Take your time to read the Hyip Information Survey #531 observing stable performance of hyips in the Best Choice and Top Performers sections. One newcomer is introduced in the Openings section, as for the Problems section there are lots of problem programs there and a list of those blacklisted in the Closures section, which unfortunately includes a number of those listed at HyipNews. Some latest hyip news from the programs online are presented in the Events section. The update from concerning the new In-Account Direct Messaging service by Payza is presented in the Emoney section today. The Hyip Quotes update is also provided below.
Take a look at the TOP Choice section in the Hyip Information Survey #531 published this Friday.
1. Zooo Listed: 658 days Profit: 3% weekly! Term: for lifetime!
2. CME Trades Listed: 349 days Profit: 2.3-5% daily! Term: up to 50 calendar days!
3. Dowerly Listed: 330 days Profit: 0.2-2.5% daily! Term: up to 140 calendar days!
5. BreamFX Listed: 335 days Profit: 0.7-8% daily for 15-150 days 110% after 7 business days! Term: up to 150 business days!
6. D-Dollar Listed: 262 days Profit: 3% weekly! Term: up to 800 calendar days!
7. In-Delhi Listed: 260 days Profit: 3% weekly! Term: for lifetime!
1. 24pays Listed: 209 days Profit: 2.14-12.4% hourly 24-48 hours! Term: up to 2 calendar days!
2. HourDeposit Listed: 220 days Profit: 1.2-21% hourly for 24-96 hours! Term: up to 4 calendar days!
3. Deposit Portal Listed: 204 days Profit: 1.1-5.6% daily! Term: up to 100 business days!
4. Instant Coin Listed: 167 days Profit: 0.9-10% hourly! Term: up to 100 hours!
5. GoDeposit Listed: 205 days Profit: 110-200% after 3-7 days! Term: up to 7 calendar days!
6. BitWallet Listed: 129 days Profit: 1-4% hourly for 72-120 hours 15-20% hourly for 24 hours! Term: up to 120 hours!
7. HourPay Listed: 142 days Profit: 1.44-1.5% hourly for 72 hours, 3-5% hourly for 48 hours, 15-20% hourly for 24 hours! Term: up to 3 calendar days!
8. Fastbitpay Listed: 137 days Profit: up to 1.28-30% hourly! Term: up to 100 hours!
9. Derive Money Listed: 147 days Profit: up to 15% hourly! Term: up to 5 calendar days!
10. GetMyAds Listed: 114 days Profit: 1% daily for 600 days! Term: up to 600 calendar days!
The situation in the Top Choice is very interesting. Within a week period since last Friday there are literally no changes in programs positioning both in the Best Choice and Top Performers section. All hyips are the same and Zooo is taking the first place, while 24pays starts the Top Performers list. The week has been rather stable, which is a good sign closer to December.
Dowerly. After November 10 the quotation index of this hyip lost some points and then on till November 13 it was rising again until t reached its all-time maximum 240 points. Unfortunately it couldn't stay long on top and the following day the quotation index began to s go down. Within just three days it fell down to 166 points. Fortunately to the members of the program next day the trend changed and the quotation index moved up reaching 192 points.
PokerAdv and Capitaller. As it used to be several times before these two programs are sharing second place with the same number of quotation index points. Moreover, the graph showing the development of the hyip quotation index lately looks very much similar for both programs. Both Capitaller and PokerAdv reached all-time maximum during the rising trend observed from November 11 till November 14. And both programs were facing serious decline on November 16 and then rise again on November 17, when the index reached 168 points.
DeriveMoney. The Hyip has been included to the Hyip Quotes TOP 5 for the first time. The performance of this program has obviously been most stable among all six programs included. Reaching 128 points on November 13 the index was not changing for three days. On November 16 some decline was observed and the following day it got back to 128 points.
BitWallet and Earning Hike. Earning Hike is the only program in the Hyip Quotes section today, the quotation index trend of which is currently declining. It was rising till November 12, when it reached 144 points and remained stable for the next 3 days. After that the trend changed and within next two days it fell down to 120 points.
As for BitWallet, it is back to Hyip Quotes Top 5 and the thing worth being mentioned is the substantial growth of the quotation index the program faced on November 10-12, when the index moved from 72 to 120 points within just two days. After that no change was detected and the index remains stable till now.
We can see again the situation in the Hyip Quotes TOP 5 section, when several programs are sharing places. So Capitaller and PokerAdv are sharing the second place, showing very much similar performance day by day. Dowerly remains on TOP and the thing that looks common for the first three programs is reaching the all-time maximum quotation index on November 13-14.
The third place is taken by the newcomer, DeriveMoney, which is showing some decent and stable performance lately. As for the last two hyips, both have been here before. BitWallet moved up from 72 to 120 points and remains stable, while Earning Hike is the only program in TOP 5 with the quotation index being in decline today.
Take your time to see the list of the new programs launched online within the last week.
ForexGaint 0.3-0.4% hourly 220% after 22 days!
It's been a week since the last update on the new programs launched has been published. No wonder the number of the new projects that appeared online is twice larger than the number of new hyips shown last Friday. At the same time, let us pay your attention, some of those hyips, included to the list above may now be offline after being not able to work well enough and get blacklisted soon after the launch.
Similar thing happened to Lives Trade. After the program was added four days ago, two days after it was blacklisted and naturally it can't be among the newcomers, among which there is only one hyip, ForexGaint, offering both hourly payouts and also paying upon the expiry of 22 days.
There are lots of updates today in the Problems and Closures lists. We are sorry to admit both parts include programs listed at HyipNews. Three programs: Crypto Plaza, Alt Trader an Protsveta being listed for 20 days only are now Problem. As for the closed programs four hyips in the list have been listed at HyipNews till recently.
Moreover two of them couldn't make it for at least 10 days. FxLeader was added 8 days ago and Lives Trade - 4 days ago. As for the rest of programs, there are different hyips there: both those launched recently enough such as Avatas and PEARpie, and old-timers, which used to be industry leaders before, such as Forex Paradise, which was working online for more than 1000 days. Its closure is like the end of the era for some people.
FxLeader (8 days), Lives Trade (4 days), Intensa Forex (17 days), WalMart Profit (85 days), Forex Paradise (1013 days), Ray Coin Ltd (103 days), Two Percent Daily Club (71 days), Coin Payments (68 days), JokerPays Ltd (31 days), Avatas (3 days), BitVision (15 days), PEARpie (11 days), Lendo Forex Ltd (70 days).
The Razzleton hyip has been launched online at the end of the year 2015. HyipNews is not monitoring this hyip and hence there haven't been lots of updates from this hyip lately. However, the latest news delivered to the members of the project were informative enough to let our readers know about the progress made at Razzleton hyip recently.
First of all, we are pleased to inform the project is expanding the list of accepted payment options available for making deposits and withdrawals. Two new payment options such as QIWI and YandexMoney sound more interesting for Russian investors and as the admin reports the team of the project is grateful to the CIS partners for the increased interest.
QIWI provides instant transfers around the world, as well as quick access to the wallet using your mobile number. YandexMoney users can make payments and other transactions with the lowest commission. Minimum deposit amount when using QIWI and Yandex Money – $ 30. Minimum withdrawal amount – $ 3.
Another payment processor is more used worldwide. Neteller payment processor is an independent provider of high-quality financial services in a variety of businesses in more than 200 countries and a guarantee of data privacy for all users.
Another piece of news is a pleasant update for the active partners of Razzleton hyip. The new Representatives section has been added to the project. You can get any information about the company and the platform from the Razzleton representative who will be your senior partner and personal adviser.
Anyone can be fit for the position of Razzleton Representative under the circumstances one is sociable, polite, eager to be a part of the big team and knows how the system works. A full list of terms can be located on the website of the program.
EchoMines has been rich in updates lately. Earlier on November 12 there were some news telling about he priority of joining to the official Facebook group where the EchoMines CEO Jamie Hamilton, answers all the queries.
One day later the news was delivered saying EchoMines reached 1000 investors mark within just 39 days of being online. With a view to this stunning result the team of the project thanks all investors for their trust and promises to deliver the best result instantly.
Some days ago there was a server issue with Payza, which has successfully been resolved. Now Payza investors can deposit and withdraw normally and instantly with the minimum amount to withdraw $1 as per Payza policy.
Another website Bandeira has been offline for the technical reasons. Now it's back to normal conditions as the server issue has been fixed. The team of Bandeira hyip is grateful for the members' trust and loyalty and the customer support kindly asks everyone not to overload the support departments for the pincode and password, which are obviously working fine.
Ethtrade adds Polish language, which is now available on the website. The admin thanks all the people who were helpful in making the translation. The process of adapting the website to make it more user-friendly and efficient is still in process. In case one has any requests for translations, suggestions or offers of assistance it is recommended to contact the support.
CryptoForever announces reaching 4000 customers and thanks every member for the trust by continuous improving of the services qualities. For almost 110 days the investment plans of CryptoForever have been available for the customers. The program is being monitored on multiple websites, still HyipNews is not monitoring this hyip yet at least.
Capitaller, which has been listed at HyipNews for 101 days launches the new plan 7 Vip paying 1070% in 10 trading days. Deposit minimum $500. Hope adding the new plan is not a trivial attempt to attract new investors due to the lack of cash. If it actually is, then Capitaller becomes a risky opportunity to join, especially with large amounts.
There have been two updates from RightRise. On November 13 the admin reported adding LiteCoin as the new payment system due to numerous members' requests. Also the day before yesterday another news was published saying about adding the Japanese localization of the RightRise website.
Zinc7 also listed at HyipNews is having the Payza Merchant Business Account on hold due to some security check by Payza. The admin is sure holding procedure is temporal and once cleared it will allow the project to continue payments to members. Only Payza Users will be affected in this meantime.
So far all pending requests have been canceled so users can withdraw other available balance from remaining processors, which are by the way working fine with no delays. Further updates on the situation with Payza payments will follow.
The admin of Earn Tech hyip listed at HyipNews for a bit more than 2 months has reported the successful completion of the launch phase the project, now moving to the next phase and next priorities, which are continued growth and sustainability. Despite being listed at HyipNews for 65 days the admin of the project claims it's been online since June 15, 2016, assuring that's just a start and looking forward to long-term successful cooperation.
The program has been performing in a very effective way within the entire period it's been listed, which as the admin reports, wouldn't have been possible without the support and trust of the valued members and clients. The website of Earn Tech since its launch has been upgraded with new features, such as the EV SSL encryption, which implies address bar that confirms that the presented content is the genuine and legitimate.
Earn Tech has been working with the most popular payment options – Perfect Money, Payeer, Bitcoin, NixMoney and AdvCash and more information and details concerning the deposit procedure can be accessed in the OUR DEPOSITS METHODS page on the official Earn Tech website.
The team of the project works hard to make the services closer and more convenient for the customers and hence it is a pleasure to get comments or any ideas on further improvements, the feedback which is certainly be used to improve the platform and the entire website.
Among the future plans announced at Earn Tech there are adding the multi language live chat for convenience of the clients. Right now one may contact the support Live in English and by the phone via +441138680935 (9:00 AM - 9:00 PM GMT). The project is also running pages in Facebook, VK, Google+ and Instagram.
Speaking about the results achieved by Earn Tech for now there are more than 12500 investors from all over the world, more than USD 14 million of total investments, more than USD 5 million withdrawn by the members. The project is running a profitable and earning potential referral program. There is a standard and representative affiliate programs.
The referral rewards program offers earning at three levels and pays 4% of the deposits made by your first-line referrals, 2% of the deposits made by you second-line referrals (the people invited by your first-line referrals) and 1% of the deposits of your third-line referrals. 3% Extra Bonus is also paid to uplines who refer directly new member with the deposit amount more than USD 3,001.00. The bonus is paid to your account balance together with the common referral bonus.
Payza members can now send secure direct messages to Payza's Customer Support Team within their account. Yesterday Payza announced the launch of a new direct messaging customer support feature with In-Account Support.
The service will offer members improved customer assistance by being accessible directly within their accounts wherever they require additional guidance. The new support system will also provide an enhanced mobile support experience to complement the latest version of the Payza mobile app (including iOS).
The service will be offered to Payza Business Account holders as well as all members in the US, UK, Canada, India and Bangladesh. Now members can submit a support inquiry in seconds without interrupting their session. This new highly secure method of communication will facilitate a prompt two-way conversation between Payza and its members.
The feature will also be used to inform members of updates to their account by providing announcements and reminders. Payza will send periodic chat messages and pop-up "Notes" with information about new features, promotions, account updates, and other helpful tips. On rare occasions, Payza will use full-screen pop-up messages for important updates and announcements.


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Sulphur Springs, also known as White Sulphur Springs, is a census-designated place (CDP) in Spring Township, Jefferson County, Arkansas, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 1,032.

Demographics

2020 census

Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.

2010 Census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 66 people living in the CDP. The racial makeup of the CDP was 48.5% White, 42.4% Black, 7.6% Asian and 1.5% from two or more races.

As of the census of 2000, there were 82 people, 28 households, and 19 families living in the town. The population density was 35.0/mi2 (13.5/km). There were 43 housing units at an average density of 18.4/mi2 (7.1/km). The racial makeup of the town was 50.0% White and 50.0% Black or African American.

There were 28 households, out of which 57.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.9% were married couples living together, 14.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.1% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 21.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.93 and the average family size was 3.53.

In the town the population was spread out, with 42.7% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 31.7% from 25 to 44, 6.1% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 24 years. For every 100 females, there were 127.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.8 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $14,375, and the median income for a family was $14,583. Males had a median income of $25,938 versus $13,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $9,037. There were 39.1% of families and 38.4% of the population living below the poverty line, including 42.9% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.

History
Until 1819, the area west of Pine Bluff in what is now Jefferson and Grant counties was a mostly unpopulated wilderness. In that year, the Mississippi and Arkansas rivers flooded the Delta area east of Pine Bluff, covering all of southeast Arkansas except for some of the absolute high points.  This western area was very hilly, and had mostly small streams which did not flood. Shortly after the flood, the George Brummitt family moved from Desha County to what became White Sulphur Springs. He bought 40 acres on what is now the site of White Sulphur Springs Camp from the Federal Government with a War of 1812 land bounty and patented an additional 360 acres around the circumference of the spring property.

Many others saw the wisdom of settling on higher ground, including Brushrod Lee, who settled about a mile west near several springs and built a plantation known as Lee Springs. Lee was a doctor and with the establishment of his large house and medical practice, the community became a destination for folks from all over the state to come and drink and bathe in the waters from the two sets of springs. Pine Bluff residents and others made summer homes in the area.

In 1855 the burgeoning community applied for a post office for the town under the name of Sulphur Springs, but since there already was a town by that name in the northwestern part of the state, they chose the name White Sulphur Springs instead. During the American Civil War, White Sulphur Springs became a mobilization point for troops in the region. The Confederate hospital was moved to White Sulphur Springs from Pine Bluff in 1862, and many died and were buried at Camp White Sulphur Springs Confederate Cemetery. In September 1863 the U.S. Army burned the town, leaving nothing. Most residents abandoned or sold their land and left the area. According to census records, almost none of those who lived at the springs in 1860 were there in 1870 when a Methodist minister named Benjamin Watson moved to the area, became a Presbyterian, and founded a church and school which was later known as Watson Chapel.

It was 25 years after the American Civil War before the springs became the site of a real town again with the building of a hotel by two men, one black and one white.  Unfortunately they were burned out twice, possibly by prohibitionists or racists. The two eventually rebuilt the town but it never recovered its former glory.

After the war, residents continued to bury their dead in the Camp White Sulphur Springs Confederate Cemetery, with only a few of the grave sites being marked.

Education
Sulphur Springs is served by the Watson Chapel School District. Watson Chapel High School is the zoned high school.

Previously it had its own elementary school, Sulphur Springs Elementary School. In the 1969-1970 school year it had 75 students, all white. At the time African-American students were not permitted to attend, and had to go to Coleman Elementary School, with older students going to Coleman High School.

See also

 National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Arkansas

References

External links

 Sulphur Springs, Jefferson County, Arkansas at Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture
 Watson Chapel Public Library at Pine Bluff and Jefferson County Library System (pineblufflibrary.org)

Census-designated places in Arkansas
Census-designated places in Jefferson County, Arkansas
Census-designated places in Pine Bluff metropolitan area

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Домачевський район () — адміністративно-територіальна одиниця в Білоруській РСР у 1940—1956 роках, що входила до Берестейської області.

Домачевський район із центром у міському селищі Домачеве був утворений у Берестейській області 15 січня 1940 року, у жовтні встановлено поділ на 7 сільрад. 1 травня 1940 року на півдні району утворено міське селище Томашівка, яке 12 жовтня перетворено на робоче селище. 10 березня 1954 року робоче селище Томашівка ліквідоване. 16 липня 1954 року до району була приєднана Страдецька сільрада, що раніше перебувала в Берестейському районі. Того ж дня проведено перегляд поділу району на сільради, у тому числі Страдецьку сільраду перейменовано на Дурицьку. 17 грудня 1956 район був скасований, а вся його територія передана до складу Берестейського району.

Сільради
 1940—1954
 Дубицька;
 Комарівська;
 Леплевська;
 Меднівська;
 Підлузька;
 Приборівська;
 Черська.

 1954—1956
 Дурицька;
 Леплевська;
 Липинківська;
 Меднівська;
 Підлузька;
 Приборівська;
 Томашівська;
 Черська.

Примітки

Історія Берестейської області


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Destin Commons
Award winning Destin Commons is Northwest Florida's premier open-air lifestyle center offering the best in shopping, dining and entertainment on the Emerald Coast. The architecturally unique center has garnered a regional reputation for its well-known first to market retail tenants and on-going community events. Concerts, community performances and annual holiday signature events are regular features throughout the center and in their pedestrian friendly Center Plaza. With over 90 retailers and restaurants, including favorites like H&M, Belk,Bass Pro Shops, Lush, Chipotle, Express, Steve Madden, Sephora, AMC IMAX 14 screen theater, Abercrombie & Fitch, Williams-Sonoma, Uncle Buck's Fish Bowl and Grill, World of Beer plus many more, Destin Commons continues to set the standard as the place to go for all things fashion, food and fun for locals and visitors alike. Parents and grandparents flock to Destin Commons with their kids. Special highlights for kids include a pirates cove playground with treasure chests, a crow's nest and other adventures at sea. Children can also be seen on a daily basis running in and out of the interactive splashpad pop fountain in Center Plaza. Visit us online at www.DestinCommons.com and follow us on Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and Pinterest to stay In the Know!
4100 Legendary Drive Suite 270
See More Destin
2 - 3 hours
ADA Compliant, Handicapped Parking, Raised Toilets, Ramps, Roll-under Sinks, Scooter/Wheelchair Rentals, Wheelchair-friendly
Hours: Mon. - Sat. 10 a.m. - 9 p.m.; Sun. 11 a.m. - 7 p.m.
Beachwear & Accessories, Clothing, Jewelry, Souvenirs
Downtown, Expressway/Interstate
Pet Types Allowed: ALL, Pets on Leash Allowed

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Services for Steven Raap will be 11:00am Saturday February 16, 2019 with visitation beginning at 10am prior to services at the funeral home. Spring burial will be at the Andover Cemetery.
Steven Courtney Raap was born September 25, 1947 to Harry C. and Lucy (Mielke) Raap at Aberdeen, SD; the youngest of ten children. He was baptized into the Lutheran faith and attended school in Andover. Steven grew up on the family farm where he enjoyed riding his bike, mowing the lawn, listening to his radio, going for rides and visiting with neighbors. He always had a smile and a hand wave for people he met. He has lived in Yankton, SD for the past 37 years. He loved farm magazines and spent many hours cutting out pictures of John Deere machinery. The Christmas lights at Falls Park and watching for deer were also special times for him. Eating out was a highlight; he loved anything related to John Deere, wearing black jeans, and having money in his wallet.
We would like to thank the staff at Ability Building Services in Yankton for the loving support shown to Steven; and also thank you to the Sister James Care Center and Hospice Care Staff for the special care given him.
Survivors include sisters: Pat Lackey, Federal, AR; Joan VanDyke; Kay (Lyle) Kranzler, Sioux Falls, SD: Laurel (Robert) Kost, Fort Collins,CO; Allana (Frank) Novotny, Wisner NE; brothers: Chuck (LaVonne), Groton, SD; Jerry (Carol), Andover, SD; Tom Raap, Sioux Falls, SD; sister-in law, Jan Raap, Groton, SD; and several nieces, nephews, and friends.
He was preceded in death by his father in 1965, his mother in 1995, his brother, Bert and sister-in-law, Darlene; brothers-in-law, Ray Lackey, and John VanDyke.


text:
The global flood protection savings provided by coral reefs
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The value of US coral reefs for flood risk reduction
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Michael W. Beck ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5107-99731,2,
Iñigo J. Losada3,
Pelayo Menéndez3,
Borja G. Reguero1,2,
Pedro Díaz-Simal3 &
Felipe Fernández3
Nature Communications volume 9, Article number: 2186 (2018) Cite this article
Ocean sciences
Coral reefs can provide significant coastal protection benefits to people and property. Here we show that the annual expected damages from flooding would double, and costs from frequent storms would triple without reefs. For 100-year storm events, flood damages would increase by 91% to $US 272 billion without reefs. The countries with the most to gain from reef management are Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia, Mexico, and Cuba; annual expected flood savings exceed $400 M for each of these nations. Sea-level rise will increase flood risk, but substantial impacts could happen from reef loss alone without better near-term management. We provide a global, process-based valuation of an ecosystem service across an entire marine biome at (sub)national levels. These spatially explicit benefits inform critical risk and environmental management decisions, and the expected benefits can be directly considered by governments (e.g., national accounts, recovery plans) and businesses (e.g., insurance).
The impacts of coastal flooding are substantial and growing given population growth, coastal development and climate change1,2,3,4. Unfortunately, these risks are often discounted in development choices5,6. Coastal development also causes losses in coastal habitats, which will further heighten risks7,8,9,10. There is a pressing need to advance risk reduction and adaptation strategies to reduce flooding impacts4,6,11.
Coral reefs serve as natural, low-crested, submerged breakwaters, which provide flood reduction benefits through wave breaking and wave energy attenuation. These processes are functions of reef depth and secondarily rugosity12,13,14,15,16. The flood reduction benefits of coral reefs and other coastal habitats are predicted to be high and even cost effective in comparison to traditional approaches13,17,18,19.
Reefs have experienced significant losses globally in living corals and reef structures from coastal development; sand and coral mining; overfishing and destructive (e.g., dynamite) fishing; storms; and climate-related bleaching events8,20,21,22,23. There is clear evidence of reef flattening globally from the loss of corals and from the bioerosion and dissolution of the underlying reef carbonate structures14,24,25,26,27. Not all reefs are declining, and reefs can recover from bleaching, overfishing and storm impacts, but the overall pattern of significant losses across geographies is clear20,21. Scientists and international agencies, including the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the World Bank, have expressed grave concern about the current and future condition of coral reefs, and the loss of the benefits they provide28,29,30.
Although reefs and other coastal habitats can provide flood protection benefits, they are rarely accounted for directly in coastal management, because these services are not quantified in terms familiar to decision-makers, such as (loss of) annual expected benefits12. Provisioning services such as fish or timber production, which represent products that are harvested from ecosystems, have been valued globally and considered in resource management decisions31,32. Regulating services, which represent benefits provided when ecosystems are left intact such as flood and erosion reduction, have rarely been rigorously valued globally using process-based models, although there is work towards this end33,34.
Better valuations of the protection services from coastal habitats could inform decisions to meet multiple objectives in risk reduction and environmental management35,36,37,38. One important pathway through which these services may be considered is in national economic accounts35. The United Nations has identified a general approach for assessing ecosystem services in these accounts39. The World Bank has developed guidelines for how these approaches could be applied to assess risk reduction benefits of coral reefs to inform decisions on coastal zone management, development loans, and adaptation grants12.
Natural flood protection benefits are amenable to spatially explicit quantification, because of the broader work on assessments of flood risks and artificial coastal defenses. Robust, process-based flooding models are widely used in the engineering and insurance sectors to inform risk management and development decisions. These process-based models value benefits by comparing the flood damages avoided in scenarios with and without structures (e.g., seawalls or reefs)12,40. These models have recently been used to quantify ecosystem benefits in local studies (e.g., within bays) and in a couple of national studies41,42,43,44. However these flooding studies do not provide a probabilistic assessment of economic risk at any scale.
Using process-based flooding models, we estimate the annual expected benefit of coral reefs for protecting people and property globally. Building on earlier methods and recommended approaches3,12,45, we compare flooding for scenarios with and without reefs for four storm return periods. The without reefs scenarios assume only a decrease of 1 m in the height and roughness of coral reefs. We estimate the land, population and built capital flooded across all coastlines with coral reefs to a 90 m resolution (Fig. 1). We then derive the annual expected benefit of coral reefs for flood damage reduction from local to global levels.
Key steps and data for estimating the flood protection benefits provided by reefs. a Stage 1: Oceanographic data are combined to assess offshore sea states (waves and sea level). Stage 2: Waves are modified by nearshore hydrodynamics. Stage 3: Effects of habitat on wave run-up are estimated. Stage 4: Flood heights are extended inland along profiles (every 2 km) for four locally generated, storm events (10, 25, 50, 100-yr events) with and without coral reefs. Stage 5: The land, people and built capital damaged under the flooded areas are estimated. Image © TNC. b The scenarios for reef loss only assume a loss of the top 1-m in height and roughness across the reef profile. c Example results for Mayan Riviera in Mexico; blue polygons are expected flooding in 25-yr event and green polygons are added flooding without the top 1 m of reefs. Map Data © 2018 Google. d Inset photo shows coral reef bleaching of top most branching corals in 2015 El Nino event in Guam. ©The Ocean Agency/XL Catlin Seaview Survey
Reefs and global flood reduction benefits
Globally, reefs avert substantial flood damages and thus provide significant annual expected benefits for flood protection. Across reef coastlines (71,000 km), reefs reduce the annual expected damages from storms by more than $4 billion. Without reefs, annual damages would more than double (118%) and the flooding of land would increase by 69% affecting 81% more people annually (Fig. 2). Reefs provide more benefit for lower intensity, frequent storms, but even during more extreme events the benefits of reefs to people and property are substantial (Fig. 3, Supplementary Fig. 1). For 25-year events, reefs reduce flooding for more than 8700 km2 of land and 1.7 million people, and provide $36 billion in avoided damages to built capital (Fig. 3, Supplementary Fig. 2). For 100-year events, the topmost 1 m of reefs provide flood reduction benefits that result in $130 billion in avoided damages (Fig. 3). Without reefs, damages would increase by 90% for 100-year events and 141% for 25-year events.
Annual expected benefits from coral reefs for flood protection. Estimates of the effects of reefs on avoided flooding to land, people, exposed capital and damaged capital. The differences between scenarios with and without reefs are avoided damages or present benefits of reefs
The expected economic benefits of coral reefs for flood protection in avoided damages. The values are the expected damages to global built capital from flooding with and without reefs by storm return period. The difference between the curves represents the avoided damages or benefits provided by reefs at present
Future sea level rise will increase risks, and these risks will be even greater if reefs are lost too (Fig. 4). For example in 2100, the land flooded under a 100-year storm event increases by 64% under a business-as-usual (high) emissions scenario (RCP 8.5) with no reef loss. If this relative sea level rise is coupled with a 1 m loss in reefs, the land flooded increases by 116% (Fig. 4).
The expected land protection benefit of coral reefs at present and with sea level rise. The values are the land areas (km2) flooded globally with reefs at present, without the top 1 m of coral reefs and with relative sea level rise under a high emissions scenario (RCP 8.5 in 2100) by storm return period
Reefs and national flood reduction benefits
At a national scale, reefs provide annual expected benefits of hundreds of millions of dollars in avoided flood damages for five countries and millions of dollars in annual benefits for more than 20 additional countries (Table 1). Reefs also reduce annual flooding by more than 200,000 people (Fig. 2). For extreme events (e.g., 100-year events), reefs avert billions to tens of billions of dollars in damages for more than 10 countries (see Supplementary Table 1). The United States ranks among the top 10 countries that benefit from reefs (Table 1) mainly because of Puerto Rico.
Table 1 Countries that receive the most flood protection benefits from reefs
The national benefits of reefs for flood protection can be considered not just in total built capital and people protected but also relative to the sizes of the national economy and population (Table 1, Supplementary Tables 1 and 2). These results highlight the importance of reefs to many smaller island nations in the Caribbean and the South Pacific, which receive significant benefits relative to their gross domestic product (GDP) (Table 1). The flood protection benefits of coral reefs are particularly critical in the Philippines, Malaysia, Cuba, and the Dominican Republic (Table 1). In these countries, reefs are important for averting damages both to built capital overall (total dollar value of national avoided losses) and relative to the size of their economies (i.e., total dollar value of national avoided losses/GDP).
Reefs and local flood reduction benefits
At a local scale (i.e., in 20 km shore units), we identified the critical areas that likely receive the greatest flood protection benefits from coral reefs (Fig. 5, Supplementary Fig. 1). The places where reefs avert flood damages to people are more widespread geographically (Supplementary Fig. 1), whereas the avoided damages to built capital are more concentrated near urban centers in countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, and Mexico (Fig. 5).
The value of coral reefs for flood protection. Circles represent the annual expected benefit from coral reefs for flood protection ($US millions). The values are the difference in annual expected damages with and without (the top 1 m) of reefs for the 20 km coastal study units
Reefs provide significant annual flood protection savings for people and property, particularly from the most frequent storms. Annual expected damages from flooding would more than double, and costs from frequent storms would triple without reefs. These quantitative, spatially explicit analyses highlight where reefs provide the greatest flood protection services, locally, nationally, and globally. They also identify where future reef loss may have the greatest impacts and where enhanced management, conservation, and restoration will deliver the most benefits.
By integrating economic, ecologica,l and hydrodynamic models, we show variation locally, nationally and regionally around the general pattern that reefs provide the most flood protection benefits in storm belts with extensive, shallow, and rugose coral reefs; land at low elevation; and assets concentrated on the coast (Fig. 5). Importantly, flood protection is just one of the services provided by reefs, and our analyses identify benefits only from the topmost 1 m of the reef profile.
Reef flood protection benefits are particularly critical for many small island and developing States, which have a limited capacity (relative to their GDP) to respond to severe flooding and the losses of natural coastal defenses. The protection of nearshore shallow reefs should be a high priority for these nations as a critical part of their coastal management and adaptation strategies. Reefs also offer indirect flood reduction benefits by reducing social vulnerability (e.g., through nutrition and livelihoods) and improving coping and adaptive capacity12,13.
Explicit valuations of protective services are particularly critical for coral reefs as their role in flood reduction is not easily observed. Because they are below water, it is difficult to know when coral reefs have been degraded and further to make the connection between reef loss and flood damage. In contrast, the loss of intertidal habitats such as mangroves and marshes is visibly apparent, communities recognize connections between habitat loss and flood damage, and this connection has influenced large-scale restoration practices and national policies12,40,43. An understanding of spatial variation in flood reduction benefits is crucial as decision-makers allocate funding for risk reduction and adaptation among nations and at provincial and municipal levels46,47.
Based on prior work and our own sensitivity analyses, the greatest sources of uncertainty in coastal flood risk assessments are estimates of topography and bathymetry. Given that flooding and damage from tropical storms are among the greatest risks to people and property, better elevation and depth data is urgently needed. Fortunately, in the past decade there has been a substantial increase in the availability of high-resolution coastal elevation data through the widespread use of LIDAR. Nearshore bathymetry, however, remains a major gap, though there are advances in remote sensing that could help48. Coral reef biologists and managers could address these data gaps by adding simple measures of reef height and rugosity to existing monitoring programs. These measures would improve the valuation of reef services and the assessment of flood risk, and could inform aid, insurance, and development decisions.
Our coastal flooding analyses have several significant, combined improvements over other recent global flooding analyses2,3,4 including the downscaling to a 90 m resolution; consideration of hydraulic connectivity in the flooding of land; the use of 30 years of wave, surge, tide and sea level data; reconstruction of the flooding height time series and associated flood return periods49; and the use of country-specific adjustments to allocate GDP per person. Our global flood risk models also include ecosystems and nearshore bathymetry for the first time, which represent critical advances in the assessment of flood risk. Major remaining constraints for global coastal flooding models include the consideration of flooding as a one-dimensional process and the difficulty in representing flooding well in smaller islands.
Our estimates make a compelling case for present-day annual investments in reef management and restoration, because they are conservative. They do not assume that reefs will disappear altogether under a business as usual scenario, nor do they rely on rare, large storms. Unlike prior site-based analyses, our without reefs scenario assumes only a modest 1 m change in reef profile. Unfortunately these changes could happen quickly as there are many stressors that have and continue to contribute to the rapid loss of coral reefs50,51,52. This flattening of coral reefs has been observed globally14,25,26 and can be accelerated by coral bleaching, as witnessed during the 2015 El Niño. In the long term, these effects could be coupled with flooding impacts from a 1 m or more rise in sea levels3 and lead to compounding effects later in the century. However these effects are not foregone conclusions and in some areas reefs are still in good condition and even growing. The challenge will be to maintain, improve and restore healthy reefs, which will likely require more innovative effort in the areas where the protection benefits are greatest, i.e., directly adjacent to populated areas. Better decisions in coastal development could reduce risks to both people and reefs.
The economic valuation of reefs at local, national and global scales should inform the policy and practice of many agencies, businesses and organizations across development, aid, insurance, and conservation. This valuation also highlights the cost effective solutions that can be sought in reef conservation and restoration for reducing coastal risks13,19. Our results value coastal protection from natural infrastructure in the terms used by finance and development decision-makers (e.g., annual expected benefits) so that they can be explicitly considered alongside other common metrics for built infrastructure within national economic accounting.
The present degradation of coral reefs has significant social and economic costs. While there are significant concerns about the future of coral reefs, there is clear evidence that reefs can recover from large-scale stressors such as past El Niños and can be managed for recovery by reducing local stressors such as pollution, sedimentation and destructive fishing50,51. Reefs provide a substantial first line of coastal defense and should be better managed for this benefit.
To estimate the role of coral reefs in coastal protection, we built on prior work that examines the effects of flooding on people and built capital across large regions3. To assess benefits, we follow the expected damage function (also known as the damage cost avoided) approach, which is commonly used in engineering and insurance sectors and recommended for the assessment of coastal protection services from habitats12,38,40. The benefits provided by reefs are assessed by their avoided flood damages. We summarize the main steps of the expected damage function approach (Fig. 1) and describe key aspects of this methodology here and in the Supplementary Methods. Define coastal profiles and study units: we delineated cross-shore profiles every 2 km for all coral reefs globally, and grouped these into 20 km study units across all coral reef coastlines (see Supplementary Fig. 3). Estimate offshore hydrodynamics: we identified sea states offshore for each profile from the combined effects of waves, astronomical tides, storm surge, and mean sea level. We used global wave and sea level numerical hindcast datasets from 1979 to 2010, which have been used extensively and validated with instrumental data53,54,55,56. Estimate nearshore hydrodynamics and the effects of reefs: at each profile, we propagated the waves through the reef profiles, using a propagation model that accounts for shoaling, breaking and the friction induced by the coral reefs. From the wave propagation, we calculate the wave run-up on the shore14,16,45,57,58. Define extreme water levels along the shore: we combined run-up and sea level to estimate flood heights at the coastline59. We then calculated the flood heights for four storm return periods. Identify people and assets flooded: for each profile and storm return period, we identified flooding levels on land by intersecting the flood height with topography. We then developed a flood envelope across each 20 km study unit and calculated the land, people, and built capital within this envelope2,3,60. Develop flooding scenarios with and without reefs: we repeated the steps above for reef bathymetry under current conditions and for a reef bathymetric profile reduced by 1 m and with lower friction. Identify relative effects of climate change on flooding: we also considered the effects of climate change by comparing the land areas flooded at present, with 1 m reef loss and with reef loss and sea level rise61 under a high emissions scenario.
Coastal profiles and study units
We divided the coral reef coastlines into four regions: Pacific Islands, Latin America and the Caribbean, Indian Ocean and Red Sea, and Asia and Australia (Supplementary Fig. 4). The global distribution of coral reefs has been compiled by numerous partners and most recently been updated as part of the Reefs at Risk Revisited project database8. We divided the coastline in to cross-shore profiles every 2 km (e.g., Supplementary Fig. 5). We aggregated the results from the 2-km coastal profiles into larger study units that were ~20 km wide (Supplementary Fig. 6).
Offshore hydrodynamics
The offshore hydrodynamic conditions required for the propagation models include wave climate and sea levels globally. We used different datasets: a global wave reanalysis54; astronomical tides62,63; the dynamic atmospheric correction for the meteorological residual56; and mean sea level data53 compiled from historical numerical reconstructions64 and satellite altimetry from 1979 to 2010. Storms are generally captured well in these wave data though the wave heights in some of the hurricane events can be underrepresented54,65. At the offshore end of each coastal profile, we identified the wave climate information (e.g, significant wave height) and sea level.
Nearshore hydrodynamics data
We combined topographic66 and bathymetric data into an integrated set at each geography. We use the shuttle radar topography mission SRTM 90 m database for global elevation66, which has been identified as the best globally available digital elevation model and has been used in other regional and global flood models2,3,4. We used the ETOPO bathymetry67 globally and combined it with the SeaWiFS (Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor) bathymetry for coral reefs, which was collected over the period 1997–200268,69. Some reefs may have lost some of their height (i.e., lower bathymetric profile) in the past 10–15 years, in which case some geographies may already be seeing the increased flood risks that we predict in these analyses.
Nearshore hydrodynamics reef wave model
Wave propagation over the reef is calculated from linear wave theory. Wave propagation is modeled at shore-perpendicular, one-dimensional transects therefore processes such as longshore currents, are neglected. The evolution of a wavefield of root-mean square (rms) wave height H with weak mean currents is computed by solving the wave energy balance equation:
$$\partial E_{\mathrm{w}}C_{\mathrm{g}}/\partial x = - (D_{\mathrm{b}} + D_{\mathrm{f}} + D_{\mathrm{v}})$$
where Ew is the wave energy density and Cg the group velocity. The dissipation of wave energy flux is caused by wave breaking (Db), bottom friction (Df), and the presence of vegetation in the water column (Dv), which is not considered in this study. Equation (1) is widely applied in coastal studies to assess wave propagation (e.g., SWAN)70 and previously applied to reef environments71. Db and Df are expressed following Thornton and Guza72:
$$D_{\mathrm{b}} = \frac{{3\sqrt \pi }}{{16}}\rho g\frac{{B^3 \cdot f_{\mathrm{p}}}}{{\gamma ^4h^5}}H^7$$
$$D_{\mathrm{f}} = \frac{{f_{\mathrm{w}}}}{{16\sqrt \pi }}\left( {\frac{\sigma }{{{{\mathrm{sin}}h}\left( {{{k}}h} \right)}}} \right)^3H^3$$
where ρ is water density, g the constant of gravity, k the wave number, σ the angular wave frequency and fp the peak frequency. The breaking coefficient B and breaker index γ have the default values of 1.0 and 0.78 and the bottom friction coefficient fw is taken as 0.01 for sand beds57,72.
In our model, we implement recent studies on wave transformation by coral reefs16,73 and replace the breaker index (γ) by an expression where h/H provides the relationship between water depth and wave height at breaking conditions:
$$\gamma _{{\mathrm{coral}}} = 0.23{\mathrm{tan}}h\left[ {2.3143\left( {1.4 - \frac{h}{H}} \right) + 3.6522} \right]0 < \frac{h}{H} < 2.8$$
Nearshore hydrodynamics total water level model
The total water level (i.e., flood height) along shorelines is a function of mean sea level, astronomical tide, storm surge, and the run-up of waves53. The run-up represents the wave-induced motion of the water's edge across the shoreline and is built of two contributions, namely the wave setup at the shoreline and the swash representing oscillations about the setup. The run-up calculation requires obtaining the local wave conditions at the shoreline using the reef wave model above.
Nearshore hydrodynamics computation of wave setup
The wave-setup is obtained from the conservation of mass and the momentum equations74. In our one-dimensional setting, the computation of the wave-induce setup is based on the vertically integrated momentum balance equation75. Similar implementations have been used in previous work to evaluate the effect of vegetation on wave-induced setup45 and in coral reef environments76.
Nearshore hydrodynamics computation of wave run-up
The 2% exceedance level of wave run-up maxima generated by random wave fields on open coast sandy beaches was estimated in Stockdon et al77 as:
$$R_{{\mathrm{u}}\_{\mathrm{Stockdon}}} = 1.1\left( {0.35m\sqrt {H_0L_0} + \frac{{\sqrt {0.004H_0L_0 + 0.563H_0L_0m^2} }}{2}} \right)$$
where H0 is the offshore significant wave height, L0 represents the deep-water wave length, Tp the peak period, and m the bathymetry slope in the foreshore beach slope. This equation expresses run-up as a function of empirical estimates of incident wave setup at the shoreline (first term of the equation) and the swash incident and infragravity band frequency components (second term of the equation). In this analysis, the first term is replaced by the calculation of the setup contribution as explained under nearshore hydrodynamics computation of wave setup above.
For the swash and infragravity band frequency components, H0, L0, and the foreshore slope m must be determined. Using the wave propagation model over the reef, we calculate the breaking point position (xb), breaking depth (hb), and breaking height (Hb). Then, following Stockdon et al. we deshoal the wave height to deep water to obtain H0. L0 is calculated for the corresponding peak period (Tp). The foreshore slope m is obtained for each of the different profiles from the DIVA-GIS dataset (http://www.diva-gis.org/).
In our approach, we assume that Stockdon et al.77 can be applied to coral reefs as the model was developed to include barred beaches, which resemble coral reef protected beaches. Modifications of the same formula have been applied previously to estimate the effect of vegetated ecosystems on run-up45.
The application of a one-dimensional model neglects some of the hydrodynamics that occur on natural reefs, such as longshore flow and lagoon circulation. However, this 1-D approach is common in reef studies, either with the same wave action balance equation used here or in more complex numerical hydrodynamic studies14,15,41,45,71,78. Flood models based on the wave action balance equation are widely employed for coastal modeling79. The consideration of non-linear effects is only possible using phase resolving models (e.g., XBeach) at local scales (e.g., bays)12,15,80,81. This modeling approach is not feasible at the global scale because of computational capacity and the lack of high-resolution bathymetric data and especially if risk is to be evaluated probabilistically. We have shown that the wave propagation approach in our global reef flooding model performs very well when considered against the results of one of these phase resolving models (see Supplementary Fig. 7). The changes in flooding in our global model also are consistent with changes observed in a site-validated, XBeach model that also considers flooding with changes in reef friction and sea level15. In Supplementary Data 1, we summarize the models, equations, and assumptions that we used in our global model and compared their benefits and limitations relative to approaches that are feasible in local or smaller scale studies.
Extreme water levels and flood height reconstruction
From the propagations of waves and the calculation of total water levels onshore (above), the reconstruction of the flood height time series at the most onshore points is based on multi-dimensional interpolation techniques59. We apply a peak over threshold method to select extreme flood heights and fit a general extreme value distribution82 to obtain the flood heights associated with the 10-, 25-, 50- and 100-year return periods. The methodology has been tested in case studies and validated with observations83,84.
Estimating reef benefits
To examine the current value of reefs for coastal protection, we compared flooding under current conditions, "with reef", to the flooding in a scenario "without reefs". In our "without reefs" scenario, we do not assume the loss of the entire reef habitat; we assume only the loss of the top 1 m in height across the reef bathymetric profile. Many ecosystem service assessments assume the entire loss of a habitat for estimating benefits. For example, the replacement cost method, which is the most commonly used method for estimating the benefits from mangrove and reef habitats12, identifies the flood reduction benefits from habitats by estimating the cost of replacing them with seawalls or breakwaters. Many problems have been identified with the replacement method and it provides estimates of values ten times higher than the recommended expected damage function approach that we follow12,40.
The without reefs scenario is not meant to be a prediction of site-specific trajectories for reefs, but nonetheless this level of loss is already observed to be happening in many places14,25,26 and is conservative relative to future predictions of reef loss28,29,30. In addition to the widely observed declines in coral cover, growth and condition, all of which affect reef height20,21, new measures of seafloor elevation show that bioerosion and carbonate dissolution are degrading height across all reef habitats including on reef flats26. Damage from storm events can also create losses in reef height of 1–3 m85,86 and can devastate whole shallow reef frameworks87. Past storms have removed many branching and massive corals at the shallowest depths24,85. Shallow corals have evolved with intermittent storms and can recover from them, but this is more difficult when reefs are exposed to multiple stressors24.
We developed regional friction factors, fw, following Sheppard and others14, who examined the relationship between percent of live coral cover and friction (Supplementary Table 3). Based on the available literature88, we used different friction coefficients for each of the four major study regions. Given broad estimates of coral condition8, we assumed current condition was best in Micronesia (fw = 0.20); lower in the Indian and Indo-west Pacific regions (fw = 0.16); and lowest in the Caribbean (fw = 0.14). Assuming a loss of the living coral cover, we then estimated friction to be 0.08 with reef loss14 in all four regions.
Calculating people and assets flooded
We assessed flood heights along each coastal profile and then identified the area flooded within each coastal study unit. We extended the flood heights inland by ensuring hydraulic connectivity between points at a 90 m resolution; a significant advance over more common bathtub approaches in earlier global flooding models. From the flooding levels and flsooding extent, we calculated the total area of land affected and damages at each study unit. Flooding maps were also intersected with population data60 after resampling from the original 1 km resolution to the 90 m of the digital elevation model. Existing artificial defenses such as seawalls were not assessed, because data on defenses only exist for a very few areas globally; these built defenses are also less common in tropical, developing nations.
We expanded on earlier approaches to infer built capital from population data2,3 by identifying the ratio between built capital per capita and the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita for each country3 in 2011 US$ using information from the World Bank89. We filled data gaps for several countries by using the average from countries with similar income levels and affiliation to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The overall global mean ratio that we obtained (2.67) is similar to that obtained by Hallegatte and others (2.8)2. However, we did identify significant differences in the ratios across some countries and regions (e.g., Cuba—4.53, Vietnam—3.22, Australia—3.17, Philippines—2.68, United Arab Emirates—1.98, Micronesia—1.38).
Assessing damages and estimating annual benefits
We followed existing approaches for assessing the damages to built capital as a function of the flooding level4. We calculated the percentage of built capital that has been damaged (D) for a given flooding level h and a certain coefficient k that must be calibrated as D(h) = h/(h + k). This curve indicates that as flooding level increases, the percent of damages to built capital also increases. While there is debate about the right k to choose, we have followed others in using k = 0.54, which means that the built capital flooded at 1 m of depth loses 50% of its value. We follow standard terminology where the total built capital flooded is the exposure of assets and the value lost is the damages. The economic benefits of flood protection are the avoided damages.
In addition to assessing risk and damages for particular events (e.g., 100-year storm event), we also examined average annual expected loss90. To estimate annual risk, we integrated the values under the curve that compares built capital damaged by storm return period, i.e., the integration of the expected damage by the probability of the storm events4.
We assessed the potential added impacts of sea level rise and reef loss by considering the additional land area flooded in 2100 by storm return period under a business-as-usual (high) emissions scenario, representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5. To estimate the added effects of sea level rise and reef loss, we recalculated the flood heights at every cross-section worldwide considering all the prior factors and adding the local relative sea level rise projected in Slangen et al.61 for RCP 8.5 by 2100 (see Supplementary Information for more details). Once the projected flood heights were calculated, the assessment of flooding level and total area of land affected followed the same approach as above.
Sensitivity analyses
We conducted extensive sensitivity analyses for parameters across the models and find that the results are robust to changes in the key parameters across their natural ranges of variability. These tests are summarized here and described more fully in the Supplementary Information. The flooding model is the most critical model for estimating flood heights. After testing all parameters in the model, we identified that the estimates for reef friction, water depth, and the wave breaking parameters were the main ones affecting the run-up contribution to flood heights. We examined the effects of changes in these parameters by incrementally changing them across their range of variability and running tens of thousands of profiles across different reef types (Supplementary Table 4). In sum, changes in the estimates of the friction (Cf = 0.08–0.20) and wave breaking (γcoral = 0.2–0.6) parameters have only small effects with only approximately 10% changes in run-up from the minimum to maximum of these parameter estimates. Changes in water depth from 0.1–1 m had the largest effects on the results. Each 10 cm change in depth changed the run-up contribution by ~2%. Additional uncertainties of input data such as digital elevation models or population data on global flooding models have been discussed by Hinkel et al.4
We also did sensitivity analyses on the damage function model with other parametrizations of k (k = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4). Lowering k lowers the total value of the built capital damaged, but has little effect on the relative effectiveness (% difference) of reefs for risk reduction. Lower k values slightly increase the relative effectiveness of reefs making our use of k = 0.5 the most conservative for comparisons.
All results are mappable and downloadable at http://maps.oceanwealth.org/. The underlying data sets including Global Waves and the Python source codes for key analyses are available on request from IHCantabria at ihdata@ihcantabria.com.
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We gratefully acknowledge support from the World Bank Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystems (WAVES) Program, the Lyda Hill Foundation, Science for Nature and People Partnership, Lloyd's Tercentenary Research Foundation, a Pew Fellowship in Marine Conservation to MWB, the German International Climate Initiative (IKI) of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (BIA2014-59718-R). Thanks to L. Hale, A. White, S. Narayan, and D. Trespalacios for comments on earlier versions and to L. Flessner and D. Trespalacios with help on figures.
The Nature Conservancy, University of California, 115 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
Michael W. Beck & Borja G. Reguero
Department of Ocean Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, 95060, USA
Environmental Hydraulics Institute "IHCantabria", Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Cantabria, 39011, Spain
Iñigo J. Losada, Pelayo Menéndez, Pedro Díaz-Simal & Felipe Fernández
Michael W. Beck
Iñigo J. Losada
Pelayo Menéndez
Borja G. Reguero
Pedro Díaz-Simal
Felipe Fernández
M.W.B., I.J.L., and B.G.R. conceived the study; I.J.L., B.G.R., P.M., P.D.-S., and F.F. developed and implemented the analysis; M.W.B. led the manuscript writing; and all authors made substantive contributions to the text.
Correspondence to Michael W. Beck.
Publisher's note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
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Beck, M.W., Losada, I.J., Menéndez, P. et al. The global flood protection savings provided by coral reefs. Nat Commun 9, 2186 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04568-z
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I grew up in the deep south. I've seen racism up close and personal. As a 60's child I lived through the racial uprisings of the civil rights movement. I saw the ugliness, the hatred and the foolishness of racism from a front row seat.
Racism is not just a Caucasian or African-American problem…it is a human problem. It exists in all communities and is aimed at those who are different from the personal norm. I am not one to mince words; I leave that for the crooked politicians and phony preachers who seek political correctness. I'm not seeking anyone's approval. I only desire to be faithful to Christ and His Words…that's it!
With that, I would like to share some lifelong observations about racism. A litmus test, if you will, to examine our actions and thought processes to determine if there are areas of racism hidden in our heart which we may not be aware of. I'm not concerned with secular society, only the Church. I have given my life to Christ and have no greater desire than to see believers walk and demonstrate the life changing truth of the gospel. So, here it goes.
All you ever discuss is racism, blaming the 'white man' or the 'black man' for societies ills.
You make a living off of stirring up racial strife.
You only think other ethnic groups can be racist, but not yours.
Your church is either 'lily white' or 'midnight black' and you do not stand up against it by promoting evangelism and church membership of persons from different races.
You witness to your ethnic group, but not to others.
You fail to invite a person from a different race to church because of embarassment of what 'your group' may think or the political racial rantings which flow from your leaders.
You've gotten mad at me for one or more of the above statements!
Racism cuts every different direction. It is a blight on many southern churches because of the failure of the previous generation to deal with it biblically. However, the real victory over racism doesn't begin with a petition, parade or conciliatory speech or any other token action. Neither will the churches change by purchasing more books on racism or studying speeches of social reformers. It starts with you and me. Will we take an honest look into our heart and do serious soul-searching and repentance before our Lord and Savior?
When Jesus makes a heart new, racism becomes a thing of the past. Why? Because we are changed by the Love of God in Christ Jesus. And this love helps each of us see that because Amazing Grace has saved a wretch like you and me, there is hope and love for all!
Mississippi Burning – Not Anymore!
Thanks, Brother David. I'm honored and humbled.


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Enhanced Training Support for SMEs - SIRS Digital Commerce - Bringing Singapore Businesses Online!
Skills upgrading remains a key mechanism for companies to raise productivity. Compared to larger companies with more resources, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are less able to send their employees for training. The Government has thus enhanced training support for SMEs by providing higher course fee funding and increased absentee payroll cap.
Am I eligible for ETSS?
To be considered as a SME, please refer to the eligibility criteria here.
What does the ETSS comprise?
For all eligible SMEs, sponsored staff enjoys 90% fee subsidy for all approved programmes. The company enjoys higher absentee payroll at the usual 80% of basic hourly salary, at a higher capped of $7.50 per hour.
The enhanced subsidies will apply to SSG-supported certifiable courses. You can enjoy ETSS for all SIRS programmes, masterclasses and workshops.
How do I apply for ETSS?
Your company may apply through the SkillsConnect for the programme you attended. The Government will reimburse the additional programme fee funding along with the absentee payroll.


text:
French Apéro for Capitaine de Vaisseau Petitdidier
June 17, 2019 - Current Posts, Diplomatic News
A French "apéro" was held at the Honorary Consulate of France on Thursday 30 May, on the occasion of the visit to Melbourne of French Navy Captain (Capitaine de Vaisseau) Phillipe Petitdidier, Defence Attaché to the French Embassy in Australia.
The Hon. Ted Baillieu, Ms. Susan Coles, The Hon. Robin Scott, Veteran McPherson, Capitaine Petitdidier, Ms.Jenny Cotton, Cder Furlonger, Ms. Myriam Boisbouvier-Wylie, Mrs Danièle Kemp.
It was a nice occasion to include various members of the defence forces as well as members of the community. Among the dignitaries present were The Hon. Robin Scott, MP Victorian Minister for Veterans Affairs, The Hon. Ted Baillieu former Victorian Premier and Chair of the Victorian Anzac Centenary Committee, Gerald McPherson World War II Veteran, Ms. Susan Coles, Director of DFAT, Ms.Jenny Cotton, DVA Deputy Commissioner in Victoria and Commander Furlonger of the Royal Australian Navy.
The tasty nibbles were provided by Frenchilicious and le Pot de Moutarde.


From Pent-Up, Aching Rivers (1998): Choreography, Donlin Foreman ; narration, Claire Bloom ; music, Sergei Rachmaninoff (Cello Sonata in G minor, Op.4) ; costume, Willa Kim ; lighting, Jack Mehler ; performed by Terese Capucilli, Donlin Foreman.
Significant Soil (2000): Choreography, Jeanne Ruddy ; music, Violin Concerto by Philip Glass ©1987, used by permission of Donvagen Music Publishers, Inc. ; costume, Jeffrey Wirsling ; set design, John Stephen Hoey ; dancer, Jeanne Ruddy.
Voices and Echoes (1999): Choreography, Igal Perry ; original score, John Mackey ; costume, Jeffrey Wirsing ; lighting, Nanette Hudson Joyce ; dancers, Gwendolyn Bye, Karen Carson, Leslie Carothers, Christine Taylor.
No Fear of Flying - First Leg (2000) a work in progress: Choreography, Mark Dendy ; music, Nancy Sinatra (These Boots are Made for Walking), Peggy Lee (Is That All There Is), and Australian digeradoo ; costume, Charlotte Cloe Fox ; lighting, John Stephen Hoey ; dancers, Karen Carson, Jeanne Ruddy, Christine Taylor.
Venue: Recorded June 21, 2000 Wilma Theater, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Extent: 1 videodisc (DVD) (60 min.) : sound, color ; 4 3/4 in.
First season performance of the Jeanne Ruddy Dance Company.