremely low PPV.
Corollary 4: The greater the flexibility in designs, definitions, outcomes, and analytical modes in a scientific field, the less likely the research findings are to be true. Flexibility increases the potential for transforming what would be "negative" results into "positive" results, i.e., bias, u. For several research designs, e.g., randomized controlled trials [18–20] or meta-analyses [21,22], there have been efforts to standardize their conduct and reporting. Adherence to common standards is likely to increase the proportion of true findings. The same applies to outcomes. True findings may be more common when outcomes are unequivocal and universally agreed (e.g., death) rather than when multifarious outcomes are devised (e.g., scales for schizophrenia outcomes) [23]. Similarly, fields that use commonly agreed, stereotyped analytical methods (e.g., Kaplan-Meier plots and the log-rank test) [24] may yield a larger proportion of true findings than fields where analytical methods are still under experimentation (e.g., artificial intelligence methods) and only "best" results are reported. Regardless, even in the most stringent research designs, bias seems to be a major problem. For example, there is strong evidence that selective outcome reporting, with manipulation of the outcomes and analyses reported, is a common problem even for randomized trails [25]. Simply abolishing selective publication would not make this problem go away.
Corollary 5: The greater the financial and other interests and prejudices in a scientific field, the less likely the research findings are to be true. Conflicts of interest and prejudice may increase bias, u. Conflicts of interest are very common in biomedical research [26], and typically they are inadequately and sparsely reported [26,27]. Prejudice may not necessarily have financial roots. Scientists in a given field may be prejudiced purely because of their belief in a scientific theory or commitment to their own findings. Many otherwise seemingly independent, university-based studies may be conducted for no other reason than to give physicians and researchers qualifications for promotion or tenure. Such nonfinancial conflicts may also lead to distorted reported results and interpretations. Prestigious investigators may suppress via the peer review process the appearance and dissemination of findings that refute their findings, thus condemning their field to perpetuate false dogma. Empirical evidence on expert opinion shows that it is extremely unreliable [28].
Corollary 6: The hotter a scientific field (with more scientific teams involved), the less likely the research findings are to be true. This seemingly paradoxical corollary follows because, as stated above, the PPV of isolated findings decreases when many teams of investigators are involved in the same field. This may explain why we occasionally see major excitement followed rapidly by severe disappointments in fields that draw wide attention. With many teams working on the same field and with massive experimental data being produced, timing is of the essence in beating competition. Thus, each team may prioritize on pursuing and disseminating its most impressive "positive" results. "Negative" results may become attractive for dissemination only if some other team has found a "positive" association on the same question. In that case, it may be attractive to refute a claim made in some prestigious journal. The term Proteus phenomenon has been coined to describe this phenomenon of rapidly alternating extreme research claims and extremely opposite refutations [29]. Empirical evidence suggests that this sequence of extreme opposites is very common in molecular genetics [29].
These corollaries consider each factor separately, but these factors often influence each other. For example, investigators working in fields where true effect sizes are perceived to be small may be more likely to perform large studies than investigators working in fields where true effect sizes are perceived to be large. Or prejudice may prevail in a hot scientific field, further undermining the predictive value of its research findings. Highly prejudiced stakeholders may even create a barrier that aborts efforts at obtaining and disseminating opposing results. Conversely, the fact that a field is hot or has strong invested interests may sometimes promote larger studies and improved standards of research, enhancing the predictive value of its research findings. Or massive discovery-oriented testing may result in such a large yield of significant relationships that investigators have enough to report and search further and thus refrain from data dredging and manipulation.
Most Research Findings Are False for Most Research Designs and for Most Fields
In the described framework, a PPV exceeding 50% is quite difficult to get. Table 4 provides the results of simulations using the formulas developed for the influence of power, ratio of true to non-true relationships, and bias, for various types of situations that may be characteristic of specific study designs and settings. A finding from a well-conducted, adequately powered randomized controlled trial starting with a 50% pre-study chance that the intervention is effective is eventually true about 85% of the time. A fairly similar performance is expected of a confirmatory meta-analysis of good-quality randomized trials: potential bias probably increases, but power and pre-test chances are higher compared to a single randomized trial. Conversely, a meta-analytic finding from inconclusive studies where pooling is used to "correct" the low power of single studies, is probably false if R ≤ 1:3. Research findings from underpowered, early-phase clinical trials would be true about one in four times, or even less frequently if bias is present. Epidemiological studies of an exploratory nature perform even worse, especially when underpowered, but even well-powered epidemiological studies may have only a one in five chance being true, if R = 1:10. Finally, in discovery-oriented research with massive testing, where tested relationships exceed true ones 1,000-fold (e.g., 30,000 genes tested, of which 30 may be the true culprits) [30,31], PPV for each claimed relationship is extremely low, even with considerable standardization of laboratory and statistical methods, outcomes, and reporting thereof to minimize bias.
Table 4. PPV of Research Findings for Various Combinations of Power (1 - ß), Ratio of True to Not-True Relationships (R), and Bias (u)
Claimed Research Findings May Often Be Simply Accurate Measures of the Prevailing Bias
As shown, the majority of modern biomedical research is operating in areas with very low pre- and post-study probability for true findings. Let us suppose that in a research field there are no true findings at all to be discovered. History of science teaches us that scientific endeavor has often in the past wasted effort in fields with absolutely no yield of true scientific information, at least based on our current understanding. In such a "null field," one would ideally expect all observed effect sizes to vary by chance around the null in the absence of bias. The extent that observed findings deviate from what is expected by chance alone would be simply a pure measure of the prevailing bias.
For example, let us suppose that no nutrients or dietary patterns are actually important determinants for the risk of developing a specific tumor. Let us also suppose that the scientific literature has examined 60 nutrients and claims all of them to be related to the risk of developing this tumor with relative risks in the range of 1.2 to 1.4 for the comparison of the upper to lower intake tertiles. Then the claimed effect sizes are simply measuring nothing else but the net bias that has been involved in the generation of this scientific literature. Claimed effect sizes are in fact the most accurate estimates of the net bias. It even follows that between "null fields," the fields that claim stronger effects (often with accompanying claims of medical or public health importance) are simply those that have sustained the worst biases.
For fields with very low PPV, the few true relationships would not distort this overall picture much. Even if a few relationships are true, the shape of the distribution of the observed effects would still yield a clear measure of the biases involved in the field. This concept totally reverses the way we view scientific results. Traditionally, investigators have viewed large and highly significant effects with excitement, as signs of important discoveries. Too large and too highly significant effects may actually be more likely to be signs of large bias in most fields of modern research. They should lead investigators to careful critical thinking about what might have gone wrong with their data, analyses, and results.
Of course, investigators working in any field are likely to resist accepting that the whole field in which they have spent their careers is a "null field." However, other lines of evidence, or advances in technology and experimentation, may lead eventually to the dismantling of a scientific field. Obtaining measures of the net bias in one field may also be useful for obtaining insight into what might be the range of bias operating in other fields where similar analytical methods, technologies, and conflicts may be operating.
How Can We Improve the Situation?
Is it unavoidable that most research findings are false, or can we improve the situation? A major problem is that it is impossible to know with 100% certainty what the truth is in any research question. In this regard, the pure "gold" standard is unattainable. However, there are several approaches to improve the post-study probability.
Better powered evidence, e.g., large studies or low-bias meta-analyses, may help, as it comes closer to the unknown "gold" standard. However, large studies may still have biases and these should be acknowledged and avoided. Moreover, large-scale evidence is impossible to obtain for all of the millions and trillions of research questions posed in current research. Large-scale evidence should be targeted for research questions where the pre-study probability is already considerably high, so that a significant research finding will lead to a post-test probability that would be considered quite definitive. Large-scale evidence is also particularly indicated when it can test major concepts rather than narrow, specific questions. A negative finding can then refute not only a specific proposed claim, but a whole field or considerable portion thereof. Selecting the performance of large-scale studies based on narrow-minded criteria, such as the marketing promotion of a specific drug, is largely wasted research. Moreover, one should be cautious that extremely large studies may be more likely to find a formally statistical significant difference for a trivial effect that is not really meaningfully different from the null [32–34].
Second, most research questions are addressed by many teams, and it is misleading to emphasize the statistically significant findings of any single team. What matters is the totality of the evidence. Diminishing bias through enhanced research standards and curtailing of prejudices may also help. However, this may require a change in scientific mentality that might be difficult to achieve. In some research designs, efforts may also be more successful with upfront registration of studies, e.g., randomized trials [35]. Registration would pose a challenge for hypothesis-generating research. Some kind of registration or networking of data collections or investigators within fields may be more feasible than registration of each and every hypothesis-generating experiment. Regardless, even if we do not see a great deal of progress with registration of studies in other fields, the principles of developing and adhering to a protocol could be more widely borrowed from randomized controlled trials.
Finally, instead of chasing statistical significance, we should improve our understanding of the range of R values—the pre-study odds—where research efforts operate [10]. Before running an experiment, investigators should consider what they believe the chances are that they are testing a true rather than a non-true relationship. Speculated high R values may sometimes then be ascertained. As described above, whenever ethically acceptable, large studies with minimal bias should be performed on research findings that are considered relatively established, to see how often they are indeed confirmed. I suspect several established "classics" will fail the test [36].
Nevertheless, most new discoveries will continue to stem from hypothesis-generating research with low or very low pre-study odds. We should then acknowledge that statistical significance testing in the report of a single study gives only a partial picture, without knowing how much testing has been done outside the report and in the relevant field at large. Despite a large statistical literature for multiple testing corrections [37], usually it is impossible to decipher how much data dredging by the reporting authors or other research teams has preceded a reported research finding. Even if determining this were feasible, this would not inform us about the pre-study odds. Thus, it is unavoidable that one should make approximate assumptions on how many relationships are expected to be true among those probed across the relevant research fields and research designs. The wider field may yield some guidance for estimating this probability for the isolated research project. Experiences from biases detected in other neighboring fields would also be useful to draw upon. Even though these assumptions would be considerably subjective, they would still be very useful in interpreting research claims and putting them in context.
1. Ioannidis JP, Haidich AB, Lau J (2001) Any casualties in the clash of randomised and observational evidence? BMJ 322: 879–880.
2. Lawlor DA, Davey Smith G, Kundu D, Bruckdorfer KR, Ebrahim S (2004) Those confounded vitamins: What can we learn from the differences between observational versus randomised trial evidence? Lancet 363: 1724–1727.
3. Vandenbroucke JP (2004) When are observational studies as credible as randomised trials? Lancet 363: 1728–1731.
4. Michiels S, Koscielny S, Hill C (2005) Prediction of cancer outcome with microarrays: A multiple random validation strategy. Lancet 365: 488–492.
5. Ioannidis JPA, Ntzani EE, Trikalinos TA, Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG (2001) Replication validity of genetic association studies. Nat Genet 29: 306–309.
6. Colhoun HM, McKeigue PM, Davey Smith G (2003) Problems of reporting genetic associations with complex outcomes. Lancet 361: 865–872.
7. Ioannidis JP (2003) Genetic associations: False or true? Trends Mol Med 9: 135–138.
8. Ioannidis JPA (2005) Microarrays and molecular research: Noise discovery? Lancet 365: 454–455.
9. Sterne JA, Davey Smith G (2001) Sifting the evidence—What's wrong with significance tests. BMJ 322: 226–231.
10. Wacholder S, Chanock S, Garcia-Closas M, Elghormli L, Rothman N (2004) Assessing the probability that a positive report is false: An approach for molecular epidemiology studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 96: 434–442.
11. Risch NJ (2000) Searching for genetic determinants in the new millennium. Nature 405: 847–856.
12. Kelsey JL, Whittemore AS, Evans AS, Thompson WD (1996) Methods in observational epidemiology, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford U Press. 432 p.
13. Topol EJ (2004) Failing the public health—Rofecoxib, Merck, and the FDA. N Engl J Med 351: 1707–1709.
14. Yusuf S, Collins R, Peto R (1984) Why do we need some large, simple randomized trials? Stat Med 3: 409–422.
15. Altman DG, Royston P (2000) What do we mean by validating a prognostic model? Stat Med 19: 453–473.
16. Taubes G (1995) Epidemiology faces its limits. Science 269: 164–169.
17. Golub TR, Slonim DK, Tamayo P, Huard C, Gaasenbeek M, et al. (1999) Molecular classification of cancer: Class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science 286: 531–537.
18. Moher D, Schulz KF, Altman DG (2001) The CONSORT statement: Revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel-group randomised trials. Lancet 357: 1191–1194.
19. Ioannidis JP, Evans SJ, Gotzsche PC, O'Neill RT, Altman DG, et al. (2004) Better reporting of harms in randomized trials: An extension of the CONSORT statement. Ann Intern Med 141: 781–788.
20. International Conference on Harmonisation E9 Expert Working Group (1999) ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline. Statistical principles for clinical trials. Stat Med 18: 1905–1942.
21. Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, Olkin I, Rennie D, et al. (1999) Improving the quality of reports of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials: The QUOROM statement. Quality of Reporting of Meta-analyses. Lancet 354: 1896–1900.
22. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, et al. (2000) Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA 283: 2008–2012.
23. Marshall M, Lockwood A, Bradley C, Adams C, Joy C, et al. (2000) Unpublished rating scales: A major source of bias in randomised controlled trials of treatments for schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 176: 249–252.
24. Altman DG, Goodman SN (1994) Transfer of technology from statistical journals to the biomedical literature. Past trends and future predictions. JAMA 272: 129–132.
25. Chan AW, Hrobjartsson A, Haahr MT, Gotzsche PC, Altman DG (2004) Empirical evidence for selective reporting of outcomes in randomized trials: Comparison of protocols to published articles. JAMA 291: 2457–2465.
26. Krimsky S, Rothenberg LS, Stott P, Kyle G (1998) Scientific journals and their authors' financial interests: A pilot study. Psychother Psychosom 67: 194–201.
27. Papanikolaou GN, Baltogianni MS, Contopoulos-Ioannidis DG, Haidich AB, Giannakakis IA, et al. (2001) Reporting of conflicts of interest in guidelines of preventive and therapeutic interventions. BMC Med Res Methodol 1: 3.
28. Antman EM, Lau J, Kupelnick B, Mosteller F, Chalmers TC (1992) A comparison of results of meta-analyses of randomized control trials and recommendations of clinical experts. Treatments for myocardial infarction. JAMA 268: 240–248.
29. Ioannidis JP, Trikalinos TA (2005) Early extreme contradictory estimates may appear in published research: The Proteus phenomenon in molecular genetics research and randomized trials. J Clin Epidemiol 58: 543–549.
30. Ntzani EE, Ioannidis JP (2003) Predictive ability of DNA microarrays for cancer outcomes and correlates: An empirical assessment. Lancet 362: 1439–1444.
31. Ransohoff DF (2004) Rules of evidence for cancer molecular-marker discovery and validation. Nat Rev Cancer 4: 309–314.
32. Lindley DV (1957) A statistical paradox. Biometrika 44: 187–192.
33. Bartlett MS (1957) A comment on D.V. Lindley's statistical paradox. Biometrika 44: 533–534.
34. Senn SJ (2001) Two cheers for P-values. J Epidemiol Biostat 6: 193–204.
35. De Angelis C, Drazen JM, Frizelle FA, Haug C, Hoey J, et al. (2004) Clinical trial registration: A statement from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. N Engl J Med 351: 1250–1251.
36. Ioannidis JPA (2005) Contradicted and initially stronger effects in highly cited clinical research. JAMA 294: 218–228.
37. Hsueh HM, Chen JJ, Kodell RL (2003) Comparison of methods for estimating the number of true null hypotheses in multiplicity testing. J Biopharm Stat 13: 675–689.
has COMPANIONS
Why Current Publication Practices May Distort Science
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False: Author's Reply to Goodman and Greenland
Why Most Published Research Findings Are False: Problems in the Analysis
When Should Potentially False Research Findings Be Considered Acceptable?
Most Published Research Findings Are False—But a Little Replication Goes a Long Way
The Clinical Interpretation of Research
Author's Reply
Power, Reliability, and Heterogeneous Results
Truth, Probability, and Frameworks
Minimizing Mistakes and Embracing Uncertainty
Included in the Following Collection
Meta-Research: Methods
Is the Subject Area "Research design" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Randomized controlled trials" applicable to this article?
Genetic epidemiology
Is the Subject Area "Genetic epidemiology" applicable to this article?
Genetics of disease
Is the Subject Area "Genetics of disease" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Meta-analysis" applicable to this article?
Clinical research design
Is the Subject Area "Clinical research design" applicable to this article?
Is the Subject Area "Finance" applicable to this article?


The Caltrans Adopt-A-Highway Program provides an avenue for individuals, organizations, or businesses to help maintain sections of roadside within California's State Highway System. Groups have the option to participate as volunteers or to hire a maintenance service provider to perform the work on their behalf.
The Adopt-A-Highway program, which began in 1989, has been one of the truly successful government-public partnerships of our time. More than 120,000 Californians have cleaned and enhanced over 15,000 shoulder-miles of roadside.
Removing litter (work frequency varies with location).
Planting and establishing trees or wildflowers.
Caltrans cleanup day is April 12 – help us keep California clean!


text:
This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Portuguese. (March 2013) Click [show] for important translation instructions.
View a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.
Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.
Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Wikipedia article at [[:pt:José Serra]]; see its history for attribution.
You should also add the template {{Translated|pt|José Serra}} to the talk page.
For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.
José Serra (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒuˈzɛ ˈsɛʁɐ]; born March 19, 1942) is a Brazilian politician who has served as a Congressman, Senator, Minister of Planning, Minister of Health, Mayor of São Paulo, Governor of São Paulo state, and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Brazil.
Senator for São Paulo
Assumed office
12 May 2016 – 22 February 2017
Mauro Vieira
33rd Governor of São Paulo
1 January 2007 – 2 April 2010
Vice Governor
49th Mayor of São Paulo
1 January 2005 – 31 March 2006
Vice Mayor
31 March 1998 – 20 February 2002
Carlos Albuquerque
Barjas Negri
Minister of Planning and Budget
1 January 1995 – 30 April 1996
Beni Veras
(1942-03-19) 19 March 1942 (age 77)
PSDB (Sincce 1988)
PMDB (1979–1988)
Sylvia Mónica Allende
(m. 1967; div. 2013)
2 Political career
2.1 Mayor of São Paulo
3.1 Subway cartel
3.2 Brazilian oil fields
4 Role in Brazilian politics today
Serra in 1947
José Serra was born in São Paulo's neighbourhood called Mooca[1] to Francesco Serra,[2] an Italian immigrant from Corigliano Calabro, Calabria,[3] and Serafina Chirico, a Brazilian born to Italian parents.[4] Serra comes from a lower middle class family. His father was semi-illiterate and worked as a fruit vendor in a market of São Paulo, but he was able to enroll his only child in college.[5][6] In the early 1960s, he was a prominent member of the socio-political movement Ação Popular which opposed the conservative political system that existed at the time.[7]
Serra interrupted his studies in engineering at age 22 and left the country in 1964, after the coup that established the military government era in Brazil.[8] Serra had come to the attention of the authorities having served as President of the União Nacional dos Estudantes (UNE), (National Student Union) which opposed the conservative regime existing while he was a 4th year engineering student at the Polytechnic School at the University of São Paulo.
José Serra was in exile from 1964 to 1978 in Bolivia, France, Chile, and the United States. In Chile, he did his masters in Economics and taught Economics at the University of Chile (Universidad de Chile). There he also married Monica Allende (1967), then a top ballerina at the National Ballet of Chile. They had two children, Veronica (1969) and Luciano (1973). In the United States José Serra was awarded a Masters and Ph.D. in economics at Cornell University (Ithaca, NY)[9] and later spent 2 years at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, NJ.
On returning to Brazil after the political amnesty in 1978, Serra lectured economics at the University of Campinas, did research for Cebrap, and wrote for the newspaper Folha de S. Paulo.
Political careerEdit
In 1982 he was appointed São Paulo's State Secretary for Economics and Planning under Franco Montoro's governorship, and became an influential secretary of Montoro's government. In 1986 and 1990 he was elected then reelected to Congress. In 1994 he was elected Senator for the State of São Paulo with more than 6.5 million votes.
His first bid for the mayorship of the City of São Paulo came in 1988 in an election won for the Worker's Party (PT) by Luiza Erundina. He ran again in 1996, resigning as Minister of Planning to participate in the election for mayor, which was won by Celso Pitta. Pitta was the designated successor of mayor Paulo Maluf, who headed the right-wing populist Progressive Party (PP). After another stint as minister in the federal government, Serra ran for president on behalf of the PSDB party in 2002. He was beaten by four-time candidate and PT founder Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in the second round.
In every elections since 1988 Serra represented the Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), which he helped found in 1988 alongside former and future São Paulo State governors Franco Montoro and Mario Covas and future Brazilian president Fernando Henrique Cardoso, from a split in the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB). PSDB was seen as a coalition of democrats, liberals and social democrats with more centrist outlook than the leftist Workers' Party (PT) of presidents Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff. Both parties have great support in São Paulo state, but the state has been governed by the PSDB since 1994.
Serra came to political prominence under Fernando Henrique Cardoso's presidency (1994–2002), when he was appointed minister of planning, and later minister of health. During Serra's tenure in the Health Ministry, the generic drug industry, which gave wider access to medicines to a poor population, and ANVISA, the Brazilian food and drug regulatory agency, were both created. All forms of tobacco advertising were banned, and cigarette packages were required to display images of smoking-related diseases.
Mayor of São PauloEdit
Serra was elected mayor of São Paulo in 2004, defeating incumbent Marta Suplicy in the second round. Serra created the Virada Cultural, a 24-hour cultural festival inspired by the French Nuit Blanche.[10] He also established the Bilhete Único system in the São Paulo Metro subway system.
Serra sought nomination as the PSDB candidate for president in the 2006 elections, but on March 14, 2006 decided to run instead for governor of the state of São Paulo. He resigned as mayor of São Paulo, although he had signed a pledge to finish his four-year term.[11] Gilberto Kassab, the deputy mayor, took office and remained the mayor until 2012. Serra won the governor's race and on January 1, 2007 took office as the Governor of São Paulo State.
Governor Serra with Pope Benedict XVI during the latter's visit to Brazil, May 10, 2007
ControversyEdit
Subway cartelEdit
Cases of corruption and cartel formation involving José Serra are relatively old, both in Brazil and abroad.[12][13] Two interlinked controversies:
the so-called Alstom case,[14]
Collusion between companies in the construction of the São Paulo subway.[15]
Brazilian oil fieldsEdit
Serra's campaign was supported by American oil companies such as Exxon Mobil and Chevron. He secretly promised to sell the rights to Brazil's newest petroleum discoveries in the pre-salt layer to those companies, reversing the model of da Silva.[16] Serra ended state-owned oil company Petrobras' role as the chief operator of the pre-salt oil fields, which have an estimated value of three trillion dollars[17] – twice the size of Brazil's gross domestic product (GDP).[18] WikiLeaks released several documents showing that Serra promised protection to Chevron[19] in order to transfer control from Petrobras in case of election victory.[20]
Role in Brazilian politics todayEdit
Serra was the presidential candidate of the incumbent Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) party in 2002, an election he lost to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Lula). In 2004, he was elected mayor of São Paulo in a run-off election with 55% of the votes after he signed a public commitment to stay in office for the full term. Nevertheless, he resigned after 15 months to run for governor of São Paulo in 2006, and was elected in the first round with almost 60% of the vote.
Serra during the annual meeting of PSDB, in which he announced his pre-candidacy, 10 April 2010.
Serra announced another run for the Brazilian presidency as the PSDB candidate in the 2010 elections. He received support from his party, as well as the Socialist People's Party (PPS) and the Democrats (DEM). His primary opposition in the election was Workers' Party (PT) candidate Dilma Rousseff.[21] Serra's candidacy received support from O Estado de S. Paulo[22] and British newspaper Financial Times.[23] In the first-round voting October 3, 2010, an unexpectedly strong showing from Green Party candidate Marina Silva forced a second round run-off election between Serra and Rousseff on October 31, 2010, which Rousseff won 56% to 44%.
On February 2012, Serra announced he would run for mayor of São Paulo, which would have resulted in his second non-consecutive term, though he had left the first one before it ended.[24] In the second round of the 2012 municipal elections he was defeated by Fernando Haddad, the Workers' Party candidate.[25]
List of foreign ministers in 2017
Energy in Brazil
^ Costa, Florência (2009-11-11). "Os Brasileiros do Ano 2004 - José Serra". IstoÉ. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
^ Furtado, Bernardino; Friedlander, David (2002-10-21). "SERRA. O candidato enfrentou o funil da mobilidade social, a ditadura e o exílio antes de se tornar um dos principais políticos do Brasil". Época. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
^ Veja São Paulo (2004-10-27). "Tenho mais medo de inveja do que de colesterol alto". Archived from the original on 2011-06-15. Retrieved 2009-08-22.
^ Folha Online (10 February 2006). "TRE-SP confirma vitória de Serra no 1º turno". Retrieved 2009-08-22.
^ Serra agarra a sua chance
^ http://revistaepoca.globo.com/Epoca/0,6993,EPT419866-2011,00.html
^ See http://ultimosegundo.ig.com.br/jose-serra/4f8897b2a076935111000191.html
^ Jose Serra (30 July 2014). Cinquenta anos esta noite: O golpe, a Ditadura e o exílio. Editora Record. ISBN 978-85-01-05494-4.
^ "Cornell Masters' Thesis for José Serra?". Cornell University. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ "Virada Cultural Paulista: diversão para todo o Estado" (in Portuguese). Government of the State of São Paulo. Archived from the original on April 29, 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
^ Faria, Thiago (22 October 2008). "'Não votem em mim se eu sair candidato,' diz Kassab sobre eleições 2010" (in Portuguese). Folha Online. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
^ In August 2012, at the start of the trial of Criminal Case 470, the lawyer Márcio Thomaz Bastos put by Axmovatcoo on Tuesday, May 20, 2014 Published by "HTCAM"
^ (in Portuguese)Serra sugeriu acordo em licitação, diz executivo da Siemens by "CartaCapital" (2013)
^ THE FRENCH CONNECTION: Did Alstom Bribe like Siemens? by Jürgen Dahlkamp, Jörg Schmitt and Stefan Simons. Spiegel Online International, 7 de janeiro de 2008.
^ Now Is the Opposition's Turn to Get Involved in a Corruption Scandal in Brazil by "Mercosur", published in "Brazzil" (2013)
^ Brazil's oil reserves for sale by Serra by SLKRR (2010)
^ (in Portuguese) Ações da Petrobras caem mesmo com fim da participação obrigatória no pré-sal by Wellton Máximo, published in "Agência Brasil" (2016)
^ GIVING BRAZIL AWAY: DILMA COMPROMISES ON NATIONAL TREASURES TO EASE PRESSURE FROM OPPOSITION by Pedro Marin in "Global Independent Analytics" (2016)
^ CIA directed Coup underway in Brazil by "Macedonian International News Agency" (2016)
^ (in French) Contre un putsch politico-médiatico-judiciaire au Brésil by "émoire des luttes" (2016)
^ "Jose Serra launches bid to be Brazil's next president". BBC News. 2010-04-11. Retrieved 2010-04-13.
^ "Editorial: O mal a evitar". O Estado de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). 25 September 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
^ "Brazil's testy election race". FT.com. 26 October 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010. If only to interrupt this relationship with power, Mr Serra is the better choice for Brazil.
^ "No Twitter, Serra anuncia que disputará candidatura à Prefeitura de SP". Estadão.com (in Portuguese). 27 February 2012. Retrieved 1 March 2012.
^ "Fernando Haddad wins Sao Paulo for Brazil Workers' Party". BBC News. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2013-03-03.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to José Serra.
São Paulo 2004 mayoral race pages
http://citymayors.com/mayors/saopaulo_mayor.html Profile on CityMayors.com
Political offices
Carlos Albuquerque Minister of Health
Marta Suplicy 49th Mayor of São Paulo
Cláudio Lembo 33rd Governor of São Paulo
Mauro Vieira Minister of Foreign Affairs
2016–2017 Vacant
Title next held by
Party political offices
Fernando Henrique Cardoso PSDB nominee for President of Brazil
2002, 2010 Succeeded by
Geraldo Alckmin Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=José_Serra&oldid=932938131"


text:
Q: Loading .tif / .tiff with fxml/javafx how can i load a .tif with fxml or javafx ?
I tried this:
<ImageView>
  <image>
    <Image url="@bsp.tif"/>
  </image>
</ImageView>

but I simply get no response at all.
Thanks in advance,
Zombie

A: TIFF image loading is not supported by JavaFX 2.2 Image class.
To load a TIFF into JavaFX, you will need to:

*

*Load the image using a library, such as a Java Advanced Imaging (JAI) with imageio.

*The image loading library will probably create a Swing buffered image.

*You can convert a Swing BufferedImage to a JavaFX Image format, using SwingFXUtils.toFXImage.

Likely, it could be better for you to convert the TIFF to a different format using an external tool such as photoshop rather than to read the TIFF in Java and convert it to a JavaFX Image.
RT-6038 - Native support for TIFF images in JavaFX is currently scheduled for implementation in a post initial Java 8 release.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
namespace escale9
{

Task::Task(wxFrame* parent)
	: m_root(NULL)
	, m_parent(parent)
{
	InitLayout();
}

Task::~Task()
{
	ee::SymbolMgr::Instance()->Clear();
	delete m_root;
}

void Task::Load(const char* filepath)
{
	if (ee::SymbolFile::Instance()->Type(filepath) == s2::SYM_SCALE9) {
		FileIO::Load(filepath, m_library, m_stage, m_toolbar);
	}
}

void Task::Store(const char* filepath) const
{
	FileIO::Store(filepath, m_stage, m_toolbar);
}

bool Task::IsDirty() const
{
	return m_stage->IsEditDirty();
}

const ee::EditPanel* Task::GetEditPanel() const
{
	return m_stage;
}

void Task::InitLayout()
{
	wxSplitterWindow* right_split = new wxSplitterWindow(m_parent);
	wxSplitterWindow* left_split = new wxSplitterWindow(right_split);

	wxWindow* left = InitLayoutLeft(left_split);
	wxWindow* center = InitLayoutCenter(left_split);
	wxWindow* right = InitLayoutRight(right_split);

	left_split->SetSashGravity(0.2f);
	left_split->SplitVertically(left, center);

	right_split->SetSashGravity(0.85f);
	right_split->SplitVertically(left_split, right);

	m_root = right_split;
}

wxWindow* Task::InitLayoutLeft(wxWindow* parent)
{
	wxSplitterWindow* split = new wxSplitterWindow(parent);

	m_library = new ee::LibraryPanel(split);
	m_library->AddPage(new ee::LibraryImagePage(m_library->GetNotebook()));

	m_property = new ee::PropertySettingPanel(split);

	split->SetSashGravity(0.55f);
	split->SplitHorizontally(m_library, m_property);

	return split;
}

wxWindow* Task::InitLayoutCenter(wxWindow* parent)
{
	m_stage = new StagePanel(parent, m_parent, m_library);
	m_property->SetEditPanel(m_stage->GetStageImpl());

	return m_stage;
}

wxWindow* Task::InitLayoutRight(wxWindow* parent)
{
	m_toolbar = new ToolbarPanel(parent, m_stage, m_property);
	m_stage->setToolbarPanel(m_toolbar);
	return m_toolbar;
}

} // escale9

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Today tech support (husband) has uploaded Florabunda's page to the website. Everything on this page is free. You will find new beginning hand sewing patterns, craft ideas, and my Florabunda stories on the new page. We decided that this was a good spot for the free global pincushion pattern. The free sundress pattern, the free quilt patterns, and the Tools, Tips, and Techniques download are still on the pattern page.
To go to Florabunda's page, click the button at the top of the page, or "Florabunda's Page" in the box to the left of this post. Or you can click here.
The new page has required a few changes on the patterns page. All the website pages have a new button at the top. Please check out the changes, especially Florabunda's page. I hope that you will share Flo's page with any children that you think will enjoy it. Thank you!
When I wrote the fairy tale about Princess Florabunda and her friends, I kept hearing the story's dance music in my head. After singing it in the shower for a few weeks, I sat down at the piano and worked out the basic melody and harmony. My piano teacher showed me how to make the harmony more interesting.
My attempts at writing the music out by hand, however, were illegible. When our efforts to produce a clean copy of the music failed, I turned to my ever patient tech support (husband).
He found a program called MuseScore to use for typing music scores. With his help I laboriously typed the music in, note by note. After the work was over, the fun began. We were able use the program to experiment with tempo and with different instruments playing each section of the piece. The program offers all sorts of ways to play the music from the harpsichord to a variety of human voices. When we had a sound that we liked, my husband made a short video using two pictures from the story and the sheet music.
You can find the story by clicking here: "Princess Florabunda and the Dancing Sleepover" or at the bottom of my pattern page.
If you would like to hear the music and see the video, click the picture.
Click the sheet music for a pdf.
Tech support (husband) has uploaded a fairytale that I have written. It stars my small dolls. You can find it on my pattern page at the bottom of the page. It is next to my children's Chlristmas story.
Dolls and storytelling go together. Stories can inspire dollmakers to create characters from the story. Famous dollmakers like Madam Alexander offer many dolls dressed as storybook characters. I was inspired by children's books to make four different character dolls.
Instead of being created to illustrate a story, dolls can reverse the process and inspire storytellers to write stories. Children often use dolls in their imaginative play to create interesting stories. This year I have written a Christmas story to go with the dolls that I designed. It's called "Problems with Babysitters." I also have ideas for several more stories and have almost finished a second story about princesses.
If you would like to read the story, please go to my patterns page. Click on the story in the red free downloads box on the right side of the page or simply scroll down to the bottom of the page and click on the story.


text:
Landovica (; ) ist eine Ortschaft in der kosovarischen Gemeinde Prizren.

Name
Der Ortsname geht zurück auf ein altslawisches Lǫtovica, abgeleitet aus Lǫtьje ("Lindenhain"; von Urslawisch Lǫt "Linde") und wurde noch vor dem 12. Jahrhundert sowohl vom Albanischen als auch Serbischen separat übernommen und adaptiert. Im Albanischen hat sich Landovica (über einen Lautwandel lǫt- → land-) entwickelt; im Serbischen die altserbische Form Lutovica welche noch im 14. Jahrhundert in Gebrauch war. Später wurde Landovica ins Serbische rückentlehnt und hat die archaische mittelalterliche serbische Form ersetzt.

Geographie
Landovica liegt nördlich von Prizren, rund drei Kilometer von der Stadt entfernt. Benachbarte Ortschaften sind im Süden Atmaxha, im Westen Tupec, im Norden Pirana, im Nordosten Sërbica e Poshtme und Sërbica e Epërme und im Südosten Prizren. Nordwestlich von Landovica verläuft der Weiße Drin.

Geschichte
1844 erwähnte Joseph Müller in seinem Buch Albanien, Rumelien und die österreichisch-montenegrinische Gränze das Dorf Lanawice bei Prizren mit 24 Einwohnern, die Bienenzucht betrieben.

Während des Kosovokrieges wurde Landovica am 26. März 1999 von serbischen bzw. jugoslawischen Streitkräften angegriffen, welche die Ortschaft mit Panzern und mit Artillerie unter Beschuss nahmen. Das Haus von Ismet Gashi, in welchem sich 45 Zivilisten versammelten, größtenteils Frauen, Kinder und Ältere, wurde mit Granaten beschossen. Eine Granate schlug ins Innere des Hauses ein und tötete eine 16-Jährige. Daraufhin verließen die Zivilisten das Haus panisch auf eine Wiese, um in die angrenzenden Wälder zu flüchten. Serbische Soldaten schossen auf die Menschenmenge und töteten dabei zwölf Zivilisten, hierunter sechs Kinder und eine Schwangere; viele weitere Personen wurden verwundet. Der Granatenbeschuss hielt bis zum Nachmittag an, danach drangen die Soldaten in verschiedene Häuser ein und richteten fünf weitere Zivilisten hin.
Am darauffolgenden Tag wurde das Minarett der örtlichen Moschee gesprengt und die Leichen, die sich unweit des Hauses von Ismet Gashi befanden, wurden weggeschafft. Von den 18 hingerichteten Dorfbewohnern wurden 14 später in Massengräbern wiederentdeckt, von den anderen vier fehlt bis heute jede Spur.

Bevölkerung
Gemäß 2011 durchgeführter Volkszählung hat Landovica 1149 Einwohner, davon 1027 (89,38 %) Albaner, 110 (9,57 %) Ashkali und ein Bosniake. Sieben Personen gaben keine Antwort bezüglich der Ethnie und von vier Personen sind keine Daten diesbezüglich vorhanden.

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Kosovo
Geographie (Gemeinde Prizren)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
'A Group Effort in Every Respect': June, New Exhibition Platform, Brings 14 Galleries, Collaborative Spirit to Basel
The show, which is free and open to the public, will feature presentations by Lulu, Mitchell Algus Gallery, Stigter van Doesburg, and more.
Claire Selvin
Didactic But Definitely Not Dull: A Report from Art Basel Hong Kong
The great paradox of Hong Kong is that it has no history of contemporary art museums, so much so that some gallerists at Art Basel Hong Kong credit their need for "Please Do Not Touch" signs and…
Janelle Zara
Preview Frieze London 2014
The big moment has almost arrived. The 12th edition of Frieze London opens to the general public on October 15 in Regent's Park, and a day earlier for invited guests. Some 60,000 people will make…
Oct 9, 2014 3:00 pm


Hossam Abou-Shaara holds the Baqshan`s Chair for Bee Research in the Department of Plant Protection, College of Foods and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. Here he explains how water collection is vital for honey bees for their own bodily needs and to maintain a suitable microclimate within its nest. There have been relatively few studies on water collection behaviour but here are some remarkable notes on water collection in a land of few water resources.
Abstract Hossam Abou-Shaara holds the Baqshan`s Chair for Bee Research in the Department of Plant Protection, College of Foods and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia. Here he explains how water collection is vital for honey bees for their own bodily needs and to maintain a suitable microclimate within its nest. There have been relatively few studies on water collection behaviour but here are some remarkable notes on water collection in a land of few water resources.


text:
Animal charity Blue Cross appoints new chief executive
04 March 2020 by Andy Ricketts
Chris Burghes, who has been chief executive of the Royal Free Charity since 2010, succeeds Sally de la Bedoyere
Chris Burghes
The animal charity Blue Cross has appointed Chris Burghes as its next chief executive.
Burghes has been chief executive of the Royal Free Charity, the charitable arm of the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, since 2010.
He will succeed Sally de la Bedoyere, who announced she would retire in June after five years at Blue Cross.
De la Bedoyere was previously chief executive of the regulatory body formerly known as the Public Fundraising Regulatory Association, which was merged into the Institute of Fundraising in 2016.
Burghes, who will join the Blue Cross in June before de la Bedoyere steps down at the end of the month, was director of business development at the Fire Fighters Charity before joining the Royal Free. He previously spent eight years at the National Farmers Union.
"It is a wonderful time to join the charity and lead the organisation in the next stage of its strategy, building on its renowned reputation for providing unique and holistic services to pets and their owners," he said.
"I have been incredibly impressed with what I have seen so far, which is a credit to the trustees, staff and volunteers at Blue Cross.
"I truly believe that pets change lives and I'll be proud to lead the charity and help more pets and their owners in the future."
Burghes was shortlisted for the Charity Chief Executive award at the Third Sector Awards in 2018.
Animals News Management
Third Sector Awards 2018: Charity Chief Executive - Josh MacAlister, Frontline
Unite says RSPCA's job cut plans pre-date the pandemic
Petition calls on RSPCA to rethink plans to close centres and hospital
RSPCA plans to close four hospitals or centres
RSPCA plans to make up to 300 posts redundant
WWF-UK appoints Tesco chief executive as chair of trustees


text:
Sarah DeVoe
Katrina Jones
Vandana Ram Allman
Carmen Oviedo
Todd Williams
Melissa MacGregor
Amy Hauser
Nina Tallon
Juliana Yaskin
Julia Whiston
Miguel Buddle
Financial Information Archive
Safe Zone
Get Help Volunteer Donate
Diana Ortiz, M.Ed., LPC, President and CEO
Diana is a passionate and creative leader with nearly 20 years of experience working for the wellbeing and safety of children, youth, and underserved populations. She has extensive experience inspiring, creating, managing, and enhancing programs and organizations to improve the safety and wellbeing of our neighbors. Diana is committed to working with underrepresented communities and leading the next generation of advocates and social services professionals while making systemic changes in our community. As President and CEO, Diana provides overall strategic direction to Doorways and plays a leading role in planning, fundraising, leadership team management, and operations. Diana originally came to Doorways in 2009 as the Child Mental Health Specialist. She was promoted to Clinical Director in 2012, and oversaw the full spectrum of Doorways' client service delivery for more than five years. In 2018, Diana moved to Japan to serve as Family Advocacy Program Manager with the Marine Corps Community Services. After nearly three years in Iwakuni, Japan, Diana and her family returned to the Arlington area, and Diana served as the Director of Social Services for Ayuda until Doorways appointed Diana President and CEO of Doorways in 2020. Diana is a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and registered clinical supervisor. She earned her bachelor's in psychology from the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana in Bogotá, Colombia; her master's in Counseling and Human Development from George Mason University; and her doctorate (ABD) in Counselor Education from George Mason.
Diana's spouse and three children are her grounding force and endless supply of energy. When Diana is not chasing her kids around, she enjoys taking long walks and reading biographies.
Contact Diana at 703-504-9272 or by email.
Joy Myers, Chief Development Officer
Joy began her career out of college in service to five rural communities of Appalachia, as one of 50 Corporation for Enterprise Development Americorps VISTAs across the U.S. charged with piloting an asset-building program to promote pathways out of poverty. Twenty years later, Joy has been honored to serve a diverse handful of important missions, from economic development to housing, hunger to education. Today at Doorways, Joy brings her passion for social justice and her 20 years of fundraising experience to serve Doorways' mission to create pathways out of homelessness, domestic violence and sexual assault. Joy is eager to forge connections that will further this mission and embolden the children, individuals, and families in our care to realize safe, stable, and empowered lives.
Outside of the office, Joy enjoys hiking, mystery novels, and rooting for the Hokies.
Contact Joy at (703) 504-9290 or by email.
Keri Thomas, LCSW, Deputy Director of Programs & Clinical Services
Keri is a passionate advocate for social justice issues and supporting the most vulnerable and marginalized populations. Her time attending Loyola University in Maryland, learning about the Jesuit values and ideals, led to her participating in the Jesuit Volunteer Corps following her undergraduate studies; there, she worked in a homeless drop-in center and lived in community with other passionate young people for one year. Keri strives to provide trauma informed services and develop cohesive, strength-based teams. With more than a decade of experience serving vulnerable populations, Keri is a flexible and innovative leader focused on delivering client-driven services. As Deputy Director, Keri provides clinical direction and oversight to Doorways' direct client services staff, managing program areas in domestic violence, sexual assault, prevention, shelter, homelessness prevention, counseling services, transitional housing, and financial counseling. Keri is a licensed clinical social worker in Virginia and the District of Columbia. Before Doorways, Keri worked at Friendship Place in Washington, DC, where she also participated on the District's Interagency Council on Homelessness workgroup to assess and restructure future permanent supportive housing service delivery. Previously, Keri also worked at Pathways to Housing in DC and St. Joseph Center in Los Angeles, California providing assertive community-based clinical services to vulnerable populations. Keri also has experience working at UCLA Health Systems Rape Treatment Center. Keri earned her bachelor's degree at Loyola University Maryland, and her master's from the University of California Los Angeles.
In her free time, Keri enjoys cooking and spending time on the water.
Contact Keri at (703) 504-9274 or by email.
Susan Wasem, Human Resources Director
Susan is a human resources (HR) professional whose approach focuses on cultivating collaboration, community, and connection. With more than 10 years of experience in the fields of HR and nonprofits, Susan joined the team to support Doorways' dedicated and committed staff in their essential and at times challenging work. As Doorways' Human Resources Director, Susan oversees the administration of operational HR as well as employee relations, training, development, and performance management. Together with Doorways' volunteer manager, Susan also trains and supports the corps of volunteers who are vital in carrying out Doorways' mission. Susan earned her bachelor's degree in psychology from Norfolk State University.
Contact Susan at (703) 504-9287or by email.
Tracy Carney, Chief Financial Officer
Tracy Carney, who joined Doorways in June 2013, provides leadership on financial management, accounting and reporting, and treasury management operations. Additionally, Tracy works closely with other members of the Doorways team to support agency operations and management. Tracy is a seasoned finance and accounting professional, whose career spans over 25 years. Her range of expertise includes accounting and financial reporting, financial planning, and operational accounting and controls. Prior to joining Doorways, Tracy served as an independent accounting professional, where she provided accounting services to a portfolio of profit and nonprofit companies. Additionally, she previously held a senior financial leadership position at a leading information technology and services company. Tracy began her accounting career at PricewaterhouseCoopers (formerly Price Waterhouse), where she served as a member of the firm's audit and assurance practice. Tracy holds a B.B.A. degree from the College of William and Mary and is a Certified Public Accountant.
Contact Tracy at (703) 504-9295 or by email.