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Chartio Is Narrowing the Data Literacy Gap in Business
Posted by allen hillery on September 19, 2019 Data, Business Intelligence, Chartio, Data Governance
(This article is written by Allen Hillery. Allen is an adjunct professor at Columbia University and a writer at Data Visualization Society. The original post can be found here.)
Matt David is Editor of the Data School at Chartio. He believes data has become a part of more and more non-data jobs and he is passionate about making data concepts more easily understood. Illustration by Veronika Hammond.
In my last article, we had the opportunity to hear from Looker's Chief Product Officer, Nick Caldwell, to get his thoughts on the acquisitions of Tableau and Looker as well as where he sees business intelligence trending. He summed it up in part by saying, "People aren't going to go to BI, BI has to go to the people. This is already happening in a big way." Nick believes that the future of BI will lie in SaaS apps that will be in the hands of not just analysts but mainly nontechnical business users. Already, the proliferation of Saas apps is putting the power of BI in more hands and narrowing the data gap.
Matt David, the product lead at Chartio's Data School, predicts a similar future for BI and has taken an active role in shaping it. Data School is a community-driven school of free web books and content written by people who work with data for people who work with data. I also had the pleasure to contribute content to their library of web books! While working together, we discussed business intelligence trends and how the Data School fits in to the larger picture.
Matt joined Chartio about five months ago to relaunch the Data School and plans for it to be a trusted and valuable resource for content on data. The Data School teaches organizations to leverage their data more effectively. Matt hopes to address data literacy, best practices in data, and data stories from professionals. This includes helping employees:
Identify missteps they are taking in their analysis and what to do about it
Increase the adoption of SQL through visual learning
Create data warehouses that are easy to use
Getting the data right
Matt believes companies need to focus on the fundamentals of "getting the data right." He pointed out how AI, machine learning, and data science are dominating headlines but are a distraction for most companies whose data is not clean and difficult to analyze.
Most companies are still struggling with accurate analysis. Predictive methods only works if it is based on clean data and sound analysis so. Companies need to spend more time on the fundamentals.
Matt knows the benefit of getting the data right from personal experience. He used Chartio at his previous company and gave feedback about what he perceived to be the product's slow query speeds. Chartio's CEO, Dave Fowler, reached out personally to understand Matt's frustrations. Matt agreed to meet and Dave listened patiently and calmly to his pain points.
The world has gotten really good at collecting data, now the largest bottleneck is our ability to understand the data and make informed decisions based on it. — Chartio's view of the BI landscape
Dave helped Matt to understand the underlying problem. He explained how the lack of data modeling and current data governance practices were not optimal and were causing slow query speeds. He then explained exactly what Matt's company needed to do with data engineering and governance to solve the speed problem. Matt respected how the CEO handled the situation and informed him about what part of the data stack was actually causing the problem.
Chartio's mission is simple — they aim to "enable anyone (not just data teams) to be able to explore, analyze and understand data." When Chartio saw the need to continue to teach companies best practices in data and was looking to hire someone to run their education effort, Matt jumped at the opportunity. He'd seen students struggle to learn a variety of business intelligence tools and wanted to work for a company building a data tool that was focused on intuitive interfaces to data.
Chartio has a two-pronged approach to JOINing people ON data:
1. Build a powerful, flexible product for working with data that's simple for anyone to use
Matt explained that a lot of BI companies approach the problem of making their tools easier for business users by limiting what data they have access to and by putting it in simplified flat table formats. He goes on to say that while this sandbox approach prevents business users from making some mistakes in their analysis, it also limits what type of questions they can ask, prevents them from developing more data skills, and stops them from being able to follow their curiosity.
Matt points out that Chartio has not shied away from providing full schema access to users and making it intuitive to query complex schemas with their visual SQL product. Visual SQL is Chartio's unique interface to SQL, which enables both data analysts and business users to analyze data from almost any source through a single, intuitive, flexible, drag-and-drop experience. This is Chartio's answer to helping companies "get the data right": empowering all users to query their databases in the most common DB language without necessarily knowing how to code. Users can begin to explore, analyze and become familiar with their company's data through a visual language or "interactive mode" as it's described on the platform.
Chartio's Visual SQL empowers users to explore, analyze, and become familiar with their company's data by providing a user interface that allows them to query the database through an interactive mode. The option is also there for those want to use SQL to switch tabs to that mode. Screenshot from Chartio.
As I was browsing Chartio's site, I came across the Visual SQL page and started reading "The Power of Visual SQL" section. Will placing the power of BI in the hands of nontechnical users begin to narrow the data literacy gap? Chartio listed out a lot of the benefits Nick Caldwell and I discussed like data teams having more time to work on more complex analysis and empowering their business users to analyze their own data. I smirked at the business team benefit of "getting insights in minutes, not weeks," as I recall many meetings where our leadership voiced their frustration with the backlog of assignments in queue. What really caught my attention was "No need to learn SQL or any other proprietary language to explore your data." As an analyst, I pride myself on being able to query databases and mining through data to glean insights. Now it seems that there are tools taking the fun away. I asked Matt his thoughts and he commented that Visual SQL makes it much quicker to start seeing data. If analysts prefer, they can still use SQL on Chartio.
2. Promote data literacy via prolific, relevant and useful education
It's been said that "with great power comes great responsibility." Chartio is taking the responsibility for putting their Visual SQL tool in the hands of many by running the Data School. Matt is having a blast building this online community and engaging content creators. In his own words, "I am helping [to] build another platform for people to create and share best practices in data." With seven free books currently available, Matt plans to have another four free books written, with the help of the community, on the site in the next three to four months. The books speak to the core of Chartio's mission of getting the data right ranging in topics from Misrepresenting Data, Teach People SQL, Data Governance, and Learn SQL.
I had a chance to read How to Teach People SQL, and really enjoyed the visual approach it takes in teaching people SQL joins and other elements of the syntax. Matt admitted that this book was near and dear to his heart. "We spent a lot of time creating gifs to make understanding SQL more intuitive and have gotten a ton of great feedback about how this has helped people,'' Matt said proudly. The great thing about these books is that they are built by a community of people who are passionate about data. He describes the community as being extremely supportive and generous with their time and knowledge. Matt plans to grow this community of readers and contributors over the next few months.
SQL inner join visually explained from the web book "How to Teach People SQL" Matt and his team of contributors worked on this visual presentation of SQL joins in addition to creating gifs to make it more intuitive to the user. Illustration by Chartio.
Five ways BI tools are empowering users and narrowing the data literacy gap.
As data sources continue to grow across organizations, more tools will need to be developed to address nontechnical members of the workforce. With the influx of data, we're going to have to put the power of data mining in more hands. One can even argue that a businessperson given the right tools can mine for insights more effectively than a data expert given their knowledge of the business.
People ultimately want insights that help their business. The dominant trend will be the one that delivers the most value.
A marketing person who might have less technical expertise will be able to interpret nuances or trends in the data due to knowledge of their business or industry. With this paradigm shift in the data landscape, companies are going to need to invest in narrowing the data literacy gap in their organizations. Regarding BI tools, Matt and I discussed five trends he's seeing that empowers the workforce and begins to narrow the data literacy gap.
dbt, looker, and mode made Matt's list of tools that are upskilling analysts to the level of engineer. Illustrations by Veronika Hammond
1. Tools are empowering analysts to be more like engineers
The first trend that Matt pointed out is how BI tools are giving analysts more autonomy when it comes to the data workflow. One thing I can attest to as an analyst is having to download my data set from the data warehouse which effectively makes my data stale. This was the best course of action as connecting directly to the database either bogged down my dashboard's performance or called for several meetings to get access to a database table.
There are tools popping up that give analysts more control and flexibility with connecting to data sources and manipulating data sets. Tools like dbt advertise that analysts can take ownership of the entire analytics engineering workflow, from writing data transformation code to deployment and documentation. Mode cautions that your business isn't "drag and drop simple" and that self-serve dashboards are "limited." Matt agrees that more analysts will have an interest in learning code but there is an upper limit on this. He believes that the goal for the business is insights, not improving people's technical skill. He further made a point that I can attest to about companies needing to embrace coding norms in multiple parts of their business. In other words, there needs to be a level of governance for consistency and one source of the "truth" when it comes to reporting on data.
So long as these efforts lead to more insights great, if it's extra effort for that not much more value than this might not stick.
Matt believes tools like Amplitude, Heap and Hubspot are following the growing trend of BI tools making it easier to derive key insights. Illustrations by Veronika Hammond.
2. Putting analytics in the hands of non-analysts
The more I discuss data literacy, the more clear it is that there are two sides of this equation. On one side, more data-literate members of the workforce are able to take their skills up a notch, to potentially rival engineers. The other side shows a workforce where less technical members have access to analytical interfaces that don't require coding. "Getting very specific about the types of data and analysis you are doing makes it easy to templatize and produce insights for people with minimal effort," Matt explained. Tools like Amplitude and Heap are doing this already and Matt believes this will continue to be a huge growth area in BI.
There have been a lot of data literacy efforts being made across organizations, which have the potential to empower all levels of the workforce, especially less technical employees. Equipping a marketing or sales person with the technical expertise to pull routine requests like weekly performance or a prescriptive analysis is an easy win and frees the data team to work on more complicated predictive analysis. Furthermore, a more technical employee who is focused on honing their data skills may not have as much bandwidth or motivation to learn the business and its data nuances. I asked Matt if he agrees there are great benefits in putting analytical tools in the hands of a businessperson who is armed with knowledge of the business and a burgeoning reporting guru. He agreed that these combined qualities make it easier for an employee to find insights.
The tools/data/insights are coming to the user in their department. Since these tools are designed around the type of data they need to analyze they can deliver great experiences quickly.
Chartio, Sigma, and Data Studio is promising powerful analytics made simple with no SQL required. Illustrations by Veronika Hammond.
3. Make working with cloud databases as easy as or easier than working in MS Excel
One trend that Matt is excited about is "No SQL Required." As we mentioned earlier in our discussion, Chartio promises "powerful analytics made simple." This again can be useful for marketing and sales personnel looking to review historical trends to estimate how much product to allocate for the back-to-school season or who to target with what geographically. Most of today's tools have the capability to leverage visual interfaces while running complex SQL queries that would take an analyst a good day or two to code. Another tool, Sigma, describes an environment where you "explore data without limits." Again without the learning curve or restrictions of coding, a finance person can begin to do sales forecasting without cracking open a SQL textbook.
The common theme across both tools is that you can be up and running in minutes and use simple intuitive commands to work with large amounts of data in the cloud. Matt views this as the most practical trend as every company is getting more data so finding ways to leverage it in traditional ways is the biggest market opportunity. In addition, having the capability to explore the data however you want offers the greatest flexibility. Matt speculates it will likely lose out on some market share to industry-specific tools but will continue to grow as MS Excel users need to be able to manipulate any large arbitrary data set.
This is the holy grail but is the most challenging to execute on, making all your company's data simple to work with. I am excited to be a part of this trend and hope we can deliver with Chartio.
The influx of data is causing organizations to step up their data governance efforts. AirBnB and Lyft have both built data portals to address this challenge. Illustrations by Veronika Hammond.
4. Make data within an organization searchable
One of the challenges organizations face is managing their data sources. Without data governance, various lines of business can end up using multiple data sources and having different versions of the truth with reporting. When I was tasked with building a data governance charter, I experienced this firsthand. One step we had to take was to use metadata so analytics teams didn't repeat analyses and could find good data sources.
Matt and I chatted about how companies are making data within their organizations searchable with the goal of saving time and increasing the accuracy of reporting. One company that came up was Lyft. They recently developed a data discovery application code named Amundsen. Named after the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen, the application sits on top of a metadata engine and provides a search interface for data discovery. I can't stress how helpful a metadata tool can be; they can save hours when searching for a specific data table.
Another brand who is making strides with their employees' data literacy is AirBnB. With the influx of customer information, they've made investments in building a data portal to provide tools to make better informed decisions. This, however, created another challenge. Although they built robust data tools, there was a low adoption rate. AirBnB spent roughly two years developing a Data University to empower their workforce to make data-informed decisions. One of the amazing results recently reported was a 50% increase in active use of their internal data platforms.
This is a new trend that feels like it should already exist. I expect this to be rolled into more complete BI solutions.
Metabase and Superset are starting a new wave of open-source BI tools. Illustrations by Veronika Hammond.
5. Make BI more open source
The last trend that Matt observed was free, community-driven tools like Metabase and Superset. These tools lower the barrier to entry to using powerful BI tools. However, he acknowledges it can be difficult to maintain given the idiosyncrasies of varied data sources/tools and security requirements. Traditional BI tools typically provide some level of customer service to help with the inevitable data issues that occur. Open-source tools do not provide this, so you either need more highly technical people on your team to understand and fix issues or find third-party consultants. Metabase is the easy, open-source way for everyone in your company to ask questions and learn from data while Superset is a data exploration platform designed to be visual, intuitive, and interactive.
This could dramatically decrease the cost of working with data which would provide more people with access to data.
Where are these trends taking us?
I had a great time talking with Matt about the changes on the horizon for the business intelligence landscape. As for the Tableau and Looker acquisitions, Matt sees this as an opportunity for other tools to take center stage. He's looking forward to the impact Chartio and the Data School will have on companies. Like AirBnB discovered, solving for the new BI Frontier will involve a tool with an intuitive interface to mine the data as well as a program that helps the workforce improve their skill and get better acquainted with their company's information. The benefits of a data literacy program centered around the company's data is motivation to learn for starters. A relevant data set is a key to success with the program. I believe companies in general will have early wins adopting tools that put analytics in the hands of the non analysts combined with a robust data literacy program.
Big shout out to Veronika Hammond for cranking this article up a notch with her awesome illustrations! Make sure to check out more of her work here!
Chartio is officially HIPAA compliant
We've spent the past decade helping hundreds of organizations empower their users with data. We are happy to announce that Chartio is now HIPAA compliant.
Chartio recognized as AWS Redshift Service Ready
We are excited to announce that Chartio has achieved Amazon Redshift Ready designation.
Get Obsessed with Performance Monitoring with Our Query Log as a Data Source
Chartio now offers the query log as an explorable datasource so that you can have complete control into how you understand usage and performance.


Charles "Chip DuBois" DuBose III is a renowned musician in the Mid-West area. Growing up in the church on the South Side of Chicago, Chip discovered his love for music and musicianship at an early age. His father noticed his interest and gave him his first musical venture as the church bassist for Salem Baptist Children/ Youth Church of Chicago. This early indoctrination gave Chip a particular insight into arrangement and techniques that followed him throughout his career.
Surrounded by a talented family, it didn't take him long to develop an unorthodox music palate in artists such as: Sly & The Family Stone, Mint Condition, Earth Wind and Fire, and Larry Graham & Graham Central Station. These quintessential artists set the foundation for Chip's music selection.
At age 14, Chip fell in love with the soulful sound of the bass guitar. He took on the task of teaching himself how to play the instrument. His deep connection with the instrument led his dedication in perfecting his craft. Being blessed with the God given gift of a distinct ear for music is one thing, however, Chip knew to excel in the music industry he had to be versatile.
He learned how to read music and studied the greatest bass players of all time. Chip began to play for local artists, various nightclubs, and poetry sessions. He thanks God for his mentors and instructors: Chip DuBose Jr. (his father), Anthony Harmon, Sharay Reed, Jesse Richardson, Derek "Day Rock" Bass, and Pennal Johnson.
He was a music major at Chicago Vocational High School (CVS) & Jackson State University. He continued to remain cultivated in the field of music, taking on every opportunity to enhance his flair.
Chip has worked as a musical director, bassist, and drummer with David Banner, TI, Chingy, The Joe Moss Band, Carl Weathersby, Rob Bland Band, Robert Cornelius 7, Chip Ratliff Band, Jabon, The Friends Band, The DuBois Project, The Floyd Taylor Show Band, Omar Coleman, William Smith Jr. & The Renewed Voices For Christ, and Black Rheaction.
Currently, Chip is touring with Sweet Diezel Jenkins, The Voices and The Friends Band. He also does freelance bass playing for a range of artists and projects. He teaches private and Skype bass lessons, runs several companies, and serves as the sub bassist for the Mars Hill Baptist Church of Chicago.
Chip endorses Gallien Krueger Amplification, Lakland Basses, Warwick, and TC Electronic.


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By CAREY HEADSpecial to the News Mother Nature smiled upon the men gathered on a Sunday December afternoon in the St. Paul's United Methodist Church p… Please login below or subscribe to the Ponca City News access this article.
TONKAWA — In the final Northern Oklahoma College Board of Regents meeting of the 2018 calendar year, the regents approved the purchase of a new Enterp… Please login below or subscribe to the Ponca City News access this article.
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Lena Smith, 93 of Ponca City, passed away Dec. 22, 2018. Services are pending with Grace Memorial Chapel.


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Home Latest Science Quantum entanglement just got a whole lot weirder
Quantum entanglement just got a whole lot weirder
In the quantum Universe, things behave very differently than our common experience would suggest. In the macroscopic world we're familiar with, any object we can measure appears to have intrinsic properties that are independent of whether we observe it or not. We can measure things like mass, position, motion, duration, etc., without worrying about whether that object is affected by our measurements; reality exists completely independently of the observer. But in the quantum world, that's demonstrably not true. The act of measuring a system fundamentally changes its properties in an irrevocable way.
One of the weirdest quantum properties of all is entanglement: where multiple quanta have inherent properties that are both indeterminate, but the properties of each one aren't independent of the other. We've seen this demonstrated for photons, electrons, and all sorts of identical particles before, enabling us to test and probe the fundamental and surprising nature of reality. In fact, the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded precisely for investigations into this phenomenon.
But in a novel experiment, quantum entanglement has just been demonstrated between different particles for the first time, and already the technique has been used to see an atom's nucleus like never before.
Illustration of two entangled particles, separated in space and each with indeterminate properties until they are measured. It has been experimentally determined that the neither member of the entangled pair exists in a particular state until the critical moment at which a measurement occurs: the key aspect which enables many modern quantum technologies.
(Credit: Johan Jamestad/The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences)
In principle, quantum entanglement is a simple idea to understand, and it's built on the idea of quantum indeterminism. Imagine you pull a ball out of a hat, and there's a 50/50 chance that the ball has one of two properties.
Perhaps it's color: the ball could be black or white.
Perhaps it's mass: either you pulled out a light ball or a heavy ball.
Perhaps it's which direction it's spinning: the ball could be "spin up" or "spin down."
If you only had one ball, you might wonder: upon pulling it out and examining the ball, did it always have those properties, even before you looked at it? Or did the ball have a set of indeterminate parameters, where it was a mix of:
black-and-white,
light-and-heavy,
and spinning as a mix of both up-and-down,
that was only determined at the instant you took the critical measurement?
This is one of the key insights of quantum mechanics, as shown from famed experiments such as the double-slit experiment and the Stern-Gerlach experiment. Both of them are worth an explanation.
The results of the 'masked' double-slit experiment. Note that when the first slit (P1), the second slit (P2), or both slits (P12) are open, the pattern you see is very different depending on whether one or two slits are available.
(Credit: R. Bach et al., New J. Phys., 2013)
If you take a barrier with two thin slits in it, what happens when you send a wave at it? The answer is easy: you get a wave-like pattern behind the barrier, where the parts of the wave that go through each slit interfere with one another, leading to a pattern of peaks-and-valleys on the other side.
What happens if, instead, you send a series of particles at the barrier? The answer is again easy: you get a particle-like pattern behind the barrier, where particles either go through slit #1 or slit #2, and hence you get simply two piles on the other side.
But in quantum mechanics, when you send quantum particles through the double slit, you get a wave-like pattern if you don't measure which slit each particle goes through, but a particle-like pattern if you do make that measurement. This is true even if you send the quanta through one-at-a-time, as though they're interfering with themselves. The act of observing — of making that critical measurement — and whether you do it or not is what determines which pattern you see. Reality, as we observe it, depends on what interactions do or do not take place prior to that critical observation.
When you pass a set of particles through a single Stern-Gerlach magnet, they will deflect according to their spin. If you pass them through a second, perpendicular magnet, they'll split again in the new direction. If you then go back to the first direction with a third magnet, they'll once again split, proving that previously determined information was randomized by the most recent measurement.
(Credit: MJasK/Wikimedia Commons)
Similarly, the Stern-Gerlach experiment arises from passing quantum particles that possess an inherent property called "spin," which means intrinsic angular momentum, through a magnetic field. These particles will either deflect aligned with the field or anti-aligned with the field: up or down, with respect to the field's direction.
If you try to deflect a particle whose spin has already been determined by passing through such a magnetic field, it won't change: the ones that went up will still go up; the ones that went down will still go down.
But if you pass it through a magnetic field with a different orientation — in one of the other two spatial dimensions — it splits again: left-right or forward-backward instead of up-and-down. What's even weirder is now, once you've split it left-right or forward-backward, if you go and again pass it through an up-down magnetic field, it once against splits. It's as though the last measurement you took erased any previous measurements, and with it, any definitive determination of the quantum state that existed in that dimension.
Quantum mechanics' entangled pairs can be compared to a machine that throws out balls of opposite colours in opposite directions. When Bob catches a ball and sees that it is black, he immediately knows that Alice has caught a white one. In a theory that uses hidden variables, the balls had always contained hidden information about what colour to show. However, quantum mechanics says that the balls were grey until someone looked at them, when one randomly turned white and the other black. Bell inequalities show that there are experiments that can differentiate between these cases. Such experiments have proven that quantum mechanics' description is correct.
This is a little bit of quantum weirdness, but it doesn't have anything to do with entanglement just yet. Entanglement comes in when you have two or more particles that both exhibit some of this quantum indeterminism, but exhibit it together, in a way that's linked. In an entangled quantum system, the quantum state of one particle is correlated with the quantum state of another. Individually, the quantum state of each one appears to be (and is measured to be) completely random.
But if you take both quanta together, you'll find that there are correlations that exist between the combined properties of both: something you couldn't know if you only measured one of them. You can assume that
either standard quantum mechanics applies,
or that the state of both particles exists independent of whether they're observed or not,
and derive two different predictions. Part of 2022's Nobel Prize in physics was for the demonstration that, when you actually perform these experiments and measure both quantum states, you find that the correlations are consistent only with standard quantum mechanics and not with the idea that the state of both particles exists independently of whether they're observed or not.
The experimentally measured ratio R(ϕ)/R_0 as a function of the angle ϕ between the axes of the polarizers. The solid line is not a fit to the data points, but rather the polarization correlation predicted by quantum mechanics; it just so happens that the data agrees with theoretical predictions to an alarming precision, and one that cannot be explained by local, real correlations between the two photons (that would result in straight, not curved, lines for predictions).
(Credit: S. Freedman, PhD Thesis/LBNL, 1972)
It's for this reason that quantum entanglement is often described as spooky and counterintuitive.
However, quantum entanglement experiments usually involve photons: the particles that light, electromagnetic radiation, is quantized into. The way that these entangled photons are created normally comes from passing a single photon through what's called a down-conversion crystal, where one photon goes in and two photons come out. These photons have all the normal properties of regular photons — including spin, a wavelength defined by its energy, no electric charge, and all the standard quantum behavior that comes along with quantum electrodynamics — but will also have properties that are correlated between them: correlations that go beyond the quantum predictions of individual, isolated particles and are specific to entangled sets of particles.
For a long time, this was the only way to perform experiments with entangled quantum particles: to have two particles that were identical in nature, i.e., that were the same species of quantum particle. But in an experimental first, a new kind of quantum entanglement has just been observed: entanglement between two fundamentally different particles that even have opposite electric charges!
The STAR detector, itself about the size of a house, is the first detector sensitive enough to measure the entangled properties of the daughter particles arising from a relativistic heavy ion "near-miss" interaction. This early 2023 result is the first to demonstrate entanglement between two non-identical particles.
(Credit: Brookhaven National Laboratory)
In particle physics, you can produce new, heavy, unstable particles so long as you meet all the quantum requirements (i.e., you aren't violating any conservation laws) and you also have enough energy (via Einstein's E = mc²) available for that particle to be created. From collisions involving protons and/or neutrons — i.e., quark-containing particles — the easiest particles to produce are known as mesons, which are quark-antiquark combinations. The lightest mesons, which involve only up, down, and strange quarks (and antiquarks), are:
π particles (pions), which can be positively charged (up-antidown), negatively charged (down-antiup), or neutral (a superposition of up-antiup and down-antidown),
K particles (kaons), which involve a strange quark (or antiquark) and either an up or down antiquark (or quark),
η particles (etas), which involve a mix of up-antiup, down-antidown, and strange-antistrange quarks,
and ρ particles (rhos), which — along with ω (omega) particles — are made of up-and-down quarks and antiquarks, but have their spins aligned rather than anti-aligned as for the other mesons.
These are the only mesons that are lighter than the proton (and neutron), and are responsible for carrying the nuclear force within an atomic nucleus. They're all short-lived and will all decay into lighter particles, but while the neutral pion (π0) particle always decays into two photons, the neutral rho (ρ0) particle always decays into both a positively charged (π+) and a negatively charged (π–) pion.
In theory, the rho meson could either decay to a pair of pions by the strong interaction (left) or the weak interaction (right). Because of the relative strength of these interactions and the high mass of the W-boson, the strong decay channel is the only one that's relevant for our experiments.
(Credit: marco88 of Physics StackExchange)
It might not surprise you to learn that some of the properties of the photons that arise from neutral pion decays can be entangled: photons are identical particles and these two arose from the decay of a single quantum particle. But the shocking discovery that was just made was that the two charged pions that arise from a neutral rho decay are also entangled, marking the first discovery of two distinct, non-identical particles to display entanglement properties. Particles like pions and rhos can emerge not only from the collisions of two protons with one another, but also energetic-enough near-misses, simply from the interactions of the gluon fields of these two protons.
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The way the entanglement was identified was brilliant: when two rho particles are created in the atomic nuclei of two adjacent protons, they each decay into those two charged pions almost immediately. Because they're so close together in space, the two positively charged (π+) pions and the two negatively charged (π–) pions each interfere with one another, making their own superposition and their own wavefunction.
This schematic shows the creation of rho particles and how they decay, and how this signal shows up in Brookhaven's STAR detector. This experiment was the first to measure a new type of quantum entanglement.
The interference patterns observed between the positively and negatively charged pions are the key evidence that reveal the inescapable but bizarre conclusion: the oppositely charged pions produced in each rho particle's decay — the π+ and the π– —must be entangled with one another.
These observations were only possible because the rho particles that are produced are so astoundingly short-lived: with a mean lifetime of only 4 yoctoseconds, or 4 septillionths of a second. Even at the speed of light, these particles would decay very quickly compared to the distances between them, enabling the overlap of the pion wavefunctions to be substantial.
Best of all, this new form of entanglement resulted in an immediate application: to measure the radius and structure of the heavy atomic nuclei that were almost (but not quite) collided with one another in these experiments. The spin-interference pattern that arose came from the overlap of these two wavefunctions, allowing the researchers to determine what the radius was to describe the interactions of the gluon fields from each atomic nucleus, for both gold (Au-197) and uranium (U-238). The results, of 6.53 ± 0.06 fm for gold and 7.29 ± 0.08 fm for uranium, are remarkably both larger than the radius you'd expect from measurements each nucleus using electric charge properties.
The creation of two short-lived rho mesons from the close passage of two high-energy, heavy atomic nuclei leads to the creation of two pion pairs, which demonstrated entanglement of a form never seen before: between oppositely charged particles.
(Credit: J. Brandenberg/STAR collaboration, Science Advances, 2023)
For the first time, an experiment was able to demonstrate that it isn't just identical quantum particles that can become entangled, but particles with opposite electric charges, too. (The π+ and the π–, for what it's worth, are one another's antiparticle.) The technique of passing two heavy nuclei very close to one another at nearly the speed of light allows for photons, arising from the electromagnetic field of each nucleus, to interact with the other nucleus, occasionally forming a rho particle that decays into two pions. When both nuclei do this at once, the entanglement can be seen, and the radius of the atomic nucleus can be measured.
It's also remarkable that measuring the size of the nucleus through this method, which uses the strong force rather than the electromagnetic force, gives a different, larger result than one would get by using the nuclear charge radius. As lead author on the study, James Brandenburg, put it, "Now we can take a picture where we can really distinguish the density of gluons at a given angle and radius. The images are so precise that we can even start to see the difference between where the protons are and where the neutrons are laid out inside these big nuclei." We now have a promising method to probe the internal structure of these complex, heavy nuclei, with more applications, no doubt, soon to come.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Joy Harjo is first Native American named US poet laureate
AP Photo,In this June 6, 2019 photo, Joy Harjo, of the United States, poses inside the Library of Congress, in Washington. Harjo has been named the country's next poet laureate, becoming the first Native American to hold that position. Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden announced Harjo's appointment, saying in a statement Wednesday, June 19 that the poet helped tell an American story of continuity and disruption, "reckoning and myth-making." Harjo's one-year term begins this fall. She succeeds Tracy K. Smith, who served two terms. (Shawn Miller/Library of Congress)
NEW YORK (AP) — Joy Harjo, the first Native American to be named U.S. poet laureate, has been ready for a long time.
"I've been an unofficial poetry ambassador — on the road for poetry for years," the 68-year-old Harjo wrote in a recent email to The Associated Press. "I've often been the only poet or Native poet-person that many have seen/met/heard. I've introduced many poetry audiences to Native poetry and audiences not expecting poetry to be poetry."
Her appointment was announced Wednesday by Librarian of Congress Carla Hayden, who said in a statement that Harjo helped tell an "American story" of traditions both lost and maintained, of "reckoning and myth-making." Harjo's term is for one year and she succeeds Tracy K. Smith, who served two terms. The position is officially called "Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry," with a $35,000 stipend. Harjo will have few specific responsibilities, but other laureates have launched initiatives, most recently Smith's tour of rural communities around the country.
"I don't have a defined project right now, but I want to bring the contribution of poetry of the tribal nations to the forefront and include it in the discussion of poetry," says Harjo, an enrolled member of the Muscogee Creek Nation and a native of Tulsa, Oklahoma. "This country is in need of deep healing. We're in a transformational moment in national history and earth history, so whichever way we move is going to absolutely define us."
She is known for such collections as "The Woman Who Fell From the Sky" and "In Mad Love and War" and for a forceful, intimate style that draws upon the natural and spiritual world. Her previous honors include the PEN Open Book Award and the Wallace Stevens Award for lifetime achievement. Earlier this year, she was awarded the Jackson Prize, given by Poets & Writers, for a poet of merit who deserves more attention.
Harjo is currently editing an anthology of Native poets, and a new book of her own poems, "An American Sunrise," comes out in August (her publisher, W.W. Norton, moved it up from its planned September release). She also has a background in painting and dance, and is an impassioned saxophone player who has recorded several albums. In a 2017 blog post that is also part of her poem "Rabbit Invents the Saxophone," she called the instrument "so human," writing that "Its tendency is to be rowdy, edgy, talk too loud, bump into people, say the wrong words at the wrong time.
"But then, you take a breath, all the way from the center of the earth and blow. All that heartache is forgiven."
The poet laureate is not a political position. Harjo makes clear her disdain for many office seekers, however, in her poem "For Those Who Would Govern." She also has expressed her views on President Trump. In 2016, she linked to a Newsweek article about then-candidate Trump's overseas business connections and tweeted, "Donald Trump's foreign ties may conflict with U.S. national security interests." Last summer, she linked to a New York magazine article about Trump and Russia, and tweeted: "What If Trump Has Been a Russian Asset Since 1987?"
The head of the Library of Congress' poetry and literature center, Robert Casper, told the AP that laureates are encouraged to focus on "poems and the way they work," including politically. During her interview, Harjo declined to talk about Trump directly, and said instead that "everything is political."
"I began writing poetry because I didn't hear Native women's voices in the discussions of policy, of how we were going to move forward in a way that is respectful and honors those basic human laws that are common to all people, like treating all life respectfully, honoring your ancestors, this earth," she said.
She cites her poem "Rabbit is Up To Tricks" as an expression of political thought, but in a timeless way. Her poem tells of a trickster Rabbit who has become lonely, and so forms a man out of clay and teaches him to steal. The clay man learns too well, stealing animals, food and another man's wife. He will move on to gold and land and control of the world.
And Rabbit had no place to play.
Rabbit's trick had backfired.
Rabbit tried to call the clay man back,
but when the clay man wouldn't listen
Rabbit realized he'd made a clay man with no ears.


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Asuncion Raymundo
Dr. Asuncion Raymundo led the way in microbial genetics and the use of biotechnology in farming in the Philippines. Born on August 15, 1946, she is a hard-working researcher, who has execute several study projects including some funded by the Rockefeller Foundation, UNIDO and the Australian Centre for International Agriculture. She is also a creative author, having published more than a hundred technical articles in refereed journals and actions, both local and international field.
As Professor, she has instituted and educated a number of courses in microbiology and plant pathology, written a number of laboratory handbook in assorted courses, and supervised more than a hundred undergraduates, masteral and doctoral students. She developed the area of microbial genetics locally.
Dr. Raymundo was conferred the status of Academician of the National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) in 2002. NAST is a top quality group of reputed Filipino scientists who compose an advisory group to the Office of the President in subject of science and technology. She also presently leads the NAST Bioremediation Task Force and is the NAST central person in charge of biology teaching.
Dr. Raymundo recognized because of her effort in microbiology, microbial genetics and biotechnology. She has established various awards, including the National Research Council of the Philippines Distinguished Award in Biology, PCARRD Pantas Outstanding Researcher Award, Outstanding Microbiologist Award given by the Philippine Society for Microbiology, UPLB Outstanding Teacher and also as Researcher, Crop Science of the Philippine Achievement Award in Research, Republica Award given by the Commission of Higher Education and the UP Outstanding Professional Award in Natural Sciences biology (microbiology) in 2007.
She is presently Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences in University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB). Formerly she was the Director of the Institute of Biological Sciences, UPLB for 7 years. She finished her BS degree (cum laude) at the UP College of Agriculture, majoring in Soil Microbiology. She received her MS at the University of Hawaii, and her PhD at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Soon after, she took post-doctoral education in microbial/molecular genetics at IRRI and had study stints at Monash University, Osaka University and Kansas State University. She is a member of numerous honor and certified societies, including both the Philippine Society for Microbiology, which she served as President, and the American Society for Microbiology.
Baldomera Olivera, Jr.
Alfredo Santos


Also, the egos among Bob Arum and Floyd Jr. will have to be place aside to make this struggle transpire. Each adult men have egos greater than the activity of Boxing and have taken quite a few pictures at every other over the several years ever given that their break up."You see, the man or woman regarded as Ramon Santiago was recognized as a member of the Assassin's Guild. A killer for seek the services of who in no way missed his mark. Generally that would have glad me to as why payments have been produced to this personal, but there was much more to his story than just that. You see, Ramon Santiago, even though an assassin of great renown, was not glad with his mundane techniques. He desired to have a magical capacity that would make sure that he would be regarded as the biggest assassin ever .The Prince, meanwhile, was far too infatuated to see the really like residing there. The Queen considered to herself, "Yes, these two are definitely in enjoy with each other, even if they don't know it. The Woman may well know how my son feels, women usually have been much more informed of these factors than males. But my son is just hoping that she feels the exact same.6 million PPV buys would eclipse anything Pacquiao has ever performed before like his one.three million with Mosley in Could 2011. 1.6 million PPV purchases would set this struggle into the best 5 boxing PPV functions of all-time driving Mayweather Jr. vs. AUTO ECU TESTER Hoya and a pair of Tyson fights. It will also be up there with the best UFC PPV of all-time UFC one hundred.This web site provides the very best personal savings I could uncover on massive-ticket attractions like Excellent The usa, Gilroy Gardens, Winchester Thriller Residence, Roaring Camp Railroads and Ripley's Imagine it or Not. All best locations to check out on college holidays this kind of as Oct 10, a.k.a. Columbus Day/Indigenous Men and women's Working day/El Dia AUTO ECU TESTER Raza vacation.Making his initial title protection in Madison Sq. Backyard in 1996, he fought Dominican journeyman Wilson Rodriguez. It was a thrilling war that saw Gatti dropped in the 2nd Spherical, Rodriguez crumpling under a body shot in the fifth, and ultimately getting kayoed by a Gatti left hook in the sixth. It took Rodriguez much more than a moment to get up after that. The combat received The Ring's Struggle of the Calendar year award, but tellingly Gatti took a great deal of punishment that his earlier, still still-passionate boxer-puncher self would have averted. Provided how confined Rodriguez was, it was a difficult acquire, and Gatti was losing on two scorecards.The Prince, in the meantime, was as well infatuated to see the love residing there. The Queen considered to herself, "Yes, these two are undoubtedly in enjoy with every other, even if they don't know it. The Girl may possibly know how my son feels, females generally had been ecu fados tester more aware of these items than men. But my son is just hoping that she feels the same.Then arrived the last round and Larry Hopkins grew drained. He stopped transferring ahead or even throwing significantly. He began mouth respiration and his mouthpiece came out no much less than five instances. Right after the fourth time, a point was deducted by ring referee, Marcos Rosales.Again FADOS9F1 delivers two extras like noncontact IR temperature measurement and programmable electricity offer when set upcoming to FADOS7F1. The original a single is programmable DC power present that involv es this item, which is ready to hook up with the capability line of UUT and set most voltage. Now the take a look at button is activated, device software program will create to offer voltage output of 100mV. The existing value and voltage va lue is to be saved in the total file. After several minutes, measurement of temperature will undertake becoming a route to use large-temperature portion and another related defect element.With that, the Sergeant of the Guard and his guardsmen moved down the corridor to the key junction of the cross hall, there to stand vigilance in opposition to a next assassin's endeavor. The initially assassin experienced in some way snuck into the castle. He then was able to bypass the sentries on obligation and arrive Rafael's door undiscovered. He picked the lock on the door, drew his sword, and entered the place.When we arrive, I will question the Prince to be a guest of the household for awhile in buy that I, and my guardians, the Duke and Duchess, might effectively thank the Prince for conserving my daily life. I am sure that my aunt and uncle will want to offer the Prince with a feast in celebration of my protected return. That will give the Prince with a explanation for remaining and enjoying the Duke and Duchess' hospitality for awhile." Woman Galina said.Then he noticed it. The outline of his enemy turned clearer. He was capable to pinpoint his opponent's location. Balthazar permit free all of the flame he experienced designed up inside of himself. A wall of flame twelve toes high and six ft throughout erupted from him. The pent up flame melted the snow for several yards close to him. The determine in front of him disappeared at the rear of a wall of flame so hot, almost nothing could endure it.


Many executives do not take complete good thing about the assistant who sits correct outdoor their door. This publication educates executives approximately all of the ways that they could streamline and increase the way in which they paintings with assistance from an exceptional assistant, whereas instructing them to spot nice applicants and maximize some great benefits of this targeted relationship.
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Here's the sorrowful fact: such a lot companies have a self-defeating method of human assets. we all know this—and the opposite HR matters they face—because of our proprietary survey of approximately 450 businesses, averaging seventy eight staff. firms with fewer than two hundred staff usually don't require—or can't afford—an HR specialist.
Prepared for the longer term or caught some time past? Millennials were condemned as lazy, entitled, disloyal, and disrespectful and wanting consistent hand-holding. yet Crystal Kadakia—a Millennial herself in addition to an organizational improvement advisor and two-time TEDx speaker—shows that not just are those adverse stereotypes useless flawed, yet each conceals a favorable place of work perform that forward-looking businesses needs to undertake in the event that they are to suffer.


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Justia Forms Business Contracts Cardtronics plc Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12
Description of Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
EX-4.8 2 catm20191231ex48descsec.htm EXHIBIT 4.8 Exhibit
DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPANY'S SECURITIES
REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12 OF THE
The following is a brief description of the Class A ordinary shares, nominal value $0.01 per share (the "Ordinary Shares") of Cardtronics Plc (the "Company"), which is the only security of the Company registered pursuant to Section 12 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
Description of Ordinary Shares
The following description of the Ordinary Shares, related provisions of the Company's Articles of Association (the "Articles") and applicable English Law is qualified in its entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, the Articles and applicable English Law.
Issued Share Capital
The Company's issued share capital as of February 27, 2020 is 44,914,118 Ordinary Shares. Each issued Ordinary Share is fully paid. Pursuant to the Articles, subject to the provisions of the U.K. Companies Act 2006 (the "Act"), the Company may increase its share capital by allotting new shares in accordance with the Act and the Articles. The Board currently has authority, by an ordinary resolution of shareholders, through June 28, 2021 to allot up to 62,000,000 Ordinary Shares (or other equity securities, or rights to subscribe for or to convert or exchange any security, including convertible preference shares, convertible debt securities and exchangeable debt securities of a subsidiary, into shares of the Company).
The Company may also: by ordinary resolution consolidate and divide all or any of its share capital into shares of a larger nominal amount than its existing shares; by ordinary resolution sub-divide its shares, or any of them, into shares of a smaller nominal amount than its existing shares; and by special resolution reduce its share capital, any capital redemption reserve and any share premium account in any way.
In the future, the Company's issued share capital can be determined by reference to the Company's Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission from time to time.
Holders of the Ordinary Shares are entitled to one vote per share on all matters to be voted upon by the shareholders. Holders of Ordinary Shares are not entitled to cumulate votes for the election of directors.
Holders of Ordinary Shares are entitled to receive such dividends as may be declared from time to time by the Company's Board of Directors (the "Board"), such dividends to be paid out of profits available for distribution.
Right to Receive Liquidation Distributions
In the event of a voluntary winding up of the Company, the liquidator may, on obtaining any sanction required by law, divide among the shareholders (excluding shares held by any subsidiary of the Company) the whole or any part of the assets of the Company, whether or not the assets consist of property of one
kind or of different kinds. The liquidator may also, with the same authority, transfer the whole or any part of the assets to trustees upon any trusts for the benefit of the shareholders as the liquidator decides. No past or present shareholder can be compelled to accept any asset which could subject him or her to a liability.
Preemptive or Similar Rights
The Ordinary Shares have no conversion rights and are not subject to further calls or assessments by the Company.
The Ordinary Shares are subject to statutory pre-emption rights under English Law unless such rights are disapplied for up to five years, subject to renewal, through the adoption of a special resolution of shareholders. As stated above, currently, the Board has the authority through June 28, 2021 to allot up to 62,000,000 Ordinary Shares (or other equity securities, or rights to subscribe for or to convert or exchange any security, including convertible preference shares, convertible debt securities and exchangeable debt securities of a subsidiary, into shares of the Company ) and to exclude preemptive rights in respect of such issuances. It is expected that the Company would seek renewal of this authority from shareholders and would continue to do so in the future. The Company may also seek authorization from shareholders more frequently than every five years.
Certain Anti-Takeover Effects
The mandatory offer provisions of the Company's Articles may have the effect of delaying, deferring or discouraging transactions involving an actual or potential change in control of the Company.
The Board is authorized, without further action of its shareholders, but subject to its statutory and fiduciary duties, to give effect to a shareholder rights plan and to fix the terms thereof.
The Board is divided into three classes, with the members of each class serving for staggered three-year terms. As a result, only one class of directors is elected at each annual general meeting of shareholders, with the other classes continuing for the remainder of their respective three-year terms. The classification of the Company's board of directors, the lack of cumulative voting and certain limitations on shareholders' powers to nominate directors may have the effect of making it more difficult for any party to obtain control of the Company by replacing the majority of the Board and to force an immediate change in the composition of the Board.
The transfer agent for the Ordinary Shares is Computershare Inc.
The Company's Ordinary Shares are listed on the NASDAQ under the trading symbol "CATM."


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You are here: Home / Articles / Hardware, Gadgets, and Products / 5 Industries Reaping Big from Robotics Technology
5 Industries Reaping Big from Robotics Technology
2019-05-08 by 404TS Team
The International Federation of Robotics projects that more than 3 million industrial robots will be in use worldwide by 2020. That may seem like a relatively tiny figure in the context of the global human population of over 7.6 billion. However, this is a testament to just how efficient industrial robots are.
This small number of robots has completely revolutionized some industries while making significant inroads in others. Robots have had a bigger impact in certain sectors. We look at 5 of these below.
Manufacturing is by far the industry that has benefited the most from robots. Thanks to the need to raise efficiency in mass production, manufacturers realized early that robots were the future. Robots are used in numerous aspects of the production process to increase efficiency while lowering operational costs.
When most people think about manufacturing robots, what often comes to mind is robots in automobile manufacturing and assembly lines (such as the welding cells from Lincoln Electrics robotic division) that are programmed to work largely autonomously. In reality, though, most manufacturing robots function under the guidance and control of a factory worker.
Given the potentially life-threatening hazards on the factory floor, manufacturing robots must be equipped with sensors, cameras, and automatic shutoff when a situation that may endanger worker safety occurs.
Robots used in healthcare have so far not been designed to replace healthcare professionals but make work easier. So far, robotics has been applied to surgery, therapy, rehabilitation, patient companionship, and a wide range of medical practices.
For example, remote-controlled surgery robots can be operated by a surgeon to make precise, tiny movements and incisions within a patient's body. This comes in handy in minimally invasive surgical procedures such as gynecological, colorectal, urologic, thoracic. and cardiac.
For persons paralyzed due to spinal injuries or strokes, robotic exoskeletons can assist the rehabilitation process. Robotic lifting equipment enables nurses to lift immobile or elderly patients. Therapeutic and companion robots use a system of microphones, sensors, and cameras to calm mental health patients.
Due to rising food demand, growing input costs, and the scarcity of arable land, the agricultural industry has always sought ways to increase productivity. It's, therefore, not surprising that it's actively worked to adopt a wide range of robotic technologies.
Large-scale farms already rely on autonomous or semi-autonomous GPS-guided harvesters and tractors. Some of these are configured to act on data relayed to them by autonomous drones that survey the farm and determine which sections are ready for harvest or tilling.
More recently, there's been a number of robot experiments meant to automate spraying, mowing, thinning, pruning, and weed removal. Sensor technology is often deployed to manage diseases and pests that affect crops.
The diversity, nuances, and multiple phases of food preparation have so far seen this area stay off the radar of robotics technology. That is, however, starting to change. Intelligent and automated robots are now available that are designed to cook and prepare hundreds of meals in the home. While most are not fully autonomous, they greatly reduce the need for human intervention.
The robot can be controlled via a smartphone app. Once the owner selects a recipe and proceeds to arrange containers or cut ingredients, the robot proceeds to quickly and efficiently cook the meal. One robotics firm is developing a more advanced robot chef that even includes a built-in refrigerator and dishwasher.
Robotic technology has been applied to many aspects of the war theater for years. The 1991 Gulf War dramatically introduced to the world the Tomahawk missile that relied on GPS to strike a remote target with remarkable precision. The Global War on Terror has also demonstrated the capacity of unmanned drones in launching missile strikes, surveilling enemy movement, and providing technical support to ground troops.
The drones are often operated from a control room that's thousands of miles away and can relay real-time information to front-line troops, hostage rescue teams, and first-time responders. Drones can access dangerous areas without placing the lives of soldiers and responders in danger.
It's clear that robots are playing an important role in a wide range of commercial industries. As the cost of industrial robots continues to fall, they'll eventually make their way to the consumer space as well as transforming everyday life in countless ways.
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At Back to Health, we primarily treat people with aches, pains and injuries. Our aim is to help relieve you of these ailments, but also in many cases help you work towards a goal. For example you may want to go to the gym more, be more active in general, join a sports club, run a marathon. Or you may have long standing back pain that affects your quality of life, or picked up and injury on the rugby pitch for example. Whichever way we are here to help you!
This list is not exhaustive. In general if it hurts, we can probably help!
We currently offer osteopathic treatment and sports massage to help you with your aches and pains. Typically these treatments will involve soft tissue work (massage), joint mobilisation and manipulation, rehabilitative exercises as well as lifestyle advice and home care. The latest evidence for the treatment of musculoskeletal (bone, muscle and joint) complaints are most effectively treated with a multi-modal approach, which includes the above and in some cases medicinal pain relief.
On your first visit to the clinic, we will ask you to fill out a short form to find out your personal details, a little bit about what you do and your general health/past medical history. This is to help us understand why you may be experiencing pain and, as a duty of care make sure that it is suitable for us to treat you.
Once in the treatment room, you will be asked a few questions about your current problem and what you hope to get out of your time with us. We will also conduction an examination to allow us to best understand why you are experiencing pain. For this you may be asked to remove some clothes. We have examination gowns available on request, but it is probably easiest and most comfortable for you to bring a pair of shorts and a vest (or well fitted bra ladies!) to change into.


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Banuelia Katesigwa (geboren als Banuelia Mrashani; Moshi, 14 november 1977) is een Tanzaniaanse langeafstandsloopster, die zich gespecialiseerd heeft in de halve marathon en de marathon.

Banuelia Katesigwa won in 2002 de vrouwenmarathon van Tokio in een PR van 2:24.59. Dat jaar werd ze ook tweede op de marathon van Turijn. In 2003 werd ze derde op de marathon van Parijs en in 2006 won ze de marathon van Madrid.

Ze kwalificeerde zich voor de olympische marathon op de Olympische Spelen van 2004, maar was in Athene genoodzaakt de strijd nog voor de finish te staken.

Titels
 Tanzianaans kampioen 10.000 m - 2009

Persoonlijke records

Palmares

5000 m
2002: 4e Tanzaniaans kamp. - 17.30,54
2006:  Tanzania Olympians Association - 17.18,60

10.000 m
2001:  Tanzaniaans kamp. - 35.32,44
2009:  Tanzaniaans kamp. - 33.41,5

5 km
2001:  Città di Pordenone -

10 km
2000:  Mount Meru New Year's Day in Arusha - 38.40
2001:  FILA Discovery Tanzania in Arusha - 33.38
2007:  Asics British London Run in Londen - 35.31
2007:  Admiral Swansea Bay - 35.05
2008: 5e Admiral Swansea Bay - 35.29

15 km
2010:  Dow Live Earth Run for Water in Dar Es Salaam - 55.09

halve marathon
1998: 5e halve marathon van Prato - 1:17.05
2001:  halve marathon van Moshi - 1:19.15
2001:  halve marathon van Lissabon - 1:12.24
2001:  halve marathon van Ponte d'Adige - 1:11.57
2001:  halve marathon van Frangarto - 1:11.57
2002:  halve marathon van Prato - 1:10.55
2002:  halve marathon van Moshi - 1:16.07
2002:  halve marathon van Livigno - 1:21.03
2002:  halve marathon van Arezzo - 1:12.28
2003:  halve marathon van Parijs - 1:12.33
2004:  halve marathon van Tradate - 1:15.14
2007:  halve marathon van Plymouth - 1:18.27
2007:  halve marathon van Nottingham - 1:16.35
2008:  halve marathon van Plymouth - 1:18.32
2008:  halve marathon van Nottingham - 1:16.36
2009:  halve marathon van Dar es Salaam - 1:20.19

25 km
2006:  Impala to Ngurudoto Road Race - 1:26.28

marathon
1996:  marathon van Arusha - 2:49.55
2000:  marathon van Arusha - 2:47.22
2001:  marathon van Dubai - 2:42.23
2001: 13e marathon van Pyongyang - 2:40.52
2001: 4e marathon van Milaan - 2:33.15
2002:  marathon van Turijn - 2:29.53
2002: 4e marathon van Sapporo - 2:35.57
2002:  marathon van Tokio - 2:24.59
2003:  marathon van Parijs - 2:29.13
2003: 49e WK in Parijs - 2:40.45
2004:  marathon van Arizona (Tempe) - 2:33.36
2004: DNF OS in Athene
2005: 4e marathon van Milaan - 2:38.50,4
2006:  marathon van Madrid - 2:34.54
2006: 8e marathon van Singapore - 2:48.26
2007: 10e marathon van Mumbai - 2:48.33
2007:  marathon van Moshi - 2:42.10
2007:  marathon van Inverness - 2:55.04
2007: 11e marathon van Singapore - 2:54.05
2008:  marathon van Moshi - 2:48.37
2008:  marathon van Inverness - 2:51.23
2008: 19e marathon van Singapore - 3:14.12
2009:  marathon van Kigali - 2:47.49
2010:  marathon van Kampala - 2:56.38
2011:  marathon van Moshi - 3:02.53
2011: 4e marathon van Kigali - 2:59.53
2011: 6e marathon van Kampala - 2:51.14
2012: 6e marathon van Kigali - 2:51.27
2013: 9e marathon van Kigali -
2014: 9e marathon van Moshi - 3:14.06
2015: 8e marathon van Kigali - 3:14.53

veldlopen
2000:  Tanzaniaans kamp. in Arusha - 30.38
2001: 59e WK veldlopen in Oostende (lange afstand) - 31.39
2001: 63e WK veldlopen in Oostende (korte afstand) - 16.32
2006:  Tanzaniaans kamp. in Moshi - 33.18,91
2007:  Tanzaniaans kamp. in Moshi - 31.09,6

Tanzaniaans atleet
Tanzaniaans olympisch deelnemer
Langeafstandsloper
Marathonloper

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text:
Q: Why a for loop in this argument     for (int i=0; i<[rawNumber length]; i++) {
        NSString* chr = [rawNumber substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(i, 1)];
        if(doesStringContain(@"0123456789", chr)) {
            telNumber = [telNumber stringByAppendingFormat:@"%@", chr];
        }
    }

What's the logic of this? What does this argument return?

A: Looks like it's stripping out all the non-numeric characters, to give you a plain old phone number.
I imagine telNumber is defined before this loop, and uses the value of telNumber somewhere else.
Lets say rawNumber held the following value: (987)-654-3210.  The for loop runs 14 times total, since that's the length of rawNumber.  Each time through, the code gets a single character - the first time it gets the first character, the second time the second character, etc.  Each time through the loop, the code checks if the character is in the string 0123456789; if it is, then the code appends the character to the telNumber variable.  If the character is not in the list of numbers (if it's ( or ) or - in our example), then it's just discarded.

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Let your tots express their love for those that spoil them with a cute card for Grandparents Day! We will provide materials to make a card that can be mailed (along with envelopes and stamps – so bring addresses), or to give in person – the holiday is on 9/10. RSVP on MemberPlanet.


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Q: decode Infrared remote control code using c or c++ Please let me know how to decode infrared remote control code using c or c++.

A: I suppose your question is vague because you absolutely don't know where to start.
If you don't have a infrared receiver, here is a blog is used some time ago to learn how to build one. I hope you have some talents in electronics. Otherwise, it's time to learn ! :D
If you managed to build it (or have another known-working receiver), you can then take a look at LIRC, an open-source project which is compatible with the suggested device.

A: Well, I don't know about C++, but here it is in C#:
void ReadRemote()
{
    while(!Console.KeyAvailable)
        Console.Write(DecoderClass.ReadIR(IRType.TVRemoteControl));
}

A: Different manufacturers use different encoding schemes, different timing, and even different modulation frequencies.  A typical IR receiver sensor performs the demodulation in hardware so that it outputs a logic pulse sequence rather than an OOK modulated signal.  The receiver needs to match the transmitter modulation frequency.  If you want to receive multiple modulation frequencies, you would have to use a simple IR photo-diode and provide your own OOK carrier detector circuitry for each modulation frequency of interest, or use multiple receivers.
Once you have the demodulates pulse sequence, it is a simple matter of decoding it according to the specific manufacturers encoding scheme.  I have only ever done this for a Sony SIRC remote to use it as a robot controller. Where the sensor triggered an interrupt and the pulse timing was latched on each interrupt.  If your device has input capture and compare timer hardware you could reduce the overhead and increase accuracy (although this is probably not necessary).
There are lots of resources on the subject for different protocols and manufacturers here
There are some applicable standards, but no manufacture has to adhere to them, and there is more that one.  RC-5 and RECS 80 are two such standards that are fairly common.

A: Either buy some hardware that does it and make C or c++ api calls (lirc for example).  or if you are interested in decoding the protocols and doing it with software instead of hardware then you want to use a microcontroller.
It is fun and easy and I recommend it as a first microcontroller project.  There are a handful of popular protocols, most are a variation on a couple of themes.  Basically you get a receiver which you can get from radio shack, although the amount of what used to be radio components at radio shack (maybe that is why they are changing the name to the shack) are much fewer and buried in a small drawer in the back of the store, soon to be gone.  Anyway get a receiver there or digikey or mouser, a microcontroller, count the number of clock ticks between rising and falling edges (the receiver has removed the ~40Khz carrier frequency) compare those times to the expected protocol and determine the ones from zeros.    Transmitting with just a microcontroller and an ir led can be done but is a little trickier because you need to do the modulation.  A single and gate outside the microcontroller along with the modulation clock and/or a timer generated clock is much easier, but requires extra hardware.
The multi protocol receivers are likely not to be as good as a specific protocol receiver, in the same way that gcc is not very good at any one platform, but pretty good across all the platforms.  Building your own is fun, educational, and generally results in a better receiver, although you wont be able to match the price of the mass produced products.  Part of the problem also has to do with the carrier frequencies vary and ideally you want to choose the receiver that matches the carrier frequency for the protocol you are using.  It makes a difference, for example instead of having to be 8 feet away you can be 30 feet away.  Also it may work at 3 feet away but not one foot or three inches away.  That sort of thing.  cable and dish and other universal remotes generate all of the protocols so you are free to pick and choose depending on what your project is.


Do the expensive ones live up to their pricey expectations?
Are the inexpensive ones just as great?
How do you know you will get your moo-lah's worth??
Is it Celeb-worthy? Easy to remove? Swim proof, tear proof, bad day proof...?
What IS the BEST mascara out there?
"When you find a great mascara, whether it's from Nordstrom or Wal-Mart, for goodness sake, STICK with it!"
You know you have your favorite mascara, everybody does, and there is no right or wrong one out there. Anddd if you are a... ahem...junkie like me, you most likely have a literal wardrobe of them to choose from anyway.
God forbid, the company you have been buying it from discontinues it.
Take your pity party elsewhere, my self-sufficient and resourceful cosmetics-loving friend!
LUCKY for you, that awesome mascara you have been buying over and over for the last nine years has some pretttty tough competition out there.
From the inexpensive, to the mid-range, to the high end, here are my favorites, and why!
What's great about this mascara is its' phenomenal brush.
Flat on one side, full on the other, you are offered a choice in fullness, defintion, or, Ummm, yes please...Both.
Water resistant, yet easy to remove, great on top and bottom lashes.
This little goody stood the test of a week on Maui and a few tears (of joy!) myself.
Ok, I guess once a MAC girl, always a MAC girl, but I do love this mascara for it's do-able price tag, and for a couple of other reasons.
1-Do you ever seem to get your mascara everywhere but ON your lashes? This beauty, once those pesky black speckles on your cheeks, nose and chin dry completely (quick trick here) removes instantly when gently rubbed away with a dry Q-tip.
2-This particular formula is the kind that you can layer and layer for thickness and fluffiness, but with no clumps.
This mascara lives up to all its hype.
Thickening, lengthening, layer-able, separating, it runs the gamut and it has a nearly perfect brush.
Well done, Giorgio. Well done.
And so for the age old question- Black or brown? My answer? Both!
I have the theory that black mascara is like the Little Black Dress-It looks great on anyone, and in my opinion isn't too dramatic for even the lightest makeup wearer.
But I also love the way a brown mascara complements a chocolatey or plummy smoky eye, or adds just enough for a no-makeup makeup.
Either black or brown, water proof or regular, like I said before, there isn't a perfect mascara out there, just the ones that you find that are perfect for you.


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Q: AWS-Logs, ElasticSearch : Specific logs not showing up in ElasticSearch, working only for select logs I am streaming AWSLogs to CLoudwatch and from there, I am streaming it on ElasticSearch domain. I can see in the overview, that I have a heck number of searchable documents, but I am not able to find the documents from many different log-streams when I am searching them in Kibana. It's working only for 2-3 out of 35 log streams. I can see all streams in CloudWatch logs, and on the right side, can also see that I am streaming to ElasticSearch instance. I will explain how I am doing it, maybe some idea what am I doing wrong. Thank you.
Installed AWSLogs service from here
Commands :
curl https://s3.amazonaws.com/aws-cloudwatch/downloads/latest/awslogs-agent-setup.py -O
sudo python ./awslogs-agent-setup.py --region OUR_REGION

Once that's done, I added in /var/awslogs/etc/awslogs.conf my log files in such manner :
[/var/www/html/var/log/exception.log]
datetime_format = %d/%b/%Y:%H:%M:%S
file = /var/www/html/var/log/exception.log
buffer_duration = 5000
log_stream_name = staging.1c.APP_NAME.exception.log
initial_position = end_of_file
log_group_name = staging.1c.APP_NAME.exception.log

After that, I logged into Kibana, and in index-patterns, defined an index-pattern as cwl-*.


Akit's Complaint Department: Muni Considers Ending BART Plus Relationship - Another Nail in the Coffin?
Muni Considers Ending BART Plus Relationship - Another Nail in the Coffin?
Last week Friday, the SFMTA had a hearing to consider ending Muni's relationship in the BART Plus program. While this is not yet official, it would still have to go under the Board of Directors for a final vote.
BART Plus is a combination of a BART ticket with privileges to ride neighboring public transit agencies (a flash pass). The ticket has varying price points and is sold on a twice monthly basis with the "A" and "B" tickets valid for the first fifteen days and the last fourteen to sixteen days.
Passengers using BART Plus gets some nice perks: The 'last ride' bonus will let passengers with less than enough credit on their BART ticket funds get to ride one last time regardless of how much the fare is; the ticket is returned to the passenger so it can be used as a flash pass. The flash pass portion is valid with multiple transit agencies as a local fare credit.
The biggest hit to BART Plus was the end of acceptance on AC Transit in 2003; a major connection for BART passengers within the East Bay. The only discount BART and AC Transit passengers receives today is the 25 cent discount when transferring from BART to AC and vice versa using a Clipper card.
Muni is one of the busiest transit agencies in the entire Bay Area, especially when comparing the high number of passes sold every month versus other agencies that operates in larger counties. BART Plus and Muni plays a vital role for passengers to save money while being able to commute just using one ticket. This is especially true for passengers that may have to ride more than just Muni and BART to get to work by combining everything into one.
BART Plus can never convert to Clipper until all the agencies under the Plus ticket can have Clipper card readers installed, so the old fashioned ticket will still be in existence. Muni claims that they have to end their relationship because of the agency's goal to end paper passes and convert everything into Clipper.
BART Plus is the first of its kind to be a multi-agency transit pass integrated with BART access. If you are to compare other agencies with their pass agreements, the second best is Caltrain with their 2+ zone monthly pass giving passengers access to Samtrans and VTA at no extra charge, and an optional discounted Muni pass. Other agency agreements like Muni's "A" pass only gives Muni passengers access to BART.
It's been the MTC's dream for a Clipper card monthly pass that can access ALL transit agencies for one flat price, but that dream may never come to fruition because of the numerous transit agencies running in the Bay Area. BART Plus' old agreements makes that dream real for passengers and saves them tons of money to get around the Bay Area with relative ease, even though it's not compatible with the Clipper card.
Ending Muni's relationship will be a major setback for BART Plus. Losing AC Transit was bad enough, but Muni may kill BART Plus, or at least put another nail in the coffin. I think Muni's statement about trying to end all paper passes is a bunch of junk; they will make plenty of BART Plus passengers angry and the public knows Muni is being greedy by asking for people to fork over more money.
Why can't we all just get along with each other? The Bay Area transit agencies should be playing nice with each other with generous transfer and pass agreements making it easier for everyone to ride one agency to another. Instead, each one wants to be Mr. Tough Guy and force us passengers to pay more. A lot of the transfer agreements is a bunch of crap; 25 cents here, 50 cents there; it's not much. Caltrain, Samtrans, and VTA have a really cool transfer agreement for those who rides Caltrain with 2+ zone monthly pass, so why can't other agencies work on an decent agreement that works for their passengers?
Lastly, here's a reason why the Clipper card goes through so much hell and is probably one of the most complicated fare card systems in the entire nation or possibly the world; each individual transit agency has their own fare rules, transfer rules, inter-agency rules, and pass rules that makes it so much more difficult for tourists or possibly the average citizen to understand. The MTC made one huge mistake: They allowed the Clipper card to absorb the grandfathered rules that makes no sense, such as the 8-ride Caltrain ticket, instead of working on better solutions like changing it to a 10-ride or an across the board 50 cent fare discount whenever you transfer between one agency.
Maybe if transit agencies played nice with each other, they can help get more cars off the road, and with increasing passenger loads, show to the state and federal governments that they need more funding to meet demand so more buses and trains can be operating.
In all honesty, Clipper has ultimately killed BART Plus, what turns people off from the BART Plus, in my opinion, is that they have to buy the A and B pass every month, every 15/16 days.
I used BART+ for a long time when I commute to Emervyille from SF. Yes, it was a pain having to stop at the machine every 2 weeks to buy the next pass, but it was a big savings. I even sometimes used it while commuting to Mountain View. During baseball season, I would transfer northbound at Millbrae to BART to get off very crowded trains.
But once Clipper came in, it became more complicated and required trips to different places to buy my fare so I gave it up.
While Seattle (Puget Sound) has Puget Pass, the Bay Area should have a "Bay Pass."
Puget Pass price varies, it costs 36 times of the base fare of your choice. For example, a $2 ride value pass would cost $72, available on ORCA only.
The best part is, transferring between systems only require paying the difference. This includes transferring from bus to train. I can literally ride the connecting bus for free if I paid my rail fare with ORCA, and it works both ways.
And not to mention fare upgrade can be paid by either e-cash or cash in the farebox!
If this is available in the Bay Area, I would be able to pay $180 for a $5 ride value pass good on BART, Caltrain and all Bay Area buses. But of course, this is "Mission Impossible." With the discontinuation of BART Plus acceptance, riders will need to buy individual bus passes on their Clipper Cards. The only way to make it happen is, MTC needs to absorb all transit systems financially.


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West Square
The West Square Conservation Area is located to the north-west of the borough and is a mixed area containing a number of notable terraces of good quality late Georgian and mid-19th century houses, with a number of significant public buildings. West Square at the heart of the conservation area is one of the earliest surviving Georgian Squares in South London. The Imperial War Museum, with its surrounding parkland; Geraldine Mary Harmsworth Park, is the centrepiece of the conservation area. St George's Roman Catholic Cathedral is another important building.
You can view our interactive map of West Square conservation area.
West Square - designated 17 September 1971
West Square conservation area appraisal (PDF, 4mb)
London Gazette September 1971 (PDF, 108kb)
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Repository Home » Documentos de Proyectos, Estudios e Investigaciones » Documentos de Proyectos » Search
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Work Area Author Jel Code Publisher Event Date of event Date issued Institution Language ISBN Handle/URL ISSN Subject Bibliographic Level Event number Serial number Project Country/Region UN symbol Headquarter and office ECLAC Topics UN Topics Document type Title Series title Physical location Serie Division Type Contains Equals ID Not Contains Not Equals Not ID
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The effects of climate change in the coastal areas of Latin America and the Caribbean: evaluation of systems for protecting corals and mangroves in Cuba
Corporate Author(s):
NU. CEPAL
UN symbol:
LC/TS.2018/71
Flood risk in coastal areas has increased significantly in recent years. Historically, the response to this risk has been based on conventional solutions, such as building artificial dykes or enlarging or raising the elevation of infrastructure. These are all rigid and environmentally unsustainable...
Alternative measures of potential economic growth in Latin America
Escaith, Hubert
34 p. : diagrs., gráfs., tabls.
LC/W.23
Hubert Escaith is Director of the Division of Statistics and Economic Projections of ECLAC. These methodological notes were prepared for a lecture at the 2005 ECLAC Summer School. They are based on, and up-date, a series of papers in Spanish published in 2003 and 2004, which received in 2005 the...
Defining product environmental standards in international trade
Frohmann, Alicia
The Latin American and Caribbean Coffee Environmental Footprint Network initiative is a unique case of participation by public and private sector stakeholders from developing countries in the definition of environmental standards in the European Union. The purpose of this initiative is to involve s...
Energy efficiency potential in Jamaica: challenges, opportunities and strategies for implementation
Binger, Al
LC/W.394
The Barbados Programme of Action (BPoA) for Small Island Developing States (SIDS) identifies energy management as a critical issue in achieving sustainability. Like many of the small islands states, Jamaica is economically vulnerable to external factors such as fluctuations in energy prices, a cons...
Inflation and the variability of relative prices in the Caribbean: evidence from panel threshold models
Alleyne, Dillon |
Lugay, Beverly
27 p. : gráfs., tabls.
LC/CAR/L.347 |
This paper examines the impact of inflation and its variability for eight Caribbean countries; Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The paper goes beyond the standard approach to examine the variability of re...
Review of selected areas of research on the Caribbean subregion in the 2000s: identifying the main gaps
Sergeant, Kelvin |
Lugay, Beverly |
Dookie, Michele |
Hendrickson, Michael |
Seuleiman, Océane
This study has been prepared to assist the French Development Agency (AFD), as part of the implementation of its Framework for Action Regional Caribbean, to identify the main development issues of the Caribbean region and areas of future research. The study focuses on the state of the research in t...
Intellectual property rights and sustainable development: a survey of major issues
Roffe, Pedro |
Santa Cruz, Maximiliano
From a broad sustainable development viewpoint, intellectual property (IP) might relate to a number of aspects of a country's social and economic development. Its impact can be felt in industrial, health, education, nutrition, biodiversity and cultural policies. In exploring the issues relating to ...
Renewable energies potential in Jamaica
Loy, Detlef |
Coviello, Manlio
German Agency for Technical Cooperation |
NU. CEPAL |
Jamaica. Ministry of Commerce, Science and Technology
86 p. : tabls.
Jamaica has abundant renewable energy sources (RES), which have hardly been tapped in the past and could provide for large shares of the future energy requirements. In 2005, around 5% of the expected 4,020 GWh of electricity produced will be based on RES (wind and hydropower). With the new planned ...
The contribution of biofuels to the sustainability of development in Latin America and the Caribbean
Pistonesi, Héctor |
Nadal, Gustavo |
Bravo, Víctor |
Bouille, Daniel
82 p. : il., gráfs., tabls.
Given the increasing difficulty of ensuring the supply of crude oil and oil products, and the sharp increase in their prices, biofuels programmes in the developed countries-particularly the United States and the European Union-represent a series of opportunities, challenges and risks for the countr...
The effects of climate change on the coasts of Latin America and the Caribbean: Climate variability, dynamics and trends
This effort to study the effects of climate change in the coastal areas of Latin America and the Caribbean has been divided into four main parts in line with the comprehensive risk-assessment methodology developed. The outputs of this regional study are presented in four core documents: an analysis...
Disaster assessment methodology exercise guide
The Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) pioneered not only disaster assessment but also compilation of the necessary methodology and courses on this methodology for member countries and international institutions. The experience of ECLAC in this area has been presented i...
Regional Panorama: Latin America. Megacities and sustainability
Rehner, Johannes |
Samaniego, Joseluis |
Jordán Fuchs, Ricardo
202 p. grafs.
The Latin America megacities and sustainability panorama is an effort aimed to understand the complex urban processes and to discuss urban risks under sustainability criteria. In order to define research agendas as well as for policy design purposes, a closer look at the challenges of metropolitan ...
Energy efficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean: Progress and challenges of the past five years. Executive summary
The present document analyses the progress of national programmes and activities associated with the promotion and development of energy efficiency between the years 2008 and 2013 in the 27 Latin American and the Caribbean member countries of the Latin American Energy Organization (OLADE). The ne...
Economics of climate change in Latin America and the Caribbean: a graphic view
Bárcena Ibarra, Alicia |
Galindo, Luis Miguel |
Ferrer, Jimy |
Alatorre, José Eduardo |
Stockins, Pauline |
Reyes, Orlando |
Mostacedo, Jessica
LC/TS.2017/84/Rev.1
Climate change is one of the greatest challenges of the twentyfirst century given its global causes and consequences and the scale of the coordinated efforts that will be needed to alleviate its negative impacts, adapt to new climate conditions and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The primary ...
Energy efficiency and mobility: A roadmap towards a greener economy in Latin America and the Caribbean
Kreuzer, Fabian Maximilian |
Wilmsmeier, Gordon
268 p.; tabls., maps., ilus.
Much analysis and proposals on sustainable transport policies have been developed around the world, both at government and research institutions. It is clear that no action will provide the single solution and it is imperative to act simultaneously on: i) improvement of technology in vehicles, lead...
Development of eco-efficient and sustainable urban infrastructure in Asia and Latin America: eco-efficiency and sustainable infrastructure in the United States and Canada
Sánchez Rodríguez, Roberto
56 p.: grafs., tabls.
This publication considers the fact that despite the important role of the business community in the creation and promotion of green technology and related services in Canada and in the United States, the experiences in both countries illustrate the limitations of the market in the promotion of sus...
Adaptation to climate change in megacities of Latin America: Regional Learning Network of the research project ClimateAdaptationSantiago (CAS)
Krellenberg, Kerstin |
Jordán Fuchs, Ricardo |
Schwarz, Anke |
Infante, Benjamín |
Barth, Katrin |
Pérez, Alejandra
94 p.; grafs.
The main objective of this publication is to document the current state of urban climate change adaptation practice in Latin America. It is a summary of the three workshops of the Regional Learning Network that was set up under the ClimateAdaptationSantiago project (CAS), encompassing six large Lat...
The effects of climate change in the coastal areas of Latin America and the Caribbean. Impacts
Universidad de Cantabria. Instituto de Hidráulica Ambiental
The regionwide study of the effects of climate change in the coastal areas of Latin America and the Caribbean has been divided into four main parts in line with the comprehensive risk-assessment methodology that was developed as research progressed. The outputs of this regional study are presented ...
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