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Alfonso Cisneros Cox (Lima, *1953 - †2011) fue un poeta, catedrático universitario y editor peruano. Fue uno de los mayores exponentes contemporáneos del haiku en Hispanoamérica.

Datos biográficos
Alfonso José Cisneros Cox nació en Lima en 1953. Realizó estudios de Ciencias de la Comunicación en la Facultad de Comunicación en la Universidad de Lima, obteniendo el título de Bachiller en Ciencias de la Comunicación en 1985 con la tesis titulada "El análisis discursivo en publicidad impresa en torno a un caso - tipo Whisky Johnnie Walker". Luego obtuvo el grado de Licenciado en Ciencias de la Comunicación. En esa misma casa de altos estudios, se desempeñó luego como catedrático de los cursos de Apreciación Musical, Apreciación Estética y Apreciación Del Arte, hasta poco antes de fallecer. Además, fue fundador y director, desde 1980 hasta su fallecimiento, de la prestigiosa revista Lienzo, órgano informativo de arte, literatura y cultura de la misma entidad educativa. Entre los años 1984 y 1985, Cisneros Cox realizó labores de redactor publicitario en la agencia de publicidad Causa.

Desde 1988, con la publicación de la plaquette El Pez Muerto, Cisneros Cox asumió la dirección de la cuidadas Ediciones Caracol (que fuera fundada y dirigida por la poeta peruana Patricia Saldarriaga, con la publicación de su poemario Espacios Como Cuerpos en 1984), publicando poemarios de importantes poetas peruanos, como Ricardo Silva-Santisteban (Río De Primavera, Cascada De Otoño, 1988), Antonio De Saavedra (Laguna De Electricidad, 1998), así como sus propios últimos libros. En 2006, Ediciones Caracol publicó Oh Dulces Prendas del destacado semiólogo peruano-español Desiderio Blanco (en ese tiempo contando con 77 años de edad), colección de poemas que vieron la luz anteriormente en el No. 17 (1996) de Lienzo.

En menester a su trayectoria poética, Cisneros Cox fue publicado en diversas revistas y antologías de Perú y de otras latitudes, así como en publicaciones mayormente ligadas a la difusión del haiku en los idiomas inglés y japonés. También viajó a países como Japón y Bolivia representando a Perú en encuentros de haijines y festivales de poesía dedicados al haiku. Su constante inquietud lo ha llevó a indagar e impulsar la brevedad y la sugerencia de este género escribiendo artículos y elaborando breves compilaciones en Lienzo y colaborando en varias revistas especializadas, según rezan las reseñas bio-bibligráficas contenidas en sus libros.

Su última colección de haikus publicada fue Instantes (2010), con fotografías de su hermano Miky Cisneros Cox.

Alfonso Cisneros Cox falleció en Lima el 19 de octubre de 2011, a los 58 años de edad, afectado por una lamentable enfermedad cancerígena.

Sobre su obra poética
Cisneros Cox publicó en vida varios libros y plaquettes de poemas (algunos de los cuales tuvieron tirajes de no más de 100 ejemplares pulcramente editados), que por su sutileza lírica y finura, tanto al escribir en verso libre como en el formato de los haijines, es considerado como una de los mejores exponentes hispanoamericanos del haiku. Por otra parte, en el libro titulado La Ensenada, Cisneros Cox cultivó el género, también japonés, llamado haibun.

Mucha de su obra poética reflejaba sus constantes viajes a diversas zonas de Perú, como los poemas extensos El Pez Muerto (inspirado en el balneario Caleta Sal, cerca a Punta Sal) y Casa Deshabitada (inspirado en el balneario La Quipa, Pucusana, lugar que también le inspiró los textos contenidos en La Ensenada), mientras que los haikus de Lomas están inspirados en el puerto de Lomas, en la costa norte de Arequipa.

En el año 2001, Cisneros Cox logró el primer premio en el concurso de poesía convocado por la revista electrónica El Rincón Del Haiku, de Sevilla, con el haiku titulado "Instante", posiblemente su poema más reconocido:

En 1993, en la reseña a Natura Viva, Javier Sologuren dijo lo siguiente:

Bibliografía de Alfonso Cisneros Cox

Libros de poesía
 Espejismos Del Alba. Ilustraciones de María Beatriz Cabrejos Braga. Lima: Ediciones Arybalo, 1978. (Colección Las Musas Inquietantes). [Poemas en verso y prosa, y haikus].
 Láminas. Lima: Ediciones Arybalo, 1979. (Colección Reloj de Arena; 2). [Colección de haikus].
 Lomas. Lima: Universidad de Lima, 1981. Segunda edición: 1982. Tercera edición: con xilografías de Joel Meneses, 1985. [Colección de haikus].
 Cantigas. Lima: Instituto Nacional de Cultura, 1986. (Colección Piedra De Toque). [Poemas en verso y en prosa].
 El Pez Muerto. Lima: Ediciones Caracol, 1988. [Poema extenso].
 El Agua De Las Fuentes. Lima: separata de Lienzo No. 7, Lima, 1987, pp. 247-252. Luego editado en libro: Lima: Editorial Colmillo Blanco, 1989. (Colección de Arena; 16).
 Diálogos En La Oscuridad. Lima: separata de Lienzo No. 9, Lima, 1989, pp. 57-66.
 Casa Deshabitada. Lima: separata de Lienzo No. 12, marzo de 1992, pp. 211-214. [Poema extenso].
 Natura Viva. Edición bilingüe español-inglés. Versión al inglés de Christine Graves. Fotografías de José Casals. Presentación de Leslie H. Lee. Colofones de J. Casals y Luis León Salazar. Lima: Luis León Salazar editor - Asociación Editorial Stella, 1992. [Colección de haikus].
 Voces Mínimas. Carátula de Bill Caro. Lima: Ediciones Caracol, 1996. [Reúne haikus de sus libros Láminas, Lomas y Natura Viva, más dos colecciones inéditas: Sendas De Kioto y Estancias De La Memoria].
 Ofrenda. Lima: separata de Lienzo No. 22, octubre de 2001, pp. 207-231. Luego publicado en libro: Lima: Ediciones Caracol, 2002. [Poemas dedicados a su fallecida madre]. Puede leerse aquí
 Despoblado Cielo. Lima: Ediciones Caracol, 2005.
 La Ensenada. Lima: Ediciones Caracol, 2007. [Colección de haibun]. Puede leerse aquí
 El Agua En La Ciénaga. Antología Poética (1978-2008). Lima: Editora Mesa Redonda, 2008. (Colección Taquicardia). [Reúne poemas en verso y en prosa, poemas extensos y haikus] ISBN 9786034527393
 Instantes. Con fotografías de Miky Cisneros Cox. Lima: separata de Lienzo No. 32, Lima, 2010. [Colección de haikus]. Puede leerse aquí, incluye fotografías de M. Cisneros Cox

Artículos
 "El haiku: breve expresión de lo sutil", en: Lienzo No. 8, Lima, 1988, pp. 339-356. Puede leerse aquí.
 "Mecanismos de significación de la música en el cine", en: Lienzo No. 25, Lima, 2004, pp. 183-216. Puede leerse aquí
 "La música en el cine: Géneros y compositores", en: Lienzo No. 26, Lima, 2005, pp. 59-104. Puede leerse aquí
 "Lo sublime de Ran de Akira Kurosawa", en: revista Contratexto No. 13, Lima, noviembre de 2005, pp. 121-123.

Ponencias
 "Naturaleza y brevedad en la poesía hispanoamericana", ponencia pronunciada por Alfonso Cisneros Cox en un Coloquio sobre Literatura celebrado en Cochabamba, Bolivia, en noviembre de 2000. Puede leerse aquí

Entrevistas
 "Jorge Eduardo Eielson: el creador como transgresor", en: Lienzo No. 8, Lima, abril de 1988, pp. 189-205. [En colaboración con Jaime Urco].

 "José Tola: Testimonio", en: Lienzo No. 27, Lima, 2006, pp. 125-140. Puede leerse aquí

Antologías
 Los ojos sobre el papel. Juegos Florales de la Universidad de Lima 1989. Edición y presentación de A. C. C. Lima: Universidad de Lima, 1990.

Referencias
 O'Hara, Edgar. Lectura de 8 libros de la poesía peruana joven, 1980-1981: Cisneros Cox, Chirinos, Germán, Lecca, Mazzotti, Orellana, Rebaza, Sánchez H[ernani]. Lima: Ruray Editores, 1981.
 Sologuren, Javier. Reseña a Natura Viva, en: Diario Gestión, Lima, 10 de diciembre de 1992, p. 19.
 Carrillo, Sonia Luz. Reseña a Voces Mínimas, en: Revista Alma Mater No. 15, Revista de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 1998.
 Quezada, Óscar. "Parajes de La Ensenada", en: Lienzo No. 28, Lima, 2007, pp. 217-225.
 López Degregori, Carlos. "El agua en la ciénaga: Una poesía de la mirada", en: Un Vicio Absurdo No. 5, Revista de los Talleres de Narrativa y Poesía de la Universidad De Lima, Lima, 2009.. [Este número contiene dossier especial sobre la poesía de Alfonso Cisneros Cox].
 Cisneros, Renato. "Un charco: / la calle inundada / de cielo", en: Diario 16, Lima, 22 de octubre de 2011.
 Piscoya, Mauricio. "El silencio del haijin. Elegía por la muerte del poeta, musicólogo, promotor cultural y profesor universitario Alfonso Cisneros Cox (1953-2011)", en: El Dominical del diario El Comercio, Lima, 30 de octubre de 2011, p. 10.

Enlaces externos
 El blog de poemas y haikus de Alfonso Cisneros Cox
 Dos poemas de Alfonso Cisneros Cox en breve antología Cuatro Novísimos Peruanos, en: revista de poesía Xul: Signo Viejo y Nuevo No. 2, Buenos Aires, septiembre de 1981, p. 7.
 Relación de algunos libros de Alfonso Cisneros Cox
 Video de la entrevista a Alfonso Cisneros Cox, en el programa de televisión Presencia Cultural, marzo de 2009
 "Los pies sobre la arena: una caminata hacia el mar interior de La Ensenada: entrevista a Alfonso Cisneros Cox", por Alberto Schroth Prilika
 Sobre la presentación del libro La Ensenada, en: Noticias No. 165, Revista de la Universidad de Lima, abril-mayo de 2007, p. 8
 Información y carátula de su antología personal El Agua En La Ciénaga
 Catálogo y contenidos de la revista Lienzo, del No. 19 (1998) al No. 32 (2011)
 Sobre el No. 32 (2011) de Lienzo, última edición dirigida por Alfonso Cisneros Cox
 Noticia necrológica y selección de haikus del libro Natura Viva (1992)
 Traducción al húngaro de dos haikus de Alfonso Cisneros Cox
 Fotografía y currículum profesional de Alfonso Cisneros Cox

Nacidos en Lima
Fallecidos en Lima
Escritores de Perú
Poetas de Perú
Escritores en español


Brazil is the second largest producer of biotech crops in the world. Post forecasts an increase of three percent in area planted to biotech crops during the upcoming 2015/16 Brazilian crop year (Oct. 2015 through Sept. 2016). The increase is mostly attributed to the greater use of biotech soybeans and corn and increased availability of subsidized credit for farmers, although at higher interest rates than last crop year. Post has also updated other sections of the report to reflect new information from trade and government sources.
Bilateral agricultural trade between Brazil and United States reached US$ 6.5 billion in 2014, up 4.3 percent from the previous year. Brazil exported to the United States US$ 4.8 billion of agricultural commodities and food products and imported US$ 1.7 billion. U.S. agricultural exports to Brazil are primarily commodities, such as wheat, required to meet local shortfalls, while consumer products account for nearly 20 percent. Post forecasts lower U.S. exports of agricultural products to Brazil in 2015 due to the current difficult economic situation facing the country and devaluation of the Brazilian currency which makes U.S. products more expensive and less competitive compared to other major supplier. On the other side, Brazilian exports of agricultural products to the United States are expected to increase in 2015, mostly due to the devaluation of the Brazilian currency.
Brazil is responding to higher world food prices and possible food shortages by increasing agricultural production. Grain and oilseeds production increased from 60 million metric tons in 1991 to 202 million tons during the 2014/15 crop year, up 237 percent. In the same period, the cultivated area increased 48 percent from 38.5 million hectares in 1991 to currently 57 million hectares.
A record of R$ 216.6 billion (US$ 70 billion) in credit lines at subsidized interest rates were announced in late May 2015 for the upcoming 2015/2016 crop season (Oct. 2015 – Sept. 2016). The total amount allocated is 20 percent higher from the last crop season. These farm aid packages, although at higher interest rates, in support of agricultural production combined with the higher use of agricultural technology have streamlined the agricultural sector in Brazil.
According to commodity analysts, availability of subsidized credit lines and with stable world commodity prices are likely to contribute to the continued use of modern production technology such as biotech events in the next crop year. The adoption rate of biotechnology is expected to increase in the 2015/16 crop season to reach an average of 78 percent for total corn, soybean and cotton planted area. According to the Ministry of Science and Technology (MCT), Brazil is the second largest plant biotech producer in the world, after the United States.
As of July 2015, there are 45 GE events approved for commercial cultivation in Brazil, of which 25 events for corn, 12 for cotton, six for soybeans, one for dry edible beans, and, most recently one for eucalyptus. Ten years since the first commercial approval of biotech soybeans in Brazil, the total area planted to GE crops during the last crop season (2014/15) reached 42 million hectares, which places Brazil as the second largest producer of GE crops in the world. GE events with herbicide tolerance traits lead the adoption rate with 65 percent of the total area planted followed by insect resistance with 19 percent and stacked genes with 16 percent.
Soybeans: During the 2014/2015 soybean crop season (Oct. 1, 2014 through Sept. 30, 2015) area planted to GE soybean was nearly 29 million hectares, up 9 percent from the previous crop season. The adoption rate of GE soybean seeds is currently at 93 percent.
Corn: The area planted to GE corn during 2014/2015 (both winter and summer crops) increased by less than one percent and reached 13 million hectares. The adoption rate of GE corn seeds for the total corn crop is currently at 83 percent.
Cotton: The area planted to GE cotton during the 2014/2015 crop season reached 600,000 hectares and the adoption rate of GE cotton is currently at 67 percent.
GE Dry Edible Beans: Although approved in 2011, GE dry edible beans are expected to be commercially cultivated this next crop season of 2015/2016.
GE Eucalyptus. Recently approved, it will only be commercially available by 2015/16.
Brazil is one of the leading exporters of biotech soybeans, corn and cotton. China is the main importer of Brazilian biotech soybeans and cotton, followed by the European Union. Brazil is also considered the largest exporter of conventional soybeans.
According to Brazilian legislation, only GE events approved by the National Technical Commission of Biosafety (CTNBio) for commercial production in Brazil can be imported. Imports are approved by CTNBio on a case-by-case basis. In order to meet shortfalls in production, Brazil imports GE corn from Argentina and GE cotton from the United States.
different areas including animal, plant, environment, and health (3 specialists from each area), and 6 other specialists from other areas such as consumer defense and family farming. Members of CTNBio are elected for two years with a possibility of being re-elected for an additional two years. CTNBio is under the Ministry of Science and Technology. All technical issues are debated and approved by CTNBio. Imports of any agricultural commodity for animal feed or for further processing, or any ready-to-consume food products, and pet food containing biotech events must be pre-approved by CTNBio. Approvals are on a case-by-case basis and they are indefinite.
Law#11,460 of March 21, 2007 modified Article 11 of Law# 11,105 of March 24, 2005 and established that a simple majority of votes is needed out a total of 27 on CTNBio's board to approve new biotechnology products.
CTNBio is responsible for granting prior approval for all field trials in Brazil. The technology provider must obtain from CTNBio a Certificate of Quality in Bio Safety (CQBs) to perform field testing. All providers must create an Internal Biosafety Commission (CIBio), and indicate for each specific project a principal researcher, defined in CTNBio's regulations as the "Principal Technical Officer".
Law# 9,456 of April 25, 1997, called the Plant Variety Protection Law establishes the legal framework for registration of both biotech and non-biotech seeds, but the law does not favor one over the other.
Decree# 2,366 of November 5, 1997, established the National Plant Varieties Protection Service under the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, and Food Supply (MAPA) and regulates the registration of biotech and non-biotech seeds.
Normative Instruction # 04/07 issued by the CTNBio establishes rules specifically for biotech corn, regarding the coexistence of biotech and non-biotech crops in Brazil.
On April 29, 2015 Brazil's House of Representatives approved Draft Bill # 4148/2008 by 320 to 135 to amend the current GE labeling legislation Executive Order 4,680/2003. The new Draft Bill establishes that only products which have more than one percent of GE in its final composition must be labeled. Another important change is the decision to withdrawal symbol "T" black on yellow tringle in GE labels. The Bill is now at the Senate.
On April 2, 2004, the Civil Cabinet of the Presidency published Normative Instruction Number 1, signed by 4 cabinet ministers (Civil Cabinet, Justice, Agriculture, and Health) that established the conditions by which Directive# 2,658/03 will enforce the labeling of products containing biotech events above the one percent limit. In addition to the federal agencies, Normative Instruction # 1 also authorizes the state and municipal consumer defense officials to enforce the new labeling requirements.
On December 26, 2003 the Ministry of Justice published Directive # 2,658/03 approving the regulations for the use of the transgenic logo. It applies for biotech products for either human or animal consumption with biotech content above one percent. The requirement became effective March 27, 2004.
On April 24, 2003, the President of Brazil published in Brazil's Federal Register ("Diario Oficial") Executive Order # 4,680/03 establishing a tolerance limit of one percent for food and food ingredients destined for human or animal consumption containing or being produced through biotech events. The Executive Order also declared that consumers need to be informed of the biotech nature of the product.
Multinational companies such as Monsanto, Syngenta and BASF, have licensing agreements with the Brazilian Agriculture and Livestock Research Enterprise (EMBRAPA),which is linked to MAPA to develop plant biotech crops, mostly for soybeans, corn and cotton.
In general, at the beginning of the new crop year, technology providers negotiate payment agreements with individual Brazilian states and farmer associations for the collection of royalties. Monsanto also pursues an export-licensing scheme to collect royalties on soybean and product shipments at ports of destination in countries where Monsanto has a patent on the RR soybean technology.
Monsanto also obtained an injunction by the state court in Rio Grande do Sul against a decision made by a local judge until the case is taken up by the state court. According to Monsanto, royalties are being collected without interruption in that state.
In November 2003, Brazil ratified the United Nations Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (under the UN Convention on Biological Diversity). With few exceptions, the Government of Brazil (GOB) is supportive of the positions advocated by the U.S. Government regarding the liability and redress provisions under the supplementary agreement to the Cartagena Biosafety Protocol. One notable exception is that the GOB considers the provisions regarding treatment of non-parties to be closed already. The GOB is also opposed to strict liability, but agrees to use a narrow definition of damage and supports the idea of a limited narrow definition of operator. The GOB is also opposed to the mandatory use of insurance or other financial instruments for the shipment of living modified organisms (LMOs).
Monitoring of GE crop events is conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA). According to the legislation in force, MAPA oversees inspection of these events intended for agriculture, animal use, and related-fields in the agro-industry. The Ministry of Health through the National Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) also inspects the events for toxicology, while the Ministry of the Environment through the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA) monitors and inspects the events and their impact on the environment. The provider's CIBios are an essential component for monitoring and testing the work of genetic engineering, manipulation, production and transportation of GMOs and to enforce regulations on Biosafety.
The marketing campaign "Brazil Better without Transgenic" is against the use of GE crops in Brazil: it is sponsored by Greenpeace and supported by certain environmental and consumer groups, including government officials within the Ministry of Environment, some political parties, the Catholic Church, and the Landless Movement. The campaign against GE plant and products in Brazil is more effective among large retailers and food processors than among Brazilian consumers in general.
The following organizations offer articles and studies in their home pages home pages regarding Brazil specific studies on the marketing of GE plants and plant products.
members traveled to Goias to visit farms and acquaint themselves with biotech varieties of corn and cotton. The delegation also attended a local farm exposition.
6. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA and the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply (MAPA) signed early in 2015 the terms of an agreement creating the High Level Working Group of Biotechnology (HLWGB).
There are opportunities for trilateral cooperation with Brazil to support agricultural biotechnology in sub-Saharan Africa and Central America but they depend on adequate USG funding as well as an adequate planning horizon (i.e, at least 10 months).
Brazil has a well-developed research system for cloned animals under the national coordination EMBRAPA. Cloning research started in the late 1990s in Brazil, mostly focused on cattle. In March 2001 Brazil was successful in cloning a Simmental heifer, named "Vitoria." The second clone was born in 2003 from cells of a Holstein cow named "Lenda da EMBRAPA". The third clone was obtained from a native cow named "Junqueira" in April 2005 that is on an endangered species list.
There is no development being carried out at present that would likely lead to a commercial release of GE animals within the next five years.
Brazil does not commercially produce GE animals. However, commercial Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) cloning in Brazil is practiced by a small number of companies, mostly under a partnership with EMBRAPA. These companies have only cloned cattle for use as elite show and breeding animals. And, since May 2009, MAPA changed its regulation to allow the genetic registration of cloned cattle under the Brazilian Zebu Cattle Association (ABCZ), since this breed of animal (Brazilian Zebu, similar to the Brahman in the United States) represents about 90 percent of the cattle base in Brazil.
Because of this change in regulation, the first auction of a cloned animal was conducted in November of 2009 and sold by the price of US$900,000 (for half of a cow). Trade sources expect that with the possibility of genetic registration, cloned bovine animals will expand in the near future. The average cost of these animals is estimated at one million dollars. Products of these animals cannot be sold in Brazil since there is no specific legislation yet.
Other experiments in Brazil also include cloning of equines. Despite the success of the project, cost of this type of animal is very high, but it is expect to increase in 2015.
GE animals and GE vaccines are under the same legislation as GE plants and subject to the approval of CTNBio. However, no GE animals have been subject to CTNBio approval as research is in its early stages.
However, animal cloning follows a different policy. Currently, there is no systematic regulatory framework in place in Brazil either at federal or state levels related to cloned animals and their products. A draft bill is currently before Brazil's Senate (# 73, dated March 7, 2007), that proposes to regulate the cloning of animals, including wild animals and their offspring.
The regulatory framework for animal cloning is under review in Congress and will likely fall under the authority of MAPA. There are no specifics in the draft legislation for animal cloning regarding labeling and traceability for products of animal cloning.
Brazilian consumer law applies to all products of GE plants, GE animals or animal cloning in terms of basic and general information about the product for the consumer.
Second International Workshop for Regulation of Animal Biotechnology: Preparing Markets for New Animal Products Opportunities, August 18-21, 2014, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
Private companies and the governments of the United States and Brazil are scheduled to conduct a workshop on GE animals and cloning in Brasil. Targeting selected countries as presenters and participants, the workshop will bring together technology providers, researchers, policy makers and supply chain representatives to share knowledge and discuss strategies for moving forward to the development, legislation, regulation and marketing of animals and their derived products.


Prostate artery embolization (PAE) is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy, commonly referred to as BPH. PAE is performed as an alternative to surgical procedures like transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The procedure shrinks the prostate by treating the blood vessels leading to the organ. Performed through a pinhole incision in the wrist or upper thigh, the outpatient procedure aims to alleviate the symptoms of BPH, including a weak urine stream, frequent trips to the bathroom to urinate, urinating often at night, and difficulty starting a urine stream.
"I felt very compelled to bring this procedure to the area," says Dr. Gustavo Elias, an Interventional Radiologist at VIVA, and champion for this procedure. "Since one third of all men aged 40-80 develop an enlarged prostate, PAE offers a new, minimally invasive treatment for improving the symptoms of BPH without the higher risk of complications associated with surgery." Dr. Elias trained at Yale New Haven Hospital under the tutelage of Dr. Raj Ayyagari. During Dr. Elias' time there, Yale New Haven performed the largest number of PAE procedures in New England. He now brings this world-renowned expertise to the local region.
Virginia Interventional and Vascular Associates (VIVA) is the region's only multi-speciality practice with a team of Interventional Radiologists and Vascular Surgeons who are Board Certified and Fellowship Trained. In fully-equipped outpatient settings, in collaboration with Mary Washington Healthcare and local urologists, VIVA offers comprehensive vascular and interventional radiology care. These facilities are easily accessible from I-95 in Fredericksburg and North Stafford. A leader in healthcare in Fredericksburg, VIVA provides the convenience and comfort of an outpatient setting with the highest quality of care, affordability and patient satisfaction. VIVA meets the rigorous standards established by accreditation organizations, including AAAHC and IAC.


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William Shakespeare's most popular comedy was written around 1594 or 95. It portrays the adventures of four young lovers and a group of amateur actors, their interactions with woodland fairies and a duke and duchess. Taking place in a mythical Athens and an enchanted forest, there is a handsome fairy king, a misguided parent, star-crossed lovers, a weaver who's transformed into a half-donkey, wood sprites and elves. This work is widely performed around the world, and no wonder - it's about the world's most popular pastime, falling in love. But as Puck knows, falling in love can make fools of us all.
Download "A Midsummer Night's Dream" theatre program

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


With new CPR (Construction Products Regulation) rules being implemented by the European Commission (EC), construction products – including cabling for fixed installations – can no longer be used in European buildings or civil engineering works if they are not tested and certified according to the new CPR rules. Replacing the Construction Products Directive (CPD), which was first published by the EC in 1989, CPR is already applicable for non-cable products since July 2013. CPR for cable products has officially come into force as of June 10, 2016. CPR ensures that distributors, consultants, systems integrators, installers and building owners have reliable product information from different manufacturers in different countries to make accurate product comparisons. This will allow for free movement of all construction products within the European Union.
What does Belden do to support compliance with CPR?
Belden is making significant investments to make sure its cable products comply with CPR rules. Its cross-functional team of research and development, product management, production, quality and purchasing experts will ensure that all of relevant cables are tested and the applicable CPR levels of performance for products are identified. Third-party approvals will also be obtained from notified bodies; Declarations of Conformity/Performance and CE markings will be made available. In line with AVCP requirements Belden will demonstrate compliance to CPR, the Euroclass performance as declared by the Declaration of Performance (DoP) and will have the necessary means to take responsibility for the conformity of the product with its declared performance.
Take a more in-depth look at our CPR Mini Guide which explains what CPR means for different types of cable products users.
Would you like to learn more about CPR?
We have created a series of informative tools to make sure that our partners and customers are always up to date with CPR.
- Construction Products Regulation: What is it?
- Construction Products Regulation: What Does it Mean for You?


What is your favorite activity with your new GSD?
oh we have lots to choose but our best is the walk in the woods,he loves to meet the animals there,just the other day he tried to catch a wee mouse who ran in front of us.
What is your German Shepherd puppys name and age?
He is so Adorable!!! Congrats on your baby, he will grow up big and strong and have lots of Energy. No doubt he will be your protector, take care of him and Storm will take care of you!


The London Broncos begin their home season this weekend, facing arguably their biggest opponent in 2017 – Hull KR.
It's a challenge, head coach, Andrew Henderson, says has not gone unnoticed by his team, but also one the entire club is incredibly excited for.
"Sunday's game is an important one for both teams.
"Both ourselves and Hull KR are looking to start the season strongly, and to continue building for a top four finish in July. Both clubs boast good rosters with exciting talent, so it should make for an entertaining game.
"Tim Sheens and his side have made no secret of their desire to be the benchmark in this competition since relegation. We understand that this will be a strong test for us, but I'm confident that that if we perform to what I know we are capable of, then we can earn the result we desire.


Tetracycline antibiotics ¡V Antibiotics which include tetracycline hydrochloride, doxycycline, and minocycline are the primary drugs used in periodontal treatment. They have antibacterial properties, reduce inflammation and block collagenase (a protein which destroys the connective tissue).
Macrolide antibiotics ¡V This group of antibiotics has proven effective at reducing inflammation, and can also reduce bacterial growth associated with periodontitis.
Metronidazole ¡V This antibiotic is generally used in combination with amoxicillin or tetracycline to combat inflammation and bacterial growth in severe or chronic periodontitis.


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The Architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio - Warburg...
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The Architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio - Warburg …warburg.sas.ac.uk/pdf/kfh125b2128022.pdf · Title: The Architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio Author: Vitruvius Pollio, Joseph
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Text of The Architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio - Warburg...
This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a projectto make the worlds books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subjectto copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain booksare our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge thats often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this books long journey from thepublisher to a library and finally to you.
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to thepublic and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps toprevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the files We designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files forpersonal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain from automated querying Do not send automated queries of any sort to Googles system: If you are conducting research on machinetranslation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage theuse of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attribution The Google watermark you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them findadditional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legal Whatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do not assume that justbecause we believe a book is in the public domain for users in the United States, that the work is also in the public domain for users in othercountries. Whether a book is still in copyright varies from country to country, and we cant offer guidance on whether any specific use ofany specific book is allowed. Please do not assume that a books appearance in Google Book Search means it can be used in any manneranywhere in the world. Copyright infringement liability can be quite severe.
About Google Book Search
Googles mission is to organize the worlds information and to make it universally accessible and useful. Google Book Search helps readersdiscover the worlds books while helping authors and publishers reach new audiences. You can search through the full text of this book on the webat http://books.google.com/
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M. VITRUVIUS POLLIO DE ARCHITECTURA LIBER SEXTUS · 2014. 10. 3. · M. VITRUVIUS POLLIO . DE ARCHITECTURA . LIBER SEXTUS . Praefatio [1] Aristippus philosophus Socraticus, naufragio
Classical Greek and Roman Architecture: Mathematical ...Classical Greek and Roman Architecture: Mathematical Theories and Concepts 3 the architect-engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio - WordPress.comTHE EDUCATION OF THE ARCHITECT (BOOK 1, CHAP.1) Practice is the continuous and regular exercise of employment where manual work is done with
Hur kan utbildning och kommunikation starta intresse för ...€¦ · (Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, 40 f.Kr. romersk arkitekt och ingenjör) Mer sant än du tror… Vatten är: •vårt
180529 Baubetrieb Booklet Ansicht - hs-karlsruhe.de · tura libri decem" des römischen Architekturlehrers Markus Vitruvius Pollio aus dem ersten Jahrhundert v. Chr. verwiesen
Obtención del pigmento azul egipcio siguiendo la …...Octavio Augusto, Vitruvius Pollio (en español Marco Vitruvio Polión y, abreviado, Vitruvio) (siglo I a.C.), en su libro "De
MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO - KourooMarcus Vitruvius Pollio would have been born in roughly this timeframe, likely as a free Roman citizen. We encounter him first as a ballista, or artilleryman,
RmVt1: VITRUVIUS: 'DE ARCHITECTURA'2 Historians, using so very little real data, have named him Marcus Vitruvius Pollio. The one factual statement Vitruvius makes in his text is
FIRMITAS, UTILITAS, VENUSTAS · 2020. 1. 23. · FIRMITAS, UTILITAS, VENUSTAS Pengantar Arsitektur Minggu 4 . Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (90 SM-20 SM) ... Prinsip-prinsip Arsitektur
Virginia Tech - In-Situ Remediation of Small Leaks in Water Pipes: … · 2020-01-17 · –Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (c. 80-70 BC, de Architectura, Book VIII) This dissertation is
Vitruvius Marcus Pollio - The Architecture
M. VITRUVIUS POLLIO DE ARCHITECTURA LIBER … · solum provinciis esset aucta, verum etiam ut maiestas imperii publicorum aedificiorum egregias haberet auctoritates, non putavi praetermittendum,
Modulhandbuch,und Modulbeschreibungen des Fachbereichs ... · Zehn Bücher über Architektur, Marcus Vitruvius Pollio 1987, Verlag Valentin Koerner, Baden-Baden Europäische Architektur,
FIRMITAS, UTILITAS, VENUSTASMarcus Vitruvius Pollio (90 SM-20 SM) • Arsitek dan Penulis di era Romawi • Definisi Arsitektur • De architectura libri decem !Ten Books of Architecture
Thompson Locander and Pollio 2
Vitruvius - Aron
Optimalizace vnit řních dispozic · Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (1. stol. p ř. n. l.) Struktura stavby musí vykazovat 3 základní vlastnosti: Firmitas / trvanlivost Utilitas / užite
Indoor Air Quality - WordPress.com · • 800-600 BCE Derinkuyu, Turkey (Underground City) • 400 BCE Yakhchal construction • 80 – 15 BCE Marcus Vitruvius Pollio Wrote The Ten
Alessandro Pollio
ΣΗΜΕΙΩΣΕΙΣ ΔΗΜΙΟΥΡΓΙΚΟΥ ΣΧΕΔΙΑΣΜΟΥ · Ο Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (ρωµαίος αρχιτέκτονας του 1ου αιώνα π.χ.) είχε
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (10 Books of Architecture) Original Copy
The Architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio · This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as
VITRUVIUS 1
Romersk byplanlægning og Vitruvius vision om den romerske by · Architectura af Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (herefter refereret som Vitruvius), blevet udvalgt (Morgan 1914). Uddybelse
The Architecture of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio - Arhitecture
Vitruvius E-Brochure
THE TRANSMISSION Richard Dumbrill - ICONEA...2019/07/10 · Pagan writers relied on Posidonius of Apamea who lived around 130 to 50. There are tertiary sources with Vitruvius Pollio
Marcus Vitruvius Pollio: de ArchitecturaMarcus Vitruvius Pollio: de Architectura, Book I Preface 1. Whilst, O CÊsar, your god-like mind and genius were engaged in acquiring the dominion
The Ten Books on Architecture, by Vitruvius Pollio - Free PDF Books


text:
Huia masonii är en groddjursart som först beskrevs av George Albert Boulenger 1884.  Huia masonii ingår i släktet Huia och familjen egentliga grodor. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som sårbar. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Egentliga grodor
masonii

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Posted Mon 5 Oct 2015
UNOWA head Mohammed Ibn Chambas to brief on Burkina Faso
Tomorrow morning (6 October), Council members will discuss developments in Burkina Faso under "any other business" following consultations on Mali. Mohammed Ibn Chambas, the head of the UN Office for West Africa (UNOWA), will brief via video-teleconference from Dakar. The main purpose of tomorrow's briefing is to update Council members. Members last met on Burkina Faso when Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs Jeffrey Feltman briefed on 17 September following the coup staged the previous day by the Presidential Security Regiment (RSP), an elite 1,200 member unit created under former president Blaise Compaoré. Members issued a press statement after the meeting, their second in two days on the situation, expressing their readiness to consider further steps against the coup perpetrators (SC/12051).
Since the Council's last briefing on Burkina Faso, the transitional authorities have been reinstalled. The Burkina Faso military, which other than the RSP remained loyal to the transitional government, advanced on the capital after the coup and entered Ouagadougou on 22 September. Meanwhile, ECOWAS was very engaged in brokering a solution. Its chairman, Senegalese President Macky Sall first visited the country from 18 to 20 September. On 22 September, an extraordinary session of ECOWAS heads of states (in which Chambas participated) held in Abuja decided to deploy a delegation of West African leaders to Burkina Faso the next day, while asking the AU to forgo imposing sanctions that were about to go into effect. Following a deal reached the evening of 22 September between Burkinabe actors, transitional president Michel Kafando was reinstated on 23 September. Council members issued a press statement on 24 September welcoming the reinstatement of Kafando and of the transitional authorities (SC/12057). The situation, however, remained potentially volatile. A number of RSP members refused to disarm after the government issued a decree dissolving the unit. On 28 September, the military raided their base and captured the remaining RSP members. Coup leader General Diendêré surrendered on 1 October. According to the government, 11 people were killed and 271 injured as a result of the coup, mostly during protests.
In addition to covering these developments, Chambas is likely to brief on how these events now effect the transition. National elections to conclude Burkina Faso's transition had been planned for 11 October before the coup occurred, but will now be postponed. Members are likely to ask about the electoral calendar and the issues that could still pose a risk to the transition. In this regard, some members may raise the issue of inclusivity during the upcoming elections and ask about the status of the ban on individuals participating as candidates in the elections if they had supported a constitutional amendment last year to allow Compaoré to serve a third term. The ECOWAS Court of Justice ruled in July that this ban violated their rights, and ordered the Burkina Faso government to remove all obstacles to the participation in the elections arising from the electoral code amendment.. The ban was a key grievance cited by the coup perpetrators. During his initial visit to Burkina Faso, Sall proposed a plan for reinstating the government that included lifting this prohibition. But the plan, which also included amnesty for coup leaders, generated widespread criticism and was rejected by a number of stakeholders and civil society groups.
Council members will be interested in learning details of the agreements that led to the reinstatement of the authorities, and of a 25 September decree that established a commission to identify those responsible for the coup and report within 30 days. On 26 September, Burkina Faso's prosecutor general froze the assets of 14 individuals and three political parties. Chambas may also provide information about scheduled meetings among Burkinabe stakeholders to resolve outstanding questions, such as deciding on a new date for the elections.
Members are also expected to discuss with Chambas how the Council can support the UN's efforts to ensure the success of the transition and holding of elections. Chambas may stress the importance of conducting elections as soon as possible in order to conclude the transition, leaving issues such as accountability over recent events to be addressed by the democratically-elected authorities. Some members are likely to stress the importance of regional and international organisations remaining engaged and maintaining pressure on authorities in this regard.
Tags: Burkina Faso, Insights, Insights on Africa


Double layered jersey dress with spaghetti straps and a centre back slit. Wear this on its own with runners during the day or under the Henley Mesh Dress for a more formal look at night. Also available in pale blue, black and grey. Model is 5'9" and wearing a size small.


text:
Example research essay topic: Robinson Crusoe Swifts Gulliver - 1,436 words
NOTE: Free essay sample provided on this page should be used for references or sample purposes only. The sample essay is available to anyone, so any direct quoting without mentioning the source will be considered plagiarism by schools, colleges and universities that use plagiarism detection software. To get a completely brand-new, plagiarism-free essay, please use our essay writing service.
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Two of the more engaging books of the Romantic Era, Defoe's Robinson Crusoe and Jonathan Swifts Gulliver's Travels, are very similar. Both describe heros travels to the strange places and adventures among outlandish peoples. They both reflect the literary need of the time to, at least on the surface, based on true accounts. The initial plot is within the realm of possibility and then treads lightly into a land of imagination. Gulliver's Travels and Robinson Crusoe, both are portrayed as resembling trained soldiers, being capable of clear thought during tense and troubled times.
This quality possessed within Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver is a result of the authors background and knowledge. Daniel Defoe was knowledgeable and proficient in seamanship. He understood the workings of a ship and the skills required for its operation. Daniel Defoe, an intelligent man who is knowledgeable in self defense and military tactics, which is reflected in the actions of Robinson Crusoe who insists on always one step ahead of his opponent, whether it be an enemy, nature or himself. Robinson Crusoe is the know all, does all type of person. He becomes stranded on a remote island and does whatever is necessary to survive.
After being on the island for several years Crusoe learns to adapt to his surroundings, an important feature in becoming a good soldier; and lives with what he has. In the 17 th century, the Catholic reform was sweeping through many parts of Europe. The period from 1600 to about 1750 is known as the Baroque Era. Robinson Crusoe was published during the Baroque Era.
Crusoe becomes a good Christian during his lonely stay on the deserted island and converts his companion Friday when he arrives on the island from cannibalism to Christianity. Crusoe has been placed on this barren island as a punishment for his sins, disobeying his father and for leaving his middle station of life. Being lonely, home stricken and afraid has allowed Robinson Crusoe to fill his desire for company by allowing God into his life through his nightly readings of the Bible. Defoe is a strong believer in God.
He believes that Gods providence shapes the lives of all men and that any unusual circumstances or misfortunes that occur happen because that is the way God wanted it. The psychological condition of Robinson Crusoe was not totally imagined by Daniel Defoe. Defoe was not a stranger to the life of solitude. In the early 18 th century, Defoe was imprisoned for about six months. He was thrown in jail because of a controversial pamphlet that he wrote called The shortest Was With Dissenters. In this pamphlet Defoe humorously implied that all people who were not members of the Church of England should be killed.
This imprisonment may have given Defoe several inklings of what it is like to be totally cut off from civilization. Robinson Crusoe survives on his island and adapts very well to his surroundings, but his companionship with God is not enough. In desperation he trains a parrot to speak to him just to hear another voice, even though the irony is that, the voice is just a repetition of his own. Years later he discovers a footprint on the beach and totally flips his lid. He becomes terribly paranoid and very careful. Crusoe covers any tracks that would give the owner of the foot print an idea that he lives on the island.
Crusoe becomes totally enraged with the thought of another human on the island that he prepares his house for war by surrounding it by an impenetrable fence, arming all his weapons and is ready to kill anyone that comes near his sacred home, grain, and animals. His condition is now evident: the strengths of his character that has made him flourish in isolation has now distorted all his social instincts and civilized manners. He only feels comfortable with himself, his animals, and the Lord in which he can trust. Crusoe lives in fear of the footprint for the next couple of years. Crusoe has become confused, at first he dreams for someone to come and save him, then he feels that someone may destroy him. He has been isolated form civilization for more than 15 years and it has driven him to the point of uncertainty, paranoia and slight lunacy.
During the stay on the island, Robinson Crusoe became an architect, a carpenter, a baker, a tailor, a farmer, an umbrella maker, a preacher and even a man. But most important he learnt to respect fate. Swift, a wise and educated man, cleverly gains the readers respect during the progression of the novel. The first thought the reader has is that Swift does not even take Gulliver very seriously. For instance, his name sounds much like gullible, which suggests that he will believe in anything. Gulliver, an ordinary, good man, not rich and the son of a small country holder poses the drive for adventure and the quality of a mentally sound individual.
In Lilliput, he shows himself to be good-natured and gentle with the tiny people. Gulliver assists in the war against Blefuscu by not injuring his enemies. But deprives them of their weapons, which inflict damage. By doing so he immediately shows his noble generosity and respect for the liberty of others by refusing to enslave the Blefuscudians. Being treated poorly by the Lilliputians, Gulliver has two choices, i. e.
to f 0 lee, to kill his enemy. To his credit, he does not seriously consider killing his enemy, but rather flees. Gulliver has won the confidence of the reader as being trustworthy, a man of integrity, uprightness, sound judgement, and humanity. The shift in surroundings allows Gulliver's mental state to change form one extreme another, which begins in Brodingnagian where he is subjected to constant humiliations in the land of the giants and develops defenses for his self-esteem. He boasts what he would have done to the monkeys if he had thought of using his sword; he brags to the court ladies about the seamanship he possesses. But it is the sharp-witted, keen eyed Brodingnagian king who puts Gulliver on the defensive and the effects on Gulliver are worth noticing.
He becomes uncomfortable and begins to shuffle and lie his way out of intense situations allowing one to see him as being much less then we had taken him to be. This change in Gulliver has destroyed and distorted ones trust in his judgement and honesty. One must then henceforth weigh his accomplishments very carefully. Gulliver is a changing dynamic character.
In the second chapter came his recognition that the Yahoo is the perfect human figure, but by the fifth chapter, Gulliver struggles with the fact of seeing himself as a Yahoo, which depicts the foul, ugly, obscene and stupid part of man. As Gulliver returns to the land of men, it clearly emerges that he is seriously unhinged and a thoroughly changed character. He suffers from what the Greeks called hybris, and arrogant pride characterized by a man stepping out of his proper place in the world. Traditionally a hybris is quickly followed by death or other serious punishment. Instead of the good-natured Gulliver, there is one whose ill-nature flourishes. Instead of the patriotic Englishman, there is one who detests the thought of England.
The events Gulliver experienced changed his views. He posses the ability to see the poor humanities of man kind. Man kind is not superior, we have many great faults which are summed up in a single quote. I am not the least provoked and the sight of a lawyer, a pickpocket, a colonel, a fool, a lord, a gambler, a politician, a whore monger, a physician, an evidence, a suborner, an attorney, a traitor, or the like: this is all according to the due course of things: but when I behold a lump of deformity and diseases, both in body and mind, smitten with pride, it immediately breaks all the measures of my patience; neither shall I be ever able to comprehend how such an animal and such a vice could tally together. Both Gulliver and Robinson are changing characters. At first they could not see the hidden details of life.
But through solitude, trauma, conquest and failure have allowed both characters to realize the achievements, failures, and stupidity of man kind. Being able to rationalize from experience and calculation is a quality of a soldier. 1 1. Swifts Gulliver's Travel, Chapter 12, Part 4, Pg. 315 BIBLIOGRAPHY Gulliver's Travel, Jonathan Swift, 1726 Gulliver's Travel, Swift, Coles Notes, 1920 Robinson Crusoe, Daniel Defoe, 1719 web web web web
Free research essays on topics related to: gulliver travels, robinson crusoe, swifts gulliver, baroque era, daniel defoe
Research essay sample on Robinson Crusoe Swifts Gulliver
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text:
package main

import (
	"fmt"
	"testing"
)

type tcase struct {
	apkFile,
	certFile,
	vendor,
	certType string
	result bool
}

func TestCheckCert(t *testing.T) {
	cases := []struct {
		in tcase
	}{
		{tcase{"test/app-debug.apk", "/dev/null", "android", "release", false}},
		{tcase{"/dev/null", "test/android.cert", "", "", false}},
		{tcase{"/dev/random", "test/android.cert", "", "", false}},
		{tcase{"test/app-debug.apk", "/dev/null", "", "", true}},
		{tcase{"test/app-debug.apk", "test/android.cert", "android", "release", false}},
		{tcase{"test/app-mediakey.apk", "", "android", "media", true}},
		{tcase{"test/app-sharedkey.apk", "", "android", "shared", true}},
		{tcase{"test/app-platformkey.apk", "", "android", "platform", true}},
		{tcase{"test/app-releasekey.apk", "", "android", "release", true}},
		{tcase{"test/app-unsigned.apk", "", "android", "release", false}},
	}
	for i, c := range cases {
		fmt.Printf("Testing #%d case\n", i)
		ret := Checkcert(c.in.apkFile, c.in.certFile, c.in.vendor, c.in.certType)
		if ret != c.in.result {
			t.Errorf("result incorrect in #%d test cases", i)
		}
	}
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


The builder-owners of a detached house in Cologne equipped their patio with a Plaza Viva pergola awning from weinor. The awning integrates inconspicuously into the facade's overall look and contributes to cooling the rooms indoors.
When the builder-owner couple moved into the architect-designed house in West Cologne roughly three years ago, they were really delighted with the quiet location, spacious room layout and sunny garden with patio. However, it soon emerged that the sunny patio also had its downside. As without any protection from above, it wasn't just the stone slabs outdoors that heated up. The rooms indoors also quickly absorbed the heat on warm days and made it unpleasant to spend any time in them, despite the outside blinds. Sunshades did not produce the desired cooling effect and did not satisfy the family's aesthetics requirements in any shape or form.
So they started looking around for alternatives. They were put in touch with the weinor retailer and partner Rolladen Handel Porz through a neighbour who had purchase an awning for his patio. The business specialised, among other things, in sunscreen installations for old and new buildings. Their first favoured solution, a normal awning from weinor, was not suitable though for static reasons. As the family from Cologne wanted sun protection for a very large area on their patio, the awning would have been too heavy. The facade would not have been able to absorb the loads. As an alternative, the specialist firm recommended a pergola awning. Two posts at the front of the sunscreen provide a high stability here. The Plaza Viva is also suitable for use in light rain. A lowerable post makes this possible. Thanks to the resulting slope, the rainwater can be drained off reliably and there are no unsightly water bags that stretch the awning fabric out of shape. "First of all I was worried that the awning's post would ruin the overall look of the house," says the builder-owner. But the weinor retailer and partner was able to quickly dispel this concern. As one of the posts was to be positioned so close to the house wall that it would hardly be noticed. In addition, weinor is able to design the frame and posts in many different colours as a result of its in-house powder coating. As a result, the awning's two posts match the building's window profiles perfectly with the slate grey colour chosen in the design.
Before a final decision was made, the couple wanted to take one more look at an original Plaza Viva awning. They only had to travel a few kilometres for this as the manufacturer weinor presents its patio roofs, conservatories and awnings in original size at a more than 1,000 sqm showroom in Ossendorf, a Cologne district. They were quickly convinced by the quality and sophisticated design of the awning they wanted there. They were also impressed by the additional functions. As the pergola awning can have a Valance Plus added. It is attached to the drop profile at the front and besides protection against the low-lying sun it also offers privacy protection. This was absolutely ideal for the builder-owners as the garden borders directly onto the next house. The Valance Plus therefore guarantees a reliable degree of privacy. "The LED lighting with dimming function integrated into the awning cassette was then also demonstrated to us at the weinor showroom. As we like spending lots of time on our patio in the evenings, it didn't take long to persuade me to equip our new awning with this too," recalls the builder-owner. The decision was therefore made and the fitters from Rolladen Handel Porz equipped the patio with the Plaza Viva awning soon after. It was also ensured that the awning pattern went well with the house facade. Exactly the right note was struck with a plain light grey melange fabric.
Meanwhile, the new owners of a pergola awning can no longer even imagine their patio without the sunscreen. "We have had lots of hot days recently. I simply leave the awning extended the whole time then. As a result, it is also much more bearable spending times in the rooms indoors, especially for our baby," says the young mother with delight. "The Plaza Viva also looks really good with our house. Everything looks like one unit. Design is very important to me and I would never have thought that the pergola awning with two posts would blend so wonderfully with the overall look." She is also very satisfied with the weinor retailer and partner Rolladen Handel Porz. "He really listened and catered to our personal needs and gave us the best advice. As a result, we can now really spend a great deal of time outdoors on the patio, even when it's raining a bit. Design, function, quality, advice: everything is really perfect here!"
With the optional LED lighting you create a haven of well-being on your patio in the evenings, too, with its pleasantly warm white light.


text:
RC: 648971
No. 2 Idowu Taylor Street, Victoria Island, Lagos.
Tele Medicine
SECURE HEALTHCARE LIMITED
Securing Quality and Equitable Healthcare
Secure Healthcare
Isolate & Cure: Katsina could stop spread of outbreaks with isolation centres
Isolate & Cure: Katsina could…
immunisationNews
A one-year-old child with suspected measles is lying in one of the small rooms outside the emergency paediatric unit of the General Hospital, close to the Emir's palace in Katsina city. He was brought in two days ago and is surrounded by his mother and two other relatives. The boy is just one of the many children that have presented with the same condition in the last year, according to the nurse on duty. The acting state coordinator of the World Health Organisation in Katsina, Dr. Emanuel Okpe, who supported the Katsina State Epidemiology team says there were close to 40 confirmed incidents of measles in the state between January and November 2018.
Measles is one of the epidemic prone diseases that we should really not be finding in Nigeria given that we have a very effective vaccine, available at no cost to patients in every public health care centre in Nigeria. However, these cases and outbreaks continue to happen, in addition to others, for which there is no effective vaccine. In 2012 Nigeria experienced a deadly Lassa fever outbreak in 19 out of the 36 states, claiming 70 lives, including 7 health workers. Between January and March 2015, an outbreak of meningitis killed 50 people in two states of Kebbi and Sokoto. The country has its work cut out for it to prevent, detect and respond to infectious disease threats.
Image credit: Nigeria Health WatchAt the national level Nigeria has made some progress in efforts to prevent and manage infectious disease outbreaks and to a large extent, infectious disease epidemics. In 2011 the country established the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) with the purpose of preventing, detecting and responding to infectious diseases. However, for every outbreak or epidemic, there is a household and a community where it originates, usually as a rumour before escalating to other communities, towns and states. The states are critical stakeholders in the drive to prevent epidemics, presenting the small window of opportunity to stop infectious diseases at source, before they spread. For vaccine preventable diseases, the National Primary Heathcare Development Agency has been pushing very hard to increase routine immunisation coverage rates in the country. Again, the work of actually delivering the required vaccines can only be carried out by healthcare workers employed by states.
Katsina State experiences frequent occurrences of infectious disease outbreaks, mostly meningitis and cholera. According to the NCDC's situation report for meningitis, Katsina recorded 86 suspected cases between September 2017 and January 2018. Katsina was also among the five states in Nigeria where meningitis outbreaks reached epidemic levels between 2016 and 2017. The state also frequently features in the agency's weekly epidemiological report for cholera. Permanent Secretary, Katsina State ministry of health, Dr. Kabir Mustapha, said the state recently battled an 11-month cholera outbreak, from November 2017 to October 2018, with the support of Medicines San Frontiers, which built two temporary isolation centres in two local government areas. The state was also not spared in the 2016 Lassa fever outbreak in the country, reporting two deaths.
Control of outbreaks and epidemics is a task that requires a multifaceted approach and significant resources. For prevention, the public must be provided with knowledge that an outbreak could occur as a result of certain lifestyles. At the time of the outbreak, people must be informed about what they should do to protect themselves, while those infected must be able to access the standard treatment they require, preferably in a sterile, isolated place where the risk of spreading the infection is very low. There must also be a point of coordination among various stakeholders, where needs, responses and progress are monitored. All these efforts require adequate funding.
For a state like Katsina which is prone to outbreaks and whose economy is not among the biggest in the country, it becomes incredibly important to maximise available resources, and also to invest strategically. Dr. Mustapha says Katsina continuously educates its citizens about the most frequently occurring infectious disease outbreaks through its traditional and religious leaders. The state also has an Emergency Operations Centre (EOC), which manages and coordinates responses to outbreaks of infectious diseases at the state level and serves as a link with federal agencies and partner organisations. However, the state is lacking one critical component for fighting infectious disease outbreaks – standard, well equipped treatment and isolation centres.
Infectious disease treatment and isolation centres are designed to manage individuals who have been confirmed or are suspected to be infected with a particular infectious disease, so as to prevent them from transmitting this to other healthy individuals. The centres are set up to provide medical care to the individuals, and to monitor progress in their treatment. Isolation centres play a pivotal role in preventing an outbreak from progressing into an epidemic and limiting the number of casualties as a result of the outbreak.
Entrance gate of General Hospital Katsina. Photo source: Nigeria Health WatchIn 2014 when the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) spread across West Africa, Nigeria became a model in the world for successfully pushing back the scourge, thanks in part to the rapid establishment of two isolation centres in Lagos and Port Harcourt, where persons infected were managed, while protecting the general society from being exposed. Kigoma region in Tanzania experienced an unprecedented outbreak of cholera in 2015, and isolation of patients proved key in containing it. Although the outbreak was largely as a result of influx of refugees from neighbouring Burundi, the government with support from World Health Organisation (WHO) set up an isolation centre where patients were managed and rehydrated, while ensuring good infection control. A study published by the Public Library of Science in 2017 found that availability of Ebola management centres (special Isolation centres for Ebola Virus Disease) at strategic locations within Tonkolili district in Sierra Leone was significant in reducing the number of Dead on Arrival and delays of admissions of people infected with the disease during the 2014 West Africa Ebola Epidemic, which could have contributed in reduced community transmission of the disease in the region. Another study published by the Royal Society indicated that expansion of an Ebola treatment centre from 10-bed facility to 100-bed facility in Lofa County in Liberia contributed in mitigating the epidemic and eventually stopping it in that region in 2014. On a larger scale, the Morbidity and Mortality Report of January 30, 2015 by the United States Centre for Disease Control showed that placing Ebola patients in Ebola Treatment Units prevented an estimated 9097 new cases of the disease in Liberia between September 23 to October 31, 2014, a period of just six weeks.
Inside the uncompleted isolation unit outside the male ward of General Hospital Katsina. Photo credit: Nigeria Health WatchA 2015 research titled 'The Economics of Epidemic Diseases' by the University of Siena in Italy and published by the Public Library of Science concluded that in countries with limited resources, infectious disease epidemics have better chance of being eradicated when efforts are geared towards isolation of patients that have already being infected with the disease. When standard isolation centres are in place, the spread of the epidemic is largely minimised, translating to less devastation, and more lives saved. In its 2017 Guideline for the Prevention and Control of Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers such as Lassa and Ebola, the NCDC recommends isolation of all suspected or confirmed cases as one measure to take in case of a disease outbreak.
General Hospital Katsina is the biggest state government owned health facility in the state. It sits on a large property with well-built structures that include wards, a laboratory, accident and emergency unit and an administrative block, but lacks a proper and standard treatment and isolation unit. Health workers in the hospital confirmed that the ward that is to serve as an isolation unit is yet to be completed. Not only is the general hospital lacking an isolation unit, there appears not to be a permanent unit in the entire state. Dr. Mustapha said the state carved out a temporary isolation unit at the Vesico-Vaginal Fistula (VVF) Centre in Katsina city during the Lassa Fever outbreak in 2016, but the facility was neither upgraded to a permanent one nor maintained after that.
Edo State, which shares the same peculiarities with Katsina in terms of infectious disease outbreaks, recently commissioned a treatment and isolation centre to help the state tackle the frequent outbreaks. This centre will aid the work of Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital (ISTH), which serves as referral point for Lassa Fever in the state and the country. Edo State's initiative is a good model for other states to follow, and particularly for Katsina, being a hotbed of outbreaks of meningitis, cholera and measles.
Katsina State seems to be taking some steps in the right direction. Dr. Mustapha said the state government is planning to build a world class infectious disease hospital, subject to acquiring a credit facility from the Islamic Development Bank. He also believes that the contingency fund of two hundred million naira set aside by Katsina State in 2018 for response to infectious disease is a good start and emphasised the state government's plan to do the same in 2019. Citizens of the state should hold their leaders accountable to ensure that these funds earmarked for infectious disease prevention are used accordingly.
If the state is able to follow through with these plans and put in place functional permanent isolation centres, in the future Katsina residents who find themselves infected with diseases will be able to receive adequate care in isolation, without posing risks to others. Successful containment of an outbreak at the state level would have far reaching implications for the nation at large, allowing Nigeria to better prevent infectious disease epidemics from occurring.
Title: Isolate & Cure: Katsina could stop spread of outbreaks with isolation centres
Categories: immunisation, NewsBy SecureHealth January 14, 2019
Tags: centresCureHaske.OnlineHaskengIsolateisolationKatsinaoutbreaksspreadstop
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Daily News Wrap-Up: Solarpack to Develop a 258 MW Solar Project in Ecuador
Husk Power achieves 100 community mini-grid installation milestone
Ankita Rajeshwari
Other, Renewable Energy
Here are some noteworthy cleantech announcements of the day from around the world:
Hydro-Québec has launched EVLO Energy Storage Inc., a subsidiary that designs, sells, and operates sustainable energy storage systems. These storage systems are intended mainly for power producers, transmission providers, distributors, and the commercial and industrial markets for medium- and large-scale storage. Their modular design means that they can be scaled to meet a wide variety of needs. EVLO systems also include power control and energy management software.
Solarpack has been awarded a long-term concession contract for the construction, operation, maintenance, and reversion to the Ecuadorian State of the 258 MW solar PV project, El Aromo, located in the province of Manabí. Solarpack offered the most competitive energy price: $69.35/MWh, slightly below the rest of the bidders' prices, who offered prices below $70/MWh.
Scatec has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Equinor and Hydro to develop a 480 MW solar power project jointly. With a focus on renewable energy and a well-developed regulatory framework, Brazil's solar market has significant long-term potential. Scatec and Equinor are jointly developing a portfolio of projects in Brazil and currently have a 162 MW solar project in operation.
Husk Power Systems, a rural energy company operating renewable mini-grids in Asia and Africa, said it achieved two industry firsts: surpassing 100 community mini-grids and serving more than 5,000 micro-enterprise customers. The 100 mini-grids, located in India and Tanzania with near-term expansion to additional African markets, including Nigeria, represent a more than 10-fold increase from mid-2018.
Seraphim Solar System Company, a solar product manufacturer, invested in a 750 MW module assembly factory with fully automatic Vietnam production lines. Applying the multi-busbar (MBB), half-cut, innovative encapsulation design, the Seraphim says its S3 series module is equipped with 166mm wafers delivering a maximum power output of 450W.
Here is our previous daily news wrap-up.
Ankita is an editor at MercomIndia.com where she writes and edits clean energy news stories and features. With years of experience in the news business, Ankita has a nose for news and an eye for detail. Prior to Mercom, Ankita was associated with The Times of India as a copy editor for the organization's digital news desk. She holds a Bachelor's degree in Psychology from Delhi University and a Postgraduate Diploma in journalism. More articles from Ankita Rajeshwari.
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text:
Elachista tabghaella is a moth in the family Elachistidae. It was described by Hans Georg Amsel in 1935. It is found in Palestine.

References

Moths described in 1935
tabghaella
Moths of Asia


Mouth ulcers are painful sores that appear in the mouth. Although they're uncomfortable, they're usually harmless and most clear up by themselves within a week or two.
Mouth ulcers are common and can usually be managed at home, without seeing your dentist or GP.
In many cases, the reason for mouth ulcers is unclear. Most single mouth ulcers are caused by damage to the lining inside of the mouth.


text:
About the CSKC | About Lebanon Support | Contact us
Official response to the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon, the disastrous policy of no-policy
Syrian Refugees in Lebanon
Author(s): Dr. Karim El Mufti
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Keywords: Syrian Refugees, Official response, Lebanese State
To cite this paper: Dr. Karim El Mufti,"Official response to the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon, the disastrous policy of no-policy", Civil Society Knowledge Centre, Lebanon Support, 2014-01-01 00:00:00. doi: 10.28943/CSKC.002.20001
[ONLINE]: https://civilsociety-centre.org/paper/official-response-syrian-refugee-crisis-lebanon-disastrous-policy-no-policy
Cited by: 4
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According to UNHCR, "over 2 million people have fled Syria since the beginning of the conflict in 2011, making this one of the largest refugee exoduses in recent history with no end yet in sight. The refugee population in the region could reach over 4 million by the end of 2014"[1]. In Lebanon, UNHCR recorded 858.641 refugees by 31st December 2013[2], and some media reports skyrocket the number through the roof claiming that more than a million refugees are already living in the country. This short paper offers an insight on how the Lebanese authorities reacted to this humanitarian crisis, and points out the (absence of) policy from the relevant decision makers.
Designing a policy in normal circumstances is an extremely complex machinery that involves gathering large amount of relevant data around a specific issue before exploring appropriate solutions to solve and ease problems facing particular groups within a society. This very technical process must always be accompanied with strong political will for it to be successfully implemented before it is evaluated and eventually corrected, if needed. So in emergency and disaster-related situations, the context becomes even harsher and requires a higher level of organization and coordination from the relevant authorities. Lebanon, as one can imagine, lacks the requirements for shaping consistent and comprehensive policies in accord with the needs of public interest, adding to the factors that are in fact worsening the refugee crisis in the country.
This situation created a sort of no-policy context coming from the Lebanese authorities in regards to the Syrian influx of refugees who are protected under international refugee law and the international law of armed conflict is tangible on many levels, from the lack of political will, to a sense of confusion and the implementation of contradictory measures.
Because the main focus of the Lebanese government, as the Syrian refugee crisis erupted, was securing international funds to help with humanitarian assistance, whether through multi-donors trust funds or other mechanisms[3], the officials did not develop any form of planning on the actual status and living conditions of the refugees coming from Syria. One of the first dilemmas the Lebanese government and security services had to overcome was whether to consider the option of setting up refugee camps for the growing number of refugees arriving from Syria. Haunted by the Palestinian experience in Lebanon, by the time the Lebanese authorities and security services discarded the very idea of organizing the relief work through refugee camps, the negative decision no longer mattered as 'unofficial' camps were flourishing in a disorganized manner in the North and the Bekaa, while international aid organizations were struggling with a growing catastrophic humanitarian disaster[4].
As a consequence, the de facto rule imposed itself over the no-camp policy as no measures were being studied by the relevant authorities to regulate the living conditions in the unofficial camps where local communities have seized the prerogative of "law and order" in the absence of official services[5]. On a local level, as far as 25 municipalities in Lebanon started imposing curfews for Syrians and foreigners in general, disregarding the fact that many foreigners, including Syrians, own houses and apartments in Lebanon since before the war in Syria. From a legal point of view, these curfews are deemed "unconstitutional and illegal" according to lawyer and human rights activists Nizar Saghiye[6].
Moreover, these refugees came to be accused of competing with the Lebanese on the local labor market in order to survive[7], making the absence of a comprehensive humanitarian policy on a national level an additional aggravation factor to the worsening of the economic situation in the country. This drew reactions from Lebanese economical bodies and eventually political figures pressuring the government to survey and crack down on illegal Syrian businesses[8]. But these allegations of negative impacts of Syrian refugees are often exaggerated and misplaced as stressed by economist Jad Chaaban who uncovered the positive effects of the presence of refugees in local villages: "for the first time you have people spending money in these areas. You have a local economy that has been created"[9].
More dangerously, the political class was divided as to whether to even allow Syrian refugees to stay in Lebanon as their homes were being torn down by the neighboring conflict. Free Patriotic Movement Minister Gebran Bassil was one of the most outspoken political figures to call for the "deportation of Syrian refugees"[10], promoting demographic fears at the expense of Lebanese obligations under International Humanitarian Law, whereas his political opponents backed the idea of supporting and assisting the fleeing Syrians into Lebanon, but without offering any viable policy solutions.
Under such political divide, the General Security, in charge of the asylum seeking mechanism in the country, contributed to the confusion using its discretionary powers as it first started to arbitrarily arrest Syrian refugees disregarding their legal condition[11], a harsh policy that often came with deportation[12]. The latter constitutes an illegal measure in regards to the principle of "non refoulement" that forbids States of expelling persons back to their countries when they can be at risk of being persecuted or fleeing because of war. The situation was reversed thanks to the pressure of watch groups and the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). As stated by the head of the ICRC delegation in Lebanon, "since last May, we have had dialogue with the Lebanese authorities on the principle of non-refoulement. The Lebanese authorities have committed to respecting this principle, whoever the people concerned"[13]. From the perspective of Human Rights Watch Director in Lebanon, Nadim Houry, "Syria welcomed many Lebanese fleeing war back in 2006. Now it's time to return the favor. Lebanon should be offering immediate refuge to Syrians fleeing death or torture in their country"[14].
Confusion and the absence of policy related mechanisms in Beirut also hindered the efforts to ease the living conditions of Syrian refugees in Lebanon. For instance, in July 2013, the Swedish company IKEA had offered to provide UNHCR and the Lebanese authorities with prefabricated houses for Syrian refugees to live in, which was initially rejected by the Lebanese government[15]. Finally, Lebanese authorities caved to the idea in December 2013, in the middle of a fierce and deadly winter for refugees, especially children[16]. For Roberta Russo, communication officer for UNHCR, this initiative "provided solutions to so many issues — children can study homework at night, there is privacy and it's easy to set up." Most important, she says, is that it's portable. It's a structure that can be taken with the refugees when they go home. It's quite likely that when these refugees return to Syria, they won't have a house to go back to, so this structure actually better facilitates their return"[17].
As the war in Syria continues and the number of refugees is likely to keep on increasing, the passive approach of Lebanese decision makers remains the rule, instead of using the policy tools at hand. Instead of relying on isolated and ill-resourced institutions to deal with such a large scale crisis (High Relief Committee or Ministry of Social Affairs for instance) or leaving it to local and international relief organizations to handle, the government should mobilize all resources at hand, establish an inter-ministerial committee or a special task force for the coordination of all refugees-related issues (shelter, health, relief, education, legal status, financial aid...), recruit experts to be better informed on all available options, and create specific monitoring cells within public institutions to get better reports and data. Hence, build a better response.
Furthermore, specific parliamentarian task forces should also gather urgently and review the present legislation and, if necessary, legislate on the many legal gaps adding to the present confusion as per the official response by the authorities. This would help the Executive branch of the government understand and enforce the legal status of Syrian refugees entering into the country, thus clarifying the legal framework pertaining to the rights and obligations of those refugees staying temporarily on Lebanese soil. Moreover, these clarifications will help regulate and set limits to the work of administrative authorities (police, General Security, Ministries, Municipalities, etc.) when dealing with the refugees each on its respective level. As such, a comprehensive nationwide policy effort on the Syrian refugee crisis constitutes, now more than ever, a high level priority for Lebanon's decision makers.
(*) Dr. Karim EL MUFTI: University Professor, expert in International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law & Social Entrepreneur
Photo credits: Getty Images
To cite this article: Karim El Mufti, "Official response to the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon: the disastrous policy of no-policy", Civil Society Knowledge Center, Lebanon Support, 10 January 2014. [online] civilsociety-centre.org/paper/official-response-syrian-refugee-crisis-lebanon-disastrous-policy-no-policy
[1] UNHCR Syria page, cf. http://www.unhcr.org/syriarrp6/
[2] Source: UNHCR, http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php
[3] By December 2012, the Lebanese government had obtained "a total of $179,276,320 [...] to the Syrian refugees in Lebanon by the various concerned ministries", Cf. "Miqati: Lebanon Can No Longer Support Burden of Syrian Refugees Alone", Naharnet, 3 December 2012, http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/63145.
[4]World Refugee Day: UN calls Syria 'worst humanitarian disaster' since cold war, Christian Science Monitor, 20 June 2013, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2013/0620/World-Refugee-Day-UN-calls-Syria-worst-humanitarian-disaster-since-cold-war
[5] "Lebanese burn down Syrian refugee camp", Al Akhbar, 2 December 2013, http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/17783
[6] Conference on the Situation of Syrian Refugees in Lebanon, Norwegian Refugee Council, Beirut, 21 June 2013.
[7] One needs to remember that Syrian labor was already very sizeable in Lebanon even before the war in Syria and the refugee crisis.
[8]"Lebanon to survey unlicensed Syrian businesses", The Daily Star, 25 November 2013, http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Lebanon/2013/Nov-25/238763-lebanon-to-survey-unlicensed-syrian-businesses.ashx
[9]"Syrian refugees burden and benefit for Lebanese economy", Reuters, 17 April 2013, http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/04/17/us-crisis-lebanon-refugees-idUSBRE93G0MW20130417
[10]"Bassil calls for deporting Syrian refugees", Now Lebanon, 27 September 2013, https://now.mmedia.me/lb/en/lebanonnews/bassil-calls-for-deporting-syrian-refugees
[11] Read Human Rights Watch bulletin: "Lebanon: Stop Detaining Syrian Refugees", 20 May 2011, http://www.hrw.org/node/99112
[12] "Letter to Lebanese Officials Regarding Deportation of Syrians", Human Rights Watch, 4 August 2012, http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/08/04/letter-lebanese-officials-regarding-deportation-syrians ; "EU urges Lebanon not to send back Syrian refugees", The Daily Star, 4 August 2012, http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Local-News/2012/Aug-04/183411-eu-urges-lebanon-not-to-send-back-syrian-refugees.ashx#ixzz2pdJJMCXz
[13] Quoted by Hala Naufal, S"yrian Refugees in Lebanon: The Humanitarian Approach under Political Divisions", Migration Policy Center, MPC Research Report 2012/13, 2012, p. 12, http://www.migrationpolicycentre.eu/docs/MPC%202012%2013.pdf
[14]"Stop Detaining Syrian Refugees", Human Rights Watch 20 May 2011, http://www.hrw.org/node/99112
[15]"Lebanon says no to Ikea Housing for Syrian Refugees", Times, 16 December 2013, http://world.time.com/2013/12/16/lebanon-says-no-to-ikea-housing-for-syrian-refugees-because-its-too-nice/
[16]Report: "3-Month-Old Syrian Dies from Cold in Akkar", Naharnet, 13 December 2013, http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/109770 ; "Child deaths and bitter cold in Syrian refugee camps", Reuters, 16 December 2012, http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/16/us-syria-crisis-refugees-idUSBRE8BF03520121216
[17]Quoted in Times, "Lebanon says no to Ikea Housing for Syrian Refugees", op. cit.
About the author(s):
Dr. Karim El Mufti:
University Professor, expert in International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law & Social Entrepreneur
Bassem Chit, Mohamad Ali Nayel, Understanding racism against Syrian refugees in Lebanon, October, 2013
Sam van Vliet, Guita Hourani, Regional differences in the conditions of Syrian refugees in Lebanon, April, 2014
Leila Zakharia, Sonya Knox, The international aid community and local actors: Experiences and testimonies from the ground, May, 2014
Dalya Mitri, Challenges of aid coordination in a complex crisis: An overview of funding policies and conditions regarding aid provision to Syrian refugees in Lebanon, May, 2014
Estella Carpi, The Everyday Experience of Humanitarianism in Akkar Villages, March, 2014
Marwa Boustani, Enhancing Municipal Capacities: From Emergency Response to Planning, July, 2014
Maguy Arnous, The Robustness of Sectarian Politics in Lebanon: Reflections on the 2018 Elections, August, 2018
Marie-Noëlle AbiYaghi, Léa Yammine, Amreesha Jagarnathsingh, Civil Society in Lebanon: the Implementation Trap, January, 2019
Walid Daou, التعليم الرسمي والطلاب السوريون في لبنان, February, 2014
Mia Bou Khaled, Contested history, conflicting narratives, and a multitude of initiatives: An analysis of the Mapping of Initiatives addressing Past Conflicts in Lebanon, September, 2018
Gender Equity Network
Civil Society Observatory
History of Conflicts
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text:
El Torneo Federal C fue un campeonato de fútbol de quinta categoría organizado por el Consejo Federal, órgano interno de la AFA que agrupa a los clubes indirectamente afiliados a ella, que provienen de las ligas regionales. El certamen reemplazó al Torneo del Interior.

Los clubes ganadores de sus respectivas ligas regionales, con el agregado, en algunos casos, de los que terminan en segunda o tercera posición, son los que clasificaron al torneo. En ocasiones, la concreción de una buena campaña en las ligas les otorgó el derecho, ya que muchos clubes campeones decidieron ceder sus plazas por cuestiones económicas o porque ya participaban de un certamen federal de una categoría superior. El Torneo Federal C 2018 fue el último campeonato que se disputó, ya que el Consejo Federal tomó la decisión de eliminar la categoría y, a partir de 2019, reemplazarla por el Torneo Regional Federal Amateur.

Sistema de disputa 2016
El formato del torneo contará con dos etapas:

 Etapa clasificatoria:
Se dividió a los 269 equipos clasificados en 47 zonas de 4 equipos y 27 de 3 (total: 74 zonas). El mejor de cada zona, los segundos de los grupos integrados por cuatro clubes y los mejores siete segundos de las zonas de tres clasificaron a la Etapa Final.

 Etapa final:
Primera fase: Estuvo integrada por los 128 equipos clasificados de la Etapa clasificatoria. Se desarrollò por el sistema de eliminación directa a doble partido, uno en cada sede.

Segunda fase: Estuvo integrada por los 64 equipos ganadores de la fase anterior. Se desarrollò por el sistema de eliminación directa a doble partido, uno en cada sede.

Tercera fase: Estuvo integrada por los 32 equipos ganadores de la fase anterior. Se desarrollò por el sistema de eliminación directa a doble partido, uno en cada sede.

Cuarta fase: Estuvo integrada por los 16 equipos ganadores de la fase anterior. Se desarrollò por el sistema de eliminación directa a doble partido, uno en cada sede.

Quinta fase: Estuvo integrada por los 8 equipos ganadores de la fase anterior. Se desarrollò por el sistema de eliminación directa a doble partido, uno en cada sede. Los 4 ganadores ascendieron al Torneo Federal B.

Equipos participantes

Palmarés

Títulos por equipo

Véase también
 Asociación del Fútbol Argentino
 Competiciones oficiales del fútbol argentino

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial de AFA
 Ascenso del interior
 Interior futbolero
 Promiedos
 Solo ascenso

Campeonatos de fútbol entre clubes de Argentina
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