text:
Aim: to show the effect of temperature on the action of protease on
Prediction: I predict that as the temperature of the enzyme increases,
so will the rate of reaction. However, I only predict this until a
certain temperature and beyond perhaps 60(optimum temperature) the
enzyme will stop working as well and both the enzyme and the substrate
will become slightly deformed.
As the temperature rises, molecules move much faster and as a result
have more energy. This means that they will be more likely to collide
so overall increasing the temperature will increase the chances of
successful collisions.
However with enzymes at the temperature of perhaps 70-75 degrees,
their protein structure will break down and their shape may become
slightly deformed. This means that they won't be able to fit into the
substrate anymore, slowing down the reaction and eventually stopping
Preliminary experiment
In order to familiarise myself with the experiment, I did some
preliminary work. I carried out the exact same experiment that I am
hoping to do for my final experiment. I measured up 10cm3 of protease
enzyme using a syringe (an accurate form of measurement) and placed it
in a test tube. I then placed this in a water bath of the required
temperature for 3 minutes before placing in the photographic film, to
bring it up to the necessary temperature. The stop watch was switched
on and the photographic film was then placed in the test tube,
attached to a splint and was taken every now and again to check if the
film had turned transparent. Once...
...fect of temperature of the action of a
different protease, say pepsin on a photographic film. This is
because; I could then compare the effect of a bacterial enzyme against
a human one.
I could also use a wider range of temperatures, to add detail and to
be able to draw a more accurate graph based on the results. In
addition I could investigate more temperature around the optimum
temperature, to find the exact temperature at which the enzyme is most
efficient.
In order to make the results more reliable I could also do more
repeats, or do repeats in separate test tubes, unlike the experiment
that I carried out. Both repeats were in the same test tube, which
means they could be classed as not repeats, however If I were to carry
out repeats in two different test tubes, I would get similar results
Essay on An Investigation Into a Reaction Catalysed by a Protease
- An Investigation Into a Reaction Catalysed by a Protease Aim. To investigate the effect of temperature and the effectiveness of this enzyme in breaking down the gelatine (protein) on the back of photographic film. Prediction I predict that the effect of the temperature will be that the higher the temperature the quicker the enzyme will break down the gelatine, but the temperature will have to be an optimum temperature because if it is too high, the enzyme will be denatured.... [tags: Papers]
Investigating Factors That Affect The Action of Pepsin on Photographic Film
- Investigating Factors That Affect The Action of Pepsin on Photographic Film Introduction ============ [IMAGE] This is an experiment to investigate the factors that affect the action of pepsin on photographic film. The photographic film is made up of three layers, plastic, photographic pigment and gelatine in between. See diagram: The protease enzyme digests the gelatine section, causing the other two layers to fall apart. Pepsin is a digestive enzyme found in the gastric juice of the stomach.... [tags: Papers]
Essay about The Effect Of Heat Transfer On Temperature
- 1.1 GENERAL BACKGROUND Heat transfer is by virtue thermal energy stored in temperature-dependent motion of particles. The exchange of kinetic energy of particles occurs through the boundary between two systems which are at different temperatures from each other or from their surroundings. Heat transfer constantly occurs from a region of high temperature to the region of lower temperature. Heat transfer changes the internal energy of both systems according to the Thermodynamics. The Second Law of Thermodynamics defines the concept of thermodynamic entropy.... [tags: Heat, Thermodynamics, Temperature, Heat transfer]
Essay on The Effect Of Temperature On The Survival Of Tigriopus Californicus
- Mark Armenta Megan Baker	Madeline Roach Rockie DeHerrera Effects of Temperature on the survival of Tigriopus californicus Megan Baker Madeline Roach Mark Armenta Rockie DeHerrera Effects of Temperature on the survival of Tigriopus californicus Introduction (Mark): Tigriopus Californicus is from an area where its environment is under a constant fluctuation of variables. The salinity and temperature of its environment are often changing on a daily basis. Because of this T.... [tags: Male, Female, Temperature, Celsius]
The Effect Of Temperature And Music On The Retention Rate Essay
- Discussion The test scores of the participants in the study did not vary enough to warrant a conclusion of the effects of temperature and music on the retention rates. There was a tendency for those in the warmer conditions to have a more positive attitude and, possibly because of this slightly improved mood, to score higher on the retention test (Appendix B Figures- 7&8). It is possible that because reading is commonly associated with warmth—cozy blanket, burning fireplace, hot chocolate, etc.—that participants preferred this environmental condition while reading a children's story.... [tags: Temperature, Cold, Thermodynamics, Heat]
The Effect Of Temperature And Microwave Radiation On Enzymes Essay
- The article talked about the effects that stresses, such as temperature and microwave radiation, have on enzymes, most importantly in the effect of denaturing enzymes. The purpose of the article was to examine if a certain type of charcoal, termed biochar, could stabilize soil enzymes after these had been under denaturing stress. Also, the biochar was used to determine if water concentrations could be maintained under the stresses already mentioned. The particular type of method that was used to determine how biochar would aid the enzymes was by placing soil in different vials with different concentrations of the biochar, ranging in concentrations of 0, 1, 5, and 10 percent.... [tags: Enzyme, Temperature, Microwave oven, Energy]
Measuring Temperature On Temperature And Temperature Essay
- Measuring temperature. In this essay, my chosen topic is measuring temperature. This includes what temperature is, the different methods of measuring temperature that can be used, how to do this and the advantages and disadvantages of all methods relating to set guidelines for example NICE guidelines and those of the Royal College of Nursing and National Health Service. Body temperature is the average core temperature of the human body which is usually around 37 degrees. According to Marieb and Hoehn, 2010, body temperature shows the balance between heat production and heat loss.... [tags: Temperature, Thermometer, Health care, Human body]
The Effect Of Temperature On The Metabolic Rate Of An Animal At Rest Under Normal Conditions
- SANA MARRYUM METABOLISM IN ECTOTHERMS AND ENDOTHERMS; EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE BIO 207 SECTION 4SV3 DECEMBER 7, 2014 LAB INSTRUCTOR YIJING SHAN MARRYUM 02 INTRODUCTION All living organisms require energy to perform their daily life activities. This energy is obtained in the form of ATP by a number of chemical reactions that results in breakdown or building up of different molecules. The sum of all the enzyme-catalyzed reactions inside the body is termed as metabolism. All these reactions are very important in maintaining the physiological functions of the body.... [tags: Metabolism, Energy, Temperature]
Essay about The Effect Of Three Variables, Air Temperature, And Water Flow Rate
- The purpose of this experiment is to compare the effects of three variables, air flow rate, air temperature, and water flow rate, on cooling ability of a slatted, counter-current cooling tower. Additionally, the three variables will be compared based on the closure of a water mass balance and energy balance of the cooling tower. In a slatted, counter-current cooling tower, warm water enters the top of the tower and flows down a series of slatted inserts inside of tower. An air source is introduced at the base of tower, which flows up the tower.... [tags: Temperature, Thermodynamics, Absolute zero]
IgA1 Protease Essay
- IgA1 protease has a unique structure and function, however, only little is known about it. It is independent with respect to its processing and maturation due its ability to self-cleavage at specific hinge-like sequences linking its domains (Pohlner et al, 1987). IgA1 proteases have high selectivity for the targeted bond in the hinge region of IgA1 antibody. Depending of the targeted bond, IgA1 proteases were divided into two types: IgA1 protease type 1 which cleaves the second Pro-Ser bond in the proline, serine and threonine rich sequence and IgA1 protease type 2 which cleaves the Pro-Threo bond in the first octapeptide (Bachovchin et al, 1990; Senior and Woff, 2005; Batten et al, 2003; Se... [tags: Biology]
India and Pakistan Dispute
Skills, Techniques, Progression and Tactics in Football


text:
Partecipò ai Giochi della II Olimpiade che si svolsero a Parigi nel 1900. Prese parte alla maratona parigina. Fu uno dei sei maratoneti che non riuscì a completare la corsa.

Collegamenti esterni

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Homelegance Vestavia 2-Piece Platform Bedroom Set in Gray - Homelegance Vestavia 2 Piece Platform Bedroom Set in Gray The contemporary styling of the Vestavia Collection provides a unique platform from which to redecorate your . 3325 lorna rd, vestavia hills, AL, 35216 (jefferson County) 17 ellison . , 19365 (chester County) po box 26 brownstown, PA, 17508 (lancaster County) 282 . Palace II White Wash Bonded Leather Sleigh Bedroom Set by Homelegance - Buying from Coleman Furniture is easy with affordable prices and free shipping to your home. Marceline Grey Panel Bedroom Set by Homelegance - Get it delivered free directly to your home with a great price from Coleman Furniture. 2840 five oaks ln, vestavia, AL, 35243 (jefferson County) 821 main . , 19365 (chester County) 7 quaker rd, parkesburg, PA, 19365 (chester County) 48 17th .


lavender and grape tones of hyacinth were accented by lime green orchid blooms in this spring bridal bouquet. a petite row of pearl pins accented the plum satin ribbon for that extra detail.
« VALENTINES DAY.. SORRY, WE CANNOT ACCEPT ANY MORE ORDERS AT THIS TIME.


Scientific Background :Initially shown to inhibit Sir2p (the yeast Sirt1 homolog) and create a conditional phenocopy of a sir2 deletion mutant in S. cerevisiae1. Cells grown in the presence of the drug have silencing defects at telomeres, silent mating-type loci and the ribosomal DNA1. Inhibits all class III HDACs (sirtuins) and alleviates gene silencing in Fragile X mental retardation syndrome2. Reverses ischemic preconditioning-induced cardioprotection in a mouse model3.


text:
Amy Sherman-Palladino, född 1966, är en amerikansk manusförfattare och TV-producent. Hon har skapat TV-serien Gilmore Girls.

Amerikanska manusförfattare
Amerikanska TV-producenter
Kvinnor
Födda 1966
Levande personer


The well-known German knifemaker Uli Hennicke impressed with this innovative yet sensational design. The archaic appearance, with its flintstone style handle and stonewash finish, combined with the state of the art materials makes it a work of art in its own right. What is remarkable is that the blade is completely recessed in the handle when closed, which is a technical rarity. Despite the unusual appearance of the Boker Flint, it remains a versatile and absolutely suitable jack knife for everyday use. While the handle is made of stainless steel maunted on titanium plates, the single bevel edge blade, with a stonewash finish, is made of N690BO steel by Böhler, which provides maximum cutting capability, and is locked with the sturdy liner lock mechanism. Includes pocket clip (tip down carry). Blade length: 3 7/8". Overall length: 8 3/4". Weight: 8.1 oz.


text:
Memorama is the second studio album released by Mexican rock band Allison. It was released on March 27, 2008, in Mexico, through Sony BMG.

Track listing

Personnel
All credits adapted from AllMusic.

Allison
Erik Canales - lead vocals, guitar
Abraham "Fear" Jarquín - guitar
Manuel "Manolín" Ávila - bass, backing vocals
Diego Stommel - drums
Production
Produced by Eduardo del Aguila
Additional production by Gabriel Castañón
Additional musicians
Güido Laris - vocal director, vocals
Ilan Rubin - drums on "Algo Que Decir"

Certifications

References

External links
 Memorama on Myspace (in Spanish)

2008 albums
Allison (band) albums


Commercial or residential landscaping and groundwork including fencing, land drainage, patios, dry stone walling, rockeries, bespoke garden structures, ponds and waterfalls.
We understand that your home doesn't just end at the bricks and mortar, with more and more people looking to develop their gardens and surrounding grounds. Whether you have a small garden or vast amounts of land we will work with you to create the outdoor living space that you've always wished for.


Hilarious encounters of this guy with celebrities look just convincing enough to be real.
Average Bob is a hilarious photoshop artist from Europe who describes himself as "mediocre dude from Begium" but has been spotted at red carpet events, picked up by the former President, been best friend's with Angelina and Brad and fallen asleep on David Beckham's shoulder.
Rob started photoshopping himself with celebrities in 2015 and his hilarious posts are the reason why he has 187,000 followers on his Instagram.
What started as a hobby because he was bored in class has turned into something he is recognized by now.
So without further ado, let's see some of his hilarious photos.
ALRIGHT PEOPLE!! THE WORD IS OUT!!! I AM KIMYE'S SURROGATE MOTHER.
Shoutout to all the third wheels out there. Stay awkward!
Justin, I can't feel my toes or nips anymore... Am I about to die?
Shoutout to all women having to live with us lazy men. We love you more than you think.
Pssst... Excuse me Mr. Trump... I think you forgot your bag of lies.
KATY!!! YOUR CHICKENS ARE EVIL! HOW IS THIS ONE EVEN FLYING?!? HELP!
What the hell did I sign up for again?!
Rihanna, I think we might have a little problem coming up your way.
If you hold the phone, I'll press the button.
Had a nice training "Andorra style" yesterday. Let's get it tonight!
It's safe to say, Donald Trump was blown away.
"Thou shall not stand behind Barack Obama while fishing."
Thanks for the ride Kanye. We had such a blast!


text:
MustGo About World Languages Language Families
What is a language family?
Most languages belong to language families. A language family is a group of related languages that developed from a common historic ancestor, referred to as protolanguage (proto– means 'early' in Greek). The ancestral language is usually not known directly, but it is possible to discover many of its features by applying the comparative method that can demonstrate the family status of many languages. Sometimes a protolanguage can be identified with a historically known language. Thus, provincial dialects of Vulgar Latin are known to have given rise to the modern Romance languages, so the *Proto-Romance language is more or less identical to Latin. Similarly, Old Norse was the ancestor of Norwegian, Swedish, Danish and Icelandic. Sanskrit was the protolanguage of many of the languages of the Indian subcontinent, such as Bengali, Hindi, Marathi, and Urdu. Further back in time, all these ancestral languages descended, in turn, from one common ancestor. We call this ancestor *Proto-Indo-European (PIE). Language families can be subdivided into smaller units called branches. For instance, the Indo-European family has several branches, among them, Germanic, Romance, and Slavic.
How do linguists establish relationships among languages?
Sometimes it is relatively easy to establish relationships among languages. Let us look at the Romance languages. We know that Italian is a descendant of Latin, a language that was spoken in Italy two thousand years ago, and one which left a great number of written documents. The Roman conquest helped spread Latin throughout Europe where it eventually developed into regional dialects. When the Roman Empire broke up, these regional dialects evolved into the modern Romance languages that we know today: French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, and others. These languages form the Romance branch of the Indo-European language family. By looking at the word for 'water' in three Romance languages, one can easily see the similarities among them.
Italian acqua
Spanish agua
Portuguese agua
What if the ancestral language left no records?
The case with Romance languages is unusually easy because their common ancestor — Latin — left many written documents. In most cases, however, the ancestral language was not written. As a result, linguists look at similarities among its modern descendants to establish common origins. Take a look at these examples:
It is clear that the word for 'water' looks very similar within each group, but not quite as similar across groups. Languages in the first group belong to the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family. Languages in the second group belong to the Slavic branch. Although there are no written records of the ancestral *Proto-Germanic or *Proto-Slavic languages, we have to assume that these two ancestral languages must have existed at some time, just like Latin did.
Where do these mystery languages belong?
Here is the word for 'water' in two more languages. Do you think these languages belong to any of the branches above?
Latvian udens
Albanian uje
Basque ur
As it turns out, Latvian belongs to the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family, Albanian has no close relatives and does not belong to any of the branches of the Indo-European language family, and Basque does not belong to any language family at all. In fact, it is a language isolate, i.e., a language that cannot be reliably assigned to any established language family.
Read "Exploratorium Magazine Lecture on the Evolution of Language"
What if there are no records, and we know little about the languages?
In many parts of the world, there are no written records, and we don't know enough about the languages themselves. Consequently, we have to resort to grouping languages on the basis of geography. This is the case with many of the aboriginal languages of Australia, the native Indian languages of the Americas, the tribal languages of Africa, and countless other languages all over the world.
How many language families are there?
According to Ethnologue (16th edition), there are 147 language families in the world. This figure may not be precise because of our limited knowledge about many of the languages spoken in the most linguistically diverse areas of the world such as Africa. The actual number of families, once these languages are studied and relationships among them are established, will undoubtedly keep changing.
World's largest language families
The largest language families (those with over 25 languages) are listed below (Ethnologue). There are 6,523 languages in this group, and together they account for close to 95 percent of all world languages (assuming that there are some 6,900 languages in the world). The remaining families account for only 5 percent of the world languages. In addition, there are 53 languages considered unclassified.
Where the languages are spoken
Niger-Congo
Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Austronesian
Brunei, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, East Timor, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Indonesia, Kiribati, Madagascar, Malaysia, Marshall Islands, Mayotte, Micronesia, Myanmar, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Suriname, Taiwan, Thailand, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, USA, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Wallis and Futuna
Trans New Guinea
Australia, East Timor, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea
Sino-Tibetan
Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand, Viet Nam
Indo-European
Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Fiji, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Maldives, Nepal, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, USA, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Venezuela
Afro-Asiatic
Afghanistan, Algeria, Bahrain, Cameroon, Chad, Cyprus, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tanzania, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen
Algeria, Benin, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, South Sudan, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda
Oto-Manguean
Austro/worldlanguages/-Asiatic
Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda
Tai-Kadai
China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Viet Nam
Dravidian
India, Nepal, Pakistan
Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Cameroon, Cape Verde Islands, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Congo, Curacao, Democratic Republic of the Congo, East Timor, Equatorial Guinea, French Guiana, Ghana, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Macao, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia, New Caledonia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norfolk Island, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Réunion, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, São Tomé e Príncipe, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Tanzania, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, U.S. Virgin Islands, Uganda, United States, Vanuatu
Tupian
Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, Paraguay, Peru
Language Isolates
Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mali, Mexico, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Russian Federation, South Korea, Spain, United States, Venezuela
Belize, Guatemala, Mexico
Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Moldova, Mongolia, Russia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan
Uto-Aztecan
El Salvador, Mexico, United States
Arawakan
Bahamas, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Honduras, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela
Torricelli
Sepik
Quechuan*
Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
Na-Dene
Canada, United States
Algic
Hmong-Mien
China, Laos, Vietnam
Uralic
Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Norway, Russia, Sweden
North Caucasian
Azerbaijan, Georgia, Russian Federation
Penutian
Macro-Ge
Bolivia, Brazil
Ramu-Lower Sepik
Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela
Panoan
Bolivia, Brazil, Peru
Khoisan
Angola, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Tanzania
Salishan
Tucanoan
Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador
*Quechua is also classified as a macrolanguage, i.e., a family of varieties of a single language that are not distinct enough to be considered separate languages.
Languages A-Z
Tajiki
Tibetic Languages
Arabic (Egyptian Spoken)
Arabic (Levantine)
Arabic (Modern Standard)
Arabic (Moroccan Spoken)
Arabic (Overview)
Bashkort (Bashkir)
Brahui
Dholuo
Éwé
Gikuyu
Hawaiian Creole
Inuit/Inupiaq
K'iche'
Khoekhoe
Malay (Bahasa Melayu)
Mandarin (Chinese)
Language Family/Branch
Select Family/Branch
Afro Asiatic Language Family
Altaic Language Family
Austro-Asiatic Language Family
Baltic Branch
Berber Branch
Caucasian Language Families
Celtic Branch
Chadic Branch
Chinese Branch
Constructed Languages
Creole Languages
Critical Languages
Cushitic Branch
Dravidian Language Family
Endangered Languages
Eskimo Aleut Language Family
Germanic Branch
Heritage Languages
Indigenous Languages of Australia
Indigenous Languages of South America
Indo-Aryan Branch
Indo-European Language Family
Indo-Iranian Branch
Iroquoian Language Family
Khoisan Language Family
NaDene Language Family
Niger-Congo Language Family
Nilo-Saharan Language Family
Oto-Manguean Language Family
Pidgin Languages
Romance Branch
Semitic Branch
Siouan Language Family
Slavic Branch
Tai-Kadai Language Family
Tibeto-Burmese Branch
Tungusic Languages
Turkic Branch
Uralic Language Family
Uto-Aztecan Language Family
See Related Topics
Families Recently Updated
Foreign language learning is real world education
Language Careers
Language Families A-Z
Language Learning Difficulty
Language situation in the U.S.
Languages in the U.S. Educational System
Languages on the Internet
Speaking Self Assessment
Why Study Foreign Languages
Writing Systems
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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March 31, 2018 April 3, 2018 Chad B.
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text:
← CLIO 7 (Side Treks 2: the Persian Empire)
EUTERPE 2 (Side Treks 4: Most of Egyptian History) →
EUTERPE 1 (Side Treks 3: the Source of the Nile)
Primary Sources Posted on September 16, 2015 by jeffwik July 23, 2015
EUTERPE is Herodotus's book-length guide to Egypt. Rather than continue on with the main narrative of the Persian Wars, he instead spends the entire volume discussing the history, geography, and culture of one country. We won't learn about what happened during the reign of Cyrus's son and heir Cambyses until THALIA, the next book.
Herodotus probably wrote EUTERPE after the rest of the Histories. Notably, he presents in this volume a fair amount of information about Ethiopia which he is plainly ignorant of in THALIA. The basic theory is that he started writing about Egypt and just couldn't stop. As this book is simply a series of anecdotes and digressions, the structure of these entries will likewise be looser. Though CLIO and EUTERPE are roughly similar lengths (216 numbered paragraphs in the former, 182 in the latter) we'll be spending substantially less time on EUTERPE.
HERODOTUS EXPLAINS EGYPTIAN GEOGRAPHY, KIND OF
Herodotus has far more to say on the topic of the geography of Egypt than I have the patience to explain, so this is a quick précis.
First off, as we all know Egypt consists, mostly, of the Nile river floodplain and delta. Once upon a time the Nile river delta was just open water, but over ten thousand years sediment filled in the whole Cairo-to-the-Mediterranean portion of the country. Herodotus cites personal experience to support this notion: he once tried to sail to Egypt and discovered how shallow the Mediterranean is to the north of the Nile, even a full day's sail out from land. And of course he's largely correct, although he drastically underestimates the amount of time taken by the sedimentary deposition.
Egypt is long but narrow, with mountains on the east side and mountainous desert on the west. Herodotus figures probably basically all of Egypt is river deposit, not just the Nile delta. Once upon a time the whole country was a big bay between those two mountain ranges, probably, like the Red Sea.
Herodotus realizes his assertions about all of Egypt being river deposit sounds crazy, but he's got a whole list of arguments lined up in support of the theory.
Argument one: the Red Sea exists. It's a real place! There's a big long narrow ocean which cuts into Africa. You can't deny that! Deny that the Red Sea exists and it's you who sounds like a crackpot, not Herodotus. If the Red Sea exists, who's to say there didn't used to be another Red Sea, also long and also narrow, connected to the Mediterranean Sea instead of the Indian Ocean, into which the Nile emptied? And who's to say it didn't gradually get filled in and that's what we call Egypt?
Argument two: the fossil record. If you go into the Egyptian uplands, well away from the sea, you can find fossil imprints of seashells and fish all over the place! How would they have gotten there, if they weren't deposited sometime in the distant past when the whole of the region was underwater? Riddle me that, Batman!
Argument three: Herodotus talked to some Egyptian priests about this and they totally agreed with him. Nuff said! Who can you trust about what topic, if you can't trust an Egyptian priest about the geologic history of Egypt?
Argument four: it just makes sense if you think about it. C'mon. Be fair. It's a plausible theory. It's not crazy. Herodotus is not a crackpot! Get off his back already!
Argument five, which by the way is four more than Herodotus should really have to make: he's checked the records (which is to say, he's talked to other priests) and has this to report. Eight hundred and mumblety years before Herodotus wrote these words down, during the reign of Moeris, King of Egypt, the Nile flooded its banks and irrigated the surrounding farmland whenever it rose eight cubits above its lowest level. But nowadays it has to get fifteen, sixteen cubits high before it floods! Sediment has raised the level of the surrounding plain, because that's how river deposits work, right? Eventually the level of sedimentary deposit will get so high that the Nile won't flood the farmland at all. No more irrigation!
Then everyone will starve, which will be pretty bad, but at least Herodotus will be long dead by then. Climate change isn't his problem.
HERODOTUS EXPLAINS EGYPTIAN FARMING, KIND OF
Maybe the Egyptians will be able to figure out some way to combat climate change, though: they're really sharp guys. In particular Herodotus wants to call out the humble Egyptian subsistence farmer as a secret genius, because of this one weird trick that can save you inches off your farming budget.
In the rest of the world, when it's time to plant seeds, farmers go through all this elaborate and time-consuming work: ploughing fields, planting crops, it just goes on and on. There's got to be a better way, and there is! Herodotus suggests you do like the Egyptians do: strew your seeds around in your field randomly, let the Nile flood your farm, and then send pigs out to wallow in the resulting mud! The pigs will roll around and spread the seeds out, and then they'll roll around more and drive the seeds down into the mud. At that point, all you have to do is round your pigs up: easy!
The pigs can also harvest for you. You just wait until your wheat is ready to harvest, and then you send the pigs in again. They root around and break the stalks and thresh the grain! You only need to go through and pick the loose grain up off the ground. Truly, it's a infallible method for farming and one superior to all others.
Herodotus doesn't explain where he found out about this one weird trick an Egyptian farmwife discovered. My first guess was "over wine, lots of wine," but it turns out that the farming method he describes actually was practiced, in the swampiest parts of the Nile delta. Furthermore, archaeologists have discovered statues and monuments that so closely hew to Herodotus's description that they might easily be taken as crude after-the-fact forgeries.
And, of course, Deuteronomy 15:4 mentions using an ox for the same purpose as the Egyptians used swine.
HERODOTUS EXPLAINS THE NILE, KIND OF
Speaking of drunken rambling, there's a particular topic Herodotus wants to clear up. He feels he has to answer a question often posed by pre-Socratic Hellenic geographers: is Upper Egypt part of Egypt? The answer is yes and frankly Herodotus is ashamed to have to address the point. This was apparently a major issue among Herodotus's circle.
Hecataeus, an early geographer whose work Herodotus has been accused of plagiarizing (not true, according to historical consensus), appears to have believed that Upper Egypt (everything except the Nile delta) wasn't really Egypt. I say "appears" because his work survives only in fragments and quotations.
Before Aristotle or whoever straightened it all out, Greek natural philosophers asserted that the world was made of three equally vast continents: Europe, Asia, and Africa. Because of how they defined the borders of these continents, Lower Egypt didn't fit into any of them and Upper Egypt was half in Asia and half in Africa. Some jackass asserted that Upper Egypt wasn't a real place because of that, that it was an amalgam of two separate regions. The Egyptians who lived there disagreed, and Herodotus agreed with them.
Basically, Herodotus disagrees with what seems to have been the conventional wisdom of the day, that Egypt was half in Africa and half in Asia, and that the Nile was the border between the two continents. Instead he declares the border between the two continents to be the border of Egypt, although he ducks the question of whether he means the eastern border or the western border (and thus whether Egypt was part of Africa or Asia).
He talked to some guys, and they told him a relevant anecdote involving the Oracle of Ammon. There are these two border-town type Egyptian cities, Marea and Apis, the inhabitants of which were of course forbidden from eating beef, as all Egyptians were…
…Did Herodotus not mention that already? He meant to. Egyptians didn't eat beef, for religious reasons. Anyway. The people in those cities wanted to eat beef, and they figured if they could get their cities declared to be part of Africa, not part of Egypt, then they wouldn't have to abide by the strictures. So they contacted the Oracle of Ammon about it, hoping to get confirmation that they were Africans, not Egyptians. But instead the Oracle declared that all of the land that is watered by the Nile is part of Egypt. This included Marea, it included Apis, and it definitely included Upper Egypt.
Later historians have interpreted this story with an eye towards the politics of the day, and theorized that the real question was whether Marea and Apis should join in the revolt of Inaros II (which we'll discuss when we get to it, in THALIA), which was conceptualized as a Libyan rebellion against Egyptians.
The oracle's answer brings us around to the topic of the mysterious Nile. Herodotus has several agenda items here. First, why does the Nile flood every year at midsummer? Regular as clockwork, supposedly, the Nile rises for one hundred days between 22 June and 30 September. Then from October through May it lowers. Most rivers flood in the springtime, not in July, so what's up with that? It's a great puzzle.
Three different theories as to the source of this flooding were popular in Herodotus's time, each attributed to a different legendary sage. Thales of Miletos, noted sorcerer, blamed the seasonal winds: they blew towards the south, upstream. Maybe they blew so hard the water couldn't flow northwards into the wind, and it built up and flooded the riverbanks instead?
This suggestion has several flaws, aside from being self-evidently stupid. Sometimes the wind is not blowing. In fact it's a rare year that the wind blows steadily for one hundred days starting on the summer solstice. And again: it's dumb.
Second stupid solution, advanced by Hecataeus the geographer: something about the legendary River Oceanus. This doesn't even make sense. There isn't even a verb; it's just "something something River Oceanus." Supposedly this mythic river, which girdles the world, is the wellspring from whence the Nile flows and therefore sometimes the Nile floods. But half-quoting Homer doesn't accomplish anything; it's just bull hockey! Herodotus doesn't mention it, but other historians report that this was the explanation that had the most traction in Egypt itself, funnily enough; it was the standard explanation the priests there gave Greek tourists.
The third solution is the stupidest, in Herodotus's mind. The philosopher Anaxgoras suggested that snowmelt was the major contributing factor. Herodotus is quick to point out that the Nile flows from south of Egypt, which is equatorial and hot and the people who live there are black (warmer climate equals darker skin, he says). Ergo, snow melting in June is super implausible, and snow melting from June to September even more so.
Of course, we with the benefit of radar and modern satellite imagery and such know that one of the largest mountain chains in the world is located near the source of the Nile (the Ethiopian Highlands, Mount Kilimanjaro, heck, the Rwenzori Mountains in Uganda). Some peaks are snowcapped year-round and others don't melt until midsummer. Others catch torrential rain every summer that slowly washes north to the Nile.
Alas, Herodotus lacks our advanced knowledge, so he's invented an explanation of his own. Herodotus's theory is axial tilt. In the summertime, see, it gets extra hot. Way down south, it's so hot, because of axial tilt, that the very sea boils, and all that water evaporates and drifts north to where it's a little bit cooler. Then it condenses as floodwater! That's also why it's so dry in the interior of Africa, clearly.
This theory hangs together reasonably well, provided you don't really know how axial tilt and seasons and evaporation and condensation and temperature all work. Later historian Diodorus of Sicily pointed out that if it were true, every river in Africa should exhibit the same seasonal flooding behavior, not just the Nile.
Having solved the problem of the annual flooding, Herodotus turns his attention to the other great mystery of the Nile: its source.
Nobody knows from whence the Nile flows, except perhaps the treasurer at the Temple of Athena in Saïs in Egypt, who was joking but whose story Herodotus has diligently recorded for us anyway. The treasurer claimed that equidistant between Syene and Elephantine (a couple of other cities in Egypt) were two mountains that were perfect cones, right next to each other, called Mount Crophi and Mount Mophi. Smack dab in between them there was an artesian well that spewed out the Nile and another river which flowed south to Ethiopia. The legendary scientist-pharaoh Psamtik did a cunning experiment and dropped a long rope down the shaft of the well, and that sounding-line never found a bottom.
That is, believe it or not, the most plausible story Herodotus could find regarding the source of the Nile. When Herodotus visited Elephantine he asked people about Crophi and Mophi. Folks were willing to concede that mountains are a thing that exist. That is, the word "mountain" signifies an external object, rather than a purely fanciful notion. Whether any particular mountains with any particular rhyming names exist, they couldn't say. They could tell him what was upstream from them, however.
HERODOTUS EXPLAINS ETHIOPIA, KIND OF
Going up the Nile from Elephantine you find an island and a lake and the Nile flows in one side of this lake and out the other, and if you follow it further up you eventually hit rocks and you have to portage for a couple of weeks before you can get back on the water, and a month from there is Meroe, the metropolis-capital of the Meroitic Empire aka the Kingdom of Kush aka Ethiopia. A more correct name for the city would be Napata.
Kush, incidentally, is a great example of how skewed our view of the ancient world is. It was some kind of crazy coo-coo super kingdom located south of and upstream from Egypt, more or less coterminous with modern-day Sudan perhaps. Around the time Herodotus wrote about it was probably the world's leading producer of worked iron, as well as big in the cotton game.
However Kush didn't interact with Greece much due to distance, and they didn't deal with Rome much either, except to make war upon them. The Romans didn't talk much about them in their history books for that reason. A few hundred years of intermittent war with Rome went by, and Kush was pretty well gone by the second century AD. They were big for a while, though, at least as much as Lydia or Ionia. We just never hear about them because the historians we've read didn't write much about them.
Anyway, I digress. Meroe was a big city built on and around an island in the middle of the Nile. You press on further south and further uphill and you come to the site of a charming story.
Once upon a time, in the reign of the scientist-pharaoh Psamtik, a great experiment was conducted. Procedure: construct a massive garrison of eighty thousand troops at Elephantine and two more the same size at Daphnae and Marea. Eighty thousand troops, man! A lot of troops.
The question was, would two hundred and forty thousand soldiers, stationed in the godforsaken uplands of Egypt, rebel when Psamtik stopped paying them?
The experiment was a success! The soldiers rebelled en masse, and set out marching south, away from stupid Psamtik and his stupid refusal to give them their back pay. Psamtik, the story goes, sent couriers to entreat the soldiers.
"Maybe y'all have some reason to be mad at Psamtik," the courier told the deserters. "Maybe everybody's right, and everybody's wrong. Or nobody's right, or wrong. Either way. Probably we should all just turn around and go back to base. Psamtik is willing to forgive and forget; can you soldiers also forgive and forget your pensions?"
This line of argument didn't hold much water with the deserters, who told the courier where he could stick Psamtik's forgiveness. The courier had been trained to handle these kind of tense negotiations, though, and pointed out how the deserters had two hundred and forty thousand wives, plus roughly double that number of children and mistresses, all waiting for them back in Egypt.
"Screw our loved ones!" cried the deserters, in unison. "In Kush we'll get new loved ones, with blackjack and hookers!"
Kush was, naturally, eager to agree to anything that would stick a thumb in Egypt's eye. They granted the deserters a big tract of land south of the city, which they settled (either with their wives and families or else with new wives and families; it's unclear). Their descendants continued to live in these Nubian uplands at least up to the time of Herodotus's writing, over a century later.
For a while historians figured this whole story was bunkum, but then they came around, due to the weight of evidence. Historians do insist that it was probably far fewer than 240 000 soldiers who deserted, because historians are total buzzkills. You know I love you, historians, but it's true.
Past the land of the deserters — who have a cool name, by the way: they're the Asmach — the Nile turns west and goes into the sun, or the burning desert, or something, Herodotus has no idea. It's hot, probably. It sounds hot, he says.
Herodotus's source for all this Nile lore was some cool guys in Cyrene, a Hellenic colony on the African coast just to the west of Egypt proper. He met them in a bar (probably) and they spun him a tale about this one time they were at a dinner party in Ammon (a nation that once existed just to the east of Israel). At this dinner party they'd been feted by Etearchos king of the Ammonians, because that doesn't sound like a drunken boast someone made up in a bar in Cyrene at all.
Anyway, Etearchos and these unnamed Cyrene guys swapped Nile-source legends, like you do. According to Herdotous, the Cyrene guys claimed that Etearchos told them that he'd once asked some Nasamonians about the interior of Africa and they'd had some very interesting notes on the topic.
HERODOTUS PASSES ALONG SOME CRAZY STORIES
Interesting side note: Nasamonia was located a stone's throw from Cyrene; both were in what we'd call Libya. So it's hilarious and not at all implausible that for anyone in Cyrene to hear about the African interior as described by Nasamonians, the king of a nation east of the River Jordan would have to be involved.
The Nasamonian traders told the King of Ammon, who told the Cyrene merchants, who told Herodotus, who wrote this down to tell us, that once upon a time in Libya there were some trust fund kids who were total jerks. These rich boys grew up to be the worst kind of fratty old-boy's-network entitled dicks. As an example of their dickery, one time they bet among themselves who could explore the most of Africa, and they went off in groups of five to outdo one another. They found Libya (not hard as they were basically already there) and moved on towards Tunisia, scouting out the coastline, then eventually turned inland.
On this trek across the Sahara, they encountered the following.
Sand.
More sand.
So much sand you guys.
On the other side of the sand, swampland with trees!
Fruit in the trees!
Short angry dark-skinned locals who didn't speak Nasamonian and didn't cotton to strangers eating their fruit!
A whole city full of people who were also short and who had their own whole code of laws about fruit theft!
A river next to that city that ran west-to-east!
Crocodiles in the river!
Herodotus declines to explain further about the wizards. Apparently wizards was the last straw for these bratty douchebag Nasamonian explorers, because that's when they turned around and went home. Herodotus is more interested in the river; he deduces that since this river ran west-to-east, and the headwaters of the Nile ran eastwards before turning north in the distant southland of Kush (as related previously), this river must have been the Nile.
No way was it the Niger River! For one thing, Herodotus has never heard of the Niger River. For another thing, the Niger flows more or less east to west. Surely the Nasamonians who heard about the explorers and then told the King of Ammon about them, who told the Cyrene merchants, who told Herodotus, surely at no point in that chain did anyone get mixed up about east and west.
The remarkable thing, if you take this story at face value, is how accurate it is. There really was a river in the right place to be the one the explorers found, and it's surrounded by swampland. There really was an ethnicity of very short and dark-skinned people who lived in cities, in the proximity of that river. And there really were crocodiles in that river. Which was, in fact, unusual, inasmuch as in the classical world crocodiles were assumed to be unique to the Nile. There's a story about Alexander the Great invading India and discovering crocodiles in the Indus River and assuming he'd somehow discovered the source of the Nile, because everybody knew crocodiles were only found along the Nile. The direction of the river is really the only inaccuracy (not counting the natives all being wizards).
As far as Herodotus is concerned, the river in question was definitely the Nile. And now Herodotus unveils his pet theory about the Nile. The Nile starts way down in southern Africa and runs eastwards and then turns north and empties into the Mediterranean. Similarly the Danube starts way up north in Europe and runs eastwards until it turns south! Plus Herodotus isn't looking at a map or anything, but he's pretty sure he's pinpointed the source of the Nile to the exact same longitude as the source of the Danube. Clearly the Nile and the Danube are mirror river twins.
For serious Herodotus spends a lot of time justifying this theory, using a lot of dubious geography about the Pyrenees and Ethiopia and the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. Mirror river twins.
At this point, Herodotus is finally ready to move on from the Nile: "Of the Nile then let so much suffice as has been said," he says.
NEXT: MOST OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY!
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Dubstep | Chelsea Wolfe – Feral Love (Collin McLoughlin Game Of Thrones Remix)
Posted by BIGLIFE on April 8, 2014
Collin McLoughlin always delivers. Today is no exception, with his new Chelsea Wolfe "Feral Love (Game Of Thrones Remix)" that just hit the interwebs this morning. Pulling the haunting and ominous original into a more euphoric and almost hip hop influenced direction McLoughlin has once again brought his signature bass swells, smooth plucks and ambient sound to the table, this time creating a unique blend of trance, melodic dub step and even trap into a new sonic fixture. Re-sung by the extremely talented Mona Moua, Collin's new remix is nothing short of awesome. Dubbed "Lannister-Step" it seems that winter has finally come in the form of this awesome "Game Of Thrones" remix.
Exclusive | Party Favor Ticket Giveaway!
Posted by VMan on March 4, 2014
Facebook | SoundCloud | Twitter
The homie Party Favor hit us up with a free ticket giveaway for his stop in Freehold, NJ at the brand new venue Game Changer World. If you've been following Party Favor's latest releases, you know this show's about to be a riot! Apply now to win via Punchtab below! The contest will end March 7th at 12PM and winners will be announced by email! Do yourself favor and join the party!
Hip-Hop | Saturday Standouts: New Rick Ross/Andre 3000, 50 Cent/Dr. Dre/Alicia Keys, Wiz Khalifa/Game
Posted by jeffwbaird on July 28, 2012
It's been a big week for hip-hop, with Nas' authentic and lyrical Life is Good taking the top spot on the charts, and a number of big-name collaborations dropping (a majority of which happen to be leaks from God Forgives, I Don't). We've already taken a look at his underwhelming trade-off with Dr. Dre and Jay-Z ("3 Kings"), and now with a handful of rapper-assisted tracks leaking (featuring the likes of Andre 3000, Drake and Wale) I'm becoming more skeptical of his upcoming effort. I think that too many times artists rely upon features to provide sales and generate interest, when much of the time all it does is disguise the fact that a rapper can't keep a listener's interest over the course of a full LP. Other times, the featured artists' contributions can become the highlights—which is certainly true in regards to Andre 3000's work on "Sixteen." Here's a look at some of the week's most compelling collabs:
Rick Ross — Sixteen (feat. Andre 3000)
This track is definitely the best thing I've heard from God Forgives, I Don't thus far, and it's not because of Rozay. Over some extremely soulful, saxophone-induced J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League production, Rawse bellows about how "sixteen [bars] ain't enough" before dropping an elongated verse that certainly could've been shortened. Then Andre steps into the light with a plethora of flows and multisyllabic lines, and that crisp form of storytelling that is so illustrated and idiosyncratic that it's just mesmerizing. Here's one standout for Ross' project.
50 Cent — New Day (feat. Dr. Dre & Alicia Keys)
For so much star-power, it's a shame that this track never really manages to grab me. The whole track just bleeds a genericness that it never steps beyond, from Dre and 50's stagnant verses to the Alicia-crooned chorus that really isn't saying anything ("Party people say, party people say 'ayyyy'/It's a new day." It's the kind of pop songwriting that makes me cringe—that which strives to make people think they're listening to something meaningful, keeping the shallowness of the message directly equivalent to that of the listener. This one's a big flop from my end, as is everything I've seen from 50 and Dre lately.
Wiz Khalifa — Far From Coach (feat. Game & Stat Quo)
I used to be a huge Game fan back in his G-Unit/Aftermath days, and though I've stayed in touch with his music I haven't found anything as gripping or interesting in his recent work. But for his verse on the new single from Wiz's upcoming work O.N.I.F.C., Game is back to his energetic, rhyme-heavy flow that always leaves a great West Coast tint on the track. He steals the show here, especially compared with an average chorus and Wiz verse, and a poor assist from Stat Quo (the former Shady signee) that struggles to keep the vibe up. Overall, though, this is a feel-good track that I'll be bumping as proof that Game is back on his game.
Hip-Hop, Rap, Videos | Game – The City ft. Kendrick Lamar [Video]
Posted by Grubeats on March 22, 2012
[do action="youtube" videoid="TsMMuXZZUm8″/]
It doesn't get much better than a Kendrick Lamar feature these days. Yeah, Game can still make a solid track, but K. Dot slaughters this this hook and the acapella at the end is unparalleled. Personally, this is my favorite record off Game's album, R.E.D., which shaped up to be a respectable project despite the years of continued delay it kept receiving. There is a quote at the end of the video by Game, describing in a nutshell what the video represents and how he has overcome hardships like no other to make it to where he is today.
"Los Angeles, CA – Though sometimes colorful, there are two colors that stand out the most…Those colors being red and blue. When mixed together, these two colors cast a dark shadow over everything under the sun. Most are still fighting to see the light." – Game
Purchase on iTunes: Game – The City ft. Kendrick Lamar
Hip-Hop | The Game ft. Chris Brown, Wiz Khalifa, Moufy | Hip-Hop
Posted by GMONEY on June 24, 2011
Breezy and Game have teaming up a lot as of late, and every song that they've put out hasn't been disappointing. Rumor has it that this will be on Game's RED album. Oh, and in other hip hop news Weezy is hinting towards possibly retiring after Carter IV. According to him he wants to retire while he's still hot…personally I think it's a little late for that…
DOWNLOAD: The Game ft. Chris Brown – Pot Of Gold
Since Bradley of Sublime died I've never heard much from them that I liked, but the surviving members of the group teamed up with Wiz to bring a reggae track that is perfect for loungin' around on those hot summer days.
DOWNLOAD: Sublime ft. Wiz Khalifa – Can You Feel It
Here's another Boston track from Moufy. Keep a head's up for Boston Lights, dropping in August.
DOWNLOAD: Moufy – Pick it Up
Hip-Hop | The Game, 50 Cent, & more | Hip-Hop
Game does his thing on this track and Mars kills this hook. Personally I think its a lot better than the second Game track I posted below, but maybe thats just cause DJ Khaled is screaming nonsense for the first 30 seconds of it.
DOWNLOAD: The Game ft. Mars – I'm On DOPE
DOWNLOAD: The Game ft. Busta Rhymes, Rick Ross, Fabolous, & Lil Wayne – Bottles And Rockin J's
50 changed up his flow big time for this track. It may take some getting used to, but the hook is bad ass.
DOWNLOAD: 50 Cent – Outlaw
Hip-Hop | Tupac Ft. The Game – "Everywhere I Go" | Hip-Hop
Posted by Mach on May 31, 2011
Something about being dead just can't seem to stop him from having amazing tracks dropped. "It's only a flesh wound" I didn't even have to wait for the Game's part of the track. The second you hear Tupac's opening you are hooked. No, I don't believe he is still alive. Yes, you should download this track.
DOWNLOAD: Tupac Ft. The Game – Everywhere I Go – MUST DOWNLOAD


Before Tanya was born, Annie and I agreed that we wouldn't be the kind of new parents who posted on social media every time their newborn did something cute or, say, had a particularly interesting bowel event.
While we've had no trouble keeping that informal agreement, our enthusiasm for Tanya (and burgeoning media collection) needed a proper outlet. To that end, this site now hosts more baby photos than you'll know what to do with. And in June, I had the pleasure of coding a videos section, which — for now at least — is exclusively Tanya-centric.
I will admit that no one gets more enjoyment out of all this media than Annie and me. The videos section was developed mostly so that Annie could have an accessible way of viewing our growing collection. Otherwise, the files would have just languished somewhere on a hard drive, deep in hard-to-reach directory trees.
And putting all of this up on Facebook didn't seem right, somehow — as if I wouldn't fully own it anymore. Facebook (or whatever site) can change their privacy policies or terms of service whenever they feel like it, and we're all seemingly at their mercy. That's not for me. Especially not for something this important.
Tanya greeted the world on March 5, 2013 at 8:17pm. She clocked in at 9 pounds, 11.3 ounces (or 0.004403 metric tons!) and a length of 20.5 inches.
Tanya comes home with us on Friday to begin her life as a full-time baby.
Sniff and Munch: What a Bunch!
To the right: Sniff and Munch enjoy a summer morning in the front yard. They're usually house bunnies, but if the weather is just right, Annie will take them out for a little while.
Below: Annie writes about the rabbits.
It's interesting to see how these two bunnies have been developing their unique personalities and bonding with us since we've adopted them. They make us laugh and smile and are a lot of fun to have around.
Munch, the little guy, is a little more independent. We keep calling Munch "the little guy" but he has now outgrown Sniff. Munch is the fun and active one. He likes to do corkscrew hops and dash across the room which scares Sniff half to death. One time, he was dashing around in the living room then he jumped onto the hardwood floor in the foyer which sent him slipping and sliding everywhere before he could recover. Matt and I were on the floor laughing at him. It was like watching Bambi ice skating for the first time. Munch also loves to run upstairs to our bedroom as soon as I open the kitchen gate and burrow under the bed. He doesn't seek out pettings or treats like Sniff but will come running if he sees me giving Sniff a petting.
I like having them run around upstairs while I work. They occasionally run into the office for a petting.
Eariler this month, Annie, two of her three sisters, and I went out to Arizona for a week.
I have to admit: I was a bad tourist. I did virtually no preparation before the trip — I didn't even look at a map of the general area, the hotel, amenities, et cetera. I couldn't have even given you a ballpark estimate of how far away we would be staying from the canyon rim. I hadn't planned a thing. Perhaps my inactivity was due to my general feeling of apathy toward the whole trip. Until we touched down in Flagstaff, I approached the trip as just another situation to slog through — just something that I had to do. Naturally, my expectations weren't very high. Even Annie admitted that she didn't expect us to fill up the whole week with touring and exploring.
How wrong we were. Our six-day stay turned out to be the perfect amount of time. Every day was eventful and we remained active. So active, in fact, that we were usually sound asleep by 9 or 10pm. And we'd wake up before the alarm — usually around 6am. Ideal. Arizona was good for our circadian rhythms.
Arriving in Flagstaff on the first day, I made a spur-of-the-moment good decision — one that I was frequently grateful of as the week progressed. I was torn between hiring a taxi or renting a car. In another "bad tourist" move, I had failed to reserve a rental car ahead of time. I simply walked up to the counter at the airport and asked what types of cars they had. I probably paid a premium for this, but as I found out later, it was worth it. I drove that Chevrolet Malibu (The car you can't ignore) everywhere; we even took a day trip to Sedona. I must tell you, every mile of that trip was scenic. (It would have been ideal to have some John Denver or Glen Campbell CDs with me, but I digress…) The car came in handy at the Grand Canyon as well, as our hotel was a good five or more miles from the canyon rim. Yeah, not renting a car would have been a serious mistake.
Hiking was very gratifying and enjoyable, even with the prospect that, in the event of a false step, I could be instantly impaled, maimed, or suffer blunt force trauma. I spent a good ten hours (spread out over two days) hiking the winding trails down into the canyon. Obviously, the views were beautiful and serene, but it was also unexpectedly quiet. The silence enveloped me. It was akin to being underwater — the sheer vastness and stillness of it all almost seemed to press in on me. It was very surreal – especially when the only sound I'd hear would be the wings of a huge raven, hovering and soaring overhead; or the occasional whisper of wind funneling itself up the canyon walls; or the clip-clomp of a line of pack mules, laboring their way down the trail.
Meet the youngest member of our family, Munch Dallas Brundage. We adopted Munch, formerly known as Dallas, from a family in Taneytown, MD last Friday. Munch is a playful nine-week-old Holland lop. He looks nearly identical to Sniff, but is currently a third of his size.
They both live rent-free in the storage room adjacent to the kitchen :-) Their spaces are divided by a wire barrier and they both have free run of the kitchen. They can see and sniff each other but do not have full contact unless they are being supervised in the living room/dining room.
On Munch's first day home, the two weren't formally introduced until after nine hours of curiously sniffing each other through the wire barrier. Most of the time, Sniff ignores Munch unless Munch tries to snuggle his belly. Sniff — not having had any contact with other bunnies (except for wild bunnies from afar) and is normally afraid of things such as falling leaves — probably gets scared and attacks. Although Munch is only a third of his size, he doesn't always let Sniffie win. He's a little fireball! Munch takes every opportunity to snuggle up to Sniffie, however, with the same results.
The only time that they don't fight is when Sniff snuggles up to my feet for a petting. Munch follows suit and snuggles up next to him to get a simultaneous petting. I turn their noses toward each other and continue petting them. This always goes well and is a good sign.
Most of the time, Munch — being true to his name — munches away on various veggies and goodies. He has an extremely healthy appetite for such a little guy. He's very curious, playful, and friendly. He's also a "lap lop." Even Matt, who could never once hold Sniffie is his lap, manages to snuggle with Munch. This one is definitely Daddy's little boy.
FYI, Munch is named in honor of the rabbit belonging to Firefox evangelist Asa Dotzler.
The hype surrounding Seattle new-comers Fleet Foxes is altogether warranted. After receiving excellent reviews for their self-titled debut album (released June 3), they suddenly became the band to see.
Their performance last night at the Black Cat did not disappoint, although the band was not in full form. Lead vocalist and songwriter Robin Pecknold excused his singing with tales of a cold that has lasted for weeks; he even claimed that those in attendance were being "half-conned" out of their money. To the contrary, his vocals were more or less spot-on, save for a time or two when I could detect some cracking. I was hoping that it would hold up during the a capella numbers, and thankfully, it did. I recall thinking that, "presently, I've forgotten what all other voices sound like, and frankly, I don't care." They have that good of a blend — Robin's voice in particular. Their harmonies are tight, high, and wispy, with no apparent bass sound. At times, it sounded as if Pecknold were singing two or three parts simultaneously.
The set started off quiet and subdued. The sold-out crowd became hushed, and no one dared flash their camera. For a while, the audience failed to clap between songs — I'm guessing that we were just awestruck. It's as if we were about to applaud in church after a particularly eloquent Latin chorale piece. It not something that one does without serious contemplation. Eventually, the mood lightened a bit and the audience was as enthusiastic as ever.
The only sour note was the exclusion of quite possibly their most accomplished piece, "Ragged Wood", a song that evokes a "woodsy" sound — a style recently employed by My Morning Jacket, Band of Horses, and Midlake, among others. I kept waiting for it, but it never came (contrary to what NPR claims). At the encore, I had one last glimmer of hope, but it just wasn't meant to be.
As some may know, Josh Tillman is now Fleet Foxes' drummer, having joined the group in early 2008. I knew Josh back when we were in our teens. We attended the same high school for a few years; he was a grade below me. I told him after the show that I had never set out to find him or his music — his music simply found me over the normal course of events. I started listening to his solo albums and EPs a few years ago; I have a feeling that I'd still be a fan even if we had never had that personal connection back in high school. Seeing him drum for Fleet Foxes was almost surreal, and he has a fine voice as well. I have a feeling that even better things are in store for him and his band.
NPR has a write-up and streaming audio of the show.
I have a comment about the design of the yogurt container. There is no mention that the yogurt must be stirred. I ate about 3/4 of a yogurt before I realized that there was a huge dollop of chocolate at the bottom. Before I discovered the chocolate, I was thinking, "..my, what a bland yogurt!" Perhaps I was just having an off-day.
My suggestion would be to replace the text on the front ("With Imported Cocoa") with "Chocolate on the bottom", "Please stir", or something to that effect.
Furthermore, calling it "imported cocoa" isn't necessary, as the US doesn't even grow the cocoa bean. The phrase borders on deception, as some consumers do not know this and assume that "imported" cocoa is a luxury.


Authors: Bridge, T., Webster, J., Beaman, R., Davies, P., Williams, S., Pizarro, O., Woolsey, E., Abbey, E., Done, T.
Drowned Reefs have been identified on continental shelves and around oceanic islands in many parts of the world, including Barbados (Fairbanks, 1989), Papua New Guinea (Webster et al, 2004c), Hawaii (Webster et al, 2004a) and Tahiti (Camoin et al 2006, Camoin et al 2007). In 2007, an expedition on board the RV Southern Surveyor explored shelf-edge reef and terrace features at 4 different sites along the GBR margin in depths of 40-160 m. Multibeam swath mapping and dredge sampling was combined with high-resolution images obtained by Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) to provide the most complete study ever undertaken of the GBR shelf edge. This poster focuses on one of these locations: Hydrographers Passage in the central GBR.


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Q: How to validate a salesforce react input component? The salesforce lightning design system documents an onInvalid callback for the Input component.  It does not appear to provide any examples though.
I have tried something similar to the following code.  When I change the input to an invalid value, for example 2, then the error handler is not executed.
<Input type='number'
       minValue={3}
       value={someValue}
       onChange={someChangeHandler}
       onInvalid={someErrorHandler} />

How can I use onInvalid to validate an input?
Any examples of the correct usage would be appreciated.

A: It seems that minValue is used to define the range of a counter Input together with maxValue.
You can use onChange to test the current input against your custom validation and set a Boolean isError state variable that you can use to conditionally set some errorText.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Democrat's almanac and people's register for 1841. : Containing, in addition to the usual calendar pages, as brief sketch of the life of Martin Van Buren; table of the electoral votes for presidents from Jefferson to Van Buren; the times of holding the elections; and the votes polled at the most recent contested elections in the several states: and also several paragraphs of well-selected political matter
The work The Democrat's almanac and people's register for 1841. : Containing, in addition to the usual calendar pages, as brief sketch of the life of Martin Van Buren; table of the electoral votes for presidents from Jefferson to Van Buren; the times of holding the elections; and the votes polled at the most recent contested elections in the several states: and also several paragraphs of well-selected political matter represents a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Portland Public Library. This resource is a combination of several types including: Work, Language Material, Books.
The Resource The Democrat's almanac and people's register for 1841. : Containing, in addition to the usual calendar pages, as brief sketch of the life of Martin Van Buren; table of the electoral votes for presidents from Jefferson to Van Buren; the times of holding the elections; and the votes polled at the most recent contested elections in the several states: and also several paragraphs of well-selected political matter
Containing, in addition to the usual calendar pages, as brief sketch of the life of Martin Van Buren; table of the electoral votes for presidents from Jefferson to Van Buren; the times of holding the elections; and the votes polled at the most recent contested elections in the several states: and also several paragraphs of well-selected political matter
Littlefield, Eliab
Almanacs -- Massachusetts -- 1841
Booksellers' advertisements -- Massachusetts | Boston
Campaign literature -- 1840 -- Democratic -- Massachusetts
Elections -- United States -- Statistics
Booksellers' advertisements
Campaign literature
Citation location within source
Citation source
Drake, M. Almanacs
Context of The Democrat's almanac and people's register for 1841. : Containing, in addition to the usual calendar pages, as brief sketch of the life of Martin Van Buren; table of the electoral votes for presidents from Jefferson to Van Buren; the times of holding the elections; and the votes polled at the most recent contested elections in the several states: and also several paragraphs of well-selected political matter

 Data from The Democrat's almanac and people's register for 1841. : Containing, in addition to the usual calendar pages, as brief sketch of the life of Martin Van Buren; table of the electoral votes for presidents from Jefferson to Van Buren; the times of holding the elections; and the votes polled at the most recent contested elections in the several states: and also several paragraphs of well-selected political matter - Portland Public Library

Data Citation of the Work The Democrat's almanac and people's register for 1841. : Containing, in addition to the usual calendar pages, as brief sketch of the life of Martin Van Buren; table of the electoral votes for presidents from Jefferson to Van Buren; the times of holding the elections; and the votes polled at the most recent contested elections in the several states: and also several paragraphs of well-selected political matter


You have done a very nice job with your blog! I have thoroughly enjoyed going through it.
My real reason for contacting you is that I believe we are family by way of DNA tests that indicate we match on chromosones 3,6 and nine. Reviewing your family names some are familiar and could prove to be connections. We too have family from Missouri and before then in Tennessee and Kentucky. Would love to hear from you about sharing information. We are not novices having researched for a number of years.


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Q: Deducing approximate root of equation I'm working through a textbook and one of the questions is as follows: For $n$, $\epsilon$, and $\rho$ positive, consider the equation $n + \epsilon = z + ne^{-z/\rho}$. Expand the exponential term to third order and deduce that in the limit $\epsilon \rightarrow 0^+$, $\zeta \approx 2\nu - \frac{2}{3} \nu^2/\rho$ where $0 < \nu = n-p = O(\rho^{1/2})$ and $\zeta$ denotes the unique root satisfying $0 < \zeta - \epsilon < n$.
My work for the problem is below:
Expanding the aforementioned expression gets $$n + \epsilon \approx z + n\left(1 - \frac{z}{\rho} + \frac{z^2}{2\rho^2} - \frac{z^3}{6\rho^3}\right) \implies \epsilon \approx z + n \left( - \frac{z}{\rho} + \frac{z^2}{2\rho^2} - \frac{z^3}{6\rho^3}\right).$$ As $\epsilon \rightarrow 0$, this becomes $$0 \approx z + n\left( - \frac{z}{\rho} + \frac{z^2}{2\rho^2} - \frac{z^3}{6\rho^3}\right) \implies 0 \approx 1 + n\left( - \frac{1}{\rho} + \frac{z}{2\rho^2} - \frac{z^2}{6\rho^3}\right).$$ Simplification yields $$\frac{1}{n} - \frac{1}{\rho} + \frac{z}{2\rho^2} - \frac{z^2}{6\rho^3} = 0 \implies -6\rho^3 \left(\frac{1}{n} - \frac{1}{\rho} \right) - 3\rho z + z^2 = -6 \frac{\rho^2}{n}(\rho-n) - 3\rho z + z^2 \approx 0.$$ This has roots $$z =\frac{3\rho \pm \sqrt{9\rho^2 + 24\frac{\rho^2}{n}(\rho - n)}}{2} = \frac{3\rho \pm \rho \sqrt{9 + 24\frac{1}{n}(\rho - n)}}{2}.$$ This doesn't match up with the solution I'm supposed to reach, so I'm a bit confused where I'm going wrong.


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My fiancée grew up in a terrible and very violent household. Her father beat her mother regularly and would also beat and humiliate my fiancé and her sister pretty regularly. Her father died when she was 23. She is now 28.
She has told me some of what growing up was life but it's not something she likes to talk about very much. She hates her father and I know she doesn't want our life to be anything like the family life she grew up in. I am concerned, however, that she has a violent and out of control side.
She is normally a very sweet and kind person, but there have been a few times when we have had very big fights that she has become somewhat violent with me. She is always very apologetic afterward, but I can see that during the 'heat of the moment' she loses control. I suspect that she has learned this kind of violence growing up and it is what she resorts to as a last resort in very difficult situations.
My main concern is that we plan on having a family together and I am worried that she may lose her temper with our children someday in the future and become violent. I know she would never want to do this.
Will some sort of therapy help her overcome her deeply buried violent tendencies? Or is this something she is stuck with for life. I love her dearly, but if she is going to always be a violent person then I may have to rethink whether I can or should get married to her.
Your concern seems very valid to me, and so is your understanding. Yes, people do learn tendencies from other people. In addition, being treated abusively can create a lot of unexpressed and (at the time) inexpressible rage. So it may well be that when you are arguing, she gets triggered into re-experiencing the past, and her rage comes up and gets addressed to the one she's with (you), who may at that moment remind her of her father.
Therapy can definitely help with this, if a person is willing to work through the rage they carry, and if the therapist is experienced at dealing with trauma and abuse.
I think your concerns that family life might echo her childhood could well be valid, unless she gets some help in working through her past.


This paper examines the impact of institutional factors on the structure of matching processes in external labour markets. Drawing on 1984–1995 employment history data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and the German Socio-Economic Panel, the paper describes re-employment dynamics for unemployed workers in the United States and West Germany. Consistent with earlier research that has emphasized the strong skill stratification of the German labour market, the data show lower rates of occupational mobility among unemployed workers in Germany. Using a two-sided probit model, the paper tests for two key generative mechanisms: more comprehensive labour market regulation potentially implying risk-averse hiring by employers, and more comprehensive social security that may induce more selective job search by workers. The empirical data support both predictions, so that both low levels of labour market regulation and low levels of welfare state support are conducive to higher levels of occupational mobility, higher churning of specific skills and loose linkages between individual and job skills in the US labour market.


What lineage do those of African descent come from?
What patriarchal lineage do those of African descent come from? I thought they would be adopted into the lineage of Ephraim but I have found that is not the case. Do you know?
We can't just give a blanket statement as to which tribe a certain group of people would belong to or adopted into. That can vary greatly and that is why it is part of our patriarchal blessings, because revelation is needed. That said I can tell you that most of the members of the Church are of tribe of Ephraim, but many are from other tribes as well. Some are adopted. Some are literal descendants. Blacks would be no different than those of any other race. You'd see roughly the same distribution as any other race. I have also heard about Jewish Mormons who–sure enough–turn out to be of the tribe of Judah (I once knew a man who was pronounced to be a Levite).


Just having their final breakfast. Miss Loftus & Mr Swallow say they have been absolutely amazing! They will call school when they are half an hour away, we will then send a text to all parents. We are expecting them back between 11am-11.30am.
Our boys and girls have had a great day and are currently enjoying a last night disco. They have had a super time,are very tired and can't wait to see you tomorrow.
Second night and majority of children asleep before lights out. All children behaving brilliantly- no trouble whatsoever. All up and ready for breakfast this morning, although some very tired children (&staff).
Quad biking, survival skills, sensory trail & trapeze for children today.
Mr Swallow has just phoned. He says the children have had a brilliant morning & they are all happily taking part in all the activities, even the challenging ones. As the groups are quite small, they are all getting numerous goes at each activity.
The weather is great up there & they are just having a bit of a break now before lunch.
All asleep by 11pm last night. They have just had their breakfast (most having second & third helpings). Today's activities are archery, zipwire, climbing & a challenge course. All is going great & they are behaving well!
They have arrived safely. They have just had lunch & are now sorting out their bedding. Our boys & girls will be given a tour of the site about half one, then on to their first activity at 2pm.


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Bears sign purchase agreement for Arlington Park property
Published: Sep 29, 2021 at 09:39 AM
Chase Goodbread
Original Content Writer
The Chicago Bears and Churchill Downs Inc. have signed a purchase agreement for the Arlington Park property in Arlington Heights, Ill., according to a release from the club. The move signals the franchise's interest in the possibility of leaving its longtime home at Soldier Field.
"We are excited to have executed a Purchase and Sale Agreement (PSA) for the Arlington Park property," Bears president and CEO Ted Phillips said. "We are grateful to Churchill Downs Incorporated for their efforts to reach this point. We also appreciate the support of Mayor Tom Hayes and the Village of Arlington Heights. Finalizing the PSA was the critical next step in continuing our exploration of the property and its potential. Much work remains to be completed, including working closely with the Village of Arlington Heights and surrounding communities, before we can close on this transaction. Our goal is to chart a path forward that allows our team to thrive on the field, Chicagoland to prosper from this endeavor, and the Bears organization to be ensured a strong future. We will never stop working toward delivering Bears fans the very best experience. We will continue to provide updates on our progress at the appropriate time."
The news was first reported by The Athletic.
Arlington Heights lies about a 30-minute drive northwest of downtown Chicago. The club submitted a bid in June for the 326-acre property, which comes with a price tag of $197.2 million, per chicagobusiness.com.
The Bears' lease for Soldier Field runs through 2033, but the organization can break that lease by paying a fee of $84 million as early as 2026, per the Chicago Tribune. The relationship between the Bears and Chicago Park District, which owns the 97-year-old facility, has been contentious on the subject of repairs and renovations, per WBEZ Chicago. Soldier Field also has the smallest capacity of any NFL venue at 61,500.
Chicago Mayor Lori Lightfoot responded to the news via Twitter Monday night, saying "My statement still stands on the Bears: my (administration) remains committed to continuing the work to keep the team in Chicago. As I have said numerous times, our door in City Hall remains open."
Championship Sunday inactives for 2022 NFL season
Inactive reports for Sunday's two Championship Game matchups: 49ers-Eagles and Bengals-Chiefs.
49ers QB Jimmy Garoppolo could return to practice this week, back up Brock Purdy in Super Bowl LVII
Based on scans he received earlier last week, 49ers QB Jimmy Garoppolo is healed enough to resume practicing this week and is getting to the point where he would be the backup to Brock Purdy in Super Bowl LVII, NFL Network Insider Ian Rapoport reported
Cardinals QB Kyler Murray (knee) not expected to be ready for start of 2023 season
The Cardinals will enter the 2023 season with a new general manager and head coach, but the greatest unknown in the organization is the status of Kyler Murray.


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> News > The Paris Club: a red card for foul and unfair play
The Paris Club: a red card for foul and unfair play
Added 28 Mar 2007
One day at the Club : crashing the party….
The event organized by the French Treasury on June 14th 2006 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Paris Club activity was a welcome occasion for civil society to demonstrate their critical stance toward this "non-institution". A joint statement and stunts inside and out on a football theme were used to get civil society messages across. The conference was used as a launchpad for the NGO political statement that was distributed during the proceedings, and having the opportunity to intervene during the panel on debt sustainability - see speech below by Eurodad's Francesco Oddone. Campaigners also staged an "unequal World Cup" outside the venue to depict the Club's unfair approach to debt work-outs. 19 players, each sporting a t-shirt with the name of one of the Paris Club members, competed with one debtor country, Kenya (photos by Julien Chatelin: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10). Kenya was chosen as the perfect example because it owes about US$2 billion to Paris Club creditors, but has only had a small part of this rescheduled, let alone cancelled. Other equally poor and even some richer severly indebted middle-income countries have however managed to secure significant debt cancellations out of the Club. Meanwhile Kenya continues to experience devastating health and education problems – life expectancy has fallen from 57 years in 1986 to 48 in 2004. Kenya spends 40 per cent of its annual budget servicing its US$7 billion debts. During the event, Eurodad's Oddone commented that on one side of the 'pitch' you have those 19 who write the rules, change them when it suits them, unilaterally decide what type of treatment to "concede", and act themselves as the referee! This setup simply cannot be described as legitimate, and requires an urgent overhaul following just and fair rules. Otherwise, said Oddone, history will show the Paris Club the "red card". NGO representatives at the event then held up red cards in a show of disapproval at the current set-up. The conference itself was, unfortunately, a very self-congratulatory exercise performed overwhelmingly by "very important officials" from creditor governments, the international financial institutions and private sector patting themselves, and each other, on the back for the good work and flexibility demonstrated by the Paris Club over the past 50 years.
Eurodad's Gail Hurley remarked that this represented a "missed opportunity". "It is unfortunate that the Paris Club decided to select panelists who were overwhelmingly from the North and who were just going to repeat each other and signal their support for what the previous speaker had just said. It is regrettable, but of course revealing, that so few Southern voices were prominent on the panels given that the impact of Paris Club decisions is felt in the South", she said. Moreover, only one woman was a panelist. Nigerian finance minister Ngozi Okonjo Iweala spoke from the platform giving a memorable speech in which she first diplomatically cajoled creditors, and then hit them hard on the weak spot of their "unsustainable" concept of debt sustainability. Her intervention was refreshing in an otherwise very male (and very gray) podium. Unfortunately, precious little space was left for authentic, open and frank debate with the audience, and the most embarrassing questions were put forward by civil society representatives, most notably on the issue of odious and illegitimate debt. Jean Merckaert of Plateforme Dette et Développement and Damien Millet of CADTM both raised this issue but these questions were left hanging without the slightest reference or even response from panelists or chair. Eurodad would urge Paris Club creditors to clarify their positions on this critical issue rather than try to sweep the issue under the carpet. NGOs will continue to keep pushing on this issue and make it very difficult for creditors not to face these fundamental questions. In addition, we would welcome further clarification of the issues raised by Nigerian finance minister, most notably whether Paris Club creditors will indeed adopt a concept of debt sustainability which puts human needs and human development at the fore.
Paris Club 50th Birthday Political Statement : Kb
Eurodad Speech on Paris Club 50th Birthday : Kb
international monetary fund debt sustainability; IMF erlassjahr Luxembourg PSI Financial Flows Trade lending aid rules CBCR Troika global week SDGs ODI fossil fuel Human economy Tunisia UNDCF development finance climate change


This place was like a supermarket piled high with toys. What happened to it?
With Thanksgiving behind us, our thoughts turn to Christmas — or, rather, to Christmas shopping. Even more specifically, we think about buying toys for the kids.
Lots of Rochester-area folks once did that at a place called Kiddie City. Lionel, a company known for its toy trains, owned the chain that included local stores in Greece and on South Winton Road.
Kiddie City had kangaroo mascots (named Kaycee and Baby) and catch phrases like "Toy Capital of the World" and "Turn that Frown Upside Down." The stores were among the first "toy supermarkets" in the area and Kiddie City became one of the biggest toy retailers in the country.
The local stores opened in late 1979. A full-page newspaper ad announced the openings. Jim Myers wrote about his experience visiting the Greece store in a Democrat and Chronicle story just before Christmas that year.
Well, not exactly, Jim. Kiddie City also sold bikes, games, hobby supplies, sporting goods and children's furniture. The stores also offered layaway to customers, which was unusual for a toy retailer.
I worked at the Greece Kiddie City store with my buddy, George Salem of Gates, right around the time the place debuted. The store was next to a USA Roller Skating rink (featured in a previous "Whatever Happened to…" story). The music that played there – like Michael Jackson's then-new "Off the Wall" album – was hard to ignore.
"We could hear the thump through the wall," George remembered.
The bosses had George and me dress up in mascot-style outfits once, ostensibly to entertain the kids. George was Fozzie Bear from the Muppets, and the children loved him. "It was a good time," he said. "They were putting their hands out and smiling." My experience was different.
I got the costume for Oscar the Grouch, from Sesame Street. Little did I know that some kids don't like Oscar the Grouch, from Sesame Street. Some were terrified. A couple ran away, screaming. That was my one and only time in mascot gear.
Whatever Happened to ... Olympic Bowl?
Lionel ran toy stores in other markets with names like "Play World" and "Toy Warehouse." The chain grew to more than 150 stores nationally before Lionel filed for bankruptcy protection in 1982 and closed about two-thirds of its stores. The Kiddie City stores around Rochester remained open and Lionel emerged from bankruptcy three years later.
Kiddie City was riding high again after the earlier financial problems. A mid-'80s advertisement said the company was in the midst of one of its most aggressive expansions. New stores were opening all over, although no additional ones were added in the Rochester area. A major competitor, Toys R Us, did move into this area in 1985 and, soon enough, dominated the retail toy market.
Meanwhile, several people posted memories of Kiddie City on Facebook. Miriam Hoffman Rudnick of Rochester remembered the late-night trips during the holiday season. Ken Capuano of Rochester posted about waiting in line for a Coleco computer and the bevy of "cutting-edge toys and hobbies." Carol Kanis Sorgi posted about visiting Kiddie City on "Black Friday" 1986, waiting in lines and fighting crowds, managing to get the toy that her son wanted, and then finding out it wouldn't fit in her car.
Aric Schaubroeck of Rochester shared a memory of a red-faced experience.
Kiddie City finally closed for good in 1993. Lionel, the parent company, had again filed for bankruptcy proceedings two years earlier, mentioning tight credit conditions and a "distressed retail environment" among the reasons. By then, according to news accounts, Kiddie City had just under 100 stores while Toys R Us, which is still around, had seven times that number.
Home Depot moved into the Greece Kiddie City site where I worked. I can still hear the store jingles in my head ("Toy Capital of the World!"). And I've never dressed up as a mascot again.


We are glad to inform you that in October 2012, our company Sever Minerals renewed its logo.
Today Sever Minerals - is more than 100 professionals, working in sales, service and automation of mining equipment. Currently the company has 5 branches. We offer solutions, taking into account the needs and requests of our clients and specific features of a particular mine.
By developing technological projects, we focus on safety in the workplace, promote professional growth and development of its employees, thus providing more opportunities for self-realization for everyone. We strive to work so that products and services meet the highest requirements. The new symbol of the company on one hand reflects the specifics of the industry, on the other hand it carries harmony and strength, and the strict traditional dark blue color remained unchanged. In the near future a new visual example of the logo will be installed in our offices, website, souvenirs and the company's advertised production.


Our hope is not in the promise itself but in the one who makes it. The foundation is not what we believe; it's who we trust.
This entry was posted in hope, reflections. Tagged faith, hope, quotes, relationships.