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text:
Ein Spannungstensor ist ein Tensor zweiter Stufe, der den Spannungszustand in einem bestimmten Punkt innerhalb der Materie beschreibt. Er ist eine wesentliche Größe der Kontinuumsmechanik, in der er bei der Formulierung physikalischer Gesetze auftritt. Eine Kraft wird über Stoffschluss von Körpern durch ein sie ausfüllendes Spannungstensorfeld übertragen, das den Kraftfluss im Körper darstellt. Die Leistung des Spannungstensors an Verzerrungsgeschwindigkeiten trägt zur Energiebilanz bei.

Der Spannungstensor fasst die Normalspannungen in Normalenrichtung, sowie tangential wirkende (transversale) Scherspannungen zu einem mathematischen Objekt zusammen. Die Komponenten des Spannungstensors haben die Dimension M L−1 T −2 also Kraft pro Fläche, für die in der Festkörpermechanik die Einheiten Megapascal (MPa) und Newton pro Quadratmillimeter (N/mm²) üblich sind. Eingeführt wurde der Spannungstensor von Augustin-Louis Cauchy.

Verwendet wird dieser Tensor vor allem in der Physik (Festkörperphysik, Strömungsmechanik und klassische Mechanik, teilweise Geophysik) und in der Elektrodynamik.

Definition
Spannungstensoren können in zwei Gruppen eingeteilt werden:
 Spannungstensoren, die in der Impulsbilanz eingesetzt werden und
 Spannungstensoren, die in der Materialtheorie eingesetzt werden.
Der Cauchy'sche Spannungstensor  gehört beiden Gruppen an und ist das am meisten benutzte Spannungsmaß. Er wird oftmals ohne Namenszusatz einfach nur Spannungstensor genannt. Die Spannungstensoren können alle jederzeit und überall ineinander umgerechnet werden, weswegen alle Spannungstensoren physikalisch gleich relevant sind. Sie sind in verschiedenen Kontexten lediglich mehr oder weniger praktisch in der Anwendung. Die Formelzeichen für die Spannungstensoren sind in der Literatur nicht einheitlich.
Bei kleinen Verzerrungen braucht nicht zwischen diesen Spannungstensoren unterschieden zu werden.
Die Spannungstensoren sind objektive, bezugssysteminvariante Tensoren, d. h. zwei verschiedene Beobachter nehmen die Spannungstensoren immer in gleicher Weise wahr.

Spannungstensoren, die in der Impulsbilanz eingesetzt werden

In einer gedachten Schnittfläche durch die Materie übt die in Gedanken weggeschnittene Materie dem Schnittprinzip folgend auf die verbliebene Materie eine Spannung aus, die sich als Cauchy'scher Spannungsvektor (auch Traktionsvektor genannt)  aus einer Normalspannungskomponente  (rechtwinklig zur Schnittfläche wirkend) und zwei Schubspannungskomponenten  (in der Schnittfläche wirkend) zusammensetzt, die von der Ausrichtung der Fläche abhängen, siehe Bilder.

Am jeweiligen Ort schneiden sich drei solche gedachten Schnittflächen mit den Basiseinheitsvektoren des Koordinatensystems  als Normalen, siehe den freigeschnittenen Würfel im Bild. Die drei Spannungsvektoren in den drei Schnittflächen definieren den dortigen Spannungszustand vollständig und werden zeilenweise zum Spannungstensor zusammengefasst:

Dabei bezeichnet  das dyadische Produkt (Tensorprodukt zweier Vektoren). Die Wahl des Koordinatensystems ist dabei ohne Belang, denn als Tensor ist der Spannungstensor koordinatenunabhängig. Mit dem so definierten Spannungstensor berechnet man den Spannungsvektor an einer infinitesimalen Schnittfläche mit dem Normalenvektor  gemäß:

Die Transposition "( · )T" ist der Bedeutung der Indizes der Komponenten geschuldet. Zu Ehren seines Urhebers wird dieser Tensor auch Cauchy'scher Spannungstensor genannt, der sich aus den "wahren" oder "aktuellen" Spannungen zusammensetzt. Er ist auf Grund des zweiten Cauchy-Euler'schen Bewegungsgesetzes (Drehimpulsbilanz) symmetrisch und wird in der Euler'schen Betrachtungsweise benutzt.

Bei der Umrechnung der Spannungsvektoren von der räumlichen Euler'schen in die materielle Lagrange'sche Darstellung muss die Änderung der Oberflächenelemente  berücksichtigt werden. Darin ist F der Deformationsgradient, FT−1 die Inverse seiner Transponierten und det(F) seine Determinante. Die Normaleneinheitsvektoren  und  sind genauso wie die Differentiale da und dA in der räumlichen bzw. der materiellen Darstellung definiert. Damit lautet ein "Oberflächenkraftelement":

Darin ist N der Nennspannungstensor (), der die Spannungen bezogen auf die Ausgangsfläche repräsentiert, und P ist der erste Piola-Kirchhoff'sche Spannungstensor. Diese beiden Tensoren sind im Allgemeinen unsymmetrisch, aber die Produkte F · N und P · FT müssen symmetrisch sein, siehe #Drehimpulsbilanz oder zweites Cauchy-Euler'sches Bewegungsgesetz

Weitere in der Materialtheorie eingesetzte Spannungstensoren
Beim Spannungstensor handelt es sich um ein Tensorfeld, das an jedem materiellen oder räumlichen Punkt innerhalb eines Körpers definiert ist. Erstere materielle Sichtweise entspricht der Lagrange'schen Darstellung und letztere räumliche der Euler'schen Darstellung. Beide Betrachtungsweisen definieren mehrere Spannungstensoren:

 Den räumlichen Cauchy'schen Spannungstensor
 Den räumlichen gewichteten Cauchy'schen oder Kirchhoff'schen Spannungstensor , der in der Metall-Plastizität angewendet wird, wo die plastische Inkompressibilität J konstant gehalten wird,
 Den materiellen zweiten Piola-Kirchhoff'schen Spannungstensor , der beispielsweise bei der Cauchy-Elastizität angewendet wird,
 Den materiellen konvektiven Spannungstensor
 Viskoser Spannungstensor in fließenden Medien

Darin ist F der Deformationsgradient, F−1 seine Inverse, FT−1 die Inverse der Transponierten und J = det(F) seine Determinante. Diese Spannungstensoren sind auf Grund der Drehimpulsbilanz symmetrisch. Die Benutzung dieser Tensoren wird im Abschnitt #Energiebilanz vorgestellt.

Umrechnung der Spannungstensoren ineinander
Die Tabelle fasst die Umrechnung der Tensoren zusammen.

Darin ist F der Deformationsgradient, F−1 seine Inverse, FT−1 seine transponiert Inverse, J = det(F) seine Determinante und C = FT · F der rechte-Cauchy-Green-Tensor.

Schreibweisen
In Matrizenschreibweise wird ein Spannungstensor in folgenden, üblichen Formen angegeben:

Manchmal, wie in der linken Matrizenschreibweise, wird der Index der Normalspannungskomponente nur einfach notiert (wie in σx = σxx), denn bei ihr ist Normalen- und Wirkrichtung gleich. Es muss jedoch gewährleistet sein, dass eine Verwechselung mit den Hauptspannungen (σ1,2,3 oder σI,II,III) ausgeschlossen ist.

Die symmetrischen Spannungstensoren, insbesondere der Cauchy'sche Spannungstensor, bestehen nicht aus neun unabhängigen Größen, sondern nur aus sechs und können in der Voigt'schen Notation als ein 6×1-Vektor geschrieben werden, wodurch die Notation deutlich vereinfacht wird:

Eigenschaften der symmetrischen Spannungstensoren

Für Matrizen wie für Spannungstensoren sind Eigenwerte σi und Eigenvektoren  bedeutsam, die das Eigenwertproblem

lösen. Die Eigenwerte sind bezugssysteminvariant, aber es gibt noch weitere Invarianten (die aus den drei Eigenwerten ableitbar sind), die für die Beurteilung des Spannungszustands geeignet sind.

Bei den symmetrischen Spannungstensoren sind die Eigenwerte sämtlich reell und die Eigenvektoren paarweise senkrecht oder orthogonalisierbar.

Hauptspannungen und maximale Schnittspannungen
Die Eigenwerte werden Hauptspannungen und die (auf die Länge eins normierten und deshalb mit Hut geschriebenen) Eigenvektoren Hauptspannungsrichtungen genannt, siehe Hauptspannung und Hauptspannungsrichtung. In den Hauptspannungsrichtungen gibt es nur Normalspannungen und keine Schubspannungen.

Die Eigenwerte ergeben sich aus der charakteristischen Gleichung

worin die Koeffizienten für die Hauptinvarianten

stehen und die Komponenten  die Spannungskomponenten im kartesischen xyz-System sind. Der Operator "Sp" bildet die Spur, "det" die Determinante und 1 ist der Einheitstensor.

Die Hauptspannungsrichtungen  sind paarweise senkrecht zueinander oder orthogonalisierbar und bilden somit eine Orthonormalbasis. In diesem Basissystem besitzt der Spannungstensor Diagonalgestalt:

Die Beträge der Schnittspannungsvektoren

nehmen in zwei der drei Hauptspannungsrichtungen  Extremwerte an.

Üblicherweise sind die Hauptspannungen σI, II, III so benannt, dass σI ≥ σII ≥ σIII gilt. Dann liegt in der I-Richtung der betraglich größte und in III-Richtung der betraglich kleinste Schnittspannungsvektor.

Maximale Schubspannungen
Die maximalen Schubspannungen treten in einer Ebene e auf, die senkrecht zu einer Hauptspannungsrichtung ist. Der Mohr'sche Spannungskreis zeigt, dass die maximale Schubspannung im 45°-Winkel zu den Hauptspannungsrichtungen in der Ebene e vorkommt und betraglich gleich der halben Differenz der entsprechenden Hauptspannungen ist. Damit resultiert für die maximale Schubspannung:

Falls σI = σIII ist, befindet sich der materielle Punkt unter hydrostatischem Zug/Druck und in keiner Ebene finden sich Schubspannungen.

Ist die 1-3-Ebene die xy-Ebene und in ihr ein ebener Spannungszustand (σx, σy, τxy) gegeben, dann lautet die maximale Schubspannung

Invarianten
Wenn der Spannungstensor bei einem Wechsel des Basissystems wie in

bezüglich eines anderen Basissystems  ausgedrückt wird,
dann ändern sich seine Komponenten von  nach  in charakteristischer Weise, so wie sich auch die Komponenten eines geometrischen Vektors beim Wechsel des Basissystems ändern. Der Betrag des Vektors ändert sich dabei aber nicht und genauso gibt es beim Spannungstensor sogenannte Invarianten, die sich bei einem Basiswechsel nicht ändern. Solche invarianten oder objektiven Größen sind in der Materialtheorie von Interesse, denn jedwedes Material verhält sich bezugssysteminvariant. Invariant sind:

 die Hauptinvarianten
 die Hauptspannungen
 die Spuren der Potenzen
 der Betrag
 die Invariantendes Spannungsdeviators und
 die Haigh–Westergaard-Koordinaten

siehe Abschnitt Eigensystem. Darin sind  der Spannungsdeviator,  die mittlere Normalspannung und  der Lodewinkel. Der Doppelpunkt ":" bildet das Frobenius-Skalarprodukt zweier Tensoren A und B mittels der Spur A : B := Sp(AT · B). Von diesen Invarianten sind aber nur drei voneinander unabhängig und aus denen können dann alle anderen abgeleitet werden. Insbesondere gilt nach dem Satz von Vieta:

Die von Mises Vergleichsspannung

ist eine Funktion der zweiten Hauptinvariante des Spannungsdeviators, weswegen sie auf hydrostatische Spannungen (gleich große Normalspannungen in allen drei Raumrichtungen) nicht reagiert.

Zusammenhang mit anderen Größen

Der Cauchy'sche Spannungstensor beinhaltet die "wahren" oder "aktuellen" Spannungen im deformierten Körper (in der Momentankonfiguration). Diese Spannungen stehen mit dem Druck im Körper, der auf ihn wirkenden Kraft und seinen Verformungen im Zusammenhang.

Der Maxwell'sche Spannungstensor aus der Elektrodynamik ist eine Untermatrix des Energie-Impuls-Tensors.

Druck
Der Druck in einem Material ist der negative Mittelwert der Normalspannungen

und weil die Spur eine Invariante ist, ist der Druck bezugssysteminvariant. Für die mittlere Normalspannung sind noch die Formelzeichen σm und σH gebräuchlich. Der Kugelanteil des Spannungstensors wird Drucktensor genannt:

Für die Divergenz des Drucktensors gilt nach der Produktregel:

Darin bildet grad den Gradienten.

Insbesondere bei Flüssigkeiten und Gasen ist der Druck und der Drucktensor bedeutsam.

Bei Flüssigkeiten liegt oftmals (in guter Näherung) Inkompressibilität vor. Hier ist der Druck eine "Zwangsspannung", die als Reaktion der Flüssigkeit auf Kompressionsversuche die Inkompressibilität aufrechterhält. Mathematisch ist der Druck hier ein Lagrange'scher Multiplikator für die Nebenbedingung "Inkompressibilität." Inkompressibilität kommt auch in Festkörpern vor, wo der Druck dann dieselbe Rolle spielt wie in inkompressiblen Fluiden. Bei Festkörpern kann auch negativer Druck auftreten.

Kraft
In der Realität und der Kontinuumsmechanik werden Kräfte, die auf einen Körper wirken, immer flächig eingeleitet, d. h. auf einen Teil aσ der Oberfläche a mit Normalenvektor  wirken Spannungsvektoren  auf den Körper:

Mit der Vereinbarung, dass auf dem Rest der Oberfläche Nullspannungsvektoren wirken ( auf a \ aσ), und wenn die Oberfläche hinreichend glatt ist, kann diese Beziehung mit dem Divergenzsatz umgeformt werden:

Darin ist v das Volumen des Körpers und div der Divergenzoperator.

 Eine von außen einwirkende Kraft induziert im Körper ein Spannungstensorfeld, das den ganzen Körper ausfüllt.

Diese Tatsache hat mit den Eigenschaften des Körpers zunächst nichts zu tun: Das Tensorfeld existiert in Starrkörpern, Festkörpern, Flüssigkeiten und Gasen, sofern sie als Kontinuum modelliert sind. Nach obiger Gleichung kann die Divergenz des Spannungstensors als "spezifische Kraft" (Kraft pro Volumen) angesehen werden, um zu unterstreichen, dass der Spannungstensor am materiellen Punkt ein eingeprägter Einfluss ist.

Die Kraft wird den Körper deformieren und/oder in Bewegung versetzen, was auf die Spannungen aber auch auf die Kraft selbst zurückwirkt, siehe auch den Abschnitt #Berechnung der Spannungen unten.

Verzerrungstensor
Ein mit Kräften belasteter und mit Spannungen beanspruchter Körper wird in Bewegung versetzt und/oder verformt, siehe #Berechnung der Spannungen unten. Beides hängt von den Materialeigenschaften ab, ersteres vorrangig von der Dichte. Bezüglich der Materialeigenschaften sind zwei Materialgruppen voneinander zu unterscheiden: Die Flüssigkeiten und Gase, die zusammen als Fluide bezeichnet werden, und die Festkörper.

Fluide zeichnen sich unter anderem dadurch aus, dass sie isotrop sind und im mechanischen Gleichgewicht keine Schubspannungen übertragen können. Im Gleichgewicht ist der Spannungstensor also ein Drucktensor, siehe oben. Festkörper vermögen im Gleichgewicht sowohl Schubspannungen als auch unixialem und biaxialem Zug/Druck standzuhalten. Bei Festkörpern kann der Spannungstensor demnach im Gleichgewicht voll besetzt sein.

In der Modellvorstellung der Kontinuumsmechanik erzeugen Materialien bei Verformung eine Reaktionsspannung, die der Deformation entgegenwirkt. Die von außen eingeleitete Spannung infolge einer Belastung wird vom Material übertragen und muss jederzeit und überall im Gleichgewicht mit der vom Material entgegengebrachten Reaktionsspannung sein. Die Materialtheorie beschäftigt sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen dem Spannungstensor und der Verformung, die mit dem Green-Lagrange'schen Verzerrungstensor E bemessen wird. Das allgemeinste Materialmodell eines einfachen Materials, das per definitionem deterministisch, lokal und objektiv ist, lautet:

Darin ist  ein tensorwertiges Funktional, t die Zeit, τ ein Zeitparameter und  ein materieller Punkt. Die explizite Abhängigkeit des Funktionals vom materiellen Punkt liegt an möglicherweise örtlich wie zeitlich variierenden Materialeigenschaften. Der Index τ ≤ t symbolisiert, dass die gesamte vergangene Geschichte des materiellen Punkts und die in ihm stattgefundenen Verzerrungen in den Wert des Funktionals eingehen kann, so wie es beispielsweise bei der Warmumformung eines Metalls der Fall ist.

Physikalischer Kontext
Dieser Abschnitt handelt vom Einsatz des Spannungstensors in physikalischen Gesetzen und der Technik.

Impulsbilanz
Eine Kraft, die auf einen realen Körper wirkt und wie oben gezeigt mit dem Spannungstensor ausgedrückt werden kann, wird den Körper nach dem Gesetz "Kraft gleich Masse mal Beschleunigung" in Bewegung versetzen. Dieses Gesetz wird auch Impulsbilanz genannt.

Wenn aus einem Körper ein (infinitesimal) kleiner Teilkörper freigeschnitten wird und dessen Oberfläche gegen null gehen gelassen wird, folgt aus der Impulsbilanz, dass der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Normalenvektor an eine Schnittfläche und dem Schnittspannungsvektor linear sein muss, da der Spannungszustand homogen ist, wenn die betrachtete Fläche gegen Null geht, da Spannungszustände üblicherweise stetig sind. Das ist die Aussage des Cauchy'schen Fundamentaltheorems, mit dem Augustin-Louis Cauchy den Spannungstensor als linearen Operator zwischen den Normalenvektoren und den Schnittspannungsvektoren einführte.

Das Volumen eines (infinitesimal) kleinen Körpers geht schneller gegen null als seine Oberfläche, weswegen Masseneffekte bei obiger Betrachtung vernachlässigt werden konnten. Geht nun das Volumen des Teilkörpers gegen null, dann folgt das erste Cauchy-Euler'sche Bewegungsgesetz.

Cauchysches Fundamentaltheorem
Wird ein (infinitesimal) kleiner Tetraeder mit Kantenlänge L aus einem belasteten Körper herausgeschnitten, dann übt die in Gedanken weggeschnittene Materie auf jeder Schnittfläche Spannungen aus, die über ihre Angriffsfläche nach dem Gesetz "Kraft gleich Masse mal Beschleunigung" den Tetraeder beschleunigen. Weil die Masse eines kleiner werdenden Tetraeders mit L³ gegen null geht, seine Oberfläche aber nur mit L², können bei L → 0 Masseneffekte vernachlässigt werden und müssen die flächenverteilten Kräfte im Gleichgewicht sein. Das ist genau dann der Fall, wenn der Zusammenhang zwischen den Normalenvektoren und den Schnittspannungsvektoren linear ist:

Darin ist
  der Schnittspannungsvektor an einer Fläche mit Normalenvektor ,
  ein Faktor,  Normalenvektoren und  ein Normaleneinheitsvektor,
  der Spannungstensor,  seine Transponierte,
  sind die Komponenten des Spannungstensors,  die des Spannungsvektors und  die des Normaleneinheitsvektors bezüglich eines kartesischen Koordinatensystems und
 "·" ist das Skalarprodukt von Vektoren.

Das ist die Aussage des Cauchy'schen Fundamentaltheorems. Die Benutzung eines Tensors stellt sicher, dass obige Zusammenhänge koordinatenunabhängig sind.

In der räumlichen Darstellung betrifft besagtes den Cauchy'schen Spannungstensor und in der materiellen Darstellung den Nennspannungstensor.

Erstes Cauchy-Euler'sches Bewegungsgesetz

Betrachtet wird ein freigeschnittener Quader in einem Körper, der einer Schwerebeschleunigung  unterliegt, siehe Bild. Die Schnittspannungen an Schnittebenen mit Normalen in positiver Koordinatenrichtung sind am positiven Schnittufer und die Schnittspannungen an Schnittebenen mit Normalen in negativer Koordinatenrichtung sind am negativen Schnittufer und wirken in entgegengesetzter Richtung zu ersteren. Zwischen positivem und negativem Schnittufer liegt eine (infinitesimal) kleine Distanz über die sich die Schnittspannungen ändern können. Bei einem (infinitesimal) kleinen Quader können die Schnittspannungen als über die Flächen des Quaders, die Dichte, die Beschleunigung und die Schwerebeschleunigung als über das Volumen konstant angenommen werden. Bilanzierung der Kräfte am Quader mit Kantenlängen dx1, dx2 und dx3 in 1-, 2- bzw. 3-Richtung liefert nach dem Gesetz "Kraft gleich Masse mal Beschleunigung" in i-Richtung

für i=1,2,3. Darin ist  die Beschleunigung und  die Schwerebeschleunigung in i-Richtung und ρ ist die Dichte des Quaders. Division durch das Volumen dx1 dx2 dx3 führt im Grenzgang dx1,2,3 → 0 auf

Dies ist die i-te Komponente der Vektorgleichung

in einem kartesischen Koordinatensystem wie im Bild. Diese Vektorgleichung ist das erste Cauchy-Euler'sche Bewegungsgesetz, das die lokale Form der Impulsbilanz ist, die, wenn sie in jedem Punkt eines Körpers erfüllt ist, sicherstellt, dass die Bewegung des Körpers als Ganzes – inklusive Verformungen – der Impulsbilanz gehorcht.

Die Herleitung hier basiert auf kleinen Verschiebungen. Die Effekte großer Verschiebungen sind im Hauptartikel nachzuschlagen.

Drehimpulsbilanz oder zweites Cauchy-Euler'sches Bewegungsgesetz
Das zweite Cauchy-Euler'sche Bewegungsgesetz ist die Anwendung des Drallsatzes auf ein Kontinuum. Von außen angreifende Drehmomente ändern den Drehimpuls des Körpers. Der Anteil, der die Bahndrehimpulse seiner Partikel betrifft, entfällt auf Grund der Impulsbilanz. Übrig bleibt ein wirkungsloser Momentenbeitrag, der von Schubspannungen zwischen den Partikeln verrichtet wird, und damit dieser Beitrag verschwindet, muss der Cauchy'sche Spannungstensor in der räumlichen und der zweite Piola-Kirchhoff'sche Spannungstensor in der materiellen Betrachtungsweise symmetrisch sein:

Das ist das zweite Cauchy-Euler'sche Bewegungsgesetz in räumlicher und materieller Formulierung, das die lokale Form der Drehimpulsbilanz ist, die, wenn sie zusammen mit dem ersten Cauchy-Euler'schen Bewegungsgesetz in jedem Punkt eines Körpers erfüllt ist, sicherstellt, dass die Bewegung des Körpers als Ganzes – inklusive Verformungen – der Drehimpulsbilanz gehorcht.

Energiebilanz
Die Spannungstensoren, die in der Materialtheorie benutzt werden, kommen in den physikalischen Gesetzen in Kombination mit Verzerrungsmaßen vor, wie beispielsweise im Prinzip von d'Alembert oder in der Energiebilanz. Letztere soll beispielgebend behandelt werden.

Damit die zur Energiebilanz beitragende spezifische Spannungsleistung bezugsysteminvariant ist, werden in der räumlichen Formulierung die objektiven Zeitableitungen

benötigt, die mit dem Geschwindigkeitsgradient l = Ḟ · F−1 gebildet werden. Der Überpunkt bezeichnet genauso wie  unten die materielle Zeitableitung. Mit den Verzerrungstensoren

berechnen sich die objektiven Verzerrungsgeschwindigkeiten

und die spezifische Spannungsleistung

Darin ist ρ0 = ρ det(F) die Dichte des Materials, ρ die Dichte im verformten Körper und der Doppelpunkt ":" bildet das Frobenius-Skalarprodukt zweier Tensoren A und B mittels A : B := Sp(AT · B). Physikalisch relevant sind auch die inkrementelle Spannungsleistung

und die "Ergänzungsleistung"

In den Klammern stehen die Arbeitsausdrücke

von Spannungen an Dehnungen.

Berechnung der Spannungen
In der Auslegung von Bauteilen ist oftmals aus sicherheitstechnischen Gründen ein Nachweis zu erbringen, dass die Spannungen gewisse Grenzen nicht überschreiten. Relevant sind hier die oben definierte von Mises Vergleichsspannung und die maximale Schubspannung, für die der vollständige Spannungszustand oder Spannungstensor vorzulegen sind. Die physikalischen Gesetze machen keine Aussagen über das Materialverhalten und reichen daher für die Bestimmung des Spannungstensors nicht aus.

Im allgemeinen Fall resultieren die Bewegung und der Spannungszustand aus einem nichtlinearen Zusammenspiel aus Lagerung, eingebrachter Belastung, Bauteil- und Materialeigenschaften. Die Reaktionskräfte in den Lagern und andere Belastungen induzieren ein Spannungstensorfeld, das über ein Materialmodell mit einem Verzerrungstensorfeld verknüpft ist, das sich wiederum aus Bewegungskomponenten ergibt, die den Lagerungen genügen. Das Gleichungssystem aus
 Impulsbilanz und evtl. weiteren physikalischen Gesetzen,
 kinematischen Gleichungen (Lagerungen und Verzerrungszustand) sowie
 konstitutiven Gleichungen (Relation zwischen Spannungen und Verzerrungen)
ist abgeschlossen und führt zur prinzipiellen Vorhersagbarkeit des Spannungs- und Bewegungszustands.

Beispiele

Zugversuch
Bei einachsialem Zug eines geraden prismatischen Stabes in x-Richtung lautet der Spannungstensor

Im statischen Gleichgewicht und in Abwesenheit einer volumenverteilten Kraft liefert die Impulsbilanz die Bedingung

Im statischen Gleichgewicht ist die Normalspannung σ also in x-Richtung konstant.
Die Seitenflächen des Stabes sind wegen  spannungsfrei.

Biegung des geraden Balkens
Bei der Biegung des geraden Balkens in der x-z-Ebene lautet der Spannungstensor

Im statischen Gleichgewicht und in Abwesenheit einer volumenverteilten Kraft liefert die Impulsbilanz die Bedingung

Also muss auch hier σ in x-Richtung konstant sein und die Seitenflächen des Balkens können bei kleinen Verschiebungen wegen  als in guter Näherung spannungsfrei gelten. Siehe auch das Beispiel bei den Kompatibilitätsbedingungen.

Torsion

Bei der Torsion des geraden Kreiszylinders um seine Figurenachse, die in Zylinderkoordinaten (r,φ,z) in Richtung der z-Achse liegt, lautet der Spannungstensor

mit einer Schubspannung τ. Im statischen Gleichgewicht und in Abwesenheit einer volumenverteilten Kraft liefert die Impulsbilanz die Bedingung

die erfüllt ist, wenn τ in z- und φ-Richtung konstant ist. Eine Koordinate nach einem Komma im Index bedeutet hier eine Ableitung nach der Koordinate wie in

Die Mantelfläche des Zylinders ist wegen  spannungsfrei.

Eigensystem
Der Cauchy'sche Spannungstensor habe die Form

Seine charakteristische Gleichung lautet

die die Lösungen

besitzt. Mit dem Ansatz

bekommt man

mit der Lösung  und der Konsequenz

Entsprechend ermittelt man

Die Eigenvektoren sind paarweise senkrecht aufeinander. In dem Basissystem der Eigenvektoren hat der Spannungstensor Diagonalgestalt:

was die Invarianz seiner Spur bestätigt.

Siehe auch
 Euler-Gleichungen (Strömungsmechanik)
 Navier-Stokes-Gleichungen
 Navier-Cauchy-Gleichungen
 Spannungsfunktion
 Formänderungsenergie
 Formelsammlung Tensoralgebra
 Formelsammlung Tensoranalysis

Einzelnachweise

Literatur

Kontinuumsmechanik
Mechanische Spannung
Feldtheorie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Tag Archives: networking
Reset, Rethink, Recharge: First Virtual GFSI Conference to Address Urgent Topics in Food Safety
By Food Safety Tech Staff
This year's GFSI Conference will take place March 23–25 and bring together experts, decision makers and innovators in the food industry. With the theme of "rethink, reset, recharge", the three-day virtual program includes online networking features to allow attendees to connect with professionals across the globe, and sessions that explore COVID-19; supply chain disruption and public health; building consumer trust and transparency; sharing best practices; and technologies shaping the future of food safety.
"Collaboration to ensure safe food for consumers everywhere and sustainable food systems has never been more critical – and this event provides a major opportunity to learn from an unprecedented period and move forwards in the best possible way. We're excited by the chance to help colleagues across the industry build on the ingenuity, resilience and dedication shown by the food industry over the past 12 months," said Erica Sheward, director of GFSI, in a press release. "With the conference taking place virtually for the first time, it's easier than ever before for food industry professionals to get involved—and we're urging people from all corners of the globe to ensure they're part of this unique and collaborative forum. Food safety is everyone's business, and we must continue to work together to build consumers' trust in the food they buy."
More information about the GFSI conference, along with registration, agenda and partner details, can be found on the event website.
GFSI is a partner organization for the 2021 Food Safety Consortium Virtual Conference Series.
Find Your Passion and Confidence Will Come
By Melody Ge
Deborah Coviello, founder and CEO of Illumination Partners, LLC and host of The Drop in CEO Podcast, recently shared her journey with the Women in Food Safety Group. Deb believes in self-confidence and that everyone is a talented individual.
Two years ago, Deb decided to start her own business, which focuses on elevating people, after 10 years of working as a food safety professional for a top flavor company. When I spoke with Deb about her experiences, she admitted that at times she felt vulnerable, stressed and unsatisfied after working for corporations for more than 30 years. She was no longer happy with herself, and even her coworkers could see it. However, she got past it and has found the passion to share her experiences and stories to help anyone who is struggling in a similar situation.
When formulating the business plan for her new firm, Deb started testing her ideas with consulting professionals, discussing how to elevate their self-confidence. It wasn't until her third client that she had built the confidence to say that she could provide a service that people needed. "I have to constantly tell myself that I can do this!" Deb said. "It is that food safety professional combined with elevating leadership—men and women—which is the purpose for my work, and I enjoy doing so much. " Hearing Deb's client feedback is what drives her mission and business forward. "I love helping people find their confidence, because that's what I was once going through," she explained.
Deb thinks it is more important to help food safety professionals sustain improvement after working with them, versus simply passing on pure technical knowledge. "I elevate people, while at the same time I elevate the business," she said.
The topic of a glass ceiling is discussed in so many interviews, and Deb would like to challenge that idea. "Maybe in the past, there were challenges to female leadership and we claimed it as a glass ceiling that we had to break through." Deb continued, "However, I would definitely challenge that! I do not think women need to own that narrative anymore! If you believe there's a glass ceiling, then you will have a glass ceiling. If you do not believe it, it is not there."
"I think women need to find the network for support and realize that the only glass ceiling may now be just themselves." – Deborah Coviello, CEO of Illumination Partners, LLC and host of The Drop in CEO Podcast
Deb has one final piece of advice for women who are in an executive position or seeking a position at the table: "Advocate for yourself!" Females have not always been good at speaking up for themselves. However, there are many means to achieve your goals—seek advocates through your network and peers. "Do not ever think people can read your mind," she added.
She ended the conversation with a personal story that still inspires her today. At one point in her career, she asked her boss at the time what could she change or do to move ahead. Her boss said, "Change nothing, just be yourself!" Deb started gaining the trust and confidence in herself from that point forward. She has become relaxed and more herself—and this is a disposition that gives her energy and helps sustain her passion.
Melody Ge: How did you get into the food safety industry and reach where you are today?
Deborah Coviello: I graduated from college as a biomedical engineer. I knew that I really loved manufacturing because I always loved the creation aspect, going from nothing to something. But along the way, I found out that I enjoyed the area of quality, so I pursued it for several years in multiple industries. One of the things I liked about quality assurance was taking a standard to meet customer expectations. I pursued the ASQ Six Sigma Black Belt to ensure continuous improvement, and I got to learn how to solve problems in business, become more effective and reduce customer complaints. After having my third child, my husband was also changing his business, so I had to return to work sooner than I had planned. I really enjoyed learning about the chemical industry and my skills in quality had evolved, so I landed in the flavors industry, where I started my food safety journey. This is where things started changing for me. I worked for an international flavors company that services the food industry. I became the head of quality for North America for Givaudan, which is the number one global flavors company. It was the dream job that I always wanted. However, it came with a price. Not only did I have to protect the brand by ensuring we delivered a consistent, quality product to our customers; I was also responsible for food safety. At Givaudan, I had a lot of "a-ha" moments realizing that I was in a high-profile, high-risk role. I started taking my job and my voice to the next level because it was such a serious position—I had consumers and professionals around me who depended on me. Food safety was a top priority of mine—not just the compliance aspect but also any area of quality. So that was what took up my time in my previous career before I started my own business in the area of quality, food safety and continuous improvement. Maintaining product safety and brand reputation is a mission that holds true today in my own business.
Ge: What's your perspective on being a female CEO?
Coviello: Well, there still aren't a lot of us, although there are more and more female business owners. From 2014–2019, female-owned businesses grew at a rate of about 21% versus all businesses, which grew at about 9%.
I am constantly in search of fellow female CEOs to network with, and share thoughts and challenges. You mentioned a glass ceiling and the need for more women at the table. I appreciate all the female professionals who preceded us, and those who faced adversity to gain the right, trust and respect for all the opportunities that we have now. To give an example of my mother, she was a microbiologist and probably did not have all the opportunities that she would have wanted to in her time. I now have infinite possibilities. I have never felt disadvantaged. I was always able to turn a situation that did not serve me well into a new opportunity. I could take the accountability and move to a different role. I never let people, or the environment, stand in my way. I never felt the fear of any challenges of being a female CEO. I do not feel like I have any extra advantages either. I am simply a person who has a belief in myself and I have established a service through which I can help others.
Ge: Looking back, would you make any decisions differently?
Coviello: Oh yeah, I am much smarter and more confident now. In the past I didn't believe in my abilities as much as I do now. I used to ask someone's opinion to validate who I was or how good my performance was. The time was not right for me to start my own business. But looking back, I should have believed more in my capabilities and myself. I probably could have started my business a long time ago. In a way, I was forced into doing it at the end of my last job, and now I realize I am doing the work I was meant to do. I had a great career, and I will continue to have a great career. However, I do feel like I am playing catch-up now. Don't get me wrong—I have a beautiful life and a very supportive husband. But when I look at successful business people who have 15 years of business experience, I am trying to play catch up. I feel like I have to work a lot faster, which involves business development, marketing, the Podcast, and I am also getting ready to write a book. I am trying to accelerate everything, which maybe I should have been a little bit more methodical if I had enough time. So, I definitely would have started business sooner to achieve all that I want to have an impact on. I would also like to give one piece of advice: Never doubt what you have already accomplished. When you reflect back, you have achieved so much and you should celebrate those successes. There are no failures, [they are] simply steps towards achieving the success you were meant to achieve. When you project yourself forward, ask your self what "is" possible vs. "not" possible. Having a positive mindset and belief in yourself is your guiding light.
The Career Journey: Networking, Mentorship and the Balance
As part of a special offering, Episode 9 has been made available for viewing on demand for free. Register to view the on-demand recording.We were thrilled to have our first Women In Food Safety event with Food Safety Tech during the Food Safety Consortium Virtual Conference Series on November 5. Industry leaders and professionals gathered to discuss women in this field, advocate for our strengths and provide advice to young female professionals as well as those who are at mid- or late-career stages. During the sessions in the episode, we explored self-development, networking, mentorship and leadership. The following are some of the issues we tackled.
When you first start your career or a job, don't be afraid to take opportunities that have the potential for growth, and remember that all your experiences play a part in helping you achieve your final goal. While soft skills are crucial when looking for a job, technical skills shouldn't be omitted, emphasized Martin Wiedmann, Ph.D., professor at Cornell University. You need to know how to do the basics; then you can be able to lead and teach others.
Mentorship and reversed mentorship were discussed throughout the episode. Different perspectives were brought up, however, everyone agreed that mentorship is very helpful throughout a career journey. Whether you are a mentor or a mentee, you can learn from each other. Self-learning and continuous development are crucial regardless of which stage you are at in your career. Mentorship happens organically and naturally, but one thing you need to think about prior to seeking a mentor is, what do you need one for? What do you want to learn and achieve? Lisa Robinson, VP of global food safety and public health at Ecolab, raised the question and continued: "For example, I have a mentor in business, because I know that is where I need help and advice.. Don't be afraid to reach out to find your own mentor. "The mentor should have interests in your growth, and there has to be chemistry between mentors and mentees," said Cindy Jiang, senior director of global food and packaging safety at McDonald's Corp.
Women in Food Safety have five focused mentorship areas of focus:
For women with a diverse cultural background, focusing on helping their needs in work culture
Adventure starts
For women in school, focusing on bridging the gap between academic and industry, focusing on helping the start of their career, and providing a pipeline for future food safety professionals
For women at an early career stage, focusing on helping them step up to senior management, and providing a pipeline for future leadership
o For women working on-site, focusing on helping their needs in work culture
For women who just came back from maternity leave or a long break, focusing on helping their needs when going through life-changing times with minimal impact on work
Mentors can be one or more, but it all depends on your goal and what you want.
Climbing the Career Ladder
There are many barriers and challenges throughout a career, but what's important to keep us going during this journey is ourselves—stay humble, keep learning, and keep yourself physically and mentally healthy. "If you don't take care for yourself, the rest doesn't matter," said Lisa Robinson. She added, "If I am not well, I cannot do anything well." In today's environment, the competition is high. We are all looking to find balance, and we need to commit time to ourselves and our family. One way of doing so is to learn how to and be comfortable with saying "no".
On the other hand, saying "yes" is just as important as saying "no". Lisa shared a story: She learned that the company she was working at was interviewing for a VP position that she is interested in pursuing. She went to her boss and asked why she wasn't considered. He responded, "I thought you were very happy with what you are doing." By sharing this story, Lisa emphasized that speaking up to your boss and saying what you want is important. While you may be enjoying what you are doing, don't forget to look ahead and make known what you ultimately want.
In addition, "sometimes barriers or rejection might not be a bad thing," said Allison Jennings, global director of food safety, quality, compliance at Amazon. "Understand what your goal is and find what you love, [and] of course, finding out what you don't love is also important. When one door closes, another one will be open."
"Think about how you achieve your goal instead of what you have achieved. Don't bring a problem without a potential solution; also, don't bring a solution without understanding the problem thoroughly," said Sara Mortimore, VP of global food safety and quality at Walmart. As a leader, we all need to develop our team and ourselves together, create a psychologically safe environment where team members can speak up and share their thoughts freely. As female leaders, we tend to be less confident when taking responsibilities or making decisions. "Yes, I can do it! Be confident with yourself when opportunities come to you, " Sara said as she encouraged the group.
Last but not least, build your own network! All the speakers during this session mentioned the importance and benefits of networking. The food safety industry is a close-knit family. Don't hesitate to reach out and ask for help.
Let's be honest, there are challenges for females in the industry, and as far as we have come, there is still a lot of work that needs to be done. But what's important is that we are all very clear of our goals and how to get there. We are working on this together.
Please check out our group on LinkedIn. Follow #womeninfoodsafety
This summary is written based on the opinions and presentations by the speakers.
2020 Food Safety Consortium Virtual Conference Series Agenda Announced
The agenda for the 2020 Food Safety Consortium Virtual Conference Series has been released. The announcement about the annual Food Safety Consortium being converted to a virtual series due to the COVID-19 pandemic was made last month. Due to a demand to provide attendees with even more content, the event has been extended a full month and is running into December. Food Safety Tech is the media sponsor.
The event will begin every Thursday at 12 pm ET, beginning on September 3 and continue through December 17. Each week will feature three educational presentations, two Tech Talks, and a panel discussion. Weekly episodes include food defense, food labs, pest management, sanitation, food fraud, listeria detection, mitigation & control, professional development, women in food safety, supply chain management, COVID-19's impact and food safety culture.
Frank Yiannas, FDA deputy commissioner for food policy and response, will serve as the keynote speaker on Thursday, October 1 at 12 pm ET.
"Human connection is so important for events, and we know we're not the only game in town. That's why we've invested in a Conference Virtual Platform that can facilitate discussions, discovery, and connection that can continue whether our event is offline or online—and not end with the live streaming," says Rick Biros, president of Innovative Publishing and director of the Food Safety Consortium. "Simply, the experience other food safety conferences are offering is not conducive to learning, staying engaged or take into consideration that you have a job to do during that week. This is why we have designed the Consortium's program with short, manageable episodes that are highly educational."
Registration for the 2020 Food Safety Consortium Virtual Conference Series is open. Keeping in mind that registrants may not be able to attend every week due to scheduling conflicts, there is an option to watch the each session on demand.
Tech Talk Sponsorship
Companies that are interested in sponsoring a 10-minute technical presentation during the series can also submit their abstract through the portal. For pricing information, contact IPC Sales Director RJ Palermo.
Innovative Publishing has also converted the Cannabis Quality Conference to a virtual event. More information is available at Cannabis Industry Journal.
About Food Safety Tech
Food Safety Tech publishes news, technology, trends, regulations, and expert opinions on food safety, food quality, food business and food sustainability. We also offer educational, career advancement and networking opportunities to the global food industry. This information exchange is facilitated through ePublishing, digital and live events.
About the Food Safety Consortium Conference and Expo (The live event)
Food companies are concerned about protecting their customers, their brands and their own company's financial bottom line. The term "Food Protection" requires a company-wide culture that incorporates food safety, food integrity and food defense into the company's Food Protection strategy.
The Food Safety Consortium is an educational and networking event for Food Protection that has food safety, food integrity and food defense as the foundation of the educational content of the program. With a unique focus on science, technology and compliance, the "Consortium" enables attendees to engage in conversations that are critical for advancing careers and organizations alike. Delegates visit with exhibitors to learn about cutting-edge solutions, explore three high-level educational tracks for learning valuable industry trends, and network with industry executives to find solutions to improve quality, efficiency and cost effectiveness in the evolving food industry.
Help Us Shape Our Future Vision
By Maria Fontanazza, Melody Ge
Women in food safety are increasingly playing more critical roles in their organizations because of our objective decision-making, compassion, communication prowess and ability to collaborate. During this year's Food Safety Consortium Virtual Series, we are pleased to join Food Safety Tech with a Women in Food Safety Day. It's our day: We will discuss the challenges and opportunities that we encounter as a gender, especially during this uncertain era in the world. We will also address issues surrounding students who are devoting their research to improving food safety and quality. We welcome your contribution, support and ideas.
The 2020 Food Safety Consortium Virtual Series will take place every Thursday during the fall, beginning on September 10. If you are interested in presenting during the Women in Food Safety Day, we invite you to submit an abstract. Please note that the day in which the Women in Food Safety session will be held will be announced after we receive the abstracts.
When the Women in Food Safety group was first founded, the mission was to provide a community and networking platform for women in the industry to share their experiences and to seek advice from peers; more importantly, to help young female professionals and students to grow into future outstanding women leaders in the food safety industry.
To carry this mission, the group founder and committee are pleased to announce a mentorship program with below five focused areas:
Diversity/culture: For women with a diverse background, focusing on their needs in different work culture
Adventure Starts: For women in school, focusing on bridging the gap of moving from academia to industry; focus on starting their career, and create a pipeline for future food safety professionals
The Future Leadership: For women at early career stage, focusing on step up to senior management, pipeline for future women leadership
Working in Manufacturing: For women working in manufacturing sites, focusing on their needs in this specific work environment
Work/Life balance: For women who are facing decision-makings, balancing work and life. The focus is on helping their needs when going through life's exciting times and long leave from professional areas with minimal impact on work.
We welcome all industry professionals and fellows who are interested. We look forward to seeing you during the 2020 Food Safety Consortium Virtual Series, beginning on September 10. Together, we can make it. Join us to empower women and the food safety industry to leverage our unique leadership strength and skills.
2020 Food Safety Consortium Converted to Virtual Event Series
With the COVID-19 pandemic continuing to take a toll on live events, Innovative Publishing Company, Inc. has made the careful decision to convert the Food Safety Consortium, which historically has taken place in Schaumburg, IL, to a virtual conference. This move takes into consideration Illinois' COVID-19 plan to reopen its economy, which is a Five-Phase Plan. Phase 5 occurs when groups larger than 50 (conferences and conventions specifically mentioned) will be allowed. The state enters Phase 5 only when a vaccine or an effective treatment is in place. The decision to take the Food Safety Consortium virtual is based on the Illinois reopening plan, along with considering the safety and well being of staff, attendees, speakers and sponsors.
Every Thursday, beginning on September 10 through November 12, the Food Safety Consortium Virtual Conference Series will host two presentations and two sponsored Tech Talks, followed by a panel discussion with attendees. Food Safety Tech is the media sponsor.
"This will be much more than a bunch of webinars. We are excited to offer a virtual platform that facilitates greater human interaction," says Rick Biros, president of Innovative Publishing and director of the Food Safety Consortium. "Whether it's a random connection in a hotel lobby, a stroll by a booth at a trade show, or a seat next to a new friend in a learning session, we recognize that human connection is important for events. That's why we've invested in new tools for the FSC Conference Virtual Platform to ensure those discussions, discoveries and connections can go on whether our event is offline or online. The new platform provides attendees with a way to keep track of live sessions, connect with sponsors and engage with peers, all in a familiar way. It will also include an event App that offers interactive features."
Frank Yiannas, FDA deputy commissioner for food policy and response, will remain a keynote speaker, with the new presentation date to be announced.
We are accepting abstracts for participation in the Food Safety Consortium Virtual Series. On the Submit an Abstract page, select Food Safety Consortium 2020 in the drop-down menu.
Food integrity
Food safety supply chain management
Lessons learned COVID-19
C-suite executive forum
Connecting the Dots for Food Safety at GFSI 2020
By Christine Charlotte Akselsen
Representatives at this year's GFSI conference hailed from 53 countries and spanned the food industry, academia, the public sector and beyond. They came together in Seattle, a city that has long stood at the cutting edge of technological innovation, and as such was a fitting host for this year's theme: "One Connected World. One Safe Food Supply".
Speakers at the forefront of their fields shared knowledge and showcased creative methods of delivering connectivity—interpersonal, technology-mediated and otherwise, all geared towards the ultimate goal of helping provide safer food for consumers everywhere.
Meanwhile, there were numerous opportunities to connect with representatives of industry giants such as Costa, Nestle, McDonald's, Amazon and Starbucks, as well as regulatory agencies, certification & accreditation bodies, NGOs, academia and the media, at the various networking sessions.
Urgent Action Required
As the conference kicked off, it was Peter Freedman, the managing director of The Consumer Goods Forum (CGF), who set out the importance of the task at hand. His message was one of urgency in delivering positive change.
Freedman pointed to recent global events, such as the wildfires in Brazil, as examples of how the world could be at a tipping point. "Action is more urgent than ever", he told delegates, stating that it is no longer just a matter of responding, but responding urgently. Freedman also pointed to E. coli outbreaks in 2017, 2018 and late 2019 to drive home to industry leaders gathered at the conference that food safety cannot be taken for granted.
The spirit of the event was, as usual, geared towards a collaborative approach. Delegates were asked to leave their commercial interests at the door and work purely towards "a world where all food is safe" for the duration of the event.
"This week is not about us as individuals, it's about how we come together as a collective of brilliant minds to provide solutions," GFSI Director Erica Sheward stated. She then invited the audience to stand in recognition of this commitment, and sure enough everyone in the packed auditorium took to their feet demonstrating their commitment to the shared mission.
GFSI's New Benchmarking Requirements
The GFSI used the conference as a platform to launch its new Benchmarking Requirements Version 2020, which establish a new foundation for food safety. To close the opening session, Sheward joined Mike Robach, Chairman of the GFSI Board, Vice-Chairs Anita Scholte op Reimer and Gillian Kelleher and GFSI Senior Technical Manager Marie-Claude Quentin around a red 'action button' to mark their publication.
The requirements are geared towards enabling a common understanding and mutual trust in the supply chain that facilitates trade, improves efficiency and lends nameplate authority to operations certified to a GFSI-recognized program. They incorporate stakeholder input from public consultations and are regularly revised to reflect best practices and evolving needs in the industry.
GFSI positioned the new version as more than just an update, but a complete rethink "representing the beginning of a new generation of recognition". The two primary objectives of Version 2020, are to achieve transparency and objectivity, with new and strengthened elements that include two new scopes focused on hygienic design, elements of food safety culture and reinforced impartiality of the auditing process and the monitoring of certification bodies.
Shark Tank Sessions
This year's GFSI program also included a new format to help showcase how the latest technology is being used to further food safety. Leaders in innovation took part in a number of Shark Tank-style breakout sessions to pitch their technology solutions to the sharks and the attendees.
A total of nine cutting-edge companies took to the stage to pitch their concepts to a panel of experts—'sharks'—who are well-placed to judge their value for the industry. The nine competitors were selected from a large pool of applicants based on their innovative spirit, disruptive potential and feasibility.
Each presenter had 12-minutes to outline the context in which their solution is utilized, the technology supporting it and how it is implemented. Following the pitches, each presenter came under the scrutiny of the sharks who were able to ask clarifying questions.
Kezzler was among the companies to take to the stage with CEO Christine Akselsen sharing insights from work with FrieslandCampina's infant formula brand, FRISO. Referencing the grass-to-glass case study, she demonstrated how Kezzler's technology works in practice, tracking information from farms in The Netherlands to consumers in China. Following the sessions an audience vote determined the winner of the competition, which was announced during the final plenary of the conference. Kezzler was also crowned as the first-ever GFSI Shark Tank champion.
Women in Food Safety: Meet the Members…and Join Us!
"For Women, By Women in Food Safety" is a professional group that was formed in January 2019. Comprised of outstanding female leadership, food safety professionals and students who are passionate about this field, the goal is to provide a community and networking platform for the industry to share their stories and experiences, help young professionals, and grow together. Hopefully, the lessons and challenges that are shared will prove useful throughout one's career journey.
"I see this group as means of connecting young, female food safety professionals to other females in food safety roles so they can share insights from their own experiences in their careers," says Jill Hoffman, group committee member, and director of global quality systems and food safety at McCormick & Company.
Meet the Group Founder
Melody Ge is also a Food Safety Tech Editorial Advisory Board member
Melody Ge has 10+ years' experience in food safety and is passionate about food safety on a global scale. She holds both bachelor's and master's degrees in food science and engineering, starting her career journey with Beyond Meat as the technical director for product development and food safety and quality control. Following this position Ge established the compliance and integrity program at SQFI, and then worked as the deputy QA director at Lidl US. Currently, Ge is the head of compliance at Corvium, Inc. where she continues to foster food safety culture using advanced technology within the industry. As a non-U.S. citizen, Ge is fortunate to work with different cultures and industries, including retailers and manufacturers, using her multi-language skills and expertise in food safety. Ge believes in women's leadership and in using their strengths to be successful in their roles.
Meet Some of the Committee Members
Jacqueline Southee, Ph.D., FSSC 22000
Jacqueline Southee, North American Representative, FSSC 22000
Jacqueline Southee is an agricultural scientist with a Ph.D. in animal science.She has an academic foundation with what one might call "earthy roots". "I worked in the animal welfare arena for years before taking a career break to relocate from Europe to the USA and raise two boys. I was fortunate to have an opportunity to return to work with FSSC 22000 in 2013 and have enjoyed building the profile of the organization's certification program in North America," says Southee. "I also have experience in (and have encountered challenges) developing and evaluating standard operating procedures. This is becoming more relevant today in the food industry as regulations demand worldwide consistency in the use of standard approaches to minimizing risk and controlling hazards," she says.
One of Southee's greatest attributes is her "internationalism", her experience working professionally with different cultures and fields, and her ability to communicate with all levels of an organization. She believes that there are huge opportunities in food safety for women of all ages and a need for a range of experiences. It remains important to communicate, encourage and to share in order to cultivate the next generation of food safety professionals.
Jill Hoffman, Director of Global Quality Systems and Food Safety, McCormick & Company
Jill Hoffman, McCormick & Company
Jill Hoffman started her journey in food safety in college with a major in food science, when her exposure and desire to pursue a career in food came to her while taking a human nutrition course. Since then, Hoffman has had many roles in food manufacturing, both in food safety and quality as well as in operations management. In 2019, she completed her master's degree in food safety at Michigan State University, which resolved her dilemma of pursuing an advanced degree without having to go back to school full-time (not an option for her!). Hoffman found the online master's program was perfect for her to pursue an advanced degree in an area that truly interested her and was relevant to her career.
Currently, Hoffman works at McCormick & Co., Inc. as the director of global quality systems and food safety. At McCormick, she has been able to grow as a food safety professional as well as gain valuable experience working internationally and understanding the dynamics of working across cultures. She enjoys working to develop programs and solutions to address the ever-changing food safety and quality challenges that present themselves.
As Hoffman's career continues to grow, she has learned and values the importance of work/life balance. She actively works to ensure balance between the two, as it is so important to take care of all aspects of yourself, not just your professional self. "The things we do outside of our 'work self' can help to grow and shape us as people just as much as the formal coaching and learning that we do in our day-to-day jobs," Jill says.
What prompted the launch of a group that focuses on female professional development in the food safety sector?
Read the interview with Melody Ge, Technology Helps Your Food Safety Employees Work Smarter, Not HarderMelody Ge: I started this group because I received many questions from students about building their careers in food safety. I would love to help more, and I know my own experience is limited, so I wanted to leverage the knowledge of so many outstanding women out there. Hence, I formed this group with the hopes that it could be a resource to those who are seeking solutions in the industry.
Jacqueline Southee: I believe the food safety sector is growing exponentially with increasingly diverse requirements for a wider skill set, which needs to be communicated to young food scientists still making academic choices and building their proficiencies and talents. In addition, new opportunities are being created by this global industry that the next generation of food scientists need to be made aware of.
Jill Hoffman: I see this group as an opportunity to bring women together to share stories and challenges that have arisen throughout their careers. The group gives women an ability to learn how others have navigated both challenging and rewarding moments in their careers so that they can incorporate this awareness into their own journey. Additionally, this group will help with sharing the diverse opportunities in food safety. Everyone has a different road they've traveled to get to where they are today, and it's important to share these stories as a testament to knowing that everyone doesn't have to have traveled the same pathway in education or career experience to get into a role of ensuring food safety.
How do you see this group positioned in the future?
Ge: I would like to see this group sustain itself in the food safety industry and become a safe harbor for women to talk about their passions, experiences, challenges and learn from each other so ultimately, we all can be stronger in the industry together.
Southee: As the industry becomes more global, its success will depend on tech-savvy technologists and food scientists who have a wide range of skills, including in information science, regulations, quality management systems, economics, politics and climatology. The list is endless. We need to make sure the lines of communication are open, the opportunities are open to all and that we can help shepherd young women through.
Hoffman: I think there's a flexible vision for the group to grow into a recognized forum for women to engage in at all points in their careers. The group will grow into an active space for sharing, learning and networking among food safety professionals and female students pursuing an interest in the field of food safety.
We can do this together!
Are you interested in helping the group? Although, it's a female-focused group, we are open to all feedback, support, and partnership opportunities to grow this group together. We hope to hear from you. You can join the group, For Women, By Women in Food Safety or direct message Melody Ge on LinkedIn.
Currently, this is a LinkedIn group, and all committee members have joined voluntarily. However, with support from Food Safety Tech, we are planning on writing monthly columns for the publication, scheduling in-person meet ups at some of the industry conferences, and engaging in mentoring programs, webinars and more activities in the near future. We hope our visions can be achieved throughout the team efforts together.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Our residential aged care accommodation is priced to reflect the location of our facility and the level of comfort and luxury offered within each room. Regardless of the location and costs, Clayton Church Homes provides quality care through mutual respect in a loving environment at all times.
Costs are an important consideration for many residents. Therefore it is important to find out if you are eligible for Australian Government assistance to subsidise your accommodation and care costs.
Prior to entering residential aged care accommodation, you should complete and lodge an Income and Assets Assessment form with Centrelink or the Department of Veterans' Affairs (DVA).
The Australian Government will assess your income and assets and advise the amount you will be required to contribute towards your Means-Tested Care Fee and accommodation costs.
If you have not completed this form, you will not receive any Australian Government assistance and therefore will be required to pay the maximum daily Means Tested Fee and accommodation payment.
Outlined below are the different types of fees for residential aged care that you may be asked to pay, depending on your individual circumstances.
Payable on admission by all residents, this is a basic care fee to cover the costs of general living and is set by the Government at 85% of the aged pension for a single person.
Payable by some residents as an additional contribution towards the costs of care. The amount of the fee, if any, is determined by the Department of Human Services after assessing your income and assets. Annual and lifetime caps apply for the Means-tested Care Fee.
The accommodation cost ('room price') of your selected room, which is determined in accordance with Government guidelines.
If your Income and Assets Assessment (with Centrelink or the Department of Veterans' Affairs) is assessed as being below certain thresholds, your accommodation costs will be subsidised (in part, or full).
1. Refundable Accommodation Deposit (RAD): A refundable lump sum which varies in amount depending on the standard and facilities of the room.
All lump sums paid as RADs are fully refundable upon departure of our service, unless you have agreed for amounts to be deducted from the lump sum as a combination option (as outlined in Item '3' below).
2. Daily Accommodation Payment (DAP): A daily fee based on a Maximum Permissible Interest Rate (MPIR) that is set by the Government and calculated from the published RAD of the selected room.
The Government updates this MPIR quarterly; however, the MPIR applicable at the time of finalising your Residential Agreement is applied and will not affect or alter your individual payment arrangement thereafter.
The daily fee accrues each day and is payable either fortnightly or monthly.
3. Combination of RAD and DAP: A combination payment arrangement made up of partial lump sum amount (RAD) and a daily accommodation payment (DAP) to suit your personal circumstances.
This fee is only applicable for any agreed optional services you may wish to receive (eg. hairdresser).
Applicable for short-term respite accommodation only and is a daily fee that covers the basic cost of care.
Our flexible residential accommodation pricing offers you choice in deciding a payment option that is right for your individual circumstances. You are welcome to take up to 28 days from entry to decide upon your payment method. During this time, from date of entry until the payment method is agreed, a Daily Accommodation Payment fee will apply.
Our Accommodation Pricing Structures are updated quarterly in accordance with the current Maximum Permissible Interest Rate.
All payment arrangements can be tailored to meet individual needs – please contact our Admissions Officer on (08) 8404 8200 for an obligation free discussion.
We encourage you to seek independent financial management advice from a licensed financial advisor with experience in aged care.
Call (08) 8404 8200 to speak with our Admissions Officer if you require assistance in understanding the costs associated with residential aged care accommodation.
Alternatively, the My Aged Care residential care fee estimator can help you determine the costs you may be required to pay for residential aged care accommodation.


We are looking to fill a number of volunteer vacancies in Ranches Ladies.
3 assistants are needed to help the Trips Coordinator, the Website Coordinator (training will be given!) and to help Lorna set up the room for coffee morning events and when she's away.
We are hoping to produce an RL Calendar for Christmas 2018. Can any Ranches Lady proficient with a camera attend and take photographs on the first 2 Tuesdays in September 2018? Email ranches ladies to offer your services.
Thank you to Heike for her very popular talk on sourdough bread and sushi making. She will be arranging interactive workshops in both skills. Please register your interest on the circles email below.
The Quilters Circle will meet on the 13th May. This will be their last meeting before the summer break.
There is no Singing Circle on 16th May as Gayle is away.
Thank you to Carl and his artists for their amazing display of artwork at the coffee morning last week.
There will be no Art Circle meetings until 28th May 2018.
Gaelin's Leather Circle will showcase their wonderful work on Tuesday 15th May from 9.30am at the entrance to the Baker Finch room. Come and see what they get up to!
Mosaics and Photography Circles exhibitions will then follow.
The Gardening Circle will meet on 17th May to learn about water lilies and how to cross pollinate hibiscus at Supriya's.
The Ladies Lunch will take place today 13th May at Maison De Juliette in La Mer.
The Book Circle will meet on 20th May and the Literary Lunch will take place on 21st May.
This is a rare opportunity to visit The Pearl Museum, a private Emirati collection, on 27th May 2018. The Museum is open by appointment only and numbers are limited to 15. Please see our website for more information and contact Allison to book your place.


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Der Wat Mahathat Ayutthaya (Thai , Tempel der großen und heiligen Reliquie) ist eine buddhistische Tempelanlage in Ayutthaya, Zentralthailand.

Lage
Der Wat Mahathat Ayutthaya liegt im Stadtzentrum des alten Ayutthaya an der Chi Kun-Straße und der Naresuan-Straße in der nordöstlichen Ecke des Phra-Ram-Parks.

Baugeschichte
Gemäß der offiziellen thailändischen Geschichtsschreibung, die sich auf die Untersuchungen der Königlichen Chroniken von Ayutthaya durch Prinz Damrong Rajanubhab stützt, beginnt die Geschichte des Wat Mahathat um 1374, als König Borommaracha I. an dieser Stelle einen Tempel errichten ließ, der jedoch zunächst einen anderen Namen trug:
"Im Jahr des Tigers 736 C.S. errichteten Somdet Phra Borommarachathirat und Phra Mahathera Thammakanlayan den großen, glorreichen, heiligen, mit Juwelen besetzten Reliquienschrein (Phra Si Rattana Mahathat) östlich des Palastes (des königlichen Giebels des Löwen). Er erhob sich 19 Wah in die Höhe und war mit einer neun-gliedrigen Spitze versehen, die weitere 3 Wah hoch war."
Sein Neffe und Nachfolger Ramesuan (1369–1370, 1388–1395) erweiterte 1384 den Bau zu einem großen Tempel, als er sich hier zwischen seinen Thronämtern als Mönch aufhielt. In dieser Zeit erhielt der Tempel auch seinen heutigen Namen.

Jeremias Van Vliet, holländischer Kaufmann der VOC und Chronist schrieb jedoch die Gründung des Tempels König Ramathibodi I. zu. Der gleiche Autor schreibt 1636, dass neben Wat Mahathat die Tempel Wat Phra Sri Sanphet, Wat Doen und Wat Chao Phraya Thai zu den vier Haupt-Tempeln des ganzen Landes gehörten. Der Oberste Patriarch der thailändischen Buddhisten residierte zu jener Zeit im Wat Mahathat. Zusätzlich sei der Tempel sagenhaft reich gewesen, "die Leute sagen, mit den Reichtümern unter den Buddha-Statuen des Wat Mahathat und Wat Si Sanphet könne ein ruiniertes Königreich restauriert werden". Auch Jaques de Coutre zählte bei seinem Besuch 1596 den Tempel zu den "drei wichtigsten Pagoden" der Stadt.

Im Jahre 1631 zur Regierungszeit von König Prasat Thong stürzte der Goldene Turm im Wat Mahathat "ohne Sturm, Donner oder Blitz" plötzlich in sich zusammen. Der König ließ ihn direkt wieder aufbauen, jedoch stürzte kurz vor der Fertigstellung während eines Gewitters das Baugerüst ("wunderschön und dauerhaft aus Bambusstangen") ein. Erst zwei Jahre später konnten die Reparaturarbeiten abgeschlossen werden. Der neue Prang war 1 Sen und 5 Wah (etwa 50 Meter) hoch mit einer metallene Spitze von sechs Meter Höhe. Bereits 1637 wurde der Tempel aus Anlass des Millenniums (C.S. 1000) restauriert und erweitert.
Er bestand zu jener Zeit aus einem Prang, der von einer gedeckten, nach innen offenen Galerie (Phra Rabieng) umgeben war. Im Osten ragte die Rückwand eines Viharn in die Galerie hinein. Eine Gruppe von fünf Chedis standen nördlich, zwei weitere südlich des Viharn.
Der Tempel wurde um das Jahr 1650 von einem holländischen Künstler im Zentrum seines Gemäldes der Hauptstadt Ayutthaya (Iudea, heute im Rijksmuseum Amsterdam) gemalt.

In der Zeit nach 1750 müssen weitere Bauwerke angefügt worden sein, da sie von einer singhalesischen Delegation, die den Tempel 1750 besuchte und einen ausführlichen Bericht hinterließen, nicht erwähnt wurden:
 die acht Prangs mit vergoldeter Spitze außerhalb der Galerie,
 die niedrige Plattform mit 10 Chedis auf jeder Seite um den zentralen Prang,
 die Prangs in jeder der vier Ecken auf der oberen Plattform,
 die Erweiterung des zentralen Prang um vier "Arme", auf denen sich jeweils wiederum ein kleinerer Prang befand.

Sehenswürdigkeiten

Das wichtigste Bauwerk des Wat Mahathat war ursprünglich der hohe, zentrale Prang im Khmer-Stil. Der Tempel widerstand größtenteils der Brandstiftung durch die birmanischen Eroberer, die 1767 Ayutthaya eingenommen und praktisch vollständig verwüstet hatten. Die Ruinen, die heute zu sehen sind, stammen wahrscheinlich aus dem späten 17. bis späten 18. Jahrhundert.
Der Prang befand sich noch lange in gutem Zustand, stürzte jedoch 1911 während der Regierungszeit von König Vajiravudh (Rama VI., reg. 1910–1925) erneut ein und wurde nicht wieder aufgebaut.

Bei den umfangreichen Rekonstruierungsarbeiten, die 1956 von der thailändischen Regierung in Ayutthaya durchgeführt wurden, kam beim Prang eine vergrabene Schatzkiste zum Vorschein, die eine Buddha-Reliquie in einer goldenen Urne, mehrere goldenen Buddha-Statuen in verschiedener Größe sowie andere mit Gold und Edelsteinen besetzte Gegenstände enthielt. Diese Objekte sind jetzt im Chao-Sam-Phraya-Nationalmuseum Ayutthaya ausgestellt.

Quellen
 H.R.H. Prince Damrong Rajanubhab: A History Of Buddhist Monuments In Siam. Bangkok 1929, reprint by The Siam Society, Bangkok 1962, oh. ISBN
 Piriya Krairiksh: A Revised Dating of Ayudhya Architecture (I). Artikel in Journal of the Siam Society, Vol. 80 Part 1, Bangkok 1992, , online  (PDF, letzter Zugriff am 31. Oktober 2012; 2,5 MB).
 Richard D. Cushman (David K. Wyatt Ed.): The Royal Chronicles Of Ayutthaya. The Siam Society, Bangkok 2000, ISBN 974-8298-48-5

Literatur
 Clarence Aasen: Architecture of Siam: A Cultural History and Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press 1998. ISBN 983-56-0027-9.

Weblinks

 Zur Baugeschichte – Seite der orientalarchitecture.com (in Englisch)
 Auszug aus den Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya (in Englisch)

Mahathat
Sakralbau (Ruine)
Ruine in Thailand
Buddhistischer Tempel in Asien


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LDC SECURES MULTI-MILLION FUNDING FOR NEWHAVEN
December 27th, 2020.
Newhaven town centre is set to benefit from a multi-million-pound award after Lewes District Council successfully bid for £5,004,939 million from the future high streets fund.
The fund was set up by the government to 'renew the country's high streets'.
The council's bid, entitled Re-imagining Newhaven, focuses on re-purposing derelict and under-used buildings as well as better integrating, diversifying and strengthening the town centre, so that it offers a wider range of services for residents, as well as attracting those working or visiting the town to spend more money locally to help build community wealth.
Councillor James MacCleary, Leader of Lewes District Council and ward councillor for Newhaven South, said: "I'm obviously pleased that the town where I live is set to receive this funding. It will allow us to kickstart some really important change in the town and create yet more momentum behind the longer-term regeneration that is now well underway. However, I am firmly of the belief that our superb bid to the government deserved the full £7.2m we were asking for, nothing less. Clearly, the decision makers in Westminster thought differently and I will read with great interest the reasons that they felt our town wasn't worth the full amount."
The Re-imagining Newhaven bid is the latest step in Lewes District Council's regeneration plans for the town, following the designation of the town as an Enterprise Zone in 2017, alongside the emerging Towns Fund submission for up to £25m of further investment.
Councillor MacCleary added: "This has been a long process and it's important to say that the initial bid was submitted by the previous administration at the council so it's important to reflect that this is an achievement for the District Council as a whole.
"A great deal of work has been undertaken to reach this point and now more hard work begins as we accelerate the preparatory steps needed in advance of spades in the ground."


One of the "secrets" of Jagat Sharma's success in Collegetown is that he designs unobtrusive, good-looking projects on a restrained budget. Sharma can probably add 114 Catherine Street to his list of successes.
The next few entries are more or less just to clear out my portfolio and keep the blog updated with separate entries to make searches for individual projects easier. If you've been reading the Voice, you won't see anything "new", but you will get more photos and more information.
In these photos from the end of July, the work is nearly complete. A few workers were assembled around the concrete foundation, where the most visible corner will have an imprinted rectangular pattern for the sake of visual interest. The render I included this post was what I thought the version of 114 Catherine that was going to be built, but the corner windows aren't as big, and the A/C units appear to be missing from the southward (front-facing) windows, and were moved to the side instead.
Workers are also busy with finishing out the interior, and the front door and stairs will be installed once it's convenient. Landscaping will follow, and from there it'll be ready for tenant occupancy later this month.
The building is being developed by Nick Lambrou of Lambrou Real Estate. Plans call for a 3-story, 4,180 sq ft structure with a 5-bedroom apartment on the first floor and a 6-bedroom apartment on the second floor and on the third floor. The building replaces a surface parking lot.
Workers have been busy at the site of 114 Catherine Street in Collegetown. On Friday, a flatbed truck was parked just off-site, delivering the roof gables for the 3-story, 17-bedroom apartment building. Framing for the structure is actively underway, with recently-created rough openings showing the position of the windows and doors in the new 3-unit structure.
The architect behind this project is local architectural firm Jagat Sharma, and he building is being developed by Ithacan Nick Lambrou of Lambrou Real Estate. Plans call for the replacement of a parking lot with a 3-story, 4,180 sq ft structure with a 5-bedroom apartment on the first floor and a 6-bedroom apartment on the second floor and on the third floor. Building loan documents filed with the county establish the construction costs to be $1.3 million.
If construction stays to schedule, the building should be completed in time for Cornell's fall semester.
1. Not exactly a development, but this will make things interesting: As reported by the Ithaca Journal, INHS and Better Housing for Tompkins County (BHTC) are merging. Both of them have the same purpose, which is to provide low-to-middle income housing and structural rehab services, but INHS has traditionally focused in Ithaca city, and Better Housing in the rural towns. INHS also holds far greater assets, $24 million including 241 rental units , vs. BHTC's $3 million and 121 rental units.
Over the past few years, INHS has put a lot of feathers in their cap. $2.13 million in grants has been awarded to the non-profit in just the past few months. Breckenridge Place and Holly Creek are complete and nearly complete respectively (total 74 units), while Stone Quarry and Greenways are prepping for site clearing and construction (total 81 units). Along with Cedar Creek and several single-family and duplex units, INHS has had a hand in over 120 units of housing in the past five years alone. With the Neighborhood Pride site undergoing concept design and the recently-awarded grant money, that number will almost certainly be greater in these next five years.
The story for BHTC has been quite the opposite. The 65-unit Lansing Reserve proposal failed due to neighbor opposition, and the 58-unit Cayuga Trails project for West Hill failed due to wetlands on site being greater than anticipated (and the neighborhood opposition didn't help). BHTC has five older facilities in Trumansburg, Newfield and Slaterville Springs. With any hope, the merged non-profit will qualify for larger grants, and BHTC can finally get some shovels in the ground in the hamlets and villages outside Ithaca.
On a separate note, it looks like INHS did its annual website update, formally announcing plans for a single-family home at 304 Hector Street on West Hill. The lot was purchased in late October after a plan to buy and renovate a home in Northside fell through. Stone Quarry will begin occupancy next September, and Greenways hopes to start in 2015.
2. Here's the site plan for 112 Blair Street. I'd include renders, if the sketch plan had any. Two buildings with two units each and three bedrooms per unit -> 2 x 2 x 3 = 12 bedrooms. Nothing large, just an infill project tucked away from the street. The design will be created by local firm Schickel Architecture, the same ones doing the Maguire project in Ithaca town. As noted by Planning Board member John Schroeder in a recent Sun article, projects like these won't alleviate the housing crunch by themselves, but every little bit helps, and all the better if it recaptures living space from an underused parking lot.
3. Final design for the proposed Canopy Hotel? Possibly. In comparison to the last design, this latest incarnation adds more windows to the east face. I'm not going to lie, after six or so sets of designs (include three complete re-dos), I'm starting to lose track of the changes. On the upside, the latest project plan from the city's documents includes some neat context views, renders of what the building would look like from various vantage points in the city.
4. 114 Catherine has been approved, its Spring construction date looks good to go. When completed in August 2015, 17 more bedrooms will enter the Collegetown market – a drop in the bucket, but a valuable drop nevertheless.
5. Towards South Hill, review of the draft generic environmental impact statement (DGEIS) continues for the massive Chain Works District proposal at the former Emerson Power/Morse Chain site. A scoping document of that DGEIS can be found here. In a nutshell, a DGEIS is part of the State Envrionmental Quality Review (SEQR), where the leading agency looks at a project, determines if any adverse project impacts are properly mitigated, and if so, issues a statement giving a negative declaration (approval). In this case, the NYS DEC also needs to be on board, approving the contaminated site for residential use. This is a pretty complicated project. There's 800,000 sq ft of space to be removed or re-purposed, in an environmentally compromised site split between two political entities who are conducting joint meetings with their planning boards in an effort to try and move this project forward (the town of Ithaca board deferred to the city of Ithaca for lead agency; and both have been evaluating using their respective specialized mixed-use zones).
So far, there have been no nasty surprises on the polluted site. The site is mostly clean but still needed a little more for residential use, and Emerson will be flipping the bill for that. The comment period on the draft runs through the 10th, and the DGEIS will be finalized on the 16th. According to the project website, developer Unchained Properties LLC hopes to start Phase I, the renovation of four on-site buildings (21, 24, 33 and 34) into mixed-use and manufacturing space, during summer 2015. The mixed-use was initially proposed as office space only; but the developer behind the LLC (David Lubin) has struggled to fill the proposed office space in his Harold Square project, and seems to realize that having less office space would be a better plan for Chain Works as well.
6. The Cornell Daily Sun is reporting that the owner of CTB (Collegetown Bagels) is buying the Rulloff's property and reopening the restaurant after it abruptly closed over the Labor Day weekend. The property was on the market for $395,000, and it's fair to say the price was probably close to that figure. The murderous Edward Rulloff lives on.


Eggplant cooked with onions, tomatoes, potatoes and spices.
Bengal gram lentil cooked with light spices.
White basmati rice flavored with cumin.
Cage-free, organic chicken cooked in a spicy onion-tomato sauce seasoned with coconut, poppy seeds, curry leaves, etc.
A hearty soup of healthy split and whole green moong lentils in light spices.
Straus organic yogurt with shredded carrots and seasoned with salt, black pepper and cumin.
Basmati rice flavored with cumin.
Indian tea made with organic black tea, spices and organic milk. .


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FLAG ORDER: Governor to honor fallen Kansas law enforcement officers
Governor directs flags to be lowered, will sign official proclamation
In recognition of the 37th annual Kansas Law Enforcement Memorial Ceremony on Friday, May 3 and National Peace Officers Memorial Day on Wednesday, May 15, Governor Laura Kelly has ordered flags throughout the State of Kansas to be flown at half-staff from sunup to sundown on both May 3 and May 15.
"Each year we recognize law enforcement officers for putting service above self to protect fellow Kansans," Kelly said. "I have a deep appreciation for these officers and their families – and on behalf of the State of Kansas, thank them for their commitment."
On Friday, Kelly will sign an official proclamation declaring May 3 as "Kansas Law Enforcement Memorial Day." In addition, H.J. Res. 730, P.L. 87-726 designates May 15 of each year as National Peace Officers Memorial Day in honor of federal, state and local officers killed or disabled in the line of duty.


text:
Share your Cases & Topics
Administrator. 🔐
Programmed cell death; deletion of individual cells by fragmentation into membrane-bound particles, which are phagocytized by other cells. Syn: programmed cell death.
Whereas some cells (e.g., cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers, CNS neurons) last a lifetime, others (e.g., epithelial and glandular cells, erythrocytes) have limited life-spans, at the end of which they are genetically programmed for self-destruction by apoptosis, usually to be replaced by others formed by mitosis from surviving cells. Apoptosis also plays an essential role in morphogenesis and tissue homeostasis by eliminating transitory organs and tissues (e.g., pronephros and mesonephros) and cells formed in excess of bodily needs during embryogenesis, as well as cells that have been damaged or virally infected. Cells in tissue cultures spontaneously undergo apoptosis after about 50 cell divisions. In contrast to cell death caused by injury, infection, or circulatory impairment, apoptosis elicits no inflammatory response in adjacent cells and tissues. Features of apoptosis detectable by histologic and histochemical methods include cell shrinkage, due chiefly to dehydration; increased membrane permeability, with a rise in intracellular calcium and a fall in pH; nuclear and cytoplasmic condensation; endolytic cleavage of nuclear DNA into oligonucleosomal fragments; and ultimately formation of apoptotic bodies, which are absorbed and removed by macrophages. Besides being due to genetic programming, apoptosis can be induced by injury to cellular DNA, as by irradiation and some cytotoxic agents used to treat cancer. It can be suppressed by naturally occurring factors (e.g., cytokines) and by some drugs (e.g., protease inhibitors). Apoptosis typically does not occur in malignant cells. Such cells therefore escape the destiny of their nonmalignant precursor cells and are said to be immortal. Immortalization can occur in various ways. The BCL2 gene, present in many cancers, directs the production of an enzyme that blocks apoptosis and immortalizes affected cells. Injury to DNA normally triggers apoptosis by activating the p53 tumor suppressor gene, which is missing or mutated in about one half of all human cancers. Cells that lack this gene can survive chemotherapy and irradiation intended to destroy cancer cells. Failure of apoptosis to occur is also involved in some degenerative diseases, including lupus erythematosus, and may be responsible for cellular damage caused by certain viruses, including HIV. Apoptosis has thus far been observed only in animal cells.
Reference: Stedman's Medical Dictionary
Classification of anemia by pathophysiology. Answer the question (What is the pathophysiology of iron deficiency anemia?)
Question: What is the pathophysiology of iron deficiency anemia?
Cancer of the colon is caused by...? 3 Questions about colorectal cancer treatment. Join the Debate.
Together, the colon and rectum make up the large intestine, a question mark-shaped bowel four feet in length. ... Colon cancer is more common. An estimated 95,000 new cases of colon cancer are diagnosed each year, compared to 39,000 cases of rectal cancer, according to the American Cancer Society. 3 Questions about colorectal cancer treatment: What are colorectal cancer treatment options? What types of doctors will I see during treatment? What does it mean that cancer has metastasized? Share if you like!
Review - Evaluation of the bleeding patient. Best information. Everyone should know.
Question: - What is the most common cause of bleeding? Source: Andrew D.Leavitt, MD. CURRENT Medical Diagnosis & Treatment FIFTY-SIXTH EDITION 2017: 547 Like & Share
Create ✍ - Like ❤ - Comment 💬 - Share 🔗
ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography)
Clinical Case. Your Diagnosis?
Nasogastric tube. Quizzes.
A 26 year old female complains of abdominal pain...
Colonoscopy and biopsy.


text:
Home Blog Posts tagged 'climate change'
Posts tagged 'climate change'
Sustainability and some final thoughts
Environment & science,
ethical,
friedman,
Ostrom,
In the end, politics, economics and perhaps even environmentalism are practical matters dressed up as intellectual theory, following on from my previous blog on the theory behind sustainability.
The Positive Side To The Destruction Of Steenbergs' Office
burst pipes,
cold weather,
gilgamesh,
noah,
noah's ark,
office flood,
steenberg,
Our initial feelings on the flood in Steenbergs office were of despair, as we received another body blow at the end of this tough year. Strangely, it has not been trading that has been the issue with sales going up, but rather just things, operation...
Two Books For All Environmentalists
climate skeptic,
eco,
green blog,
green way of life,
lomborg,
I have just finished the second of two books that are must-reads for those interested in our planet. They are Nigel Lawson's "An appeal to reason - a cool look at global warming" and Bjørn Lomborg's "Cool it – the skeptical environmentalist's guide...
Other Climate Change Indicators
acidity of ocean,
Axel Steenberg,
carbon dioxide,
IPCC,
sea level,
Other than temperature, there are a few more indicators of climate change that are studied, which I will cover in overview here as promised in one of my earlier blogs.
How Do Global Warming, Greenhouse Gases And The Earth's Orbit All Link Together?
Antarctic,
ice core,
Mauna Loa,
Vostok,
I've written a number of blogs now where I try to get to grips with some of the numbers underlying global warming. So far, I agree that the historic figures do demonstrate global warming over the last 100+ years within a relatively wide band of poss...
Can We Save Ourselves From Global Warming?
Ripon,
I went to a public lecture by Professor John Beddington who is currently Chief Scientific Adviser to the Government. He was lecturing on Climate Change as a University of York Biology lecture. And yesterday he was back in London attacking climate s...
That's No McGuffin!
Hitchcock,
Losing My Religion,
McGuffin,
political blog,
REM,
Is global warming the perfect McGuffin? I have never really understood what Alfred Hitchcock meant by a McGuffin; for me it always seemed like the cinematic equivalent of the Zen concept of "the sound of one hand clapping", i.e. there is no sound an...
Main UK Political Parties On Climate Change And Global Warming
Conservatives,
Green Party,
Liberal Democrats,
There is a general political consensus that climate change is the number one environmental issue and there seems to be general agreement on how to address the problem, now that arch global warming skeptics like Boris Johnson and Nigel Lawson in the C...
Global Warming And Greenhouse Gases
We've looked at whether there is global warming and there does appear to be global warming albeit not at such a dramatic level as we read about in the press - perhaps more like 1oC rather than 4oC or 5oC.
Sanity Check On Global Warming Numbers
As I have explained in several of my last few blogs, I have been looking more closely at the detail of the case for global warming. I have analysed global average temperatures as provided by NASA that uses information from the Hadley Centre in the U...
Sometimes you read something that says things so much more clearly and beautifully than one could ever hope to do oneself. And I have recently read one of those - it comes from Richard Dawkins' brilliant anthology of science writing called "The Oxfo...
First Impressions On UK Political Parties From Green Agenda
General Election,
International Development,
As promised, I have started the process of looking at the main political parties from the perspective of the environment and international development. I think I may have bitten off a bit more than I had expected with this, but I will continue. Yes...
Global warming - reworking out the actual changes
As already discussed, I have become sanguine about the global warming information that I have been reading and hearing from the media - lots of noise and jumping up & down by all sorts of people. And perhaps, I have taken too much on trust and s...
Global warming - what's the fuss all about?
environmental studies,
open university,
I have to admit to becoming more skeptical about global warming since I began studying at The Open University on an Environmental Studies and Science Course. I doubt that becoming less convinced about much of the stuff written about global warming w...
How We Are Reducing Our Family Environmental Impact – Insulating the Loft
CO2,
loft insulation,
thermafleece,
warmcel,
One of the major users of energy in a house is for heating the building. Space and water heating in homes gives off about 20% of the UK's carbon dioxide emissions, which is about 5 tonnes CO2 per home every year.
How We Are Reducing Our Family Environmental Impact – Getting Started
green living,
I thought we could share how we have tried to reduce our carbon footprint and what we are still looking at doing.
New Information About Global Warming
climate science,
Kyoto,
New Scientist,
I've been reading New Scientist this week (6/2/2010) and there were 2 interesting articles on climate change this week:
Carbon Offsets and Steenberg Carbon Footprints
carbon offset,
Every year on slightly ad hoc basis, I sit down and try and calculate our carbon footprint and then offset for the greenhouse gasses that make up our carbon footprint. It's a guesstimate because it does not include all aspects of the Steenbergs busi...