text:
Organization of the Iranian Army in 1921-1941
Home|Military History 1900-Present|Organization of the Iranian Army in 1921-1941
When Reza Shah engaged in his Tehran coup in early 1921, there was no unitary Iranian army. Instead, there are a number of independent "official" forces composed of the following:
The Persian Cossack brigade (7000 troops)
The gendarmerie (12,000 troops)
Former Qajar-era brigades in Tehran (1800 troops)
Units beholden to the former (Qajar) ministry of war (2000 troops)
This left Iran with a minuscule force of 22,800 men. These were not a unitary force with the gendarmerie being the best trained and organized of all the above forces. The Qajar units (3800 troops in total) were wholly ineffective with the Persian Cossack brigade being first a Russian instrument and after the Bolshevik takeover, under the British influence. There were also the pro-British South Persia Rifles (S.P.R.) that had been formed during the First World War as noted again below.
[Click to Enlarge] The most effective force of the Iranian military prior to and during World war One: the Gendarmerie – above are Iranian Gendarmerie posing with two 75mm (Shneider-Cruesot?) in Tehran prior to World War One (Source: Morgan Shuster, The Strangling of Persia, T. Fisher Unwin, London, 1913, pp. 144, 152). Despite being a para-military force, the Iranian Gendarmes fought very well against opponents who enjoyed superiority in numbers and military equipment. For more on the Iranian Gendarmerie, consult Professor Stephanie Cronin's article originally posted in the Encylopedia Iranica.
In the first serious step towards restoring a unified army for Iran, Reza Shah ordered on December 6, 1921 for the Gendarmerie and the Persian Cossacks to be unified into a single military force. The South Persia Rifles (S.P.R.) created by the British during World War One had already been disbanded two months previous in October 1921. Numbers of the former S.P.R.'s Iranian officers and troops entered service into the new Iranian army. The formation of a single unified Iranian army beholden to the state (not foreign interests) had fulfilled one of the primary objectives of the early twentieth century Constitutionalist movement. Despite this achievement and others cited in this article, the new Iranian army had several challenges to face when the Anglo-Soviet invasion struck Iran on August 25, 1941.
[CLICK TO ENLARGE] A photo taken in 1926 of a military assembly in Tehran (book cover for Iran at War: 1500-1988). This was the Iranian Army headquarters at the time and is today the Iranian University of the Arts (محوطه ساختمانی که قبلا ستاد ارتش بوده و الان دانشکده هنر است ). Note the diverse nature of the Iranian troops – reminiscent of the armies of Iran since antiquity: one can see Kurds, Azaris, Lurs, Baluchis, Qashqais, Persians, etc. partaking in the assembly. Note that Colonel Haji Khan (far left – hand on sword hilt) and the officer to the right are members of the Gendarmerie para-military forces. Haji Khan died just a year later when fighting as a colonel with the Iranian army against Bolshevik/Communist and Russian troops attempting to overrun northern Iran after World War One.
Organization of the Unitary Iranian Army
As soon as he had seized power, Reza Shah proceeded to modernize and expand Iran's newly formed unitary forces, known at this time as the Imperial Iranian Armed Services (IIAS). Reza Shah ordered the formation of five Lashgars on January 5, 1922, each to be composed of 10,000 men. These were as follows:
First (Central) Division: based in Tehran
Second (Northwest) Division: based in Tabriz
Third (Western) Division: based in Hamedan
Fourth (Southern) Division: based in Isfahan
Fifth (Khorasan) Division: based in Mashad
This five-division system was then used organize the defense of the country into five military regions:
North (Gilan, Mazandaran, Semnan, Tehran)
Northwest (Azerbaijan)
West (Kurdistan, Kermanshah, Luristan)
South-southwest (Fars, Khuzestan, the Persian Gulf coast, Seistan-Baluchistan)
Northeast (mainly Khorasan and environs to its south and west)
March-past of Iranian army troops in the 1930s or early 1940s (Source: lead-adventure.de).
By 1930 the Iranian government had allocated up to 50 percent of Iran's GNP (gross national product) for the Iranian military for the following tasks:
Creation and expansion of a Ministry of War
Acquisition of modern combat vehicles, aircraft, and naval vessels
Creation of an indigenous armaments industry the building of armaments factories
Formation of effective security forces for the country
Allocation of scholarships for military cadets to be send abroad for study in European military academies
Below is a comparison of the numbers of rifles, machine guns and artillery in 1922 and 1941:
1922: rifles [37,325], machine guns [66], artillery [86]
1941: rifles [507,587], machine guns [8158 ], artillery [874]
The Berno e Kootah (the short Berno) (Picture Source: Aliparsa.com). The required machinery and training for producing the Berno (Brno) rifles was provided by the Czech powerhouse firm, Škoda, which has had long-standing ties with the Iranian industrial sector. For more on the Berno (Brno) in Iranian army service see here…
In less than two decades Iran's inventory of rifles and cannon had increased ten-fold with its machine gun stocks having expanded 120-fold. During that period Iran had ordered approximately 300,000 rifles, 350 cannon (mainly light and medium calibers – some of these motorized) along with 6000 heavy and light machine guns. This meant that by the Second World War most units of the Iranian army were equipped with modern rifles and machine guns.
It is notable that while Iran did order much of its equipment from abroad, the military sector's buildup of rifles, machine guns and artillery had been significantly assisted by the newly established Iranian armaments industries during 1922-1941.
[Click to Enlarge] Iranian artillery unit of 75mm Bofors anti-aircraft artillery (Picture Source:Network54). At least another twenty of these which had been on order were never delivered to Iran.
All of this was a remarkable achievement for a country that had been on the brink of chaos in the early 20th century. Under the Qajar administration, Iran had lacked a true national army capable of defending its borders against invasions and political interference.
Despite their achievements, the Iranian army was beset with one big liability: the artillery corps still deployed obsolete equipment such as the 75mm Bofors mountain guns and the Shneider-Cruezot 75-mm cannon. These types of equipment had been in use during the Constitutional revolution in the early 20th century. This was a serious liability, a fact demonstrated when the Anglo-Soviet invasion struck Iran in August 1941.
An old undated photo of an Iranian Swedish made Bofors 75mm mountain gun. These had seen service with the Iranian army since the early 20th century. Four of these have survived to this day, now on display at the gates of the Gilan barracks in northern Iran (Source: Matofi, A., 1999, Tarikh-e-Chahar Hezar Sal-e Artesh-e Iran: Az Tamadon-e Elam ta 1320 Khorsheedi, Jang-e- Iran va Araqh [The 4000 Year History of the Army of Iran: From the Elamite Civilization to 1941, the Iran-Iraq War]. Tehran:Entesharat-e Iman, p. 1043).
Iran in the 1922-1941 period succeeded in building up armored forces composed of tanks and combat vehicles. The first tanks to arrive into Iran were the French FT-17 light tanks in 1925. These were armed with the 7.92 mm machine gun. After the FT-17 light tanks came the US-made Marmon Herrington which was also armed with machine guns. Interestingly, the Marmon Herrington company was to also deliver numbers of trucks for the Iranian army prior to 1941.
Iranian army personnel on maneuvers with what appear to be French made Citroen half-tracks. According to Matofi, these were the first half-tracks to enter service with the Iranian army in 1925 (Picture Source: Matofi, A., 1999, Tarikh-e-Chahar Hezar Sal-e Artesh-e Iran: Az Tamadon-e Elam ta 1320 Khorsheedi, Jang-e- Iran va Araqh [The 4000 Year History of the Army of Iran: From the Elamite Civilization to 1941, the Iran-Iraq War]. Tehran:Entesharat-e Iman, p.1045).
By the onset of the Anglo-Soviet invasion in August 25, 1941, Iran had a modest force of just 200 tanks. The most modern tanks in the Iranian inventory at the time were the Czech built AH–IV and TNH light tanks armed with the 37mm gun. The TNH rapidly gained popularity in Iran's military and public circles. Iran had 300 more of these but none of these were to be delivered due to the Anglo-Soviet invasion in August 1941.
The TNH light tank of the Iranian army first delivered in 1937. Note the Sherman tank (delivered to Iran after World War Two) behind the TNH (Photo Source: (Picture Source: Matofi, A., 1999, Tarikh-e-Chahar Hezar Sal-e Artesh-e Iran: Az Tamadon-e Elam ta 1320 Khorsheedi, Jang-e- Iran va Araqh [The 4000 Year History of the Army of Iran: From the Elamite Civilization to 1941, the Iran-Iraq War]. Tehran:Entesharat-e Iman, p.1134).
By the onset of the Second World War Iran also fielded 102 non-tank armored vehicles, including the British Rolls Royce India (1921) Pattern armored cars armed with Vickers machine guns alongside more powerful vehicles such as the American made LaFrance TK-6 armored car which was armed with a 37cm main gun and two machine guns.
An AH-IV tankette engaged in practice drills in a Tehran barracks in the 1930s. Note the TNH light tank in the background (Photo Source: FSU.edu).
Despite the creation of the armored corps, the Iranian army still relied upon its cavalry for rapid attack and maneuver. The primary reason for this was because the Iranian armored corps had yet to master such operations at the battlefield level. To implement an armored force capable of rapid and coordinated battle maneuvers, the Iranian army had to create and organize a professional officer cadre trained in the latest methods of European armored warfare. In practice, Iran did have numbers of highly trained officers schooled in the European tradition of armored warfare, but these often were barred from advancing to higher ranks due to endemic corruption within higher levels of command.
A serious problem that had not been addressed was the Iranian army's conscription system. Despite advancements in several areas, conscription continued to rely upon the antiquated Qajar-era Bunichah system. Put simply, in this system:
Each district was called upon for providing recruits for the regular army.
Numbers summoned was based on calculations of that particular region's amount of cultivated land.
Iranian cavalry in the 1930s (Source: lead-adventure.de). Despite the procurement of armored vehicles and their integration into the Iranian army, cavalry remained Iran's prime asset for rapid strikes, shock and maneuver on the battlefield (Ward, 2009, p.142). One of the few successes scored by the Iranian army against the Anglo-Soviet invasion of late August 1941, was when an Iranian cavalry patrol forced back an advancing British force near the Paltak pass (in the Kermanshah area, western Iran) on August 27, and took numbers of them prisoner.
The inefficient Bunichah system of recruitment helps explain why each of the army's five divisions failed to reach its target strength of 10,000 men. Even by 1926, the army still had a small force of just 40,000 troops. Realizing the problem, the Iranian army implemented a more modern mass conscription system. This finally allowed the Iranian army to expand the size of its personnel. By 1930 the army had a complement of 85,000 men. These were supported by the newly established (or re-established) Gendarmerie service, known as the Amnieh: these stood at-12,000 men. By 1937 the army had expanded its forces to 105,000 troops by 1937. By the onset of World War Two, the Iranian army fielded a total of 16 divisions composed of 126,000 men.
Armored Vehicles of the Iranian Army 1921-1941
The Iranian Army: 1900-1921
Iranian Artillery Units: Early 1900s-1941
Marmon-Herrington Trucks of the Iranian Army Before World War Two
The Iranian Navy: 1921-1941
Historia de la Guerra: Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran in 1941
The Iranian Air Force 1924-1941
The Iranian Army Berno (Brno) Rifle
Wojtek: The Iranian Bear of the Polish Army in World War Two
UNESCO nominates the Iranian Railway as a World Heritage Site
By Dr. Kaveh Farrokh|2020-07-01T22:38:52-07:00September 1st, 2016|Military History 1900-Present|Comments Off on Organization of the Iranian Army in 1921-1941


text:
Q: Classification of $E(\mathbb{R})$ when $E$ is given by $y^2=x^3+ax+b$, $a,b\in\mathbb{R}$? Suppose $E$ is an elliptic curve over $\mathbb{C}$ given by the equation
$$
y^2=x^3+ax+b,\quad a,b\in\mathbb{R}.
$$
I know that depending on whether $x^3+ax+b$ has one or three real roots, then $E(\mathbb{R})$ is either $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}$ or $\mathbb{R}/\mathbb{Z}\times C_2$, respectively. I know a proof from the latter parts of Silverman's Advanced Topics in the Arithmetic of Elliptic Curves.
However, this problem of classifying the subgroup of real points also is Exercise 1 of Section VI.1 of Koblitz's text Number Theory and Cryptography, which assumes very little mathematical prerequisites, and briefly states that $E\simeq\mathbb{C}/L$, where $L$ is some lattice, without really giving any details of the Weierstrass function, and then sketches that this is isomorphic to a torus.
My question is, is there a "very elementary" way to classify the group of real points $E(\mathbb{R})$, in this case where the coefficients of the elliptic curve are real, using only tools from a one semester undergrad algebra course, as this is roughly the mathematical requirements of said book?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
URL: https://detroitzoo.org/projects/welfare-impacts-of-a-new-home-for-japanese-giant-salamanders/
Welfare impacts of a new home for Japanese giant salamanders
In general, the welfare of amphibians and reptiles is under studied, and much remains to be learned about how to optimize their welfare in human care. Japanese giant salamanders (JGS) are fully aquatic, nocturnal salamanders found only in Japan. These fascinating amphibians can be up to five feet in length and are cousins of the smaller North American hellbenders. Japanese giant salamanders are found in fast moving streams, where they forage along riverbeds for crabs and other small prey. To reproduce, a successful male must establish himself as a "den master", enticing females into his den to lay eggs, which he cares for until they hatch. These enigmatic creatures live in few zoos and do not reliably breed in these settings. Challenges for wild populations include dams that block migration routes and other anthropogenic changes to their habitats.
In 2018, the five JGS residing at the Detroit Zoo will move into a newly created habitat in the former Rainforest Immersion Gallery in the National Amphibian Conservation Center. This larger habitat will allow for multiple den locations and for all the salamanders to live as one social group. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the impacts of the move and the new habitat on the welfare of the JGS using a combination of physical, hormonal and behavioral measures. The new habitat has been modeled after Japanese breeding facilities, and a major intention of the move is to encourage reproductive behaviors and propagation. Thus, reproductive behavior will be closely monitored and the successful production of offspring is considered to be a sign of positive welfare for these individuals. For this investigation, new techniques, such as analyzing hormone levels in naturally shed skin, are being developed that will add to our knowledge of how to measure and improve welfare for many amphibian species.
Effects of Cataract Surgery on Crested Penguins
The Impact of Browse on the Welfare of Gorillas
Implications of Personality in Blanding's Turtles
Assessing the Welfare of Zoo Penguins
Promoting rhino welfare in an indoor space
Evaluating a habitat expansion for North American river otters
24-hour welfare of gorillas and drill monkeys
The effects of habitat complexity on snake welfare
IRT as a Tool to Assess Animal Welfare

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Oregon Splits Willamette Valley Between Canola and Seeds
By Dan Flynn on August 9, 2012
The West often gets divided up: cowboys vs. Indians, wet vs. dry, Catholics vs. Protestants and cattle vs. sheep, just to name a few. Now Oregon vs. Canola has been added to that list. And while some say that the new maps that take effect Friday open Oregon to genetically modified canola, others say that is not necessarily so. A great swath down the middle of Oregon's Willamette Valley — some 2 million acres — is being made off-limits to canola producers in order to protect the state's $32 million specialty seed industry. At stake is their credibility as providers of quality seeds for fresh vegetable growers worldwide, say the state's seed growers. Oregon has long been known for those seeds, and purity is a top grower concern. Beginning August 10, the Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA) is making more than half of the Willamette Valley's 3.7 million acres unavailable to all canola to protect specialty seeds from potential cross contamination, disease and pests. The Willamette Valley encompasses inland northwest Oregon, a broad, flat and fertile drainage basis stretching from Portland to Eugene with the state's most productive agricultural land. It enjoys a Mediterranean-like climate with cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers. Canola was originally grown only from conventional plant breeding from rapeseed. It produces edible oil that can also be used in biodiesel. Canola is planted and harvested with farm equipment used for grasses and grains common the Willamette Valley and it does not require irrigation. Under the new boundary decision, ODA said about 480,000 acres in the remaining 1.7 million acres might be suitable for canola production. Locals say most of the acreage is around the edges of the valley. Organic canola can be grown in rotation with clover, grass seed, and other specialty seeds. Finland, New Zealand, and southern France all include canola in such a rotation "with no issues," says Tomas Endicott, spokesman for the Willamette Oilseed Producers Association. Oregon said the "control boundaries" are an attempt to "balance the interests of both canola and specialty seed producers recognizing both interests are important." Oregon's Friends of Family Farmers issued a statement saying opening the valley to canola is not a good idea — be it GM or non-GM. "ODA will not be drawing any distinctions between planting GM canola or non-GM canola," said the organization in a statement. "Some proponents of canola in the valley have said that they aren't interested in GM canola, or that they want organic canola, but without any controls in place, one planting of GM canola will be all that it takes to ruin the viability of the specialty seed growers. These growers use an open-pollination technique that is highly susceptible to contamination." Endicott says the family farmers group fails to acknowledge that non-GMO canola was successfully grown at several commercial sites in the Willamette Valley in 2007-08, and grown successfully around Banks for the past three years "with no known noticeable effect." During the time Oregon has largely held off canola, organic canola has been overwhelmed by GM canola. Friends of Family Farmers say 90 percent of canola is now GM. As of last year, the Canola Council of Canada reported that 82 percent of rapeseed crops planted in Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan are GM herbicide-tolerant canola. ODA Director Katy Coba said both the specialty seed growers and potential canola growers wanted the state to act so planting decisions could be made by Sept. 1st. She also says the rule itself does not address genetically modified canola, but it a deregulated crop under USDA so ODA does not treat it any differently than conventional canola. The action was taken as a "temporary rule" that will be made permanent before it expires in 180 days under ODA's authority to control menaces like diseases, insects, animals, and noxious weeds. Oregon already uses an electronic "pinning" system for specialty seed crops to keep three mile separation enforce to prevent cross contamination.
Tags: canola, GMO, Oregon, Oregon's Friends of Family Farmers, seeds, Willamette Valley


text:
Home › News › Republic of Ireland
Irish premier calls for 'level playing field' over Brexit negotiations
Leo Varadkar's comments came as he met European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen in Dublin
European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen with Taoiseach Leo Varadkar as he welcomes her to Dublin (Brian Lawless/PA)
Irish premier Leo Varadkar has said that there has to be a level playing field in the Brexit negotiations to ensure the single market and customs union are "not diluted".
https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/republic-of-ireland/irish-premier-calls-for-level-playing-field-over-brexit-negotiations-38865738.html
https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/republic-of-ireland/c734b/38865734.ece/AUTOCROP/h342/bpanews_61f58067-8c4d-4b4d-b8c9-e2bc40927e61_1
The Taoiseach said there must be a common minimum standard so the United Kingdom does not attempt to "undercut" the EU over its labour and environmental standards.
Mr Varadkar said the Brexit negotiations has reached the halfway point, adding that the next step is to negotiate a free trade agreement between the UK and the EU.
He made the comments as the European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen visited Ireland for the first time in her current role.
Mr Varadkar said he wanted to restate Ireland's appreciation for the EU's solidarity on Brexit.
During Wednesday evening's discussions, Mr Varadkar and Ms Von der Leyen will discuss Brexit and the European Green Deal.
Mr Varadkar said: "I really want to restate Ireland's deep appreciation and thanks for the solidarity from the commission and the European institutions and other member states.
"Only as a result of that, we have a Withdrawal Agreement which assures us there is no hard border, that citizens' rights are protected and the travel area between Britain and Ireland remains in place and that the Good Friday Agreement is protected.
"We saw a real demonstration of that in the fact that the institutions in Northern Ireland are now back up and running.
European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen with Taoiseach Leo Varadkar as he welcomes her to Government Buildings, Dublin (Brian Lawless/PA)
"I always felt removing uncertainty around Brexit was one of the crucial ingredients that is required to get the parties together again," Mr Varadkar said.
"The next step is negotiating a free trade agreement with the UK. When it comes to Brexit it is only half-time, and the next step is to negotiate a free trade agreement between the UK and the EU.
"There also has to be a level playing field so that the single market and the customs union are not diluted.
"We must have common minimum standards so that the UK doesn't attempt in any way to undercut the EU when it comes to labour and environmental standards."
European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen and Taoiseach Leo Varadkar sit down for talks at Government Buildings, Dublin (Brian Lawless/PA)
Speaking in Government Buildings in Dublin, Ms Von der Leyden said the UK will leave the EU in two weeks.
"There's almost no other country in the European Union that is more affected by this decision than Ireland," she added.
"That's why Ireland and Northern Ireland were one of our top priorities during the withdrawal negotiations.
"We do not want a hard border, we delivered that. We've said that Ireland will stay at the heart of the European Union.
"I think the withdrawal negotiations and agreement were successful. The EU negotiated respectfully and fairly as we wanted an orderly exit. It's very important to protect citizens' rights.
We have a plan but we have to work very hard to reach our goal European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen
"There are 3.5 million European Union citizens working and living in the UK.
"It's very good that we have the reassurance that those people can live and work until the end of their lives in the UK.
"This was very important and one of the top priorities was to ensure peace and stability on the island."
She thanked Mr Varadkar for his work and leadership in the Brexit process, adding that the EU will watch over the implementation of Brexit "very closely".
Ms Von der Leyen added: "We have a wide-ranging (Brexit) agenda.
"We will have around eight months because the negotiation talks will start at the end of February or beginning of March.
"It's not only trade, there are a lot of other topics too, including security.
"We have a plan but we have to work very hard to reach our goal."
Ex-journalist appears in Dublin court over murder case extradition bid
By Cate McCurry, PA A former journalist has appeared before the High Court in Dublin in relation to a warrant seeking his arrest and extradition to France over the murder of Sophie Toscan du Plantier.
Varadkar says big companies should pay their taxes as he meets Apple boss
By Aoife Moore, PA Irish Premier Leo Varadkar has said he believes big companies should pay their taxes as he welcomed Apple chief executive Tim Cook to Dublin.
Keane Mulready-Woods murder: Manhunt for suspect in gruesome teen killing probe
By Ken Foy A manhunt is under way for a major Co Louth feud criminal, who is also a main suspect in the gruesome murder of Keane Mulready-Woods (17), after a warrant was issued for his arrest.
Ballymena driver 'drank so much they weren't aware of crash' Northern Ireland
Man charged with murder of Nathan Gibson (25) in Craigavon Northern Ireland
Three men arrested after being stabbed in Belfast city centre brawl Northern Ireland


text:
Register of Debates in Congress: Comprising ..., Volume 7;Volume 21;Volume 52
Por United States. Congress
and receive for passing the said gates the tolls and rates 'on which shall be legibly painted the rates of toll, as is "hereafter mentioned ; and they may stop any person provided for in this act. • riding, leading, or driving any horses, cattle, sulky, *Sec. 7. That if any of the toll collectors shall un.
chair, phæton, cart, chúise, wagon, sleigli, sled, or other reasonably delay or hinder any passenger or traveller, at • carriage of burden or pleasure, from passing through any of the gates, or shall demand or receive more toll than the said gates, until they shall respectively bave paid is by this act established, he shall, for each and every for passing the same, that is to say : for every space of such offence, forfeit and pay to the party aggrieved the twenty miles in length on said road, the following sums sum of ten dollars. of money, and so in proportion for every greater or les Sec. 8. That, if any person shall purposely or mali. ser distance, to wit : For every score of sheep or hogs, ciously deface, or otherwise injure any of the mile 'ten cents ; fur every score of cattle, twenty cents; for stones, parapet walls, culverts, or bridges, or any of every led or drove horse, three cents; for every mule the masonry whatsoever, or any of the gates or toll or ass, led or driven, three cents; for every horse and houses of and belonging to the said national road in this rider, six and one fourth cents; for every sled or sleigh State, as the same is now constructed, or may hereasier • drawn by one horse or ox, twelve and one half cents; be constructed, every person so offending shall, upon • for every horse or ox in addition, six and one fourth conviction thereof, be fined in a sum not more than fire cents; for every dearborn, sulky, chair, or chaise, with hundred dollars, or be imprisonec in the dungeon of the one horse, twelve and one half cents; for every horse jail of the county, and be fed un bread and water only, in addition, six and one fourth cents; for every chariot, not exceeding twenty days, or both, at the discretion of .coach, coachee, stage or phaton, with two horses, the court. • eighteen and three fourth cents; for every horse in addition, six and one fourth cents; for every other car-choak, or otherwise obstruct any of the side drains, val
• Sec. 9. That if any person shall purposely fill, riage of pleasure, under whatever name it may go, the lies, gutters, or culverts of said road, now made or here. • like sum, according to the number of wheels and horses after to be made, or shall connect any private road or • drawing the same ; for every cart or wagon whose cartway with the said national road, without making at
wheelso do not exceed the breadth of two and one balf the point of connexion a stone culvert, or paved valley, • inches, twelve and one half cents; for each horse or ox
or other good and sufficient fixture, so as to secure a • drawing the same, six and one fourth cents; for every • free passage for the water along such side drain, where • cart or wagon whose wheels shall exceed two and such private road or cartway connects with the said na. one half inches in breadth, and not exceeding four « tional road, or if any person shall purposely or wilfully inches, six and one fourth cents; for every horse or
'travel upon such parts of said national road as are or may . ox drawing the same, three cents; and for every other be in an unfinished state, against the consent of the
cart or wagon whose wheels shall exceed four inches, Superintendent appointed by the United States, or by • and not exceeding five inches in breadth, four cents this State ; or shall remove any of the Beacons placed . for every horse or ox drawing the same two cents; and upon the said road so in an unfinished state as aforesaid, • all other wagons or carts whose wheels shall exceed-six
. for the diverting of the travel on and from said road, inches in breadth, shall pass the said gates free and clear every person so offending shall, upon conviction there. • of all tolls : Provided, 'ihat nothing in this act shall be of, be, for every such offence, fined in a sum not less • construed so as to authorize any toils to be received or
'than one nor more than ten dollars. collected from any person passing to or from public worship, or to or from any musters, or to or from his
'Sec. 10. That if any person shall stand his wagon and common business-on his farm or wood land, or to or team, or either of them, over night, upon the pavement • from a funeral, or to or from a mill, or to or from his of said road, now made, or which may hereafter be common place of trading or marketing, within the
made, or shall at any other time stand a wagon and county in which he resides, including their
team, or either of them, upon the said pavement for the
wagons, carriages, and horses or oxen drawing the same : Pro- 'purpose of feeding, or if he shall in any other manner ' vided, also, That no coll shall be received or collected purposely and wilfully obstruct the travel upon said • for the passage of any stage or coach conveying the thereof, for every such offence, be fined in a sum not
'road, every person so offending shall, upon conviction • United States mail, or horses bearing the same, or any less than one nor more than five dollars.
wagon or carriage laden with the property of the United • States, or any cavalry or other troops, arms or military •Sec. 11. That if any person shall fast lock or rough • stores belonging to the same, or to any of the States lock either of the wheels of any wagon, coach, chaise, comprising this Union, or any person or persons on duty gig, sulkcy, carriage, or other iwo or four wheeled ve
in the military service of the United States, or of the hicle, while travelling upon the pavement of said road, . militia of any of the States.
'as now made, or which may hereafter be made, (except. 'Sec. 5. That the moneys so collected shall constitute ing, however, such parts of said road, as may be, at the • a fund, to be denominated the United States' Road 'time of such locking, covered with ice,) erery person sa • Fund; and so much thereof as may be paid into the Trea: 'offending shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined in any sury agreeably to the provisions above recited, shall be 'sum not less than one nor more than five dollars. subject to the order of the Governor, who shall pay out *Sec. 12. The supervisors of roads and highways of said fund the salary of the Superintendent, and the through whose districts the said national road does now,
expenses incident to the superintendence and collection, or may hereafter pass, are hereby severally authorized • other than those particularly provided for in this act, and and required, at the connection with, or intersection of, shall cause the remaining neit proceeds of the revenue any State, county, or township road, which now is, or collected as abovementioned to be applied solely and hereafter may be established under the laws of this State
exclusively to the preservation, repair, and improvement within their respective districts, to build and keep in • of said road, and to no other purpose whatever.
repair a good and sufficient stone culvert or paved val. •Sec. 6. That directors shall be set up at proper and ley, or other good and sufficient fixture, in such man. .convenient situations, to caution all conductors or drivers 'ner as to admit of a free passage for the water along the
of carriages on the road aforesaid, that they shall at all • side drain or drains of said national road at the connec. "times pass on the left of each other, under the penalty tion or intersection aforesaid, and according to the grade
of five dollars for every offence : and there shall also be thereof, as established by the United States' Superin. •set up at some conspicuous place at each gate, a board, 'tendent of said national road.
Sec. 13. That, for the purpose of carrying into effect Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That from and after the provisions of this act, the Governor is hereby autho- the first day of April next, the same and no higher ton. .rized to draw on the State Treasury for any sum of mo. nage duties and custom-house charges of any kind shali .ney not exceeding two thousand dollars, to be paid out be levied and collected on any Britisli colonial raft, flat,
of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropri- boat, or vessel, entering otherwise than by sea, at any .ated: Provided, Said sum shall be refunded to the State port of the United States on t4e rivers and lakes on our • Treasury out of the proceeds of the road fund created Northern, North-eastern, and North-western frontiers,
by the provisions of this act, so soon as the same shall than may be levied and collected on any raft, flat, boat, • be collected.
or vessel, entering otherwise than by sea, at any of the 'Sec. 14. That all fines, penalties, and forfeitures in- ports of the British possessions on our Northern, North.curred under the provisions of this act, shall he recover-eastern, and North-western frontiers ; and that, from and .ed by indictment in the court of common pleas of the after the first day of April next, no higher discriminating
county where the offence was committed, or by action duty shall be levied or collected on merchandise import• of debt, in the name of the State of Ohio, for the use of ed into the United States, in the ports aforesaid, and . the road-fund established by this act, which action of otherwise than by sea, than may be levied and collected • debt may be brought Before any justice of the peace, on merchandise when imported in like manner, other
or other court having jurisdiction thereof, in the county wise than by sea, into the British possessions on our . where the offence was committed, or such fine, penal. Northern. North-eastern, and North-western frontiers • ty, or forfeiture was incurred ; and it shall be the duty from the United States.
of the superintendent, toll-gatherers, and of any other Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That from and after person who will complain of the same, to prosecute all the passage of this act, any boat, sloop, or other vessel of offences against the provisions of this act.
the United States, navigating the waters on our North"Sec. 15. That it shall be lawful for the General Assern, North-eastern, and North-western frontiers, other. • sembly, at any future session thereof, without the con- wise than by sea, shall be enrolled and licensed in such
sent of Congress, to change, alter, or amend this act : form as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the TreaProvided, That the same shall not be so changed, alter sury; which enrollment and license shall authorize any .ed, or amended, as to reduce or increase the rates of such boat, sloop, or other vessel, to be employed either loll hereby established, below or above a sum necessá- in the coasting or foreign trade ; and no certificate of re
ry to defray the expenses incident to the preservation gistry shall be required for vessels so employed on said • and repair of said road, to the erection of gates and frontiers : Provided, That such boat, sloop, or vessel, • toll-houses thereon, and for the payment of the fees or shall be, in every other respect, liable to the rules, • salaries of the superintendent, the collectors of tolls, regulations, and penalties, now in force, relating to re
and of such other agents as may be necessarily employ gistered vessels on our Northern, North-eastern, and • ed in the preservation and repair of the same, accord-North-western frontiers. •ing to the true intent and meaning of this act.
Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That in lieu of the Seç. 16. That any person or persons shall have the fees, emoluments, salary, and commissions, now allowed privilege of paying at either of the sail gates, at the by law to any collector ur surveyor of any district on our • rates specified in this act, the amount of toll for any Northern, North-eastern, and North western lakes and • distance which such person or persons may desire to rivers, each collector or surveyor, as aforesaid, shall re• travel on said road, and receive a certificate thereof ceive annually, in full compensation for these services, • from the collector of tolls at such gate, which certifio an amount equal to the entire compensation received by
cate shall be a sufficient voucher to procure the passage such officer during the past year. • of such person or persons through any other gate or Approved : March 2, 1831. • gates named in said certificate : Provided, That printed • forms of such certificates shall be furnished by the su• perintendent to be appointed under the provisions of AN ACT declaratory of the law concerning Contempts
of Court. • this act to each collector of tolls, and shall be counter
signed by such superintendent, and otherwise so devi. Be it enacted, &c. That the power of the several courts . sed as to prevent fraud or imposition; and no certifio of the United States to issue attachments ånd inflict sum. • cate shall be considered as valid under this section, un- mary punishments for contempts of court, shall not be • less such certificate shall be authenticated as aforesaid. copstrued to extend to any cases except the misbeha.
• Sec. 17. That the act entitled "An act for the previour of any person or persons in the presence of the • vention of injuries to the National Road in Ohio," passo said courts, or so near thereto as to obstruct the adminis•ed February eleventh, eighteen hundred and twenty- tration of justice, the misbehaviour of any of the officers • eight, be, and the same is hereby repealed ; Provided, of the said courts in their official transactions, and the • however, That allfactions and prosecutions which may disobedience or resistance by any officer of the said
now be pending shall be prosecuted to final judgment courts, party, juror, witness, or any other person or • and execution, and all offences committed before the persons, to any lawful writ, process, order, rule, decree, • taking effect of this act, shall be prosecuted and pun- or command of the said courts. • ished in the same manner as if the above mentioned act Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That if any person was not repealed.'
or persons shall, corruptly, or by threats or force, en. Approved : March 2, 1831.
deavor to influence, intimidate, or impede any juror,
witness, Tofficer, in any court of the United Siates, in AN ACT to regulate the Foreign and Coasting Trade on the discharge of his duty, or shall, corruptly, or by threats
the Northern, North-eastern, and North-western fron or force, otstruct or impede, or endeavor to obstruct or Liers of the United States, and for other purposes.
impede, the due administration of justice therein, every
person or persons so offending, shall be liable to proseBe it enacted, &c. That, from and after the first day of cution therefor by indictment, and shall, on conviction April next, no custom-house fees shall be levied or col. thereof, be punished by fine, not exceeding five hun. lected on any raft, flat, boat, or vessel of the United dred dollars, or by imprisunment not exceeding three States, entering otherwise than by sea, at any port of months, or both, according to the nature and aggravathe United States on the rivers and lakes on our North- tion of the offence. ern, North-eastern, and North-western frontiers.
Approved : March 2, 1831.
VOL. VII.-E
and receive for passing the said gates the tolls and rates on which shall be legibly painted the rates of toll, as is " hereafter mentioned ; and they may stop any person provided for in this act. • riding, leading, or driving any horses, cattle, sulky, 'Sec. 7. That if any of the toll collectors shall 11• chair, phæton, cart, chaise, wagon, sleigli, sled, or other reasonably delay or hinder any passenger or traveller, at • carriage of burden or pleasure, from passing through any of the gates, or shall demand or receive more toll than
the said gates, until they shall respectively have paid is by this act established, he shall, for each and every • for passing the same, that is to say : for every space of such offence, forfeit and pay to the party aggrieved the twenty miles in length on said road, the following sums sum of ten dollars. of money, and so in proportion for every greater or les. .Sec. 8. That, if any person shall purposely or mali. • ser distance, to wit : For every score of sheep or hogs, 'ciously deface, or otherwise injure any of the mile
ten cents ; for every score of cattle, twenty cents; for stones, parapet walls, culverts, or bridges, or any of every led or drove horse, three cents; for every mule the masonry whatsoever, or any of the gates or toll or ass, led or driven, three cents; for every horse and houses of and belonging to the said national road in this rider, six and one fourth cents; for every sled or sleigh State, as the same is now constructed, or may hereafier • drawn by one horse or ox, twelve and one half cents ; be constructed, every person so offending shall, upon • for every horse or ox in addition, six and one fourth conviction thereof, be fined in a sum not more than five cents ; for every dearborn, sulky, chair, or chaise, with hundred dollars, or be imprisoned in the dungeon of the one horse, twelve and one half cents ; for every horse jail of the county, and be fed un bread and water only, in addition, six and one fourth cents ; for every chariot, not exceeding twenty days, or both, at the discretion of • coach, coachee, stage or phaton, with two horses, the court. • eighteen and three fourth cents; for every horse in • Sec. 9. That if any person shall purposely fill, • addition, six and one fourth cents; for every other car-choak, or otherwise obstruct any of the side drains, val. • riage of pleasure, under whatever name it may go, the lies, gutters, or culverts of said road, now made or here. • like sum, according to the number of wheels and horses after to be made, or shall connect any private road or
drawing the same ; for every, cart or wagon whose cartway with the said national road, without making at • wheels do not exceed the breadth of two and one balf the point of connexion a stone culvert, or paved valley, inches, twelve and one half cents; for each horse or ox or other good and sufficient fixture, so as to secure a drawing the same, six and one fourth cents ; for every
free passage for the water along such side drain, where • cart or wagon whose wheels shall exceed two and such private road or cart way connects with the said na. one half inches in breadth, and not exceeding four
'tional road, or if any person shall purposely or wilfully inches, six and one fourth cents; for every horse or travel upon such parts of said national road as are or may • ox drawing the same, three cents; and for every other be in an unfinished state, against the consent of the • cart or wagon whose wheels shall exceed four inches, Superintendent appointed by the United States, or by • and not exceeding five inches in breadth, four cents ;
• this State ; or shall remove any of the Beacons placed • for every horse or ox drawing the same two cents ; and
upon the said road so in an unfinished state as aforesaid, • all other wagons or carts whose wheels shall exceed-sis • inches in breadth, shall pass the said gates free and clear every person so offending shall, upon conviction there.
• for the diverting of the travel on and from said road, • of all tolls : Provided, 'ihat nothing in this act shall be
of, be, for every such offence, fined in a sum not less construed so as to authorize any toils to be received or
than one nor more than ten dollars. collected from any person passing to or from public worship, or to or from any musters, or to or from his
"Sec. 10. That if any person shall stand his wagon and common business on his farm or wood land, or to or 'team, or either of them, over night, upon the pavement • from a funeral, or to or from a mill, or to or from his
of said road, now made, or which may hereafter be common place of trading or marketing, within the
made, or shall at any other time stand a wagon and county in which he resides, including their wagons,
team, or either of them, upon the said pavement for the carriages, and horses or oxen drawing the same : Pro-l purpose of feeding, or if he shall in any other manner * vided, also, That no coll shall be received or collected 'purposely and wilfully obstruct the travel upon said • for the passage of any stage or coach conveying the
road, every person so offending sball, upon conviction • United States' mail, or horses bearing the same, or any, less than one nor more than five dollars.
thereof, for every such offence, be fined in a sum not wagon or carriage laden with the property of the United *States, or any cavalry or other troops, arms or military Sec. 11. That if any person shall fast lock or rough
stores belonging to the same, or to any of the State's Jock either of the wheels of any wagon, coach, chaise, • comprising this Union, or any person or persons on duty gig, sulkcy, carriage, or other iwo or four wheeled ve. • in the military service of the United States, or of the hicle, while travelling upon the pavement of said road, . militia of any of the States.
'as now made, or which may hereafler be made, (except. 'Sec. 5. That the moneys so collected shall constitute ing, however, such parts of said road, as may be, at the "a fund, to be denominated the United States' Road time of such locking, covered with ice,) erery person sa • Fund ; and so much thereof as may be paid into the Trea. offending shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined in any sury agreeably to the provisions above recited, shall be sum not less than one nor more than five dollars. subject to the order of the Governor, who shall pay out *Sec. 12. The supervisors of roads and highways of said fund the salary of the Superintendent, and the through whose districts the said national road does now, • expenses incident to the superintendence and collection, or may hereafter pass, are hereby severally authorized • other than those particularly provided for in this act, and and required, at the connection with, or intersection of, shall cause the remaining nett proceeds of the revenue any State, county, or township road, which now is, or • collected as abovementioned to be applied solely and hereafter may be established under the laws of this State exclusively to the preservation, repair, and improvement within their respective districts, to build and keep in of said road, and to no other purpose whatever. repair a good and sufficient stone culvert or paved val.
Sec. 6. That directors shall be set up at proper and ley, or other good and sufficient fixture, in such man. .convenient situations, to caution all conductors or drivers 'ner as to admit of a free passage for the water along the of carriages on the road aforesaid, that they shall at all side drain or drains of said national road at the connectimes pass on the left of each other, under the penalty tion or intersection aforesaid, and according to the graile • of five dollars for every offence : and there shall also be thereof, as established by the United States' Superin. set up at some conspicuous place at each gate, a board, 'tendent of said national road.
Laws of the United States.
[21st Cong. 2d Sess.
'Sec. 13. That, for the purpose of carrying into effect Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That from and after the provisions of this act, the Governor is hereby autho- the first day of April next, the same and no higher ton. • rized to draw on the State Treasury for any sum of mo- nage duties and custom-house charges of any kind shali «ney not exceeding two thousand dollars, to be paid out be levied and collected on any Britisli colonial raft, flat,
of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropri- boat, or vessel, entering otherwise than by sea, at any .ated: Provided, Said sum shall be refunded to the State port of the United States on the rivers and lakes on our • Treasury out of the proceeds of the road fund created Northern, North-eastern, and North-western frontiers, by the provisions of this act, so soon as the same shall than may be levied and collected on any raft, flat, boat, be collected.
or vessel, entering otherwise than by sea, at any of the • Sec. 14. That all fines, penalties, and forfeitures in ports of the British possessions on our Northern, Northcurred under the provisions of this act, shall he recover-eastern, and North-western frontiers ; and that, from and .ed by indictment in the court of common pleas of the after the first day of April next, no higher discriminating courty where the offence was committed, or by action duty shall be levied or collected on merchandise import
of debt, in the name of the State of Ohiu, for the use of ed into the United States, in the ports aforesaid,' and • the road-fund established by this act, which action of otherwise than by sea, than may be levied and collected • debt may be brought before any justice of the peace, on merchandise when imported in like manner, other• or other court having jurisdiction thereof, in the county wise than by sea, into the British possessions on our where the offence was committed, or such fine, penal. Northern. North-eastern, and North-western frontiers ty, or forfeiture was incurred ; and it shall be the duty from the United States. of the superintendent, toll-gatherers, and of any other Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That from and after person who will complain of the same, to prosecute all the passage of this act, any boat, sloop, or other vessel of offences against the provisions of this act.
the United States, navigating the waters on our North• Sec. 15. That it shall be lawful for the General As. ern, North-eastern, and North-western frontiers, other. . sembly, at any future session thereof, without the con- wise than by sea, shall be enrolled and licensed in such 6 sent of Congress, to change, alter, or amend this act : form as may be prescribed by the Secretary of the Trea• Provided, That the same shall not be so changed, alter-sury; which enrollment and license shall authorize any .ed, or amended, as to reduce or increase the rates of such boat, sloop, or other vessel, to be employed either • loll hereby established, below or above a sum necessá- in the coasting or foreign trade ; and no certificate of re
ry to defray the expenses incident to the preservation gistry shall be required for vessels so employed on said • and repair of said road, to the erection of gates and frontiers : Provided, That such boat, sloop, or vessel, • toll-houses thereon, and for the payment of the fees or shall be, in every other respect, liable to the rules, • salaries of the superintendent, the collectors of tolls, regulations, and penalties, now in force, relating to re6 and of such other agents as may be necessarily employ- gistered vessels on our Northern, North-eastern, and •ed in the preservation and repair of the same, accord. North-western frontiers. •ing to the true intent and meaning of this act.
Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That in lieu of the Seç. 16. That any person or persons shall have the fees, emoluments, salary, and commissions, now allowed *privilege of paying at either of the sail gates, at the by law to any collector ur surveyor of any district on our • rates specified in this act, the amount of toll for any Northern, North-eastern, and North western lakes and • distance which such person or persons may desire to rivers, each collector or surveyor, as aforesaid, shall re• travel on said road, and receive a certificate thereof ceive annually, in full compensation for these services, • from the collector of tolls at such gate, which certifi- an amount equal to the entire compensation received by
cate shall be a sufficient voucher to procure the passage such officer during the past year. • of such person or persons through any other gate or Approved : March 2, 1831.
gates named in said certificate : Provided, That printed forms of such certificates shall be furnished by the superintendent to be appointed under the provisions of AN ACT declaratory of the law concerning Contempts
of Court. • this act to each collector of tolls, and shall be counter• signed by such superintendent, and otherwise so devi. Be it enacted, &c. That the power of the several courts . sed as to prevent fraud or imposition ; and no certific of the United States to issue attachments and inflict sum.
cate shall be considered as valid under this section, un- mary punishments for contempts of court, shall not be less such certificate shall be authenticated as aforesaid. copstrued to extend to any cases except the misbeha.
* Sec. 17. That the act entitled "An act for the previour of any person or persons in the presence of the * vention of injuries to the National Road in Ohio," pass- said courts, or so near thereto as to obstruct the adminis.ed February eleventh, eighteen hundred and twenty tration of justice, the misbehaviour of any of the officers • eight, be, and the same is hereby repealed ; Provided, of the said courts in their official transactions, and the • however, That allfactions and prosecutions which may disobedience or resistance by any officer of the said • now be pending shall be prosecuted to final judgment courts, party, juror, witness, or any other person or • and execution, and all offences committed before the persons, to any lawful writ, process, order, rule, decree, • taking effect of this act, shall be prosecuted and punor command of the said courts. • ished in the same manner as if the above mentioned act Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That if any person was not repealed.'
witness, Pofficer, in any court of the United Siates, in AN ACT to regulate the Foreign and Coasting Trade on the discharge of his duty, or shall, corruptly, or by threats
the Northern, North-eastern, and North-western fron or force, obstruct or impede, or endeavor to obstruct or tiers of the United States, and for other purposes.
person or persons so offending, shall be liable to proseBe it enacted, &c. That, from and after the first day of cution therefor by indictment, and shall, on conviction April next, no custom-house fees shall be levied or col: thereof, be punished by fine, not exceeding five hun. lected on any raft, flat, boat, or vessel of the United dred dollars, or by imprisunment not exceeding three States, entering otherwise than by sea, at any port of months, or both, according to the nature and aggrava. the United States on the rivers and lakes on our North- tion of the offence. ern, North-eastern, and North-western frontiers.
AN ACT for the relief of the legal representatives of Be it enacted, &c. That the District Court of the Uni
Peter Celestino Walker and John Peter Walker, de- ted States, for the Louisiana District, be authorized and ceased, and of Joseph Walker, of the State of Mis directed to order the proceeds of the said seizure now sissippi.
deposited, subject to the order of the said Court, to be Be il enacted, &c. That the legal representatives of paid over to the said Beverly Chew, and the legal rePeter Celestino Walker, deceased, be, and they are presentatives of the said William Emerson and Edwin hereby authorized to enter and locate on any of the pub. Lorraine, respectively. lic lands of the United States, in the State of Mississippi, Approved, March 3, 1831. which have been offered for sale at public sale, and are now subject to entry at private sale, the quantity of five AN ACT making appropriations for building light. hundred acres of land, in legal subdivisions, in lieu of the houses, light-boats, beacons, and monuments, and quantity of five hundred acres of land granted to the said placing buoys. Peter C. Walker, by the Spanish Government, by warrant Be it enacted, &c. 18at the following appropriations and order of survey, which has been sold by the United be, and the same are hereby, made, and directed to be States. And that the legal representatives of John Peter paid out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise apWalker, deceased, be, and they are hereby authorized to propriated, to enable the Secretary of the Treasury to enter and locate on any of the public lands of the United provide, by contract, for building light-houses, lightStates, in the State of Mississippi, which have been offer boats, beacons, and monuments, and placing buoys, to ed for sale, and are now subject to entry at private sale, wit: five hundred acres of land, in legal subdivisions, in lieu . State of Maine. Four thousand dollars for a lightof the quantity of five hundred acres, granted to the said house at the western entrance of Fox Island thorough. John Peter Walker, by the Spanish Government, by war- fare; rant and order of survey, which has been sold by the Six thousand dollars for a light-house at or near Cape United States.
Porpoise; Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That Joseph Walker Four thousand dolars for increasing the height of the be, and be hereby is authorized, to enter and locate on light-house on Boon Island; any of the public lands of the United States, in the State Four thousand dollars for a light-house at or near Marof Mississippi, which have been offered at public sale, shal's Point, in the town of St. George; and are now subject to entry at private sale, five hundred Six thousand dollars for re-building the light-house at acres of land, by legal subdivisions, in lieu of five hun- Whitehead; dred acres gra to the said Joseph Walker by the Six thousand dollars for re-building the light-bouse on Spanish Government, by warrant and order of survey, Franklin Island; which has been sold by the United States.
Five liundred and ten dollars for spindles and buoys in Approved : March 2, 1831.
Penobscot River.
Stale of Massachusetts. Five thousand dollars for AN ACT for the relief of William T. Carroll, Clerk of building a light-house on the monument at Gloucester the Supreme Court of the United States.
Point; Be it enacted, &c. That the sum of two thousand dol One thousand dollars for erecting a monument on or lars be appropriated, to be paid by the Secretary of the near Cohasset Rocks; Treasury, out of any money in the Treasury not other Two hundred and fifty dollars in addition to an unexo wise appropriated, to compensate William T. Carroll, pended balance of a former appropriation, for erecting a Clerk of the Supreme Court, for engrossing the minutes spindie-beacon on Minot's Ledge, and placing a buoy on of the said Court, from August term, eigliteen hundred Hospital Island Ledge, near George's Island; and twenty, to August term, eighteen hundred and Twelve hundred dollars for erecting a monument upon twenty-six; for transcribing the causes decided in said a ledge of rocks situated at the outer part of the harber Court for thirty-one terms, entering under each cause all of Swampscut; motions, orders, continuances, judgments, decrees, and One thousand dollars for two monuments, one on Sun. other proceedings ; and also, for arranging and labelling ken Island, and the other on Pig Rocks, in Braintree the documents of the said Court ; all which services not Bay; pertaining to the regular official duties of the said Car. Five hundred dollars for placing ten buoys in the nor. roll, were performed in obedience to an order of the thern channel through the Vineyard Sound, at the fol. Court, made at January term, eighteen hundred and lowing places: one on Point Rips; one on the Shovel twenty-seven.
Shoals, near Monomoy Point; three on the HandkerApproved : March 3, 1831.
chief, northeast, southeast, and south west parts ; one on
a rock near Hyannis Harbor, in the channel; and two on AN ACT for the relief of Beverly Chew, the heirs of the Broad Shoal to the eastward of Falmouth east, and
William Emerson, deceased, and the heirs of Edwin west parts ;
Lorraine, deceased.
Five thousand dollars for rebuilding a light-house on WHEREAB, the brig Joseph Secunda was condemned in Cape Cod, should it be deemed expedient by the Secre
the name of the United States, in the District Court of tary of the Treasury; the United States for the Louisiana District, in the Four hundred dollars for placing six buoys on ledges year one thousand eight hundred and eighteen, on the and rocks at a place called Wood's Hole, near Falmouth; seizure and prosecution, and at the sole expense of and a spindle on Lone Rock, near that place. Beverly Chew, Collector of the District of Mississippi, State of Rhode Island. For a beacon-light at or near William Emerson, deceased, surveyor, and Edwin the entrance of the harbor of Wickford, in the town of Lorraine, deceased, naval officer of the port of New- North Kingston, three thousand dollars. Orleans, for an infraction of the slave laws : And Fifty dollars for a spindle on the Halfway Rock beWHEREAS, the one half of the proceeds of the said brig tween the islands of Rhode Island and Connecticut. and her cargo are now deposited, subject to the order State of Connecticut-Five thousand dollars for buildof the said Court, which half would have been payable ing a light-house at or near Morgan's Point, on the north to the said Beverly Chew, William Emerson, and side of Fisher's Island Sound, in the township of Groton. William Lorraine, but for an omission in the laws here. Four hundred dollars for a spindle to be erected on tofure passed on that subject : Therefore,
the Whale Rock, at the entrance of Mystic River, and


text:
Service confirm

    <m-button @click="onAlertService()">Trigger a confirm dialog with the $dialog service</m-button>

Service alert

    <m-button @click="onConfirmService()">Trigger a alert dialog with the $dialog service</m-button>

Service custom dialog

    <m-button @click="onCustomConfirmService()">Trigger a custom dialog with the $dialog service</m-button>

    <m-dialog title="Dialog State #3"
              state="confirmation"
              ref="customDialog">
        Lorem ipsum dolor, sit amet consectetur adipisicing elit. Officiis, delectus, quisquam nobis recusandae, vel
        doloribus iure sapiente debitis nisi pariatur impedit asperiores magni rerum ratione qui voluptatum dolorum vero
        id!
    </m-dialog>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


While I have been MIA on the blog front, real life has been rather busy for me in Brooklyn.
The ongoing book tour will take me from New York to Seattle in early August, where I will be hosting a one-time only brunch with Cannelle et Vanille's Aran Goyoaga at her Seattle studio. The brunch is on the 12th August and I will be cooking salads from Neighborhood to share in an intimate, family-style dining setting. If you are in Seattle, I'd love to meet you - there are just a few tickets left - purchase them here.
With Summer in full swing over here, I'm swooning for all things eggplant right now. It all started a month or so ago when I scoffed an intensely delicious plate of pasta alla norma at a local Italian restaurant. Since then, I have been obsessed with these plump, shiny skinned nightshades. Lately I've been making the smoky baba ghanoush from Community, and the smashed eggplant and caponata from Neighbo(u)rhood. I've also devised this new eggplant recipe, which is a light dish for warm nights. It features barbecued eggplant, smothered in golden turmeric yoghurt and pomegranates, served with brown rice (or your fave grain). A vibrantly hued, simple-to-prepare bowl for easy veggie weeknight dinners.
To make the turmeric yoghurt, combine the yoghurt and water and mix until smooth. You are looking for the consistency of thick cream – if it is too thick, slowly add more water, a teaspoon at a time. Add the maple, tahini, olive oil and turmeric, and stir to combine. Season with sea salt and black pepper.
Slice the eggplant into 1cm thick slices and coat in the olive oil. Heat up the barbecue (or a griddle pan on the stovetop), and char-grill the eggplant for 2-3 minutes on each side until soft and cooked through. Sprinkle over sea salt and set aside to cool slightly.
In a large bowl, add a big spoonful (or two) of brown rice, toss in a handful of rocket and spinach, a scatter of mint leaves and top with a few slices of eggplant. Spoon over some turmeric yogurt, and scatter over the feta, sesame seeds and pomegranate seeds. Serve immediately.


Arista's KVM Extender transmits ultra-high-definition AV, Ethernet pass through, RS-232, IR controls, USB and power over a single category cable (up to 100 m/330 ft). Arista's KVM Extender eliminates cable clutter without compromising performance and high quality. Extenders are able to transmit video signals up to 4K/UHD @ 60Hz with embedded multi-channel audio and remote 48V power for the receiver. All units are HDCP 2.2 compliant and supports EDID communication. The product provides integrator-friendly features including: IEEE standards-based PoE transmission for safety and compatibility; HDCP 2.2 compliant for meeting the latest copy protection requirements.
• Extension of audio, video, IR control, Ethernet, and power with single CATx cable.
• Supports 4K (UHD) video with resolutions up to 3840 x 2160.
• Line powered, only one PSU is required for transmitter.
• Extends uncompressed video, audio, data, and IR signals up to 100 m.
• 10.2 Gbps of bandwidth on all channels.
• Also supports 3D and Deep Color resolutions.
• HDCP compliant and Blu-ray ready.
Arista's KVM Extenders product family includes: ARD-1007A, ARD- 5816TX, ARD-1006RX-B,and ARD-1008RX. These are designed for HDMI transmission up to 330 feet (100 meters) over category cable with Ethernet pass through, RS- 232, USB and IR control, plus Power over Ethernet. The product transmits video signals up to 4K/UHD @ 60Hz with embedded multi-channel audio and remote 48V power for the receiver. Additionally, the product extends Ethernet, RS- 232, USB and IR control. The product is HDCP 2.2 compliant and supports EDID communication. The product provides integrator-friendly features including: IEEE standard based PoE transmission for safety and compatibility; HDCP 2.2 compliant for meeting the latest copy protection requirements.
For more detailed information visit the product here, for any questions contact our sales team at 1.877.827.4782.
The Arista ARD-1008RX is a single cable in-wall 2 gang Decora style wall plate integrates technology to receive uncompressed 1080p HD video @60Hz and HD multi-channel audio, high speed internet and control options over distances up to 100m (328ft) via Cat5e/6 UTP cable. In-wall installation avoid visible wiring and does not require additional control and video cables on installation. The ARD-1008RX allow HDMI transmission up to 330 feet (100 meters) over category cable with Ethernet pass through, RS-232, USB, IR control. The ARD-1008RX wall plate can be powered from the rear panel, or by Power over Ethernet (PoE) remotely from the transmitter.
• Save time and effort in installation by leveraging cost effective twisted pair cable.
• Can be used with any Arista matrix switcher and transmitter.
The ARD-5816 Extender Cluster is a 4U rackmount, 16-slot enclosure; ARD-5816 streamlines installation and eliminates individual power supplies for each transmitter and receiver. ARD-5816 supports a wide range of AV transmitter boards and each extender delivers pixel-for pixel image quality for 4K ultra high resolution video. The ARD-5816 simplifies integration for large and complex professional AV system installation.
Video wall systems-how to choose the right one?


I sit in public with a 1917 Corona typewriter and a sign that reads, "Poems about anyone or anything". People come and make their request and I compose a poem for them. I then sign and take a photo of the poem and the poemee keeps the hard copy in exchange for a donation. I call this process of writing "Poeming", and have poemed well over 3,500 poems over the past twelve years. The title of each poem reflects the subject requested.
One could say, "I had an amazing time."


text:
HELEN EMILY DAVY
Helen Emily Davy (b. 1996)
I am currently studying for a Masters in Art and Science at the Universität für angewandte Kunst, Vienna, and am a graduate of the Fine Art Painting & Printmaking programme at the Glasgow School of Art.
I work in various media including, but not limited to, installation, printmaking, collage, stained glass, embroidery, and text. I often use archival evidence in order to examine how the body is seen and understood as well as power dynamics that surround it, and raise wider questions surrounding ideas of knowledge and perspective and subjectivity. My subjects have previously included Anatomical Venuses, early photography of hysteric patients, and my current research is focusing on nineteenth century and Fin de Siècle magic shows and early cinematographic special effects.
Vienna / Manchester
Exploring the Nude: Contemporary British Artists consider the Human Form, the Royal Glasgow Institute, Glasgow (upcoming, postponed due to COVID-19)
November 2020, Schieben und Geschoben Werden/ Push and be Pushed, Vienna Art Week (screening)
June 2020, die Angewandte Festival, Vienna
Small Things That Hold (performance and installation)
Fuzzy Speculations on Neighbourhood (participant)
February 2020, Allsorts Artists Film Festival, the Royal Glasgow Institute, Glasgow (screening)
February 2020, Posthuman, Anatolia Schnitzel, Vienna
October 2019, Laundry Service, ArtScience, die Angewandte, Vienna
May 2019, Creative Reactions (as part of Pint of Science festival), The Unexpected Artist, St Enoch Centre, Glasgow
November 2018, Playzone, the Corn Exchange, Edinburgh
June 2018, The Glasgow School of Art Degree Show, Glasgow
April 2017, Series 3, the Glue Factory, Glasgow
December 2016, Intersections, the Old Hairdressers, Glasgow
June 2016, 25% Extra, Lauriestion Arches, Glasgow
June 2016, Girls On Top, the Old Hairdressers, Glasgow
May 2016, Let's Limbo, SWG3, Glasgow
May 2016, PAT TESTED, the Glasgow School of Art, Glasgow
May 2015, Summer Show, City and Guilds of London Art School
helenemilydavy@gmail.com
Guest on Radiokolleg - Tarot with Julia Grillmayr, November 2021
Interview with the Museum of British Folklore (Parts 1, 2, and 3), August 2021
Resident at 'Together, Separately' virtual residency, Cel Del Nord, April 2021
Organiser of Feminist Concerns in Art and Science, discussion group for International Women's Day, Art and Science at die Angewandte, March 2021
Organiser of The Artist as Frankenstein, guest lecture by Elliott Mickleburgh, Art and Science at die Angewante, December 2020
Resident at 'Supernatural Women' virtual residency, Cel Del Nord, November 2020
Organiser and Chair of The Table That Doesn't Belong To Us, research presentation by Katharina Mayrhofer, Art and Science at die Angewante, November 2020
Participant in 'Film Workshop FUŽINE- VIENNA', a series of executed and planned research, development, and shooting workshops interrupted by COVID-19. Films were instead made in altered circumstances at artist's homes in Vienna and screened at the Angewandte Festival. Project run as part of of the 27 Neighbourhoods strand of European City of Culture Rijeka 2020.
Participant in 'the Elsewhere school' and 'the school for multispecies conviviality', ongoing projects based between Vienna, Austria and Fužine, Croatia examining how communities live with science and/or politics; nature and/or culture; facts and/or values. Project run as part of of the 27 Neighbourhoods strand of European City of Culture Rijeka 2020.
Collaborative project with paediatrician Dr Christopher Moxon, specialist in cerebral malaria, exhibited at the Pint of Science festival and supported by the Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, summer 2019.
Archive assistant and researcher for the Graphic Impact: Our Lives in Print project at the Glasgow Print Studios, Autumn 2018.
Facilitator of art workshops to diverse participants, including a practical session on radical embroidery in collaboration with Uncovered Artistry, a charity supporting creative output of survivors of domestic abuse, December 2017.


Bisora Xomoi Ghuri Nahe Mon mathu Ura Mare (childhood love video) song..
[05:14] Bisora Xomoi Ghuri Nahe Mon mathu Ura Mare (childhood love video) song..
বিছৰা সময় ঘূৰি নাহে । Bisora homoy ghuri nahe.
[00:36] বিছৰা সময় ঘূৰি নাহে । Bisora homoy ghuri nahe.
[04:26] GHORMUA POKHI | NILOTPAL BORA | ASSAMESE SONG.


Porcelain is a CG journey through a series of different environments and places. Some inspired by real locations, others imaginary. They are connected through the emergence of bubonic porcelain spheres, surrealistic objects made by ceramic materials and fading dreams. Most of them are shattered and forever gone, but occasionally some of them might just bloom in the end.


This article originally appeared in the February-March issue of Eternal Perspectives, EPM's quarterly newsletter.
I couldn't sleep the night of January 4, 1993, so I turned on the coverage of the execution of Westley Allen Dodd. He was the man who tortured, raped and murdered three young boys in Vancouver, Washington, about twenty minutes from where I live. Dodd was scheduled to be hung shortly after midnight. Earlier that evening our family had prayed together. Both our daughters had asked God to intervene, praying that Dodd would repent and place his faith in Christ. I agreed with their prayer because I knew I should.
But something in me resisted. What Dodd did was so unspeakably horrible that I was sickened by it, and my heart was broken for those boys and their families. If any man ever deserved to go to Hell, it was this one.
The midnight scene on television was amazing. The prison in Walla Walla, Washington, was covered with people taking opposite positions on the death penalty. Media people from all over the country crowded round to cover the first hanging in three decades. When the twelve media people who were firsthand witnesses to the execution finally emerged thirty minutes after Dodd was dead, they recounted their sobering experience.
You could feel the tension in the air when one of them said that Dodd's last words included the statement, "I had thought there was no hope and no peace. I was wrong. I have found hope and peace in the Lord Jesus Christ." Moments after he said this, the platform was dropped and Dodd went to another world.
The question was and is, which other world?
A few family members of the young victims, and some in the media, expressed their utter disgust at Dodd's supposed conversion. That was understandable. After all, it didn't change what he'd done. It didn't bring back their children. How dare someone who has done anything so terrible say he has found hope and peace in Jesus? Did he really think God would let him into Heaven after what he had done? Shut up and go to Hell, child killer—you won't get off so easy! Never had grace seemed such an offensive concept.
Two days later I bumped into a good friend who is also an elder at my church. He started right out by asking me a question that had obviously been rolling through his mind—"So, is Westley Allen Dodd in Heaven?" Both of us had the same emotions, and both had come to the same conclusion—the only conclusion the Bible allows us.
No sin is bigger than the Savior. Jesus died for Dodd's sins, as much as he did for mine. The offer of salvation extended to you and me was also extended to Dodd.
In thinking about Dodd my mind went back to a disturbing book I read several years ago. It was called The Nazi Doctors: The Psychology of Genocide, by Robert Jay Lifton. In the seventies, Lifton devoted years to interviewing many of the Nazi doctors and their victims. Here were men who tortured and murdered women and children with apparent ease and sometimes delight. Lifton was determined to find out what made these monsters tick. What he discovered was something much more frightening than he ever anticipated. He discovered that these were "normal" people who had good friends, loved their families and thought of themselves as decent people. What curdled Lifton's blood was to find that these monsters were ordinary people, much more like than unlike himself.
You and I take great comfort in thinking we are not like Stalin or Hitler or Dodd. They were beasts, animals, demons. Not like us. You and I are basically pretty good people, right? Oh, we may accept the label of "sinners" but we're "good sinners" like Mother Theresa, not "bad sinners" like Benito Musolini. We sin like a well -meaning child who makes mistakes, whereas they sin like evil monsters. They killed innocent people—I would never do such a thing! It's one thing for Christ to offer salvation to people like us—but surely not to them. We'd like to think we're different in kind than such men. But the truth is, while our sins may be different in degree, they are the same in kind.
Unless we come to grips with the fact that we are of the exact same stock—fallen humanity—as Dodd and Bundy and Hitler, we will never understand and appreciate the grace of our Lord Jesus.
The book of Romans makes this clear. "There is no one righteous, not even one . . . all have turned away . . . their feet are swift to shed blood; ruin and misery mark their ways, and the way of peace they do not know" (Rom. 3:10 18). "All have sinned and come short of the glory of God" (3:23). We are under God's wrath (5:9) and are by nature God's enemies (5:10). Sin and death is our stock in trade (5:12).
But when the picture is at its blackest, the light of the gospel shines through—"But where sin increased, grace increased all the more, so that, just as sin reigned in death, so also grace might reign through righteousness to bring eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord" (5:20 21).
Paul said, "here is a trustworthy statement that deserves full acceptance: Christ Jesus came into the world to save sinners—of whom I am the worst" (1 Timothy 1:15). The call to "full acceptance" implies that we will find it hard to believe. Especially when it comes to sinners like Dodd and serial killer Ted Bundy (who also made a profession of faith on death row).
"But Dodd doesn't deserve to be saved." Of course he doesn't! Neither do I. Neither do you. (We'd like to take at least a little credit for our salvation, wouldn't we?) If we deserved the grace of God, we wouldn't need it in the first place. And if we deserved his grace more than Dodd, then we would get partial credit for being in Heaven. God insists that he gets full credit. We get none.
"But I want justice—Dodd ought to get what's coming to him." Dodd deserves Hell. So do I. So do you. Justice alone would send Dodd to Hell. And me. And you. Be thankful that you're not getting what you deserve.
Grace is that the punishment for our sins went on the Sinless one. Dodd's sins. My sins. Your sins. It's unsettling to realize how much we have in common with Westley Allen Dodd. Everything within me rebels against the thought, because I want to be above such horrible men, I want to be in a category of "less than perfect, yes, but not like them." But I am like them, and that is what is really frightening. If God is not big enough to save Dodd and Bundy, then he's not big enough to save me.
Is Westley Allen Dodd in Heaven? I can't say, because I don't know his heart. I don't know whether those last words were just words, or whether those words truly reflected a repentant heart turning to the Savior. But I do know this—if they did reflect a turning to Christ, then the answer to the question is a certain and resounding "yes"—Westley Allen Dodd is in Heaven.
Those who understand the fundamental biblical truth that we are all from the same sinful stock as Ted Bundy and Westley Allen Dodd—and that the grace of God is infinitely bigger than any sin—will also understand it will be every bit as great a miracle for any of us to be in Heaven as it will be for them.
Let me tell you about a white man who made his way into black history. Imagine a slave ship captain, a cruel Englishman who acquired slaves from Africa and transported them in horrific slave ships to be sold like animals at auction.
How Can Some Good, Moral People not Accept Christ and Go to Hell, while Other Sinful People Convert and Go to Heaven?
A friend has asked me this question: How is it that someone who lives a good and moral life will go to Hell while another person who has lived a very sinful life, but repents at the last moment, will go to Heaven? Can you help me know how to explain the answer?


Honmaru Forum » Inne » International arena » Is Tekken 3 online legal?
Is Tekken 3 online legal?
Wysłany: 02-10-2008, 09:18 Is Tekken 3 online legal?
Is this and other Namco games on this site legal?
Legal when you bought the original game in a legal store, but you want to play online with peoples on Kaillera. The purpose of our online version is eliminate Out of Sync and other problems. It's something like backup (copy) which is necessary to play online.
Honmaru Forum » International arena » Is Tekken 3 online legal?


text:
Bands like Charlene
About Charlene
Looking for bands that sound like Charlene? You've come to the right place.
The band Charlene was founded in 1950. Before coming to fame, the band got it's start in Hollywood. Generally, music journalists would define Charlene's style within the genre/s of country music, and other rock music.
Bands that sound like Charlene:
Bucks Fizz is a British pop group that achieved success in the 1980s, most notably for winning the 1981 Eurovision Song Contest with the song "Making Your Mind Up". The group was formed in January 1981 specifically for the contest and comprised four vocalists... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like Bucks Fizz
Lea Michele Sarfati (; born August 29, 1986) is an American actress, singer, and author. She began her career as a child actress on Broadway, appearing in productions of Les Misérables (1995–1996), Ragtime (1997–1999), Fiddler on the Roof (2004–2005), and Spri... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like Lea Michele
Olivia Newton‐john
Dame Olivia Newton-John (born 26 September 1948) is a British-Australian singer, songwriter, actress, dancer, entrepreneur and activist. She is a four-time Grammy Award winner who has amassed five number-one and ten other top-ten Billboard Hot 100 singles, an... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like Olivia Newton‐john
Sheena Shirley Easton (née Orr; born 27 April 1959) is a Scottish singer and songwriter. She is a dual British-American citizen. Easton came into the public eye in an episode of the first British musical reality television programme The Big Time: Pop Singer, w... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like Sheena Easton
Bette Midler (; born December 1, 1945) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, comedian, and film producer. Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Midler began her professional career in several Off-Off-Broadway plays, prior to her engagements in Fiddler on the Roof an... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like Bette Midler
Five Star (also styled as 5 Star) are a British pop group, formed in 1983 and comprising siblings Stedman, Lorraine, Denise, Doris and Delroy Pearson. Between 1985 and 1988, Five Star had four Top 20 albums and 15 Top 40 singles in the UK, including the Top 10... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like Five Star
Daniel Grafton Hill IV (born 3 June 1954) is a Canadian pop singer and songwriter. He had two major international hits with his songs "Sometimes When We Touch" and "Can't We Try", a duet with Vonda Shepard, as well as a number of other charting singles in Cana... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like Dan Hill
The Pointer Sisters are an American R&B singing group from Oakland, California that achieved mainstream success during the 1970s and 1980s. Spanning over four decades, their repertoire has included such diverse genres as pop, disco, jazz, electronic music, beb... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like The Pointer Sisters
Yazz (born Yasmin Evans, 19 May 1960) is a British pop singer who remains best known for her 1988 UK number one single "The Only Way Is Up". Some of her records are credited to Yazz and The Plastic Population.... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like Yazz
Deborah Ann Gibson (born August 31, 1970) is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, and actress. Gibson released her debut album Out of the Blue in 1987, which spawned several international hits, later being certified triple Platinum by the RIAA. One ... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like Debbie Gibson
Taylor Dayne (born Leslie Wunderman; March 7, 1962) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. She rose to fame in 1987 after her debut single "Tell It to My Heart". Dayne achieved six additional U.S. top-10 singles, including "Love Will Lead You Back", "... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like Taylor Dayne
Exposé is an American Latin freestyle vocal group. Primarily consisting of lead vocalists Jeanette Jurado, Ann Curless, and Gioia Bruno, the group achieved much of their success between 1984 and 1993, becoming the first group to have four top ten hits on the B... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like Exposé
Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939) is an American-born Swiss singer, songwriter, dancer, and actress. Turner rose to prominence as part of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue before launching a successful career as a solo performer. Turner is noted... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like Tina Turner
Bananarama are an English female pop music vocal duo, originally formed as a trio in London in 1981 by friends Sara Dallin, Siobhan Fahey and Keren Woodward. Their success on both pop and dance charts saw them listed in the Guinness World Records for achieving... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like Bananarama
Barbara Joan "Barbra" Streisand (; born April 24, 1942) is an American singer, actress, and filmmaker. In a career spanning six decades, she has achieved success in multiple fields of entertainment and has been recognized with two Academy Awards, ten Grammy Aw... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like Barbra Streisand
Samantha Karen Fox (born 15 April 1966) is an English singer, songwriter, actress, and former glamour model. In 1983, at age 16, she began appearing as a topless model on Page 3 of British tabloid newspaper The Sun, and continued as a Page 3 girl until 1986. D... [wikipedia]
Find more bands like Samantha Fox


The tasks in assignments of this course were very unclear.
Unfortunately, I was disappointed with the content of the lessons/lectures - not enough information given, all too general, not concrete enough, therefor I had to learn most of the things on my own (in order to complete the homework).
Also, the instructions for the assignments were not clear enough in my opinion - no examples given for week 2 i 3.
I like the practical assignments a lot.
One of the best courses in this specialization! Personally I sometimes need to be pushed to understand that you can do it. With each assignment, you start realizing that everything is possible and you can quickly come up with ideas both for desktop, mobile, watch, and wall interfaces. Thanks, professor Scott Klemmer for this course and the specialization!
The course is good overall, though my rating is a bit generous. My main issue is the conflicting way that the basic instruction is written in all of the assignments. The assignments say to mock-up the homepage and one other screen, while the submission criteria and grading rubric say two distinct key screens for two common tasks, or two screens for one task. If you follow the assignment and mock-up the homepage and one other page, you're left describing tasks that you haven't shown. I'm done with the course and still not totally sure on the intent here. Perhaps this could be edited for future sessions.
I didn't feel like the content was that detailed - all seemed very high level/common sense.


Since the fires started on Tuesday, they have encompassed more than 4,500 acres of land, and about 15 percent of the fire is contained, according to the Texas A&M Fire Service. Nine homes were destroyed and 150 homes are threatened by the fires. The county is currently in a state of disaster.
At a press conference, Abbott said he was thankful for officials with state agencies and members of the community who are working to contain the damage and protect the citizens.
"Because of the challenges in containing this, shifting winds and weather conditions the way they are, we are adding more resources as we speak," Abbott said. "The Texas Military Operations are adding two more Black Hawk helicopters as well two Chinooks today to be sure they are able to respond more effectively."
While the press conference occurred, Bastrop County Judge Paul Pape said a helicopter was in the air with a GPS system tracking the perimeter of the fire but would not know until the afternoon how much acreage had burned.
Nim Kidd, chief of the Texas Division of Emergency Management, said the difference right now between the 2011 Bastrop fires, which affected 96 percent of the approximately 6,565-acre state park, to the ones being dealt with today are the wind levels.
In Bastrop and across the state of Texas, Kidd said it is likely these fires will need to be controlled for the next seven to 10 days. While it is important to have as many resources working to prevent the fires, Kidd said the timing of when resources arrive is important.
Pape said the area has dealt with fires before, but he appreciates the help and support the community receives.
"To have Gov. Abbott here today speaking in such genuine terms is a great comfort to the citizens of Bastrop County," Pape said.


No Virat Kohli, no problem for India. Even without their biggest name player, the defending Asia Cup champions wrapped up another title, as they beat Bangladesh by three wickets in Dubai.
The victory, played out in front of a packed house at a heaving Dubai International Stadium, was their seventh in the continent's top limited-overs competition.
Bangladesh, who have now lost three of the past four Asia Cup finals, had their hearts broken again, as a limping Kedar Jadhav and Kuldeep Yadav saw the Indians to the six they required off the last over of the tournament.
Bangladesh had been down to the bare bones by the end of this Asia Cup. Tamim Iqbal, their leading batsman, was ruled out after an injury suffered in the second over of the tournament.
Before the must-win final match of the Super Four stage, Shakib Al Hasan, their outstanding all-rounder, finally succumbed to the finger injury that he has been nursing for some while.
With all the absentees among the leading actors, they needed someone to step up from the fringes. Liton Das took it upon himself to be that guy.
Until this final, the 23-year-old opener had an average of just 14 in the 17 ODIs he had played to date. So no hint, therefore, that he was going to take this cup final by storm.
That is precisely what he did, though, as he helped himself to a classy century, meting out the sort of treatment India's front-line bowlers have not been used to in this tournament.
His response to reaching three figures was more sheepish and understated than might have been expected for some a feat on such an occasion, though.
It perhaps stemmed from the fact he had just been involved in the run out of Mohammed Mithun. Both Mithun and Liton finished at the same end as Ravindra Jadeja affected a typically brilliant run out at the other.
That was the fourth wicket to fall for the addition of just 19 runs, as Bangladesh's innings threatened to hit the buffers. The rot was terminal.
Liton and Mehidy Hasan put on 102 for the first wicket. Then 10 wickets then fell for the addition of just 102 combined.
Kuldeep took three wickets, but Bangladesh were undone more than anything by their dismal running between the wickets.
Where Mithun went first, Nazmul Islam and Soumyar Sarkar followed, as Bangladesh capitulated to 222 all out with nine balls unused. It should have been so much better for them.
Given the form India – and their openers in particular – have been in, most would have expected them to make easy work of the chase.
It was hardly a waltz, though, on a pitch that was wearing under the workload of a third match on the same strip.
Shikhar Dhawan suffered a rare failure, driving powerfully to mid-off off Nazmul Islam's left-arm spin. Ambati Rayudu followed soon after, edging behind off Mashrafe Mortaza.
Rohit Sharma, Dinesh Karthik and MS Dhoni all made starts, but all fell before getting the job done.
To further muddy the issue, Jadhav was incapacitated by a hamstring injury. It first made running between the wickets a lottery, then accounted for him altogether, as – prompted by the gesticulations of the dressing room – he opted to retire hurt instead.
Jadeja and Bhuvenshwar Kumar took the Indians close, only to each fall with the victory line in sight. Jadhav returned, though, and took the holders to the title in a thrilling finish.