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Les Galeries Fnac sont des galeries d'expositions consacrées à la photographie créés à partir de 1969 par la Fnac, et présentes dans une centaine de villes en France et à l'étranger.

Histoire
À travers son réseau de galeries photo, la Fnac a mené à partir de 1969 une action de diffusion et de promotion de la photographie en créant des lieux de rencontre entre photographes et grand public à l'initiative d'André Essel et Max Théret.

Présentées dans plus d'une centaine de galeries en France, en Belgique, au Brésil, en Espagne, en Italie, au Portugal, en Principauté de Monaco, en Suisse, au Brésil, à Taiwan, trois cents expositions étaient organisées par an et touchaient un public estimé à  visiteurs par exposition. Selon Christian Caujolle, . Dans certaines villes, ces galeries sont le seul lieu où est montrée de la photographie.

Ces  ont permis de sensibiliser les professionnels, les amateurs et le grand public à l'expression photographique à une époque où la photographie s'exposait encore rarement dans les musées.

Depuis la création des galeries, la photographie a obtenu la reconnaissance du public, et de nombreux lieux d'expositions et festival ont été créés. Le concept des galeries Fnac doit alors s'adapter au bouleversement du paysage photographique français.

À la suite d'un plan d'économie drastique, les soixante-sept galeries encore existantes sont fermées en 2005, remplacées par treize « galeries phares », situées à Paris (Forum, Montparnasse et Ternes), Lille, Strasbourg, Lyon-Bellecour, Bordeaux, Nantes, Poitiers, Rouen, Nice, Perpignan, Toulouse-Wilson et finissent par disparaître à partir de 2014.

Les galeries FNAC ont été dirigées par Françoise Docquiert puis par Laura Serani de 1985 à 2006.

La collection de photographies de la FNAC
En faisant de l'exposition photographique dans ses magasins un support de la vente d'appareils photo, la Fnac a constitué, à partir de 1978, une collection qui compte plus de quatre mille tirages originaux qu'elle a achetés après les avoir exposés dans son réseau.

Cette collection couvre les courants majeurs de l'histoire de la photographie de 1903 à nos jours.

Le musée Nicéphore-Niépce de Chalon-sur-Saône a reçu en dépôt temporaire la collection constituée par la FNAC.

Photographes exposés par les galeries FNAC
Liste non exhaustive

Expositions de la collection de photographies de la FNAC
Liste non exhaustive

 1991 : FNAC et sa collection 1968-1991, Galerie municipale du Château d'Eau, Toulouse
 2004 : 350 photographies de la collection FNAC, La Conciergerie, Paris
 2005 : Instantanés d'un siècle, Florilège de la Collection photographique de la Fnac, grilles du Jardin du Luxembourg, Paris

Le musée Nicéphore-Niépce de Chalon-sur-Saône a reçu en dépôt temporaire la collection constituée par la FNAC.

 2014 : La Fnac, une collection pour l'exemple, Musée Nicéphore-Niépce, du 21 juin au 21 septembre 2014
 2017 : La Fnac, une collection pour l'exemple. Un regard sur le monde, Musée Nicéphore-Niépce, du 14 octobre 2017 au 14 janvier 2018

Les coffrets Galeries Fnac
Liste non exhaustive

 Sipa Press, la couleur de l'actualité, coffret de 10 photographies. Édition Galeries Fnac, 1983
 Paul Almásy, sauf la Mongolie, coffret de 10 photographies. Édition Galeries Fnac
 Philippe Salaün, photographies de 1973 à 1983, coffret de 10 photographies. Édition Galeries Fnac
 Giovanni Tavano, coffret de 10 photographies. Édition Galeries Fnac
 Erwin Blumenfeld, coffret de 10 photographies. Édition Galeries Fnac
 Shōji Ueda, coffret de 10 photographies. Édition Galeries Fnac

Ouvrages bibliographiques
Liste non exhaustive

Notes et références

Liens externes

Musée ou galerie photographique
Fondation ou institution photographique
Photographie en France
Histoire de la photographie
Association ou organisme lié à la photographie en France

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Welcome to this great holiday house with a wonderful location directly by the fjord. The place can offer very good fishing and bathing opportunities from your own pier. There are two kayaks included, great for those who want to experience the peace and quiet of the fjord. The house can also offer a nice outdoor area and nice conditions for children. The house has a large, open terrace with garden furniture, and barbecue. Perfect for hot summer evenings.
Worth a visit is Egersund, Sandnes and Stavanger. There are also nice opportunities for day trips to Lysefjorden and Preikestolen, as well as the amusement park Kongeparken. NB! The house is located on an island and you have to rent the boat to get to the holiday house. The trip takes about 5 minutes from the parking lot/boathouse.


Home / Articles / 2011 / Better, Faster Cookie Packaging? Sweet!
Smart machine builders know when they need some help from their friends.
Langen Packaging Group (www.langeninc.com) in Mississauga, Ontario, has been building and refining its LCR-500 top-loading robotic cells for about 10 years, and customizes its platform with various standardized modules for the different applications and products that its users want to quickly put into boxes. Basically, LCR-500's in-feed conveyor uses a linear servo pack, which sends trays of products to a robot that picks them up and inserts them into cartons. These boxes are formed and erected from blanks, and then hot-melt glued once the items are inside.
One of Langen's best customers not only wanted 10 new machines, related case packer, and in-between conveyors delivered on time to meet its own production schedules, but it also wanted Langen to make sure it could hit some very specific performance targets.
"We were committed to availability and performance of about 97% for 400 top-loaded and closed packages per minute, but we didn't have a full-scale line on our shop floor, and we couldn't test the equipment at the required and sustainable rates for extended periods of time," says Rafael Trzaskoma, Langen's project manager. "It's a big challenge to mimic actual production on a factory floor."
Langen Packaging's LCR-500 top-loading robotic cell uses production measuring and performance management software to identify in-feed adjustments needed in a cookie manufacturing application.
The first phase of the project involved 6-8 months of development, testing and debugging at Langen's shop, and several more weeks of setup, commissioning and validation at the user's facility. "We discovered a lot of issues with trying to run fresh-from-the-oven products faster and faster," Trzaskoma says. "We broke the process down into stages, and eventually adjusted the servos' programming to better control in-feed conveyor speed and added another conveyor stage to gain more velocity control and stability."
However, to make the right adjustments, Langen and its customer's engineers needed better production data than the per-shift numbers they were collecting. They spent two weeks collecting real-time production and downtime data, both manually and from the cell's HMIs, and then sought a way to analyze it all. "We found it was easier to get the baseline we needed with Shoplogix's software," Trzaskoma explains. "The software identified two products that had problems at the in-feed stage, and that we needed a mechanical adjustment and a software tweak, which produced much better results." The software also showed that the wrapper and guillotine cutter needed to be adjusted, he says, and that the width of its side belts had to hold a closer and more-consistent tolerance, or newly baked and temporarily mushy products could cause big problems.
Because of their optimization efforts during the first phase, Langen and its customer had a much easier time when the cookie maker had to adopt some changes to make its required availability and efficiency gains more sustainable for long-term operations, Trzaskoma reports. "We no longer have to wait for the end of shift to pinpoint a problem, and that's a big advantage," he says. "Now, we can map likely problems ahead of time."


Would you like to work for a category leading organisation, who operate in the Beverage market? This is your opportunity to work for a blue chip organisation based in the heart of the Ireland. Operating across both Brand and Private Label, the business produce quality beverage products which are sold over 100 markets internationally across on- trade and off trade. If you are dynamic, creative and forward-thinking Senior Brand Manager within FMCG food and drink please get in contact.
Responsible for supporting the Brand Director in developing specific products in their exciting beverage portfolio on an international bases. You will lead specific brand projects and execution of local market strategy. You will also lead the commercial management across the given portfolio.
As the Senior Brand Manager your areas of responsibility include strategy and development 20%, Brand market activation 40%, NPD 20%, and commercial management20% of your role.
The successful candidate will have a minimum of 5 years' experience in FMCG with at least 3 years of drinks experience in a Brand Manager role. You will be classically trained with an understanding of the off-trade environment. We are looking for a strong Brand Manager with solid NPD experience with a commercial focus to everything they do who is looking for their next step up and the chance for development.
You will have a good understanding of category management principles and be comfortable with market data (IRI or Nielsen) and shopper insights (Dunnhumby, i2c…). For success in the role, we are looking for adaptable and reactive candidates, who can manage senior stakeholders, and keep up with the fast paced and dynamic culture. Ideally you will have had an experience abroad as the ability to work in a multi-cultural environment is key.
Develop a 3 year annual plan and identify key commercial opportunities.


Expecting a faithful remake of the 1932 Boris Karloff classic, The Mummy, is not the way to view Hollywood's latest offering of the same name.
The Mummy (1999), written and directed by Stephen Sommers (The Jungle Book, Deep Rising), is an enjoyable, amusing and witty amalgam of horror, action, adventure and comedy. The film is very much in the tradition of the Indiana Jones movies, with plenty of adventure, and liberal doses of humour. Originality is not a strong point, but who cares, when the film is such good fun?
Taking its starting point 3,000 years ago in ancient Egypt, Imhotep (Arnold Vosloo), the high priest in the court of Seti I, is caught in a secret tryst with the Pharaoh's personal concubine, Anck-su-namun. In desperation at being discovered, the two lovers murder Seti. With the Pharaoh's bodyguard rushing to the scene, Anck-su-namun defiantly kills herself, as an act of diversion so that Imhotep can escape, and later resurrect her.
Imhotep returns, stealing his lover's now mummified body and flees to Hamunaptra, City of the Dead, burial site of kings, and there attempts to revive her by using the forbidden lore of "The Book of the Dead". But the ceremony is interrupted by the pursuing guard. Imhotep is seized, and in punishment, mummified and buried alive, his casket filled with flesh-eating scarab beetles. Over his burial is read the Hom Dai, a deadly curse that ensures Imhotep will remain "undead". It is prophesied that should he ever arise, he will be a plague among men, with those responsible for resurrecting him to suffer a horrible death. So ends the Imhotep legend.
Flash forward to the 1920's. Disaffected ex-Foreign Legionnaire and general man of action, our hero, Rick O'Connell (Brendan Fraser), pretty English librarian, our heroine, Evelyn (Rachel Weisz), and her lay-about brother Jonathan (John Hannah), the comic relief, have discovered a secret map detailing the location of the long lost city of Hamunaptra.
As they set off in search of the ancient city's rumoured treasures, they are forced to race a rival expedition comprising O'Connell's dirtbag former partner, Beni (Kevin J. O'Connor), a learned Egyptologist, and four gun-slinging, gung-ho American adventurers.
O'Connell's party and their opponents arrive at ruined Hamunaptra, and after various disagreements at the site, each group stakes out its separate claims. O'Connell, Evelyn and Jonathan uncover a sarcophagus with an unusual body inside. The mummy is not wrapped in bandages, nor is it a skeleton, but in a very ripe state of decay ("Still juicy", O'Connell comments) and appears to have been buried alive. Guess who?
Meanwhile, the opposing American group has uncovered a huge stone box with an inscription warning that whoever opens it shall incur the Hom Dai curse. Ignoring the caution, the box is opened to reveal sealed clay jars containing vital organs of a renegade priest, and a dusty old tome entitled, "Book of the Dead."
That night, the curious Evelyn creeps into the Americans' camp to prise the ancient book from the hands of the sleeping Egyptologist. His cry "Do not speak the words !" comes too late, as Evelyn voices Imhotep's dreaded resurrection incantation.
Deep within the ancient burial chamber, Imhotep's sarcophagus roars into life. Outside, the camp is suddenly inundated with a plague of swirling locusts and the Egyptologist laments: "What have we done?"
Alive and dangerous, Imhotep's first priority is to find human flesh to clothe his decayed body. No prizes for guessing that the offending American camp will satisfy this need. While Imhotep regenerates, the region is subjected to all manner of catastrophe: rivers of blood, fiery stones falling from the heavens, and twisting sand storms that take on the form of Imhotep's fierce visage.
Once restored, Imhotep seeks to revive his old love by sacrificing Evelyn. There ensues a race to save our heroine and put an end to the rampaging Imhotep and his army of resurrected mummies, before he takes over the world.
Amid the action and horror, The Mummy sustains a marvellous tongue-and-cheek tone. Whether desperately fighting off a band of marauding zombies or casting humorous verbal asides on the unfolding developments, the actors play superbly in the spirit of the film.
The director had a large budget at his command, and has skimped on nothing. Photograhy (by Adrian Biddle) is wonderful, using Moroccan desert locations to the full. Egyptian architecture and sculpture is rendered to stunning effect, and special effects spectacularly capture the majestic sunset vistas of ancient Egyptian Thebes, the epic onslaughts of Imhotep's Ten Plagues, and the gory detail of the mummy himself. Jerry Goldsmith's Arabic desert music score evokes dreams of far horizons and exotic adventure.
The Mummy is a thoroughly enjoyable romp, revelling in the romantic escapism of an almost mythical golden age of archaeological digs.


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Q: Shell script syntax error: unexpected end of line I wrote a simple shell script to check for the existence of a xml file and if it exists, then rename an old xml file to be backup and then move the new xml file to where the old xml file was stored.
#!/bin/sh

oldFile="/Documents/sampleFolder/sampleFile.xml"
newFile="/Documents/sampleFile.xml"
backupFileName="/Documents/sampleFolder/sampleFile2.backup"
oldFileLocation="/Documents/sampleFolder"

if [ -f "$newFile" ] ; then
    echo "File found"
    #Rename old file
    mv $oldFile $backupFileName
    #move new file to old file's location
    mv $newFile $oldFileLocation
else
    echo "File not found, do nothing"
fi

However, every time I try to run the script, I get 4 command not found messages and a syntax error: unexpected end of file. Any suggestions on why I get these command not found errors or the unexpected end of file? I double checked that I closed all my double quotes, I have code highlight :)
EDIT:
    output from running script:
: command not found:
: command not found:
: command not found1:
: command not found6:
replaceXML.sh: line 26: syntax error: unexpected end of file

A: I believe you're running on Cygwin.  There's more to the error messages than what you're seeing:
: command not found:
: command not found:
: command not found1:
: command not found6:
replaceXML.sh: line 26: syntax error: unexpected end of file

You probably used a Windows editor to create the script file, which means it uses Windows-style CR-LF ("\r\n") line endings, rather than Unix-style LF ('\n') line endings.  Some programs under Cygwin can handle either form, but the shell doesn't.
For example, the line that looks like
then

looks to the shell like
then^M

where ^M is the ASCII CR character. This would actually be a valid command name if it existed, but it doesn't, so the shell complains:
then^M: command not found

But printing the CR character causes the cursor to go back to the beginning of the line, so everthing before the : is overwritten.
You're getting the "unexpected end of file" message because the shell never saw a fi to match the if.
You can use the dos2unix command to fix the line endings.  Be sure to read the man page (man dos2unix); unlike most text filters, dos2unix replaces its input file rather than writing to stdout.

A: I can't really see anything wrong with your code apart from then not being in a legal place for older shells. Also notice the quotes around arguments to mv (but that should not be a problem if the files are named properly).
Try this:
#!/bin/sh

oldFile="/Documents/sampleFolder/sampleFile.xml"
newFile="/Documents/sampleFile.xml"
backupFileName="/Documents/sampleFolder/sampleFile2.backup"
oldFileLocation="/Documents/sampleFolder"

if [ -f "$newFile" ]
then
    echo "File found"
    mv "$oldFile" "$backupFileName"
    mv "$newFile" "$oldFileLocation"
else
    echo "File not found, do nothing"
fi

PS: verify that /bin/sh is (or points to) a bourne based shell.

A: What I did in my case:
I used Bash On Ubuntu on Windows (in Windows 10) instead of Cygwin and then installed dos2unix using sudo apt-get install dos2unixand used the following command to fix this problem:
$ dos2unix < compilelibs.sh > output.sh

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In the early 1990's, Al Diggins developed the foundation for what would eventually become EMC. Beginning as a project through Georgian College, Al chose to focus specifically on identifying and developing the skills that manufacturers required of their new hires, with the idea to culminate the resources and skills necessary to support manufacturers in the Owen Sound area.
Along with founding member and EMC Chair Jim McCoubrey, the Owen Sound cluster was formalized in 1997 and aptly named the Owen Sound Area Manufacturing Sectoral Group, which became the first official consortium of EMC.
Initially, with a small cluster of 18 manufacturers in the Owen Sound area, Al began facilitating discussions amongst manufacturers to help them connect and share ideas, best practices and resources to tackle their greatest challenges. These interactions were more than meetings, and quickly became known as Strategic Interest Group's or SIGs for short. In addition to the SIGs, member manufacturers began visiting each other's plants, sharing ideas and practices assisting them in overcoming their challenges.
As nearby communities became aware of the value manufacturers were experiencing through participation in the Owen Sound Area Manufacturing Sectoral Group, manufacturers began inquiring about bringing the model to their area. In 1998 Brantford was the first community outside of Owen Sound to launch a consortium. During the launch of the Brantford consortium Al learned that the collaboration amongst members and the willingness to share and steal with pride, was not a normal behaviour, but rather a learned behaviour that was, at the time, foreign to most manufacturers.
Responsiveness to member needs was always a top priority for EMC. As activity in both the Owen Sound and Brantford consortiums increased, for example, Al found that Sunday evenings were always the busiest time of the week. With over two dozen manufacturers now part of EMC, numerous requests for information and support would arrive and be responded to by Al on Sunday as senior managers prepared for their week.
Facilitating sharing of best practices between members was not the only method by which Al supported EMC members. In the early days, in order to ensure sharing of information was constant, Al spent considerable time on Sunday's developing a newsletter that became known as the EMC Update and faxing copies of same out to all members on a weekly basis. In addition, as cell phones became more common, Al became an early adopter of a mobile phone with one of the first car phones in the Owen Sound area.
As the Millennium approached and EMC membership continued to grow, the first team members joined EMC. Scott McNeil-Smith joined in 1999 as Marketing and Communications. With Scott's help EMC hosted its first event for members across all consortiums; an event that became known as the Woodland Classic Golf Tournament.
Continued Growth: 2000-2010
In the year 2000 EMC membership continued to grow, as did activities and resources in support of members sharing ideas and best practices. EMC's first website (www.excellence-in-manufacturing.org) was launched, and additional team members joined EMC in support of helping members. Amanda Doman began in the role of Finance and Administration, and Todd Oliver joined EMC to support the Learning Centre. It was also during this year that Al, faced with a question from a member, made the decision to send an email to all EMC members with the title "Member Needs Help." Following an enormous response from 47 members within only a few hours, the Member Needs Help service was born.
The new century brought about continued growth and changes in support of members. In 2001 the Chatham Consortium was formed, followed by Midland, Collingwood, Orangeville, Brockville, Guelph, and Huntsville/Muskoka. Supporting this continued growth Cori Hanna joined the team, and Stephanie Yakimishyn, a former colleague of Al's from Georgian College, became the first Manufacturing Consortium Manager. Steph as she prefers to be called, helped to formalize the MCM role by developing a framework upon which an MCM could support their consortium and community, a foundation that is still the backbone for Manufacturing Consortium Managers today.
In 2002, government agencies began to take notice of how EMC was helping its members, and FedNor partnered with EMC in order to support further growth in support of members in Northern Ontario. Similarly, EMC was approached by the WSIB to become one of the original sponsors of the Safety Group program, a manufacturers only safety group that is still in operation today. To support the launch of the Safety Group Alicia DeVries joined the team. Bren De Leeuw joined EMC as the second Manufacturing Consortium Manager. Todd Oliver, helped to develop and introduce the A to Z Lean Certification program and began helping members adopt this revolutionary practice.
With nearly a dozen consortiums active in Ontario, EMC began expanding inter-provincially with the introduction of the New Brunswick consortium in early 2003. As new provinces joined, growth continued in Ontario with the addition of the Kitchener, Waterloo, Cambridge consortiums, as well as St. Catherines, Niagara Falls, London, Belleville and York. As more members joined there was a need to expand the EMC team, and Menai Collins joined to support Todd in the Learning Center.
In 2005 Amy Edwards joined EMC to work with Todd Oliver and support the Learning Center, while Menai transitioned into IT supporting EMCs growing online activities. In addition Sara Struthers joined EMC in an accounting role, and our third Manufacturing Consortium Manager, Jason Bates joined as well. We added a number of new consortiums in Hamilton, Nova Scotia, Sault Ste. Marie, and Milton. We also launched the Food, Beverage, and Bio Sector Initiative, and transitioned to what was considered cutting edge technology with a new WEB2.0 website domain www.emccanada.org.
In 2007, we added more consortiums in Barrie, Sudbury, North Bay, P.E.I., and Burlington. Doug Rourke joined EMC to lead the growing Safety Group program, and Larry Vokes, a former member of EMC joined to support our new SR&ED program.
2008 brought about the hiring of Ross Cooper who worked with Larry on the newly launched SR&ED program. In addition to helping members obtain tax credits through the SR&ED program, with the costs of energy continuing to climb, we came up with the idea of developing an Energy Group program, which Scott McNeil Smith helped to further develop and launch. Following the addition of these programs in support of our members, in 2009 we partnered with OMAFRA in support of the Growing Forward 2 program. Glenn Durnford joined EMC to support the Maritimes, and the Nova Scotia Essential Skills Cluster would launch in the months that followed. Relative to consortiums, the Windsor consortium joined in 2009 and shortly after, in early 2010 we launched the EMC Direct program in support of helping members reduce the costs of their consumable products and services. The EMC team continued to grow as Kristy McKee joined to focus on overseeing the Member Needs Help service that was growing in popularity as our membership grew.
Continued Growth: 2011-Present
As EMC grew and our projects became larger in scale, we needed more team members. In 2011, Wendy Gray joined EMC to help with the EMC-Harvard Supervisory Program, as did Kevin Lenko as our fifth Manufacturing Consortium Managers.
In the years that followed EMC's team grew through the addition of Jean-Pierre Giroux, a former executive with the Textile Human Resource Council (THRC), who joined EMC as National Director Skills and Talent Development. Garrett Potter, also, joined during the same time to support of the growing Safety Group program.
The Manufacturing Essentials case studies were introduced in 2014, supporting the development and launch of a unique program called Manufacturing GPS, a labour market intelligence tool helping manufacturers identify critical information to support workforce development. Our needs, also, required that we bring on additional support in our Marketing department and Wes Havens joined the team.
As membership and services continued to grow, Joan Richard returned in an MCM role to support New Brunswick and Kelly Killby came on to support the Safety Group. Shawn Casemore joined as a member of the EMC board of directors, and Jamie Couvieau joined as the MCM to support Eastern Ontario. Lisa Steudle joined as a project administrator, and Michelle Nichols joined to support Kelly and Garrett with the Safety Group, and Tonya Starr joined as the MCM for the Brampton, Mississauga and GTA.
Where are we today? EMC is a unique not-for-profit organization dedicated to helping manufacturers grow and become more competitive, at home and around the world. EMC is responsible for contributing significant knowledge, expertise and resources towards the success of over 13,000 consortium and online member manufacturers, employing hundreds of thousands of Canadians, in more than 60 consortium regions. EMC's membership is coast-to-coast (in every province and territory), with a total audience of 40,000+ manufacturing employers.
Our members and team are the keys to our success. By continuing to practice the fundamentals that Al initially introduced to members including facilitating the learned behavior of sharing best practices, while always remaining responsive to our member needs, EMC will continue supporting the growth and prosperity of manufacturing in Canada.
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Osteoarthritis of the hip happens when the cartilage in your hip joint breaks down. Cartilage is a protein that acts as a cushion between the moving bones of your joint. When this cushion wears down and is slowly lost, pain is the result. Your hip joint now has to do its job without any cushioning material in its moving parts.
Joint pain in the hip can really affect your ability to be mobile. How does the condition start? Medical experts say it is mostly a result of natural aging of the joint.
When you age, two things happen: the water content of your cartilage increases, while the protein degenerates. When you continue to use your worn joints over the years, you can inadvertently irritate and inflame the cartilage.
At this point, you can take painkillers. However, searching for some alternative treatments that might work for you is probably a better long-term solution. For example, researchers in Austria wanted to find out if herbal formulas prepared in accordance with the rules of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) could help patients dealing with osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. For the study, 102 female and male patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee aged between 45 and 75 years were recruited.
The patients were randomized to receive a treatment with individualized, water-based herbal formulas prepared in a standardized process or a non-specific herbal treatment that acted as control. The researchers monitored the patients' pain, stiffness, functional impairment, and general quality of life over the course of 20 weeks of treatment.
The research team found that there were significant changes in physical functioning, bodily pain, vitality, and social functioning in both study groups after 20 weeks. They concluded that an individual prescription consisting of medicinal herbs according to the practices of TCM tends to improve osteoarthritis symptoms in patients.
To learn more about other natural cures for osteoarthritis, follow this link: This Stinky Food Could Fight Osteoarthritis.


text:
Right-Sizing Transportation Investments: A Guidebook for Planning and Programming (2019)
Chapter: Appendix D - Bibliography by Topic Area
« Previous: Appendix C - Synthesis of the Literature and Practice with Interpretation of Relevance for Right-Sizing
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D - Bibliography by Topic Area." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2019. Right-Sizing Transportation Investments: A Guidebook for Planning and Programming. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/25680.
213 A P P E N D I X D Bibliography by Topic Area The purpose of this appendix is to document additional supplemental references beyond those specifically incorporated into the Synthesis of the Literature and Practice with Interpretation of Relevance for Right-Sizing (Appendix C). For ease of review, the references within this appendix are organized by topic areas. U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). (June 2000). Report to Congressional Committees, HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE: FHWA's Model for Estimating Highway Needs Is Generally Reasonable, Despite Limitations. Accessed August 2018. U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). (February 2001). Report to Congressional Committees, HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE: FHWA's Model for Estimating Highway Needs Has Been Modified for State-Level Planning. Accessed August 2018. U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). (September 2002). Testimony of Katherine Siggerud, Acting Director, Physical Infrastructure Issues before the Subcommittee on Highways and Transit, Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, House of Representatives, HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE: Physical Conditions of the Interstate Highway System Have Improved, but Congestion and Other Pressures Continue. Accessed August 2018. McKinsey and Company. (2013). Rethinking Infrastructure Series. Available at https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/capital-projects-and-infrastructure/our- insights/rethinking-infrastructure. Accessed August 2018. Bellis, R. (September 3, 2018). Technical Assistance Helped Six MPOs Improve How They Prioritize Projects. State Smart Transportation Initiative. Available at https://www.ssti.us/2018/09/technical-assistance-helped-six-mpos-improve-how-they- prioritize-projects/. Copeland, T. B., and Antikarov, V. (2001). Real Options: A Practitioner's Guide. Available at https://books.google.com/books/about/Real_Options.html?id=fnhPAAAAMAAJ. Accessed August 2018. Perrin, R. J., T. H. Boggio, J. J. Winebrake, and E. H. Green. (2018). NCHRP Synthesis 529: How Transportation Agencies Assess the Value of Added Capacity Highway Projects Versus Other Modal Projects and Strategies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Available at http://www.trb.org/main/blurbs/177961.aspx. Development of HERS-ST Infrastructure Demands Investment Considerations
214 Right-Sizing Transportation Investments: A Guidebook for Planning and Programming FHWA. (2018). Web Page for Asset Management Guidance. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Available at https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/asset/guidance.cfm. FHWA. (2016). Financial Planning for Transportation Asset Management. Report 5: Incorporating Asset Valuation into Transportation Asset Management Financial Plans. U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Available at https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/asset/plans/financial/hif16009.pdf. Friedman, S. (2007). Is Counter-Productive Policy Creating Serious Consequences? The Case of Highway Maintenance. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/sdr.351. Shepherd, S. P. (2014). A Review of System Dynamics Models Applied in Transportation. Transportmetrica B: Transport Dynamics, Vol. 2, No. 2. Available at https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21680566.2014.916236. Multimodal and Cross-Modal Considerations Cervero, R. (November 2009). Transport Infrastructure and Global Competitiveness: Balancing Mobility and Livability. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Available at https://www.jstor.org/stable/40375931?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents. Accessed August 2018. Infrastructure Investment and Economic Development Bannister, D., and J. Berechman. (2000). Transport Investment and Economic Development. Routledge. Other General Guidance Badger, E. City Lab. (2013) How to 'Rightsize' a Street. Available at https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2013/01/how-rightsize-street/4459/. Chester, C. Smart Growth America. (2014). Improved community outreach pays off for Tennessee Department of Transportation. Available at https://smartgrowthamerica.org/improved- community-outreach-pays-off-for-tennessee-department-of-transportation/. City of Austin Transportation Department. (2015). A Report on Right-Sizing Projects in Austin, TX 1999–2014. Available at http://www.austintexas.gov/sites/default/files/files/Lane_Conversion_Report_2015-06- 01.pdf. Eno Center for Transportation, Bipartisan Research Center. (2012). The Consequences of Reduced Federal Transportation Investment. Available at http://bipartisanpolicy.org/wp- content/uploads/sites/default/files/BPC-Eno%20Transportation%20Report.pdf. FHWA. Data Integration Primer (August 2010). U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C. Available at https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/asset/dataintegration/if10019/if10019.pdf. Transportation Research E- Circular E-C192: Data and Statistics for Valuing Transportation Infrastructure and Transportation's Contribution to the Economy. (July 2014). Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C. Available at http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/circulars/ec192.pdf. Accessed August 2018. Data Sources and Integration for Investment Analysis Transportation Asset Management Guidance
Bibliography by Topic Area 215 Lindsey, D. (2015). Right-Sizing the Transportation System. Paper Advance. Available at https://www.paperadvance.com/blogs/fpac/3789-right-sizing-the-transportation- system.html. Perrin, R. J., T. H. Boggio, J. J. Winebrake, and E. H. Green. (2018). NCHRP Synthesis 529: How Transportation Agencies Assess the Value of Added Capacity Highway Projects Versus Other Modal Projects and Strategies. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C. Available at http://www.trb.org/main/blurbs/177961.aspx. Project for Public Spaces. (2012). Right-Sizing Streets. Available at https://www.pps.org/article/right-sizing. Puentes, R. (2011). State Transportation Reform: Cut to Invest in Transportation to Deliver the Next Economy. Brookings-Rockefeller Project on State and Metropolitan Innovation. Available at https://www.brookings.edu/wp- content/uploads/2016/06/0222_infrastructure_puentes.pdf. Sentoff, K., J. Sullivan, D. Novak, and J. Dowds. (2017). Examining the Potential Impacts of Maintenance Investment and Capital Reinvestment in Vermont's Roadway Infrastructure Network. University of Vermont Transportation Research Center. Available at http://vtrans.vermont.gov/sites/aot/files/highway/documents/materialsandresearch/compl etedprojects/Disinvestment%20Final%20Report%20%28VTrans%20Approved%29.pdf. Smart State Transportation Initiative. (2018). Technical Assistance Helped Six MPOs Improve How They Prioritize Projects. Available at https://www.ssti.us/2018/09/technical- assistance-helped-six-mpos-improve-how-they-prioritize-projects/. State Smart Transportation Initiative. (2011). SSTI Review of PennDOT's Smart Transportation. Available at https://ssti.us/wp/wp- content/uploads/2011/02/SSTI_Review_of_PennDOT_Smart_Transportation.pdf. Strong Towns, Inc. (2018). Right-Sizing Streets. Available at https://www.strongtowns.org/infrastructure/. Tomer, A. (2015). Transportation Investment is a Matter of (Local) Perspective. Brookings Institute. Available at https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the- avenue/2015/04/08/transportation-investment-is-a-matter-of-local-perspective/. Kemp, R., and C. Stephani. (2015). Urban Transportation Innovations Worldwide: A Handbook of Best Practices Outside the United States. Available at https://books.google.com/books?id=eg0yBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211&lpg=PA211&dq=right+sizi ng+transportation&source=bl&ots=_d8nNbQeDm&sig=2oSZxq0xBcD4PRf- Z2NKSLHiRtw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjWyYSM2rLZAhVo4oMKHUCuBO44ChDoAQg1MA M#v=onepage&q=right%20sizing%20transportation&f=false. League of Minnesota Municipalities. (2016). Right-Sizing Transportation Projects for Success. Available at https://www.lmc.org/page/1/RightSizeTransportation2016.jsp. http://wwwsp.dotd.la.gov/Inside_LaDOTD/Divisions/Multimodal/Road_Transfer/Documents /Right-Sizing%20the%20State%20Highway%20System.pdf. Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development. (April 2013). Right-Sizing the State Highway System. Available at
Abbreviations and acronyms used without definitions in TRB publications: A4A Airlines for America AAAE American Association of Airport Executives AASHO American Association of State Highway Officials AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ACI–NA Airports Council International–North America ACRP Airport Cooperative Research Program ADA Americans with Disabilities Act APTA American Public Transportation Association ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials ATA American Trucking Associations CTAA Community Transportation Association of America CTBSSP Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program DHS Department of Homeland Security DOE Department of Energy EPA Environmental Protection Agency FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAST Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act (2015) FHWA Federal Highway Administration FMCSA Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration FRA Federal Railroad Administration FTA Federal Transit Administration HMCRP Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISTEA Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 ITE Institute of Transportation Engineers MAP-21 Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (2012) NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASAO National Association of State Aviation Officials NCFRP National Cooperative Freight Research Program NCHRP National Cooperative Highway Research Program NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration NTSB National Transportation Safety Board PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration RITA Research and Innovative Technology Administration SAE Society of Automotive Engineers SAFETEA-LU Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (2005) TCRP Transit Cooperative Research Program TDC Transit Development Corporation TEA-21 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (1998) TRB Transportation Research Board TSA Transportation Security Administration U.S. DOT United States Department of Transportation
TRA N SPO RTATIO N RESEA RCH BO A RD 500 Fifth Street, N W W ashington, D C 20001 A D D RESS SERV ICE REQ U ESTED ISBN 978-0-309-48094-9 9 7 8 0 3 0 9 4 8 0 9 4 9 9 0 0 0 0 N O N -PR O FIT O R G . U .S. PO STA G E PA ID C O LU M B IA , M D PER M IT N O . 88 Right-Sizing Transportation Investm ents: A G uidebook for Planning and Program m ing N CH RP Research Report 917 TRB
Right-Sizing Transportation Investments: A Guidebook for Planning and Programming Get This Book
Transportation agencies across the United States are afflicted with aging infrastructure, unstable funding, changing performance expectations, and programs that need updating to meet future demand effectively and efficiently. Yet, these agencies are charged with ensuring ongoing alignment between the life cycle cost, capacity, extent, condition, and function of a piece of infrastructure or a program and its intended current and future use.
The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 917: Right-Sizing Transportation Investments: A Guidebook for Planning and Programming provides a guideline for identifying right-sizing opportunities where greater social and economic value can be realized by repurposing, reusing, or fundamentally resizing existing transportation system assets.
There is an executive summary associated with this report, as well as several supplementary materials, including:
Web-Only Document 263: White Papers for Right-Sizing Transportation Investments
A Powerpoint presentation for decision-makers
Spreadsheet model
Spreadsheet model example
A technical appendix
Front Matter i–xii
Chapter 1 - Introduction to Guidance 1–5
Chapter 2 - Policy Guidance 6–64
Chapter 3 - Integration of Right-Sizing Toolkit with Policy Guidance 65–72
Chapter 4 - Technical Guidance 73–161
References and Bibliography 162–164
Appendix A - Implementation of Research Findings and Products 165–172
Appendix B - Selection and Development of a Right-Sizing Toolkit 173–176
Appendix C - Synthesis of the Literature and Practice with Interpretation of Relevance for Right-Sizing 177–212
Appendix D - Bibliography by Topic Area 213–218


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text:
Mazeyrat-d'Allier – miejscowość i gmina we Francji, w regionie Owernia-Rodan-Alpy, w departamencie Górna Loara.

Według danych na rok 1990 gminę zamieszkiwały 1153 osoby, a gęstość zaludnienia wynosiła 26 osób/km² (wśród 1310 gmin Owernii Mazeyrat-d'Allier plasuje się na 187. miejscu pod względem liczby ludności, natomiast pod względem powierzchni na miejscu 66.).

Bibliografia

Miejscowości w departamencie Górna Loara


text:
Ancient Earth Journal: The Early Cretaceous
By Juan Carlos Alonso & Gregory S. Paul
Genre: Children's Nonfiction
A 2016 Outstanding Science Trade Book for Students K-12 (National Science Teachers Association-Children's Book Council
The Early Cretaceous brings readers closer to prehistoric life than ever before.
What it would be like to see a living, breathing dinosaur? The Early Cretaceous brings readers closer to prehistoric life than ever before. By combining the latest paleontological findings with highly detailed, intimate drawings of wildlife from the Early Cretaceous, readers will look into the eyes of some of the most fascinating creatures to ever inhabit the earth. Written and illustrated in the style of a naturalist's notebook, the viewer will be given a first-hand account of what it is like to stand alongside everything from the first birds to flying dinosaurs to some of the largest creatures ever to walk the earth. Through detailed illustrations and descriptive narrative, readers will discover how some dinosaurs survived polar blizzards, while others were able to pump blood five stories high to reach their brains. While many books on prehistoric life lump dinosaurs into the general timeline of the Mesozoic Period, no book currently dissects plant and animal life during one specific period. This allows the book to explore wildlife seldom featured in publications, many of them recent discoveries. The Early Cretaceous is backed by the research of one of paleontology's most acclaimed theorists, giving the book the most up to date scientific interpretation regarding animal behaviors, interactions, and recreations.
"The illustrations and artistic layout are exceptionally beautiful. This is a book children will cherish, keep, and remember, and adults will be delighted to add to their collection." - Sylvia Czerkas, Author and Director The Dinosaur Museum, Utah
"The illustrations are fantastic! The Nigersaurus 'grazing' is one of the nicest reconstructions of a rebbachisaurid I've ever seen." - Matthew C. Lamanna, Ph.D., Assistant Curator, Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History
"Fantastic artwork!" - Andrew Milner, Paleontologist and Curator at St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site
"The art is amazing" - Phil Hore, National Dinosaur Museum, Australia
"I *love* it! The style reminds me of a very cool sci-fi book that I had as a kid (and still have), Dougal Dixon's After Man: A Zoology of the Future. Dixon's book is a wonderful, lavishly illustrated introduction to evolutionary principles that helped set me on the path to becoming a professional paleontologist. I suspect your book is going to be similarly inspirational to many of today's aspiring scientists." - Matthew C. Lamanna, Ph.D., Assistant Curator, Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, Carnegie Museum of Natural History
More by Juan Carlos Alonso & Gregory S. Paul
Juan Carlos Alonso & Gregory S. Paul


Not much seems to have changed at Golf 'n' Stuff in the last decade or so: There are the same two miniature golf courses, the same bumper boats, and the same go-karts (along with the same corresponding smell of gasoline). There are still a bunch of video games. Fortunately, even in the age of super-high-tech home entertainment, kids still love what Golf 'n' Stuff has to offer—and adults can sneak in a game or two of pinball. Just don't spend much time thinking about the economics of the tickets-for-prizes trade.


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Transparent Control Flow Transfer between CPU and Accelerators for HPC
A 28 GHz Broadband Helical Inspired End-Fire Antenna and Its MIMO Configuration for 5G Pattern Diversity Applications
10.3390/electronics10040401
Academic Editor
Yosef Pinhasi
Lemieszewski, Ł.
Radomska-Zalas, A.
Perec, A.
Dobryakova, L.
Ochin, E.
GNSS and LNSS Positioning of Unmanned Transport Systems: The Brief Classification of Terrorist Attacks on USVs and UUVs
Łukasz Lemieszewski
Aleksandra Radomska-Zalas
Andrzej Perec
Larisa Dobryakova
2 and
Evgeny Ochin
Department of Technology, The Jacob of Paradies University, 25 Teatralna Street, 66-400 Gorzów Wielkopolski, Poland
Faculty of CS & IT, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, 17 al. Piastów Street, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland
Electronics 2021, 10(4), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10040401
Received: 31 December 2020 / Revised: 1 February 2021 / Accepted: 3 February 2021 / Published: 7 February 2021
(This article belongs to the Section Microwave and Wireless Communications)
As the demand for precision positioning grows around the world and spreads across various industries, initiatives are being taken to increasingly protect Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers from intruders of all kinds, from unintentional industrial interference to advanced GNSS spoofing systems. The timing and cost of these forthcoming satellite navigation safety efforts are difficult to decipher due to the large number of new signals and constellations being deployed. However, it is safe to say that the newly designed anti-jamming and anti-spoofing GNSS systems open up new opportunities for innovative technologies. The false acoustic signal delay is equal to the sum of the spoofer receiving antenna delay, processing delay, and propagation delay from the spoofer to the victim. The victim finds the same location as the spoofer's receiving antenna, and receivers located in different locations will have the same XYZ. The article presents classifications of terrorist attacks of this type.
GNSS; LNSS; Local Navigation Satellite Systems; Unmanned Transport Systems; USV; unmanned surface vehicles; UUV; unmanned undersea vehicles; jamming; meaconing; spoofing
"As GPS further penetrates into the civil infrastructure, it becomes a tempting target".
"Information on the capabilities, limitations, and operational procedures [of spoofers] would help identify vulnerable areas and detection strategies"
As the demand for precision positioning grows around the world and spreads across various industries, initiatives are being taken to increasingly protect GNSS receivers from intruders of all kinds, from unintentional industrial interference to advanced GNSS spoofing systems. The timing and cost of these forthcoming satellite navigation safety efforts are difficult to decipher due to the large number of new signals and constellations being deployed. However, it is safe to say that the newly designed anti-jamming and anti-spoofing GNSS systems open up new opportunities for innovative technologies.
2. The Signal Energy Decreases with Distance from Satellites and Major GNSS Interference Sources
In this article we look at positioning systems in which a navigation receiver "listens" to buoys, receives their messages, and determines a position based on the geographic coordinates of the buoys. Such systems are called Local Navigation Satellite Systems (LNSS). An acoustic signal generator transmits simulated signals from multiple satellites. The receiver of the underwater object "picks up" the false signal and calculates the false XYZ. All receivers in the spoofed area compute the same XYZ.
Unwanted RF signals affecting the USV receiver can be natural, unintentional, or intentional using jammers. GNSS radio signals are hundreds of times weaker than the background noise of radio signals such as VHF, microwave, 3G, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth (Figure 1), but the introduction of new protocols such as 5G is pushing out GNSS radio signals even more.
The radiated energy of the satellite transmitting antenna decreases when approaching the USV receiving antenna (Figure 2).
3. The GNSS Jamming as a Terrorist Attack on USVs
Jamming masks and blurs satellite signals with more powerful interference. Thus, the blurry receiver can no longer position itself, or it can position itself erroneously. Although the use of jamming is prohibited, low-power jamming is often used by citizens concerned with protecting their privacy. Drivers who do not want to be monitored also use jamming.
In addition, terrorist use of jamming cannot be ruled out. Powerful jamming systems for GNSS have already been observed in various conflict zones.
For example, the US Navy accidentally disabled GPS for three days at the Port of San Diego in January 2007 [3]. Additional examples are given in [4,5]. A GNSS jamming for USVs (Figure 3) is intentional interference that emits electromagnetic signals at GNSS frequencies in order to jam GNSS signals. Military silencers are widely known, but so-called Personal Protective Devices (PPDs) are becoming more common in everyday practice. PPDs are small, lightweight jammers that are readily available online.
The problem of jamming detection is relatively easy to solve. A detailed explanation of this issue is presented in [6]. Among the many technologies for partial or complete suppression of jamming, we note [7] (Figure 4), which can be bought for under $20.
Interference signals are sent to a spectrum analyzer and an attenuator (VA) is added to the GPS simulator and GNSS signals. VA scales the interference factor.
4. GNSS Spoofing as a Terrorist Attack on USVs
One of the earliest high-profile reports was from Iran On 4 December 2011; Iran hijacked an American Lockheed Martin RQ-170 drone (Figure 5) [8], claiming that it had spoofed the GPS.
A GNSS spoofing for USVs (Figure 6) is a system for receiving GNSS signals, introducing some delays into each of the satellite channels, introducing some other signal distortion, and transmitting them on the same frequency, which aims to deceive GNSS receivers and create a false PVT solution. GNSS navigators determine their position with some error, usually known to the spoofer.
5. The Modelling of GNSS Spoofing
The problem of modelling GNSS spoofing is of independent importance. Here we restrict ourselves to considering one of the most advanced simulation systems, namely, SimSAFE (Figure 7) as the comprehensive simulation to protect against GNSS spoofing. SimSAFE represents an innovative way to simulate complex spoofing attacks, proving detection and mitigation measures [9].
The SimSAFE software emulates signal spoofing attacks and test receiver mitigation techniques. SimSAFE allows flexibility in the attack scenario definition and test of interference detection techniques. The tool can be integrated into existing radio navigation testing laboratories, in order to leverage existing hardware such as signal simulators, interference generators, and hardware GNSS receivers.
This technology aims to investigate the effectiveness of GNSS spoofing protection [10,11,12,13,14,15].
The complexity of the anti-spoofing solution problem cannot be overemphasized. See, for example, [16,17,18]. Probably no one has offered anything better than GNSS/INS [19,20]. However, in this case, there is a problem of data integration from multiple sensors [21,22].
6. The GNSS Meaconing as a Terrorist Attack on USVs
A GNSS Meaconing (the little brother of spoofing in Figure 7) is a system which receives GNSS signals, introducing the same delays into each of the satellite channels (the delay is determined by the difference in the GNSS signal paths from the satellites and from the meaconer to the GNSS navigator antenna), and retransmitting them on the same frequency, which is aimed at misleading GNSS receivers and creating a false PVT solution. i.e., GNSS navigators determine their position with some error, usually known to the spoofer. The properties of such a spoofer have been carefully studied. In particular, the term repeater was often used and is still used today as a synonym for meaconer [23].
A meaconer receives, amplifies, and retransmits radio signals. The spoof signal delay is equal to the sum of the delay at the spoofer's receiving antenna, processing delay, and propagation delay from the spoofer to the victim. The victim locates the same location as the spoofer receiving antenna. Meaconing is relatively often used for geo-fencing of a some especially dangerous areas or water areas from unmanned technical means. For example, it has reported incidents in the Black Sea that occurred in 2017, when GPS receivers on board more than 20 ships showed the position of Gelendzhik airport [24]. Another well-known example of geo-fencing describes a similar behaviour of GPS receivers in the vicinity of Moscow's Red Square, which showed the positions of Vnukovo airport [25].
7. The GNSS Self-Spoofing Attack on USVs
A GNSS Self-Spoofing Attack on USVs occurs in situations where the owner of the vehicle wants to hide his/her real position in space for a false one. For example, some USVs are commercial fishing vessels outside of the allowable area and include their own onboard self-spoofer to indicate the position of the USV in the allowable fishing area (Figure 8).
From a technical point of view, the GNSS self-spoofing of USVs is the same spoofing, but here we have an absolutely different way of using spoofing, and if conventional anti-spoofing is based on the choice of technical means to protect oneself from spoofing, then anti-self-spoofing is based on the choice of technical means for attacking this self-spoofing in order to neutralize it, or at least to register the fact of its use by some vehicle including USV.
8. The Local Navigation Satellite Systems (LNSS)
Positioning is the most important task of AUV navigation. Navigation Dead Reckoning [19] and INS [20] are traditional methods of localizing and navigating UUVs, but have problems with decreasing position accuracy over time. In addition to traditional technologies, this problem is addressed with acoustic technologies such as LNSS based on Long Baseline (LBL, Figure 9).
Three or more acoustic buoys are placed in a specific area on the ocean surface or along the sides of a ship. The distances between the UUV and the buoys are calculated using signal delays and the speed of sound in the water. The UUV position is calculated using trilateration in the buoy reference frame. The estimated position is transmitted to the parent ship.
Buoys (Figure 10) have three modes of operation. At the first, the product receives information via satellite communication channels, memorizes it and, at the request of the robot, transmits it. In the second mode—"dialogue"—the buoy connects the coastal, aerial, sea control centers with underwater robots over the VHF radio channel in real-time mode. Such data exchange allows not only knowing where the robot is and what tasks it solves, but also to continuously control it. The third mode is the easiest. The robot operates completely autonomously and only checks its coordinates with buoys, adjusting the course. In an emergency, the drone can give an SOS signal, reporting the termination of a deep-sea mission.
9. The LNSS Jamming as a Terrorist Attack on UUVs
A LNSS jamming for UUVs is an intentional interference that emits acoustic signals with a hydrophone at the frequencies of the GNSS radio-acoustic transponders in order to blank out the acoustic GNSS signals (Figure 11).
10. LNSS Spoofing as a Terrorist Attack on UUVs
An LNSS spoofing for UUVs (Figure 12) is a system for receiving GIBs signals, introducing some delays into each of the satellite channels, introducing some other signal distortion, and transmitting them on the same frequency, which aims to deceive LNSS receivers and create a false PVT solution. LNSS navigators determine their position with some error, usually known to the spoofer.
11. LNSS Meaconing as a Terrorist Attack on UUVs
An LNSS meaconing for UUVs (Figure 13) is a system for receiving GIBs signals, introducing some delays into each of the satellite channels, and transmitting them on the same frequency of GIBs, which aims to deceive acoustic receivers and create a false PVT solution. LNSS navigators determine their position with some error, usually known to the meaconer.
12. The LNSS Self-Spoofing Attack on UUVs
An LNSS Self-Spoofing Attack on UUVs occurs in situations where the owner of the vehicle wants to hide his/her real position in space for a false one. For example, some UUVs are commercial fishing vessels outside of the allowable area and include their own onboard self-spoofer to indicate the position of the UUV in the allowable fishing area (Figure 14).
From a technical point of view, the LNSS self-spoofing of UUVs is the same spoofing, but here we have an absolutely different way of using spoofing, and if conventional anti-spoofing is based on the choice of technical means to protect oneself from spoofing, then anti-self-spoofing is based on the choice of technical means for attacking this self-spoofing in order to neutralize it, or at least to register the fact of its use by some vehicle including UUV.
13. The Brief Classification of Terrorist Attacks on USVs and UUVs
Based on an in-depth analysis of the terrorist attack structures on USVs and UUVs presented here, we present a classification graph (Figure 15).
The analysis of the above structures of the main terrorist attacks showed that at present the terminology in general and for UUVs in particular is not settled. As an example, we will give an ambiguous understanding of the meanings of the words "positioning and localization". However, the authors hope that the classification given in the article will help systematize the concepts of this section of the navigation safety of unmanned vehicles not only on water, but also, which is extremely important, underwater.
Within the framework of this study, it should be emphasized that UUV safety studies are mainly carried out experimentally, as described in detail in the dissertation [26]; at the same time, experimental studies of UUVs safety are associated with the well-known difficulties of deep-sea diving and are mainly limited to modelling.
It is important to emphasize that the conversion of GNSS to LNSS is currently in the early stages of development [27,28,29,30,31].
GNSS is the foundation for USV and UUV positioning. Server-side (cloud-based) methods can play a key role in the provision of GNSS services [32]. In a cloud architecture, access to the encrypted GNSS service is controlled over the communication channel, and the recipient user must authenticate themselves. The main advantage of this approach is its simplicity.
Methodology and project administration, Ł.L. and A.R.-Z.; validation, A.P. and Ł.L.; formal analysis, L.D. and Ł.L.; funding acquisition, A.P. and A.R.-Z.; software, L.D.; conceptualization and resources, E.O. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
This research received no external funding.
The authors thank Elżbieta Skorupska-Raczyńska—Rector of The Jacob of Paradies University for help financing this article.
The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
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Figure 1. Main known sources of GNSS interference [2].
Figure 2. The signal energy decreases with distance from the satellite.
Figure 3. The basic GNSS jamming scheme of USVs: at some point in time, the jammer transmits white noise at GNSS frequencies, which aims to make a PVT solution impossible. All USVs in the jammed area lose orientation.
Figure 4. Typical illegal in-car chirp jammer (aka Personal Privacy Device or PPD) [7].
Figure 5. Iran hijacked Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel drone (The reporting of this incident led to a change in the topic of Łukasz Lemieszewski's dissertation and to the defence of Poland's first dissertation "The method of GNSS spoofing detection in terms of transport safety") [8]. General characteristics: Length: 8 ft 7 in (4.5 m), Wingspan: 38 ft (12 m), Height: 6 ft (1.8 m).
Figure 6. The basic GNSS spoofing scheme of USVs: at some point in time, the spoofer determines its position ( x s , y s ) , introducing some delays into each of the satellite channels, introducing some other signal distortion, and transmitting the false position ( x s , y s ) on the same frequency, which aims to deceive GNSS receivers and create a false PVT solution. All USVs in the spoofer activation zone are positioned as USV i , f a l s e = ( x s + Δ x s , y s + Δ y s ).
Figure 7. The basic GNSS meaconing scheme of USVs: at some point in time, the meaconer determines its position ( x s , y s ) , introducing some delays into each of the satellite channels, and transmitting the false position ( x s , y s ) on the same frequency.
Figure 8. The basic GNSS self-spoofing scheme of USVs: at some point in time, the self-spoofer determines its position ( x s , y s ) , introducing some delays into each of the satellite channels, introducing some other signal distortion, and transmitting the false position ( x s + Δ x s , y s + Δ y s ) on the same frequency, which aims to deceive GNSS receivers and create a false PVT solution. All USVs in the self-spoofer activation zone are positioned as USV i , f a l s e = ( x s + Δ x s , y s + Δ y s ).
Figure 9. Method of the operation of a long baseline (LBL) acoustic positioning system [9].
Figure 10. The main idea of LNSS.
Figure 11. The LNSS basic jamming scheme of UUVs: at some point in time, the jammer transmits white noise at GIB frequencies, which aims to make a PVT solution impossible. All UUVs in the jammed area lose orientation UUV false = (?).
Figure 12. The basic spoofing scheme of UUVs: at some point in time, the spoofer determines its position ( x s , y s ) , introducing some delays into each of the GIBs channels, introducing some other signal distortion, and transmitting the false position ( x s , y s ) on the same frequency of GIBs, which aims to deceive acoustic receivers and create a false PVT solution. All UUVs in the spoofer activation zone are positioned as UUV i , false = ( x s + Δ x s , y s + Δ y s ).
Figure 13. The basic LNSS meaconing scheme of UUVs: at some point in time, the meaconer determines its position ( x s , y s ) , introducing some delays into each of the satellite channels (the delay is determined by the difference in the GIBs signal paths from the GIBs and from the meaconer to the UUV navigator antenna) and transmitting the false position ( x s , y s ) on the same frequency of GIBs, which aims to deceive acoustic receivers and create a false PVT solution. All UUVs in the meaconer activation zone are positioned as UUV i , false = ( x s , y s ).
Figure 14. The basic LNSS self-spoofing scheme of UUVs: at some point in time, the self-spoofer determines its position ( x s , y s ) , introducing some delays into each of the satellite channels, introducing some other signal distortion, and transmitting the false position ( x s + Δ x s , y s + Δ y s ) on the same frequency, which aims to deceive GIB receivers and create a false PVT solution. All UUVs in the self-spoofer activation zone are positioned as UUV i , false = ( x s + Δ x s , y s + Δ y s ).
Figure 15. The classification of terrorist attacks on USVs and UUVs.
Lemieszewski, Ł.; Radomska-Zalas, A.; Perec, A.; Dobryakova, L.; Ochin, E. GNSS and LNSS Positioning of Unmanned Transport Systems: The Brief Classification of Terrorist Attacks on USVs and UUVs. Electronics 2021, 10, 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10040401
Lemieszewski Ł, Radomska-Zalas A, Perec A, Dobryakova L, Ochin E. GNSS and LNSS Positioning of Unmanned Transport Systems: The Brief Classification of Terrorist Attacks on USVs and UUVs. Electronics. 2021; 10(4):401. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10040401
Lemieszewski, Łukasz, Aleksandra Radomska-Zalas, Andrzej Perec, Larisa Dobryakova, and Evgeny Ochin. 2021. "GNSS and LNSS Positioning of Unmanned Transport Systems: The Brief Classification of Terrorist Attacks on USVs and UUVs" Electronics 10, no. 4: 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10040401
Electronics, EISSN 2079-9292, Published by MDPI


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2015/08/27 11:46 chrono [Additional Benefits] 2015/04/27 11:57 chrono [Analysis] 2015/04/10 10:24 chrono 2015/04/10 10:12 chrono [Domestic fuelwood consumption worldwide] 2015/04/10 10:04 chrono [Conclusion] 2015/04/10 09:59 chrono [Conclusion] 2015/04/10 09:58 chrono [Dangers & risks] 2013/06/30 12:48 chrono [How much is that in trees?] 2013/06/05 14:34 external edit2012/05/11 22:37 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/05/11 22:36 chrono [Consequences] 2012/05/11 22:34 chrono [Domestic fuelwood consumption worldwide] 2012/03/28 22:31 chrono [How much is that in trees?] 2012/03/16 12:25 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/03 07:15 chrono [Analysis] 2012/03/03 07:07 chrono [How much is that in area] 2012/03/03 07:05 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/03 07:04 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/03 06:43 chrono [Benefits] 2012/03/03 06:41 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/03 06:27 chrono [Analysis] 2012/03/02 15:25 chrono [Dangers & risks] 2012/03/02 15:20 chrono [Analysis] 2012/03/02 10:52 chrono [How much is that in area] 2012/03/02 10:50 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/02 10:48 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/02 10:46 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/02 10:15 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/02 08:40 chrono [Dangers & risks] 2012/03/02 08:31 chrono [Dangers & risks] 2012/03/02 08:26 chrono [Analysis] 2012/03/02 08:26 chrono [Analysis] 2012/03/02 08:25 chrono [Benefits] 2012/03/02 08:23 chrono [Conclusion]
2015/08/27 11:46 chrono [Additional Benefits] 2015/04/27 11:57 chrono [Analysis] 2015/04/10 10:24 chrono 2015/04/10 10:12 chrono [Domestic fuelwood consumption worldwide] 2015/04/10 10:04 chrono [Conclusion] 2015/04/10 09:59 chrono [Conclusion] 2015/04/10 09:58 chrono [Dangers & risks] 2013/06/30 12:48 chrono [How much is that in trees?] 2013/06/05 14:34 external edit2012/05/11 22:37 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/05/11 22:36 chrono [Consequences] 2012/05/11 22:34 chrono [Domestic fuelwood consumption worldwide] 2012/03/28 22:31 chrono [How much is that in trees?] 2012/03/16 12:25 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/03 07:15 chrono [Analysis] 2012/03/03 07:07 chrono [How much is that in area] 2012/03/03 07:05 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/03 07:04 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/03 06:43 chrono [Benefits] 2012/03/03 06:41 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/03 06:27 chrono [Analysis] 2012/03/02 15:25 chrono [Dangers & risks] 2012/03/02 15:20 chrono [Analysis] 2012/03/02 10:52 chrono [How much is that in area] 2012/03/02 10:50 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/02 10:48 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/02 10:46 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/02 10:15 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/02 08:40 chrono [Dangers & risks] 2012/03/02 08:31 chrono [Dangers & risks] 2012/03/02 08:26 chrono [Analysis] 2012/03/02 08:26 chrono [Analysis] 2012/03/02 08:25 chrono [Benefits] 2012/03/02 08:23 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/02 08:19 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/02 08:09 chrono [Conclusion] 2012/03/02 08:05 chrono [How much is that in people?] 2012/03/02 07:59 chrono [How much is that in area] 2012/03/02 07:56 chrono [How much is that in trees?] 2012/03/02 07:54 chrono [Domestic fuelwood consumption worldwide] 2012/03/02 07:52 chrono [Domestic fuelwood consumption worldwide] 2012/03/02 07:39 chrono [Fuelwood consumption worldwide] 2012/03/02 07:29 chrono [How much is that in trees?] 2012/03/02 07:29 chrono [How much is that in trees?] 2012/03/02 07:28 chrono [How much is that in trees?] 2012/03/02 07:27 chrono [How much is that in trees?] 2012/03/02 07:27 chrono [How much is that in trees?] 2012/03/02 07:26 chrono [How much is that in trees?] 2012/03/02 07:25 chrono [How much is that in trees?] 2012/03/02 07:25 chrono [How much is that in trees?] 2012/03/02 07:22 chrono [Fuelwood consumption worldwide]
mission:log:2012:02:03:is-burning-wood-bad [2013/06/05 14:34]
chrono [Additional Benefits]
===== Domestic fuelwood consumption worldwide ===== ===== Domestic fuelwood consumption worldwide =====
- Wood used to be the traditional primary energy source of all people for Millenia until the industry nations started to rely heavily on coal, followed by the electrification of households. On the other hand, many developing nations still rely on fuelwood as primary energy source. Therefore, the first step is to find multiple sources to assess, how much wood was, is and is going to be used as primary energy source in households worldwide. + Wood used to be the traditional primary energy source of all people for Millenia until the industry nations started to rely heavily on coal, followed by the electrification of households. On the other hand, many "developing" nations still rely on fuelwood as primary energy source. Therefore, the first step is to find multiple sources to assess, how much wood was, is and is going to be used as primary energy source in households worldwide.
**Estimations of world fuelwood consumption made during the 1990s (million m³ p.a.)** **Estimations of world fuelwood consumption made during the 1990s (million m³ p.a.)**
</columns> </columns>
- <note important>According to these statistics, at least **1.97 billion trees** worldwide were cut down in 2005 to be **used as fuelwood**.</note> + <WRAP round important>According to these statistics, at least **1.97 billion trees** worldwide were cut down in 2005 to be **used as fuelwood**.</WRAP>
==== How much is that in area ==== ==== How much is that in area ====
- Assuming 1 tree occupies an average area of 20m²: + Assuming 1 average tree occupies an area of 20m²:
- 1.97 bill * 0.000020 km² = 39400 km² = Size of Switzerland +
+ <x 17>
+ 1969325153 * 0.000020 km² \approx 39386 km²
+ </x>
+ This is equivalent to the size of Switzerland.
==== How much is that in people? ==== ==== How much is that in people? ====
==== Analysis ==== ==== Analysis ====
- Although newer data indicates, that the consumption levels are lower than the 1990 projections, all projections have one thing in common: Unless humankind develops alternative, sustainable & clean energy sources, available to //everyone// worldwide, fuelwood will continue to be the only available energy source for more than a quarter of the population on the face of the earth. These people rely on it to survive and have no alternative to seize, in order to minimize the impact their actions may have on their environment for at least another 20 years. + Although newer data indicates, that the consumption levels are lower than the 1990 projections, all projections have one thing in common: Unless humankind develops alternative, sustainable & clean energy sources, available to //everyone// worldwide, fuelwood will continue to be the only available energy source for more than a quarter of the population on the face of the earth. These people rely on it to survive and have no alternative to seize, in order to minimize the impact their actions may have on their environment and their own health for at least another 20 years.
===== Consequences ===== ===== Consequences =====
~~CL~~ ~~CL~~
-
As a soil amendment, biochar significantly increases the efficiency of, and reduces the need for, traditional chemical fertilizers, while greatly enhancing crop yields.[[http://http://www.biochar-international.org/|International Biochar Initiative (IBI) +
As a soil amendment, biochar significantly increases the efficiency of, and reduces the need for traditional chemical fertilizers, while greatly enhancing crop yields.[[http://http://www.biochar-international.org/|International Biochar Initiative (IBI)
]]
 ]]

===== Dangers & risks ===== ===== Dangers & risks =====
- Use of biomass as primary energy source for households in itself is not a cause for concern. However, when resources are harvested unsustainably and energy conversion technologies are inefficient, there are serious adverse consequences for health, the environment, and economic development. Over 1 million people — mostly women and children — die prematurely every year because of exposure to indoor air pollution (Smoke of open fires). Valuable time and effort are devoted to fuel collection instead of education or income generation. Environmental damage can also result, such as land degradation and regional air pollution. + Use of biomass as primary energy source for households in itself is not a cause for concern. However, when resources are harvested unsustainably and energy conversion technologies are inefficient, there are serious adverse consequences for health, the environment and economic development. Over 1 million people — mostly women and children — die prematurely every year because of exposure to indoor air pollution (Smoke of open fires). Valuable time and effort are devoted to fuel collection instead of education or income generation. Environmental damage can also result, such as land degradation and regional air pollution.
The environmental impacts of inefficient fuelwood use are not really new. Burning wood has contributed to the deforestation of numerous regions of the world. Even at the early stages of industrialization, local pollution of air and water was a well known problem. The environmental impacts of inefficient fuelwood use are not really new. Burning wood has contributed to the deforestation of numerous regions of the world. Even at the early stages of industrialization, local pollution of air and water was a well known problem.
Burning wood is neither good nor bad. The systematic tendency of "developed" society and industry to blow things out of sustainable proportion is bad. Being controlled by blind greed or irrational belief and fear, not considering the consequences or not reacting to early warnings is worse. But the worst thing is, to simply do nothing. Burning wood is neither good nor bad. The systematic tendency of "developed" society and industry to blow things out of sustainable proportion is bad. Being controlled by blind greed or irrational belief and fear, not considering the consequences or not reacting to early warnings is worse. But the worst thing is, to simply do nothing.
- The goal in biomass fuel and energy conversion research should be to find ways to support households and people in developing nations, who have been traditionally relying on wood as primary energy source and currently have no means to help themselves protecting their health or environment. Simple, cheap and easy to build open-resource hardware like [[lab:helios|Helios]] address these issues. + The goal in biomass fuel and energy conversion research should be to find ways to support households and people in developing nations, who have been traditionally relying on wood as primary energy source and currently have no means to help themselves protecting their health or environment. Simple, cheap and easy to build open-resource hardware like [[lab:helios|Helios]] or any other TLUD concept can address these issues.
- People in industry nations, who statistically need significantly more power per person than developing nations and //choose// to burn wood in an environment, where other options are available, should consider small and efficient biomass-gasifiers in local, [[http://www.fundamentalform.com/html/biomass_gasifier_breakthrough.html|community based cogeneration systems]] to generate heat and electricity at the same time. + People in industry nations, who statistically need significantly more power per person than developing nations and //choose// to burn wood in an environment, where other options are available, should consider small and efficient biomass-gasifiers in local, community operated cogeneration systems like a [[http://www.allpowerlabs.com/oldsite/tag/open-source/|GEK]] or [[http://www.fundamentalform.com/html/biomass_gasifier_breakthrough.html|this one]] to generate heat and electricity at the same time.
Burning biomass must not become a simple and cheap way to relieve the political and industrial dependency on oil, coal and gas by firing big industry operated grid-power plants with biomass. Burning biomass must not become a simple and cheap way to relieve the political and industrial dependency on oil, coal and gas by firing big industry operated grid-power plants with biomass.


Dr. Jasser Auda is the Executive Chairman of the Maqasid Institute, a global think tank based in London, and a Visiting Professor of Islamic Law at Carleton University in Canada. He is a Founding and Board Member of the International Union of Muslim Scholars, member of the European Council for Fatwa and Research, Member of the Fiqh Council of North America, Al-Shatibi Chair of Maqasid Studies at the International Peace College South Africa, Fellow of the Islamic Fiqh Academy of India, and General Secretary of Yaqazat Feker, a popular youth organization in Egypt. He has written 25 books in Arabic and English.


text:
Q: Setting value to a particular cell using a dialog in table view of javafx I am sucessfull in making a table column editable and updating value to it when the cell is double clicked. Now what I want to do is get the value from a txt field and set the value to a particular cell (column) of the selected row. I have gone through many research but could not find a proper answer. Javafx doesn't allow to directly edit values to a table except directly editing the cell and setting its value.
Thank you
This is a sample of so far what I have done.
Setting cellValueFactory to teh table columns
tblColQuantity.setCellValueFactory(cellData -> cellData.getValue()
        .quantityProperty());
tblColQuantity.setCellFactory(col -> new IntegerEditingCell());

tblColRateWithoutvat.setCellValueFactory(cellData -> cellData
        .getValue().rateWithoutvatProperty());
tblColRateWithoutvat.setCellFactory(col -> new IntegerEditingCell());

tblColTotalWithvat.setCellValueFactory(cellData -> cellData.getValue().totalWithvatProperty());
tblColTotalWithvat.setCellFactory(col -> new IntegerEditingCell());

The Inner class which helps me update the cell data
public class IntegerEditingCell extends TableCell<AddBillTable, Number> {

    private final TextField textField = new TextField();
    private final Pattern intPattern = Pattern.compile("\\d*\\.\\d+");

    // -?\\d+
    public IntegerEditingCell() {
        textField.focusedProperty().addListener(
                (obs, wasFocused, isNowFocused) -> {
                    if (!isNowFocused) {
                        processEdit();
                    }
                });
        textField.setOnAction(event -> processEdit());
    }

    private void processEdit() {
        String text = textField.getText();
        if (intPattern.matcher(text).matches()) {
            commitEdit(Float.parseFloat(text));
        } else {
            cancelEdit();
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void updateItem(Number value, boolean empty) {
        super.updateItem(value, empty);
        if (empty || value.equals(null)) {
            setText(null);
            setGraphic(null);
        } else if (isEditing()) {
            setText(null);
            textField.setText(value.toString());
            setGraphic(textField);
        }/*
         * else if (!empty){ textField.setText(value.toString()); }
         */else {
            // if((!value.toString().equals(null)) || (value==null)){
            setText(value.toString());
            setGraphic(null);
            System.out.println("Updated");
            System.out.println(this.textField.getText());

            // }

        }
    }

    @Override
    public void startEdit() {
        super.startEdit();
        Number value = getItem();
        if (value != null) {
            textField.setText(value.toString());
            setGraphic(textField);
            setText(null);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void cancelEdit() {
        super.cancelEdit();
        setText(getItem().toString());
        setGraphic(null);
    }

    // This seems necessary to persist the edit on loss of focus; not sure
    // why:
    @Override
    public void commitEdit(Number value) {
        super.commitEdit(value);
        // ((PurchaseDetail)this.getTableRow().getItem()).setQuantity(value.floatValue());
        System.out.println("Commit edit " + value);
        detectEditedCell(value);
    }
}

A: You can just get the selected item from the table, and call the appropriate set method corresponding to the property that the column represents.
For example, if you wanted a text field to update the quantity of the currently selected row, you would do:
TextField textField = new TextField();
textField.setOnAction(e -> {
    AddBillTable selectedItem = table.getSelectionModel().getSelectedItem();
    if (selectedItem != null) {
        selectedItem.setQuantity(Integer.parseInt(textField.getText()));
    }
});

As long as you are implementing your model class (AddBillTable in your example) with JavaFX observable properties (StringProperty, IntegerProperty, etc), then changing the property value will automatically update the table.


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Notes: This CoreLogic House Price Index report is for February. The recent Case-Shiller index release was for January. The CoreLogic HPI is a three month weighted average and is not seasonally adjusted (NSA).
Looking ahead, after some initial moderation in early 2019, the CoreLogic HPI Forecast indicates home prices will begin to pick up and increase by 4.7 percent on a year-over-year basis from February 2019 to February 2020. On a month-over-month basis, home prices are expected to decrease by 0.5 percent from February 2019 to March 2019. The CoreLogic HPI Forecast is a projection of home prices calculated using the CoreLogic HPI and other economic variables. Values are derived from state-level forecasts by weighting indices according to the number of owner-occupied households for each state.
CR Note: The CoreLogic YoY increase had been in the 5% to 7% range for the last few years. This is the slowest twelve-month home-price growth rate since 2012.
The year-over-year comparison has been positive for seven consecutive years since turning positive year-over-year in February 2012.