Forest of Memory, by Mary Robinette Kowal. SF. And speaking of Austen-esque authors, this is a new novella by Kowal, and naturally I had to read this too.
The Wild One, by Danelle Harmon. Historical romance. Grabbed this because Dear Author had a review up for Book 5 of this series, which sounded like fun. But I don't like to start a series that far in, so I went to find this one instead. And it's actually available for free right now, so bonus!


text:
Fiction by Robert P. Helms
From Guinea Pig Zero #3
For human guinea pigs, fasting and observing strict dietary restrictions are basic professional responsibilities. We must fast from the night before a screening date, and if we cheat on that, our blood sugar levels will be too high and we won't qualify. A poppy seed bagel during the week prior to a screen will come up as a positive reading for recreational opiates (or so the wives' tale goes). In many studies, there will be an eight-hour fasting period after the dosing time, so that the movement of the drug into and out of the bloodstream can be more carefully tracked. Another common thing is when they tell you to eat only what they give you, and all of what they give you, and sometimes exactly in the half-hour time slot when they put the tray in front of you.
The typical protocol will say that the eligible volunteer must be within 10% of his or her ideal weight. The way they determine this is by measuring the width of your elbow joint with a caliper to get your frame size, and then look on a chart to see how much space you should take up. If you're skinny, you'd better not be "big boned, " because if you are, you have no right to be so thin, and you won't qualify. Likewise, if you're short and fat or tall and skinny, forget it. I have just enough meat on me to not look funny, so I always get through this particular hurdle. I tried to put on pounds once with those protein milk shakes that athletes drink, but they only gave me the job of passing bigger turds.
One of my drug studies was at the Clinical Pharmacology Unit in Ben Tucker Memorial, which is no longer owned by the hospital, but by an independent firm that underbids the competition to get its experiment contracts. They hire their own non-union staff, cater their own meals, and buy supplies on their own. It's been this way since a few years back, when some Kuwaiti sheik bought out every hospital in town and then trimmed some of the fat from his empire. I only know this because I've got two sisters who are nurses, and they're always going on about how it's all going to the dogs.
For these health care professionals, science is just a job, and they have an interest in doing it as cheaply as possible. This becomes most apparent at meal times. I remember that only meat eaters like myself were allowed into that particular experiment. One guy I used to chat with there had lied to get in, and always tried to eat as little meat as possible. He would slip me the Salisbury steak, and I'd toss him a wad of macaroni in return. Once a nurse spotted us and threatened to dock our pay if we did it again. She watched us like a hawk after that.
Another thing that galled us was that the staff had come to a decision about the food because of endless complaints, and they had switched to a different (and much better) caterer. However, my study had begun several months earlier, and they had to keep every new group of volunteers on the same horrible diet till the study was complete, so as to preserve the consistency of their data. This would not have been so bad, except that there were newer studies happening there at the same time, with the guinea pigs color coded in hospital scrubs of various colors.
The dining room where we ate became more crowded after a nurse made a new dinner announcement: "Pfizer guys, time to eat!"
About a dozen men hurried in wearing blue pajamas, and sat down to open the styrofoam trays that had been laid out at certain tables for them. These fellows had just checked in, and were having their first meal in the unit. My vegetarian buddy, wearing bright orange pajamas exactly like mine, waved to a guy that he knew who was settling down a few feet away from us.
"Nice blues," he said.
"Yeah, thanks. I see they gave you the orange, so if you escape, they can spot you real easy," quipped his friend. "They make the chain gang wear the same color."
"Is it true they've got gun towers on the roof here?" I asked.
"Hey, you never know," Blue said with a smile. "When are you guys getting out?"
"Tomorrow morning, between nine and eleven," said Orange. "They told us it should go quickly but they don't want to promise... Oh, my God, what's this?"
The man in blue pajamas had broken the flow of ideas with a harsh physical maneuver: he had opened the top of his food tray. Our eyes fixed onto on the lively colors of a rectangular square of lasagna, a heavy slice of apple pie with big, clumsy crumbs and a dollop of whipped cream lying across it and raisins peeking out from its cinnamon-laden guts, then to a cluster of steamy, peppered chicken slices that gleamed with an ample moisture originating from within the pale meat itself, and finally some thickly buttered snow peas that held themselves with a firmness that told the hungry viewer in no uncertain terms that they had been living, growing vegetables mere hours before offering themselves up to be devoured.
We then turned our heads back to the barren fare we'd been picking at from our own table. The macaroni shells took up most of each tray, and had on them just enough grease to help them fall away from each other, and not form a single cake. When eaten, these cheeseless things resisted the teeth far beyond the point where an Italian family would discuss whether the pasta had been pulled from the pot a moment too soon. This stuff had merely been softened enough for digestion to happen without major gastric distress, and with a complete omission of the flavors one would find in imported, or even a regular name brand macaroni. Another pocket of the tray held spinach from a can, a food familiar enough to the reader to go without description. Lastly there was the meat loaf, with representation from both the animal and vegetable kingdoms, in such a mixture that would evade any ingredient name such as beef or rice. This was "meat product," and it had some gravy on it.
We in the orange pajamas looked at our plates, and our stomachs spoke together, saying that they didn't like being treated this way. A young nurse kept eyeing us from nearby as she locked the stainless steel refrigerators while sipping her cup of normal, caffeinated coffee. I always miss the coffee. Our noses were brought back to the other table by wonderful smells.
"Relax, man," said the blue guinea pig as he cut into the lasagna with the side of his fork, "eighteen more hours, and you'll be out there, having fun with your paycheck --what are you doing, the blood thinner? --eighteen hundred? --and I'll be in here with the needles and the TV set. What's the first thing you're going to eat?"
"You're right," I said, "it's best to think about the real world. I'll be getting a double espresso, first off, then I think I'll get lunch out at one of those Ethiopian places near the university. The injera really fills you all the way up, and the spices are very special. Ever tried it?"
Blue nodded that he had, but I sensed that he had no immediate need to remember. The other became interested, and said that he should discover East African cuisine sometime soon. The conversation wandered from one of the city's exotic eateries to another as everyone ate. As we gathered up walked our trash toward the garbage can, I mused, "If this was a nice restaurant, and I was finishing up like this, I might go outside and light up a nice cigar."
My dining companions of both colors shot me an urgent look, and discreetly glanced in the direction of the nurse. She hadn't heard the remark.
"Careful," said my companion in orange when we got to the TV room, "a friend of mine slipped up one time, when he was being interviewed by a rookie doctor. She asked if he was a smoker, and of course my man says 'No.' But then he goes, 'I did smoke a cigar a few weeks ago after I ate,' and she cut the dude right out of the study. He was out nine hundred bucks on one lousy cigar. That's nine beans!"
Almost every guinea pig in the room was a lean young fellow in orange like myself, since our group had just finished our dreary meal. There were also a few guys in green who were trying out a new antidepressant, but they simply stared at the monitor with their usual serene expressions. They had barely said a word between them since I was admitted a week earlier. "Brain sluts" are pretty disgusting, when you stop to think about it, becoming retarded for money like that.
We had walked in on the middle of the six o'clock news. "They stuff their faces for science!" The news woman announced like a bad actress, trying to generate an amazed voice. "Chomping down ten thousand calories a day, and getting paid to do it, in a new obesity study at Tucker Hospital, when we come right back!" The chubby face of a blond woman shoveling ravioli into her mouth, briefly flashed on the screen, and for another moment, we saw a close-up of a man's bearded face consuming some sort of milk shake, then wiping his mouth with a tired expression.
A long yell of "Whooaa!" came from the ten or twelve articulate throats. The boys in green raised their eyebrows and smiled a bit more widely, looking around at their excited neighbors. As the commercials rattled past, the rest of us traded exclamations of disbelief. "Here I am starving half the time, and eating dog food the other half, and they're getting paid to pig out? It's too much," I said.
"--and in the same building, no less," another guy remarked. "Maybe there's more to this study than they told us. They might be studying the extent to which people will tolerate lousy food, while we're all really getting a placebo in the arm."
The news program came back on the air. "Breakfast consisted of two sausage sandwiches with eggs, hotcakes with butter and syrup, and several servings of hash browns," the reporter said as a long table filled with food appeared on the screen. "That was for starters. As the day waddled on, the 10 volunteers in this scientific experiment also packed away chicken, jumbo-sized cheeseburgers, French fries, two pints of ice cream and eight ounces of cashews, for a whopping total of 10,000 calories."
We had become silent, with our sullen faces fixed on the monitor. "The experiment is not to find out who's the biggest pig," the voice continued' but rather to study a hormone called leptin (the Greek word for thin), which is thought to be an important regulator of body fat." The scene broke to show a doctor measuring the fat on a woman's arm with a skin fold caliper.
"They're making sure she's fat!" yelled a thin man. "But we had to prove we were skinny!"
"And they make us get skinnier!" shouted another. The news person went on about how mice lost weight when they were injected with the new hormone, how a third of the US population is obese and chunkiness is getting more common, and how they needed more time to figure out what leptin is about and how they can make money on it. The din remained fairly loud as the camera went from scientists in white, to white rats, and back to the scientists again.
"Hey, Yo! Look! Check it out!" shouted one of my orange buddies from the window. "There she is! That's them!" The rest of us were momentarily confused, and not happy to be distracted from such a stimulating program, but we soon understood that he had spotted the face-stuffer study, through the window of its research unit three floors below and across a wide courtyard. "I thought they looked familiar," he continued. "Let me go get my specs."
He rushed out to his bedroom and came back with a small pair of opera glasses. Guinea pigs occasionally include this in their personal travel kit in case there's a dormitory full of cute nurses nearby, or just to people-watch the sidewalks down below.
We formed a group beside the window, and our attention was split between the fish-tank image of the other window, some fifty yards off, and the TV screen with its talking heads. The guys started passing the glasses around, trying to determine what was on the dining table in that happier place that was so close and yet so far away.
"I see French fries... I think that's spaghetti... What's the guy eating? Pancakes? No, waffles. They're giving them waffles!" When my turn came, I watched the awful spectacle of a lady in an easy chair, biting into a big, sloppy sandwich on a kind of bread I recognized. "Hogg's Deli. She's eating a spicy chicken hog!"
This meant that the researchers were ordering food from around the neighborhood. My absolute favorite lunch item, in the entire world, perhaps, is found at Hogg's, where they carve out the inside of a loaf of homemade bread, stuff it with a delicious assortment of peppered-up chicken, blue cheese dressing, and other salad ingredients, and then serve it up with some long roasted peppers. The bread arrives slightly moist with water from their steam table.
All of the guys who lived in the area knew what a spicy chicken hog was. One put his hands to his temples and started saying, "Shit. Oh, shit!" We started getting really excited.
The news person was still speaking. "Dr. Wendy Thayer, director of clinical Research, says that she's been very discreet about the study which pays its subjects $250 per day, because 'We were afraid that we'd be overwhelmed with calls from people who wanted to participate.'"
Upon hearing this, everyone started getting up, yelling at the top of their lungs, and slamming their fists down on the furniture. The door of the TV room had been open all this time, and so the sounds were easily heard from twenty paces down the hall at the nursing station. Now a nurse arrived, and not a popular woman, but a narrow-minded one who seemed to have made a career move from a day care center. She was a no-sense-of-humor, school-marmish pain in the ass who couldn't find your vein with a road map. For the most part we ignored her, or simply minimized interaction with her. Most of the guys in this study were a dozen years her senior, and several were far better educated.
"OK guys, you know the rules." she proclaimed. "I'm gonna start docking paychecks if you don't quiet down!"
Everyone turned and faced her at the same moment. There were a few seconds during which no one spoke, but we all stared straight into her face, and the sounds we made were chairs suddenly being pushed against tables, a book falling to the floor, and some long, disgusted groans coming from the hollows of our stomachs. As it happened, the whole group was standing.
The nurse's face lost its air of authority, and then her expression turned to actual fear, I suppose because of all the bodies and the raw displeasure aimed at her. She stepped backward, bumping into the door frame, and started to say "Umm, umm..."
I could not control the peal of laughter that forced its way out of my lungs. I felt as though someone were holding me down and tickling me and I was trying to wiggle free. Then I wanted to stop laughing, but it kept getting worse, and more hysterical after each time I paused for breath. I wanted to leave the room, but the nurse was standing in the doorway, not yet running away, and I didn't want to give her the impression that I was advancing upon her. I felt someone slap me on the back, and all at once everyone in the orange pajamas burst out laughing in a single roar, and even the brain sluts added a feeble nodding to their vapid smiles. The unhappy woman took off down the hall, and opinions differed as to whether she'd had a short cry. One couldn't be sure.
In the end she half-heartedly tried to fine us twenty-five bucks apiece, but we were able to talk the more mature director out of it. After leaving with our pay envelopes, we walked down to the face stuffers' ward and tried to get in to ask questions and sign ourselves in. They were somehow expecting us by then, though, and they kept refusing to buzz us in. I wandered off with two Belgian guinea pigs to introduce them to spicy chicken hogs, and they gave me the rundown on lab ratting in their country. They told me that when they go home to Brussels and talk about our horrible drug study food, nobody ever believes them. Finally we said goodbye, and I went to visit my bank.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Criminal Law, Enforcement
Health and Safety and Criminal Law – An Overview
Health and Safety at Work Act
The Health and Safety at Work Act is still the main health and safety legislation in the UK. It is an Act of Parliament (primary legislation) that prescribes general duties to all at work, regardless of the work activity or context. Failure to comply with a duty under the Act is a criminal offence which may be punished by fine or imprisonment.
Section 15 of the Health and Safety at Work Act enables the relevant Secretary of State to make health and safety regulations. Regulations (statutory instruments / secondary legislation) are usually:
more detailed than the general duties of HASAWA
problem specific (e.g. noise, hazardous substances)
prompted by European Directives
intended to protect employees at work
Failure to comply with a Regulation is a criminal offence which may be punished by fine or imprisonment or warrant the service of an Improvement notice to obtain compliance.
The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations are an example of health and safety regulations.
Approved Code of Practice (ACoP)
An Approved Code of Practice (ACoP) gives practical advice on how to comply with the law.
If the advice in the ACoP is followed compliance with the law is assured in respect of those specific matters on which the ACoP gives advice.
The ACoP has special legal (or quasi-legal) status. In a prosecution for a breach of health and safety law, if it is proved that a relevant provision of the Code was not followed, compliance with the law in some other way must be proved.
The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations; and the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations (PUWER) are both supported by Approved Codes of Practice
Following guidance is not compulsory and other action may be taken. Following guidance will normally be enough to demonstrate compliance with the law.
Health and safety inspectors are likely to refer to guidance as an illustration of good practice.
The Health and Safety (Display Screen Equipment) Regulations; and the Manual Handling Operations Regulations are both supported by guidance documents.
Levels of statutory duty
Duties in health and safety law may be absolute (i.e. must be done) or may be qualified. The two major qualifications of health and safety law are those imposed by the phrases 'practicable' and 'reasonably practicable'.
Absolute duties
Usually preceded by the word 'shall' an absolute duty must be complied with. The employer has absolute duties to prepare a safety policy and to undertake risk assessments.
Practicable
If a duty applies so far as is 'practicable' it is a less onerous duty than an absolute one. Practicable means feasible in the light of current knowledge and invention, i.e. if it can be done it must be done.
Reasonably practicable
Reasonably practicable requires the degree of risk (likelihood x severity) of a particular activity or environment to be balanced against the costs (time, trouble and physical difficulty) of taking measures to avoid the risk.
The greater the risk, the more likely it is that it will be reasonable to go to very substantial expense, trouble and invention to reduce it.
If the consequences and the extent of a risk are small, the same substantial expense would be considered disproportionate to the risk and it would be unreasonable to have to incur them to address a small risk.
The size and financial position of the employer are not taken into account in consideration of what is 'reasonably practicable'.
Enforcement of health and safety
The enforcement of health and safety depends upon the main activity undertaken at a place of work.
The HSE typically enforces at higher risk workplaces such as construction sites and factories.
Local Authorities (Usually Environmental Health Officers – EHO's) enforce at lower risk premises such as retailers, offices and warehousing.
Inspectors have a range of enforcement options and tools available including:
Informal advice
Improvement Notice
Prohibition Notice
The best option(s) will be chosen in each case. There is no hierarchical escalation route from informal advice to prosecution.
Simple Cautions
A simple caution is a means for dealing with low-level, mainly first time offending when specified public interest and eligibility criteria are met.
A simple caution is appropriate where:
the offender makes a clear and reliable admission of the offence
there is a realistic prospect of conviction if the offender were to be prosecuted
the offender agrees to receive the simple caution
A repetition of a breach that was the subject of a simple caution will normally be treated in the same way as a failure to comply with an Enforcement Notice, i.e. with criminal proceedings.
Simple cautions are recorded and can be brought to the attention of the court where relevant to any subsequent offending.
An improvement notice may be served whenever health and safety legislation is being contravened. An improvement notice will specify the breach of legislation and may specify a means of complying. It has to allow a reasonable time (minimum 21 days) to complete any specified works.
Any appeal against an improvement notice must be made to the Employment Tribunal with 21 days of the date of service. The requirements of the notice would be suspended until the appeal was heard.
The Employment tribunal may uphold, cancel or vary the improvement notice as a consequence of the appeal.
A prohibition notice may be issued when the inspector considers that there is a risk of serious personal injury. The notice prohibits the carrying on of the work activity giving rise to the risk of injury.
If the risk of injury is imminent, the notice must take immediate effect and stop the work activity at once. If not, the prohibition notice is deferred, specifying the time by which the work activity must cease.
Any appeal against a prohibition notice must be made to the Employment Tribunal with 21 days of the date of service. The notice would stay in effect until the appeal was heard.
Any breach of legislation may give rise to a prosecution in the criminal courts.
A summary offence is typically defined as an offence that has a maximum sentence of 6 months' imprisonment or of a 5,000 pound fine for any one offence. Thus one can say that this is the lest serious type of criminal offence.
An indictable offence is typically defined as an offence that carries the maximum sentence for said offence. Thus, indictable offences are the most serious type of offence.
Triable either way offences are offences that can be treated as either a summary offence or an indictable offence. Thus, these offences are off mid-level seriousness or are debatable. Health and safety offences are usually 'triable either way', this means the case may be heard in a magistrate's court or a crown court.
The sanctions available to a crown court are greater than in a magistrate's court. The information below shows the maximum sentences available to each court for breaches of HASAWA and health and safety regulations.
Magistrates Court Crown Court
· Term not exceeding 6 months
· Unlimited fine · Term not exceeding 2 years
· Unlimited fine
Company directors convicted of health and safety offences, as well as being prosecuted can also be disqualified form being Company Directors.
Fees for Intervention (FFI)
The HSE operates a Fee for Intervention (FFI) cost recovery scheme. Under The Health and Safety (Fees) Regulations 2012, where there has been a 'material' breach of health and safety laws those responsible for the breach are liable for recovery of HSE's related costs, including inspection, investigation and taking enforcement action.
Powers of Health and Safety Inspectors
All authorised health and safety inspectors have the same powers, regardless of the area of enforcement. Inspectors can:
enter any premises which they think it necessary to enter for the purposes of enforcing health and safety law. The power of entry can be exercised without permission or prior notice, at any reasonable time or at any time if dangerous
take a police constable with them if they have reasonable cause for thinking they might be seriously obstructed
take any other person authorised by their enforcing authority, such as a specialist, and any equipment needed
order that areas be left undisturbed
take measurements, photographs and samples
carry out tests on, and/or confiscate articles and substances
inspect and take copies of relevant documents
seize any article or substance which they have reasonable cause to believe presents an immediate danger of serious personal injury and have it made harmless, by destruction if necessary
interview and take written statements from anyone they think might give them information relevant to their examination or investigation
The Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007
Manslaughter by individuals is a 'common law' crime. The case of R v Adomako (1994) sets out the current test to prove the offence. An individual commits manslaughter when he causes a death through gross negligence.
The test of whether a "company" could be found guilty of common law manslaughter was intrinsically linked to the 'identification doctrine'. A director or senior manager (a controlling mind and will) of the company had to be found guilty, for the company to be found guilty.
There were a number of disasters in the 1980's and 1990's which lead to failed prosecutions for corporate manslaughter.
The Southall rail crash on 19th September 1997 resulted in 7 deaths and 151 injuries, leading to Great Western Trains (GWT) pleading guilty to contravening Section 3(1) of the Health and Safety at Work Act, and receiving a record fine of £1.5 million.
Mr Justice Scott-Baker expressed his concern regarding "a serious fault of senior management". However, a charge of manslaughter could not succeed because no individual could be prosecuted and found guilty of gross negligence manslaughter.
The HSE commented that death or personal injury resulting from major disasters was rarely due to the negligence of a single individual but was more likely to be the result of the failure of systems controlling the risk, with the carelessness of individuals being a contributing factor.
After much lobbying to address the shortcomings of prosecutions of corporate bodies under common law the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007 (CMCHA) was introduced.
Under CMCHA, corporate manslaughter:
can only be committed by organisations and not by individuals
requires a breach of the duty of care under the law of negligence
requires that the breach is a gross breach, i.e. where the conduct of the organisation falls far below what should reasonably be expected
requires that a substantial element in the breach is the way in which the organisation's activities are managed or organised by its senior management; and
is committed only where death is shown to have been caused by the gross breach of duty
The sanctions available to the courts include unlimited fines, publicity orders and remedial orders.
The Sentencing Guidelines for Corporate manslaughter suggests that an appropriate level of fine will seldom be less than £500,000 and may be measured in millions of pounds.
Publicity Orders may require publication in a specified manner of:
the fact of conviction
specified particulars of the offence
the amount of any fine
the terms of any remedial order
Any specific failings involved in the offence ought to have been remedied by the time of sentencing and if not will deprive the defendant of significant mitigation.
If, the failings have not been addressed a remedial order may be used if it can be made sufficiently specific to be enforceable.
As the remedial order requires only what should already have been done the cost of compliance with the order should not be considered in setting the fine.
Defences to Criminal Charges
The main defence to criminal charges under health and safety legislation is that the particular duty has not been breached. This is a matter of fact for absolute duties but arguable for those duties qualified by terms such as 'so far as is reasonably practicable', 'reasonable' or 'practicable.'
Note: the onus of proving that the duty has been fulfilled rests with the accused, not the prosecution.
In some cases, it may be possible for the accused to argue that he is not the duty holder (e.g. employer or a person who has control of premises).
Need support with health and safety?
Sign up for Health & Safety Updates
We won't spam you or share your information.


text:
Philip Richman von Platen, född den 16 oktober 1856 i Östra Ljungby socken, Kristianstads län, död den 19 mars 1930 i Helsingborg, var en svensk militär.

von Platen blev underlöjtnant vid Skånska husarregementet 1877, löjtnant där 1884 och ryttmästare där 1896. Han var kompaniofficer vid Krigsskolan och lärare där 1893–1896. von Platen blev major vid Smålands husarregemente 1904, överstelöjtnant där 1907 och vid Livregementets husarer 1908. Han var chef för ridskolan på Strömsholm 1907–1908. von Platen befordrades till överste 1912 och var chef för Skånska husarregementet 1912–1916. Han blev riddare av Svärdsorden 1898 och kommendör av andra klassen av samma orden 1915. von Platen är begravd på Källna kyrkogård.

Källor

 Philip Rickman von Platen på Gravar.se

Svenska överstar
Svenska regementschefer
Svensk obetitlad adel
Kommendörer av andra klass av Svärdsorden
Svenska militärer under 1800-talet
Svenska militärer under 1900-talet
Personer från Östra Ljungby socken
Philip Richman
Födda 1856
Avlidna 1930
Män

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Книги
 «Бедная невеста» — пьеса Александра Островского.
 «Дом о семи фронтонах» (The House of the Seven Gables) — роман американского писателя Натаниела Готорна.
 «Мать и дочь» — произведение Дмитрия Григоровича.
 «Моби Дик» — роман Германа Мелвилла.
 «Провинциалка» — пьеса Ивана Тургенева.
 «Снегурочка и другие дважды рассказанные рассказы» (The Snow-Image and Other Twice-Told Tales) — сборник рассказов Натаниела Готорна.
 «Сотрудники, или Чужим добром не наживёшься» — пьеса Владимира Соллогуба.
 «Старшая и меньшая» — комедия Михаила Достоевского.

Родились
 21 марта — Исмаил Мустафович Гаспринский, крымскотатарский просветитель, издатель и общественный деятель (умер в 1914).
 2 апреля — Матильда Куглер-Пони, румынская поэтесса, писательница и драматург (умерла в 1931).
 3 апреля — Болеслав Червенский, польский писатель, поэт, драматург, журналист (умер в 1888).
 22 июня — Богдан Йеллинек, чешский поэт и писатель (умер в 1874).
 15 июля – Эдуардо Гутьеррес, аргентинский писатель.
 21 июля — Мария Эггер-Шмитцгаузен, австрийская писательница (умерла 1929).
 30 ноября — итальянский писатель и драматург Джероламо Роветта (умер в 1910).
 23 декабря — Евгений Цабель, немецкий писатель, драматург (умер в 1924).

Умерли
 1 февраля — Мэри Шелли (), английская писательница (родилась в 1797).
 19 июля — Томаш Зан, польский поэт (родился в 1796).
 23 октября — мексиканский драматург Мануэль Эдуардо де Горостиса.


The DC Digest is a news service of the Duke University Office of Government Relations. These weekly updates inform the Duke Community of federal and regulatory matters of interest to the University.
Click here for previous editions of the DC Digest.


text:
Benjamin Edward "Ben" Meara Stiller  (Nova Iorque, 30 de novembro de 1965) é um ator, comediante, diretor de cinema, produtor de cinema, dublador e roteirista estadunidense. Ele é o filho de Jerry Stiller e Anne Meara, dois comediantes e atores veteranos.

Ao longo de sua carreira, Stiller escreveu, estrelou, dirigiu ou produziu mais de 50 filmes, entre eles os sucessos de bilheterias e críticas, incluindo Quem Vai Ficar com Mary?, Zoolander, Entrando Numa Fria, Entrando Numa Fria Maior Ainda, Trovão Tropical, Uma Noite no Museu, Uma Noite no Museu 2, Uma Noite no Museu 3, além da franquia de animação Madagascar, entre outros.

Stiller é membro de um grupo de atores cômicos conhecido coloquialmente como "Frat Pack".
Seus filmes arrecadaram mais de 2,2 bilhões de dólares no Canadá e nos Estados Unidos, com uma média de 75 milhões de dólares em cada. Além de atuar, ele também esteve engajado na produção e direção de mais de 15 filmes. Também consta na sua lista vários trabalhos na televisão e participações em videoclipes musicais. Ao longo de sua carreira, ele recebeu vários prêmios e honras, incluindo um Emmy, vários MTV Movie Awards e um Teen Choice Award. Stiller também faz aniversário no mesmo dia que a estrela Elisha Cuthbert.

Biografia

Os pais de Stiller frequentemente o levavam a eventos, desde que ele era criança. O ator afirmou que considerava sua infância incomum: "De certa forma, foi uma criação de show business -  muitas viagens, muitas noites tardes - não é o que você considera tradicional.".

Stiller demonstrou cedo um interesse no cinema, e fez filmes de formato Super-8 com sua irma e amigos. Aos dez anos, ele fez sua estréia como ator, como convidado na série de televisão de sua mãe, Kate McShane. No final de 1970, ele atuou com a trupe de Nova York NYC's First All Children's Theater, interpretando diversos papéis, incluindo o principal em Clever Jack and the Magic Beanstalk. Após ter sido inspirado pelo programa de televisão Second City Television enquanto estava no Ensino Médio, Stiller percebeu que queria se envolver com comédia.

Stiller frequentou a Cathedral School e se graduou na Calhoun School em Nova York, em 1983. Ele começou a se apresentar no circuito de cabaré como atração de abertura para Jadin Wong. Stiller então tornou-se estudante de cinema na Universidade da Califórnia, em Los Angeles. Depois de nove meses, ele deixou a escola para voltar para Nova York. Ele fez seu caminho através de aulas de atuação, audições e tentando encontrar um agente.

Carreira
Stiller foi escalado para um papel na remontagem da Broadway de John Guare de A Casa das Folhas Azuis, ao lado de John Mahoney. A produção ganhou quatro prêmios Tony. Durante o processo, Stiller produziu um documentário satírico cujo protagonista foi Mahoney. Seu trabalho cômico foi bem recebido pelo elenco e pela equipe da peça, e ele seguiu com 10 minutos de um curta chamado The Hustler of Money (uma paródia do filme de Martin Scorsese A Cor do Dinheiro). Stiller então chamou a atenção do programa Saturday Night Live, que foi ao ar em 1987 e, dois anos mais tarde ofereceu-lhe um lugar como escritor. Enquanto isso, o ator também teve um pequeno papel no filme Império do Sol, de Steven Spielberg.

Stiller fez uma participação especial no clipe "Closer", da banda Travis.

Vida pessoal
Stiller teve casos amorosos com várias atrizes durante seu início de carreira na televisão e no cinema, incluindo Jeanne Tripplehorn, Calista Flockhart, e Amanda Peet. Em 1999, durante as gravações de um programa de televisão dirigido por ele, chamado "Heat Vision and Jack", Stiller conheceu Christine Taylor, que fora convidada para participar do episódio piloto, o único episódio filmado. Em 2000, Stiller e Taylor se casaram. Os dois se separaram em Maio de 2017 e tiveram dois filhos, Ella Olivia, nascida em 10 de Abril de 2002, e um filho, Quinlin Dempsey, nascido em 10 de Julho de 2005. O ex-casal havia contracenado juntos no cinema em três filmes: Zoolander, Com a Bola Toda e Trovão Tropical.

"Frat pack"

Stiller é o líder do Frat Pack, um grupo de atores que trabalharam (e ainda trabalham) juntos em vários filmes. O grupo inclui Jack Black, Will Ferrell, Vince Vaughn, Owen Wilson, Luke Wilson, Steve Carell, e Paul Rudd. Stiller foi reconhecido como líder devido seu consistente uso dos membros em filmes que ele produz e dirige. Stiller está envolvido em 20, dos 35 filmes do Frat Pack. Stiller é o único membro a aparecer num filme do grupo Brat Pack (Fresh Horses).

Filmografia

Prêmios e honras
 Stiller foi premiado com o Emmy de "melhor roteiro num programa de variedades, músicas ou comédia" por seu trabalho em The Ben Stiller Show (1993).
 Ele foi indicado doze vezes ao Teen Choice Awards e ganhou uma vez, por "melhor ataque de nervos" por seu trabalho em Zoolander.
 Ele foi indicado ao MTV Movie Awards treze vezes e ganhou três vezes: "Melhor luta" em Quem Vai Ficar com Mary?, "Melhor performance cômica" em Entrando Numa Fria  Maior Ainda e "Melhor vilão" em Com a Bola Toda.
 Ele recebeu o MTV Generation Award do MTV Movie Awards, a principal honra da cerimônia, em 2009.
 A turma de 2005 da Universidade de Princeton induziu Stiller como membro honorário da turma durante sua "Semana Sênior", em abril de 2005.
 Em 23 de fevereiro de 2007, Stiller recebeu o prêmio Hasty Pudding Man of the Year dos teatros da Harvard em Hasty Pudding. Segundo a organização, o prémio é concedido a artistas que dão uma contribuição duradoura e impressionante ao mundo do entretenimento.
 Em 31 de março de 2007, Stiller recebeu o "Wannabe Award" (concedido a uma celebridade com quem as crianças "querem ser") no Kids 'Choice Awards.
 Em 2011, recebeu o BAFTA Britannia - Prêmio Charlie Chaplin Britannia de Excelência em Comédia pela BAFTA Los Angeles .
 Em 2014, Stiller foi indicado para Melhor Ator no 40º Saturn Awards de A Vida Secreta de Walter Mitty.
 Em 6 de fevereiro de 2016, Stiller estabeleceu  o recorde mundial do Guinness para o pau de selfie mais longo (8,56 metros) na estreia mundial de Zoolander 2.
 Em 2 de fevereiro de 2019, Stiller ganhou o prêmio Directors Guild of America por uma excelente realização de diretor em telefilmes por sua minissérie Escape at Dannemora.

Ligações externas

Atores de cinema dos Estados Unidos
Judeus dos Estados Unidos
Norte-americanos de ascendência russa
Membros do elenco do Saturday Night Live
Atores premiados com o MTV Movie Award
Cineastas dos Estados Unidos
Roteiristas dos Estados Unidos
Produtores de cinema dos Estados Unidos
BAFTA Los Angeles Britannia Award
Naturais de Nova Iorque (cidade)


Looking for photography classes in Tokio TX? Whether you are a hobbyist, professional, or beginner, the most effective way to improve your photography technique is through hands-on classes with professional instructors.
There are numerous accredited and recognized photography schools in Texas. Topics covered in photography classes include lighting techniques, digital capture, outdoor photography, exposure, composition, and many other basic and advanced camera techniques. Maturing into an experienced photographer can lead to a booming professional career or lifelong hobby.


Palm Bay, Melbourne, and Titusville anchor a large and complex area of barrier islands, beach and coastal communities comprising what is known as the "Space Coast." Cape Canaveral and the John F. Kennedy Space Center are located on the northernmost large barrier islands, adding considerable interest and economic benefit to the area. There are fine beaches on these islands, while the coast cities tend to carry most of the commercial, residential, and agricultural activity. Driven in part by the NASA facilities, there are a number of high tech firms in the area. The more family-oriented Palm Bay is the most populous of the three.
Melbourne is home to the 3000-student Florida Institute of Technology. This city complex is only 30 miles due east of Orlando, giving access to bigger city amenities but also staying away from the bustle of that city. As a result, the area has grown rapidly. Some arts and culture amenities are absent, but the area ranks high because of climate, recreation, and overall quality of life.
The narrow barrier islands are mainly sand and palm trees, becoming wider towards Cape Canaveral. Inland is a mix of agriculture and marshland with a few inland lakes. Climate is typical for the Florida coast. Summer temperatures, while reaching 90 or above during the late morning or early afternoon, tend to diminish in the afternoon due to sea breezes and frequent afternoon thundershowers. Winters are relatively mild. Summer is the rainy season with thunderstorms, many quite heavy.
The median home price in Cocoa is $170,200. Browse Homes in this Range.
Compare Cocoa, Florida to any other place in the USA.


Your toddler will look like a famous moll in this 1920's purple flapper costume. This flapper costume includes a mesh dress covered in sequin and two metallic fabric bands with bow accents around the top and hips. Fringe on the flapper costume creates movement and adds a classic touch. Flapper accessories are also included such as a long necklace and an elastic sequin headband. She'll love dancing the Charleston in this authentic and fun costume!


Just need to find the episodes?
I mostly use Youtube and Dailymotion to watch Chinese dramas. LeTV and Iqiyi are also really good, but it is harder to navigate.
For international fans, one of the best options is MapleStage. It caters more to mandarin speaking people, but they are really efficient at posting links as soon as they become available.
You are more than welcome to ask in the comment section and we (or other members!) will help you find the drama.
Need English subtitles for Chinese projects?
Want to read recaps for cdramas?
Deer Drama: Probably my favorite blog when it comes to recap, the author is just so funny! She wrote recaps for Cruel Romance and many of Hawick Lau's dramas. A true delight to read. Her last post dates from last February and I don't know if she will ever come back.
Dr-Myri: Another superb blog for recap. They go in so much details and are filled with images and details. The blog does Chinese and Korean dramas and cover a lot of them.
My Drama Tea does recaps for Zhen Huan Zhuan, Bu Bu Jing Xin, Nirvana in Fire and Ode to Joy.
Cdramadevotee also have some nice recaps for you!
Want to read the original book of the movie/drama that is adapted from?
Go on Shu Sheng Bar for all the links!
You probably checked the blog already as we refer to them often for drama summary. Content wise, we are pretty similar as we both focus on Chinese entertainment news although her blog keeps track on a few other countries (Korean's Running Man, Thailand's new It Started With a Kiss, etc). She also gives download links for airing dramas and their OST. A lot of good stuff to check out.
Another great blog to find drama stills, they mostly focus on sharing Chinese project stills, photoshoots, etc although they also do a few reviews and drama analysis (I remember cool design explanation for Nirvana in Fire). I really like they Sinology Sunday where they talk about various Chinese dynasties, the culture and dress code. The admins are definitely experimented when it comes to history facts.
I am not sure if this can be considered a blog and they barely put any opinions in their posts (I sometime wonder if they are a bot website), but they release constantly great posts about Chinese entertainment. A lot of photoshoots, press conferences and articles about the current state of Chinese entertainment.
A great platform where they write just novel translations, recaps, reviews, features, photoshoots and entertainment news! They mostly focus on Mainland and Taiwanese dramas, but also did Japanese, Cantonese and Korean stuffs too so definitely go check them out. They worked on recapping shows like We Are In Love, Go Fighting, Legend of Miyue, My Best Ex-Boyfriend, etc.
Mostly focused on recapping and ranting, this is one hell of a funny blog to check out! They recap from any culture (Korean, Chinese, Taiwanese) and had some amazing job with dramas like The Mystic Nine, Tomb Raiders, Ice Fantasy, The Disguiser and Nirvana in Fire!
A fun blog that used to have a lot more Chinese and Taiwanese contents, I feel like it focus heavily on Korean dramas now. She does still pop up a few great Chinese work posts so keep a tab on them. And if you like kdramaworld, you are lucky because she posts a lot daily on that! She did the recaps of a few BubuJingxin scenes and did the translation of novels like Lost You Forever, Da Mo Yao, and Yun Zhong Ge.
A great blog dedicated to wuxia and xianxia dramas! They have so many fun features too so it is always nice to read on it!
My amazing go to reference blog when I watched Bu Bu Jing Xin, this blog is amazing and real well done. Great writing skills all around as the admin writes about her favorite dramas: Zhen Huan Zhuan, Bu Bu Jing Xin, Nirvana in Fire and Ode to Joy. Her recent post about Ru Yi Legend is especially worthy to be read!
The blog has been around for four years now and it is the best place to find information about anything related to our golden Tangren trio (Yuan Hong, Liu Shishi and Hu Ge)!
They write posts for all industries (Chinese, Taiwanese, HK, Korean) and their recaps are awesome! For example, they did The Four 2015 and hit webdramas Addicted and Go Princess Go!
With at least one post per month, the author of this blog shares her favorite shows of the months as well as whatever interests her. Fun to go read!
Mostly divided between Korean and Chinese dramas, this blog is active with currently airing dramas. For example, they are currently posting about Love O2O! There is Friday Drama Round Up which I like to read a lot!
Founded in 2012 and with the goal to focus on underrated Asian shows, it is no surprise that a lot of mainland contents are on the blog. I loved her Lan Ling Wang posts, but there really is a large selection of everything!
Writing for a various range of dramas (Korean, Chinese, Taiwane, Thai, etc), this blog is also pretty nice for recaps and reviews. They did the recap for 6 episodes of Bu Bu Jing Qing.
Recaps, reviews, features: this blog has it all! It is also pretty active which is awesome!
Searching for Uncertainty: Another blogger who writes about everything that interests her! A lot of good and interesting posts. There may be Korean and Chinese shows, but all in all, you can find lots of reviews on it.
Lifewithdramas: It has the potential to be active one day or another. The blogger is a Zhao Liying fan too and she wrote a lot of posts before.. deciding to restart new! She is currently writing recaps for Les Interpretes with Yang Mi.


text:
WikiPicky
Celebrity Gossip, News and Entertainment
Sport Celebrity
Home » Actress » Laura Marano Wiki, Boyfriend, Dating, Ethnicity and Net Worth
Laura Marano Wiki, Boyfriend, Dating, Ethnicity and Net Worth
Date: 19 Apr, 2018 Report This
Date of Birth/Birthday
24 Years 1 Month(s)
Profession/Occupation
Working For/Engaged On
Movies, TV Shows
Boyfriend/Dating
Andrew Gorin (2014)
$3 Million Dollars
Height/Tall
5 Feet 2 Inches (157 cm)
32-24-35 Inches
Laura Marano is a successful American singer as well as an actress, who has got a large popularity and fan following growing up. She is best known for her role as Ally Dawson in Disney's Austin & Ally. Playing important roles in TV shows like Back to You and Without a Trace, she has also starred in an Indie feature film A Sort of Homecoming. She had her first role in TV, as a child actress at the age of five. Since then she has always wanted to become an actress, and developed skills and confidence to pursue an acting career. When she started her career, she was seen in short roles in movies like Ghost Whisperer, Medical Investigation, Huff and Joan of Arcadia. Establishing herself as a good actress, she was also seen in any TV shows like: Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?, Fox game show, Back to You. The Sarah Silverman Program, Dexter as well as Heroes. Her roles and voice acting in a couple of animated movies has suddenly earned her a lot of fame, and fans on her Twitter and Instagram accounts. With a net worth value of $3 million dollars, itself reflects her success.
Laura Marie Marano is currently 20 years of age, as she was born in the 29th of November, 1995. Born as the second daughter of a working class parents, she was brought up in Los Angeles, California and studied at a local school, graduating in 2013. She was born to father Damiano Marano, who is a professor while her mother Ellen Marano, a former actress owns the Agoura Children's Theatre. So it isn't hard to imagine how strong her foundation is. Her elder sister Vanessa is also an actress, and the two have a lot in common. Laura, who has darker hair that her sister is also a bit short on height measuring only a 5 feet and 2 inches tall. With her long legs that make her look taller than actual, she has got large feet that re size 8. An attractive woman with a slim figure, her last recorded weight was 50 kg, and is known for her attractive face, big heart and humble personality, as well as her unique sense of dress up and style. With her available body measurements of 33-25-35 inches (breast- Waist- Hip); she doesn't seem to have any hot pictures in bikinis to be found in the media. She also doesn't seem to have a lot of news regarding her dating life, and is believed to be together with her boyfriend Ross Lynch, who is an actor as well. To know more about her life and facts, you can find her biography to read, in sites like IMDB and Wikipedia.
Having launched four songs in the starting of 2013, and also recorded a song named "I Love Christmas", along with her on screen partner Ross Lynch. That song reached at no. 50 of the U.S. Billboard Holiday Digital Songs, and her next single "The Me That You Don't See", which was for Disney's Play It Loud reached on the 18th place in the same collection. A very talented and sexy actress, she seems to have a bright potential and promising day ahead of her. An American by nationality, she belongs to white ethnicity.
Nikki Cox Wiki, Husband, Divorce, Plastic Surgery and Net Worth
Nelly Furtado Wiki, Married, Husband, Daughter and Net Worth
Sheila Vand Wiki, Bio, Height, Boyfriend and Dating
Grace Phipps Wiki, Bio, Boyfriend, Dating and Parents
Marlene Favela Wiki, Married, Husband or Boyfriend and Net Worth
Jennifer Jason Leigh Wiki, Husband, Divorce, Boyfriend and Net Worth
Kelly Stables Wiki, Married, Husband and Net Worth
Imogen Poots Boyfriend, Dating and Affair
Cheryl Hines Wiki, Husband, Divorce and Net Worth
Laura Carmichael Wiki, Boyfriend, Dating and Net Worth
Alice Amter Wiki, Bio, Age, Married, Husband and Net Worth
© 2020 Wikipicky.com and All Rights Reserved
By using WikiPicky.com you agree to our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Published contents by users are under Creative Commons License. WikiPicky.com


Nasrudeen Mohamed Jr. (second right) alongside Mortimer Stewart of Banks DIH Limited (right) poses with the championship trophy during the presentation earlier in the week.
For horse racing fans the season has gotten more exciting as a potential Triple Crown candidate could be emerging.
Today at the Rising Sun Turf Club, the all-important second jewel in the Triple Crown will determine if there will be a Triple Crown contender in the first event of its kind in Guyana's history.
The anticipation is at fever pitch as the gates of the well prepared West Coast Berbice track will once again be open to local thoroughbred racing at its finest.
Action in the packed nine-race card gets underway at 12:30hrs and in excess of $8M in cash and prizes will be up for grabs.
The C and Lower seven-furlong race will headline the card's activities with the nation's premier trotter, Vera's Finally, stable mate, Don't Over Look (first leg winner), TNT, Storm Bird and others making up the field.
The handlers of Vera's Finally, the two-time winner of the prestigious Guyana Cup, will be gunning for a winning start to her 2019 campaign after her success in 2017 and last year.
Boss of the JJRS, Nasrudeen Mohamed Jr. told Stabroek Sport recently that the feature should be a scorcher and he anticipates the fastest local seven-furlong event will be run tomorrow since Vera's Finally is "looking like a winner in training".


text:
[Exclusive] Battery materials
SK Materials to form a JV with US battery startup Group14 Technologies
To set up plant in South Korea for silicon anode mass production
Jun-ho Cha
Jul 19, 2021 (Gmt+09:00)
chacha@hankyung.com
SK Materials to form a joint venture with US battery materials startup Group14 Technologies (Getty Images Bank)
SK Materials Co., SK Group's industrial gas manufacturing arm, will set up a joint venture (JV) with a US battery materials startup Group14 Technologies to make inroads into the market amid the fast-growing electric vehicles (EVs).
SK Materials, which agreed with Group14 to form the JV in South Korea, is preparing to sign a deal, according to the battery industry on July 19. SK Materials will hold a 75% stake in the JV with a 70 billion won ($60.9 million) investment, while the Group14 takes the remaining shares. SK Materials is set to mass-produce silicon anode at home through the JV.
Group14, found in 2015, is specialized in anode materials, one of four core materials for secondary batteries along with cathode materials, separators and electrolytes. Its silicon-carbon composite material called SCC55 can increase energy density up to 50% and battery capacity by nearly five times compared to batteries using graphite anode materials, according to the industry. Charging speed is also much faster.
The global silicon anode market will surge to 5.5 trillion won by 2025 from 13.3 billion won this year, HI Investment & Securities forecast. But the industry has a clear barrier to entry as only two or three companies in the globe such as South Korea's Daejoo Electronic Materials Co. have technologies for mass production of silicon anode.
INVESTORS HAIL
After the news of the JV, SK Materials' shares ended up 4.4% at 380,000 won, far outperforming a 0.2% dip in the wider Kosdaq, as analysts projected rosy outlook.
"It is possible to further expand battery materials business in the future, so the price-to-earnings ratio (PER) will increase," Hana Financial Investment analyst Kim Kyung-min said.
SK Materials last year invested 14 billion won in Group14 and became the third-largest shareholder with a 10.3% stake.
Once the joint venture in South Korea starts mass production of anode materials, it will threaten Daejoo Electronic for local market shares as SK Materials may be responsible for suppling the materials to SK Innovation's battery business. The industry is also predicting that SK Group may consider buying Group14's management rights depending on the JV's performance.
Group14, whose shareholders also include German BASF, Japanese Showa Denko and Chinese battery maker Amperex Technology Limited (ATL), in April announced the launch of its first commercial-scale 27,000-square foot US manufacturing factory to meet demand for higher-performing lithium-silicon anode materials.
Write to Jun-ho Cha at chacha@hankyung.com
Jongwoo Cheon edited this article.


Last night, the final film was shown to a packed auditorium at the University of Portland in Oregon. Over the next few months, there will be a dozen screenings of Biophilic Design in eight states/provinces, four countries, and three continents.
Want to bring Biophilic Design: The Architecture of Life to your community? Get in touch with Bill Finnegan.


Anukulchandra Chakravarty ( 14 September 1888 – 27 January 1969) popularly known as Sree Sree Thakur was the founder of Satsang in Deoghar. Clearing them fixes certain problems like loading formatting issues on sites. Expand All | Contract All. Gallery of Books And Toys courtesy Arvind Gupta the Toy Maker.
Origin of Vedas Their Inspiration Authority Who wrote the Vedas? 1- RONGPUR TOLAKONA M.
No textual corruption in Vedas Textual Preservation in Vedas The last few months have seen a significant upsurge in interest towards Vedas in the cyberspace. Swami vivekananda bani in bengali pdf. The concept of universal. Anukulchandra registered the Bengali branch of Satsang in Himaitpur.
SCHOOL; 2- 965 NO. School; 3- 1155 NO ZAKIR HUSSAIN L. Page by Samir Dhurde. Rabindranath Tagore FRAS ( / r ə ˈ b ɪ n d r ə n ɑː t t æ ˈ ɡ ɔːr / ( ) ; – 7 August 1941) sobriquet Gurudev, musician , was a Bengali polymath from the Indian subcontinent artist.
He reshaped Bengali literature as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th , music early 20th centuries. How many mantras are there in Rigveda? He was a homeopathic practitioner by profession. School; 4- 144 NO.
Author of Gitanjali and its " profoundly sensitive. Swami vivekananda bani in bengali pdf. Have fun learn through Toys Books.
On 2 September 1946 before the Partition of India Anukulchandra moved to Deoghar in India from his birthplace Himaitpur Pabna. When you use a browser like Chrome, it saves some information from websites in its cache cookies. The material presented here is based on a thorough objective analysis of roots of Vedic words, Philology, Vedic Vocabulary, the context in which they appear, Grammar other tools critical for correct interpretation of the Vedic mantras.
Author of Gitanjali and its " profoundly sensitive. Kazi Nazrul Islam ( Bengali: কা জী নজরু ল ইসলা ম, pronounced [ kazi nozrul islam] ; – 29 August 1976) was a Bengali poet, writer, musician, and revolutionary from South Asia. He is the national poet of Bangladesh.
Popularly known as Nazrul, he produced a large body of poetry and music with themes that included religious devotion and rebellion against oppression. Expand All | Contract All.
1- RONGPUR TOLAKONA M. SCHOOL; 2- 965 NO.
School; 3- 1155 NO ZAKIR HUSSAIN L. School; 4- 144 NO.
foreign LLP registered LLP registered foreign companies registered Indian companies registered CIN STATE ROC CATEGORY CLASS AUTHORIZED_ CAPITAL ACTIVIT. Gallery of Books And Toys courtesy Arvind Gupta the Toy Maker.


As someone with oily skin, usually the last think I want is to make my face appear any more shiny than it is! Recently I've been experimenting with a few different highlighting products to see if I can achieve a lovely glow without looking like a shiny mess and so far it's worked out well! I decided to try out a few different highlighting products to find out what works best for me and hopefully it will be helpful for you too!
I think this was probably one of the first Benefit products I ever tried but I never really got into using it until now. This highlighter is a loose powder but has a handy applicator for more precise application and less mess! In the booklet it comes with it tells you how to use the product by applying a couple of dots of highlighter in areas and blending it out with a brush or your hands. As good as the applicator is, I find the powder to be a little bit too glittery and dramatic for me. Aside from that, its very handy to pop into your handbag for quick touch-ups!
This is probably one of the most popular highlighting products in the beauty blogging world, I've never heard anyone say anything bad about this product. Soft & Gentle is a pressed powder with a very natural subtle shade which looks amazing on the cheekbones. Originally I had put buying this product off for ages because of the price but for the amount of product you get, this will last you a lifetime! I apply this product using the Illamasqua Blusher Brush.
Originally when I was on the MAC website I was looking for their Lustre Drops but since they were completely sold out I decided I would give the Strobe Cream a try. This product gives your skin a lovely subtle glow when applied under your make up and basically just brightens up your complexion. If you're looking for a product which has a much more dramatic highlight then this might not be for you but I think it makes a really lovely base for makeup and I love using it!
I'd love to try MAC Mineralise - may have to go on the wishlist until payday!


Eveningstar, Turn in 5 Commendations: Purple Dragon KnightsCommendation: Purple Dragon Knights: This is a valuable item that can be exchanged for goods if brought to a Challenge Trader. This is a token of favor earned by helping the Purple Dragon Knights. You can exchange it in Eveningstar for powerful equipment.
Knight's LoyaltyKnight's Loyalty: When all three items from the set are equipped, you will gain a +3 artifact bonus to your To-Hit and Damage rolls, and a +3 Insight bonus to Natural Armor.
These gauntlets are of the same make as those worn by the famed Purple Dragon Knights of Cormyr.


text:
← Graduate Student Response to "When It's Time to Vote, Don't Boycott Academics–Cut the Purse Strings"
Robert Michael Brain's "The Pulse of Modernism: Physiological Aesthetics in Fin-de-Siècle Europe" →
How did we get here? A review of Yasmin Gunaratnam's "Death and the Migrant: Bodies, Borders and Care"
By Branwyn Poleykett
Death and the Migrant: Bodies, Borders and Care
by Yasmin Gunaratnam
Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013, 208 pages
David Tasma, a Polish Jew and survivor of the Warsaw ghetto, died in 1949 in the care of a British nurse, Cicely Saunders. The £500 he bequeathed to Saunders contributed to the founding of the St Christopher's Hospice in Sydenham, an institution dedicated to accompanying the dying and palliating what Saunders described as the "total pain" experienced by people at the end of life. The knot of Saunders and Tasma's relationship, its opacity and sensuality, and the complex exchange of gifts, debt and obligations between them, lies at the heart of Yasmin Gunaratnam's analysis of diasporic dying in Death and the Migrant.
Gunaratnam draws on hospice ethnography, encounters with patients, narrative interviews with care staff, archival research, and her experiences teaching palliative care to investigate the 'overlapping estrangements of migration, disease and dying' (p. 8). Through elegant, elliptical, partly autobiographical analysis, she explores the vulnerabilities of migrants, how they can be 'de-worlded by loss' (p. 6), and how these losses, a withering of relations and winnowed down world of connection, can shape their experiences of growing old, falling ill, and dying. Migrants dying in the UK have often made extraordinary sacrifices for their 'ordinary' deaths among strangers. Gunaratnam's research participants reflected to her on the experiences of estrangement and racism that attenuated their wellbeing, experiences that under some circumstances can position them as 'difficult' patients, seen by hospice staff and palliative social workers as hostile and obstructive.
Gunaratnam describes her aims for the book as twofold: to investigate the philosophical implications of transnational dying and to produce better care, and her analysis braids together these two objectives moving seamlessly between these different registers. Indeed, the book is at its best when it diagnoses care. Gunaratnam draws attention, for example, to how the care available to minoritized people, while it might not be catastrophically failed, can lack the experimental edge that marks high quality care and how racism operates to constrict 'the adventurous spaces of caregiving' (111).Gunaratnam's ethnography is a brilliant exposition of the work of 'new' or 'cultural' racisms (a frequently well-intentioned desire to accommodate cultural difference) creates attenuated intimacies and lacunae in caregiving. Caregivers are guided towards 'appropriate' deaths through a manual, the 'culture GPS', and extracts from caregiving manuals explaining and proscribing Hindu traditions of death are juxtaposed to nurses' accounts of searching for and giving the best and most appropriate care; a more tentative, fraught and above all awkward process than the manual can anticipate or capture.
For as much as the nurses and palliative social workers stress the importance of being attuned to the wishes of individual patients and the ethical obligation to give to those patients the death they have chosen – and there are a few stunning examples in the book of thoughtful care – there is, it is clear, a common-sense of a "British" way of death from which, in practice, it is difficult to deviate. Dying "quietly" (Gunaratnam is exquisitely attuned to the auditory life of the hospice) is a cultural expectation on the part of the nurses for whom a raw and noisy expression of grief can be received as an excessive demand on the attention of staff, as a stratagem. Silence, too, is important. In one of the books most moving and insightful chapters, an account of a young Kenyan man dying from HIV related cancers, Gunaratnam draws out the etymology of palliation that relates it to shrouding and to hiding. The book shows us how secrecy is a way of taking care of oneself when one has devolved many of the intimate functions of personal care onto professionals. The book is a masterclass in how to read qualitative interview fragments and how to convey to the reader the distinct singularities of each encounter, of interviews that were punctuated by lapses, by expressions of pain and grief, of the difficulty in living with and expressing total pain: 'the pain that is accrued over a lifetime' (p. 137).
The textures of care on the ward are brilliantly evoked but the book does not neglect the intimate economies of care within families and in the home. Gender is of course crucial to the negation of this care but the stories Gunaratnam exposes are surprising. Home-based care for elderly men provides young Bangladeshi men, recent migrants to London's East End, with a network of arrival and kinship. The status of 'carer' with its technologies, its apparatuses, its tender arrangements of dependency, offers a surprising and unexpected outlet late in life for a woman married to a controlling and volatile man.
I learned an enormous amount from this book. I learned about the presence of the transnational stranger in the originary stories of care, how the NHS calibrates debts and needs and how the institution understands its own complex postcolonial history as a history of mutuality and obligation (the author's father was part of the generation of migrants "called" to work in the NHS who are now dying under its care). I learned how borders open to those seeking work in the care economy and close to the circulation of exhausted, dying bodies and bodily remains from the UK to the "home" that remains elsewhere.
Reading the book amidst the explosion of interest in 'global health' as an emerging field of anthropological engagement, I was particularly struck by how much this book has to teach us about mobility and globality. Stories of transnational dying, Gunaratnam argues, 'complicate what we think of as migration, globalisation and care' (p. 11). Medical anthropologists perhaps too frequently think and teach 'global health' as if it were the political economic bureaucratic structure given to us by international philanthropic non-governmental entities and not the complex and variegated conditions for living, working, flourishing, and dying for diasporic people and their families. This 'fleshy account of geosocial politics from below' (p. 22) clears a new path towards other stories.
Branwyn Poleykett is a Research Associate at the Centre for Research in Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities at the University of Cambridge.
Cristiana Giordano's Migrants in Translation
Emily Mendenhall's Syndemic Suffering
Book Forum––Robert Desjarlais' Subject to Death: Life and Loss in a Buddhist World
Insider's Note
Life in Death
Poleykett B. How did we get here? A review of Yasmin Gunaratnam's "Death and the Migrant: Bodies, Borders and Care". Somatosphere. 2016. Available at: http://somatosphere.net/2016/how-did-we-get-here-a-review-of-yasmin-gunaratnams-death-and-the-migrant-bodies-borders-and-care.html/. Accessed January 31, 2023.
Poleykett, Branwyn. (2016). How did we get here? A review of Yasmin Gunaratnam's "Death and the Migrant: Bodies, Borders and Care". Retrieved January 31, 2023, from Somatosphere Web site: http://somatosphere.net/2016/how-did-we-get-here-a-review-of-yasmin-gunaratnams-death-and-the-migrant-bodies-borders-and-care.html/
Poleykett, Branwyn. 2016. How did we get here? A review of Yasmin Gunaratnam's "Death and the Migrant: Bodies, Borders and Care". Somatosphere. http://somatosphere.net/2016/how-did-we-get-here-a-review-of-yasmin-gunaratnams-death-and-the-migrant-bodies-borders-and-care.html/ (accessed January 31, 2023).
Poleykett, B 2016, How did we get here? A review of Yasmin Gunaratnam's "Death and the Migrant: Bodies, Borders and Care", Somatosphere. Retrieved January 31, 2023, from <http://somatosphere.net/2016/how-did-we-get-here-a-review-of-yasmin-gunaratnams-death-and-the-migrant-bodies-borders-and-care.html/>
Poleykett, Branwyn. "How did we get here? A review of Yasmin Gunaratnam's "Death and the Migrant: Bodies, Borders and Care"." 6 May. 2016. Somatosphere. Accessed 31 Jan. 2023. <http://somatosphere.net/2016/how-did-we-get-here-a-review-of-yasmin-gunaratnams-death-and-the-migrant-bodies-borders-and-care.html/>
Leave a comment Care/caregiving, Death, Migration


text:
Linters
=======

.. index:: linters

flake8
-------

To run flake8:

    $ flake8

The config for flake8 is located in setup.cfg. It specifies:

* Set max line length to 120 chars
* Exclude ``.tox,.git,*/migrations/*,*/static/CACHE/*,docs,node_modules``

pylint
------

This is included in flake8's checks, but you can also run it separately to see a more detailed report:

    $ pylint <python files that you wish to lint>

The config for pylint is located in .pylintrc. It specifies:

* Use the pylint_common and pylint_django plugins. If using Celery, also use pylint_celery.
* Set max line length to 120 chars
* Disable linting messages for missing docstring and invalid name
* max-parents=13

pep8
-----

This is included in flake8's checks, but you can also run it separately to see a more detailed report:

    $ pep8 <python files that you wish to lint>

The config for pep8 is located in setup.cfg. It specifies:

* Set max line length to 120 chars
* Exclude ``.tox,.git,*/migrations/*,*/static/CACHE/*,docs,node_modules``

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Netlify logotype Netlify logotype monotone Twitter GitHub GitLab Bitbucket Discourse Youtube Search
Netlify logotype monotone
By Aaron Autrand in Tools & Services • March 3, 2016
Interview with Geoff Kimball of ZURB Foundation
Foundation hit the scene in 2011 when interaction design company ZURB decided to create a responsive frontend framework for development.
Fast forward to today, and one open-source project is now three: Foundation for Sites, Foundation for Apps, and Foundation for Email. With the release of Foundation 6 and the static site generator Panini, ZURB designer Geoff Kimball presented the new iteration at the Static Web Tech Meetup, and took time to talk to Netlify about his preference for streamlining the build process, Gulp vs. Grunt, and the problem with following the zeitgeist.
Aaron: Can you talk a little bit about how all of these different static web build tools have developed over the last couple of years?
Geoff Kimball: People found that they were very interested in deploying sites that were entirely static–they had needs that were simple enough that they could just do all that on their computer, they could compile the pages once and then upload those flat files to the server.
The trend there is finding more ways to integrate the things that people are used to having, like PHP or Rails or Django or any typical kind of MVC framework or any primary language template on the server side, and then finding ways we can do that on the client's side to generate static files. Ruby and Node have a lot of that big stuff.
I'll bias myself towards Node. You have the full power of JavaScript to generate static sites, so you still have the backing of the full programming language, but you are compiling all those pages in your development environment versus compiling them on the fly on the server; that means that the pages you deliver on the server are much faster because they've been pre-compiled by you.
A lot of the evolution comes from creating more tools that work client side. You have things like Jekyll, which gives you a lot of the bells and whistles of a typical server-side framework to generate flat pages, and the same thing with Node with tools like Wintersmith and Metalsmith.
Based on your experience with all these tools and the various different things that you use in your daily life at ZURB, where do you see this kind of stuff going in the near to mid-term future?
Right now people in the JavaScript ecosystem are doing a lot of hemming and hawing about JavaScript fatigue or JavaScript fragmentation; you may have read some of those Medium think pieces at the end of last year. The Node system is built on this concept of modularity in small tools, but small tools become annoying when you have to glue them all together; the React.js ecosystem has this problem right now where there are a lot of React boilerplates.
Small tools become annoying when you have to glue them all together
I think in the Node ecosystem in general, people are going to try to focus more on maybe being more opinionated on things; that's a problem that people don't really quite know how to solve yet. There are so many different ways to do things in JavaScript and Node, there are so many different ideas floating around and that exchange of ideas is very positive but it can really confuse new developers. I think JavaScript developers are going to find a way to make those ideas more accessible.
Instead of having fifteen different build systems, maybe two or three will emerge as the ones which are popular. You can say the same thing about a static site generator or any tool like that has a lot of options; maybe people will focus their ideas and they will focus on the handful of tools that do those things very well.
Along the same lines, where do you see stuff like Gulp going?
I hope Gulp has a bright future. Gulp is entering the same phase that Grunt did when Gulp showed up. Grunt was a thing for like a year and a half, two years. Then Gulp came along in early 2014 and the mantra became like "nah man, you can't use Grunt, you've got to move to Gulp." And then last year the mantra became "nah man, you don't have to use a build system at all; you use NPM scripts your package.json.
Once again, that's one of the things with the exchange of ideas. The node ecosystem likes to move around a lot, people like to look at the new ideas and say that the old ideas are bad.
The node ecosystem likes to move around a lot. People like to look at the new ideas and say that the old ideas are bad
For ZURB's part we are going to stay committed to Gulp; Gulp 4 brings a lot of really interesting ideas and it kind of fixes a lot of problems that people had with that build system and ultimately since it's a task runner and it is designed to basically do anything, we're hoping it eventually just kind of have a good future ahead of it. It is designed to just run other plug-ins, which means that it should be suitable for pretty much any situation.
Netlify: With the amount of Gulp tools in existence now and the ones that are being built every day, what does that mean for frontend developers?
Gulp's initial problem was that they had to catch up to Grunt's ecosystem. There was a metric a few years ago — Grunt has a hundred thousand plug-ins to pick from and Gulp has twenty thousand. Any way you looked at it, Gulp was less feature-rich because it just had less plug-ins.
I believe now its plug-in ecosystem has evolved to the point where you can do pretty much anything you want, and actually writing Gulp plug-ins is not even that hard – just writing your own functions. I'm hoping that plug-in ecosystem continue to thrive, I hope that the developers of Gulp continue to iterate on it past Gulp 4.
Gulp 4 is not actually out yet but it is stable enough for production and it has a lot of really good ideas. I hope that the Gulp developers do not cave to the pressure of newer and trendier tools, trying to outdo them. I hope they can stick around with that thing and continue to develop it, because I think that it is a good idea for how a build system should be structured.
Finally, we're giving you a soapbox: when it comes to static web development or various build tools or stuff like that, what are the kind of things that you want to see? If you could have your way and everything would be exactly how Geoff Kimball decided that it should be?
I would like to see less boilerplate. There are tools that try to solve this like Yeoman, but it's a common thing where you can spend an hour or two just setting up a project and not actually working on it because you're trying to get your build system working to do whatever you want to do.
If there can come a future where Grunt build systems or Gulp build systems become more composable on a macro level – that would be really nice. They're composable on a micro level – you can combine plug-ins any way you want them, like you can combine SASS with auto-prefix or with post-CCS with a CCS minifier and you can do that just fine. But on a macro level when you're talking about tasking or common things people use build systems for – you often still end up writing that stuff yourself and cobbling the plugins together by hand.
If there's a way that people can make that boilerplate faster to put together, that would be fantastic. It's this paradox choice issue where people see all the choices in front of them and that can prevent them from actually getting work done, because they just have to stress about how their build system works.
That's also why we're sticking with Gulp at ZURB, because it's not worth our time to stress about what could be better. Gulp works extremely well for us so we're very happy to stick with it.
In general, I would like to see faster set-up for projects or if people can take that modularity and find a way to streamline it a little bit more, that would be nice. Find a balance there between, being super opinionated and being super modular.
Alright, cool; anything else you want to add?
No, I believe that was my soapbox.
Thanks for your time, and thank you very much for your presentation tonight!
The Static Web Tech Meetup is a monthly gathering of developers and tech forward-thinkers who want to learn and share their insight about the technology that will power tomorrow's internet. Join us at our next event by connecting with us on Meetup!
interview swt foundation zurb panini
Written by Aaron Autrand
Published in Tools & Services on March 3, 2016
Let's have a conversation! Visit the Netlify Community for discussion about this blog post.
Visit the Community
Exploring the Jamstack, static sites, and the future of web development. Subscribe to our newsletter to make sure you don't miss anything.
Enjoying this article? Subscribe to our newsletter for more great Jamstack content.
An Interview with Wade Warren
An interview about the value of static sites and CDN hosting with VP of Platform Engineering @ Wikia that serves 36,000 http requests per second.
By Aaron Autrand in Tools & Services • February 24, 2016
A Step-by-Step Guide: Gatsby on Netlify
A short guide to help you set up Gatsby on Netlify with continuous deployment.
By Aaron Autrand in Guides & Tutorials • February 24, 2016


You want a great automobile to get around Beaver whether you're traveling for a business trip or a vacation. Explore the top sites around town and park in front of the popular restaurants in Beaver. We've gathered your most popular questions about renting a car in Beaver. Keep reading to discover which vehicle is perfect for your trip, and how to get the best rates.
How do I find a bargain rental car in Beaver?
What rental suppliers have outlets in Beaver?
What types and makes of rental cars are on offer in Beaver?
What's the age requirement to rent a car in Beaver?
Generally, to rent a car in Beaver you must be at least 21—the same as it is across the rest of the USA. Additionally, many suppliers charge an extra fee if you are under 25. Be sure to read over the rental agreement to figure out any additional charges is before you reserve your rental.
Do I need insurance to rent a car in Beaver?
When driving around Beaver or the rest of the United States, you'll need insurance. Almost every supplier needs proof of insurance before you pick up your car. Many countries require driver's insurance. You may be able to purchase interim insurance with the rental supplier. Additionally, as a U.S. citizen, you can also book Collision Damage Coverage through CarRentals.com at checkout.
The major credit cards (MasterCard, Visa, American Express, and Discover) will typically cover your car rental. However, many of them have restrictions, such as not covering large vehicles like trucks or SUVs. It is best to call and find out exactly what your credit card will cover and how much before you head to Beaver.
What is the fuel policy for Beaver rental cars?
Many suppliers offer a variety of fuel policies. However, the stand-out choice is usually full-to-full. It simply means returning the car with the same level of gas as you got it with, so you'll never pay for anyone else's road trips through the Beaver.
Unlimited miles is a good choice if you plan to do a little sightseeing or visit several business associates all over Beaver. You can cruise as much as you want without incurring extra charges. Review your rental agreement to find out if there are any restrictions.


text:
MARIANA VOINOVA the girl from Ukraine, which did not stop only to FASHION
Mariana Voinova is a successful entrepreneur, ambassador of the jewelry house Fabergé, and the muse of famous brands. Instead of thousand words and hundreds of articles, we offer you to check out a few short facts from girl's life. Let's go!
1. Mariana Voinova was born in Lviv city in an ordinary Ukrainian family. Date of birth: December 28, 1987
2. For 10 years the girl was professionally engaged in dancing.
3. At the age of 16, Mariana's grandmother sent her to a modeling agency, giving her a training certificate.
4. Mariana earned her first money as a fashion model and promoter.
5. Her height is 177 cm.
6. Mariana has repeatedly represented her hometown Lviv in such beauty contests as Queen of Ukraine and Miss Fashion TV in the World.
7. Regardless of her achievements, the girl left the modeling business and changed her scope of activities.
8. He has received two higher educations: in the field of tourism and art as well, as she graduated from Pechersk Theological Academy.
9. She has been married since 2008 and had a son in 2011.
10. Mariana practices charity activities without publicity.
11. In 2016, together with her husband, she established a company specializing in foreign investments, as well as their implementation in the Ukrainian business.
12. The girl lived in Europe for 6 years.
13. In 2015 she became a real estate expert of one of the most popular upmarket magazines.
14. Mariana is a deeply religious person.
15. Since 2017, Mariana Voinova has been the only official ambassador of the Faberge brand. Moreover, this information was entered on the brand's official page in Wikipedia world encyclopedia.
16. She was featured in such beauty magazines as Vogue, Elle, Harper's Bazaar and L'Officiel.
17. She was a spokesmodel of Rocco Ragni and Christophe Guillarmé, and closed Christophe's show FW'18-19 that was held within Paris Fashion Week.
18. She likes to wear men's clothes of small sizes: leather jackets, t-shirts and men's watches.
O F F I C I A L W E B S I T E O F M A R I A N A V O I N O V A
VIDEIO
OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF MARIANA VOINOVA
© MARIANA VOINOVA 2018.


text:
Novel Induction Heating to Join Carbon Fibre Composites
Novel Induction Heating Technique for Joining of Carbon Fibre Composites
Chris Worrall and Roger Wise
TWI Ltd, Granta Park Great Abington, Cambridge, CB21 6AL, UK
Paper presented at SEICO 14: 35th International Technical Conference & Forum "Low Cost Composite Processing, from Aerospace OOA to Automotive Thermoplastic", 2014
Thermoplastic composites (TPCs) can be processed rapidly by thermoforming, which makes them an attractive option for the aerospace industry, but as yet there has not been a significant uptake of TPCs for structural applications. One reason behind this has been limited technology for joining. TWI has recently invented a new method for improving the control of induction welding thermoplastic composites without additional susceptors. Inserting a thin electrically-insulating layer (gauze) between adjacent layers containing nonaligned carbon fibres prevents electrical pathways from being formed and volumetric heating is disabled. TWI's technique has the advantage that the heat generated is concentrated at the joint interface, which avoids the problem of having to remove excess heat from the surface of the composite to avoid thermal damage, and therefore improves the control of the process. Joint strengths of up to 32MPa have been achieved using the technique.
One of the limitations of composites is the joining of pre-fabricated parts. In the case of thermoset composites, there is a need for complex pre-treatment and heating mechanisms. Thermoplastic composites lend themselves better to joining but there is always a difficulty in ensuring that only the interface is heated without a foreign material left at the bond line.
The recent years have seen a renewed interest in thermoplastic composites for high-end applications, especially aerospace. The predicted production rates for single-aisle aircraft exceed the current economic production capabilities of thermoset composites. Compared to thermosets, thermoplastic composites can offer shorter processing times to meet rising production rates, with potential additional benefits of good solvent resistance, unlimited shelf life and better toughness (impact resistance). Thermoplastic composites can be processed more rapidly by heating the polymer matrix sufficiently to permit thermo-forming, in a process similar in concept to stamping of sheet metal components. This makes TPCs an attractive option for the aerospace industry, but as yet there has not been a significant uptake of TPCs for structural applications.
2. Joining
One reason behind this has been joining. Although the use of composites can offer near net-shape manufacturing, there is often a requirement for joining of components, for various reasons such as;
it is more cost effective
components are too large to be produced as a single part
hybrid materials are used that require different production conditions
components are made in different physical locations
The fastening methods currently in use have been adapted from those used to join metal structures, as the aircraft industry has considerable performance data and confidence in the techniques.
Thermosets have traditionally been joined using either mechanical fastening or adhesive bonding. Mechanical fastening requires production of holes that cut load bearing fibres and introduce stress concentrations around the holes. Adhesive bonding is not without problems, and often requires large prefabricated parts to be heated in an oven, simply to cure the adhesive at a relatively small joint.
Unlike thermosets, however, TPCs can be joined by fusion bonding (welding); a process that does not cause damage by making holes, and offers further advantages in terms of weight saving, through removal of the fastener, and speed, through elimination of a holedrilling step. Welding of thermoplastic composites is any process that heats the interface to a temperature above the glass transition temperature, Tg (for amorphous polymers) or the melting point, Tm (for semi-crystalline polymers). Under the application of pressure, the polymer chains are able to diffuse across the interface, forming a welded joint on cooling [1]. The process can be quick, and requires little or no surface preparation.
Since the introduction of thermoplastic composite materials such as APC-2 (AS4 carbon fibre reinforced Polyetheretherketone, or PEEK) in the 1980s, many studies have been carried out on fusion bonding of TPCs. Of the numerous fusion bonding techniques available, three in particular have been the subject of many research studies as they are considered most suitable for industrial applications; induction, resistive implant and ultrasonic [2].
In induction welding, heat is generated through Joule losses from the induced eddy currents in response to the applied alternating magnetic field. The magnetic field is produced by an alternating electric current passing through a conducting work coil. The induced eddy currents can flow in a metal implant placed at the weld interface or in the carbon fibres in the parent composite materials.
Induction welding has been applied to joining thermoplastic composite materials in a number of applications in recent years. Fokker Aerostructures designed and developed the Gulfstream G650 tail section and industrialised a new induction welding method for the rudder and the elevator [3]. Fiberforge Corporation also applied the technique to join parts on the Sikorsky CH-53K. However, the technique has not yet been widely adopted, and one reason for this is poor control of the process to prevent thermal degradation [4]. What is required is a technique that focusses the heat where it is needed without additional susceptors placed at the weld interface.
3. TWI's Novel Induction Heating Technique
Current state-of-the-art induction welding of carbon fibre composites requires a highly thermally conductive heat sink material to be placed on the composite part closest to the induction coil [5]. This removes the excess heat from the surface and allows the weld interface to heat up sufficiently.
TWI has considerable expertise in fusion bonding of thermoplastic composites [6] and has recently developed a novel technique to improve the control of the induction welding process [7]. It is well known that for eddy currents to be induced in continuous carbon fibre composites there must be adjacent non-aligned plies. A layered structure having all the reinforcing fibre uni-directionally aligned in the same orientation will not become volumetrically heated by induction since a closed electrical pathway cannot be formed [8]. Fortunately, most structural composite applications employ a quasi-isotropic layup to achieve their required mechanical performance, and therefore can be volumetrically heated by induction.
If the adjacent non-aligned plies of the quasi-isotropic laminate are separated sufficiently to prevent contact between the carbon fibres in neighbouring layers then the closed electrical pathways can no longer be formed, and volumetric heating is therefore disabled. This separation can be achieved by inserting a thin electrically-insulating layer (gauze) between adjacent layers containing non-aligned carbon fibres (Figure 1). Using a particular combination of parameters and properties, TWI's technique has the advantage that the heat generated is concentrated around the joint interface, rather than close to the top surface of the composite where the proximity of the induction coil is greatest. This focusses the heat where it is required, and avoids the problem of having to remove excess heat from the surface of the composite to avoid thermal damage. The heat required to produce the welded joint is generated by omitting the insulating layers in the vicinity of the weld interface. Furthermore, as the intensity of the induced current in the conducting material decays exponentially from the surface, the insulating layers need only to be inserted in one of the parts being joined; the one in closest proximity to the work coil.
The heat generated is using this technique is sufficient to be used for fusion bonding of thermoplastic composites but also adhesive curing; a process used to join thermoset composites.
Figure 1. Temperature peak focussed at the weld interface.
In order to demonstrate the focused heating effect two thermoplastic composite laminates were manufactured, each containing three Carbon/PEEK plies at 0/90 orientation. One laminate ("conductor") was manufactured in the conventional way, allowing adjacent nonaligned plies to touch. The other laminate ("Insulator") was laid up using a thin insulating layer between adjacent non-aligned plies. The material used for the insulating layer was a 10gsm non-woven glass fibre surface tissue. A layer of PEEK film was placed either side of the insulating layer during manufacture; the additional PEEK was required to wet-out the glass insulating layer during consolidation of the laminate.
When placed together in the configuration shown in Figure 2; "Insulator" on top of "Conductor" and therefore closer to the work coil, heating was concentrated at the interface between the two laminates. The two laminates were offset by 45 degrees to allow measurement of the surface temperature of the lower laminate using a thermal image camera. A Cheltenham Induction Heating TR1 1kW induction power supply was used to apply an alternating electromagnetic field via a four-turn solenoid coil at a frequency of 165kHz for a period of 60 seconds. Temperature at the two locations marked in Figure 2 was measured at ten second intervals during the tests using a FLIR T250 thermal image camera.
Figure 2. Heating trial setup. Top; "Insulator", Bottom; "Conductor".
4. Joint Evaluation
In order to demonstrate the strength of welded joints made using TWI's technique single lap shear specimens were manufactured and tested according to ASTM D1002-10. Two nominal 4mm thick 0/90 cross-ply laminates were manufactured and joined; one containing 27 plies of carbon/PEEK ("Conductor") and the other ("Insulator") containing 24 Carbon/PEEK plies but with adjacent non-aligned layers separated by glass/PEEK insulating layers. The weld area was approximately 12.5mm wide and 150mm long. An Ambrell EasyHeat10 power supply tuned to a frequency of 240kHz was used to carry out the welding. A higher power setting was used compared to the previous heating trial, as the temperature required for welding was 400°C.
The laminates were arranged as shown in Figure 3, with the "Insulator" laminate closer to the work coil. A 100μm PEEK film was placed at the weld between the two laminates. The film acted as a PEEK rich layer at the interface to help the flow of polymer during welding, and to fill any undulations in the surfaces being welded. Pressure was applied to the weld area by means of a pneumatic actuator.
Figure 3. Weld configuration for joint evaluation.
Samples were taken from the welded laminates using a water-cooled diamond coated saw blade, and tested according to ASTM D1002-10, using a displacement rate of 10mm/min. 5 Results
Results of the temperature rise measurements are presented in Figure 4 and Figure 5, and show that, despite being closer to the source of the electromagnetic flux, the top laminate does not heat up as much as the bottom laminate. In fact, the top laminate experiences a maximum temperature rise of only 25 degrees after 60 seconds heating, whereas the maximum temperature rise of the bottom laminate in the same period is approximately 170 degrees. These results clearly demonstrate that induction heating had been disabled in the top laminate and heating had been focused at the interface between the two laminates. The slight heating of the top laminate was due to conduction of heat from the bottom laminate and is sufficiently small to prevent degradation of the top laminate.
Results of the joint evaluation tests show a range of single lap shear strength values of between 11 and 32MPa. Due to the geometrically critical nature of the induction welded specimens, the single lap shear specimens extracted from the ends of the welded laminates have a significantly reduced strength when compared to the lap shear specimens extracted from the centre.
Figure 4. Thermal image after 60 seconds of heating.
Figure 5. Temperature rise in Top and Bottom laminates.
For the first time, induction heating can be precisely controlled through the thickness of carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites. During lay-up of the composite components to be joined, thin electrically insulating layers (gauze) are inserted between plies where induction heating is not required. Inclusion of the thin insulating layers is only required between adjacent non-aligned layers of carbon in one of the parts being joined and only in the vicinity of the joint.
Heating trials have demonstrated that the technique successfully prevents the induced alternating electrical currents from being generated during induction heating. Electric current is induced between plies where no insulating layers (gauze) are present, to heat and melt the material in the usual way for welding or curing. In this way, the concentration of induction heating through the thickness of the material can be precisely controlled. This approach avoids any overheating of the outer surface of the components and improves the quality of the joints manufactured.
The technique may be considered as a candidate welding process that offers advantages over the current state-of-the-art processes, especially where thick parts are involved (greater than 4mm thick). Tooling costs are also minimised compared to the state-of-the-art. Wider application of the technique should be considered as a focussed heating process for applications such as adhesively bonding thermoset composites, where focussing the heat at the interface can be used to cure an adhesive.
This work was funded by Industrial Members of TWI, as part of the Core Research Programme. TWI also acknowledges TFP Ltd and Victrex PLC for supplying materials for the project.
Kim Y H. and Wool R P. "A Theory of Healing at a Polymer-polymer Interface", Macromolecules. 16, p 1115-1120.
Ageorges C. and Ye L. "Fusion bonding of polymer composites; From basic mechanisms to process optimisation". Springer, 2002.
"Thermoplastic composites fly on G650 tail". Reinforced Plastics.com. 06 May 2010.
Augh L., Gillespie J W. and Fink B K. "Degradation of Continuous Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polyetherimide Composites During Induction Heating", Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials. March 2001 vol. 14 no. 2 96-115.
Van Wijngaarden M J. "Robotic induction welding of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics", 37th ISTC Seattle, WA, October 3-November 3, 2005.
Worrall C M. "Induction Welding of Thermoplastic Composites at TWI". 15th European Conference on Composite Materials ECCM15, Venice, Italy. June 2012.
Worrall C M., Wise R. and Kapadia A. "A New Approach to Improved Control of Thermoplastic Composites Induction Welding". 19th International Conference on Composite Materials ICCM19, Montreal, Canada. July 2013.
Gerhard J K., Lynam E J., Shaffer M R., Yariagadda S., Shevchenko N B., Fink B K., Heider D., Tierney J J. and Gillespie J W. "Apparatus and method for induction lamination of electrically conductive fiber-reinforced composite materials". US 7,419,373 B2. September 2 2008.