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Oil Pollution Control Regulations (250-RICR-140-25-2)
250-RICR-140-25-2 ACTIVE RULE
2.1	Purpose and Goals
These regulations are intended to prevent the discharge, escape or release of oil into the waters of the State and to preserve and protect the quality of the waters of the State, consistent with the purposes of the Federal Clean Water Act, 33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq. (2018) and R.I. Gen. Laws Chapter 46-12.
2.2	Authority
These regulations are adopted pursuant to R.I. Gen. Laws Chapters 46-12, 42-17.1 and 42-35.
2.3	Incorporated Materials
A.	These regulations hereby adopt and incorporate NFPA 30: Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code, 2018 Edition (2017) by reference, not including any further editions or amendments thereof and only to the extent that the provisions therein are not inconsistent with these regulations.
B.	These regulations hereby adopt and incorporate NFPA 30A: Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages, 2018 Edition (2017) by reference, not including any further editions or amendments thereof and only to the extent that the provisions therein are not inconsistent with these regulations.
C.	These regulations hereby adopt and incorporate API Standard 650, 12th Edition, March 2013 by reference, not including any further editions or amendments thereof and only to the extent that the provisions therein are not inconsistent with these regulations.
2.4	Definitions
A.	Whenever used in these regulations, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
1.	"AST" means an aboveground storage tank. DEM regulates ASTs of 500 gallons or larger in size.
2.	"Bilge waste" means the waste from the lower part of a vessel's containment area or hold.
3.	"Biological additives" means microbiological cultures, enzymes, or nutrient additives that are deliberately introduced into an oil discharge for the specific purpose of encouraging biodegradation to mitigate the effects of the discharge.
4.	"Boom" means a structural device or devices used to contain and/or absorb oil or other pollutants that may be placed into water.
5.	"Burning agents" means those additives that, through physical or chemical means, improve the combustibility of the materials to which they are applied.
6.	"C.F.R." means Code of Federal Regulations.
7.	"Chemical agents" means those elements, compounds or mixtures that coagulate, disperse, dissolve, emulsify, foam, neutralize, precipitate, reduce, solubilize, oxidize, concentrate, congeal, entrap, fix, make the pollutant mass more rigid or viscous, or otherwise facilitate the mitigation of deleterious effects or removal of the pollutant from the water.
8.	"DEM" means the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management.
9.	"Director" means the Director of the Department of Environmental Management or any subordinate or subordinates to whom he/she has delegated the powers and duties vested in him/her by law or regulation.
10.	"Discharge" means the addition of any pollutant to the waters from any point source or placement where it is likely to enter waters of the State.
11.	"Dispersants" means those chemical agents that emulsify, disperse or solubilize oil into the water column, or promote the surface spreading of oil slicks to facilitate dispersal of the oil into the water column.
12.	"Facility" means any parcel of real estate or a contiguous series or parcels of real estate together with any and all structures, facility components, improvements, fixtures and other apparatuses located herein which constitutes a distinct geographic or commercial unit and at which petroleum products and/or oil are stored.
13.	"GAA" means classification of groundwater suitable for public drinking water use without treatment pursuant to R.I. Gen. Laws § 46-13.1-4 and any Rules and Regulations promulgated thereunder.
14.	"GA" means classification of groundwater suitable for public or private drinking water without treatment pursuant to R.I. Gen. Laws § 46-13.1-4 and any Rules and Regulations promulgated thereunder.
15.	"Groundwater" means all underground waters of whatever nature.
16.	"NFPA code 30" means the National Fire Protection Association publication number 30 entitled, "Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code".
17.	"NFPA code 30A" means the National Fire Protection Association publication number 30A entitled, "Code for Motor Fuel Dispensing Facilities and Repair Garages".
18.	"Oceangoing ship" or "seagoing vessel" means a vessel that;
a.	Is operated under the authority of the United States and engages in international voyages; or
b.	Is operated under the authority of the United States and is certified for ocean service; or
c.	Is operated under the authority of the United States and is certified for coastwise service beyond three miles from land; or
d.	Is operated under the authority of the United States and operates at any time seaward of the outermost boundary of the territorial sea of the United States; or
e.	Is operated under the authority of a country other than the United States.
19.	"Oil" means petroleum, gasoline, tar, asphalt, or any product or mixture thereof, or any substance refined from petroleum or crude oil.
20.	"Oil carrying vessel" means any floating craft or vessel equipped to carry bulk oil as cargo, or equipped to carry more than 5,000 gallons of fuel for its own use or which carries oil or chemical wastes.
21.	"Oil spill cleanup debris" means waste resulting from the cleanup of oil debris caused by spilling, depositing, releasing or placing of oil onto the land or waters of the State and include but not be limited to soil, absorbent material, or any other material contaminated with oil.
22.	"Operator" means the person or persons in control of or having responsibility for operating or maintaining any property which is subject to these regulations.
23.	"Owner" means the person who holds title to, or lawful possession of, real or personal property which is subject to these regulations.
24.	"Person" means an individual, trust, firm, joint stock company, corporation (including a quasi-government corporation), partnership, association, syndicate, municipality, municipal or State agency, fire district, club, non-profit agency, or any subdivision, commission, Department, bureau, agency or Department of State or federal government (including quasi-government corporation), or any interstate or international body.
25.	"Point source" means any discernible, confined and discrete conveyance, including but not limited to any pipe, tank, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal feeding operation, or vessel or other floating craft, from which pollutants are or may be discharged. This term does not include return flows from irrigated agriculture.
26.	"Place" or "release" means adding, spilling, releasing, leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, discharging, injecting, escaping, leaching, spraying into the air, dumping or disposing into the environment of oil, such that oil is likely to enter the waters of the State.
27.	"Pollutant" means dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials, heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, or industrial, municipal, agricultural or other waste, petroleum products, including but not limited to oil.
28.	"Reception facility" means a facility that has obtained a "certificate of adequacy" from the Coast Guard pursuant to 33 C.F.R. § 158 (2018), and means anything capable of receiving shipboard oil or chemical wastes that includes, but is not limited to:
a.	Fixed piping that conveys wastes from the vessel to a storage or treatment system;
b.	Tank barges, railroad cars, or tank trucks and other mobile facilities; and
c.	Any combination of fixed and mobile facilities. This term shall also include "certified shore facility or terminal", as used in R.I. Gen. Laws § 46-12-37.
29.	"Sinking agents" means those additives applied to oil discharges to sink floating pollutants below the water surface.
30.	"Surface collecting agents" means those chemical agents that form a surface film to control the layer thickness of oil.
31.	"Terminal" means an onshore facility or an onshore structure used or intended to be used as a port or facility for the transfer or other handling of oil. A ship repair yard is a terminal.
32.	"Vessel" means every description of watercraft or other artificial contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of transportation on water, whether self-propelled or otherwise, and shall include barges, tugs and any other floating structure used for the storage and/or transportation of oil.
33.	"Waters of the State" means all surface waters and groundwaters, including waters of the territorial sea, tidewaters, all inland waters of any river, stream, brook, pond or lake, wetlands and all underground waters of whatever nature.
2.5	Applicability and Construction
A.	These regulations are applicable to activities conducted in or on the waters and land of the State, as well as to those activities conducted in a location where oil or other pollutants are likely to enter the waters of the State. All persons who engage in the storage or transportation of oil, including industry and Federal, State, and local governments, as well as, to a limited extent, residential homeowners, may be subject to these regulations.
B.	Persons and activities subject to these regulations may also be subject to other DEM and Federal regulations, including, but not limited to: Department of Environmental Management Regulations for the Rhode Island Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (Part 150-10-1 of this Title), Rules and Regulations for Underground Storage Facilities Used for Petroleum Products and Hazardous Materials (Part 1 of this Subchapter), Water Quality Regulations (Part 150-05-1 of this Title), Rules and Regulations for Solid Waste Management Facilities and Organic Waste Management Facilities (Subchapter 05 Part 1 of this Chapter) and Rules and Regulations for Hazardous Waste Management (Subchapter 10 Part 1 of this Chapter).
C.	These regulations shall be construed in harmony with other DEM regulations and those regulations promulgated by the Coastal Resources Management Council and Federal agencies who may have concurrent jurisdiction. In cases where these regulations may conflict with other regulations, the more restrictive regulations shall govern.
D.	The DEM may require any person subject to these regulations to provide additional information about any activity subject to these regulations where such information is deemed necessary. Failure to disclose such information shall be cause for initiating appropriate enforcement action and shall constitute valid cause for denial of a permit or order of approval and may result in an order restricting certain activities.
E.	These regulations shall be liberally construed to permit the DEM to effectuate the purposes of the state law.
F.	Nothing in these regulations shall be deemed to interfere with the Director's power and duty to issue an immediate order pursuant to R.I. Gen. Laws §§ 46-12-10 and 42-17.1-2.
2.6	Prohibited Activities
A.	No person shall place oil or pollutants into the waters or land of the State or in a location where they are likely to enter the waters of the State, except in compliance with the terms and conditions of a permit or order issued by the Director. This prohibition shall include, but not be limited to, releases, discharges or placement of pollutants from:
1.	Storm water runoff from an oil refinery, oil storage tank farm, or oil manufacturing industry;
2.	Boat or ship repair and maintenance, including dry dock operations;
3.	Bilge or ballast water from any vessel;
4.	Exhaust steam from any coil or other device used to heat oil;
5.	Drainage from underground pipe gallery used as a conduit for oil pipes;
6.	Drainage from the floors of a boiler room;
7.	Drainage from dike areas around oil storage tanks;
8.	Drainage to unauthorized underground injection wells or lagoons;
9.	Drainage from automobile repair, maintenance or wrecking operations.
10.	Petroleum releases from vehicles.
B.	This section shall not prevent the discharge into any public sewer system, provided that the local public sewer authority approves such discharge, and that such discharge complies with local, State and Federal pretreatment requirements.
C.	This section shall not prevent the discharge of oil waste or chemical waste or bilge waste from an oceangoing ship into a "reception facility" that has obtained a "certificate of adequacy" pursuant to 33 C.F.R. § 158 (2018), provided, however, that the owner or operator of the oceangoing ship complies with the financial responsibility provisions § 2.15 of this Part.
2.7	Oil and Waste Transfers
A.	The owner and operator of an oil carrying vessel and the owner and operator of a terminal shall take the following precautions prior to and during the transfer of oil and wastes:
1.	Any flexible hose used in the transfer shall be tested at a pressure in excess of that to which it will be subjected in use, and such test shall be conducted annually.
2.	Drip pans shall be placed under hose connections on the oil carrying vessel, and drip pans and a tight wharf or pier section enclosed by a curb raised to not less than four inches above the deck level is provided under the hose connections on the wharf or pier. Drip pans must be in place before tight blank, as provided in § 2.7(A)(6) of this Part, is removed and they must remain in place until the blank is replaced and the hose is moved. This rule shall not prevent the installation of a drain to a tight curbed wharf or pier section for the removal of storm water, provided the drain is tightly closed during any oil or waste transfer and no oil or waste contaminated drainage from the tight section is discharged into the waters of the State when the drain is open.
3.	Hoses shall be supported so as not to become crushed between the oil carrying vessel at the wharf or pier and to prevent undue strain on the hoses and manifolds caused by sharp bends in the hoses.
4.	Hoses shall be long enough so that they will not be strained by any movement of the oil carrying vessel if the vessel's mooring lines are adequately tended.
5.	Mooring lines shall be tended frequently to prevent excessive movement of the oil carrying vessel at the wharf or pier.
6.	Hose ends shall be blanked tightly when hoses are moved into position to be connected, and also immediately after they are disconnected, before they are moved away from their connections.
7.	Throughout the transfer operation, a person shall be stationed on the deck of the oil carrying vessel in site of the hose and its connections, and another person shall be stationed on shore in sight of the hose and its shore connection. Other trained personnel, as necessary, shall be on duty so as to insure immediate action in case of a malfunction.
8.	The scuppers on the oil carrying vessel shall be plugged watertight during the oil transfer or ballasting operation.
9.	If the transfer is to take place after sunset and before sunrise, the decks and wharf or pier area, as well as the water area between the vessel and the wharf, shall be brightly illuminated and emergency auxiliary lighting and generating equipment shall be readily available.
10.	All sea valves connected to the cargo piping, stern discharge, and ballast discharge valves shall be closed and sealed with a numbered seal.
11.	All hose riser valves not to be used shall be closed and blank flanged, and all air valves on headers shall be closed.
12.	Means of communication between the oil carrying vessel and shore shall be checked and all signals between the vessel and shore thoroughly understood.
13.	Loading shall be started at a slow rate and an inspection made of the oil carrying vessel's tanks to determine that all is going according to plan before loading is increased to desired rate.
14.	No more tanks shall be loaded at one time than can be safely watched and controlled.
15.	Special attention shall be paid during the topping-off process to the loading rate, the number of tanks open, the danger of air pockets, and the inspection of tanks already loading.
16.	To allow time for orderly control, the slow down for topping-off shall be anticipated and notice given to shore personnel.
17.	Water around the oil carrying vessel's side shall be inspected frequently, especially in the area of the seacocks, to ensure that no oil is escaping overboard.
18.	Upon completion of loading, all tank valves and loading valves shall be closed. After draining, hoses shall be disconnected and hose risers blanked.
19.	Lines and valves in the pump rooms and on deck shall be checked by the ship's master or senior deck officer to see that they are properly set for discharging cargo. An additional check shall be made for the same purpose each time the setting is changed.
20.	A check valve to prevent backflow shall be located in the discharge line of each oil cargo pump of a centrifugal type; the check valve shall be located at a point in the discharge line ahead of any connection the line makes with the discharge line from any other cargo pump on the vessel.
21.	A copy of the "Declaration of Inspection", required by the United States Coast Guard pursuant to 33 C.F.R. § 156.150 (2018), shall be handed to the terminal superintendent or his representative, who shall, on demand, be given the opportunity to satisfy himself that the condition of the oil carrying vessel is as stated in the "Declaration of Inspection."
22.	The terminal shall have readily available essential equipment to contain and remove any oil spillage, and have personnel available on a 24-hour emergency basis who are familiar with such salvage or cleanup operations.
23.	The owner/operator shall meet all sample collection requirements of the Coastal Resources Management Council.
24.	The owner/operator shall obtain a permit, as required by the Coastal Resources Management Council, and comply with all permit terms and conditions.
25.	No oil carrying vessel, while at anchor, shall transfer oil while gale warnings (wind velocity 35 knots or more) are in effect.
26.	Vessel-to-vessel transfers may be carried on at the dock with prior notification and approval of the United States Coast Guard. Offshore transfers may only be conducted in anchorage areas designated by the Coastal Resources Management Council, except for the transfer of fuel for a vessel's own use. Prior to conducting any vessel-to-vessel transfer the owner or operator of such vessels shall notify DEM of the date, time, and volume of such transfer and shall contract for emergency, stand-by cleanup services. The Director of DEM may, on an emergency basis, further restrict such vessel-to-vessel transfers and require that such transfers be limited to onshore terminal facilities.
27.	If two or more cargo pumps discharge into a common line on the vessel or on the shore, assurance shall be made that a check valve, in good working order, is in each line to prevent backflow of cargo in the event that one pump stops.
28.	In all other respects, conform to applicable Coast Guard regulations.
2.8	Ballasting of Oil-Carrying Vessels
A.	The owner and operator of an oil-carrying vessel shall take the following precautionary measures prior to and during the ballasting operation:
1.	The transfer of cargo shall be completed and all hose riser valves closed and connections blanked.
2.	If ballast is to be pumped in, whether through deck lines or bottom line, valves on the lines used are set first; then the valves to the tanks to be ballasted shall be opened; the necessary valves in the pump rooms, except seacocks, shall be set next; and cargo or ballast pumps shall be started before opening seacocks.
3.	If ballasting is done by gravity, ballast shall be pumped in first for ten minutes in accordance with the procedure outlined above in § 2.8(A)(2) of this Part to clear all bottom lines of oil.
4.	When ballasting has started, all tanks shall be inspected to see that only the tanks intended are receiving ballast.
5.	The same attention shall be given to ballasting as to topping-off tanks when loading cargo.
6.	When completing the loading of ballast, seacocks shall be closed before stopping the pumps.
B.	The provisions §§ 2.8(A)(1), (2), (3), and (6) of this Part shall not apply to any oil-carrying vessel whose ballast piping system and ballast pumps are wholly independent and not connected to the cargo system.
2.9	Boiler Rooms and Remote Fill Tanks
A.	Within one year of the effective date of these regulations the owner and operator of a facility shall:
1.	Install oil traps or manually operated drain valves, or eliminate drains from boiler rooms. All oil traps shall be adequately maintained and cleaned. All drain valves shall be maintained in the closed position except when the operator is in the process of draining oil-free clean water in compliance with all applicable State and Federal regulations.
2.	All above ground and underground storage tanks with a remote fill and a capacity greater than or equal to 500 gallons shall be equipped with a high-level warning alarm system.
3.	All tanks with a capacity greater than 500 gallons shall be equipped with spill containment around fill areas.
2.10	Above Ground Storage Facilities
A.	Applicability; This section applies to all above ground oil storage tank facilities with a combined storage capacity of over five hundred (500) gallons.
B.	Overfill Prevention
1.	Responsibility for transfer; The facility operator, when on the premises or when in control of an oil transfer, shall be responsible for transfer activities. If the facility operator is not on the premises or not in control of an oil transfer, the carrier (the person delivering the oil) will be responsible for transfer activities. The operator or carrier must employ practices for preventing transfer spills and accidental discharges. Prior to the transfer, the operator or carrier must determine that the receiving tank has available capacity to receive the volume of oil to be transferred. The operator or carrier must monitor every aspect of the delivery and must take immediate action to stop the flow of oil when the working capacity of the tank, has been reached or should an equipment failure or emergency occur.
2.	Shutoff valves for remote pumping units at motor fuel dispensers; All dispensers of motor fuel under pressure from a remote pumping system, must be equipped with a shear valve (impact valve) which is located in the supply line at the inlet of the dispenser. This valve must be designed to close automatically in the event that the dispenser is accidentally dislodged from the inlet pipe. A valve meeting the standards set forth in NFPA 30A, § 6.3.9, incorporated above at § 2.3(B) of this Part meets the requirements of this subdivision.
3.	Shutoff valves for gravity fed motor fuel dispensers; All tanks which cause a gravity head on a dispenser of motor fuels must be equipped with a device such as a solenoid valve which is positioned adjacent to and downstream from the operating valve. The valve must be installed and adjusted so that liquid cannot flow by gravity from the tank in case of piping or dispenser hose failure. A valve meeting the standards set forth in NFPA 30A, § 4.2.4, incorporated above at § 2.3(B) of this Part meets the requirements of this subdivision.
4.	Gauges for above ground storage tanks;
a.	All above ground oil tanks must be equipped with a gauge which accurately shows the level of product in the tank. The gauge must be accessible to the facility operator or oil carrier, and be installed so it can be conveniently read.
b.	The design capacity, working capacity, product type and identification number of the tank must be clearly marked on the tank and at the gauge.
c.	A high-level warning alarm, a high-level liquid pump cutoff controller or equivalent device may be used in lieu of the gauge required above.
5.	Check valve for pump filled tanks; All fill pipes leading to a pump filled oil tank must be equipped with a properly functioning check valve or equivalent device which provides automatic protection against backflow. A check valve is required only when the piping arrangement of the fill pipe is such that backflow from the receiving tank is possible.
6.	Operating valves for gravity drained tanks; Each tank connection through which oil can normally flow must be equipped with an operating valve to control flow. A valve which meets the standards set forth in NFPA 30, § 22.13.1, incorporated above at § 2.3(A) of this Part meets the requirements of this paragraph.
C.	Secondary Containment System for Above Ground Tanks
1.	A secondary containment system must be installed around any above ground oil storage tank. The secondary containment system must be constructed so that spills of oil and chemical components of oil will not permeate, drain, infiltrate, or otherwise escape to the groundwater or surface water before cleanup can occur. The secondary containment system may consist of a combination of dikes, liners, pads, impoundments, curbs, ditches, sumps, receiving tanks or other equipment capable of containing the product stored. The minimum capacity of the containment system shall be 110 percent of the volume of the tank or 110 percent of the largest tank in a multiple tank containment system. Construction of the containment system, with the exception of the containment requirements, shall be in accordance with NFPA 30, § 22.11, incorporated above at § 2.3(A) of this Part.
2.	If soil is used for the secondary containment system, it must be of such character that any spill onto the soil will be readily recoverable and will result in a minimal amount of soil contamination.
3.	Stormwater which collects within the secondary containment system must be removed by a manually operated pump or siphon, or a gravity drain pipe which has manually controlled dike valves. All pumps, siphons and valves must be properly maintained and kept in good condition. If gravity drain pipes are used, all dike valves must be locked in a closed position except when the operator is in the process of draining clean water from the diked area.
D.	Facilities Inspection
1.	Monthly inspections; The owner or operator of any facility having above ground storage tanks must inspect the facility at least monthly. This must include:
a.	Inspecting exterior surfaces of tanks, pipes, valves and other equipment for leaks, maintenance deficiencies and any other equipment deficiency;
b.	Identifying cracks, areas of wear, corrosion and thinning, poor maintenance and operating practices, excessive settlement of structures, separation or swelling of tank insulation, malfunctioning equipment and structural and foundation weaknesses; and
c.	Inspecting and monitoring all leak detection systems, cathodic protection monitoring equipment, or other monitoring or warning systems which may be in place at the facility.
2.	Ten-year inspections;
a.	Schedule;
(1)	In addition to monthly inspections required above, the owner or operator must perform a detailed inspection of any above ground tank with a capacity of ten thousand (10,000) gallons or more. The initial inspection must be performed when the tank is ten (10) years old, or within five (5) years of the effective date of these regulations, whichever comes later.
(2)	Any tank which is of an unknown age must be inspected within five (5) years of the effective date of these regulations.
(3)	If a tank is due for an initial inspection but has previously been inspected in a manner consistent with the criteria set forth, within a ten (10) year period to the due date, the Director may accept this previous inspection.
(4)	Reinspection of all tanks is required no later than ten (10) years from the date of the previous inspection.
b.	Exemptions; Ten-year inspections are not required for the following unless otherwise specified:
(1)	Tanks which are entirely above ground, such as tanks on racks, cradles or stilts are exempt from §§ 2.10(D)(2)(c)((1)) through ((5)) of this Part.
(2)	Tanks storing No. 5 or No. 6 fuel oil or tanks storing asphalt products;
(3)	Tanks installed in conformance with standards for new construction as set forth in §§ 2.10(I)(1) through (7) of this Part.
c.	Requirements for ten-year inspection; A ten (10) year inspection must consist of an appropriate tightness test of the tank and connecting piping or an inspection which consists of the following:
(1)	Cleaning the tank in accordance with generally accepted practices;
(2)	Removal, transportation and disposal of sludge in a manner, consistent with all applicable State and Federal laws and regulations;
(3)	Inspecting the tank shell for soundness and testing all welds and seams on the tank bottom for porosity and tightness. The test must be consistent with accepted industry testing and inspection practices. This may include one or a combination of the following: a tightness test, an air pressure, hydrostatic or vacuum test, a penetrant dye test and a non-destructive test to detect thinning of the tank;
(4)	Visual inspection of the internal surface of the tank for corrosion or failure;
(5)	Inspection of internal coatings for any sign of failure of the coating system such as cracks, bubbles, blisters, peeling, curling or separation; and
(6)	A tightness test of any connecting underground pipes.
3.	Inspection reports;
a.	Reports for each monthly inspection and ten-year inspection must be maintained and made available to the Department upon request for a period of at least ten (10) years. An annual report, comprising the monthly inspection reports or a yearly summary and any ten-year inspection reports completed in the previous 12 months, shall be submitted to the Department of Environmental Management, Office of Emergency Response. Reports shall be submitted by December 31 of each year.
b.	The reports must include the following information:
(1)	Identification number for tank(s) inspected;
(2)	Date of inspection;
(3)	Results of inspection, including specific inspection procedures any deficiencies and corrective actions;
(4)	Certification by the inspector that the inspection has been performed in accordance with these regulations;
(5)	Signature and address of the inspector.
4.	Repair of equipment; If an inspection reveals a tank equipment failure, monitoring equipment failure, excessive thinning of a tank shell which would indicate structural weakness when the tank contains oil, remedial measures must be taken promptly to eliminate any leak potential. See § 2.11 of this Part.
5.	Uninspected facilities; If any portion of a facility is not inspected as required, the uninspected portion of the facility must be taken out-of-service pursuant to these regulations.
E.	Closure of tanks
1.	Temporary closure; Storage tanks or facilities which are temporarily closed for thirty (30) days or more must be closed as follows:
a.	All product must be removed from the tank and the piping systems. Any waste product removed from the tank must be disposed of in accordance with all applicable State and Federal requirements.
b.	All manways must be locked or bolted securely and fill lines, gauge openings or pump lines must be capped, plugged or blanked.
2.	Permanent closure; Any tank which is closed for a period of 180 days or more shall be considered permanently closed and shall comply with the following:
a.	Liquid and sludge must be removed from the tank and connecting lines. Any waste products must be disposed of in accordance with all applicable State and Federal requirements.
b.	The tank must be rendered free of oil vapors.
c.	All connecting lines must be disconnected or blanked. Manways must be securely fastened.
d.	Tanks must be stenciled with the date of permanent closure.
F.	Storage tanks or facilities which have not been closed pursuant to § 2.10(E) of this Part, are subject to all requirements of § 2.10(D) of this Part.
G.	Used tanks; Tanks which are removed and do not meet the requirements of §§ 2.10(I)(1) through (7) of this Part are prohibited from being reused for the purpose of oil storage.
H.	Groundwater Monitoring Program; All facilities with a combined storage capacity greater than or equal to 50,000 gallons, or any facility with a storage capacity greater than or equal to 5,000 gallons which is located in an environmentally sensitive area, which for the purpose of these regulations shall be defined as any area with a groundwater classification of GAA, shall; within six months of the effective date of these regulations, implement a groundwater monitoring program approved by the DEM. The monitoring program shall consist of a sufficient number of wells to detect the release of hydrocarbon product from storage tanks, pumping facilities, manifolds and other appurtenances.
1.	Minimum Well Construction Standards; Wells shall be screened above and below the water table. The screened interval shall be sufficient to detect free phase product during seasonal fluctuations of the water table. The minimum inside well diameter shall be 2 inches. Each well shall be equipped with a locking tamper proof cover. A locus map and site plan shall be submitted to the Department with the locations of the monitoring wells, the well casing elevations, and the location of all significant site structures. Well completion logs shall be submitted to this Department with the site plans.
2.	Minimum Site Monitoring Requirements; Monitoring wells shall be checked monthly for the presence of a discernible layer of hydrocarbon product in the wells. The static water table elevation shall also be recorded at the time of monitoring. A log shall be maintained at the facility. The log shall contain the static water table measurements, the free phase product elevation and the product thickness for each monitoring well. An annual report of the groundwater monitoring program shall be submitted to the Department. The Department may require additional monitoring at facilities which may impact underground drinking water supplies.
3.	Reporting Requirements; Upon the discovery of free phase product in a monitoring well the facility owner or operator shall notify the Department verbally within twenty-four (24) hours and submit a written report within ten (10) working days. The owner/operator shall submit to the Department a site assessment plan, subject to DEM approval, within 30 days of the discovery of free phase product in a monitoring well.
I.	New and Substantially Modified Facilities
1.	Design and construction standards; New above ground oil storage facilities must be constructed of steel and meet or exceed one of the following design and manufacturing standards:
a.	UL 142;
b.	UL 58;
c.	API Standard 650;
d.	API Standard 620;
e.	CAN4-S601-M84; or
f.	CAN4-S630-M84;
2.	Any above ground oil storage tank which does not comply with the above requirements such as a riveted or bolted steel tank, a tank constructed of wood, concrete, aluminum or fiberglass reinforced plastic, must be constructed in accordance with all applicable manufacturing standards and must be designed for the above ground storage of oil products, and may not be installed without prior approval of the Director.
3.	Cathodic protection for tank bottom; Bottoms of new tanks which rest on or in the ground must be cathodically protected with sacrificial anodes or an impressed current system which is designed, fabricated and installed in accordance with recognized engineering practices.
a.	The cathodic protection system must be designed to provide a minimum of thirty (30) years of protection.
b.	A qualified engineer or corrosion specialist must supervise the installation of the cathodic protection system where this is necessary to assure that the system has been installed as designed.
c.	Each cathodic protection system must have a monitor which enables the owner or operator to check on the adequacy of cathodic protection.
4.	Painting of exterior tank surfaces; The exterior surfaces of all new above ground storage tanks must be protected by a primer coat, a bond coat and two or more final coats of paint or have an equivalent surface coating system designed to prevent corrosion and deterioration.
5.	Impermeable barriers under tank bottom; Any new stationary tank which is designed to rest on the ground must be constructed with a double bottom or underlain by an impervious barrier such as a concrete pad or a cutoff barrier. If a barrier is used, it must have a permeability rate of water equal to or less than 1 x 10-6 cm/sec and must not deteriorate in an underground environment or in the presence of oil.
6.	Secondary Containment for new above ground tanks; A secondary containment system must meet or exceed the requirements of § 2.10(C)(1) of this Part and must be constructed with a permeability rate of water equal to or less than 1 x 10-6 cm/sec.
7.	Monitoring systems for new above ground tanks; All new above ground tanks must have equipment for monitoring between the tank bottom and the impermeable barrier. This includes, but is not limited to, perforated gravity collection pipes or channels in a concrete foundation pad which may be monitored for the presence of oil visually, electronically or by other satisfactory methods. Observation wells or other systems which monitor the soil or groundwater beneath the impermeable barrier do not satisfy the leak detection requirements of this section.
8.	Foundation design; New above ground tanks must be supported on a well-drained stable foundation which prevents movement, rolling or settling of the tank and is designed to minimize corrosion of the tank bottom.
9.	Avoiding traffic hazards; New above ground tanks, pipes and distribution equipment must not be located along highway curves or otherwise exposed to traffic hazards.
10.	Testing of new tanks; Before placing in service, all new tanks must be tested for tightness and inspected in accordance with requirements outlined in API Standard 650, 12th Edition, incorporated above at § 2.3(C) of this Part. If a pneumatic test is used, all fittings, welds and joints must be coated with a soap solution and inspected for air leaks.
2.11	Repairing and Reconditioning of Above Ground Storage Tanks
A.	Permanent repairs; All repairs must be permanent in nature and equal to or better than the standards of original construction.
B.	All welds associated with the repair of a tank must be inspected and tested for tightness before the tank is returned to service.
C.	Linings, coatings, grouts and other sealing materials which are chemically compatible with the oil product being stored may be used in conjunction with a permanent steel tank repair as outlined above, but by themselves are not acceptable permanent repairs.
D.	Cleaning of tank prior to repair; Prior to repair, a tank must be cleaned in accordance with generally accepted practices. Sludge which has accumulated on the bottom of the tank must be removed, transported and disposed of in a manner consistent with all applicable State and Federal requirements for solid waste disposal.
E.	Coating (lining) specifications; Any non-corrodible epoxy-based resins, isophthalic polyester-based resins or equivalent coating which is bonded firmly to the interior surfaces may be used as a coating to protect a tank from future corrosion.
1.	The coating must be applied as soon as possible, but not later than eight (8) hours after sandblasting and cleaning of the internal surface. Visible rust, moisture or foreign matter must not be present.
2.	The coating must be of sufficient thickness, density and strength to form a hard-impermeable shell which will not crack, soften or separate from the interior surface of the tank. The coating when applied to properly prepared steel must maintain a permanent bond to the tank.
3.	The coating's coefficient of thermal expansion must be compatible with steel so that stress due to temperature changes will not be detrimental to the soundness of the coating.
4.	The coating must be chemically compatible with oil products and product additives.
5.	The coating material must be applied and cured in strict accord with manufacturer's specifications.
6.	Coatings used to protect the bottom of the tank must extend up the side of the tank a minimum of eighteen (18) inches.
7.	Inspection of coating; The coating must be checked for blisters, air pockets and electrically tested for pinholes. The coating thickness must be checked assure compliance with manufacturer's specifications. Any defects must be repaired.
8.	Manufacturer's guarantee; An interior coating must be installed under the direction of the lining manufacturer or a certified representative. The manufacturer or representative must guarantee to the owner in writing that the coating will not leak the product specified in storage for the period specified in the coating product warranty. A copy of the guarantee must be kept by the owner for the life of the tank.
2.12	Oil and Waste Release Response
A.	This section is applicable to any person engaged in the;
1.	Transfer or storage of oil, including, but not limited to, the owner and operator of an oil-carrying vessel, owner and operator of a terminal, owner and operator of a reception facility, owner and operator of an oceangoing vessel, owner and operator of an oil storage tank, owner and operator of property at which an oil tank is located, the owner and operator of an oil tanker truck,
2.	Release of an oil product to the environment and
3.	Owner of property where an oil release has occurred.
B.	When a release of oil occurs, it is the responsibility of any person subject to these regulations to take the following actions, provided, however, that, initially, only one person need make and file the required reports:
1.	Immediately cease all further oil transfer operations until such time as the release is stopped and any oil spill debris material is removed;
2.	Immediately stop discharge, begin containment and removal of the oil and waste material;
3.	Immediately report the incident to the Department of Environmental Management, Office of Emergency Response by calling 222-1360 from 8:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Monday through Friday or contact the Division of Law Enforcement dispatcher at 222-3070 all other times.
4.	Notify other appropriate local, State and Federal officials, which may include, but are not limited to, the local Fire Chief, Coast Guard, Environmental Protection Agency, Coastal Resources Management Council, and the National Response Center (800-424-8802).
5.	Within ten (10) calendar days of the time the release is first discovered, submit a written report to DEM, Chief of the Office of Emergency Response, which should include, but not be limited to:
a.	Date, time and place of release
b.	Names, addresses and telephone numbers of all persons potentially responsible or liable for such release, including all persons described in § 2.12(A) of this Part;
c.	Amount and type of material released;
d.	Complete description of containment and removal operation, including costs of these operations;
e.	Complete description of circumstances causing the release;
f.	Description any third-party damages;
g.	Procedures, methods and precautions instituted or planned to prevent an event from recurring.
C.	Mechanical methods initially shall be used to clean up oil and chemical releases unless otherwise permitted under § 2.12(D) of this Part.
D.	No chemical agents, dispersants, surface collecting agents, biological additives, burning agents, or sinking agents, shall be used without the prior consent of the Office of Emergency Response.
E.	In the event of an oil release or if the Director has reason to believe that a release has occurred, the Director may require any person subject to these regulations to initiate monitoring, remedial, and cleanup action. Such action may include, but not be limited to, removal of oil from surface waters, placement of containment devices, water quality sampling, installation of groundwater monitoring recovery and/or treatment systems, restoration of areas impacted by the release, and removal of all oil-contaminated soil and debris. Such actions shall continue until the oil release has been remediated or mitigated, subject to the approval of the DEM.
F.	All persons to whom these regulations are applicable shall have an ongoing obligation to update and supplement all information delivered to the Department with new information regarding a release or spill as it becomes available.
2.13	Storage and Removal of Oil Spill Cleanup Debris
A.	Oil spill cleanup debris may be stored temporarily at the site of the spill or leak, or at another site approved by DEM provided that:
1.	The material is stored on an impermeable base or liner;
2.	The material is fully covered and secured so as to prevent the material from leaching into the groundwater, or particulates being dispersed by the wind;
3.	Representative composite samples are immediately taken and analyzed for oil and grease, lead, PCB and flammability unless otherwise specified by an authorized DEM representative;
4.	Samples are analyzed and the results are submitted to the DEM Office of Emergency Response within (30) days of sample collection;
5.	If the sample results show the material to be a hazardous waste, the owner or operator of the site shall take immediate measures to properly store and dispose of the material in accordance with State and Federal hazardous waste regulations;
6.	The temporary storage of the oil spill cleanup debris does not exceed thirty (30) days unless the owner or operator of the site demonstrates to DEM in writing that there is good cause for extending temporary storage and DEM issues written authorization for extended temporary storage.
B.	Oil spill cleanup debris shall be removed from the site only in secured drums or canisters or in a vehicle which is covered.
C.	Oil spill cleanup debris shall be removed only to one of the following facilities:
1.	Special facilities constructed within a licensed sanitary landfill designed and constructed in accordance with Solid Waste Regulations No. 2, Subchapter 05 Part 2 of this Chapter; or
2.	Asphalt manufacturers or others that are licensed as solid waste management facilities and approved by the Department of Environmental Management to accept Oil Spill Debris.
3.	Any out-of-state facility that will agree to take the material and that is allowed to accept the material by the State in which it is located.
D.	Within ten (10) days of removal of the oil spill cleanup debris from the site, the owner or operator of the site shall submit to DEM documentation showing when the material was removed and to where the material was removed.
2.14	Spill Prevention and Emergency Plans
A.	This section is applicable to the owner and operator of a reception facility, the owner and operator of a terminal, and the owner or operator of any outdoor oil storage tank. This section is not applicable to tanks with a capacity of 500 gallons or less storing heating oil.
B.	Any person subject to this section shall, within six months of the effective date of these regulations, have readily available at the facility an emergency plan, which shall, at a minimum, contain the following information:
1.	Up-to-date schematic diagrams showing the location of all outdoor tanks and piping used for the storage and conveyance of oil, including the location of all emergency shutoff valves;
2.	A description of on-site emergency containment and cleanup equipment;
3.	Description of off-site auxiliary emergency equipment that can be readily obtained, including a listing of cleanup contractors to contact for such equipment;
4.	Emergency telephone numbers of local, State and Federal officials who should be contacted in case of an oil spill.
C.	Upon request by an employee or agent of DEM, emergency plans shall be made available for inspection and copying.
D.	Emergency plans or other similar spill prevention control plans required under other Federal or State requirements may be substituted for the plan required by this section provided the plan contains at a minimum, the requirements of §§ 2.14(B)(1) through (4) of this Part.
2.15	Discharges to Reception Facilities
A.	The owners or operators of any vessel ship which intends to transfer or discharge any shipboard oil to a reception facility shall, prior to the discharge or transfer, file with the Director evidence of financial responsibility, which shall include a surety bond, letter of credit, certificate of insurance, or corporate guarantee in the amount of at least $50,000 payable to the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.
B.	Prior to accepting any shipboard oil from a vessel ship, the owner or operator of the reception facility shall require the owner or operator of the vessel to produce evidence of financial responsibility consistent with the provisions of this section.
C.	The money pledged or guaranteed by the requirement of this section shall be used to satisfy:
1.	Costs incurred by the State to rectify and clean up any damage to the environment and natural resources; and
2.	Fines or penalties imposed for violation of any laws or regulations designed to prevent or control water pollution.
D.	The forfeiture of such money pledged pursuant to this section shall not relieve the owner or operator of liability to the State if the costs incurred by the State and the fines imposed are greater than the amount forfeited.
E.	The evidence of financial responsibility shall be subject to review and approval by DEM, but should conform as much as possible to those documents referenced in 40 C.F.R. § 264.151 (2018), recognizing, of course, that those referenced documents are designed for a somewhat different purpose.
F.	The Director may require evidence of financial responsibility in an amount greater than $50,000 based on the following factors:
1.	Volume of discharge;
2.	Composition of the discharge;
3.	Location of the discharge;
4.	History of spills or noncompliance by the owner or operator;
5.	Other factors that may pose an increased threat to the State's environment and natural resources.
G.	The owner or operator of a vessel also may be considered a generator of hazardous waste and subject to State hazardous waste regulations.
2.16	Variances
A.	Any owner or operator of a facility may submit a written request to the Director or his designee for a variance of some or all provisions of these regulations.
B.	The owner or operator shall have the burden of proving by clear and convincing evidence that a variance should be granted because alternative design or operating standards are substantially equivalent to the regulations and will have no adverse effect on public health and/or the environment.
C.	If the Director determines that there is sufficient public interest or that the variance request raises significant issues that could affect other facilities, then the Director may schedule a public hearing to solicit public comment prior to rendering a decision on the variance request.
D.	The Director's decision to grant or deny a variance shall be in writing and may, as a condition of granting the variance, impose appropriate requirements necessary to protect the public health and the environment.
E.	Any person affected by the grant or denial of a variance request may, in accordance with the Rules and Regulations for the Administrative Adjudication Division (Part 10-00-1 of this Title) for the Department of Environmental Management, Administrative Adjudication Division, petition for an adjudicatory hearing to review the initial decision.
2.17	Penalties
Administrative and civil penalties, for any violation of these regulations, may be assessed in accordance with R.I. Gen. Laws Chapters 46-12, 42-17.1 and 42-17.6.
Title 250 Department of Environmental Management
Chapter 140 Waste and Materials Management
Subchapter 25 Oil & Underground Tanks
Part 2 Oil Pollution Control Regulations (250-RICR-140-25-2)
Type of Filing Technical Revision
Regulation Status Active
Effective 05/02/2018
R.I. Gen. Laws Chapters 46-12 and 42-17.1
This technical revision is being promulgated to correct a signature issue that occurred when this regulation was posted. The initials showing were "A.I." when they should have been listed as "S.I." This revision corrects this problem.
No changes at all were made to the regulation."
ACTIVE RULE Technical Revision - effective from 05/02/2018 to Current
INACTIVE RULE Technical Revision - effective from 05/02/2018 to 05/02/2018
There are no rulemaking documents associated with this filing.


The following dessert collections are from other talented bloggers. To open the dessert collection for each category, simply click on the link below each photo.
To view all of my Moms & Munchkins created recipes (like Ice Cream Nachos, Cookie Dough Truffles and more), visit our Irresistible Desserts page.


text:
Q: How to convert a sprint boot project with war packaging to jar I have a service S written using Spring Boot. It is packaged as a war. S acts as a mediator between application M (also a spring project) and a paid service P:
M <--> S <--> P
M calls APIs of S to use P.
However, after some recent design changes, a lot of utilities of S are either moved to M or removed completely, except for one API. Considering the deployment overhead to maintain a service(S) that just has one API, we have decided to use it S as a library instead of a separate service.
So now, M would just need to include S as a dependency (a library) in pom.xml file and it would use a method from some class of S to use P and just pass an object instead of calling the API of S.
To achieve above, I need to convert S to a JAR packaged library instead of WAR. There are a lot of articles about converting JAR to WAR, but none about opposite.
Note: I understand the best thing here would be to simply create a new maven project from scratch as no spring specific things are needed anymore. Also, a spring boot project has a lot of libraries that are not required, which affects the size of packaged JAR/WAR. So, just a maven project written from scratch would be lightweight and ideal but that would take some time. So, cannot take that road.

A: Create a parent pom like:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

  <groupId>com.essexboy</groupId>
  <artifactId>parent</artifactId>
  <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
  <packaging>pom</packaging>

  <modules>
    <module>M</module>
    <module>S</module>
  </modules>

</project>

The S pom will look like:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

  <parent>
    <artifactId>parent</artifactId>
    <groupId>com.essexboy</groupId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
  </parent>

  <artifactId>S</artifactId>

  <dependencies>
     ..
     ..
  </dependencies>

  <build>
  </build>
</project>

The M project will look like:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
  <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>

  <parent>
    <artifactId>parent</artifactId>
    <groupId>com.essexboy</groupId>
    <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
  </parent>

  <artifactId>M</artifactId>

  <dependencies>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>com.essexboy</groupId>
      <artifactId>S</artifactId>
      <version>${project.version}</version>
    </dependency>
  </dependencies>

  <build>
  </build>
</project>

When you build the parent your finished jar should be in M. You may want a fat jar
There will be no spring dependencies in these poms. You'll then need to fix any missing dependencies.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Each man must take care of his 3 kids; keep his assigned house clean, correct all homework, and complete science projects, cook, do laundry, and pay a list of 'pretend' bills with not enough money.
Each man must remember the birthdays of all their friends and relatives, and send cards out on time--no Emailing.
Each man must also take each child to a doctor's appointment, a dentist appointment and a haircut appointment.
He must make one unscheduled and inconvenient visit per child to the doctor or hospital.
He must also make biscuits or cakes for a social function..
planting flowers outside and keeping it presentable at all times.
and all chores are done.
The men must shave their legs, wear makeup daily, adorn himself with jewellery, wear uncomfortable yet stylish shoes, keep fingernails polished and eyebrows groomed.
They must attend weekly school meetings, and find timeat least once to spend the afternoon at the park or a similar setting..
morning, feed them, dress them, brush their teeth and comb their hair by 8:00 am.
A test will be given at the end of the six weeks, and each father will be required to know all of the following information: each child's birthday, height, weight, shoe size, clothes size and doctor's name. Also the child's weight at birth, length, time of birth, and length of labour, each child's favourite colour, middle name, favourite snack, favourite song, favourite drink, favourite toy, biggest fear and what they want to be when they grow up.
(preferably) or part time employment to assist in the financial input for the family.
The kids vote them off the island based on performance. The last man wins only if... he still has enough energy to be intimate with his spouse at a moment's notice.
I wonder if there is a comeback from the dads? Anyone? Anyone? Anyone want to dare?


text:
This is a bicameral parliament. Switch to theHouse of Lords
Bicameral
Basic information such as the official name of parliament and details of its structure and leadership. Also includes the current breakdown of MPs by sex and age, and provisions for quotas and reserved seats.
Parliament name
Chamber name
Structure & Status of parliament This field is to indicate lower/upper in the back end.
Parliamentary term (years)
IPU membership
Affiliation periods
from 1889-01
IPU Geopolitical Group/s IPU Geopolitical Groups: African Group, Arab Group, Asia-Pacific Group, Eurasia Group, Group of Latin America and the Caribbean (GRULAC), Twelve Plus Group.
Twelve Plus Group
Official title The Speaker may for example be known as the Presiding Officer, President, Chairman/Chairperson, etc.
Speaker of the House of Commons
John Bercow (Male)
Historical data for Speaker
Official title This post is most commonly called Secretary General or Clerk. It may also be called Secretary, Head/Chief of the Secretariat, Director General, etc.
John Benger (Male)
Notes Additional information about the Secretary General, in particular regarding their term.
Sworn in on 1 March 2019.
Statutory number of members Statutory number of members, as defined in the constitution or other fundamental law.
Principal mode of designation of members
Directly elected
Directly elected members Directly elected by citizens.
Current number of members Number of members who currently hold seats in parliament. May be lower or higher than the statutory number of members.
Historical data for Current number of members
Year Current number of members
Men The number of male parliamentarians who currently hold seats in parliament.
Women The number of female parliamentarians who currently hold seats in parliament.
Historical data for Women
Year Women
Percentage of women Calculated by dividing the current number of women by the current number of members.
32% See historical data for this field.
Historical data for Percentage of women
Year Percentage of women
Statutory number of members per country As defined in the constitution or other fundamental laws. Combines the number of parliamentarians in both chambers in bicameral parliaments.
1,441 See historical data for this field.
Historical data for Statutory number of members per country
Year Statutory number of members per country
Population (in thousands) Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects.
Historical data for Population (in thousands)
Year Population (in thousands)
Inhabitants per parliamentarian Calculated by dividing the population by the statutory number of parliamentarians.
46,199 See historical data for this field.
Historical data for Inhabitants per parliamentarian
Year Inhabitants per parliamentarian
Average age of all members Age at the time of the last election or renewal.
Historical data for Average age of all members
Year Average age of all members
Youngest member (years) Age at the time of the last election or renewal.
Youngest member
Mhairi Black (Female)
Oldest member (years) Age at the time of the last election or renewal.
Oldest member
Dennis Skinner (Male)
Number of members, by age
Breakdown of members by age and gender
Totals per gender
Totals per age interval 1 19 110 111 0 102 205 83 15 3
Total <= 45: 241 Total >= 46: 408
Male 0 13 69 79 0 71 142 69 12 3 458
Female 1 6 41 32 0 31 63 14 3 0 191
Percentage of members, by age
Age as last election or renewal
Percentage of MPs 30 years of age or youngerCompare data of this field. 3.08% 2% 1.08%
Percentage of MPs 40 years of age or youngerCompare data of this field. 20.03% 12.63% 7.4%
Percentage of MPs 45 years of age or youngerCompare data of this field. 37.13% 24.81% 12.33%
Members for whom data is available
649 See historical data for this field.
Historical data for Members for whom data is available
Year Members for whom data is available
Reserved seats and quotas
There are reserved seats in parliament for certain groups Reserved seats are a means to ensure the parliamentary representation of certain groups in society.
Electoral quota for women Quotas to promote the representation of women in parliament.
Voluntary political party quotas.
Legal source Legal text that stipulates the quota, such as the Constitution or electoral law.
Cf. The Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act 2002 which allows political parties to select candidates from all-women shortlists. Cf. also individual party statutes.
Electoral quota for youth Quotas to promote the representation of youth in parliament.
Parliamentary website Link(s) to parliamentary web site in English, French and/or local languages.
https://www.parliament.uk/
https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/
Rules of procedure/Standing Orders Link(s) to Rules of procedure on the parliamentary web site in English, French and/or local language.
https://www.parliament.uk/site-information/glossary/standing-orders/
List of members Link(s) to list of members on the parliamentary web site.
https://www.parliament.uk/business/commons/members-of-the-house-of-commons-/

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
News | Resources
Leading climate action trackers are ignoring the military contribution to climate change.
Pressure from campaigners, researchers and journalists has been instrumental in driving climate action by states and large corporations. Climate action tracking websites and reports play a vital role in informing this process but as Ellie Kinney writes, the leading climate tracking sites are silent on military emissions.
Military emissions appear to be an invisible component of national contributions to the climate crisis for most climate action tracking organisations.
Data is key to action
The availability of accurate and accessible data is key to ensuring that major emitters can be held accountable and that their decarbonisation plans can be scrutinised. Climate action tracking websites and reports play an important role in this, providing expert analysis alongside key statistics to give an overview of a country or company's climate action. However, there is one glaring absence from their research. Our analysis of leading climate action tracking websites found that none published figures or estimates on military emissions, or evaluated countries' pledges to reduce them.
Net Zero Tracker, the Green Future Index, the Climate Change Performance Index and Climate Action Tracker each use a different methodology to rate and rank the performance of countries against a range of indicators, using data submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). However, none of the four track or make explicit the military contribution, or any national commitments to military emissions reductions. The result is that countries such as the UK top the charts for climate action, whilst also being within the top 10 military spenders globally and responsible for significant volumes of under-reported military emissions.
Hostage to the military reporting gap?
Unfortunately, it isn't too surprising that data on military emissions is absent across climate tracking websites, as well as status reports like the World Resources Report and even the UN Environment Programme's influential Emissions Gap Report. Researchers can only populate websites and reports based on the information available to them and, at present, no governments are obliged to comprehensively report on their military emissions.
Additionally, emissions from militaries do not fit neatly into the UNFCCC's reporting framework, despite the fact that militaries are some of the biggest institutional polluters. Our data collection through the Military Emissions Gap project finds that reporting of military emissions to the UNFCCC tends to be either wholly absent or incomplete, generally unclear, and highly inconsistent between countries.
However, even emissions data that is voluntarily reported by a handful of countries is missing entirely from climate tracking websites. The only place it is collated is on CEOBS and Concrete Impacts' joint Military Emissions Gap site. The omission of even incomplete data and the lack of commentary around the issue only serves to perpetuate the military emissions gap. Scrutiny can help drive emission reductions, and transparency makes it possible for progress to be monitored. Without accessible reporting through climate action tracking websites, this data gap will continue to contribute to an accountability gap.
Scrutiny and transparency
To those who argue that military or military technology industry emissions are a special case, it is worth noting that, although defence is rarely if ever listed as a standalone industry on tracking websites, some of the top 10 arms companies can be found within other categories on Net Zero Tracker, Carbon Disclosure Project, and the Transition Pathway Initiative.
As CEOBS' research found in 2021, reporting within the military technology sector is 'relatively progressive', at least within the constraints of standard Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reporting parameters. It's likely that companies like BAE Systems, Raytheon Technologies, and Lockheed Martin, would not be engaged with climate action initiatives without external pressure from shareholders and investors around Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) reporting.
Additionally, some of the world's largest military technology companies, such as Lockheed Martin and Thales, have set ambitious Net Zero targets. What this suggests is that the pressure on companies to at least appear green, and withstand scrutiny of their CSR strategies and ESG reporting, has had some positive impact on the sector's climate action. Climate action tracking clearly puts the heat on companies – shouldn't militaries feel the same pressure?
Militaries are responsible for significant emissions and yet face little to no scrutiny of their contribution to the climate crisis. In the UK alone, the Ministry of Defence is responsible for more than 50% of central government's emissions. Similarly, the US Department of Defence's climate footprint exceeds that of nearly 140 countries. It's time to put military emissions in the spotlight and to start holding militaries accountable for their impact. Militaries need to feel the heat of the climate movement and easily accessible data and analysis is the key to making that happen.
Ellie Kinney is CEOBS' military emissions Campaigner.
Hot potato: PFAS contamination lingers at burn pits as city, county, National Guard contest responsibility
Ukraine Peace Picket Monday Sept 12, Madison


text:
Muddy roads and emergency services
According to many reports, mud season this year is the worst it's been in many years. The Harwood Unified Union School District has shut down bus transportation on many roads from Warren to Waterbury and Claire Ewald's towing and AAA service was extremely busy from Friday evening, March 18, through Sunday, March 20, she said.
"My guy on call was busting his ass, he put in 30 hours between 6 p.m. on Friday and 6 p.m. on Sunday," Ewald said, noting that the log books showed him pulling cars from the mud in every town in The Valley.
"AAA told me this weekend was worse than the last snowstorm," she added.
Mad River Valley Ambulance Service president Dave Schantz said he was confident in the experience and resourcefulness of his rescue members and volunteers.
"We have many resources here in The Valley depending on the situation at hand. The roads lately could pose a real problem and we might look to our town road crews for assistance. As an example of resourcefulness, at a water rescue several days ago we quickly procured a boat to cross the swollen river and get to our patient.
Our rescue members have many years of experience responding to all kinds of emergencies in The Valley and I have all the confidence in the world that we will continue to get responders to patients or our patients to responders depending on the emergency at hand," Schantz said.
Warren fire chief Jeff Campbell was also optimistic that firefighters could get where they needed to go.
"There are some roads that are bad, real bad, but we think that we can get at least one of our smaller trucks to those roads. The biggest thing people can do to help all emergency services and road departments is not just abandon their cars when they are stuck. They need to call a wrecker. If it's there for an extended period of time the town is towing the vehicle at the owner's expense.
Waitsfield fire chief Tripp Johnson said mud season this year and most years, definitely poses a challenge for firefighters. The Waitsfield-Fayston Fire Department has some utility vans that are 4WD but the bigger trucks and water tankers are 2WD.
"We rely heavily on the road crews for their help in getting equipment in place, and during mud season we carry 2,000 feet of large diameter hoses and an equal amount of small hoses, "he said.
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Part of the country is desert. Part is Mediterranean in both appearance, lifestyle and climate. Part is tropical. Part is African Savannah. Part is rolling mountains. Even the cities. Parts could be in the South of France or California parts could be in Detroit, and then again parts could in Lagos.
The Europeans are a scattering of everything. From classic "boere" living with values from 150 years ago to cosmopolitan modern youths. Blacks, Whites, coloreds, Asians all with different culture within their culture. But all sharing one South African trait of friendliness. A sincere "How are you today ?" and a "How can I help you ?" are just not that forthcoming in much of the western world anymore. Children who still respect their elders and men who still have manners and ladies who aren't ashamed to know how to bake.
Add to obvious in that. Beautiful game farms and beaches and a wonderful variety of outdoor actives to do and the weather to do them in. Never too hot or too cold and almost always sunny. Awesome cuisine and wine.


We have tried many combinations of waffle ingredients and made thousands of waffles. When we learned about the antioxidant benefits of flaxseed, we tried it in waffles. Our daughter developed this recipe, which seems to have the right combination of ingredients. It surpasses anything we have tried yet. We were surprised to discover that the flax works like leavening, causing the batter to bubble up and fill all the depressions in the waffle iron.
* Makes waffle brown; 1 date or ½ tablespoon of raisins may be used instead.
If your iron is old and worn, you probably have to use plenty of non-stick spray. The new waffle irons are not experience, and a new Teflon surfaces stays nice long time if you never grease or wash it. The non-stick sprays leave a residue that builds up, making the waffled stick. So don't spray, and get a nicer-appearing waffle as well!
2. Blend all ingredients for 1 minute.
3. Pour mixture into preheat waffle iron and close the lid. Bake until steam stops rising and the waffle is golden brown and crisp.
Hint: We've found that the time to bake these waffles varies greatly with the particular waffle iron-from 4 to 12 minutes. So follow the steam rule above, and you won't have a sticky mess! Once you know how long your iron takes, it's simples to use a timer than watch the steam.
4. Remove to a cooling rack and serve.
Don't stack waffles when they're hot, as they'll become soggy and compressed. Use a toaster to add crispiness and reheat leftovers.


Credito is a decentralized credit intelligence network providing credit scores, transaction scores and lending marketplace powered by Ethereum blockchain, Smart Contracts and IPFS, bringing enhanced transparency and reliability. Credito is building a Credit Intelligence Network for the credit industry to prevent Credit Risk by identifying fraudulent transactions as they happen, allowing the industry to take well informed decisions.
While the growth projections for p2p lending are promising, one of the major challenges is providing a system to reduce fraudulent and high risk activities, as they result in loss of investor confidence and trust.
As a solution to the above problems, we have created the Credito Network, or simply Credito. A decentralized network based on Ethereum blockchain coupled with smart contracts and Interplanetary File System (IPFS5) providing Credit Intelligence and Decentralized Lending Marketplace.
What is the need of decentralized and transparent Credit Intelligence platform ?
Despite the efforts made by banks, card issuers, and merchants, credit card fraud continues to grow faster than credit card spending. Data breaches have resulted in more card details being compromised, and the growth in online shopping has led to more opportunities for ecommerce fraud. According to a 2016 report by Nilson1 , losses from credit card fraud amounted to $21.8 billion in 2015 that's an increase of 162% from the 2010 figure which was $8 billion. The losses for 2016 are already estimated at over $24 billion, and these losses are expected to reach $31 billion by 2020.
On the other hand, peer to peer (p2p) platforms are among the fastest growing segment in the financial services space. The market for alternate finance gained popularity in recent years. A finding by Transparency Market Research suggests that "the opportunity in the global peer-to-peer market will be worth $898 billion by the year 2024, from $26 billion in 2015. The market is anticipated to rise at a CAGR of 48% between 2016 and 2024.
Credito encourages the expanding and proficient operation of the credit industry by permitting both fiat and digital resource loan specialists to broaden credit to people and establishments with underdeveloped or a juvenile credit framework. The ecosystem provides solutions to enable any verified lender to safely and securely issue credit to the verified borrower.
Decentralization is not only the foundation of the tamperproof properties of blockchains, but the basis of their permissionless nature. By continuing to build decentralized systems, we aim to further enable permissionless development within Credito. We believe that decentralization is a crucial component for a globally thriving ecosystem with long-term sustainability.
Modularity for simple and flexible system design.
We appreciate the philosophy of building small tools which do one thing well. Simple components can be easily reasoned about and thus securely combined into larger systems. We believe that modularity not only enables upgradable systems, but facilitates decentralization.
Secure, transparent and extensible systems.
Credito is built for the community. We value the community and will engage continually with data scientists, domain experts, academics, and security experts for peer review. We encourage testing, audits, and formal proofs of security, all with the aim of creating a platform whose robustness and security can support future innovations.


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Around February 3, 1851
Selected Tales: The Power of a Story
Date(s): Unknown Location: ROCKBRIDGE, Virginia Tag(s): Arts/Leisure, Health/Death
In this day and age, newspapers rarely print fiction. Of course, there is the occasional magical story written by a third grade class that appears every once a week in the Arts and Entertainment section of the paper, but for the most part, fictional stories of real substance are not published in newspapers anymore. This was not the case in the 1800's. Appearing in The Valley Star each week was...
Arson Terrorizes Leesburg
Date(s): February 3, 1851 Location: LOUDOUN, Virginia Tag(s): Crime/Violence
In the winter of 1851, the town of Leesburg in Loudoun County, Va, was hit by an epidemic. This plague, however, did not bring illness. It instead brought fire. According to an article in the Leesburg newspaper The Washingtonian, a series of fires had spread throughout the town. First, it wasthe firingof a barn belonging to Mr. Hempstone and the stabbing of Mr. Vandevater's horse. Then,...
Bill against Fugitive Slave Act introduced in New York Legislature
Date(s): January 25, 1851 Location: HENRICO, Virginia Tag(s): Race-Relations, Slavery
A small portion of the New York Legislature pushed for a bill which was against the Fugitive Slave Act. A similar Bill had been passed earlier in Vermont. The main conflict in this situation is difference between a state and federal law, which takes precedence etc. The South was using the power of the Federal government to keep the Fugitive Slave Act alive.<br />Shortly after these Bills...
Harriet Tubman makes her first trip to escort slaves to freedom
Date(s): December 1850 Location: BALTIMORE, Maryland Tag(s): Migration/Transportation, Slavery
In December of 1850, Harriet Tubman, escaped slave from Dorchester County, Maryland made her first attempt at freeing enslaved blacks in the South. Tubman had just recently escaped from the Slave state of Maryland to being a free person of Color in Philadelphia, in 1849. Tubman became involved very quickly with abolitionist movements and began to save her money in hopes of returning to purchase...
Arrival of Fugitive Slave Henry Long
Date(s): January 14, 1851 Location: HENRICO, Virginia Tag(s): African-Americans, Race-Relations, Slavery
Henry Long ran away from his Master in Richmond, Virginia and was eventually caught in New York City. Judge Judson of New York City ordered Long to be brought back to Virginia. Much commotion was caused on the trip back to Virginia because of the fear of an uprising of blacks. Long was guarded by as many as 200 police officers at one time when stepping on to a ferry leaving New York. Long would...
Paternalism, Slaveholders, and the Guilty Conscience
Date(s): February 27, 1851 Location: ADAMS, Mississippi Tag(s): African-Americans, Race-Relations, Slavery
On February 27, 1851, John M. Folkes wrote a letter in response to a request he had received from a man named Benjamin Drake. In his reply, he addressed Drake's plea for Folkes to surrender a number of his slaves. Throughout the letter, there was a tacit understanding of Drake's financial difficulties; one can assume from Folkes' reply that the end aspiration of Drake's request is...
11th President James K. Polk Succeeds John Tyler
Date(s): March 4, 1845 to March 4, 1849 Location: Washington City, District of Columbia Tag(s): Economy, Migration/Transportation, War
With this inauguration, James K. Polk, a slaveholding cotton planter from Tennessee, took over the American presidency from his predecessor, John Tyler, a states' rights Virginian who had disagreed with the Democratic Party over the issue of nullification. Polk had two main goals while he was in the office of president: he wanted to promote a program of economic reform that would bring down...
Fugitive Law approved in Indiana
Date(s): January 4, 1851 Location: HENRICO, Virginia Tag(s): African-Americans, Race-Relations, Slavery
Governor Wright's approval of this law showed the strong support which both he and state of Indiana had for the Union. In his message on Jan 4th, 1851 he eloquently summed up his feelings on the matter, "There is no safety for property or life except in the absolute supremacy of the law: no higher duty of the citizen than to maintain by word and deed, that supremacy, as we value the heritage,...
The Theatre of Everyday Life
Date(s): January 1, 1848 to January 1, 1850 Location: ORLEANS, Louisiana Tag(s): Women, Urban Society
As the daughter of Don Andres Almonaster y Rojas, the Cabildo's original benefactor, the Baroness Pontalba was no stranger to the notion of civic duty expressing itself through architecture. After a tumultuous marriage and divorce to a Parisian nobleman, sensationalized in various newspapers, she returned permanently to her hometown and sought to transplant the culture and sophistication she...
Cilinton Shines in a Public Works Display
Date(s): 1812 to 1837 Location: HERKIMER, New York Tag(s): Economy, Interior Development
One could argue that it was the governor of New York, DeWitt Clinton, who made the United States what they are today. Without him, and his efforts to build the Erie Canal, the United States would have experienced slower economic growth. He linked the Atlantic with the Great Lakes, via the Erie Canal running through New York State, empowering the North.
DeWitt Clinton saw the opportunity...
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