text:
Electronic mail control system
An electronic mail system provides one or more approvers with approval authority over electronic mail of a user. The approvers have the opportunity to approve an incoming electronic mail message before the message is delivered to the user, and have the opportunity to approve an outgoing electronic mail message by the user before the message is sent to its intended recipient. Messages can be approved or rejected automatically, using filters, or through actions by an approver. Rejected incoming messages are not delivered to the user. Rejected outgoing messages are not sent to the intended recipient. Mail to be approved can be synchronized for consistency among multiple approvers. The user whose mail is to be approved can access the mail from multiple locations, with the mail at each location synchronized to appear in the same folders.
Cox, Alan (Swansea, GB)
Red Hat, Inc. (Research Triangle Park, NC, US)
G06F15/16; G06F15/173; G06Q10/00; G06F; (IPC1-7): G06F15/173; G06F15/16
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GOLDBERG, ANDREW C
WILMER CUTLER PICKERING HALE AND DORR LLP (60 STATE STREET, BOSTON, MA, 02109, US)
1. A method for operating an electronic messaging system comprising: routing an electronic message intended for a first user to a first folder not associated with the first user, instead of to the first user; presenting the electronic message to a first approver to approve or reject the message; if delivery of the electronic message to the first user is approved, routing the electronic message to a second folder not associated with the first user and to the first user; and if delivery of the electronic message to the first user is rejected, routing the electronic message to a third folder not associated with the first user and not to the first user.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a filter to the electronic message, such that the electronic message is approved if the electronic message passes the filter.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising applying a filter to the electronic message, such that the electronic message is rejected if the electronic message passes the filter.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising presenting the electronic message to a second approver to approve or reject the message.
5. The method of claim 4, further comprising displaying to the first approver and to the second approver representations of electronic messages that have been presented for approval.
6. The method of claim 5, further comprising synchronizing the display to the first approver and the display to the second approver of representations of electronic messages that have been presented for approval.
7. A method of operating an electronic messaging system comprising: directing an outgoing electronic message having an intended recipient sent by a first user to a first folder not associated with the first user, instead of to the intended recipient; presenting the electronic message to a first approver to approve or reject the message; if delivery of the electronic message to the intended recipient is approved, routing the electronic message to a second folder not associated with the first user and to the intended recipient; and if delivery of the electronic message to the intended recipient is rejecting, routing the electronic message to a third folder not associated with the first user and not to the intended recipient.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising, if delivery of the electronic message to the intended recipient is approved, sending a notification to the first user.
9. A computer program product, residing on a computer-readable medium, for use in operating an electronic messaging system, the computer program product comprising instructions for causing a computer to: route an incoming electronic message intended for a first user to a first folder not associated with the first user, instead of to the first user; if delivery of the incoming electronic message is approved, route the incoming electronic message to a second folder not associated with the first user and to the first user; if delivery of the incoming electronic message is rejected, route the incoming electronic message to a third folder not associated with the first user and not to the first user; direct an outgoing electronic message having an intended recipient sent by the first user to a fourth folder not associated with the first user, instead of to the intended recipient; if delivery of the electronic message to the intended recipient is approved, route the electronic message to a fifth folder not associated with the first user and to the intended recipient; and if delivery of the electronic message to the intended recipient is rejecting, route the electronic message to a sixth folder not associated with the first user and not to the intended recipient.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the computer program product further comprises instructions for causing a computer to synchronize a first display of messages for the first user at a first location with a second display of messages for the first user at a second location.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the sixth folder is the same as the third folder.
12. The method of claim 9, wherein the fourth folder is the same as the first folder.
13. The method of claim 9, wherein the fifth folder is the same as the second folder.
This invention relates to electronic mail systems and, more particularly, to electronic mail systems accessible to multiple users.
Electronic mail has become an important means for communicating in business and other contexts. Users often have multiple devices for accessing electronic mail, including one or more computers and an array of wireless devices. In addition, users may have the ability to access electronic mail from devices they do not own or control. Users want to be able to access their electronic mail from any device.
With many existing electronic mail systems, electronic mail messages are downloaded to the device on which the message is read or information about the message is maintained on the device. Thus, information about a particular message may be located on multiple devices in multiple locations. A particular device may not be on the network or accessible to other devices at any given time.
In addition, multiple users may have access to a single electronic mail account. Often, it would be desirable for at least some of the actions taken by each user to be consistent or for some users to be able to determine if other users have read or otherwise acted upon certain electronic mail messages.
A variation on the multiple user situation exists with systems that provide control over incoming and/or outgoing electronic mail. An example of such systems is a parental control system, in which filters are used to block certain electronic mail from reaching children, although such systems could be used in other contexts. To work adequately, parental electronic mail control systems should block objectionable mail messages but permit unobjectionable messages to pass through. Often, such filters need to be fine-tuned based on the particular user and on what is considered to be objectionable. Obtaining results in which objectionable messages are blocked but unobjectionable messages are not blocked can be difficult. Successful filtering can be particularly difficult in a multi-lingual environment.
Instead of, or in addition to, the filters used in present mail filtering systems, the present invention uses a mail system in which a child (or other person subject to the controls) receives electronic mail messages only once they have been approved by a parent (or other person who is permitted to exercise the control). Multiple people can have approval authority, and the actions taken by each approver can be synchronized. The invention can be applied in situations in which a child (or other person) has multiple mail-reading locations, so that the child's mail appears the same from all locations. If desired, certain messages can be approved or blocked automatically using mail filters. In addition, one or more of the approvers can be notified automatically if a new message is received or has not been reviewed after a particular period of time.
In some embodiments, mail to a child or similar user initially is stored in an unapproved mail area. While in this area, the mail can be approved or deleted by anyone authorized to do so, but is not accessible by the child. If approved, the message is moved to an approved mail area, which serves as an unread messages folder or inbox for the child. The child can then move the mail to other folders, as desired.
If more than one person has approval authority or the unapproved messages can be accessed from multiple devices, then each such person or device can have access to the messages in the unapproved mail area. In some embodiments, approval by any one approver causes the message to be moved to the child's unread messages folder. Then, after synchronizing the mail areas of the approvers, the second approver would no longer need to review that message. If different approvers take different actions before their mail areas are synchronized, then the system can provide for various results, as appropriate. For example, if any approver rejects the message, it can be deleted from the child's mail folders, in some cases even if it has been read. Or, the approved message can be permitted to remain once it has been approved once. With multiple approvers or access from multiple devices, the system can prevent multiple copies of the same message from appearing in the child's unread mail folder.
In some embodiments, the actions of each approver are synchronized with other approvers so that once one approver has acted on a message, that message no longer appears in the unapproved mail area for any of the approvers. The synchronization can take place after an action has been taken, when an approver exits from the mail approval process, when an approver enters the mail approval process, or at other times.
Outgoing mail can be handled in an analogous manner. When the child sends a mail message, it is transferred initially to an unapproved folder. An approver can then move the message to an approved area, from which it would be sent to the recipient. By synchronizing messages in the approved area before they are released, the sending of multiple copies of a message can be avoided.
The present invention relates to the system for synchronizing electronic mail that is described in copending application Ser. No. 10/348,201, filed Jan. 21, 2003 by Alan Cox entitled "MAIL SYNCHRONIZATION SYSTEM," and which is incorporated herein by reference. Like with the system described in that application, synchronization of multiple devices or multiple users can take place across multiple devices at multiple times. Particular devices do not need to connect to all other devices.
In some embodiments, each mail message is assigned a unique message identifier. When the message is moved from one folder to another folder, it is assigned a new message identifier.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a network with multiple devices according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2A is a block diagram illustrating a state of mailbox folders for an approver according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating a state of mailbox folders for a child according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 3A and 3B are block diagrams illustrating a state of the mailbox folders of FIGS. 2A and 2B after some processing of messages according to an embodiment of the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 1, network 100, which may be the Internet or some other network, includes multiple devices that can be used in connection with viewing a user's electronic mail. In this example, network 100 includes device 110, which is used by one person with approval authority, wireless device 120 (such as a wireless personal digital assistant or web-enabled cellular telephone), which is used by a second person with approval authority, and device 130, a device used by a person (in this example, a child) who needs to get electronic mail messages approved before they can be viewed. For example, the two people with approval authority may be the parents of a child using device 130. Some or all of the devices may not always be connected to the network. Although shown in FIG. 1 as separate units, devices 110 and 130 could represent different accounts on a single unit. Devices 110 and 120 may be two different devices used by two different approvers, two different devices used by the same approver, or two devices both of which either approver can access. The approvers could also have different accounts on a single unit.
Similarly, the child may have multiple locations from which to access an account (such as at home, at school, or via a wireless device). From each location, the incoming and outgoing mail can be treated the same.
The child's mail folders are depicted within device 130. In this example, the child's incoming mail messages appear initially in unread folder 220. Once read, they appear in read folder 222. If deleted, they are moved to trash folder 224. The child also has set up school folder 226 and friends folder 228, for storing messages related to school and friends, respectively. Optionally, outgoing messages that the child is preparing appear in drafts folder 232. Once the child sends the message, it appears in sent folder 234. Although represented internally as different folders, it should be understood that from the user's perspective, some of these folders may appear together. For example, both unread and read messages may appear together in an inbox. It should be understood that a folder can take numerous forms that permit the separation of mail messages.
Before a message appears in the unread folder for device 130, it must be approved. Generally, in this example, messages must be approved by one of the 2 approvers, using devices 110 or 120. However, some messages may be approved automatically using an electronic mail filter. For example, messages from certain users may be approved automatically.
Messages initially appear in the incoming unapproved folder 210. If approved, the message is moved to incoming approved folder 212. If rejected, the message is moved to incoming deleted folder 214. Some messages may be rejected automatically, using a filter.
Messages reaching incoming approved folder 212 will also appear in the child's unread folder 220. Incoming approved folder 212 and the child's unread folder 220 may represent two views of the same folder or may represent different folders, with (for example) messages automatically copied or moved from incoming approved folder 212 to unread folder 220.
Incoming deleted folder 214 and the child's trash folder 224 are distinct folders. Messages appearing in one will not appear in the other in the ordinary course.
A message that the child sends appears in sent folder 232, as with many conventional electronic mail systems. However, before the message can be delivered to the intended recipient it is copied to outgoing unapproved folder 240. The message is not delivered until it is approved, at which point it is moved to outgoing approved folder 242. If the message is not approved, it is moved instead to outgoing deleted folder 244. In some embodiments, the child is informed if a message is not approved. As with incoming messages, some messages may be approved automatically or rejected automatically, based on the results of one or more filters.
In some embodiments, the approvers can view messages in any of the child's folders. The child does not have access to any of the folders of the approvers. However, in some embodiments, the child receives notice when messages are rejected and/or when outgoing messages are approved.
The approvers may have additional folders. For example, a message could be moved from an unapproved folder to a "further review" folder, to make it easier to find later, because it contains an attachment that could not be viewed from a particular device, or to flag the message as one that another approver should review.
It should be understood that, although described as separate folders, approver's folders for incoming and outgoing mail may (but need not) overlap in whole or in part. For example, incoming unapproved folder 210 and outgoing unapproved folder 240 may be distinct, with incoming approved and outgoing approved folders 212 and 242 combined as a single folder, and incoming deleted and outgoing deleted folders 214 and 244 also combined as a single folder. As another example, three folders could be used, one for unapproved messages (both incoming and outgoing), one for approved messages (both incoming and outgoing), and one for deleted messages (both incoming and outgoing).
With multiple approvers using different devices to access the mail to be approved, or a single approver using multiple devices, the approvers' (or approver's) devices can be synchronized so that each device has the same messages in the same folders. In some embodiments, this results in each approver only having the ability to approve or reject messages that have not already been approved or rejected on another device and/or by another approver. It should be understood that the current invention is not limited to situations in which some form of synchronization is used or required.
When the child seeks to get new messages, the child only receives messages appearing in approved folder 212. Where there are multiple devices that can be used to approve a message, the child receives only one copy of the approved message. In some embodiments, the child receives an approved message on each device with which mail can be viewed, with the messages synchronized so as to appear in the same folders when viewed from different devices.
If one approver approves a message and another approver rejects a message before the two approvers have synchronized the message (in embodiments where this can occur), or the same approver has both approved and rejected the message from two different devices before the devices have synchronized, different rules can be applied. For example, if the message has been both approved and rejected, a "fail-safe" rule would delete the message from the child's mailbox. Alternatively, one approval could be sufficient for the message to remain in the child's mailbox.
As another alternative, some or all messages can require the approval of all of the approvers. According to one way to implement this arrangement, two different approved folders would exist: approvedl would indicate approval by the first approver, and approved2 would indicate approval by the second approver. A message would not be passed to the child's unread mail folder until it had been approved by both approvers. As with other embodiments, the internal folder arrangement need not be the same as the manner in which messages are displayed. For example, from the first approver's perspective, a message could remain in the unapproved folder until that approver had approved or rejected the message, or the second approver had rejected the message. If the second approver approved the message, it would remain in the first approver's unapproved folder, optionally with an indicator that the message had been approved by the other approver. If the second approver rejected the message, in this implementation, the message would be moved to the deleted folder once the approvers synchronized (which could be immediately).
FIG. 2A illustrates some messages in the folders of an approver and FIG. 2B illustrates the messages in the child's folders at the same time, in accordance with an example embodiment of the invention.
In this example, an approver's device 202 has unapproved folder 210, approved folder 212, and deleted folder 214 for incoming messages, and unapproved folder 240, approved folder 242, and deleted folder 244 for outgoing messages. The child's device 204 has unread folder 220, read folder 222, and school folder 226 for incoming messages, and drafts folder 232, sent folder 234, and not approved folder 238 for outgoing messages. In addition, the child's device has trash folder 224. Generally, incoming messages that are approved, and appear in folder 212, also appear in the child's unread folder 220. Likewise, outgoing messages that have been "sent" by the child will appear both in sent folder 232 and in unapproved folder 240.
A number of messages 230 are depicted in this example. Messages 230a and 230b appear in the approver's unapproved incoming folder 210; messages 230c and 230d appear in the approved incoming folder and also in the child's unread messages folder 220. Message 230e appears in incoming deleted folder 214, indicating that it was reviewed and not approved. Consequently, message 230e does not appear anywhere on the child's device 204. Messages 230g and 230h appear in the approver's unapproved outgoing folder and also in the child's sent folder 232. Messages 230i and 230k appear in approved outgoing folder 242 and in the child's sent folder 232. Because these messages have been approved, they have been or will be sent. Message 230n appears in deleted outgoing folder 244, indicating that it was reviewed and not approved. Consequently, message 230n, in this embodiment, also appears in the child's not approved folder 238, thereby allowing the child to know that message 230n was not transmitted to the intended recipient. Finally, message 230f appears in the child's drafts folder, representing a message that has not yet been sent. Consequently, it does not yet appear in the approver's folders.
Each message 230 has, in some embodiments, a message identifier 240 and may have a list of subsidiary identifiers 250. A message identifier 240 may be unique for the electronic mail system as a whole, or for messages for a particular child. In some embodiments, the message identifier is unique only for the current universe of messages. In some embodiments, once a message has been removed from the system or is no longer being synchronized, its message identifier can be reused.
In some embodiments, the message identifier 240 is generated using a Universal Unique Identifier (UUID) algorithm, with the message identifier including a timestamp and the IP address of the device at which the message identifier is generated. This ensures that two or more devices will not assign the same message identifier. Alternatively, other algorithms for generating a unique identifier can be used. Although depicted as a single field, the message identifier can be based on a combination of multiple fields or pieces of data.
When a message is moved from one folder to another (at least within the approval system, and in some embodiments within both the approval system and the child's system), it is assigned a new message identifier. Its prior message identifier is added to a list of subsidiary identifiers 250, which can be used to permit the system to synchronize messages on different devices and to track the history of a message. Optionally, the list of subsidiary identifiers for a message can be cleared if, for example, the system is fully synchronized with respect to that message, or a sufficient period of time has elapsed since the last change to the message.
As shown in FIG. 2A, deleted message identifiers list 252 maintains a list of message identifiers that have been deleted. In some embodiments, message identifiers can be removed from deleted message identifiers list 252 once a synchronization involving that deleted message identifier has occurred on all the approver devices. Alternatively, deleted message identifiers list 252 can be pruned so that only relatively recent additions to the list are maintained. For example, once a message identifier has been in deleted message identifiers list 252 for two months, it may be removed from the list. Depending on the needs of the system, the period can be much shorter or any other appropriate time period.
Message identifier log 254 maintains a list of all message identifiers known to the device, both from generating a message identifier and from learning of the message identifier following a synchronization operation. Alternatively, message identifier log 254 can be more restrictive. It could, for example, maintain only a list of message identifiers that have not been deleted and/or only a list of message identifiers generated on that device. As with deleted message identifiers list 252, message identifier log 254 also can be limited to relatively current messages.
Deleted message identifiers list 252 can take various forms and can include a variety of information. In addition to the list of message identifiers, deleted message identifiers list 252 can include, for example, information about the messages corresponding to those message identifiers. In some embodiments, deleted message identifiers list 252 includes information about the folder in which the message existed when its message identifier changed, or information about each folder in which the message existed. Similarly, the subsidiary identifier list for a message could include information about the folder in which the message existed when its message identifier changed, or information about each folder in which the message existed. The folder information could be obtained using, for example, an additional field or by assigning message identifiers so that they also identify the folder.
Deleted message identifiers list 252 and/or message identifier log 254 may be omitted in some embodiments, or other appropriate structures may be used to permit (when desired) synchronization of messages.
In this example, message 230a has the message identifier value 302 and message 230b has the message identifier value 304. Message 230c has the message identifier value 322 and subsidiary identifier value 306, which represents the message identifier value it had when in unapproved folder 210. Similarly, message 230d has message identifier value 326 and subsidiary identifier value 308. The message identifier values 306 and 308 appear in deleted identifiers list 252, because they no longer represent current message identifiers. Message 230e, in deleted outgoing folder 214, has message identifier value 328 and subsidiary identifier value 310 (which also appears in deleted identifiers list 252). Similarly, messages 230i, 230k, and 230n each has both a current message identifier and a message identifier in the subsidiary identifier list.
Optionally, messages on the child's device are part of the same message identifier system, and also carry message identifiers. This permits the same kind of synchronization for the child. For example, by synchronizing the mail on multiple devices, such as a computer at home, at school, and/or a wireless device, the child can see the same messages in the same folders on those devices.
FIGS. 3A and 3B depict devices 202 and 204 at a later time, after some mail activity. In this example, messages 230a and 230b, which had been unapproved, have now been processed by the approver.
Incoming message 230a has been approved, and has a new message identifier value (332), and its old message identifier value (302) now appears as a subsidiary identifier in FIG. 3A. Because message 230a has been approved, it now appears in the child's incoming messages folders in FIG. 3B. In this example, it has not yet been read and appears in unread folder 220.
Message 230b has been rejected, and appears in deleted folder 214 in FIG. 3A with a new message identifier. Because message 230b has been rejected, it does not appear in the child's folders.
Newly received message 230s appears in unapproved folder 210, where it has not yet been approved or rejected. Consequently, it does not appear in the child's folders.
The child has sent message 230f, so it now appears in the child's sent folder 234 and in the approver's unapproved folder 240. In unapproved folder 240, message 230f has a message identifier value 362.
Optionally, messages in one or more of the approved folders and/or messages in one or more of the deleted folders for the approver can be removed automatically after a certain amount of time. Or, they can be moved automatically to one or more archival folders. Alternatively, messages could be moved or removed within the authorizer's folders manually.
Some or all of the information depicted in FIG. 2A may be presented to an approver using a variety of interfaces. Likewise, some or all of the information depicted in FIG. 2B may be presented to a user through a variety of interfaces.
The present invention may be implemented in a variety of forms, such as in software or firmware, running on a general purpose computer or a specialized device. The code can be provided in any machine-readable medium, including magnetic or optical disk, or in memory.
While there have been shown and described examples of the present invention, it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the following claims. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the following claims and equivalents thereto.
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A super quick spread about my early morning runs preparing for an upcoming half marathon. I used only the Letters Home TN kit and am loving the pages in this month's included notebook. The patterns, sentiments, and colors never fail to inspire me.


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Home > USA > New York State Companies > KING DAVID DISTRICT GRAND LODGE #3, U.S.A., INC.
KING DAVID DISTRICT GRAND LODGE #3, U.S.A., INC.
29 JOHN STREET, SUITE 905, KINGS, NEW YORK, NEW YORK, 10038,
USNY1964484
DOMESTIC NOT-FOR-PROFIT CORPORATION
About King David District Grand Lodge #3, U.s.a., Inc.
KING DAVID DISTRICT GRAND LODGE #3, U.S.A., INC. was founded on 1995-10-13 and has its registered office in New York. The organisation's status is listed as "Active". King David District Grand Lodge #3, U.s.a., Inc. is a DOMESTIC NOT-FOR-PROFIT CORPORATION registered in United States of America (USA) with New York Department of State
Legal Registered Office / Registered Agent
29 JOHN STREET, SUITE 905
New York DoS ID#
Jurisdiction New York Department of State
Primary Source: New York Department of State
New York Department of State Filing History
This is a record of the public documents (corporate filing) lodged from New York Department of State where the company has filed annual returns and other statutory filing documents. Examples of documents filed include: change of registered office, accounts filing, director/officer appointments & resignations, changes in share capital, shareholder members lists etc.
Sorry we do not have the filing history available yet. We do about 500,000 updates per day so the filing history should be available soon. US
We could not find any licences issued to KING DAVID DISTRICT GRAND LODGE #3, U.S.A., INC. or authorisation from an industry specific regulator to operate. These may not be required.
No fines or sanctions have been issued against KING DAVID DISTRICT GRAND LODGE #3, U.S.A., INC.
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We have not found government income sources for KING DAVID DISTRICT GRAND LODGE #3, U.S.A., INC.. This could be because the transaction value was below £ 500 with local government or below £ 25,000 for central government. We have found 8,000 supplier to government that are UK companies so approx 0.2% of companies listed on Datalog supply to government.
The top companies supplying to UK government with the same SIC code () as KING DAVID DISTRICT GRAND LODGE #3, U.S.A., INC. are:
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After both their matches saw cancellation due to protests last weekend, Nantes and Montpellier come together to see through their scheduled match.
A curious thing that jumps out is the fact that the league standings of these teams do not accurately represent their recent form. Montpellier is in contention for the European spots, but their recent showings have let down their fans. On contrary, Nantes have climbed out of the pit they found themselves in, on top of good performances at home.
Emiliano Sala will certainly be the key player to watch out for as he is going through one of the best phases of his career. He has scored 12 goals so far in his league campaign, and rightfully is in the mix for the golden boot race in France, and if fortune allows, maybe Europe too.
The Canaries won five of their last six h2h matches with Montpellier.
The combined scoreline for these matches is 11-5, in favor of Nantes.
Les Canaris turned around what could have been a disastrous season with very good performances at home in the last few weeks. They are unbeaten at home in the last four matches, and three of them were wins and huge ones. The team scored a total of 14 goals in this stretch and conceded only three in return.
The last six h2h matches show a huge advantage for Nantes, as they recorded five wins from these six attempts.
Montpellier could manage just one win in their last five league games and really fell out of the race for the Champions League spots with their uninspiring run. On top of that, they are on the road for this game, against Nantes, who is one of the best in-form teams at home right now. The win will go to Nantes, but Montpellier will not return empty-handed from this tie. Their vast experience and determination will reward them with at least a goal.


Lovely Travels: A personal travel blog : Did you ever just have one of those days?
One of those days where everything goes wrong? You wake up late, your hair looks like crap, you get lost when you try to go shopping, once you find your way nothing looks good on you, and if it does look good it is too expensive…Well, yesterday my day was the exact opposite of that! It was perfect! My friend Areeya and I went shopping on Via del Corso and didn't get lost! I found some many great pieces and they were all on sale! To make it even better, my hair looked fabulous!! It was amazing :) I love days like that!


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A dilatant (, ) (also termed shear thickening) material is one in which viscosity increases with the rate of shear strain.  Such a shear thickening fluid, also known by the initialism STF, is an example of a non-Newtonian fluid. This behaviour is usually not observed in pure materials, but can occur in suspensions.

A dilatant is a non-Newtonian fluid where the shear viscosity increases with applied shear stress. This behavior is only one type of deviation from Newton's Law, and it is controlled by such factors as particle size, shape, and distribution. The properties of these suspensions depend on Hamaker theory and Van der Waals forces and can be stabilized electrostatically or sterically. Shear thickening behavior occurs when a colloidal suspension transitions from a stable state to a state of flocculation. A large portion of the properties of these systems are due to the surface chemistry of particles in dispersion, known as colloids.

This can readily be seen with a mixture of cornstarch and water (sometimes called oobleck), which acts in counterintuitive ways when struck or thrown against a surface. Sand that is completely soaked with water also behaves as a dilatant material. This is the reason why when walking on wet sand, a dry area appears directly underfoot.

Rheopecty is a similar property in which viscosity increases with cumulative stress or agitation over time.  The opposite of a dilatant material is a pseudoplastic.

Definitions

There are two types of deviation from Newton's law that are observed in real systems. The most common deviation is shear thinning behavior, where the viscosity of the system decreases as the shear rate is increased. The second deviation is shear thickening behavior where, as the shear rate is increased, the viscosity of the system also increases. This behavior is observed because the system crystallizes under stress and behaves more like a solid than a solution. Thus, the viscosity of a shear-thickening fluid is dependent on the shear rate. The presence of suspended particles often affects the viscosity of a solution. In fact, with the right particles, even a Newtonian fluid can exhibit non-Newtonian behavior. An example of this is cornstarch in water and is included in the Examples section below.

The parameters that control shear thickening behavior are: particle size and particle size distribution, particle volume fraction, particle shape, particle-particle interaction, continuous phase viscosity, and the type, rate, and time of deformation. In addition to these parameters, all shear thickening fluids are stabilized suspensions and have a volume fraction of solid that is relatively high.

Viscosity of a solution as a function of shear rate is given by the power-law equation,

 ,

where η is the viscosity, K is a material-based constant, and γ̇ is the applied shear rate.

Dilatant behavior occurs when n is greater than 1.

Below is a table of viscosity values for some common materials.

 {| class="wikitable"
|-
! Material
! Viscosity (cP)
|-
| Benzene
| 0.60
|-
| Carbon tetrachloride
| 0.88
|-
| Ethanol
| 1.06
|-
| Water
| 1–5
|-
| Mercury
| 1.55
|-
| Pentane
| 2.24
|-
| Blood
| 10
|-
| Antifreeze
| 14
|-
| Sulfuric acid
| 27
|-
| Maple syrup
| 150–200
|-
| Honey
| 2,000–3,000
|-
| Chocolate syrup
| 10,000–25,000
|-
| Ketchup
| 50,000–70,000
|-
| Peanut butter
| 150,000–250,000
|}

Stabilized suspensions

A suspension is composed of a fine, particulate phase dispersed throughout a differing, heterogeneous phase. Shear-thickening behavior is observed in systems with a solid, particulate phase dispersed within a liquid phase. These solutions are different from a Colloid in that they are unstable; the solid particles in dispersion are sufficiently large for sedimentation, causing them to eventually settle. Whereas the solids dispersed within a colloid are smaller and will not settle. There are multiple methods for stabilizing suspensions, including electrostatics and sterics.

In an unstable suspension, the dispersed, particulate phase will come out of solution in response to forces acting upon the particles, such as gravity or Hamaker attraction. The magnitude of the effect these forces have on pulling the particulate phase out of solution is proportional to the size of the particulates; for a large particulate, the gravitational forces are greater than the particle-particle interactions, whereas the opposite is true for small particulates. Shear thickening behavior is typically observed in suspensions of small, solid particulates, indicating that the particle-particle Hamaker attraction is the dominant force. Therefore, stabilizing a suspension is dependent upon introducing a counteractive repulsive force.

Hamaker theory describes the attraction between bodies, such as particulates. It was realized that the explanation of Van der Waals forces could be upscaled from explaining the interaction between two molecules with induced dipoles to macro-scale bodies by summing all the intermolecular forces between the bodies. Similar to Van der Waals forces, Hamaker theory describes the magnitude of the particle-particle interaction as inversely proportional to the square of the distance. Therefore, many stabilized suspensions incorporate a long-range repulsive force that is dominant over Hamaker attraction when the interacting bodies are at a sufficient distance, effectively preventing the bodies from approaching one another. However, at short distances, the Hamaker attraction dominates, causing the particulates to coagulate and fall out of solution. Two common long-range forces used in stabilizing suspensions are electrostatics and sterics.

Electrostatically stabilized suspensions

Suspensions of similarly charged particles dispersed in a liquid electrolyte are stabilized through an effect described by the Helmholtz double layer model. The model has two layers. The first layer is the charged surface of the particle, which creates an electrostatic field that affects the ions in the electrolyte. In response, the ions create a diffuse layer of equal and opposite charge, effectively rendering the surface charge neutral. However, the diffuse layer creates a potential surrounding the particle that differs from the bulk electrolyte.

The diffuse layer serves as the long-range force for stabilization of the particles. When particles near one another, the diffuse layer of one particle overlaps with that of the other particle, generating a repulsive force. The following equation provides the energy between two colloids as a result of the Hamaker interactions and electrostatic repulsion.

,

where:
 V, energy between a pair of colloids,
 R, radius of colloids,
 −H, Hamaker constant between colloid and solvent,
 h, distance between colloids,
 C, surface ion concentration,
 k, Boltzmann constant,
 T, temperature in kelvins,
  surface excess,
  inverse Debye length.

Sterically stabilized suspensions

Different from electrostatics, sterically stabilized suspensions rely on the physical interaction of polymer chains attached to the surface of the particles to keep the suspension stabilized; the adsorbed polymer chains act as a spacer to keep the suspended particles separated at a sufficient distance to prevent the Hamaker attraction from dominating and pulling the particles out of suspension. The polymers are typically either grafted or adsorbed onto the surface of the particle. With grafted polymers, the backbone of the polymer chain is covalently bonded to the particle surface. Whereas an adsorbed polymer is a copolymer composed of lyophobic and lyophilic region, where the lyophobic region non-covalently adheres to the particle surface and the lyophilic region forms the steric boundary or spacer.

Theories behind shear thickening behavior

Dilatancy in a colloid, or its ability to order in the presence of shear forces, is dependent on the ratio of interparticle forces. As long as interparticle forces such as Van der Waals forces dominate, the suspended particles remain in ordered layers. However, once shear forces dominate, particles enter a state of flocculation and are no longer held in suspension; they begin to behave like a solid. When the shear forces are removed, the particles spread apart and once again form a stable suspension.

Shear thickening behavior is highly dependent upon the volume fraction of solid particulate suspended within the liquid. The higher the volume fraction, the less shear required to initiate the shear thickening behavior. The shear rate at which the fluid transitions from a Newtonian flow to a shear thickening behavior is known as the critical shear rate.

Order to disorder transition
When shearing a concentrated stabilized solution at a relatively low shear rate, the repulsive particle-particle interactions keep the particles in an ordered, layered, equilibrium structure. However, at shear rates elevated above the critical shear rate, the shear forces pushing the particles together overcome the repulsive particle-particle interactions, forcing the particles out of their equilibrium positions. This leads to a disordered structure, causing an increase in viscosity.

The critical shear rate here is defined as the shear rate at which the shear forces pushing the particles together are equivalent to the repulsive particle interactions.

Hydroclustering

When the particles of a stabilized suspension transition from an immobile state to mobile state, small groupings of particles form hydroclusters, increasing the viscosity. These hydroclusters are composed of particles momentarily compressed together, forming an irregular, rod-like chain of particles akin to a logjam or traffic jam. In theory the particles have extremely small interparticle gaps, rendering this momentary, transient hydrocluster as incompressible. It is possible that additional hydroclusters will form through aggregation.

Examples

Corn starch and water (oobleck)
Cornstarch is a common thickening agent used in cooking. It is also a very good example of a shear-thickening system. When a force is applied to a 1:1.25 mixture of water and cornstarch, the mixture acts as a solid and resists the force.

Silica and polyethylene glycol
Silica nano-particles are dispersed in a solution of polyethylene glycol. The silica particles provide a high-strength material when flocculation occurs. This allows it to be used in applications such as liquid body armor and brake pads.

Applications

Traction control
Dilatant materials have certain industrial uses due to their shear-thickening behavior. For example, some all-wheel drive systems use a viscous coupling unit full of dilatant fluid to provide power transfer between front and rear wheels. On high-traction road surfacing, the relative motion between primary and secondary drive wheels is the same, so the shear is low and little power is transferred. When the primary drive wheels start to slip, the shear increases, causing the fluid to thicken. As the fluid thickens, the torque transferred to the secondary drive wheels increases proportionally, until the maximum amount of power possible in the fully thickened state is transferred. (See also limited-slip differential, some types of which operate on the same principle.) To the operator, this system is entirely passive, engaging all four wheels to drive when needed and dropping back to two wheel drive once the need has passed. This system is generally used for on-road vehicles rather than off-road vehicles, since the maximum viscosity of the dilatant fluid limits the amount of torque that can be passed across the coupling.

Body armor
Various corporate and government entities are researching the application of shear-thickening fluids for use as body armor. Such a system could allow the wearer flexibility for a normal range of movement, yet provide rigidity to resist piercing by bullets, stabbing knife blows, and similar attacks. The principle is similar to that of mail armor, though body armor using a dilatant would be much lighter. The dilatant fluid would disperse the force of a sudden blow over a wider area of the user's body, reducing the blunt force trauma. However, the dilatant would not provide any additional protection against slow attacks, such as a slow but forceful stab, which would allow flow to occur.

In one study, standard Kevlar fabric was compared to a composite armor of Kevlar and a proprietary shear-thickening fluid. The results showed that the Kevlar/fluid combination performed better than the pure-Kevlar material, despite having less than one-third the Kevlar thickness.

Four examples of dilatant materials being used in personal protective equipment are Armourgel, D3O, ArtiLage (Artificial Cartilage foam) and "Active Protection System" manufactured by Dow Corning.

In 2002, researchers at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and University of Delaware began researching the use of liquid armor, or a shear-thickening fluid in body armor. Researchers demonstrated that high-strength fabrics such as Kevlar can be made more bulletproof and stab-resistant when impregnated with the fluid. The goal of the "liquid armor" technology is to create a new material that is low-cost and lightweight while still offering equivalent or superior ballistic properties compared to current Kevlar fabric.

For their work on liquid armor, Dr. Eric Wetzel, an ARL mechanical engineer, and his team were awarded the 2002 Paul A. Siple Award, the Army's highest award for scientific achievement, at the Army Science Conference.

The company D3O invented a non-Newtonian–based material that has seen wide adaptation across a broad range of standard and custom applications, including motorcycle and extreme-sports protective gear, industrial work wear, military applications, and impact protection for electronics. The materials allow flexibility during normal wear but become stiff and protective when strongly impacted. While some products are marketed directly, much of their manufacturing capability goes to selling and license the material to other companies for use in their own lines of protective products.

See also

References

External links
 Shear Thickening Fluid (STF) Fabric: Publications
 Liquid Body Armor: Rheologists Apply Shear-Thickening Fluids to Protective Gear
 Army Science: Robots, Liquid Armor and Virtual Reality
 "Troops to test liquid armour"

Continuum mechanics
Fluid dynamics
Non-Newtonian fluids

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Tweak says, "You're goin' DOWN!"
Well, I can't think too hard about it so I guess that means great birthday gifts + treating myself all Sagittarius long.
If we skirt the time period a little bit we can cover all those sales after Christmas, too.
Is that the story you're going to stick to?
No. I didn't say you were wrong!


text:
UWSP student, teacher developing safety app
The app will help keep students safe while they are out on the town, developers said.
UWSP student, teacher developing safety app The app will help keep students safe while they are out on the town, developers said. Check out this story on stevenspointjournal.com: http://spjour.nl/1ueKRYV
By B.C. Kowalski Stevens Point Journal Media Published 1:57 p.m. CT Sept. 18, 2014 | Updated 12:24 p.m. CT Sept. 21, 2014
Drew Frisk shows off the app in the hallways of the Dreyfus University Center at the University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point. (Photo: B.C. Kowalski/Stevens Point Journal Media )Buy Photo
STEVENS POINT – A new app being developed by a University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point student and a UWSP staff member will help students track the location and safety of classmates when they're out on the town.
Drew Frisk, a former UWSP student who now teaches at the university and develops apps for Berkshire Hathaway, is working with Jenna Furger, a UWSP senior and co-founder of the Bring a Buddy plan, to conduct the first beta test of the smartphone program.
It works like this: Students download the app on their Android phones (an iPhone version is coming, too) and log on via Facebook. Students can then add friends who also have the app and are Facebook friends to their circles. While students are out and about, they can locate other friends in their circles on a map and see where they are, and track whether they made it home from a bar or party safely.
The app is the next evolution in the Bring a Buddy program, which is designed to encourage students to keep and eye out for one another. It was started by Furger and the parents of Eric Duffey, a student who drowned in the Wisconsin River the night of his 21st birthday in March 2012.
Organizers of the Bring a Buddy campaign hope the app can stop something like that from happening in the future. The campaign already has given out bracelets with the number of a cab company on the back, sponsored speaking events by Eric Duffey's parents Joan and Daren Duffey, and distributed napkins and coasters at local bars with the cab phone number on them.
UW campuses across the state have been contacting Furger to get involved, Furger said.
"We were so overwhelmed with people wanting to be a part of this that we didn't have enough hours to keep up," Furger said.
But first thing's first, Frisk said — the app has to work. Frisk said he and Furger plan to gather as many as 30 students to test the app during homecoming, the weekend of Sept. 27.
The test will let Frisk work out the bugs and polish some of the special features before releasing the app. Nothing about the program is specific to UWSP; it could be used by anyone throughout the country, he said.
Frisk and Furger said they hope to roll out the app by late October or November.
B.C. Kowalski can be reached at 715-345-2251. Find him on Twitter as @BCreporter.
Read or Share this story: http://spjour.nl/1ueKRYV
Drivers can expect delays as State Highway 66 construction to begin soon


The Present invention provide technique for improvements as solution to hypoxia generated in conventional plant tissue culture practices. It Provides a chemical compositions when used in effective concentration will improve plants yield, hypoxic tolerance of plants micro propagated through plant tissue culture practice. And, Chemical composition comprises high concentration of potassium nitrate, choline chloride, glutamine acid, L- Glycine, L-Cysteine, Adenine sulphate, D Ca- Pantothenate acid, Sodium silicate and succinic acid derivatives along with plant tissue culture medium and plant growth hormones. Said chemical compositions may be added during multiplication stage, shooting stage and rooting stage along with plant tissue culture medium.
The current invention pertaining to Granted Patent (EP 3134097) helps in Relieving Pain, Stress and Insomnia vide composition that doesn't require to be consumed within the body and has no harmful effects. This EP Patent is also in advanced prosecution in the US/India, and is granted in Canada and South Africa. The product is already under commercialization in limited capacity by the Patentee.
This technology is based on a slide that has multiple specimen collection points. Each collection point has capable of analyzing each of specimen/sample at a time. All of the collection points will work parallel and independent. This slide can also be customizable by the user, that would allow the specimen collection points to analyze any kind of specimen.
AAV is a small virus that infects humans and other primate species. It is not currently known to cause any disease, however, it causes a very mild immune response, lending further support to its apparent lack of pathogenicity. Its genomic structure consists of a replication (rep, left) and capsid (cap, right) gene flanked by two inverted terminal repeats (ITR's). The rep gene is important for integration of wild AAV onto a specific site on human chromosome 19. So, our goal is to create a recombinant AAV in which the cap gene (and situationally the rep gene) are deleted and replaced by the gene of interest (transgene).
The invention relates to the formulation of voriconazole topical antifungal microemulgel. As compared to gel and other topical preparations microemulgel has been prepared by screening of oils, emulsifier, and co-emulsifier on bases of solubility of an API in it. An API has high solubility and oil may also have more or less pharmacological property, so it may assist the therapeutic action of API. Due to presence of oil portion, it leads to more penetration of API in the skin. Oil Micelle Size is less than 500 nm which provides more area for absorption of API in the skin so more penetration and more effective than macro-emulsion. Microemulgel has an advantage of emulgel that has dual benefits of micro-emulsion and gel and several other desirable properties like good consistency, thyrotrophic, greaseless, easily spreadable as well as removable, emollient, non-staining, water soluble, longer shelf-life, bio-friendly, transparent, pleasant appearance, ability of patients for self-medication, termination of medications will be easy, etc.


text:
Impact Statement:
How many communities do you belong to? What defines community? How can we connect and share common goals among multiple communities? These are questions I ask when creating dances with people of different ages, backgrounds, race, sexuality, and gender. I am a Latinx mother, daughter of two immigrants, resident of the Mt. Airy neighborhood, a dance educator working in the Fairhill, Germantown, Mt, Airy, and Kensington neighborhoods. The intersectionality of the culture, race, and gender of those with whom I create with has a significant impact on my work. My creative process crosses barriers by finding universal themes, shared spaces, and common interest across multiple communities. In this project, I aim to create work that reaches the riders of the 23 SEPTA bus from Chestnut Hill to Center City. "Along the 23" also has the power to bring new interest and people to multiple public spaces that make these communities unique and enriched. I find riding public transportation a communal experience and one that can be enhanced through a project that features the artists, filmmakers and dancers who live and work in the neighborhoods "Along the 23." My project will bring together artists of multiple disciplines to enhance and contribute to a community piece. Philadelphia has long been called the "city of neighborhoods," and the route of the 23 bus represents a kaleidoscope of neighborhoods, but, as the project will explore, there are common threads that connect these neighborhoods.
Since moving to Philadelphia in 2015, I have placed works by my dance company, Expansions Contemporary Dance Ensemble, in multiple places around the city, from the Schuylkill River to the Fingerspan Bridge in the Wissahickon park. In a virtual work featured in the 2020 Fringe Festival, I brought dance to multiple locations in Mt. Airy, Norris Square, and Fairhill through the technology of active QR codes and a project-specific map the audience member used to guide a walking tour. I would make use of the same QR technology for "Along the 23." With music composer Christopher Farrell, I will capture the sights, movement, and sounds of the neighborhoods, then integrate them into the music and choreography for the diverse dancers and dance styles of Expansions, from Hip Hop to classical ballet.
For the audience of this self-guided bus/walking tour, "Along the 23" would be a full sensory experience: you will see dance while enjoying the local smells, tastes, and sounds unique to different stops along the bus route. Catch a cheesesteak at Max's while watching dance from the QR code at the Broad and Erie stop. At Germantown Avenue and School House Lane, enjoy a cup of coffee from Uncle Bobby's Coffee & Books and then find an original poster featuring the diverse ballerinas of International Ballet Exchange. Enjoy Puerto Rican pastelillos while listening to the sounds of Bomba and experiencing work of artists from Taller Puertorriqueño. "Along the 23" will take you across the city and into the heart of our shared and varied experiences.


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text:
Are nuclear energy and natural gas sustainable investments?
by Athan Tountas | Mar 28, 2022
We need a means of reducing carbon emissions and tackling the climate crisis, but is painting nuclear energy and natural gas as "sustainable" the way forward?
The EU's decision to label natural gas and nuclear energy as "sustainable investments" is a nuanced issue. In January 2022, before the destabilizing conflict in Europe, projects such as the Nord Stream 2 pipeline were looking promising, slated to supply 151 million m3 of natural gas per day to Germany. Compared to oil or coal, natural gas is preferred in terms of energy efficiency and carbon intensity metrics.
Nuclear energy goes one step further and reduces carbon emissions to zero while providing a source of electricity, provided the waste can be appropriately managed. Expansion projects were on the drawing board, with France announcing plans to build six to fifteen new nuclear reactors by 2050.
But the recent conflict has exposed the dangers of war in countries with nuclear reactors, which requires uninterrupted electricity supply or ample diesel reserves for pumps to safely and continuously cool spent fuel rods. The direction and momentum of the EU was clear in January, but these recent developments will likely cause them to rethink their strategy.
How these "sustainable investments" were chosen
It is reasonable to expect that the metrics mentioned earlier — namely energy efficiency and carbon intensity — were used to rank natural gas and nuclear energy along with other energy sources, such as solar, wind, and chemical fuels. But these metrics were likely not the only criteria they used for determining broader environmental acceptability.
For instance, a metric that incorporates the efficiency of an energy source does not necessarily consider the renewability of its materials and the energy flows used to create it. But what about maintenance and disposal costs? The true impact of energy-generating technologies and their lifetime by-products, such as long-lived nuclear waste, can have multifaceted effects and needs to be appropriately quantified.
It appears that the EU's decision was in part influenced by an analytical technique called the life cycle impact assessment, as seen from the 2021 European Commission report that references this analysis. Briefly, life cycle impact assessment attempts to address these concerns by defining common system boundaries, which demarcate the assessment window of a product's life cycle. For example, the most robust boundary starts from a product's raw materials to end use.
Various metrics, such as the impact on climate change, radiation exposure, and freshwater eutrophication (oxygen depletion) are quantified in the analysis, which aims to track potential impacts to a broad range of "damages". These are objective and can be combined and mapped to actual damages, such as the cumulative effects on human health, ecosystem diversity damage, and resource availability. For example, if an energy source emits less CO2 but emits more NOX per energy unit than another, the short and long-term benefits of choosing this over another technology can be quantified to help better inform policy and future decisions.
Different perspectives on assessing actual damage
Opposition to nuclear energy seems to stem from the long-term, unforeseeable impacts perspective, while the pro-nuclear and natural gas proponents consider more the short to medium-term perspective. The former would ask: How can we justify nuclear energy if the waste lasts generations?
Improvements in technology, such as fast-neutron reactors will not only allow more energy extraction from natural uranium but could decrease the volume and radioactivity of the waste, containing primarily fission products. This would mean that spent fuel is reprocessed after its initial use and a large fraction can be converted into reusable fuel instead of being stored. It is important to keep in mind that process improvements will likely further optimize these waste streams, thus keeping past fuel secure and accessible is a prudent decision.
In the context of natural gas, opposition stems from the short to medium-term impact on the climate due to continued use of fossil fuels — albeit, much preferred over oil or coal due to reduced impacts on human health, ecosystems, and resources depletion. However, there is growing evidence that fossil natural gas extraction and fracking is impacting the environment worse than expected, with intentional and accidental emissions equivalent to an additional 20 million vehicles on the road each year. Thus, there is a good case for shifting away from fossil fuel extraction altogether.
Leapfrogging towards a carbon-neutral society may be the better option, one that consumes and emits CO2 in lockstep. Producing renewable synthetic methane from hydrogen and CO2 could be a way forward, but more innovation will be needed to drive up scale and costs down.
The EU member countries are already discussing contingency plans to replace Russian gas, as it recently made up ~40% of EU supply. It is hoped that topping up storage of liquified natural gas from new suppliers Qatar and the US, and hydrogen to 90% of present capacity before next winter would dampen price shocks due to uncertain future supply. Companies developing hydrogen and its energy carriers could increase their supply for the expected market demand.
Already, mobile-hydrogen fuel cells for trains and buses have been deployed and wind-energy-storage electrolysers installed, with the latter producing hydrogen that is today being injected into the natural gas pipeline network in places such as Falkenhagen, Germany. Storing "sustainable investment" and renewable electricity as chemicals (H2 or its carriers) will be vital for long distance energy transportation with low losses.
What is apparent now is that the best laid plans are always subject to uncertainty and that an energy re-calibration is needed if we have any hope of addressing climate change in time.
Written by: Athan Tountas, Geoffrey Ozin, and Mohini Sain
Feature image credit: Patrick Federi on Unsplash
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text:
Major Fire Leads To Collapse Of 4-Storeyed Building In New Delhi
The Delhi Fire Services received a call about a fire at the building that housed a semi-mall at around 3.45 pm. Thirty fire tenders were rushed to control the blaze, a fire service official said.
Delhi | Press Trust of India | Updated: October 17, 2017 03:59 IST
30 fire trucks were rushed to control the fire at a building in West Delhi (Representational)
New Delhi: A major fire broke out at a four-storey building in West Delhi's Mansarovar Garden, leading to the collapse of the whole complex today.
The Delhi Fire Services received a call about a fire at the building that housed a semi-mall at around 3.45 pm. Thirty fire trucks were rushed to control the blaze, a fire service official said.
Goods in the shops of the building were gutted but no one was reported to be injured in the fire, he said. During the dousing of the fire, the whole building, weakened by the heat, collapsed, the official said.
It took the firefighters over two hours to bring the fire under control. Firefighting operations continued till late night.
Police said that the cause of the fire was under investigation but the possibility of an electric short-circuit could not be ruled out.
Fire At 10-Storeyed Residential Building In Delhi, 100 Rescued
Massive Fire Breaks Out At 3-Storey West Delhi Building, Kills 2 Children
1 Killed, 9 Injured as Building Collapses in Delhi After Explosion
fire in Delhi buildingfire in mansarovar garden west delhi


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text:
Draba lactea es una especie de planta fanerógama de la familia Brassicaceae.

Distribución
Se distribuye por el Ártico y hasta el sur en las áreas montañosas de Noruega y Canadá.

Descripción
Es una planta herbácea que alcanza 6-15 cm de altura con tallo erecto. Las hojas basales en roseta. Las inflorescencias en racimos de 3-6 pequeñas flores con cuatro pétalos de color blanco níveo. El fruto es una silicua.

Taxonomía
Draba lactea fue descrita por Johann Friedrich Adam  y publicado en Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 5: 104–106. 1817.
Etimología
Ver: Draba, Etimología

lactea: epíteto latíno que significa "de color lechoso.
Sinonimia
 Crucifera wahlenbergii E.H.L.Krause
 Draba allenii Fernald
 Draba lactea f. androsacea (E.Ekman) E.Ekman
 Draba lactea var. glabrata O.E.Schulz
 Draba lactea f. heterotricha E.Ekman
 Draba lactea var. pilosissima O.E.Schulz
 Draba lactea var. pseudopilosa (Pohle) O.E.Schulz
 Draba lactea subsp. pseudopilosa (Pohle) Kozhevn.
 Draba lactea var. robusta O.E.Schulz
 Draba lactea var. tenuisiliqua (Lange ex Rosenv.) O.E.Schulz
 Draba lactea f. trichocarpa O.E.Schulz
 Draba lapponica Willd. ex DC.
 Draba pseudopilosa Pohle
 Draba wahlenbergii Hartm.
 Draba wahlenbergii var. androsacea E.Ekman
 Draba wahlenbergii var. tenuisiliqua'' Lange ex Rosenv.

Referencias

lactea
Flora del Ártico
Plantas descritas en 1817
Taxones descritos por Johann Friedrich Adam


text:
Rocket test success for Bloodhound supersonic car
By Ian Le Guillou2012-09-01T00:00:00+01:00
The rocket system that will be used in 2014 to the Bloodhound supersonic car has been successfully tested
Source: Stefan Marjoram
The Bloodhound engine roars into life
'Ladies and gentleman, that is what a 1000 miles an hour engineering adventure is meant to look like,' announced Andy Green with a wide grin on his face. We had just witnessed the successful test of the rocket system that will be used in 2014 to launch Green in the Bloodhound supersonic car across a mile of South African desert in less than 3.5 seconds.
Over 400 people, including engineers, sponsors, media and local schoolchildren, were watching the test on a screen inside a hardened air shelter at RAF St Mawgan, Newquay, just 200 metres from the rocket. Not since the Apollo program has a project like this been so open to the public and engaged with the education sector during its development.
The Bloodhound project covers a wide spectrum of STEM subjects, from examining the integrity of the wheels using X-rays to adjusting additives in the fuel to make it burn stably. There are Bloodhound education ambassadors demonstrating this in nearly every area of the country, visiting schools and inspiring students to become the scientists and engineers of the future.
The test was very successful, with the rocket producing even greater thrust than expected - an earthshaking 63,000 kN. At 185 dB, it was the loudest noise on the planet that day. Ironically it won't be long before that rocket will break the sound barrier and the land speed record.
Find out more about the Bloodhound project with our May 2012 feature article
Speeding bullet
In 2014 a small team from the UK will dispatch a car to Africa with the aim of it speeding across the desert at 1000 mph. We find out how chemistry powers the car to success
Thank the Nobel prize winners for your mobile phone
Start a lesson with the Nobel prize-winning chemistry involved in lithium-ion batteries
Metacognitive motivation
How it can positively influence students' beliefs in their own abilities
Recognition for outstanding contributions to chemistry education
Meet the winners of this year's RSC awards for chemistry educators


We all know the feeling; someone's birthday rolls around and you're at a complete loss on what to get them. You can go for an easy option, like a bottle of wine or a gift card, but that often feels like a bit of a cop out. Sometimes, all you need is a little inspiration and with that in mind, here are a few sentimental gift ideas that will show that certain someone you care.
If it's a milestone or particularly special birthday then there's a reason to maybe splash a little more cash. You can always club together with a few other people if it's going to cost more than expected to give the gift of an experience rather than a thing. This entirely depends on the person but look at their hobbies and interests and go from there. Maybe they're an amateur wine connoisseur, for example, in which case a wine tasting course would be a great idea. Or, maybe they're a lover of the great outdoors and a kayaking or hiking day would be right up their street. Giving the gift of an experience will create long-lasting memories that they will recall years from now.
If you're working to short notice, why not put together a personalized gift hamper. Fill it with all their favorite things like snacks, toiletries, candles and other knickknacks for example. This is a chance to show your friend just how much you know about them; they might be surprised at just how well you know their favorite things! Make sure to include a heartfelt birthday card for that finishing touch.
If you've known your friend for several years, nothing can be more sentimental than a collection of all your best memories. Collate all the things you've kept from time you've spent together, whether that be gig tickets, wristbands, beer mats or other little keepsakes. Add these into a scrapbook that celebrates your friendship and they'll be sure to treasure it forever.
If you're maybe from the younger generation, chances are most of your scrapbook style memories will be stored on your phone or computer. Instead of making a physical scrapbook, why not make a digital one. Similarly, you can make a thoughtful video of all your best recorded moments together and overlay this with songs you both love and remind you of certain memories together.


Crochet crop top, or bra, maybe bikini top, ideal for summer. Cotton 100%, organic.
This on the photo is C cup, universal chest size (under bust) because of long straps. This bra top is tied around the neck and on the back.
I prefer to make bikini tops (not sets), because you can wear this top in the town, too, not only on the beach. Top is amazing under jeans, or skirt, as fashionable detail for your boho summer look.
Also, you can wear this top with shorts, long skirt and you will look amazing in summer evenings in the town. Or on Music festival, any other summer happening.
Fashionable, attractive, for brave women.


If you have any questions about our chapter, or if you would like more information about our recruitment, scholarships, or our philanthropies, please fill out the form to the right with your questions. We will get back to you as soon as possible. If you would like to contact any of our chapter leaders their contact information can be found below.


text:
Q: HTML border on div that is outside of the div with a border style I am currently experiencing the below issue where I do not want the word Samples wrapped in a border, I would like it to say Samples (no border around it) with a <hr below it and then a  list of divs below it that DOES have a border. I am not sure why Samples is being bordered here as it is outside of my bordered div. Note I am sure that there is no other bordered div wrapping this html. Screenshot and HTML below:
HTML:

Samples

                {{item.name}}

 {{item.description}}

A: At first glance it seems like this might be a basic clearfix issue. I noticed you are using the bootstrap's "pull-left" helper class and adding a class of clearfix to the parent element should fix this. Documentation can be found here: http://getbootstrap.com/css/#helper-classes-clearfix
I'm not totally sure why you would need to float that title in the first place...maybe a better understanding of the bootstrap column system is required because that could be the root of your problems.
UPDATED ANSWER:

Samples

http://codepen.io/wgallop99/pen/Myeppy
Removed pull-left class and col-md-12 fixed it partially but again, you may encounter more troubles down the line if you aren't utilizing the bootstrap column classes correctly.

A: Behavior comes from bootstraps style.
to avoid this, wrap each row inside a class="row" div

html {padding:2em; /*demo*/}
<link href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.5/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/>

Samples

        {{item.name}}

 {{item.description}}

your html :

    html {padding:2em; /*demo*/}
<link href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.5/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"/>

Samples

                {{item.name}}

 {{item.description}}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<?php

use yii\helpers\Html;
use yii\widgets\ActiveForm;

/**
 * @var yii\web\View $this
 * @var yii\widgets\ActiveForm $form
 * @var amnah\yii2\user\models\forms\LoginForm $model
 */

$this->title = Yii::t('user', 'Login');
$this->params['breadcrumbs'][] = $this->title;
?>

        Admin系统管理后台

<?=Yii::t('user','Login')?>

    <?php $form = ActiveForm::begin(['id' => 'login-form']); ?>

    <?= $form->field($model, 'email',['template'=>"
{input}
{error}

"])->textInput(['placeholder'=>'Username/Email']) ?>
    <?= $form->field($model, 'password',['template'=>"
{input}
{error}

"])->passwordInput(['placeholder'=>'Password']) ?>
    <?= $form->field($model, 'rememberMe', [
        'template' => "{label}
{input}
\n
{error}
",
    ])->checkbox() ?>

            <?= Html::submitButton(Yii::t('user', 'Login'), ['class' => 'btn btn-primary','style'=>'width:100%']) ?>

    <?php ActiveForm::end(); ?>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
FOX News [Mac/Win] 🧤
Self Improvement::Attraction
FOX News is a lightweight widget that provides direct access to the latest headlines on FoxNews.com, right on your desktop. It can be seamlessly installed and configured.
The interface of the app is represented by a very small frame that you can move to any spot on the screen, with the courtesy of the mouse cursor.
So, you can check out the latest headlines and click any link to bring up its webpage, as well as switch to US, World or Politics-related news. Plus, you can refresh the information.
A few configuration options are available for this app. Therefore, you can select the number of items to display, hide additional details or the post date, as well as disable FOX News from directly opening a link on the website.
Thanks to the default settings provided by the operating system, you can open the context menu and increase the size of the frame, make it stay on top of other windows, as well as adjust its opacity level between 20% and 100%.
FOX News does not put a strain on the computer's overall performance, as it uses a very low amount of CPU and system memory. It has a good response time and works well, without causing the operating system to hang, crash or pop up error dialogs. All in all, FOX News should satisfy all users who want to be up-to-date with the last headlines on the FoxNews website.
FOX News Crack With Keygen Free [Win/Mac]
FOX News Crack is a lightweight widget that provides direct access to the latest headlines on FoxNews.com, right on your desktop. It can be seamlessly installed and configured.
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An extrusion die for manufacturing a laminated workpiece, such as a laminated sheet, by extrusion-molding, is known. This type of extrusion die includes a base die for extrusion-molding a foamed resin on a surface of a therm
FOX News (LifeTime) Activation Code Download [32|64bit]
FOX News Activation Code is a lightweight widget that provides direct access to the latest headlines on FoxNews.com, right on your desktop. It can be seamlessly installed and configured.
[Direct Link] [Blogger] [Wikipedia] [Windows App] [Mac App] How to fix and get rid of FOX News Widget
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3. Find FOX News Widget and Open to move a item to SD Card or uninstall it
4. Tap on Uninstall to remove it, or if you wish to keep it, then tap on Open to move a item to SD Card
5. Follow the steps above to remove the FOX News Widget
6. Then open App Manager > Settings > Apps > All Apps
7. Find FOX News Widget and Open to
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FOX News does not put a strain on the computer's overall performance, as it uses a very low amount of CPU and system memory. It has a good response time and works well, without causing the operating system to hang, crash or pop up error dialogs. All in all, FOX News should satisfy all users who want to be up-to-date with the latest headlines on the FoxNews website.
Fox News Screenshots:
FOX News Download
FOX News Description:FOX News is a lightweight widget that provides direct access to the latest headlines on FoxNews.com, right on your desktop. It can be seamlessly installed and configured.
So, you can check out the latest headlines and click any link to bring up its webpage
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Multi-core CPU Support: 6-core
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beavken
Written by beavken
View all posts by: beavken


Caillat penned two album tracks with pop songwriter Ryan Tedder (Beyonce, Leona Lewis), while Toby Gad, Jason Reeves and Rick Nowels all have writing credits on "All Of You." Meanwhile, Caillat's boyfriend, musician Justin Young, wrote three songs on the album with the singer, an experience she calls "so much fun. I've never been interested in musicians before, and now having a boyfriend that plays amazing guitar and piano and has a beautiful voice... it's cheesy but it's awesome, because we write these songs about our relationship and it brought us closer together."


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text:
NTIA Statement on Post Lockdown Restrictions Announced by the Prime Minister
RnMTeam | 24 Nov 2020 15:19
We look forward to spending more time in different markets and interests: Pratiksha Rao, Twitter
Junta Express relaunches on Sony Mix and Sony ROX HD
We have become a curator on Apple Music: Vijay Basrur Founder OK Listen
Hungama Music expands content catalogue to over 9.5mn pieces
Bajaj Electricals Limited partners with Justin BeiberÆs Purpose World Tour in India as its exclusive lighting partner
Music Services | NTIA | Post Lockdown | Prime Minister |
MUMBAI: The Prime Minister has set out the new restrictions that will come into force across the UK from Wednesday 3rd December.
It is clear that the Night Time Economy and hospitality sectors have been disproportionately and unfairly targeted with further restrictions with no substantiated scientific evidence that these measures will suppress transmission.
The sectors which have suffered horrendously since the start of the pandemic are bearing the burden so that other sectors are able to open during the festive period.
Public Health England has clearly stated that high levels of transmissions occur predominantly within households, care homes, workplaces and education yet the Government still considers the current strategy around hospitality, and restrictions within the sector to be relevant and proportionate to the levels of transmission.
Michael Kill, CEO of the Night Time Industries Association (NITA) says:
"The industry has been left angry and frustrated by the new restrictions set out by the Prime Minister today. This shows a complete lack of consideration and understanding of our sector."
"This will have a catastrophic impact on thousands of businesses and jobs across the sector by the end of the year. For many business owners this is beyond ignorance. This is tantamount to systematically culling our industry with intent."
"The Government has simply got this wrong. It is an appalling misjudgment. Our sector has worked incredibly hard alongside Government departments, to ensure that our businesses are 'Covid Safe', only to be hit again with unworkable restrictions that have no evidence base.
"We are being condemned to an excruciating financial hardship, until the Government can rally around a workable vaccine solution."
"The Support from furlough is welcome. However, sadly many of these businesses will not survive to retain their staff and will suffer from a continuation of current extreme problems around cash fluidity, commercial rent debt and exit strategy."
"We can't help but feel that our industry is being sacrificed for other sectors to open during the festive period"'.


So you're looking for a church to call home? We'd love to have you visit Revive this weekend and experience what God is doing here. Our typical Sunday service includes modern, authentic worship and Biblical teaching. It's also common for us to roll some video or perform dramas. You will be challenged and encouraged, but never bored. Dress in what's comfortable and come ready to experience God!


text:
Ambarka – rodzaj naszyjnika zrobionego z paciorków, noszonego przez kobiety z grupy etnicznej Oromo, zamieszkującej południowo-zachodnią Etiopię i północną Kenię.

Ambarka składa się różnokolorowych koralików splecionych ze sobą ściśle. Ambarka może składać się z dwóch części zwisających po obu stronach szyi, lub z jednej, które układa się na piersi kobiety.

Największe znaczenie ma kolor i układ koralików tworzących ambarkę. Jeżeli kobieta jest bogata może zakupić paciorki w różnych odcieniach i tworzyć oryginalne kompozycje, dzięki czemu podkreśli swoją pozycję społeczną. Ambarkę tworzą dwa cienkie rzędy koralików połączone w dolnej części i tworzące zwisające korale. Górna część przylega do szyi, a odchodzące od niej sznurki paciorków zwisają na kobiecej piersi. Sznurki, które mają długość od 4 do 8 cm, są połączone ze sobą na końcu.

Żadna kobieta, nawet córka po śmierci matki, nie weźmie ambarki od innej. Tak jak inne elementy ubioru i ten musi być niepowtarzalny. Dla kobiety niezamężnej ambarka to najcenniejsza rzecz, jaką ma.

Bibliografia
  grudzień 2010
 Klemm, Peri M., African Arts; Vol. 42 Issue 1, p54-63,

Kultura w Etiopii


text:
В 1994 году состоялся третий розыгрыш Кубка России по футболу среди женщин.

Турнирная сетка

Матчи

Первый Отборочный тур (1/64 финала)

Второй Отборочный тур (1/32 финала)

Третий Отборочный тур (1/16 финала)

1/8 финала

1/4 финала

1/2 финала

Финал

Финальный матч

Бомбардиры турнира

Литература

Примечания

Ссылки
 RSSSF

Кубок России по футболу среди женщин
1994 год в женском футболе
Футбол в России в 1994 году


text:
Q: Show that $C/c \cong (c/(C^{op}))^{op}$. I'm working on problem 1.2.i in Emily Riehl's Category Theory in Context and got stuck. The problem is this:

Show that $C/c \cong (c/(C^{op}))^{op}$.

A bijunction between the objects is faily simple, so I'll skip typing it. The issue I'm having is showing that the morphisms in one correspond to the morphisms in the other.
Let $f \in C(x, y)$, then $g \in C(c, x)$ and $h \in C(x, y)$. So $g,h \in C/c$ and $g^{op}, h^{op} \in (c/(C^{op}))^{op}$.
So by definition, $f^* \in Hom(C/c)$ iff $hf=g$
And also by definition, $f_* \in Hom((c/(C^{op}))^{op})$ iff $f^{op}g^{op} = h^{op}$.
So it seems like all I need to complete the proof is to show that $f^{op}g^{op} = h^{op} \Leftrightarrow hf = g$
But I can't figure out how to do that. Is it always the case commutativity in one category is preserved in the opposite category?
(I realize this may look like a homework question, but I'm working through the book on my own which is why I'm asking here.)

A: Consider two objects in $\mathcal C/c$:

*

*$f : x \to c \in \mathcal C$

*$g : y \to c \in \mathcal C$
a map $m : f \to g \in \mathcal C/c$ is, by definition, a map $h : x \to y \in \mathcal C$ such that the triangle $f,g,h$ commutes.

Now take two objects from $(c / \mathcal C^{op})^{op}$:

*

*$f : c \to x \in \mathcal C^{op}$

*$g : c \to y \in \mathcal C^{op}$
and consider that a map $m : f \to g \in (c / \mathcal C^{op})^{op}$ is the same as a map $m : g \to f \in c / \mathcal C^{op}$ which is a map $h : y \to x \in \mathcal C^{op}$ such that the triangle $f,g,h$ commutes. These 3 maps are exactly the opposite maps in our first example. So the categories are not just isomorphic but equal.


text:
MFA in Creative Writing
Anna Clark, of Detroit, is a writer driven by curiosity and a belief in the power of good stories to bring more truth and empathy into the world. She is the author of  The Poisoned City: Flint's Water and the American Tragedy, named one of the year's best books by the Washington Post, the San Francisco Chronicle, Kirkus, the New York Public Library, Audible and others. It won the Hillman Prize for Book Journalism, the Rachel Carson Environment Book Award, the Gross Award for Literature, and it was a finalist for the Helen Bernstein Award for Excellence in Book Journalism. Anna's writing has appeared in Elle, the New York Times, the Washington Post, Politico, The New Republic, the Columbia Journalism Review, Next City, CityLab and other publications. She's also a contributing editor at Waxwing Literary Journal, where she likes to focus on international literature, and guest edited a special issue of the Michigan Quarterly Review, titled "Not One Without." Anna edited  "A Detroit Anthology," a Michigan Notable Book, and also wrote a small book about the distinctive literary culture of the Great Lakes state. She is a longtime teacher of writing and improv theatre in all corners of the world: high schools, colleges, prisons, detention centers, soup kitchens, tech incubators and more. Anna also co-curates the Motor Signal Reading Series in Detroit's Eastern Market, which jolts the typical literary reading out of its traditional form. She has been a Fulbright fellow in creative writing in Nairobi, Kenya, and a Knight-Wallace journalism fellow at the University of Michigan. Anna graduated from Warren Wilson College's M.F.A. Program for Writers.  Learn more: www.annaclark.net
Anna Clark Headshot