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Home » Articles » Army Vendors Gear Up for Next Battle of the Wireless Networks
Army Vendors Gear Up for Next Battle of the Wireless Networks
By Sandra I. Erwin
Pentagon contractors have been disappointed of late by indecisive military buyers. The Army, particularly, has been a frustrating customer for its tendency to change its mind — aka "requirements" — and put off buying decisions.
But there appears to be little hesitation in the Army's intentions to equip its combat brigades with modern communications networks.
In less than 18 months, the Army supplied the 3rd and 4th Brigade Combat Teams of the 10th Mountain Division with a weapon that commanders had unsuccessfully sought for years: An integrated communications package that connects top echelons of command with dismounted soldiers on the outer edge of the battlefield.
Both brigades are scheduled for pre-deployment training with the new equipment next spring.
The Army said it will continue to supply other brigades with similar equipment over the next several years.
The sense of purpose is not lost on contractors, who have been on doomsday watch for months in anticipation of military budget cuts.
Almost every defense contractor is vying for a piece of the battlefield network.
"It's an attractive market," said Scott Whatmough, vice president and general manager of Raytheon Network Centric Systems. "All the big players want to play in this space," he told National Defense in a recent interview.
Raytheon is one of several military contractors whose products will be on trial next month at the Army's fourth "network integration evaluation," or NIE, at White Sands Missile Range, N.M., and Fort Bliss, Texas.
The NIE is the Army's answer to its decades-old frustration of failing to provide soldiers with modern communications technology. The Army over the past decade purchased hundreds of thousands of radios for vehicles and dismounted troops, but most systems have a short range, and provide limited access to data, such as GPS location, text messages and video.
At the upcoming NIE, vendors will have to demonstrate, for instance, how they would bring a wealth of multimedia into a commander's armored vehicle.
Raytheon plans to showcase a 40-node mobile ad-hoc network that can transmit 10 megabits of data per second — the equivalent of 20 simultaneous live video streams. Everyone in the chain of command, from brigade headquarters to grunts on patrol, could be wired into the network.
So far, the Army has bought $300 million worth of hardware and software that were tested at the NIE, according to Army Brig. Gen. Daniel P. Hughes, director of system of systems integration.
Participating companies see much bigger paydays in the future, especially radio manufacturers. The sophisticated, hacker-proof, radios that the Army needs for its mobile networks cost anywhere from $4,000 for a handheld to $200,000 for a multi-channel system that can move massive loads of data across terrestrial and satellite networks.
Companies have estimated the Army would need as many as 200,000 handheld radios, 50,000 manpack-size vehicle radios and more than 10,000 wideband systems for mobile command posts.
The Army's battlefield network also will be a boon for truck manufacturers. The advanced radios must be installed inside vehicles and integrated with power supplies, which requires a "digital backbone" where devices will be plugged in.
Most radios will be installed in mine-resistant ambush protected armored trucks (the all-terrain and Maxx Pro variants) and in Humvees. It can cost thousands of dollars to retrofit a truck to run the high-tech gear.
Army officials said a test venue like the NIE was long overdue. In the past, radios and networking technologies would be tested in laboratories for years before they were turned over to soldiers for combat-realistic trials.
As a result, the Army has wasted billions of dollars on systems that ultimately didn't meet soldiers' needs or simply don't work in the battlefield.
The NIE is "as close to real life as you're going to get," said Whatmough. "Fort Bliss is a very large test range. You can test the long-range links, you can bring a lot of traffic, you can do air-to-ground communications, you can do the bridge from [the upper echelon] to the soldier," he said. "It really is a robust test. … It probably gives you the best chance to test your product for the unexpected."
Vendors vying for a chance to have their products evaluated at the NIE must invest money and time in a lengthy pre-screening process. Candidate systems are tested in a laboratory at Aberdeen, Md. "You have to prove that you are worthy of going to the NIE," said Whatmough. "You also learn a lot in a government lab, interfacing with government test equipment."
But not everyone agrees that NIE offers ideal testing conditions.
In his annual report to Congress, director of weapons testing and evaluation J. Michael Gilmore raised several red flags about the Army's first evaluation event last summer, called NIE 11.2. He noted that the cost of the event, $67 million, is high compared to similar tests, although he recognized that most operational tests do not put an entire brigade in the field. Gilmore also criticized the organization of the NIE for trying to test too many items and thus overwhelming the users.
Most recently, one the participating contractors, General Dynamics C4 Systems, questioned the quality of the NIE tests as not representative of real-world combat conditions.
General Dynamics is the prime contractor for the Army's handheld and manpack versions of the joint tactical radio. The manpack radios were evaluated in May at the third NIE, and Gilmore concluded that the radio provided poor voice quality and inadequate range when operating the SINCGARS single-channel combat net waveform.
General Dynamics had the same radio tested at a different range in Fort Huachuca, Ariz., and the results were dramatically better.
Christopher Marzilli, president of General Dyamics C4 Systems, said the performance failures identified by Gilmore were the result of "improper configuration" of the radios and argued that the NIE environment was not "representative" of real-world conditions. "The re-test at Huachuca confirmed that if you integrate the radios properly in the vehicles, and if you operate in [the proper setting] then it works perfectly fine," Marzilli told National Defense last week.
Marzilli's criticism of the NIE as a credible testing venue was not well received by Army officials. A panel of officers defended the NIE during an Oct. 23 news conference at the Association of the U.S. Army annual convention in Washington, D.C.
Maj. Gen. Genaro J. Dellarocco, commander of Army Test and Evaluation Command, said Marzilli had sent a letter of apology, and claimed his comments had been mischaracterized in news articles.
Competing radio manufacturers are closely watching the controversy over GD's radio for clues about the worthiness of the NIE as an impartial judge of combat technology.
One industry executive who agreed to discuss the issue on condition of anonymity said the credibility of the NIE is in question because, despite poor test results, General Dynamics still received a $250 million order for 3,700 manpack radios. "GD convinced the Army to re-test its flawed radio in a 'spectrally clean' environment and passed with flying colors," the executive said. "The Army then used this lab test to justify its purchase of these same flawed radios. … This sends the wrong signals to companies that are seeking to compete their radio technologies via NIE if the program offices are going to end-run around the operational tests."
Dellarocco stood by the Army's decision to acquire GD's radios. Gilmore is an independent tester, he said. "There's always been a healthy tension" between his and military program offices. "He sees things in black and white, we see things in shades," Dellarocco said. "There isn't a system that doesn't have problems."
But he insisted that the test scenario at NIE "couldn't be more realistic."
Army and industry officials generally agree that the NIE regime, despite some growing pains, will help expedite the procurement of equipment. Under the traditional acquisitions process, it would be virtually impossible to keep up with rapid advances in networking technology and mobile devices, officials said.
Soldiers' personal smartphones are generations ahead of what the Army has, and that is purely the result of "institutional impediments," said James Moran, a retired Army brigadier general and former program executive officer for soldier systems.
Moran recalled that, while on active duty in 2003, the Army developed a tablet computer known as the "commander's digital assistant." The CDA was used by company commanders in Iraq, and was widely praised as a valuable communications device that plugged troops into the Army's tactical Internet. "Those [tablets] were around before the iPad even existed," Moran lamented. "Why weren't they fielded? Because the Army's requirements process wouldn't allow it to happen," Moran said Oct. 23 during a panel discussion at the AUSA conference.
"Today, the Army is talking about the great success of the NIE in fielding this technology," Moran said. However, the technology could have been had a decade ago, when it would have helped troops in two wars. The Army wasted years arguing over encryption standards, he said. Pentagon policy requires that radios that can tap into defense networks have type 1 encryption for classified communications. "That might seem mundane but it's a big deal," said Moran. Type 1 encryption is a separate chip that is expensive, takes years to get certified, burns a lot of power and would not be allowed in any commercial devices, he said. If the Army had moved to change the policy to allow type 2 encryption — which is software-based — it could have acquired mobile devices more easily and supplied them to more soldiers, he said. The Army only in December 2011 changed the requirement to allow type 2 encryption. "We could have done it 10 years ago."
Photo Credit: Army
Topics: C4ISR, Tactical Communications, Advanced Weapons, Infotech, Infotech, Infotech, Architecture, Information, Netcentricity, Open Technology, Science and Engineering Technology, Test and Evaluation
Army Wants Smartphones, But Can It Make Them Secure?
Navy, Marines Reclaim Ownership of Computer Networks
Pentagon to Merge Information Networks in Effort to Thwart Hackers and Leakers
Science and Engineering Technology 3/7/2022
2022 Pacific Operational Science & Technology (POST) Conference

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Fun Go Facts/ Discussion
Sub-page of FunGoFacts
1. Discussions Referenced From Main Page
agro1986 Where can I get an external source for the statement "Go is the second most played game in the world, behind Chinese Chess"? Also, where does Western Chess rank?
The statement is almost certainly untrue. There are about 27 million go players and about 600 million western chess players. http://www.msoworld.com/mindzine/news/orient/go/special/census.html & http://www.turowski.com/chess/world2007.html
[1] There are in fact several boardgames with a longer known history. The oldest board game found so far is a version of "The Royal Game Of Ur" which was found in egypt and is estimated to be about 4800 years old.
Zarlan: But isn't it the oldest game that is still played?
(Sebastian:) There are some versions of ancient games commercially available, but the problem is that, while we have the board, we only can guess the rules. In Go, we can assume that the rules were pretty much the same as they are now.
Yes, my first sentence was not complete. I have adjusted it slightly. Go is certainly the oldest game still actively played, as well as the oldest game in its original form.
Chris Hayashida: Is "original form" verified? I seem to remember that there were starting places for black and white stones, the board size was different, and things like that. Maybe it's nitpicking. I still think it's the oldest board game still around, though.
Coconuts: Well, consider handicap stones and different size boards used today (9x9 or 13x13). These games, while they are different from the standard, accepted "professional" Go, are still Go. Starting places and different board sizes affect how the game is played to be sure, but I think we can still call it the original form of Go because the rule core is the same.
Bass: Mancala is sometimes cited as the oldest game still played in its original form (although nowadays one prefers a "board and stones" to "holes in the groud and balls of dung"), but naturally is is impossible to tell its age accurately. Estimates seem to vary between 1500 and 3500 years.
zinger: Backgammon is also very old. I have heard estimates of 2000 years. As to its "original form", I have no idea.
Anniepoo: Pachisi ("Parcheesi" or "Sorry" in the US) is an ancient Indian game.
[2] This information is pulled from the AGA E-Journal dated 1/17/05.
2004 World Prize Money Rankings
Cho U, Japan $1,040,000 US
Hane Naoki, Japan $646,000 US
Yamashita Keigo, Japan $524,000 US
Yoda Norimoto, Japan $519,000 US
Lee Changho, Korea $496,000 US
Lee Sedol, Korea $334,000 US
O Rissei, Japan $318,000 US
Kobayashi Koichi, Japan $297,000 US
O Meien, Japan $232,000 US
Gu Li, China $213,000 US
[3] I'd like to meet one of these 4 year olds. Most of the ones I know don't have the attention span needed to learn tic-tac-toe, or for that matter to play anything that actually has rules.
Read Milton Bradley's Go in Japanese education for information on children 4 years of age playing go. As for my own thoughts, a little Go might help that attention span.
It depends on the 4 year old of course. I taught go to the daughter of a friend when she was 3 years old. She is 4 now and sometimes plays 9x9 on KGS and let me tell you, most of her opponents do not want to know that she is only four years old. She plays mostly by pattern recognition but what she plays is certainly go. It is interesting to teach someone so young - she seems to learn in a completely different way compared to adults - generally she plays much better shape than adult beginners, but is more prone to falling apart tactically. As for attention span, 19x19 is a no-go. 9x9 and 13x13 are fine, even though I have to endure the occasional pokemon story when she loses concentration.
Bob McGuigan: Cho Chikun beat Rin Kaiho in a five stone handicap game when Cho was 6 years old. Cho had just come to Japan to begin his professional training. It is safe to assume that he was around amateur 5-dan at that time.
Hyperpapeterie: The wikipedia article on Cho has him at 10kyu when he first came to Japan, and losing to Kato Masao with nine stone handicaps in those years. The bio of Cho at My Friday Night Files makes it sound plausible that the game was not meant so seriously, so it would not have truly tested Cho's strength. (Wikipedia doesn't cite its sources for that section, so it would be quite useful to know if you had concrete evidence contradicting its claims).
Velobici: Wikipedia...using the Internet to disprove contention that a sufficient number of monkeys with a sufficent number of typewriters... See Cho's biography section The Early Years at My Friday Night Files. Complete with a link to his 1962 games and the game record From the site: One day after arriving in Japan, 2nd August 1962, there is a '100-dan' party for the Kitani school. Cho, taking 5 stones, beats Rin in a game played at that party. There was a huge crowd but he was quite unfazed and took the game very seriously, arms folded and thinking for a long time. Eventually someone had to go up and nudge him into playing quickly. While Rin may have been playing somewhat casually, its clear that Cho was playing in earnest. You might want to play a professional some time at 9 stones to see how strong they actually are. I have played a professional at 6 stones, as one of eight simultaneous games. The professional granted me the game. He did not play complicated or tricky moves, just honte and I managed not to make so large a mistake that he felt compelled to show me my error on the board. I have no illusions that I could play him one on one at six or even nine stones. Go the the US Go Congress in North Carolina (August 12th - 20th 2006) to see how strong professional are. Its not so far from your location.
Hyperpapeterie: Thanks for the game record, as I only saw it after posting the original comment. Now someone can go tell wiki about its error.
Dart: My five year old nephew has ADHD, and I taught him to play. Granted, he's only five, but he was sitting there saying "oh no, I can't let black get in here" and "haha I have you now". He understood the rules of capture, but not much else. It was still a sight that; I myself, couldn't believe.
Migeru: I'm teaching go to my girlfriend's child, who is under 3, and I will keep a log, in case you guys are interested.
[4] JohnAspinall: With respect to "It is believed that there are more possible game variations than atoms in the universe.", why is this fact qualified with "It is believed that"? IMHO, this fact is a lot more certain, because it is a lot more quantifiable, than facts about human learning.
WillerZ: Hmmm -- we can only detect atoms in our light cone, and we don't know where 90% of the universe's mass comes from. Yes, both variables are quantifiable and to an extent both quantified; but I don't like to state things as facts unless they are certainly true...
JohnAspinall: Even if we don't know where 90% of the universe's mass comes from, it doesn't matter. The game combinatorics are orders of magnitude larger, enough to swamp a single decimal order of magnitude (your 90%). We don't have to know the exact numbers in order to make a simple, declarative, certainly true, statement about relative size.
ilan: The original statement compares completely different things. It would be more correct (and interesting) to determine whether there are more possible go games or total number of atomic states for all the atoms in the universe (this should essentially be A^(number of atoms in the universe), for some constant A).
Ilan, that would not actually be interesting at all, although it might be "correct." The atomic states would win by an unimaginable magnitude. If you just think about it for even a moment, you realise there's no point in such a comparison. Maybe to compare with the the atomic states of all the atoms in a drop of water (or really a smaller volume than even that) might be interesting. Anyway, isn't the whole thing just one of those gee-whiz type comparisons? "Wow! There's so many possibilities!" Wouldn't it be simpler to say just that there are lots and lots of possibilities? :) Or the specific number, given that it's mathematically findable. X to the Y power or something?
It may be interesting to compare it to something relevant in information theory, such as the state space produced by a 4096 bit cryptographic key. I have heard Go has 1x10^750 possible variations, which is a vastly larger state space than, e.g., the number of potential output chains from Mersenne Twister (but probably not Yarrow).
ilan The original comparison is a descendent of the paper "The Sand Reckoner" written by Archimedes in about 220 B.C. where he gives a pretty upper bound for the possible number of grains of sand that can fill the universe. To save you the trouble of looking it up, the upper bound he gets (in modern notation) is 10^63 grains of sand in a spherical universe with radius about one light year.
[9] See MentalActivity/Discussion
2. Other Topics and Suggestions
dej2; How about this for a fun go page http://www.nihonkiin.or.jp/lesson/knowledge-e/index.htm
Robert Pauli: Isn't it interesting to see Nihon Kiin pages with almost no Japanese terms ?
This should be the entrance page to the Nihon Kiin site http://www.nihonkiin.or.jp/lesson/index-e.htm
I really like this quote, from the English Nihon Kiin site:
''Go is a game that you can enjoy all your life, from childhood to old age. Strangers can immediately become friends through playing a game of Go.
Communication between people in our modern society is lessening, but Go can make a big contribution to communication transcending the family, teachers and pupils, seniors and juniors. That's because it's a marvellous game in which differences of age or sex or nationality are irrelevant.''
Quicksilvre
ilan: "Communication between people in our modern society is lessening." That statement is completely untrue. Anyone who posts an opinion to the contrary confirms that I am correct.
ProtoDeuteric: I agree with ilan entirely. In fact, I believe that the trend is going the opposite direction; communication in our modern society is increasing. New forms of communication are created daily and it is possible for several people on one side of the world to speak with several people on the other side of the world. The communication technologies are also becoming increasingly available to more and more people. Go deserves merit for many things, but saving the world from lack of communication is not one of them.
George Caplan Ilan and ProtoDeuteric are obviously talking about the ease of communication via various modern forms, such as the internet. I agree with the original poster (Quicksilvre) this is a beatiful sentiment. I think what they mean by "communication" is making true and deep connections with others in a socially cooperative sense, not in a flame-war nitpicking sense. The greater communication justifiably lauded above often leads, not to greater understanding, but to electronic fiefdoms of staked out positions. And, in that sense, "communication" is lessening because more talking does not necessarily mean more listening.
Zarlan: I agree that a lot of communication on the internet is rather worthless. A lot of it is good though. Still, talking on the internet isn't quite the same as talking in real life. Also I disagree with ProtoDeuteric:
Go does increase communication. In cyberspace and "meatspace" as you communicate with your opponent, teacher, pupil, friend, rival or fellow deshi in go-communities, be it a Go club, a Go server or Sensei's Library.
ProtoDeuteric: Zarlan, we do not disagree at all. We are on the same side.
Brent: I wonder what connotations the Japanese conception of "communication" has? I don't know anything about Japanese culture or language... anyway, I agree that with modern technology, the amount of communication, both potential and actual, has increased dramatically. I am not sure that the quality of human communication has improved, though. But I wouldn't go so far as to say it has gotten worse, mostly because I think it has always been poor to begin with -- we humans seem to have a fundamental fear of relating and communicating on a deep level.
I must say I was somewhat skeptical of the idea of "Go as communication" when I first encountered it (the AGA sent me a frere copy of the book of the same name, by Yasutoshi Yasuda 9-dan), but after reading the book, and watching my own students play and interact, I have to admit there is something to it...
ilan: To get back to the original assertion, I find that statements of the form "Things aren't as good now as they used to be..." are usually made by older people who don't realise that it is they who changed, not the world. Back in my day, people knew this.
ProtoDeuteric: Ilan, I have found different, but not opposite, results from my experiences. Indeed the older people have changed throughout their lifetime, seeing the world differently as a result, but the world has also changed due to technology, use of resources, new discoveries, acceptance of new ideas and the relaxation of morality and social stigmas. Even people's experiences affect not only the people, but also the world itself, for experiences are interactions with the environment around you.
ilan: Agreed that the world changes, but I am referring to those who claim that it is for the worse, when most evidence points to the contrary, along with the underlying implication that the human race is itself is somehow deteriorating.
Bill: I used to think as you do, Ilan, but now that I am older, I know better. ;-)
Morten When I was a child, my dad appeared to be omniscient. When I turned into my teenage years, I realised that there were gaps to his knowledge. Between the ages of 18 and 25, I thought he was the most ignorant man in the world. When I turned 30, I was amazed at how much he had learned in the previous 5 years...
Now that my eldest son is 9, I will of course be able to do better...?
ilan: Apparently, the rumours of your death have been greatly exaggerated: http://www.twainquotes.com/Father.html
Morten Great minds think alike, it appears...
Seriously, I never knew that this saying had been attributed to anyone. Goes to show that even at my age, I can still learn new things. Of course, the things I used to learn used to be much better .... ;-)
Dieter: In those younger days I was less nostalgic.
ilan: Nostalgia isn't what it used to be.
Fun Go Facts/ Discussion last edited by 50.45.166.68 on April 2, 2016 - 10:17
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2012 | THINK ANEW !!!!!!!!
"I wonder which furry little rodent ate my node this time!"
Have I told you? Once, a skier crashed into me and I got so angry that I almost impaled him with my arm! But thought people call us "cold-hearted", I let him go. It was winter! Everyone has the right to enjoy, right? The nights are colder and sometimes I feel lonely. Just standing there all night, all alone, it feels as though I'm no more wanted but the cold day brings good news, its still winter!
Now that we have chilled for so long, let me tell you a secret. Promise to keep quiet about it? Well, last winter I met a girl. Snow had never been whiter, noses never brighter, arms never so branched and girls never so round! She was cold and gorgeous but try as I might, I could never get her to respond . Neither could I get close to her , the hard road kept our cold hearts apart. But I knew it would never last! It never does. We never know where we would end up next winter! Nevertheless, oh, how I wish to meet her again!
I'm glad you cared enough to talk to me. People almost never realise we too have a heart, cold by your standards but ones with feelings definitely. We too feel hurt and happy and just because we love the cold doesn't mean that we don't love just as you do so "warmly". You might see us around only in winter but keep in mind, we are always around watching you.
Hey! hear that bell? That's my buddy coming along. Too bad he has such a short life! Care to buy an ice cream so that I could spend some time with him? Afterall, we snowmen too need friends , you know?
A Senior Secondary School student returns home.
Nobody's home; All are at work. He lets himself in. Its dark. He's tired after the 15 minute ride in the jam packed KSRTC bus. He sets down the bag and flips the light switch. And there on the white (not so sparkling clean) floor was a thick row of ants.
All marching in unison and yet in chaos. An army ,efficient even without a commander. An army of workers willing to sacrifice for the greater good of the colony. An army of diligent workers who works without complain, lifting weights 50 times their own. Following the strongest scent to the nearest food. Working day and night for the very same purpose that drives all creatures on this planet, to survive.
Apparently, he's lazy as can be. So he lets them be. His attitude, "They mind their business and me mine".
A delicious lunch later, curiosity gets the better of him. He starts tracking down the ants.
"Where are they heading? What's the target? What's for lunch, guys?" After a roller coaster ride past the couch, along the wall, up the edge, above the door and through the window. Oops! That was the wrong way!! He traced back to the couch, and under there was what he was looking for. It was a cockroach. A dead one and already in parts. The ants had already started their work!
A couple of hours later, by evening, all activity died down. By 4.30 pm, there was not a single trace of that hectic and frantic cleaning team. No wonder this secret was not found out earlier!
Of course, the guy is me and this is a true story.
The amazing thing to note is the fact that the ants come out only when the house is empty. The go everywhere cleaning up the whole house, from dead insects to food crumbs on the floor, everything that one would usually have to take the pains to clean up.
Well, occasionally, there comes up a couple of clashes, mostly due to the "language barrier" but hey! is there any incidence of collaboration where even a slight clash hasn't occurred?
Did I mention that they also helps to keep out pests? Very few insects can match upto a swarm of ants.working in unison.
In fact, most wise farmers, especially ones with a good traditional backing ( references 1, 2 ) has relied on ants and termites for pest control on their farms. Not only is it sustainable, eco-friendly, literally cost-free , this has been advised by many studies too!!
So, the next time you see a colony of ants marching, just let them be!
for you'll be fighting a losing battle right form the beginning!
A huge lot more Talent!!
A world of Dreamers and Doers!!!
JAI HIND!!! Forever and ever more!!
singing "Vande Mataram" as one.
India faces challenges faced by no other nation in the world. Its one Billion citizens share not one or two but 1,652 languages, innumerable cultures having its roots deep in the history and from around the world. A logistical, technological, in fact in all ways, a huge nightmare. Add to that the fact that it is the world's largest active, participative democracy with over 738 million eligible voters employing nearly 7 billion goverment officials as election personnel.
The voice of a billion heard and heeded.
A land Of the People, By the People, For the People.
With climate of all ranges, geographic features of all kinds from volcanoes to glacier, from flood plains to the Thar Desert 9th largest in the world, from 5717 km of coast line to 8611 m high mountains, with 3 oceans and thousands of rivers, India has is blessed with all that mother nature has to offer. Vivid views, vibrant biodiversity, a wonderful climate and being able to watch both the sunset and the sunrise from the same spot is definitely thrilling!
Still holding fast to the high ideals of our freedom fighters and the never to be forgotten Mahatma Gandhi, who truly was a "Great Soul", of secularism, peace, love and tolerance. A military strength to be reckoned with and yet one which never wishes to use its might. A technological marvel, which, even in the face of millions struggling (which is nothing to be proud of), is forging ahead with a steadfast pace towards even more technological dominance with a space program that is among the best in the world. A space program for the people, technology with humanity as its priority!
As I promised just yesterday, here I am writing about the future.
Today, I spoke with two of my friends, one from my college and the other , I met at the program. I asked the former if he chose Engineering by choice. He said, he had no preference to engineering or electronics. He told me his plan is the management field. He took engineering because (according to him) having an engineering degree would give him a better base to get a good job after an MBA.
The second one, he took Aeronautical Engineering. I asked him the same thing , did he take it by choice or chance? He said choice and I salute him for that.
So few these days actually know what their heart yearns to do. And even fewer have the guts to pursue it. During the finals of our "IEEE Best Fresher" contest, one of the guys told that his passions were management and journalism. When "cross-examined" further by the judges on this topic, he was at his wits end because he had already told that he loved journalism and that he would try to take it as his "side business". Then, when he was asked if he would forfeit a 10 or 26 lakh per annum job for jouranlism and he said no! That is the value that many give to their passion. I don't know him personally and hence can't say if what he said was the complete truth. All I can say is passionate people are hard to find. Especially in engineering colleges (and medical colleges too) these days.
If you think you are worthy of a star, come talk to me. No, I don't have anything to give for you, nor do I have much contacts or talents that might come in handy, but I will always treat you with a certain kind of respect for "Being Who You Are"!
That said, there are some people who are passionate and truly committed to learn and enjoy the subject to the fullest.
Keep LIVING the true LIFE!!!
who went by the name Diff.Thinkr and fortunately , he's still alive and in college!!
Life has been fun so far. College has presented itself lots of wonderful opportunities, great friends and new insights. A new outlook, a new openness, a whole new world to explore.
And amazingly, a good number of my friends are open minded enough to listen and even accept many of my ideas!


text:
Q: Searching in a .txt file (JSON format) for a particular string and then printing a specific key I have to take input from the user in the form of strings and then have to search for it in a .txt file which is in JSON format. If the text matches, X has to be done otherwise Y. For example if the user enters 'mac' my code should display the complete name(s) of the terms which contains the search term 'mac'.
My JSON file has currently Big Mac as an item and when I search for 'mac' it shows nothing, whereas, it has to display me (0 Big Mac). 0 is the index number which is also required.
  if option == 's':
        if 'name' in open('data.txt').read():
            sea = input ("Type a menu item name to search for: ")
            with open ('data.txt', 'r') as data_file:
                data = json.load(data_file)
            for line in data:
                if sea in line:
                    print (data[index]['name'])
                else:
                    print ('No such item exist')
        else:
            print ("The list is empty")
            main()

I have applied a number of solutions but none works.

A: See How to search if dictionary value contains certain string with Python.
Since you know you are looking for the string within the value stored against the 'name' key, you can just change:
if sea in line
to:
if sea in line['name']
(or if sea in line.get('name') if there is a risk that one of your dictionaries might not have a 'name' key).
However, you're attempting to use index without having set that up anywhere. If you need to keep track of where you are in the list, you'd be better off using enumerate:
for index, line in enumerate(data):
    if sea.lower() in line['name'].lower():
        print ((index, line['name']))

If you want 'm' to match 'Big Mac' then you will need to do case-insensitive matching ('m' is not the same as 'M'). See edit above, which converts all strings to lower case before comparing.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Colorado Public Radio's OpenAir (CPR's OpenAir) hires music industry expert and radio veteran Willobee Carlan as its next Program Director. Carlan has nearly four decades of experience in programming and operations, including his most recent venture launching the independent music station NV89 at Nevada Public Radio. As OpenAir PD, Carlan will provide support for long-term growth strategies for Colorado Public Radio, including a focus on building awareness and trial among new music enthusiasts.
Carlan's career in radio began on the air at legendary WLIR/New York. Over the next 30 plus years he went on to launch new stations and lead turnaround efforts for others. He's been a Program Director and Operations Manager at stations across the country, from California to Arizona, Texas and all across the northeast.


Set on 144 acres, this 365-room luxury hotel begins along Seven Mile Beach and extends completely across the island to North Sound. To this region renowned for its scuba diving, the Ritz-Carlton brings a host of upscale amenities, including three red clay and one grass court staffed with pros from the Nick Bollettieri organization. The pursuit of designer facilities extends to the rest of the facilities as well, with a Greg Norman-designed "Blue tip" 9-hole golf course, the Caribbean's first La Prairie Spa, a Ritz Kids program under Jean-Michel Cousteau's Ambassadors of the Environment, and two restaurants by Eric Ripert of New York City's Le Bernardin.
Among the unusual tennis services is a free pickup in the hotel lobby 10 minutes prior to your tennis activity. Otherwise, German-born Director of Tennis Thomas Neuert, who attended the Bollettieri Academy as a junior and went on to play for Chicago State University and Florida Atlantic University before rejoining the academy as a coach and trainer, offers private lessons, game matching, summer youth camps (customized activities for kids 4-18 ranging from golf to tennis to water sports to eco-excursions with Ambassadors of the Environment by Jean-Michel Cousteau), and tailor-made clinics for groups. Court fees are $30/hour on clay, $40/hour on grass.
customized activities for kids 4 – 18 ranging from golf to tennis to water sports to eco-excursions with Ambassadors of the Environment by Jean-Michel Cousteau.
Here's what others have had to say about Ritz-Carlton, Grand Cayman.
"We have been vacationing at the RItz-Carlton, Grand Cayman every year for the past 5 years. One of our main reasons is Thomas Neuert and his group at the Nick Bolletieri Tennis Courts. We actually credit Thomas for guiding our son into pursuing tennis seriously. We have seen first hand how Thomas and his staff make tennis enjoyable and fun for everybody, beginner or advanced, young or older, shy or extrovert, while teaching high quality tennis.


text:
General Resources for Disaster Planning
Promising Practices
Crisis Planning
Private Schools Preparing Together
Crisis. The word is short and chilling. And within a school setting, it is especially unsettling. It can involve a single student or an entire community. It can be an accident, an incident of violence, a natural disaster, or an act of terrorism. But whatever its form, a crisis is something for which school officials, especially in this day and age, must be ready. CAPE has compiled this collection of resources to help private school officialsplan for a crisis.
The range of resources includes those provided by government agencies, such as the U.S. Department of Education, the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as well as those provided by private organizations and associations. All the resources listed are free and non-commercial. Topics cover general crisis planning as well as preparations for specific emergencies, such as a possible pandemic flu.
The page will be updated periodically. Knowing that the collective knowledge of the private school community is far more extensive than that of any one person or organization, we hope to tap and share the wisdom of the group by inviting members of the community to let us know about resources that might be helpful to others. Please send your ideas and links to Contact CAPE. Such resources might include, though are by no means limited to, model disaster plans that schools could adjust to meet their needs, examples of school/government partnerships for disaster preparedness, or action steps that have been helpful in the past. By pooling our knowledge and resources we can help one another to be better prepared if disaster strikes.
Practical Information on Crisis Planning: A Guide for Schools and Communities - This is one document that schools should not be without. The PDF guide provides useful advice on how to develop and carry out crisis management plans through four stages: mitigation and prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery.
Emergency Response and Crisis Management (ERCM) Technical Assistance Center - The center serves as a source of both general and customized information. One of its most important and practical services is to respond to particular questions and requests for information. Private school officials, for example, can ask the experts to track down sample crisis plans for private schools or to suggest strategies for addressing a unique factor in the community. Also check out the highly informative ERCM resources and ERCM newsletters.
Ready America - Produced by the Advertising Council in partnership with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the campaign is designed "to educate and empower Americans to prepare for and respond to emergencies, including natural disasters and potential terrorist attacks."Also check out Ready Business and Ready Kids, which are both applicable to schools.
Lead & Manage My School - Emergency planning resources from the U. S. Department of Education's Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools.
Is Everybody Ready? Emergency Preparedness - Resources compiled by the National Association of Independent Schools.
Commander Ready Program - The District of Columbia's Commander Ready program is "designed to educate and engage children ages 5-13 in emergency preparedness. This program is led by Reggie and Rachel, and their dog, Rodney."
Pandemicflu.gov - "One-stop access" to government avian and pandemic flu information, managed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
Pandemic Flu: A Planning Guide for Educators - "Identifies issues to consider when planning for seasonal flu, a mild or moderate pandemic flu, or a severe pandemic. It tells what a flu pandemic is, how influenza spreads, and what can be done to limit the spread of the flu." The guide was published October 2006 and is accompanied by an important letter from Education Secretary Spellings and a one-page review of planning fundamentals entitled Basic Components of Pandemic Planning.
School Planning for the Pandemic Flu - Resources prepared by various government agencies to assist schools "in developing and/or improving plans to prepare for and respond to an influenza pandemic."
State Pandemic Information - Developed by the federal government, this site provides state-by-state pandemic information, including each state's pandemic plan.
Child Care and Preschool Pandemic Influenza Planning Checklist - Developed by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Department of Education.
School District (K-12) Pandemic Influenza Planning Checklist - Developed by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Department of Education.
Emergency Planning: Pandemic - A collection of resources compiled by the U.S. Department of Education "to assist with disseminating health information, planning for staff and student absences, and maintaining a learning environment during a pandemic."
Emergency Procedures Manual for American-Sponsored Overseas Schools - The U.S. Department of State's Web site posts only one chapter from this manual, a chapter"to help schools prepare for pandemics in general and specifically for the avian flu." Though intended for American schools overseas, the chapter is a valuable resource for all schools.
Avian Influenza - The latest on the bird flu from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Association of Independent Schools of Greater Washington (AISGW) - In March 2006, AISGW held a valuableconference call on the avian flu between private school officials and officials from the National Institutes for Health. A podcast and PowerPoint presentation are available for download.
Webcast of DC Pandemic Influenza Summit - In April 2006, the Department of Health of the District of Columbia brought together government officials, "business and community leaders, members of the health care community, representatives from faith-based organizations, the education community and a broad spectrum of other stakeholders to discuss national and District preparedness for a possible influenza pandemic."
Germstopper Campaign - A campaign by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to help stop the spread of germs.
Pandemic Flu School Action Kit - A comprehensive resource for schools provided byContra Costa Health Services, thehealth system for Contra Costa County, CA.
Schools Responding to Infectious Disease - A guide for schools fromthe U.S. Department of Education's Emergency Response and Crisis Management (ERCM) Technical Assistance Center.
FEMA – The Federal Emergency Management Agency provides information on preparing for earthquakes, fires, floods, hurricanes, landslides, thunderstorms, tornados, winter storms, and wildfires, not to mention human-caused emergencies like chemical spills, terrorism attacks, and nuclear accidents.
Fairfax County (VA) Public Schools – a promising practice in school emergency response identified by the U. S. Department of Education.
Montgomery County (MD) Public Schools – a promising practice in school emergency response identified by the U. S. Department of Education.
North Carolina's Critical Incident Response Kit Project – a promising practice in school emergency response identified by the U. S. Department of Education.


text:
K-Ops
Miura Register
Miura Book
+41 22 740 1939Contact
The World's Most Expensive Countach Reveals All
On 16 August 2014 at an auction in California, USA, the sixth production Countach became the most expensive example ever sold. But what's it like on the road?
This early-production 1974 Countach LP400 is a well-preserved example of these fast-rising and very rare first-generation cars, said the auction house. Judge for yourself as we join the test driver who signed the car off 41 years ago when it arrives back home in Italy for him to meet it again. And do what he does best.
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The Riverside Concrete Sail House by LUXUS Homes and Tim Wright Architect explores the many possibilities of concrete as a material. Using it to inspiring and sometimes surprising effect, this home was adventurously designed in collaboration with ambitious clients. Using words and phrases like "over the top", "dramatic", and "beautiful", Tim Wright's passion for the project, five years in the making, is clear.
The clients for the Riverside Concrete Sail project approached LUXUS Homes and Tim Wright Architect to design and subsequently build a "concrete yacht" by the riverside in the Perth suburb of Applecross. The project proved a challenging yet rewarding experience for the architect and master builder, who felt blessed to work with daring and trusting clients to create something extraordinary.
"Working with someone who trusts you is really rewarding because you can try different things out," Tim says. "They fully back your vision, then together we see it built and realised. We love that."
LUXUS Homes and Tim Wright Architect are a Perth-based collaboration led by master builder Russell Manager and architect, Tim Wright. They operate as a collective team along with director Jarrad Cranston, committed to listening to each idea presented, regardless of experience.
While Tim may set the architectural direction, Jarrad explains "no one has a mortgage on good ideas", adding "just because you're a builder doesn't mean you can't contribute to the design process in a meaningful way. There's not one person who draws and then another who is the builder; it's much more open than that. We try to get our projects through everybody's hands."
The emphasis placed on planning and open discussion certainly filter through to every level of the practice's design, contributing to their excitement about unusual projects like the Riverside Concrete Sail House.
The entire premise of a concrete house is polarising, to say the least, with concrete's powerful materiality eliciting strong reactions; both for and against. The clients' love of the material's tactility and strength led them to request using it in as many forms as possible. LUXUS Homes and Tim Wright chose to work with the concrete's dramatic qualities, enhancing them in some places, contrasting with them in others, and delighting in exploring its diverse potential.
With the intention to provoke different emotions in each space of the home, the Riverside Concrete Sail House takes the inhabitant on a journey, from an experience of austerity through to a composed serenity.
"You start in that triple height entry void, and the acoustics are quite resonant", explains Jarrad. "Then you reach the timber cladding and acoustic ceilings in the living. The whole sound of the space changes and it becomes really quiet and soft, which is very unexpected for people because they just see the concrete and think it must be very intense the whole way through," he says.
The flow from the spacious triple-height concrete walls in the entry to the acoustic-lined ceilings throughout the kitchen and living on the ground level enhances this notion of zoned spaces. Minimal in aesthetic, the open plan living, dining and kitchen is never the less rich in materials and textures.
The hero of the Riverside Concrete Sail House is undoubtedly the grey, off-form concrete sail that extends boldly down from the roof to reside on three small columns cast into the edge of the 20m long lap cantilevered pool and spa. Adjacent white Oregon boarded off-form concrete pond and the elongated barbecue and bar complete the entertaining area creating a durable yet elegant space. "The clients are in shipping, and the use of the sail and the cantilevered pool perfectly reflect their buoyant industry and desire for entertaining while at home," Jarrad says.
The northern full-height windows, which allow a view of the river throughout the majority of the home, are just one element of the considered and consistent detailing which executed the clients' brief. Honed Bedonia stone cover the ground from and light and exquisite Aurelius stone adorns the benchtops and island. Accented with bronze smoked mirror splashbacks, chrome tapware and complemented by Havana veneer and matte black cabinetry, the stone exudes understated luxury.
While by no means a modest home, the interior design and finish selection in the Riverside Concrete Sail House is elegant and meticulously controlled, focusing on celebrating the beauty in the simplicity of fine materials, rather than on gaudy embellishment. The finesse of the interior design continues upstairs.
As intended, the feel of the upper level is remarkably different from the lower ground. Noticeably lighter, the bedrooms are effortlessly charming and understated. As Jarrad explains, the rooms were the perfect fit for the clients' adolescent boys.
"We went big and expansive in the living areas downstairs; up here it's all under control. It's certainly luxurious but still restrained," he adds.
The main ensuite, however, wrapped in the grandeur of the Aurelius quartzite and the Bedonia stone, embraces some of the more expansive qualities of downstairs. A uniquely shaped, deep walnut veneer bath and beautiful yet minimalist tapware compliments the colour palette without taking any focus away from the unparalleled view.
Using the initial brief for a "concrete yacht" as a launching point from which to explore the vast potential of concrete, LUXUS Homes and Tim Wright Architect has achieved this initial goal and much more.
In the Riverside Concrete Sail House, they have created spaces that evoke an emotional response as one moves through them, challenging the austere connotations associated with concrete and constructing a lively home that surprises at every turn.
LUXUS Homes is one of Perth's finest luxury home builders specialising in architectural homes across Perth and the metropolitan region. Luxus Homes are focused on delivering an award-winning finish to all of their homes while maintaining a professional and attentive client relationship before, during and after the construction period.
To find out how you can build your architecturally designed luxury custom dream home, visit www.luxushomes.com.au.


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Hogna zuluana este o specie de păianjeni din genul Hogna, familia Lycosidae, descrisă de Roewer, 1959. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Hogna zuluana nu are subspecii cunoscute.

Referințe

Hogna

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Billie Eilish will record the new James Bond theme
Billie Eilish will write and record the theme song for the 25th James Bond film, No Time To Die. The song is set to be released Darkroom/Interscope Records.
Read this next: May: 8 urban releases you need to hear this month
Eilish will be the youngest artist to ever work on a James Bond theme song and as an 18-year-old multi-platinum selling and GRAMMY Award nominated artist, this comes as little surprise. Eilish is writing the song with her usual collaborator, her older brother FINNEAS.
Eilish spoke on the special opportunity stating, "It feels crazy to be a part this in every way. To be able to score the theme song to a film that is part such a legendary series is a huge honor. James Bond is the coolest film franchise ever to exist. I'm still in shock".
Read this next: Grace Jones has quit her role in the upcoming James Bond film
No Time to Die tells the story Bond's mission to rescue a kidnapped scientist. The film hits UK and global theaters on April 2 through Universal Pictures International and U.S. theaters on April 10 MGM.
Rock/Metal eve, hea, kid, No, race, release, Son, writing
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text:
Home > Sports
Harden hot streak continues in Rockets win
Posted at Jan 11 2017 12:44 PM
Houston Rockets guard James Harden (13) pulls up for a three-point shot against the Charlotte Hornets during the third quarter at Toyota Center. Photo by Erik Williams-USA TODAY Sports/Reuters
LOS ANGELES -- James Harden bagged his 11th triple double of the season to lead the Houston Rockets to a 121-114 victory over the Charlotte Hornets on Tuesday.
Harden, one of several players excelling in a high-scoring season across the league, finished with 40 points, 15 rebounds and 10 assists as Houston improved to 31-9.
The Rockets talisman also came to Houston's rescue after Charlotte staged a dramatic fourth quarter fightback to take a shock lead.
Houston appeared to be cruising to victory after Corey Brewer's three-pointer gave them a 108-90 lead with around eight minutes left.
READ: Beasley's 28 points help Bucks overcome Spurs
But Charlotte responded with a 21-2 rally which featured four consecutive three-pointers as the Hornets edged into a 111-110 advantage with just over two minutes to go.
Harden steadied the ship however with an assist for Ryan Anderson's three-pointer before adding two layups to settle Houston's nerves.
Brewer finished with 15 points from the bench while forward Trevor Ariza scored 16 points. Montrezl Harrell posted 14 points with Anderson 13.
Kemba Walker led the scoring for the Hornets with 25 points while Frank Kaminsky made 22. Kaminsky was part of a high-scoring Charlotte bench, Spencer Hawes scoring 16 points and Marco Belinelli 15.
© 1994-2017 Agence France-Presse
For more sports coverage, visit the ABS-CBN Sports website.
NBA, Houston Rockets, Charlotte Hornets
Read More: NBA Houston Rockets Charlotte Hornets
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/sports/01/03/17/harden-powers-rockets-past-wizards-bucks-stun-thunder
/sports/12/13/16/hardens-36-sees-rockets-past-nets
/sports/01/09/17/harden-triple-double-boosts-rockets-to-eighth-straight-win


An influx of cash can make a world of difference for a business. First United gives you the opportunity to borrow responsibly–with competitive interest rates and business-friendly terms–so you can keep your business moving forward. It's just another part of the customized solutions you can expect from my bank.
Strengthen your business with our customized loans.
First United can back you with a line of credit to use as you need it.
From remodels to building a new facility, our real estate loans can make it happen.
From a specialized piece of machinery to a vehicle fleet, we keep you working.
Great deals can be had when you shop our portfolio of real estate.
How do your customers prefer to pay? We make it easy to make the transaction.
My bank believes the best business banking is completely personal.


A quote by Arundhati Roy.
our sheer relentlessness – and our ability to tell our own stories.
we're being brainwashed to believe.
Arundhati Roy (born 1961) is an Indian author best-known for her novel The God of Small Things, which won the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 1997 and became the biggest-selling book by a non-expatriate Indian author. She is also a political activist involved in human rights and environmental causes.


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The 2017–18 season was Hibernian's (Hibs) first season of play back in the top league of Scottish football the Scottish Premiership, having been promoted from the Scottish Championship at the end of the 2016–17 season. They last played in the Scottish Premiership during the 2013–14 season. Hibs reached the semi-final of the League Cup, where they lost 4–2 to holders Celtic. In the Scottish Cup, Hibs lost 1–0 to Edinburgh derby rivals Hearts in the fourth round (last 32). Hibs challenged for a second-place finish in the league, but eventually finished in fourth.

Results and fixtures

Friendlies

Scottish Premiership

League Cup

Matches

Scottish Cup

Player statistics
During the 2017–18 season, Hibs have used twenty-nine different players in competitive games. The table below shows the number of appearances and goals scored by each player. David Gray is club captain for the season.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: center;"
|-
! style="background:#008000; color:white; width:30px;" rowspan="2" | Number
! style="background:#008000; color:white; width:10%;" rowspan="2" | Position
! style="background:#008000; color:white; width:10%;" rowspan="2" | Nation
! style="background:#008000; color:white; width:20%;" rowspan="2" | Name
! style="background:#008000; color:white;" colspan="2" | Totals
! style="background:#008000; color:white;" colspan="2" | Premiership
! style="background:#008000; color:white;" colspan="2" | League Cup
! style="background:#008000; color:white;" colspan="2" | Scottish Cup
|-
! style="background:#008000; color:white; width:60px;" |Apps
! style="background:#008000; color:white; width:60px;" |Goals
! style="background:#008000; color:white; width:60px;" |Apps
! style="background:#008000; color:white; width:60px;" |Goals
! style="background:#008000; color:white; width:60px;" |Apps
! style="background:#008000; color:white; width:60px;" |Goals
! style="background:#008000; color:white; width:60px;" |Apps
! style="background:#008000; color:white; width:60px;" |Goals
|-

Disciplinary record

Goal Scorers
Last updated 31 March 2018

Club statistics

League table

Division summary

League Cup group table

Management statistics

Transfers

Players in

Players out

Loans in

Loans out

See also
List of Hibernian F.C. seasons

Notes

References

2017-18
Scottish football clubs 2017–18 season


Bertrand Langlois / AFP file picture | The French government announced that it would absorb 35 billion euros in debt from the state railway SNCF.
The French government has agreed to absorb 35 billion euros in debt from the state railway SNCF, union officials said Friday, raising the chances of an end to nearly two months of strikes.
Luc Berille, the head of the UNSA union, said the state had offered to take on 35 billion euros ($41 billion) of the SNCF's debt load of 46 billion euros, starting with 25 billion as soon as 2020.
All trade unions representing staff on the SNCF have backed the longest-ever strike sequence on the network, which began in early April and has seen workers walk out on two days out of every five.
The conflict between centrist President Emmanuel Macron and the rail unions, a historic bastion of the labour movement, is seen as a key test of the president's resolve and ability to push through change.
Absorbing the debt has been a key demand from unions and the government's pledge raised the prospect of an end to the standoff, but probably not immediately.
Roger Dillenseger, of the UNSA's rail branch, the second-largest union at the company after the hardline CGT, said it would consult members about whether to continue the stoppages.
The CGT, which has spearheaded resistance nationally and organised numerous protests against Macron, said it planned to keep up the stoppages which are scheduled to last until the end of June.
Earlier this week, a vote among SNCF employees organised by unions showed that 95 percent of 90,000 respondents rejected the government's proposed rail reforms, the CGT announced Wednesday.
But the strike has been progressively weakening since it began, with participation falling among staff.
Public opinion remains marginally on the side of the government as the rail reform legislation winds its way through parliament, with a vote in the upper house scheduled for June 5.
Philippe is holding meetings with the main rail unions on Friday as he seeks an end to the conflict and will meet with SNCF chief Guillaume Pepy later in the day.
The state's decision to take on a large part of the SNCF's debt, built up over decades of investment in high-speed lines and other expenses, was always expected -- but the government had made it conditional on other reforms.
Macron has pledged extensive changes aimed at making French railways more efficient ahead of the opening of the European market to passenger rail competition starting in 2020.
Most controversially, he wants to end the job-for-life protections and special status enjoyed by railway workers -- but only for new recruits.
The unions this week indicated they would accept the phasing out of the special status in exchange for guarantees that the government will ensure a "strong" new collective labour agreement for rail workers.
The unions also oppose the transformation of the SNCF into a joint-stock company whose shares would be held by the state, which they see as a first step towards privatisation.
The government has repeatedly denied this.


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Professor Jonathan Morris Ph.D is a Research Professor at the University of Hertfordshire, UK, who has published extensively about the history of coffee. Professor Morris spent several years living and studying in Italy in the late '80s and most of the last three decades was spent researching and understanding Italy's modern history and global coffee consumption. Two fields that many times intersected.
His latest publication 'Coffee: A Global History' tells in detail the story of coffee from its origin many centuries ago, in the forests of Ethiopia, to this day.
A big part of this interview is dedicated to making readers understand that our "new world" definition of Specialty coffee will not translate to Italian on a vast scale, not just yet.
Professor Morris, how, in your view, have things changed in the last few years?
From the spaces' side we're beginning to get closer to the variety of coffee shops that we know across Europe – not just Specialty independent [cafes], but also small chains and locations embracing the idea that coffee shop is a place to sit and spend time, and not just to have a quick coffee. I'm seeing more places that serve coffee alongside a small meal, allowing people to linger, in opposed to eating quickly in a Trattoria or Tavola fredda (a buffet-style restaurant).
My guess is that this was an opportunity that came out of the 2008 crisis and changed the scenario.
It's also very recently that we've seen the use of the word "Specialty" in Italy and there's the further understanding that Specialty isn't just espresso and that there can be more than just the house blend. There's a whole variety of coffee and you start seeing Chemex and V60 served at some locations. That strikes me, particularly in how fast it built, but those locations are still few in number.
You've mentioned the traditional coffee market – a bar at the bottom of every second building, offering a basic experience and coffee. Will that segment also go through a change?
The traditional Italian coffee has its many followers and offers a balance between flavour and body. Specialty coffee moved the focus away from the balance towards the more unique and distinct notes and tastes. Perhaps even moved too far.
It will be very much a generational change where Specialty will first find its way into the hearts of the younger consumers and the simple neighbourhood bars will probably be the last stand of traditional coffee.
Specialty coffee is a foreign concept to the Italian market. Where do you think the connection can be established?
That is also why Specialty goes hand in hand with non-traditional places and non-conventional societal attitudes and why it's attractive to a lot of groups who feel otherwise marginalized. The Specialty community tries to be much more open in that regard. This is the basis of this community formed around coffee and offers more than just knowledge but also the story of those involved in it.
As Specialty is a non-traditional concept in a traditional market, is there a better word to describe where the Italian market should be heading?
It's what you want without being over the top. It actually means a better than average coffee, which does what it needs but offers a bit more. If it's a football player in a match, he'll score a 6 out of 10 in the sports papers. So, coffee that has a taste profile, is balanced and will be a blend. INEI [Italian Espresso National Institute] has already defined the characteristics of Italian espresso quite nicely and that could be kept also with a higher quality of coffee, even if not Specialty by definition.
Cafes are becoming more similar to the coffee shops around Europe in style and atmosphere, but do you need to serve a better and more expensive coffee in those places to be attractive?
Do you need to serve better coffee? No. But if you want to make a profit from your coffee, especially in Italy, you have to, so you can ask for a better price. You'll also have a variety of other beverages, some will be "more style than substance" and not necessarily Specialty – perhaps coffee-based sweet drinks. These drinks will bring in more audience, you can charge more money and it will keep people seated longer. One reason is that there is more to drink, and that is true also for Specialty brewing methods.
The other element of growth is a bakery and offering a greater variety of small snack-like food.
So where will the Italian market be in 10 – 20 years?
A great outcome will be to see the same large number of roasters producing a bigger variety of coffee, which has much more of a story and thought to it and aims to be a 'valido' coffee. That would the best outcome, alongside with a Specialty sector and Italian Specialty independence – which we're starting to see in Italy and which is contributing to some of the best moments the Specialty movement in Europe is seeing currently.
A bad outcome would be if we see the chains becoming more commercial, dominate the locations and drive down the number of roasters. That would not be a positive way forward, it could severely hurt the culture of local neighbourhood bars and drive down the variety. The worst scenario would display an increase in the coffee price and a drop in its value across the market.
A decent compromise would be to see more Italian chains offering something local. In that sense, Caffè Napoli is impressive for doing something which is both socially authentic but also fits a format that is easy to reproduce. So an increase in such types of chains could spell a better future than a rapid spread of Starbucks.
The Italian bar owners are very much dependant on their roaster for a package deal of coffee, machine and service. This kind of agreement can be somewhat of an obstacle to change. How can we get around it?
The way to change is for roasters to offer better varieties, more blends and more origins, so bars could offer the house blend plus two. The customers will show which coffee they prefer and how much they're willing to spend on it.
Any change is driven ultimately by someone thinking there's money in that change, and in this transaction, the money has to come from the consumer, which will have to be willing to spend more.
Most Specialty is based a bit on the notion of "serve it and they will come" and you hope that they will. The same thing will apply here if there will be a demonstration of market demand for a better or more diversified coffee.
Examples of such successes in Italy are Caffe Terzi in Bologna and Caffe Del Doge in Venice. For many years they've been serving the house blend at a price a bit over the norm but also offering a few more blends and single origins. In this manner, they are opening their clientele to new possibilities and driving the market forward. Another example is Cafezal in Milano, that might mostly serve their basic espresso but also guide the customers through their brewing range.
Small roasters and micro roasters also have a big part in bringing about the change. By having their own establishments to serve their coffee and by being less constricted by the limitations of a heavy business outfit they could offer creative solutions.
You offer a bit more, the consumer gets a bit more, he wants a bit more and the wheel keeps turning.
Thank you, Professor Morris, for your valuable insight into the development of Specialty coffee scene within such a traditional market as Italy's.
The interview was edited and Prof. Morris' full replies were condensed for clarity and readability.


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text:
Investigations Explicating the States of Existents
Edited with Annotations by Alireza Asghari. English Introduction by Sajjad Rizvi
Alireza Asghari, Mulla Shamsa Gilani (d. ca. 1064/1654)
Series: Bibliotheca Iranica: Iranshahr Scientific and Philosophical Writings 4
Page #: x + 277
bibliography, index, notes, references
The "Investigations Explicating the States of Existents" (Taḥqīqāt dar bayān-e ahwāl-e mawjūdāt) is an exciting set of issues in philosophy and philosophical theology examined by Mullā Shamsā Gīlanī (d. 1064/1654), a distinguished student of Mīr Dāmād (d. 1040/1631). Written in the last few years of his life, it represents a phase in the intel-lectual history of Safavid Iran in which, increasingly, works were written in Persian engaging with the philosophical traditions that had previously been penned in Arabic. The text demonstrates a deep knowledge of debates contempo-rary to Mullā Shamsā as well as of the preceding Avicennan (both directly in the line of his students as well as through Avicennan philosophical theology or kalam) and Illuminationist traditions.
The book itself takes up twenty issues ranging from the self-evident nature of being and his known critique of the positions of Mullā Ṣadrā (d. 1035/1636) on the primacy of being and its modulation through to the resurrection of bodies and the corporeal nature of the afterlife as well as Mullā Shamsā's proof for the impossibility of an actual infinity (an old problem of ancient mathematics). The text provides further evidence for why we should engage with the "lesser" known figures of the Safavid period to produce a richer picture of intellectual life. This work is thus an essential proof text for the continuing vitality of intellectual life in post-classical Islamic thought and for the central role of Safavid Iran in the intellectual renaissance of the period before the onset of colonial intervention in the region and the epistemological disruption brought in its wake.
Alireza Asghari
Mulla Shamsa Gilani (d. ca. 1064/1654)
PLEASE SEE UNDER IMAGES.
Investigations Explicating the States of Existants
Ebn-e Monavvar, Mohammad (1)
Farzad, Houman (1)
Ketendjian, Ka'ren (1)
Rose, Jenny (1)
Thompson, Veronica (1)


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Do you have a passionate TV reporter living with you?
If that's the case, then you must also experience tormenting routine enquiries about their coverage. At times, you must feel like a tautological parrot, rehashing the same words, confirming that their narrative was stunning. Last December, I committed a dreadful mistake and replied with an utmost sincerity regarding her coverage of London's development vision because it lacked sufficient images. Although, she managed to explain the London's long-term development vision, which aims to tackle frequent water flooding by rehousing fifteen million people into 300 tall skyscrapers. Each skyscraper would house at least 50,000 residents and function as individual cities, connected to the other ones through over-ground trains which run through gigantic buildings. Instead of running the 3D animation that revealed what London would look like in fifty years' time in the background, 80% of Jade's report went on displaying the people that she interviewed. Yet, despite my effort to uphold our mutual pledge for unreserved openness towards each other, Jade's ecstatic face assumed a raging expression, and reimbursed my honesty, with her adamant you don't exist attitude. Just like an intravenous virus, my honesty derailed her into ignoring my existence every time I tried reaching out to her. Her tormenting muteness prevailed for almost three weeks.
You must know what kind of silence, I am talking about.
It's that type of silence that persuades you that Body Snatchers exist, converting your partner turns into a callous alien. Once Jade's authentic soul returned to inhabit her body and resumed our communication, I promised her that she would no longer hear my verbal farting about her work.
It is incredible how people can't stand the stench of truth. Regardless of its noble intention, honesty always triggers an unpleasant response, as though you ended up berrrrrrrrrrrrrding it right out of your mouth. Instead of rewarding me with a kiss, a hug or at least a generous smile for responding sincerely to her enquiry about London's development vision, Jade's face turned into resembling the Edward Munch's painting, The Scream. Therefore, instead of watching and commenting Jade's televised reports, I now record all her broadcasts, so that she could judge them herself.
Up until yesterday, I kept my word and to avoid future quarrelling; I avoided her TV-reporting, every single one of them. However, last night Jade stringently asserted to watch the documentary devoted to the United Nations' Convention on the Secret of Divine Civilisation. Jade worked tirelessly on it throughout April, narrating it alongside her colleague Philip Osborne. Aware of my zealous passion for'70's jazz music and human evolution, she insisted I should stay home and watch it. Besides, yesterday was a public holiday, and since most eateries closed, I decided to prepare a soothing dinner for Jade. I took out the frozen chicken fillets from the freezer, soaked them in warm water, washed the peppers and red onions and began slicing them into thin strips. Then I uncorked the green bottle, before pouring a quarter of the Sancerre's yellow liquid into the chipped wine glass. After placing the bottle back in the fridge, I strolled towards the living room, plopping down comfortably on our green leather sofa, adjacent to large black and white photograph of Miles Davis kissing his trumpet. Grover Washington Jr's startling cover of Temptations' Masterpiece floated pleasantly in the air. Halfway through Grover's saxophone solo over the punchy bass trombones, the opening sequence of the televised documentary began.
It displayed scenes from the first quarter of this century with Philips's narrative in the background and disheartening figures occupying the lower part the screen. Most likely, this correspondence finds you sad, culpable, discontent and humiliated with the way the world's evolving around you. Surely, you must resent your peers' endowment of irreversibly tarnishing our precious ecosystem. I happened to be completely oblivious to the fact that in your lifetime, poverty brutally exterminated around 25,000 children a day, while half of the world's population was earning less than $2.50 a day. Apparently, less than twenty percent of all the population retained eighty percent of the world's overall capital. Philip reiterated that this unequal distribution of global wealth caused recessions, depriving people of their jobs, homes, investments and savings.
Could you imagine if wild animals behaved the same as humans, killing their preys and keeping it exclusively to themselves? If they were to retain their catch, all to themselves like humans do, animals would have gone extinct by now. Fortunately, animals are smarter than us and share, and sustain their future supplies, by also feeding others upon whom they depend. It would have been interesting to see how our society and economy would evolve if copied the way animals handle their goods.
Imagine if money received would expire 24-months from the day people receive them?
It would force them to either spend the excessive amount or give it away to others that need it, and this what would contribute to the economy.


·	Check that the state tables generated for a set of reference patterns conforms exactly with a reference set, to check that no subtle corruption creeps in.
·	Checks the interaction of RE elements by composing random REs to test.
Both rigs contain regression tests -- as problems are found, tests may be added that check the problem case and fail if the problem is present.
The test directory is in the directory "te " under the main directory, and each test script file has the extension te. This name comes from Benjamin Hoff's (no relation) book, "The Te of Piglet", where Te roughly means virtue. Te is quite close to "test", and the point of the test rig is to help provide some evidence that the program has some virtue.
To execute the entire suite of tests, simply run the te script in the te directory. This script finds all the .te files in the next directory level, and, for each script, changes to that directory and executes the test. Each test file is an independent Perl script, able to be executed in its own right, generating readable but slightly terse output. The test script assumes that the program to test is ../src/ggrep.
A feature of the tests is that not only do we check that the line is matched (or not matched) correctly, but we also check that the search engine has in fact identified the correct text within the line, as the match position reported by the search engine is very important in most applications. We do this by marking the match text with a marker character (usually ': ') in the test script. When the test executes, it removes the marker from the target text, then uses the -Mc switch to force GGrep to report the match text by adding the marker character. The test passes if the output from GGrep matches the original text before the markers were removed.
The files tests are a simple set of tests that check line counts reported by GGrep for various patterns across the option switches -c , -cv, -ci, -civ . The files themselves are based on the Calgary Corpus text compression suite.
The grey tests implement "grey box" tests. The base and file tests are effectively black-box tests: They seek to test the program's operation without using the actual source code as a guide on how and what to test. There are no white-box tests (where we seek to ensure that every line of code in the target program has been thoroughly exercised). The black box tests are very much a hit and miss affair: it is quite easy to introduce exotic bugs or subtle corruption cases that are missed by the tests, as the rig can't possibly afford to test every combination.
Another testing strategy is required to pick up the corruption cases by inspection: Hence, we have the grey-box tests in this directory. These tests execute by presenting a series of "reference" patterns to GGrep, then using the -D switch to obtain a dump of the state tables generated by the search. The test rig compares the generated tables against the description in the test file, and reports a test failure if any discrepancies are found.
Any worthwhile test rig should include flog tests -- tests that stress the program and strive to uncover infrequent or inconspicuous problems. "Flog" is a great term -- it implies a healthy but tongue-in-cheek disrepect for the program at hand. To some extent, these rigs try to broaden the test coverage to include cases outside the designer's mindset, simply by creating test cases at random (but not entirely random -- some structure is imposed by the generator to improve the coverage of the test cases).
Because the tests are random, it is essential to carefully record the test input and the program output, as otherwise faults may be missed, or may be irreproducible. The flog rig creates the files flog1.log and flog1.sum that contain details and summary respectively of the tests and results from the rig.
The GGrep flog rig compares the output of GNU grep with Grouse Grep across a set of option switch combinations. The input files are the files in the source directory (mainly C source and object files); while this is a reasonable mix of files, there is some variability in the file data which may affect test effectiveness.
In addition to testing both the output and the return status code, the rig also compares the execution time of GNU versus Grouse for the specified pattern and option switch setting, and selects a colour from bright green (if Grouse is more than 30% faster) to bright red (if Grouse is more than 20% slower).
Some patterns are known to fail in this test: Most of these failures come from differences in interpreting "^ " as a literal or as a start-of-line character when the character appears anywhere in the RE other than in the first position. GNU's choices here depend on the way the DFA compiles the RE, which is obscure to outsiders (to say the least). Since Grouse Grep needs to be reworked to use a DFA match engine itself, I haven't bothered to fix this discrepancy.
UWIN10.ZIP      80690 17/11/91 All the joy of UNIX with a Windows user interface! cat, cd, cp, df, fgrep, lpr, ls, od, pr, sort, touch, uniq, and wc are included. Input/output redirection and pipes are supported. A good addition to development environments. Try it with the Quick C for Windows tools menu!
GREP152A.ZIP    28540 14/12/92 Grep v1.52A: OS/2 2.0 GA level grep utility designed to search from the current path on downwards.
RGREP.ZIP        6380 09/10/91 This is a PERL language script. In addition to showing what a working script looks like, it is also a very good implementation of egrep, with a recursive directory search added. Requires PERL4014.ZIP.
And although it's neither required nor recommended that you look at this file, here is the entire 8Mb file, compressed to 2.4Mb or so with bzip2: bbscat.bz2 .
Why is "faults" consistently misspelt as "faultss" in the test rig? The answer is: So that passing all tests doesn't fool you into thinking that the program's perfect. This typo in the test rig is a gentle reminder to be wary.