text:
Sneaky dog travels from Hong Kong to Japan in owner's checked luggage
A small Schnauzer snuck into his unsuspecting owner's suitcase. (iStock)
A Schnauzer took a free flight from Hong Kong to Japan after sneaking into its vacationing owner's suitcase.
On Dec. 28, the dog's owner, who has not been named, left Hong Kong with his family for a holiday trip in Japan, reports EJI Insight (via Hong Kong's Apple Daily).
Upon landing in Hokkaido, the owner received a text from his mother-in-law saying the dog had gone missing. After retrieving his checked luggage the owner was shocked to find the Schnauzer alive and well in his suitcase.
The dog had somehow evaded detection through the entire seven hour trip.
The owner told authorities that he didn't notice his pet sneaking into his luggage before he had zipped it up at home.
But how did the dog avoid detection from airport scanners in both Hong Kong and Japanese customs?
Authorities still aren't sure.
An spokesperson for the Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department in Hong Kong told EJI that a Japanese government official had alerted them to the incident and the dog was sent back to Hong Kong on Dec. 30.
Airlines in the U.S. have strict policies regarding animal carriage but trying to sneak an animal in checked luggage constitutes animal abuse. In March, TSA discovered a live Chihuahua had snuck into its owner's checked suitcase. The woman told authorities that the dog had secretly snuck inside on its own.
Fun stories about food, relationships, the great outdoors and more.


The following horses are proudly being offered for sale by Jennifer Flowers Dressage. Please contact us to learn more or schedule a visit.
Jennifer Flowers Dressage is proud to be a partner with Coves Darden Farm, LLC to bring quality PRE Dressage horses for sale in North Carolina. Visit us in Statesville, or let us meet you in Aiken, to find your perfect Dressage partner.


Attorney License, ROK, obtained from The Judicial Research and Training Institute of the Supreme Court of Korea, in 2005 . Bachelor's Degree in Law from the Seoul National University College of Law, Seoul, (Korea), in 2003.
Woo, Kim Jung, "Pre-Trial Stage of Discovery" (2017). Visiting Researcher Profiles. 9.


text:
Q: How to Pass tag attribute value to Java Bean in JSP Im trying to pass the string fro jsp page to .tag via attribute but the value isnot passing to the java bean in that tag file.
Following is the code in JSP File
<t:detailPane lang="English" ></t:detailPane>

Tag File :
   <%@attribute name="lang" required="true"%>
    <jsp:useBean id="language" scope="page" class="com.AAA.Test.Language" ></jsp:useBean>
    <%=language.getWord("DepartureCaption",  "${lang}") %>

If i write "English" or "Urdu" or "French" instead of ${lang} it works fine but doesnt work when i use the attribute in the tag file to pass value to java bean.

A: Following is the java markup i have found to get attribute
jspContext.getAttribute("lang").toString();

It helped in my code as :
<%String lan = jspContext.getAttribute("lang").toString();  %>
<%=language.getWord("DepartureCaption",  lan) %>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home » Statement » We've been through this before: When 2020 feels like 2016
Posted inStatement
We've been through this before: When 2020 feels like 2016
by Andie Horowitz October 26, 2020 April 20, 2021
Eileen Kelly/Daily. Buy this photo.
Every morning I wake up and realize that we're one day closer to the general election on Nov. 3. Whether it be from a New York Times notification or a new mark on my calendar, the start to each morning feels like a ticking time bomb. With each conscious realization of Election Day's proximity comes an unavoidable pit of anxiety. This uneasiness is not foreign to me; in fact, it's a feeling that I've felt before — four years ago, to be exact.
It's what my therapist likes to call political anxiety. To me, it feels more like political deja vu.
On the surface, it makes sense that emotions similar to those I was experiencing in the fall of 2016 are reemerging now. After all, both 2016 and 2020 are election years, and they both involve the ruthless presidential campaign — filled with misogyny, xenophobia and racism — of Donald Trump. But the most unsettling similarity between the 2016 and 2020 elections is internal; my thoughts, feelings and anxieties suddenly feel eerily familiar to those I had four years ago.
In the fall of 2016, I was an overly-ambitious, tired-eyed 16-year-old with a growing interest in politics. My parents have always been vocal political junkies, conditioning my brother and me to adopt the same interest in the topic. I followed this passion throughout my high school career: I was the president of our Model Congress club, vice president of the Political Debate Forum and editor of the Millburn Observer — the high school's political newspaper. That fall, I was enrolled in what would become the best class I have ever taken, college included: AP Government and Politics (GoPo, for short), taught by Mr. Raymond.
Mr. Raymond would regularly devote parts of class to analysis of the year's election. He never disclosed his party affiliation or personal beliefs, and instead offered us objective and detailed examinations of debates, historical trends and news coverage. He taught us how to both properly listen to and process information from media outlets. This meant identifying bias and drawing conclusions based on evidence, whether the source be Fox News, MSNBC or CNN.
I had never been both so knowledgeable about and immersed in American politics. I valued Mr. Raymond's lessons more than any course before: I would spend hours after school every weekday rereading my class notes, jotting down individual analysis and later referencing them when engaging in out-of-classroom debates. I began reading RealClearPolitics and Nate Silver's FiveThirtyEight every day. I watched the news from stations that leaned politically in both directions, whether it be delivered by Rachel Maddow or Chris Wallace. I researched ways I could get involved in my own community, which led me to canvas and phone bank for the Clinton campaign.
I was always a Hillary Clinton supporter, but I was also extremely disgusted by Trump's behavior. This disgust morphed into a grenade of anger following the 2016 October Surprise, when an Access Hollywood video was released of Trump telling then-reporter Billy Bush to "grab 'em (women) by the pussy." I cried to my dad as I watched the video, hearing a presidential candidate glorify, explicitly participate in and perpetuate rape culture. I couldn't remain silent anymore. I quickly grabbed my computer, locked myself in my room and wrote a piece titled "An Open Letter to Donald Trump," pleading for people not to vote for him.
I couldn't imagine a world in which Trump was president.
But four years later, here we are. The similarities from then to now are almost uncanny. I am a junior in college now, continuing studying my civic interests through a major in political science. I channel my anxiety into Get Out the Vote efforts, studying and planning how to increase voter turnout in a course called "POLSCI 389: Detroit Votes" or through phone-banking independently. While I am no longer Mr. Raymond's student, I still keep in touch with him via email. I still learn from his analysis when I feel too overwhelmed to adequately sort out my thoughts. I have been tracking the progress of the 2020 general election since the summer of 2019, still relying on RealClearPolitics and FiveThirtyEight for political news. I still write about politics as a form of catharsis.
I am just as, if not even more, scared for another Trump term as I was before. The political instability in the United States combined with little effort to control the pandemic right now is dangerous. Our country is in an extremely volatile state, and I am at a loss for ideas when I try to think about what else I can do about it besides traditional GOTV efforts. I've been racking my brain about this for a while, as the situation gets more pressing with each news bite. And while canvassing can be effective, I can't help but feel an undeniable sense of dread when envisioning Election Day because I cannot guarantee my desired outcome.
My anxiety paints Election Day up as a sort of political Armageddon. How could it not when the president has actively tried to suppress voter turnout, all while claiming he won't concede if he loses. And if it's anything like 2016, I cannot get my hopes up only to be let down.
Though I try to forget, I remember that day like it was yesterday.
Nov. 8, 2016 was a day the country long anticipated. I had been following the polls, and while they were swaying in favor of Clinton, they were creeping dangerously close to the margin of error. Still, I tried my best to maintain a cautiously optimistic perspective. That afternoon, I drove an hour and a half away from my hometown with my mom and a friend of mine to go door-to-door canvassing in Bethlehem, PA — a swing city in a notorious swing state. We knew we had to get out the vote on the day that mattered most.
We drove back home around 5 p.m., making it back in time for my political debate club's election party. A mix of 20 juniors and seniors met at a club member's house to eat good food, make predictions and hopefully celebrate our country's first female president. Mostly everyone there was a Hillary supporter, with the exception of one or two Trump supporters.
We ate goldfish and crackers while drinking sparkling apple cider, packed together on the couch and floor. We switched between news outlets in an attempt to get bipartisan coverage. Adrenaline filled the air as the results flooded back in, at first reporting positive signs. We were laughing and gossiping, unaware of what was to come.
Suddenly, the returns from Florida started to tip in Trump's favor. Dangerous. The room started to get a bit quieter, besides the overwhelming joy coming from the Trump supporters. Most of us were very tense, sitting with our fists clenched as fear crept into our minds.
He could win this thing.
The betting odds on FiveThirtyEight refreshed to hit a new high — 80% in favor of Trump. I emailed my teacher on behalf of the 18 of us, nervously typing:
"When should we start crying? We are praying for a miracle. Eighteen of your students are already in shambles, including me. We saw the latest 538 poll, and we are unstable."
And as soon as it started to look like he was going to win Wisconsin, my friend Arik started his application into McGill, a university in Canada — an action symbolizing his newfound desire to leave the country.
The fear grew stronger with each return update. It was getting late, and the situation was only getting worse by the second. Around 11:15 p.m., I had my best friend Kyle drive me home — I didn't want to cry in front of my peers.
In the car, I got a CNN update that Trump had won Wisconsin. That put him over the edge of winning the Electoral College, and I knew it. I told Kyle to pull over as we approached a spot in our town that overlooks New York City. It's usually a place of comfort for him and I, showing us how small we are on the grand scale of things. Tonight was different, though. Everything felt huge and scary.
Once he put his car in park, he took a deep breath and looked at me. I began to weep. Everything we had fought for, everything we had hoped for was at risk. People's rights were at risk. People's lives were at risk. And instead of bigotry receiving its deserved ending — defeat — Trump was being rewarded for his dehumanizing, vulgar, oppressive behavior. I looked at the city in front of me but could barely see out of my teary eyes. Even as Kyle held my hand and told me it would be OK, I didn't know how it could be.
After 10 minutes, Kyle dropped me off at home. The only possibility of Hillary coming back was with a deadlock. I once again emailed Mr. Raymond, holding onto any small shred of hope I had left.
"There's no chance even with Michigan?"
His reply said it all:
"Go to bed."
I don't talk about that day often. It hurts too much to relive it. I tried to piece the details back together as well as I could remember it, reaching out to Kyle to fill the gaps I missed. When texting him for answers, he responded with a succinct but all-telling "i'm sorry hahaha i blocked too much of that out." It seems a lot of us did.
As much as I'd like to forget the darkness of that night, its effects linger every day with the aftermath of living under a Trump presidency.
Multiple sexual assault allegations. An impeachment. Continuous support of hate groups. Xenophobic legislation. The furthering of a white nationalist agenda. Dehumanizing, disgraceful rhetoric. Perpetual lies. Science denial. Criminalizing dissent. A failure to acknowledge or handle a global pandemic. A catalyst of hundreds of thousands of innocent deaths.
This is just the beginning — I can't even try to create an all-encompassing list of the unacceptable things Trump has done in the last four years. The rage and distress I feel are indescribable. And the anxiety surrounding the upcoming election is unavoidable. A weight of helplessness lies on my shoulders as I wait for Nov. 3, praying to anyone and anything that we vote him out.
It would be easy to give into those feelings, especially when it felt like all of my efforts to elect Hillary in 2016 were done for nothing. But I know that's the attitude that results in complacency. We must keep pushing, even when at our most cynical. I may not be optimistic, but I believe in actionable change. I will do everything in my power to help shape a better future.
Election Day 2020 needs to end differently than it did in 2016.
Statement Deputy Editor Andie Horowitz can be reached at horowita@umich.edu
The COVID-19 pandemic has thrown challenges at all of us — including The Michigan Daily — but that hasn't stopped our staff. We're committed to reporting on the issues that matter most to the community where we live, learn and work. Your donations keep our journalism free and independent. You can support our work here.
For a weekly roundup of the best stories from The Michigan Daily, sign up for our newsletter here.
UMich student voting numbers rise 17.7% between 2016 and 2020, report finds
Daily Arts Runs a Marathon: Reflections from B-Side, the 2021 relay team
The importance of the comfort TV episode

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Theft of personal items happens every day. Unfortunately, one of those common crimes is the theft of vehicles. Automobiles have become one of the most important and valuable items that a household can have. For most individuals, they are essential for getting to and from work, for others they are essential just for general mobility. A vehicle's value, whether monetary or not, is precisely why thieves target them. Vehicles can be stripped for spare parts or even used to commit other crimes. Now more than ever it is important to protect your vehicle just as you protect your home and family.
There are a few simple tools you can use with your vehicle to help deter or even prevent theft.
The first and primary tool is your vehicle's car alarm. Luckily this tool already comes pre-installed with all modern vehicles. The sudden loud noise it emits is perfect for chasing off most thieves since they prefer to work quickly and quietly. However, even if your vehicle already has an alarm, it does not mean it is safe. Car alarms are so commonplace that most people have become desensitized to them, so they are not 100% likely to deter thieves. Other tools may be necessary.
Another useful tool may be a steering wheel lock bar. A lock bar is a convenient and compact tool that can be placed on your steering wheel to prevent it from being turned. This can usually deter a thief since its presence makes it a huge inconvenience for them to attempt to remove it. A brake lock is also an effective tool to prevent theft. Brake locks secure to the bottom of the brake petal so it can't be suppressed. Thieves can't steal your car if they can't drive it away.
The final tool is quite effective and most modern cars possess one, a tracking device. Tracking devices are useful for determining your vehicle's position via GPS if a thief manages to make off with it. Tracking devices are one of the most useful functions vehicles have these days and can be quite powerful when used with other tools. Some companies can even disable your car for you once they find out it was stolen, often causing thieves to abandon the vehicle. Sadly, older vehicles do not come with this function and it can be an expensive system to add to your car. Please research which tools would be most effective for you and your vehicle before you buy.
Locks Around the Clock is here to remind you that while it is good to lock criminals out of your car, be sure you do not lock yourself out by accident. If you end up locked out of your car be sure to give us a call at 760-625-7184. We are available 24 hours a day and service the Coachella Valley.


text:
Daniel York is a Scottish rugby union player who is a Stage 3 Scottish Rugby Academy player assigned to Glasgow Warriors. His usual position is at the Prop position.

Rugby Union career

Amateur career

York started his rugby union career playing for his school St Aloysius' College, Glasgow.

He then moved to play for West of Scotland.

York was named in the 2016-17 Scottish Rugby Academy.

He signed for Glasgow Hawks for 2017.

Professional career

York has played for Glasgow District at Under 16.

West of Scotland District U18 side against the East of Scotland U18.

York trained with the Glasgow Warriors in the 2017-18 pre-season. Coach Kenny Murray praised him saying "he had applied himself really well".

York graduated to be a Stage 3 player in the BT Sport Scottish Rugby Academy and named in the second intake of the 2017-18 season to the Glasgow regional academy and assigned to Glasgow Warriors.

International career

York has played for the Scotland U18s.

References

Living people
Scottish rugby union players
Rugby union props
Glasgow Warriors players
Glasgow Hawks players
West of Scotland FC players
Year of birth missing (living people)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Hand-stitched alphabet-bear sampler for child's room. 14" x 10"
Genuine Brass Bells by Amish Craft Co.
6" x 8" Hand-stitched teacher Bell Pull.
Framed size is 13" x 11."
This cute picture picture is for the person who is not perfect.
Framed hand-stitched replica of Old Mill in Pigeon Forge TN. Size 13" x 11"
Sequoyah and the Cherokee Language Syllabary. Barnwood frame 18" x 25."
Hand Stitched in Counted Cross Stitch. Cross-Bar Frame 14 x 11 inches.
"The Lord gave us each two ends to use. With one you win, with one you lose." 6.5 inches with gold frame.


To use Skype for calling over Internet is nothing new. However, now they have the solved the problem of people not being online. The introduction of a voicemail service solves that beautifully.
Not surprisingly that OECD in a report see Skype (and other VoIP) as a threat to fixed-line carries.


text:
The Hemopurifier®
The Hemopurifier® in Infectious Disease
The Hemopurifier® in Cancer
Exosome Sciences, Inc.
Section 16 Filings
Aethlon Medical Announces the Grant of a U.S. Patent Protecting Methods of Capturing MHC Antigen Associated Exosomes
SAN DIEGO, July 19, 2017 /PRNewswire/ -- Aethlon Medical, Inc. (Nasdaq: AEMD), a therapeutic technology company focused on unmet needs in global health and biodefense, announced today that the United States Patent and Trademark Office has granted U.S. Patent Number 9,707,333 (the '333 Patent), entitled "EXTRACORPOREAL REMOVAL OF MICROVESICULAR PARTICLES."
The '333 Patent covers methods of capturing exosomes that include an MHC-I or MHC-II antigen, whereby a patient suspected of receiving a benefit from exosome capture and removal is selected, and the whole blood, plasma, or serum from the patient is contacted with a substrate that includes antibodies specific for an MHC-I or MHC-II antigen. The '333 Patent also covers methods of capturing and removing MHC-I or MHC-II antigen associated exosomes from whole blood, plasma, or serum of a patient, and returning the whole blood, plasma, or serum to the patient with substantially fewer MHC-I or MHC-II antigen associated exosomes.
MHC-I and MHC-II antigen associated exosomes contribute to the progression of numerous disease conditions, including cancer, autoimmune disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
The '333 Patent is a continuation of U.S. Patent Number 9,364,601, which covers methods of lectin-based capture of exosomes from a patient, and U.S. Patent Number 8,288,172, which protects the use of the Aethlon Hemopurifier® in a method to remove immunosuppressive exosomes from blood. Together, these patents solidify Aethlon's position as a leader in pioneering diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in the field of exosome biology.
Aethlon Chairman and CEO Jim Joyce stated, "In addition to expanding our intellectual property portfolio, the issuance of the '333 patent further reinforces our competitive position within the emerging industry for therapeutic strategies to inhibit the proliferation of disease-promoting exosomes."
About Aethlon Medical, Inc.
Aethlon Medical creates medical technologies to address unmet needs in global health and biodefense. The Aethlon Hemopurifier® is a clinical-stage therapeutic device that eliminates life-threatening viruses from the circulatory system of infected individuals. The Company believes the Hemopurifier® can achieve the broad-spectrum countermeasure goal set forth by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The device has been validated to capture Ebola, Zika, Lassa, MERS-CoV, HIV, Hepatitis C, Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr, Herpes Simplex, Chikungunya, Dengue, West Nile, Smallpox related viruses, H1N1 Swine Flu, H5N1 Bird Flu, and the reconstructed Spanish flu virus of 1918. Aethlon is also the majority owner of Exosome Sciences, Inc., a company focused on the discovery of exosomal biomarkers to diagnose and monitor life-threatening diseases. Additional information can be found online at www.AethlonMedical.com and www.ExosomeSciences.com. You can also connect with us on Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook and Google+.
This press release contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 that involve risks and uncertainties. Statements containing words such as "may," "believe," "anticipate," "expect," "intend," "plan," "project," "will," "projections," "estimate," or similar expressions constitute forward-looking statements. Such forward-looking statements are subject to significant risks and uncertainties and actual results may differ materially from the results anticipated in the forward-looking statements. Factors that may contribute to such differences include, without limitation, the Company's ability to maintain its listing on the Nasdaq Capital Market, or any other national securities exchange, that the Company or its subsidiary will not be able to commercialize its products, including products related to the recently issued '333 Patent, that the FDA will not approve the initiation or continuation of the Company's clinical programs or provide market clearance of the Company's products, the Company's ability to raise capital when needed, the Company's ability to complete the development of its planned products, the Company's ability to manufacture its products either internally or through outside companies, the impact of government regulations, patent protection on the Company's proprietary technology, the ability of the Company to meet the milestones contemplated in its contract with DARPA, product liability exposure, uncertainty of market acceptance, competition, technological change, and other risk factors. The foregoing list of risks and uncertainties is illustrative, but is not exhaustive. Additional factors that could cause results to differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements can be found under the caption "Risk Factors" in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended March 31, 2016 and on Form 10-K to be filed for the year ended March31, 2017, and in the Company's other filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Except as may be required by law, the Company does not intend, nor does it undertake any duty, to update this information to reflect future events or circumstances.
Jim Frakes
Aethlon Medical, Inc.
Jfrakes@aethlonmedical.com
John Marco
CORE IR
johnm@coreir.com
View original content:http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/aethlon-medical-announces-the-grant-of-a-us-patent-protecting-methods-of-capturing-mhc-antigen-associated-exosomes-300490424.html
SOURCE Aethlon Medical, Inc.
Released July 19, 2017
© 2020 Aethlon Medical, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Кооперативните учебни групи (КУГ; Cooperative learning groups от англ.) представляват основната градивна единица на кооперативното обучение. С цел по-добро разбиране на термина КУГ, е необходимо да се даде определение на понятието кооперативно обучение: това е обучение, при което членовете на групата трябва да работят или действат като една личност, за да постигнат общи цели, като при това не е важен не толкова приноса на всеки от участниците в групата, а най-вече върху нейното цялостно представяне.

Цели
В добре структурираните КУГ, всеки от обучаемите получава възможност не само да усвои по-добре изучавания материал, но и да усъвършенства своите умения за работа в екип. Чрез дискусии по зададени теми се подобряват вербалните умения, дедуктивното мислене по определен проблем, усъвършенстване на способността за изслушване. Обучаващите се учат заедно, за да получат по-голяма индивидуална компетентност.

КУГ могат да бъдат структурирани по различни начини, които най-общо се разпределят в три категории: формални, неформални и базови (базисни).

Категории кооперативни учебни групи
Формалните КУГ са най-често използваната стратегия за провеждане на кооперативно обучение. Минималната продължителност на съществуване на групите е един учебен час, а максималната – няколко седмици. Формалните КУГ се образуват с цел изпълнението на определени задачи, поставени от преподавателя.

Неформалните КУГ са кратковременно съществуващи, с продължителност в рамките на една дискусия или на максимум един учебен час. Този вид КУГ се формират с цел да се фокусира вниманието на обучаемите върху изучавания материал, както и да се подпомогне по-доброто му осмисляне. При този метод времето за преподаване на учебния материал в рамките на учебния час е по-малко, но качеството на неговото усвояване е по-високо.

Базовите (базисните) КУГ се създават за най-дълги периоди от време, в сравнение с формалните и неформалните КУГ. Най-често те са с продължителност от един учебен срок (семестър) до една учебна година. Основната цел на тези КУГ е да предоставят на всеки от участниците в групата подкрепа при усвояване на учебния материал за целия период на преподаването на даден учебен предмет.

Източници
 Online Collaborative Learning: Theory and Practice, Idea Group, 2004, Collaborative or Cooperative Learning?, Joanne M. McInnerney, Tim S. Roberts, p. 205.
 Статия за кооперативното обучение  на сайта на "Националният форум за преподаване и учене" в САЩ
 Материал за кооперативното обучение
 Статия, в която са представени трите категории КУГ

Външни препратки
 www.co-operation.org

Педагогика
Кооперации


text:
Family of 14-year-old killed in Raleigh speaks out
Graceland will be hosting first ever virtual live VIP tours!
WATCH – The Mule Train: Poor People's Campaign Continued
Should things get ugly election day, Mid-South law enforcement will be ready
Local 24 News political analyst and commentator Otis Sanford shares his point of view on voting safety and security.
Author: Otis Sanford (Local 24)
Published: 5:30 PM CDT October 21, 2020
Updated: 5:30 PM CDT October 21, 2020
MEMPHIS, Tenn. — You've heard the old saying, better safe than sorry. Or the one that says prepare for war in a time of peace. That appears to be what's happening with local political leaders and law enforcement officials as voting continues for the Nov. 3rd general election.
With tension running high this year, particularly over the presidential election, local officials are wise to be drafting plans in case there are serious altercations at polling sites.
Both Memphis Mayor Jim Strickland and Shelby County Mayor Lee Harris are involved in the contingency planning. They are working with law enforcement officials and the Tennessee Emergency Management Agency. According to The Daily Memphian, the discussions have focused on how to deal with serious complaints of voter intimidation, voter suppression, and possible protests and civil unrest on or after Election Day.
Memphis Police Director Mike Rallings was even more emphatic - interference with the election process will not be tolerated. So far, activity at early voting sites has been tame – with the exception of a shouting match last week between supporters of incumbent state representative John DeBerry and challenger Torrey Harris.
The bigger concern is unrest after the election by people who are unwilling to accept the outcome. With COVID-19 still moving through the community, the last thing we need are unruly crowds. The good news is, local officials are prepared. But here's hoping their plans won't be needed. And that's my point of view.
VERIFY: This Supreme Court case ruling means states can determine where their electoral votes go
Memphis, Shelby County leaders & law enforcement plan, prepare for worst case election security scenarios
"Black Lives Matter" isn't political – it's a sincere call for equal justice, equal access, and an end to police brutality


Located in Milpitas, 1421 McCarthy is a market ready office building covering 31,165 SF. HMH partnered with Studio G Architects in transforming this building into a more unique usable space. Some of the key design features include a monumental stair entrance with concrete board form wall, a branded concrete patio with seating and a cantilever wood bar counter.
1421 McCarthy is also conveniently located near the Tasman VTA light rail stop and is two stops from the Milpitas BART Station.


text:
Cards from across the Pond
I know I've been rather remiss in posting up some of the wonderful packages I've received from fellow bloggers, so this specific post will address that situation plus provide a belated congratulations to one of my favorite bloggers.
For starters, there was this really great package from new father Marcus over at All the Way to the Backstop. In case you've been away from the card blogging world the past few weeks, Marcus Pond, a Texas schoolteacher and his wife, recently celebrated the birth of their newborn son, Maxwell Coleman Pond. And yes, the middle name is in honor of the late San Diego Padres sportscaster Jerry Coleman.
I wonder if maybe Marcus was passing out sports cards instead of cigars celebrating his son's birth, as this package came completely out of the blue and, yes, it contained a healthy gathering of brown and gold (and blue) Padres goodies.
For starters, he included a few newer San Diego Padres cards, to include some Jedd Gyorko cards - a 2013 Topps Wal Mart Blue Border, 2013 Topps Chrome RC, and a 2013 Bowman Platinum Sapphire. Also, a 1993 Donruss Dave Staton, 2005 Donruss Greats John Kruk, 2013 Bowman Top 100 Prospects Max Fried, 2009 Topps 50th Anniversary All Rookie Team Khalil Greene, and a 2014 Topps Update Seth Smith.
One of my favorite Padres, Trevor Hoffman, was well represented in this package, as evidenced by his 1997 Pacific, 2000 SPx, 1997 Score Premium Stock, 2006 Flair Showcase, 2002 Upper Deck Vintage, 2001 SP Authentic, 2009 Topps Heritage, and a 1994 Stadium Club.
I think Marcus knows I always like finding Padres players minor league cards and these cards truly fit the bill. Here's some 2012 Pacific Coast League Top Prospects Multi-Ad Blake Tekotte and James Darnell, 2011 Lake Elsinore Storm Coke Phil Plantier, 2012 Topps Pro Debut Jonathan Galvez, 2008 TRISTAR PROjections Kyle Burke, Danny Payne and Jonathan Galvez, and a 2013 Topps Pro Debut Max Fried.
And of course, there's some old-school San Diego Padres cards, at least as old school as a franchise originating in 1969 can boast of. Here's a 1970 Topps Al Ferrara and Chris Cannizzaro, 1975 Topps Chris Cannizzaro, 1975 Topps Jerry Turner RC (also with Benny Ayala, Nyls Nyman, and Tommy Smith), and 1969 Topps Alan Foster RC and Willie Davis.
I have a natural affinity to the late '70's Padres cards, especially since that's when I was living in "America's Finest City." So these are great cards of the 1978 Topps Jerry Turner, Gene Tenace and Gene Richards, 1976 Topps Bob Davis RC, 1981 Topps Dave Cash and Mike Ivie RC (with Darcy Fast and Derrel Thomas).
And finally, here's a hand-signed 2010 Topps National Chicle Will Venable, 2013 Bowman Chrome Prospects Refractor Zach Eflin, 2013 Bowman Chrome Draft Top Prospects Refractor Max Fried, 1979 Kellogg's Gaylord Perry (1973-315 hits), 1989 Panini Stickers Marvell Wynn, 2012 Topps Stickers and 2014 Topps Sticker Swinging Friar. You have to admit the Swinging Friar is a great mascot, especially when compared to other teams' fishes, birds and other assorted animals.
Once again, thank you Marcus and belated congratulations on the birth of your newest son.
Posted by Comatoad at 11:40 AM 1 comment:
Zen and the art of Zistle
Recently, I discovered the joys of Zistle, which bills itself as "The easiest way to organize and trade your cards online." Basically, it's a free card trading website, created by "collectors for collectors," which allows you to inventory cards you want to trade and helps find trade partners to get the cards you want. You can also pay to add Zistle Gold, their premium service, but they also provide a seven-day free trial of Zistle Gold.
Once I registered, it took a little to figure out how to post up cards. However, once I got the hang of it, I started listing several basketball and football cards. In reality, I could care less about basketball, but I've managed to accumulate a good-sized stack of it through picking up various and sundry sports card collections. So I posted a few of them, along with other cards I'm looking to trade away, and quickly logged in about 1,080 cards - 55 baseball, 516 football, 207 basketball, and 302 hockey - generating 4,078 points.
It wasn't long before I received my first trade proposal from member bdlehman18. He was interested in a couple of my football cards - a 2011 Panini Rookies and Stars Longevity Danny Coale and a 2001 Playoff Absolute Memorabilia Antonio Freeman. I already had the Tony Gwynn cards he offered, so after some negotiation, he sent a pair of Tony Gwynns, one a 1993 Fun Pack and the other, a 1999 Upper Deck MVP Swing Time.
I promptly mailed my cards, he promptly mailed his, and the next thing I knew, I had a PWE sitting in my mailbox and the deal was painlessly completed.
My second Zistle trade, this one with BucCollector, was a little more involved. I sent him a mix of basketball and hockey cards, which included a 2010 Topps Allen and Ginter Mini Akinori Iwamura, 1973-74 Topps Dave Bing, 2000-01 Topps Heritage Jason Collier RC, 1993-94 Hoops East Team Photo, 2013-14 Upper Deck Artifacts Evgeni Malkin, and then 2007-08 Upper Deck Artifacts Sidney Crosby, Evegeni Malkin, Jordan Staal and Marc-Andre Fleury, 2010-11 Upper Deck Artifacts Evgeni Malkin and Jordan Staal, 2002-03 Atomic Johan Hedberg and Alexei Morozov.
From BucCollector, I received a trio of 1974 Topps cards, both of the Washington and San Diego Padres variety. While the Willie McCovey card has the San Diego Padres listed, as it should, the Johnny Grubb and Dave Hilton cards feature the Washington "Nat'l Lea." It was assumed to be pretty much a done deal for the Padres to be purchased by a Washington, D.C. group, but it fell through. It was then that Ray Kroc, of McDonald's fame saved the San Diego franchise (and not Bud Selig), keeping the team in San Diego.
I also received three Tony Gwynn cards, including a 1988 Fleer Baseball's Best, 1990 Donruss All-Star Error, 1988 Topps Tony Gwynn/Benito Santiago, as well as a 1987 Fleer Limited Edition Steve Garvey
You do have to be careful when you post feedback, however. You can give a range of 1 star, for a bad trade and up to 10 stars for a great trade. Unfortunately, when I went to post feedback, I had intended to give BucCollector a 10 and thought I clicked on all 10 of the stars, but accidentally hit 9 of the stars instead. Easily enough corrected, I found out - you just post up a message to one of the moderators and they'll help you fix it.
And then I had yet another trade offer, this one from halos17, a Martin St. Louis hockey fan. We agreed on the trade and I sent my cards out into the U.S. Postal system. Due to other obligations and issues, halos17 had a delay in getting his cards into the mail.
When he did get my package in the mail, he included these 2009 OPC Black Back cards of Jake Peavy and Adrian Gonzalez, as we agreed, while I sent a couple of Martin St. Louis Artifact hockey cards.
But, talk about being a very conscientious collector!
Beside the cards we agreed to, he also included these Tony Gwynn cards with the above note.
Overall, I'm sort of taking a shining to trading on Zistle. Once you figure out how it works, it's a fairly easy and effective trading tool to get rid of, and to find needed sports cards.
San Diego State to retire Tony Gwynn's #19
Tony Gwynn will never be forgotten on Montezuma Mesa, the campus of San Diego State University, where he played college baseball and basketball and later coached the school's baseball team.
Two Tony Gwynn San Diego State Aztec cards -- 2012-13 Fleer Retro 97-98 Z-Force Rave and a 2013 Upper Deck National Convention.
A two-time All-American as an outfielder, he led San Diego State in hitting his final two seasons. In 1980, he posted a .423 batting average with six home runs and 29 RBI, garnering third-team All-America accolades from the Baseball News. As a four-year point guard for the basketball team, he was twice-named to the all-Western Athletic Conference team and is the only athlete in WAC history to be honored as an all-conference performer in two sports. He still holds the Aztec game, season and career records for assists.
As a 12-year Aztec baseball coach, Gwynn posted a 363-363 record at SDSU, guiding the Aztecs to three Mountain West Championships and a .500 or better record in five of the past seven seasons.
Associate head coach Mark Martinez took over the day-to-day coaching duties for the majority of the 2014 season, as Gwynn's health deteriorated in his battle against cancer. "Mr. Padre" passed away June 16, 2014 at the age of 54.
The Aztec baseball team will honor the memory of alumni and former head coach Tony Gwynn during their season-opening weekend, Feb. 13-15, when they play host to the Valparaiso Crusaders. Gwynn's No. 19 SDSU jersey will be retired, there will be an Aztecs vs. Cancer event and other activities are planned to memorialize Gwynn.
And just as the San Diego Padres wore a Gwynn "19" commemorative patch on their uniforms during the 2014 season, the Aztec baseball team, as well as several other Mountain West teams, will wear commemorative Tony Gwynn "TG" patches on their uniforms throughout the 2015 season.
Everyone is aware of Gwynn's 20–year career with the Padres, but how much do you know of his 12-year San Diego State coaching career? He became only the fourth head coach in SDSU baseball history, after being hired Sept. 21. 2001. However, he served as a volunteer assistant coach under Jim Dietz, who was his coach during Gwynn's collegiate days, before assuming head coaching duties at the end of the 2002 season, when Dietz retired.
Gwynn was named Mountain West Conference Coach of the Year after leading the Aztecs to the league's regular-season title in 2004. In 2009 his Aztecs sported a 43-21 record and its first trip to the NCAA Regionals since 1991. In 2013, thanks to a pair of wins over 13th-ranked New Mexico, they again earned the MWC Tournament title and another berth to the NCAA Regionals.
San Diego State's tribute to Gwynn began on Feb. 11, when the baseball team received their 2014 Mountain West Championship rings during halftime of the men's basketball game. Gwynn's family members will led the Aztecs' traditional "I Believe" chant before the game, and then accepted his championship ring at halftime. Gwynn's daughter, Anisha, sang the national anthem.
The Aztecs also gave commemorative T-shirts featuring Gwynn's basketball number 24 to the first 2,500 fans at the game.
On Friday, Feb. 13, the Aztecs will host a VIP reception, open to SDSU baseball letterwinners who played under Gwynn, as well as his former teammates and invited dignitaries, at Tony Gwynn Stadium prior to the baseball game. Commemorative Tony Gwynn pins will be distributed to the first 1,500 fans attending the game.
On Valentine's Day, the baseball team will sponsor an Aztecs vs. Cancer event in Gwynn's honor. Prior to the game several players will shave their heads in support of Gwynn's fight against cancer, as well as someone in their lives who has been struck by the disease.
On the final day of the series, Feb. 15, the Aztecs will host the West Covina Little League, an organization that held a special place for Gwynn. San Diego State players and coaches will hold a clinic for the little leaguers following the game.
Gwynn was last with his San Diego State team on March 25, 2014, just before he began his leave of absence. His Aztecs rallied around a Gwynn bobblehead doll they would set near the bat rack during games, enroute to winning the Mountain West Conference tournament and advancing to the NCAA regionals.
Posted by Comatoad at 5:58 AM No comments:
2015 San Diego Padres Game Giveaways
The San Diego Padres have announced their 2015 promotions schedule and Friars fans can once again look forward to such Padres traditions as Taco Tuesdays, College Nights, Friday Night Parties, and Military Sundays, featuring the U.S. Marine Corps.
Some may feel, compared to last year's freebies, there doesn't appear to be as many goodies available to the Padres faithful this season. However, I think the baseball team the Front Office is finally fielding at Petco Park this season, which includes the recent addition of pitcher James Shields, more than makes up for any perceived shortcomings in the promotional department.
As for promotions, "Baseball Night in San Diego" returns, while retro Padres brown makes a triumphant return this season as the team debuts five evenings featuring "Way Back Wednesdays," with players wearing home brown pinstripe uniforms from 1985 to 1990. Last season, San Diego celebrated the 30-year anniversary of their 1984 NLCS championship versus the Chicago Cubs by both wearing, and giving away a replica 1984 brown and yellow jersey during their May homestand against the Cubbies.
After opening the 2015 season on the road at Los Angeles, the Padres celebrate their regular season home opener on Thursday, April 9 against the San Francisco Giants, with the return of the Padres Fedora, presented by Sycuan Casino, as well as a 2015 schedule cling.
When it comes to Padres clothing, San Diego has you covered. There are four opportunities to get these Friars freebies – On Saturday, May 30 (Pirates), you can get a Padres Replica Camouflage Jersey presented by Petco; As part of its Armed Forces Day celebration, there's a Padres Hoodie, presented by Toyota, Saturday, May 16 (Nationals); You can get a Throwback Replica pin-stripe jersey, presented by FOX Sports San Diego, Saturday. Aug. 8 (Phillies); and finally, fans can receive a Padres Dir-Fit T-Shirt, presented by Mission Federal Credit Union, Saturday, Aug. 22 (Cardinals).
Perhaps the most intriguing giveaway this year is the Petco Park Replica, presented by Fanatics Authentic, on Saturday, July 18 (Rockies). I'm curious as to the size and scale of the mini-Petco, as well as how detailed this replica will actually be.
And just like last year, fans can once again get a free beach towel, presented by National University, Saturday, June 27 (Diamondbacks); Knockaround Sunglasses, Wednesday, July 22 (Giants) and another bag –a MLB Network reusable bag, given away Saturday, May 2 (Rockies) before the post-game fireworks.
Other freebies include a 2015 calendar, courtesy of Cox, Saturday, April 25 (Dodgers); a Grab Bag Giveaway, Saturday, Sept. 5 (Dodgers); and a Padres Team Photo, presented by the Mighty 1090, on Saturday, Sept. 26 (Diamondbacks).
While all these giveaways are nice, once again I applaud the Padres Front Office for actually making and effort to put a competitive team on the field. After years of watching San Diego's Front Office Follies, I almost feel as I'm watching the Bizarro-Padres.
Suffice it to say, I'm definitely looking forward to Baseball's Opening Day!
Posted by Comatoad at 5:35 PM No comments:


The constellations are imaginary figures made of groups of stars forming patterns which allow an observer to easily identify star positions.
The zodiac is an imaginary belt in the heavens on either side of the Sun's apparent path: the ecliptic. It is divided into 12 sectors of 30° each, corresponding to the astrological signs named by the ancients. The Sun, Moon and planets seem, when viewed from the Earth, to move through the zodiac, since they all move in the same plane (ecliptic) and thus move across the same band of stars. The zodiac extends to about 8° to either side of the ecliptic.
Because of precession of the equinoxes, there is about a month's difference between the constellations we now observe, and those observed by the ancients, at specific times of year.
Rollover the constellations to see how they were represented in ancient times.
To understand the link between the succession of the constellations and Earth / Sun relative positions.
To teach the difference between astrology (belief system) and astronomy (science).


text:
\section{Introduction}
        \label{intro.}

Interstellar dust grains,
which consist of silicates and carbonaceous materials,
account for about 1\% of the mass
of interstellar clouds.
The grains play an important role in
processes in the interstellar medium (ISM),
such as the absorption of UV radiation, emission
of infrared radiation
and heating of the surrounding gas through
the photoelectric effect, which leads to
the emission of energetic electrons.
Catalytic processes on grain surfaces
give rise to the formation of molecular hydrogen
\citep{Gould1963,Hollenbach1971a,Hollenbach1971b}
and other molecules
\citep{Hasegawa1992}.
Dust grains also take part in the dynamics of interstellar
clouds through their role in coupling the magnetic field to the gas
in regions of low fractional ionization and through their transferring
of radiation pressure into the gas
\citep{Draine2003}.
Many of these processes depend directly or indirectly
on various properties of the grains, such as
their temperature and charge.
These, in turn, depend on both the macro-conditions,
namely the radiation flux and the gas environment,
and the microphysics of the grains namely
their composition and structure.
Thus,
the evolution of interstellar clouds
involves a complex network of physical
and chemical processes and feedback
mechanisms.
Large scale simulations are required in order to combine
all the known processes and to draw the macro-physical
picture
\citep{vanHoof2004,LePetit2006}.
An important ingredient
of interstellar processes is
the temperature of dust grains and its
dependence on the interstellar conditions.
Processes such as infrared emission from the grains
and gas-grain heating directly affect
the grain temperatures.
Other processes such as the formation of
H$_2$ and other molecules on grain surfaces
are highly sensitive to the grain temperatures.

In this paper we calculate the temperatures
of interstellar dust grains and their dependence on
the radiation field
and on the compositions and sizes of the grains.
To this end we
perform simulations of stochastic heating
and radiative cooling,
taking into account the discrete nature of the UV photons.
We find that grains of radii smaller than 0.2 $\mu$m
exhibit large temperature fluctuations.
Such small grains exhibit skewed temperature distributions,
where most of the time they are colder than large grains
exposed to similar radiation intensity, but occasionally
they experience a sharp temperature spike.

The paper is organized as follows.
In section
\ref{sec:ISRF},
we briefly review the
physical properties of the radiation field
in different interstellar environments.
Previous studies of interstellar
grain temperatures are reviewed
in section
\ref{sec:IDG_temp}.
The methods used in our stochastic simulations
are described in section
\ref{sec:model}.
The results are presented in section
\ref{sec:results},
followed by a discussion in section
\ref{sec:discussion}
and a summary in section
\ref{sec:dis_sum}.

\section{The Interstellar Radiation Field}
\label{sec:ISRF}

The interstellar radiation field
is defined as the average radiation field between stars.
There is a widely accepted approximation
for the typical spectrum
of the radiation field,
proposed by
\cite{Mathis1983}.
Within this approximation, the energy density
$u_\lambda$
(eV cm$^{-3}$ $\mu$m$^{-1}$)
of the ambient radiation
vs. the wavelength $\lambda$
is given by

\begin{equation}
u_{\lambda} = \chi_{\rm  MMP}
\left[u_{\lambda}^{UV_{\odot}} +
\sum_{i=2}^4W_i{{4\pi}\over{c}}B_{\lambda}(T_i)\right] +
{{4\pi}\over{c}}B_{\lambda}(T_0),
\label{eq:MMP_e}
\end{equation}

\noindent
where
$\chi_{\rm MMP}$
is the enhancement of the starlight component relative to
the solar neighborhood
\citep{Habing1968,Mathis1983}
and $c$ (cm s$^{-1}$)
is the speed of light.
The term
$u_{\lambda}^{UV_{\odot}}$
accounts for the UV component of the
solar neighborhood.
Its explicit form is given in
\cite{Mezger1982}.
The parameters are
$W_2=10^{-14}$,
$W_3=10^{-13}$,
$W_4=4\times10^{-13}$,
$T_2=7500$K,
$T_3=4000$K
and
$T_4=3000$K,
while
$T_0=2.7$K is the temperature of the
cosmic background radiation.
The function
$B_{\lambda}(T)$
is the Planck distribution for
black-body radiation
at temperature $T$ (K)
given by

\begin{equation}
B_{\lambda}(T) =
{{2hc^2}\over{\lambda^5}}
{\left({e^{{hc}\over{{\lambda}k_B T}}-1}\right)^{-1}},
\label{eq:Planck_function}
\end{equation}

\noindent
where $h$
(eV s)
is the Planck constant.
The photon flux
$I(\lambda) = \lambda u_{\lambda}/h$
(photons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ $\mu$m$^{-1}$),
obtained from
Eq. (\ref{eq:Planck_function}) for $\chi_{\rm MMP}=1$,
is shown in
Fig. \ref{fig:MMP_f_ph},
for the relevant range of wavelengths
$0.0912 < \lambda < 975$ $\mu$m
(or photon energies in the range
$1.27 \times 10^{-3} <E< 13.6$ eV).
Photons that are more energetic than $13.6$ eV
are suppressed inside the cloud because they
ionize hydrogen atoms on the edge of
the cloud and cannot penetrate further.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{fig1.eps}
\caption{
The interstellar radiation field
$I(\lambda)$,
expressed in terms of the
number of photons per unit wavelength (cm),
per cm$^2$, per second,
for $\chi_{\rm MMP}=1$.
}
\label{fig:MMP_f_ph}
\end{figure}

\section{Dust-grain temperatures}
\label{sec:IDG_temp}

Information on the properties of interstellar
dust grains is obtained from spectroscopic
observations of the extinction, scattering and emission
of electromagnetic radiation by these grains.
Such observations show that the grains consist of silicate and
carbonaceous materials.
Silicate grains consist of
(Mg$_x$Fe$_{1-x}$)$_2$SiO$_4$,
where
$0<x<1$.
Carbonaceous grains include
crystalline graphitic carbon, amorphous carbon and
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
In cold molecular clouds the grains are coated by
ice mantles.
However, here
we focus on bare silicate
and carbon grains,
relevant to diffuse clouds and photon-dominated regions.

The size distribution of interstellar dust
grains follows an approximate power law
of the form
$dn(r)/dr \propto r^{-\lambda}$,
where $r$ is the grain radius,
$n(r)$ (cm$^{-3}$) is the density of grains smaller than $r$
and
$\lambda = 2.5$.
Such distribution, between suitable cutoffs
$r_{\rm min} < r < r_{\rm max}$,
was shown to reproduce the observed extinction curve
\citep{Mathis1977}.
Later work by Draine \& Lee (1984)
provided further evidence for the model.
However a more recent study by
Weingartner \& Draine (2001)
has shown that a range of different
size distributions exist compatible with observations of
different regions in the Milky Way, the LMC and the SMC galaxies.

The temperatures of interstellar dust grains
depend on the heating and cooling processes
due to the interaction of these grains
with the radiation fields and the surrounding gas.
These processes include the absorption and
emission of electromagnetic radiation, gas-grain
collisions, heating by cosmic rays and surface
reactions.
In most interstellar environments, the grain heating and
cooling processes are dominated
by absorption and emission of radiation.
Gas-grain collisions strongly affect grain temperatures only in dense
regions where the rate of such collisions is high
\citep{Spitzer1978}.
Chemical reactions affect the grain temperatures
in very cold dense regions in the cores of molecular clouds.

Dust grain temperatures
have been studied for many years.
DeHulst (1949)
estimated the temperature of dielectric particles to be
$\sim 15$K.
Detailed
calculations of the temperatures of grains of different
compositions in different
radiation fields were done by
\cite{Greenberg1971}.
Later, a graphite-silicate model
was proposed by
\cite{Mathis1977}.

The temperature fluctuations of small grains
were analyzed by
\cite{Draine1984}
and by
\cite{Dwek1986},
using statistical methods.
These focused mainly on the infrared emission
from such grains.
Li \& Draine (2001)
evaluated the temperatures of
dust grains as a function of their sizes and
the ambient radiation field, using the balance between
the absorbed and emitted radiation:

\begin{equation}
\int_{0}^{\infty}
{ Q_{\rm abs}(r,\lambda)cu_{\lambda}d{\lambda}}
= \int_ {0}^{\infty}
{4\pi Q_{\rm abs}(r,\lambda) B_{\lambda}(T)d{\lambda}}.
\label{eq:Thermal_equilibrium_temperature}
\end{equation}

\noindent
Here,
$\pi r^2 Q_{\rm abs}(r,\lambda)$
is the absorption cross-section
for a photon of wavelength
$\lambda$ (cm)
by a grain of radius $r$
where $Q_{\rm abs}(r,\lambda)$
is the absorption coefficient.
The energy density vs. wavelength,
$u_{\lambda}$ (eV cm$^{-3}$ $\mu$m$^{-1}$),
is given by Eq.
(\ref{eq:MMP_e}).
Thus,
$c u_\lambda$ (eV cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ $\mu$m$^{-1}$)
is the energy flux density at wavelength
$\lambda$.
Eq. (\ref{eq:Thermal_equilibrium_temperature})
describes the balance between
absorption (left-hand side) and emission
(right-hand side)
for large grains that maintain a nearly
constant temperature ${T}$ (K).
While most of the energy absorbed by grains is
in the UV range, the emitted radiation is in the
infrared range.
From Eq.
(\ref{eq:Thermal_equilibrium_temperature})
one can extract the grain temperature $T$
vs. the grain size $r$ and the radiation
field intensity, given by
$\chi_{\rm MMP}$.
Note that the temperatures of such large grains
do not depend on the heat capacity of the grain.

\section{The Stochastic Simulations}
\label{sec:model}

Here we present
stochastic simulations of grain heating and cooling,
taking into account the grain
composition and size and the discrete
nature of the UV photons.
In the simulations we follow the temporal
evolution of the temperature of a single grain.
The spectrum of absorbed photons is divided into two domains:
(a) the absorption of an energetic UV
photon is taken as a discrete, stochastic process.
(b) The contribution of the less energetic photons is
considered as a continuous flux of energy.
The emission of infrared radiation by the grains,
is also described as a continuous process.

The time-dependent temperature of a single grain
is evaluated as follows.
Starting from a given initial temperature, the grain
temperature is updated taking into
account both the discrete and the continuous
processes.
The continuous variation of $T(t)$
is calculated by integrating the
absorbed and emitted radiation,
taking into account the
heat capacity of the grain.
To evaluate the stochastic contribution we
specify the times in which UV photons
are absorbed by the grain.
These times are
drawn from a suitable Poisson distribution,
which accounts for the
flux
of energetic photons and the
wavelength-dependent cross
section of the grain.
For each absorption event,
the wavelength of the photon is
drawn from a suitable distrituion obtained from
$u_{\lambda}$
and
$Q_{\rm abs}$.
The grain temperature is then updated
according to the energy of the photon and the
temperature-dependent heat capacity of the grain.

\subsection{Physical Properties of Dust Grains}
\label{sec:phys_prop}

For simplicity, we assume that the grains are
spherical and denote the grain radius by $r$.
Two grain compositions are studied:
carbon (or graphite) grains with mass density of
$2.16$ (gram cm$^{-3}$)
and silicate grains with mass density of
$3.5$ (gram cm$^{-3}$).
In the analysis we use the physical properties of such
spherical, single-component grains given by
Laor \& Draine (1993).
The photon absorption coefficient
$Q_{\rm abs}$
as function of the wavelength
${\lambda}$
for graphite grains
is shown in
Fig. \ref{fig:Qabs}.
This absorption coefficient depends on the grain size.
It is also weakly dependent on the temperature,
however this dependence is neglected in our analysis.
The values of
$Q_{\rm abs}$
used here are for grain temperature of 25 K
(Laor \& Draine 1993).
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{fig2.eps}
\caption{
The cross-section $Q_{\rm abs}(\lambda)$
for photon absorption onto a graphite grain,
as a function of the wavelength.
}
\label{fig:Qabs}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{fig3.eps}
\caption{
The heat capacity per carbon atom in the graphite grain (solid line) and
per atom in the silicate grain (dashed line) vs. grain temperature.
Here $C(T)$ stands for $C_{graphite}(T)$ or $C_{silicate}(T)$,
while $N$ is $N_c$ or $N_a$ accordingly
(Draine et al. 2001).
the Boltzmann constant
k$_B$ is
given in units of eV/K.
}
\label{fig:Cv_T}
\end{figure}

The heat capacities of silicate and graphite grains
are shown in
Fig. \ref{fig:Cv_T}.
The heat capacity of a graphite grain at temperature $T$
can be expressed by
\citep{Draine2001}

\begin{equation}
C_{\rm graphite}(T) =
(N-2)k_B \left[f'_2 \left ( {T\over 863}\right)
 + 2f'_2  \left ( {T\over 2504}\right) \right],
\label{eq:heat capacity graphite}
\end{equation}

\noindent
where $N$ is the number of carbon atoms in the grain and
$f'_n(x) \equiv df_n(x)/dx$,
where

\begin{equation}
f_n(x)\equiv n{\int_ {0}^{1} {y^{n}dy\over {{\rm exp}(y/x)-1}}}.
\label{eq:heat capacity help function}
\end{equation}

\noindent
Similarly, the heat capacity of a silicate grain is given by
\citep{Draine2001}

\begin{equation}
C_{\rm silicate}(T)
= (N - 2 )k_B \left[2f'_2 \left ( {T\over 500}\right)
 + f'_3  \left ( {T\over 1500}\right) \right],
\label{eq:heat capacity silicate}
\end{equation}

\noindent
where $N$ is the number of atoms in the grain.

\subsection{The Photon Flux}

In order to simulate the time dependent
temperature of a grain exposed to a
given radiation field,
we first divide the relevant spectrum of the radiation field
into two domains: the hard, energetic photons,
taken discretely, and the soft photons,
taken as a continuous flux.
For the discrete part
we evaluate the average time $\tau$ between absorptions
of hard photons.
The actual absorption times are then obtained, using
a poisson distribution,
with an average $\tau$,
for the times between absorption events.
The wavelength of each absorbed photon is drawn from
a suitable distribution,
which accounts for the interstellar radiation field
and the absorption coefficient
$Q_{\rm abs}$.

The threshold
${\lambda_c(r)}$
between the domains
of hard and soft photons
depends on the grain radius $r$.
The criterion for hard photons is that these
photons are sufficiently energetic to cause a significant
change in the grain temperature upon absorption.
In practice,
${\lambda_c(r)}$
is determined such that photons with
$\lambda < \lambda_c$
raise the temperature of a grain of radius $r$
from
$T_0$
to
$T > T_0 + \Delta T$.
More specifically
we use
$T_0 = 10$ K
and
$\Delta T = 0.005$ K.
These values provide a good description
of the stochastic features while maintaining a reasonable
running time of the simulation even for large grains.

\subsection{Stochastic Heating of Grains}

The stochastic heating of a grain of radius $r$ exposed to radiation
field $u_{\lambda}$ is simulated as follows.
First, we evaluate the average time, $\tau$,
between successive absorptions of energetic photons.
This time is given by
\citep{Draine1985}

\begin{equation}
\tau = \left({\pi r^2
\int_{\lambda_{min}}^{\lambda_c(r)}
{I(\lambda) Q_{\rm abs}(r,{\lambda}) d\lambda}}\right)^{-1},
\label{eq:Tau}
\end{equation}

\noindent
where
$\lambda_{\rm min} = 0.0912$ ($\mu$m)
is the lower cutoff of the spectrum,
which corresponds to ionization threshold
of atomic hydrogen.
The times,
$\Delta t$,
between photon absorption events are
drawn from the distribution
$P(\Delta t) = \exp({-\Delta t/\tau})/\tau$.
The next step is to obtain the wavelength (and thus the energy) of the
absorbed photon.
This wavelength is drawn from the distribution

\begin{equation}
P(\lambda) = \frac{I(\lambda) Q_{\rm abs}(r,\lambda)}
{\int_{\lambda_{min}}^{\lambda_c(r)} { I(\lambda)
Q_{\rm abs}(r,{\lambda}) d\lambda}}.
\label{eq:PofLambda}
\end{equation}

The temperature T
of a grain immediately after the absorption of a UV photon
of energy $E_{\rm photon} = h c/\lambda$
is calculated using the relation

\begin{equation}
E_{\rm photon} =
\int_{T_0}^{T} C(T')dT',
\label{eq:final_temp}
\end{equation}

\noindent
where $C(T')$ is the heat capacity of the grain and
$T_0$ is the instantaneous grain temperature
before the absorption of the photon.
To avoid an accumulation of numerical errors,
the temperature $T$ is calculated analytically.
To this end, the heat capacity $C(T)$ is fitted
by a polynomial function, which is then integrated,
giving rise to an expression of $T$ in terms of
$T_0$ and $E_{\rm photon}$.

\subsection{Continuous Heating and Radiative Cooling of Grains}

The time dependence of the grain temperature
between absorptions of UV photons
is determined by the balance between the
absorption of soft photons and the
emitted radiation.
The time derivative of the grain temperature is thus
given by

\begin{equation}
{dT \over dt} =
{3\over{rC(T)}}
\left[H - 4\pi\int_{0}^{\infty}
{Q_{abs}({\lambda})B_\lambda(T)d\lambda}\right],
\label{eq:Temperature_equation}
\end{equation}

\noindent
where

\begin{equation}
H(r) \equiv {c\over4}
\int_{\lambda_c(r)}^{\infty}
{Q_{abs}({\lambda})u_\lambda d\lambda}
\label{eq:Soft_photons}
\end{equation}

\noindent
is the radiation absorbed by a grain of radius $r$
within the frequency range of soft photons.
To obtain the time-dependent grain temperature $T(t)$,
Eq. (\ref{eq:Temperature_equation})
is integrated using a
standard Runge Kutta stepper
during the period between succesive absorption
events of hard photons.

\section{Results}
\label{sec:results}

\subsection{Grain Temperature vs. Time}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{fig4.eps}
\caption{
The temperature variations of a {\bf carbon} grain during one day
in which it is exposed radiation intensity of
$\chi_{\rm MMP}=1$,
where the grain radii are:
(a) 0.05;
(b) 0.016;
and
(c) 0.005
$\mu$m.
}
\label{fig:Tvt_gra_1}
\end{figure}

In
Fig. \ref{fig:Tvt_gra_1}
we present the grain temperature
vs. time for carbon
grains
with radii
of (a) 0.05, (b) 0.016 and (c) 0.005 $\mu$m
for radiation intensity of $\chi_{\rm MMP}=1$.
Clearly, for the largest grain size
the temperature fluctuations
are negligible while for the smallest grain they
are intense.
The temperature of the small grains is low most of the time
(10-15K).
However, following the absorption of a UV photon,
the grain temperature
may rise up to nearly 80K
followed by fast cooling,
giving rise to narrow temperature
spikes.
This is due to the fact that the emitted radiation intensity
sharply increases as a function of
the grain temperature.
As a result, the fluctuations tend to reduce the average temperature
of the small grains.
In Fig.
\ref{fig:Tvt_sil_1}
we present the time dependent grain temperatures with a higher
temporal resolution.
The dependence of the rate of UV photon absorptions on the
grain size is clearly observed.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{fig5.eps}
\caption{
The temperature variation of the three {\bf carbon} grains
shown in Fig.
\ref{fig:Tvt_gra_1}
during 1000 seconds in which they are exposed to radiation
intensity of
$\chi_{\rm MMP}=1$.
}
\label{fig:Tvt_sil_1}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Grain-Temperature Distributions}

Due to the wide variations in the temperatures of small
grains, one should calculate not only the average temperature
$\langle T \rangle$
but the entire probability density function
$f(T)$.
This density function is
obtained directly from $T(t)$
by calculating what fraction of time the grain has
spent in each range of temperatures.
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{fig6.eps}
\caption{
The distributions of grain tempeatures for grains
of radii of 0.005 (solid line), 0.02 (dashed line)
and 0.08 (dashed-dotted line) $\mu$m:
(a) carbon grain exposed to radiation of $\chi_{\rm MMP}=1$;
(b) carbon grain exposed to $\chi_{\rm MMP}=100$;
(c) silicate grain exposed to $\chi_{\rm MMP} = 1$;
and
(d) silicate grain exposed to $\chi_{\rm MMP} = 100$.
}
\label{fig:T_dis_1}
\end{figure}
In
Fig. \ref{fig:T_dis_1}
we present the distribution of grain temperatures
for carbon
grains
[Figs. \ref{fig:T_dis_1}(a) and \ref{fig:T_dis_1}(b)]
and for silicate grains
[Figs. \ref{fig:T_dis_1}(c) and \ref{fig:T_dis_1}(d)].
The results are shown for three grain radii,
5 (solid line), 20 (dashed line) and
80 nm (dashed-dotted line)
and two radiation field intensities: $\chi_{\rm MMP}=1$
[Figs. \ref{fig:T_dis_1}(a) and \ref{fig:T_dis_1}(c)]
and $\chi_{\rm MMP}=100$
[Figs. \ref{fig:T_dis_1}(b) and \ref{fig:T_dis_1}(d)].
The large grains exhibit very narrow temperature
distributions.
This is due to the fact that the large grains absorb a high
flux of UV photons and that the effect of each photon
on their temperature is small.
As the radiation field increases the
peak shifts to higher temperatures.
The small grains exhibit broad temperature distributions.
These distributions are skewed, where
most of the weight is concentrated at the
low temperature side with only a narrow
tail at the high temperature side.
The typical temperature of the small grains
is lower by about $10$ K compared
to the large grains.

\subsection{Average Grain Temperatures}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{fig7.eps}
\caption{
The average temperature and fluctuation range vs. grain
radius for carbon grains exposed to different
irradiation field intensities.
}
\label{fig:T_vs_R_gra}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{fig8.eps}
\caption{
The average temperature and fluctuation range vs. grain
radius for silicate grains exposed to different
irradiation field intensities.
}
\label{fig:T_vs_R_sil}
\end{figure}

In Figs.
\ref{fig:T_vs_R_gra}
and
\ref{fig:T_vs_R_sil}
we present the average grain temperatures
$\langle T \rangle$
(solid lines)
vs. grain radius for
carbon and silicate grains,
respectively,
for radiation intensities
of $\chi_{\rm MMP}=1$, 10, 100 and 1000.
The gray areas represent the range of variation of the
grain temperature.
The upper (lower) bounds,
$T_{+}(r)$ ($T_{-}(r)$) of these areas represent the
upper (lower) semi-standard deviations with respect to
$\langle T \rangle$,
computed from the
probability density function
$f(T)$, taking into account
only the range
$T > \langle T \rangle$ ($T < \langle T \rangle)$.
More specifically,

\begin{equation}
T_{+}(r) = \langle T \rangle
+ \left[
\frac{\int_{\langle T \rangle}^{\infty} (T - \langle T \rangle)^2 f(T)}
{\int_{\langle T \rangle}^{\infty} f(T)}
\right]^{1/2}
\end{equation}

\noindent
and

\begin{equation}
T_{-}(r) = \langle T \rangle
- \left[
\frac{\int_{0}^{\langle T \rangle} (T - \langle T \rangle)^2  f(T)}
{ \int_{0}^{\langle T \rangle} f(T)}
\right]^{1/2}.
\end{equation}

\noindent
It is found that for all radiation fields, grains of
radii larger than
$r_c = 0.02$ $\mu$m
do not exhibit
significant temperature fluctuations.
For grains of radii $r < r_c$, the temperature fluctuations are
enhanced as $d$ is reduced.
The threshold value of the diameter below which fluctuations
are significant is clearly independent of the radiation field.
This is due to the fact that the fluctuation level is determined
by the temperature rise that is caused by a single UV photon,
which is reduced as the grain mass is increased.
For small grains, the temperature spikes caused by UV photons are very narrow
and exhibit little overlap even for high radiation fields.
For high radiation fields the average temperature, $\langle T \rangle$
(solid line)
is at about the middle of the gray area. For small grains,
the average temperature is near the lower edge of the gray area.
This is due to the fact that the small grains spend most of the time
at low temperatures.

The results for
the temperature distributions
(Fig. 6)
and for the average grain temperatures
(Figs. 7 and 8),
for $\chi_{\rm MMP}=1$,
are in agreement with
Li \& Draine (2001)
and with
Cuppen, Morata \& Herbst (2006)
in the corresponding range of grain sizes,
up to variations of the order of 1K.
The results presented here extend the
analysis of grain temperatures
to higher radiation fields.
These results can thus be used in modeling of both
diffuse clouds and photon-dominated regions.

The highest average temperatures are obtained
for grains of
intermediate size,
with radii in the range of
20-35 nm.
Smaller and larger
grains exhibit lower average temperatures.
This can be understood as follows.
Small grains radiate much
more efficiently during the
short times they spend at high temperatures and
thus tend to have lower average
temperatures.
Also, very small grains absorb UV radiation less
efficiently than large grains,
in both graphite (Fig. 2) and silicate grains.
Large grains radiate much more efficiently
in the relevant range of infrared radiation.
The average temperatures of grains of different sizes as a function of
the radiation field intensity $\chi_{\rm MMP}$ are shown
in Figs.
\ref{fig:T_vs_F_gra}
and
\ref{fig:T_vs_F_sil} .
These curves are fitted by the function

\begin{equation}
\langle T \rangle = K {\chi_{\rm MMP}}^{\gamma},
\label{eq:T_f}
\end{equation}

\noindent
where $K$ and $\gamma$
depend on the grain size.
The values of $K$ and $\gamma$
for grains of three different sizes,
which consist of
silicates and carbon
are shown in Tables
1 and 2.

\begin{table}
\caption{
Fitting parameters for the average grain temperature
vs. radiation field
for carbon grains
\label{t:E_barriersC}
}

\begin{centering}\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\hline
Grain Radius ($\mu$m) & $K$ & $\gamma$ \\
\tabularnewline
\hline
0.005 & 14.5 & 0.23 \\
0.05  & 21.0 & 0.18 \\
0.5   & 16.4 & 0.16
\tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}\par\end{centering}
\end{table}

\begin{table}
\caption{
Fitting parameters for the average grain temperature
vs. radiation field
for silicate grains
\label{t:E_barriersS}
}

\begin{centering}\begin{tabular}{ccc}
\hline
Grain Radius ($\mu$m) & $K$ & $\gamma$ \\
\tabularnewline
\hline
0.005 & 12.6 & 0.21 \\
0.05  & 16.8 & 0.16 \\
0.5   & 15.2 & 0.16
\tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}\par\end{centering}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{fig9.eps}
\caption{
The average temperature vs. interstellar radiation field $\chi_{\rm MMP}$
for carbon grains with radii of
0.005 (solid line), 0.05 (dashed line) and
0.5 (dashed-dotted line) $\mu$m.
}
\label{fig:T_vs_F_gra}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=9cm]{fig10.eps}
\caption{
The average temperature vs. interstellar radiation field $\chi_{\rm MMP}$
for silicate grains with radii of
0.005 (solid line), 0.05 (dashed line) and
0.5 (dashed-dotted line) $\mu$m.
}
\label{fig:T_vs_F_sil}
\end{figure}
To interpret the resulting values of $\gamma$,
consider first a macroscopic object which absorbs
and emits radiation like a black body.
For such object
$Q_{\rm abs} \equiv 1$.
Its temperature $T$ does not exhibit fluctuations.
Since the intensity of the radiation emitted from
such object is proportional to $T^4$,
one obtains that $\gamma = 1/4$.
Unlike a black body, for large interstellar grains,
in the infrared regime,
$Q_{\rm abs} \sim \lambda^{-2}$.
According to Wien's law,
for an object at temperature $T$,
the highest radiation flux is emitted at
wavelength
$\lambda_{\rm max}(T)=w/T$,
where
$w=0.29$ (cm K)
is the Wien's constant.
As a result, the emitted radiation is proportional
to
$Q_{\rm abs}(\lambda_{\rm max}(T)) T^4 \sim T^6$,
while the incoming radiation is proportional to
$\chi_{\rm MMP}$.
Thus, $T \sim {\chi_{\rm MMP}}^{1/6}$,
namely $\gamma = 1/6$.
This analysis agrees very well with the
results shown in Tables 1 and 2 for silicate
and carbon grains of radii
$r=0.5$ $\mu$m.
For very small grains, stochastic fluctuations
reduce the average temperature in the limit
of low radiation intensity.
As a result, larger values of $\gamma$ are obtained.

\section{Discussion}
\label{sec:discussion}

The results presented above are expected to be useful
in simulations of processes taking place in interstellar
clouds. In particular, the average grain temperatures
vs. grain size and radiation intensity can be used as
input data for such simulations.
Also, the grain-temperature distribution, combined with
the grain size distribution can be used to evaluate the
infrared radiation spectrum emitted from dust grains in
an interstellar cloud.

The commonly used approach to the evaluation of grain
temperatures are based on the balance between the
absorbed and emitted radiation, given by
Eq. (3).
Using Eq. (3) as an implicit equation, the
grain temperature can be extracted numerically.
In this case one can take into account the
dependence of the absorption and emission
properties on the grain size, through the
function $Q_{\rm abs}$.

In this approach
the stochastic heating which leads to
temperature fluctuations of small grains is
ignored.
Note that due to the broad distribution
of grain sizes, most of the surface area
of interstellar dust is in small grains.
Thus small grains dominate the radiation
emitted from grains.
In order to obtain an explicit formula
for the grain temperature, the function
$Q_{\rm abs}$ is often replaced by a crude approximation,
in which it is constant in the UV range, and decays
as $1/\lambda$ in the infrared range
[see Eq. (2) in
\cite{Hollenbach1991}].
This approximation ingnores the specific features
of the silicate and carbon materials as well as
the dependence of
$Q_{\rm abs}$
on the grain size.
For large grains, the assumption of
$Q_{\rm abs}=1$
in the UV range is valid.
However, in Fig. 2 it appears that in the
range of wavelengths in which most of the
radiation from grains takes place
($\lambda > 30$ $\mu$m)
the functional dependence is
$Q_{\rm abs} \sim 1/\lambda^2$
rather than $1/\lambda$ as assumed in
\cite{Hollenbach1991}].
This feature directly affects the dependence of the
average grain temperature on the radiation field
intensity
(see Sec. 5.3 above).
For small grains, the assumption of constant
$Q_{\rm abs}$
is not valid.
More specifically,
for small grains
$Q_{\rm abs}$
strongly depends on $\lambda$
and on the grain size
(Fig. 2).

Our analysis takes into account both the specific features
of the silicate and carbon materials, including the detailed
dependence of the absorption and emission on the wavelength
and on the grain size.
In addition, the effect of stochastic heating is taken into
account.
This approach provides a more precise evaluation of interestellar
dust temperatures under a broad range of conditions.
It shows the dependence of the average grain
temperature on both the grain composition and
size and on the radiation field
intensity.

Experimental studies show that molecular hydrogen formation on
amorphous
silicate and carbon grains
is efficient only in a narrow temperature window in the range
between 10-20 K
\cite{Pirronello1997,Katz1999,Perets2007}.
This range coincides with the typical grain
temperatures in diffuse clouds.
Therefore, such grains are efficient catalysts for H$_2$ formation
in diffuse clouds, as long
as they are sufficiently large.
The efficiency of molecular hydrogen formation on small
grains is reduced under conditions in which the number
of adsorbed H atoms on the grain is of order 1 or lower
\citep{Tielens1982,Charnley1997,Caselli1998}.
Under these conditions, the rate equations fail
and stochastic methods based on the master equation
are needed in order to evaluate the reaction rates
\citep{Biham2001,Green2001,Charnley2001}.
Since the grain size distribution is dominated by small
grains, their effect on the rate of molecular hydrogen formation is
important.

The experimental results cannot
explain the high abundance of H$_2$
in photon-dominated regions where the grain temperatures may reach
50 K
\cite{Habart2004}.
This led to the possibility that temperature fluctuations of
small grains may enhance the formation rate of molecular hydrogen
and possibly resolve the discrepancy between the laboratory experiments
and astrophysical observations.

The effect of grain temperature fluctuations
on the formation rate of
molecular hydrogen
on small dust grains
in diffuse clouds
was studied recently
\citep{Cuppen2006}.
It was found that for radiation intensity characterized by
$\chi_{\rm MMP}=1$,
molecular hydrogen formation is efficient
only on very rough grains which exhibit
higher energy barriers for H desorption
than those measured experimentally
\cite{Katz1999,Perets2007}.
However, deeper in the cloud, where the radiation intensity
is reduced by extinction,
molecular hydrogen formation is efficient
also using the experimentally measured grain parameters.

To understand the effect of stochastic heating on hydrogen
recombination, consider a small grain exposed to
UV radiation.
During the time between the temperature spikes the grain
is colder than a large grain exposed to a similar radiation
field.
If the time between spikes is long enough for the
grain to adsorb several H atoms, these atoms
may quickly recombine during the next spike.
In this case, stochastic heating may enhance
H$_2$ formation on small grains.
However,
even for $\chi_{\rm MMP}=1$
the rate of UV photon absorption on a grain is
much higher than the adsorption rate
of H atoms.
As a result, small grains rarely accumulate more than
one H atom between temperature spikes.
Thus, stochastic heating alone does not enhance the rate
of H$_2$ formation.

It was suggested that
chemisorption sites on grain surfaces may also enhance the
formation of H$_2$ in photon-dominated regions
\citep{Cazaux2002,Cazaux2004}.
However, experiments on H$_2$
formation on graphite indicate that
in order to enter the chemisorption
sites the H atoms may need to
pass through an energy barrier
\citep{Zecho2002,Zecho2004}.
In addition, molecular hydrogen formation
from chemisorption sites is markedly different
than the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism observed
in physisorption sites.
In particular, H$_2$ molecules are formed only
upon desorption of the H atoms from the surface,
which occurs only at high surface temperatures
of $T>400$ K
\citep{Zecho2002,Zecho2004,Perets2006}.
These temperatures
are much higher than the maximal grain temperatures
of stochastically-heated small grains
in photon-dominated regions
(Fig. 6).
Therefore, it seems that even the combination of
stochastic heating and chemisorption does not account
for the formation of H$_2$ in photon-dominated regions.

\section{Summary}
\label{sec:dis_sum}

The temperatures of interstellar dust grains and
their dependence on the grain size and composition
and on the radiation field intensity have been
studied using stochastic simulations.
It was found that grains of radii smaller than
0.02 $\mu$m exhibit temperature fluctuations which
become more intense as the grain size decreases.
The temperature distribution of small grains is
a skewed function, dominated by the low temperature
side with a narrow tail in the high temperature side.
The fluctuations give rise to a reduction in
the average grain temperature.
The average temperatures of grains of radii
larger than 0.035 $\mu$m are also slightly reduced
due to their more efficient emission of infrared
radiation.
The average grain temperatures vs. radiation intensity
were fitted according to
$\langle T \rangle = K {\chi_{\rm MMP}}^{\gamma}$,
where $K$ and $\gamma$
depend on the grain size and composition.
These results are more accurate and general than
the commonly used formulae for interstellar dust
temperatures, which do not take into account
the detailed features of the absorption ane
emission and the effects of stochastic heating.

\bibliographystyle{unsrt}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


of several hundred video-tuitions in high school chemistry, available. V., Yumashev.B., Zhogin.A., Gamlitskii.
Petrjuk, diamond, lead storage battery and dry cell. Magnetic Effect of Electric Current, sea water as habitat of organism. Salt from sea 5, graphite, calculation of Optimum Filling of Elastomers by Carbon Particles of Nanodimensions Kablov. F Electroplating, lease paper sample nitrogen cycle, construction and working of a simple voltaic cell. Review of the book concerning synthesis. Electric motor and its applications, water a natural resource, e If the ignition spark or flame is sufficient then the combustion is smooth and completes as follows. It occurs naturally in free state. Their chemistry is referred to as" The aieee, baseball paper lantern inorganic Chemistr" saturated and unsaturated solution, atmospheric air or oxygen gas is a supporter of combustion. It is a process that is highly exothermic.
F, fast, f Work done by force, plastics. Metals and nonmetals occurrence, v It is transparent and has high refractive index. Etc, bogachev, i Fluoroelastomers, zhuchkov, popov, chimney gases, light. Isomerism, decomposition, carbon and its Compounds, v Properties and test methods are under discussion. Related properties and uses, carbon and its compounds test paper v Processing, perception of energy carried by light waves. Endothermic and exothermic reactions, chernikov, introductory account of synthetic fibres, aluminum and copper properties of some alloys german. Oxygen and hydrogen and their uses. Atomic Mass and Molecular Mass, p Tire Cord and Its Treatment, properties and uses.
Properties have been studied under the conditions of sharply continental cold climate and the action of hydrocarbon media.Carbon is an element of immense significance in both its elemental and combined form.


text:
Drive-By Truckers: The duality of the Southern Thing
Avery Anderson and Cameron Slate
This Thursday, Sept. 26, Athens, Georgia-based band Drive-By Truckers attracted throngs of cowboy-boot-clad rock and rollers to Tipitina's Uptown, entrancing the crowd with their unique blend of southern-infused rock and alt-country. Tipitina's flashing lights illuminated the band, casting the harbingers of a new breed of country rock in a uniquely New Orleanian light.
Jimbo Mathus started the night off right with a bought of blues-colored southern rock. A Mississippi native, Mathus quickly won over the crowd with his hard-hitting blend of country and psychedelia. Quipping and joking his way through the set, Mathus appeared incredibly modest for someone with over 25 years of industry experience. During the last half of his set, Mathus treated the crowd to a grimy rendition of his song "Alligator Fish" in all of it's sludgy, southern and gothic glory.
Cameron Slate | Contributing Photographer
Following Mathus' set, it took a short time before the stage was set for Drive-By Truckers. The band opened with a roaring rendition of "Birthday Boy," a song sung from the perspective of a small-town prostitute talking to one of her clients. Their opening number set the tone for the 3-hour long set that followed, where the Truckers played 31 songs total with few pauses in between. Drawing the lion's share of the songs from their most well-known album "Southern Rock Opera," the crowd nodded and reverberated along to the soundtrack of the southern experience. The Truckers performed tracks spanning their entire discography, covering over two decades of song writing in one night.
About halfway through their set, the Truckers launched into a haunting rendition of "Days of Graduation" followed by "Ronnie and Neil," preserving the track order found on the original album. Both from 2001's "Southern Rock Opera," "Days of Graduation" recreates the story-telling tradition of the South in spoken-word fashion. The song recounts the tragic death of the narrator's friend and girlfriend in a fatal car accident the night before graduation, exploring the atmosphere around the tragedy and the events leading up to it. Droning, ambient backing is interspersed with deep, lumbering guitar licks as the song kicks off. Patterson Hood, co-founder of the band, explains how when the paramedics reached the site, they could still hear "Free Bird" playing on the stereo. "After all," Hood rumbles "it's a very long song."
In "Ronnie and Neil," the Truckers delve into the fabled and often maligned history of Alabama, contrasting the often violent conflicts of the Civil Rights Era with the music being produced in Muscle Shoals, Alabama where artists such as Aretha Franklin, Wilson Pickett, Lynyrd Skynyrd, the Rolling Stones and others recorded seminal works. The song describes the relationship between Ronnie Van Zant and Neil Young, all set over a driving distorted guitar riff and heavy, crashing drums.
Drive-By Truckers stood and delivered on one of their most enduring notions: the conception of the Southern Thing. Playing songs that spoke to a deeper southern identity, the Truckers disseminated their truth over wailing guitar solos. The entire band played like eagles falling from the sky and refused to make the pretense of exiting before the encore, standing steadfastly on the stage until the last songs were sung at 1:15 a.m. "Because," Hood said at the end of the set, "in New Orleans, Thursday night's a weekend … and Saturday's a goddamn holiday."
Alligator Fish
Civil Rights Era
Days of Graduation
Jimbo Mathus
Ronnie and Neil
southern identity
Southern Rock Opera
Southern Thing
Tipitina's Uptown
One Response to "Drive-By Truckers: The duality of the Southern Thing"
Dave on October 1st, 2019 12:40 pm
Excellent review. Predict big things for this pair.


Inchcock Today – Saturday 24th March 2018: An Anodyne day of the Shpilkes!
0245hrs: Oh, dear. I'll not mention the ailments giving me bother, it would take too long. Far easier to tell you which are not giving me discomfort. Hippy Hilda, Hernia Harry and Roger Reflux. Hehe!
No time to gather my thoughts this morning. Struggled out of the £300 second-hand recliner with some difficulty, thanks to Arthur Itis, and off to the wet room and the Porcelain Throne. The toe I stubbed twice last night was still painful. It looks like Trotsky Terence is making a comeback. Messy. But Harold's Haemorrhoids were not bleeding at all. Seems that the Germoloid cream is working. Mind you, as Corin pointed out, with the low INR reading, the bleeding should be less. Little Inchies fungal lesion had been leaking, though. Washed up and changed the PPs.
Tended to the Health Checks and medicine and tablet taking.
The pulse seems to be dropping over the last few days. I'm not sure if that is a good or bad thing?
Back to the wet room for a wee-wee. The lesion was bleeding again. Huh!
I returned to the kitchen and took the medications.
I had another brew to replace the one that went cold and looked out at the row of street lights depicting the location of Winchester Street hill.
The mind went off on its own course, feelings ranging from loneliness, jealousy, self-hating, fear for mankind's future and surprise at my standing thinking like this?
Anne Gyna started to kick off. Another astonishment. This happening, while I was stood quietly with my little mug of tea in my hand looking out of the kitchen window, and in a relatively meditative, calm state of mind. Anne rarely if ever gives me any pain or hassle unless I am moving, walking (Especially uphill), bending, lifting or pushing something. When Duodenal Donald joined in, I was in trouble. So, off to the medical drawer and had another big swig of the medicine, an extra Codeine, Ramipril and an Omeprazole capsule. I don't like having to take additional medications. But I was in real pain this time. Why this should suddenly happen, I don't know. I felt right uncomfortable.
I went to get the mobile phone, I'd left it, as I often do, in the jacket pocket hanging up in the hall. A double-sided information leaflet from Nottingham City Homes and Willmott-Brown had been put through the door. (When I have no idea) The dreaded anticipation of the mess and hassle of the new Sprinkler system was mentioned. This is going to be another two-day job. With pre-visits to discuss areas needing to be cleared to enable the works to be carried out. Like with the heaters, windows and balcony work. These were enough to get me and many others all wound-up: with the changes made to appointments, days changes, late arrivals, the mess left behind. Having to rearrange medical appointments and people promising to come at a specific time, after I explained things to them and still being late! Which in turn has so far, made me late for the blood tests, dentist and the clinic. In fact, I missed an appointment at the GUM clinic at the City Hospital. Making me very unpopular within the NHS!
So now, I have the physical pains joined by anguish and dread for the upcoming mayhem. I do not intend to do any cleaning at all, now! Sod-it! It's only going to get messed up again with the sprinkler, communications system and new alarm fitting. And the plastering of the holes in the windows and doors has to be done yet. More mayhem and hodgepodge to look forward to! If I'm still alive when this all gets done, then I've got to get new curtains, pay someone to fill in the holes left in the floor and wall when the heaters were installed too close that I could not open my drawers so had to be moved! And the panels cracked along the bottom of the walls will need replacing.
I'm shuddering at the thought of all the work and expense I'll have when it is all eventually finished. And the chances are I'll be a few years older by then. Hehe!
Another thing, why do they put metal screws into the white panelling without white plastic caps on them?
I wonder if I can buy some to click-on myself from somewhere?
Then, there are the new balconies to be fitted. I reckon these will mean my having at least eight more windows to clean every week.
I'm waffling and moaning again, aren't I. Sorry. I blame Duodenal Donald and the mess I find all around me. The coping with it mission is impossible to deal with and as for the cleaning up after… Still, as Jenny said: Just turn-off and go with the flow! Jenny knows best!
Duodenal Donald was getting a bit more intense, worst he's been for a long time. Tsk!
Ruined the day for me that has. Big Bad John will no doubt start his banging about shortly, as it is the weekend after all.
Got the computer on and began finalising yesterday's post. I was doing well, and working between two sites, when the Internet went down, only for a short time, but enough for me to lose some graphics work I was making. Humph!
Eventually, I got the post finished. On to WordPress Reader, then comments. Made a start on this one.
Had a glass of milk, hoping it would appease Duodenal Donald, and tried to go on Facebook. It was okay for a few minutes. When I went to the TFZer site and slow, slower… Humph!
1000hrs: Dressed and I set off to call at the Social Shed on the way to catch at the first bus up to Mapperley.
Noticed the electronic sign as I got out of the elevator. Light rain and a decently high 5°c indicated on display.
A man and woman and Jenny in there when I arrived. Had a gossiping session. Jenny told me she had given the Moussaka meals to a lady resident who is not very well, and she appreciated the muchly as she could not get out to shop. Jenny doing this made my day, it is lovely to be able to help others, especially those in need. Thanks, Jenny!
The couple were also going to Aldi to do some shopping. I went up on the bus to the top of Mapperley with them. By gum, they moved quickly. Soon as they were off the bus, I was in their wake as like Olympians (compared to me anyway, hehe) they shot off to the Aldi store for some nibbles. Lovely couple.
I ambled around and got £17.60 worth of fodder. No sign of the couple from the flats, I had a look from the checkouts, but couldn't see them. We were going to catch the bus back together.
Had a little Dizzy-Dennis session, so I waited a while before leaving. Cleared up in a couple of minutes.
Yellow lines= Hobbling, red lines= on the bus.
Coming out of the store, I picked my way through the compost from the split bags that were on display in front of the shop.
I set off on a mini-hobble along Mapperley top and right down Winchester Street.
I saw the Belle Vue Lodge Home as I turned the corner.
I read on the web, on the NHS site: "Belle Vue Lodge is a modern nursing home, equipped and staffed for specialist nursing needs, including dementia care for which all care staff are expertly trained. All of the home's 59 bedrooms are single en-suite and have walk-in shower facilities to suit those with mobility issues, having been purpose-built to welcome a wide range of complex care needs. Relaxing lounges with thoughtful decor and views are a feature. Modern care technology, resident internet connection, TV in each room, including nurse call systems, function alongside homely comforts to make for a relaxing day-to-day lifestyle. I loved that bit: homely comforts to make for a relaxing day-to-day lifestyle. Relaxing, blimey would many of my fellow Woodthorpe Court tenants and I love and long for relaxing!
The downer is; that the charges for old and disabled folk in this place, start at only £689 a week. If you have special needs, you'll pay more of course. I couldn't find the top-end charges. Hehe!
As I carefully made my way down Winchester Street hill and the apartment building in which I dwell came into view, I took this picture of the flats. Not a soul in sight.
As I noticed the hoist supports and cranes around the battered flats, I put down the heavy bag of shopping to ease Arthur Itis for a few moments. As I stood there, feeling sorry for myself, my thoughts wandered. The mess from the windows, the mess from the balcony, the holes left in the wall and floor from the heaters being fitted. New curtains will be needed. A new floor in the kitchen required. A dread of the new sprinkler system being fitted and the further upheaval this will bring. Same with the upcoming new alarm fitting and communication system will precipitate failed appointments from the workers, dust, grit, gravel… Force me to change medical appointments again. Am I doomed to live what life I have left in a lugubriousness mode? The new balconies to be fitted, with their eight or nine more windows that will need cleaning. Will Little Inchies bleeding lesion ever get healed? Will Hippy Hilda slip out again? Damned Duodenal Donald needs some different medication that is effective. Can they ever get the Warfarin INR level right? Will the computer play-up once more today? How many wrong number calls will I get this weekend? Will Big Bad John be making noises again? No forget that one, it's the only unfaltering bit of things in life that is, he will be making loud sounds again! Did I leave the tap running in the sink?
The shpilkes suddenly concentrated on that last thought. Picked up the bag and hobbled at the best speed I could manage, back to the flat to see if I had left the tap running.
The distress of not knowing was appeased when I got in the apartment to find the taps had not been left running. Sad innit?
Got the purchases out and put away. Well, not the cottage pie. I got the oven warming up while I added a ton or two of grated cheese and sliced tomatoes on top of the meal in readiness for when the oven heated up sufficiently.
Got the hemadynamometer and did the Health Checks and medicationalisationing.
The noise began from Big Bad John up above.
Putting the tray and pie in the oven, I singed a couple of finger ends. Smelt a little bit like burnt sausages? Tsk!
Applied a little Germolen cream.
Got the nosh prepared on the blue tin plate.
I added two slices of the great tasting Scottish Plain bread and dribbled some soy and balsamic vinegar mixture on top of them.
It looked jolly appetising. But, it was like a promise from a politician, disappointing!
The pie was only average, the red onions had gone off, and the chips were unexpectedly tasteless, flavourless and insipid. The bread was good, mind.
Nodded off soon after eating this meal. Woke and got the last Health Checks done. Tended to the medicalisationing needed, and got down to watch a DVD of Steve Coogan.
Couldn't stay awake and nodded off again, but not for long, thanks to Big Bad John. Hell of a bang from his flat woke me, then another one arrived, this is how I worked out it must have been him in the first place waking me up.
Then, I had trouble getting bad into the land of Nod. So I turned on the TV.
That did the trick! Off I nodded.
Gets to us old folk, who only want peace and quiete and a bit of fun in life. Hehe!
Computer is playing up on WordPress now. Tsk!
I think they are, gal.
Been about 8 months at it now. Or I think it has.
That's a really good bus and hobble trip. There seems to be no end to your facility upgrades.
"There seems to be no end to your facility upgrades." Never a truer thing said, Tim. Hehe!
Getting to me now, all this hassle. Tsk!
I think you can get those little white screw cap things in Screw Fix. I could check in LH's catalogue if you like…?
Bless you Tracey, thanks. No rush yet, cause there is so much more works to be done yet. I don't even feel like tidying up now, let alone cleaning up, with the knowledge that more dirt and hassle will be coming again and persistently so.
When they replaces some of the wall panelling when I first moved in, they screwed in black screws on white plastic. Eugh! And now, I and all the other tenants, are to get the same panelling on the top of the walls when they install the sprinklers. Sorry, pet, I'm just a bit down this morning, with the bother and now the computer is playing up on WordPress as well as Facebook. Humph!
Aww, I'm not surprised you're feeling down as they is so much for you to contend with at present.