text:
Samuel Leroy Jackson (Washington, DC, 21 de dezembro de 1948) é um ator e produtor norte-americano. Alcançou a fama no início da década de 1990.

Recebeu diversos prêmios por suas atuações cinematográficas, e atua em diversas mídias além de filmes, como séries de televisão, dublagem de videogames e etc. Samuel declarou que os filmes permitem-no "fazer coisas que via quando criança".

Jackson é o ator mais prolífico da história do cinema, com os filmes que participou lucrando, no total, mais de US$ 7,1 bilhões de dólares nos Estados Unidos. Mundialmente, os filmes que ele participou lucraram  US$ 16,7 bilhões.

Biografia
Embora tendo nascido na capital americana, cresceu como filho único em Chattanooga, no Tennessee, com sua mãe, Elizabeth Jackson (nome de solteira Montgomery), que trabalhava numa fábrica e depois foi fornecedora de materiais para uma instituição mental, com seus avós maternos e parentes. Seu pai viveu longe da família, em Kansas City (Missouri), onde morreu de alcoolismo; Jackson viu o pai somente três  vezes na vida.

Em Chattanooga estudou na Riverside High (atualmente denominada Chattanooga School for the Arts and Sciences), uma escola segregada onde, durante alguns anos, tocou trompa e trompete na orquestra escolar. Fez faculdade na Morehouse College, de Atlanta, onde co-fundou um grupo chamado "Just Us Theater". Formou-se em 1972.

Ativismo pelos direitos civis
Depois do assassinato em 1968 do líder pacifista pela igualdade racial nos Estados Unidos, Martin Luther King Jr., Jackson participou do funeral como um dos recepcionistas. Dali voou para Memphis, para participar da marcha pela igualdade. Numa entrevista na revista Parade, Jackson revelou: "Eu estava com raiva por causa do assassinato, mas não fiquei chocado com isto. Eu sabia que a mudança levaria a algo diferente - não a protestos pacíficos, não uma coexistência tranquila."

Em 1969 Jackson e muitos outros estudantes mantiveram presos como reféns no Campus vários membros do Morehouse College (inclusive o Sr. Martin Luther King), exigindo mudanças no currículo e na administração escolares. O colégio aceitou algumas das reivindicações, mas Jackson foi suspenso por dois anos em consequência de seus atos (embora para lá retornasse, obtendo o seu bacharelado em Artes Dramáticas, em 1972).

Jackson decidiu permanecer em Atlanta, junto a Stokely Carmichael, H. Rap Brown e outros ativistas do movimento Black Power. Na mesma entrevista à Parade, ele revelou que sentiu seu envolvimento com o movimento aumentar, especialmente quando o grupo começou a comprar armas. Mas, antes de se envolver em qualquer luta armada significante, sua mãe o enviou para Los Angeles, depois que o FBI informou que morreria dentro de um ano se continuasse envolvido com o Black Power.

Vida pessoal
Jackson casou-se com a atriz Latanya Richardson, que conhecera ainda nos tempos do Morehouse College. O casal, que vive em Los Angeles, tem uma filha - Zoe - nascida em 1982.

Jackson é um fã de futebol americano e torce para o Atlanta Falcons, e de basquetebol, tendo especial predileção pelas equipes do Toronto Raptors e dos Harlem Globetrotters. Apesar de o futebol não ser muito popular nos Estados Unidos, é torcedor do Liverpool F.C., time que conheceu durante as filmagens de The 51st State na cidade inglesa de Liverpool.

É um entusiasta jogador de golfe, esporte que aprendeu a jogar e apreciar. Declarou certa feita que, se tivesse de escolher outra carreira, tentaria "jogar golfe na PGA tour" e que no campo de golfe é o único lugar em que pode ir "vestido como um gigolô e ser perfeitamente aceito". Ele declarou, numa entrevista, que seus contratos de filmagem têm uma cláusula que o permitem jogar golfe duas vezes por semana.

Numa entrevista, revelou que assiste a todos os seus filmes, como um espectador normal que paga ingresso nos cinemas e que "até nos meus anos de teatro desejava assistir às minhas peças, enquanto estava atuando! Eu cuido de vigiar meu próprio trabalho". Sobre esse senso crítico de observar seus próprios trabalhos, Jackson declarou, comparando o trabalho nos filmes e no teatro, que "Um dá gratificação imediata, e outro, a longo prazo. No teatro você faz algo que tem começo, meio e fim todos os dias. E sente que está dividindo sua energia com o público. Ao fazer cinema, você tem que ter auto-confiança e sentir quando a cena está certa." Ele também gosta de colecionar os bonecos dos personagens dos filmes em que atua ou dubla, como Jules Winnfield, Shaft, Mace Windu, e Frozone.

Jackson é calvo na vida real, embora goste de usar perucas pouco usuais nos seus filmes. Para o filme Black Snake Moan, permitiram que ele escolhesse o penteado para seu personagem. É fã de quadrinhos de animes (mangás).

Em 2002 irritou-se com a acusação de que o personagem Jar Jar Binks tinha conotação racista por conta do sotaque jamaicano, declarou "Ele é um alienígena. Deixem o coitado em paz e curtam o filme." Durante o Festival de Cinema do Rio, em 2003, declarou-se favorável ao porte de armas, e que possuía uma.

Filmografia

Cinema
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Ano
! Filme
! Título em português
! Papel
! class="unsortable"|Notas
|-
|1972
|Together for Days
|
|Stan
|
|-
|1977
|The Displaced Person
|
|Sulk
|
|-
|1981
|Ragtime
|BR: Na Época do Ragtime
PT: Ragtime
|Membro da gangue nº 2
|
|-
|1987
|Eddie Murphy Raw
|BR: Eddie Murphy Sem Censura
|Tio de Eddie
|Aparece brevemente no esquete que precede as cenas do show.
|-
| rowspan="2" |1988
|Coming to America
|BR: Um Príncipe em Nova York
PT: Um Príncipe em Nova Iorque
|Assaltante
|
|-
|School Daze
|BR: Revolução Estudantil /
Lute Pela Coisa Certa
|Leeds
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1989
|Do the Right Thing
|br: Faça a Coisa Certa
|Mister Señor Love Daddy
|
|-
|The Exorcist III
|PT/BR: O Exorcista 3
|Homem cego do sonho
|
|-
|Sea of Love
|
|Homem negro
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1990
|Goodfellas
|br: Os Bons Companheiros
|Stacks Edwards
|
|-
|Mo' Better Blues
|br: Mais e Melhores Blues
|Madlock
|
|-
|Def by Temptation
|
|Ministro Garth
|
|-
|Betsy's Wedding
|
|Operador de táxi
|
|-
|A Shock to the System
|
|Ulysses
|
|-
|Pretty Woman
|Uma Linda Mulher
|Andarilho
|
|-
|The Return of Superfly
|
|Nate Cabot
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991
|Strictly Business
|
|Monroe
|
|-
|Jungle Fever
|
|Gator Purify
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1992
|Juice
|
|Trip
|
|-
|Patriot Games
|BR: Jogos patrióticos
PT: Jogos de poder
|LCDR Robby Jackson
|
|-
|White Sands
|br: Areias Brancas / pt: Areias Escaldantes
|Greg Meeker
|
|-
|Jumpin' at the Boneyard
|
|Sr. Simpson
|
|-
|Johnny Suede
|
|B-Bop
|
|-
|Fathers & Sons
|
|Marshall
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1993
|True Romance
|
|Big Don
|
|-
|Menace II Society
|
|Tat Lawson
|
|-
|Loaded Weapon 1
|
|Sgt. Wes Luger
|
|-
|Amos & Andrew
|
|Andrew Sterling
|
|-
|Jurassic Park
|
|John Raymond Arnold
|
|-
|The Meteor Man
|
|Dre
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1994
|Fresh
|
|Sam
|
|-
|Pulp Fiction
|BR: Pulp Fiction - Tempos de Violência
|Jules Winnfield
|
|-
|Against The Wall
|
|Jamaal
|Filme para a televisão
|-
|The New Age
|
|Dale
|
|-
|Hail Caesar
|
|Mailman
|Part. especial
|-
|Assault at West Point: The Court-Martial of Johnson Whittaker
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1995
|Kiss of Death
|
|Calvin Hart
|
|-
|Die Hard with a Vengeance
|
|Zeus Carver
|
|-
|Losing Isaiah
|
|Kadar Lewis
|
|-
|Fluke
|
|Rumbo
|Voz
|-
| rowspan="7" |1996
|The Great White Hype
|
|Rev. Fred Sultan
|
|-
|A Time to Kill
|Tempo de Matar
|Carl Lee Hailey
|
|-
|The Long Kiss Goodnight
|
|Mitch Henessey
|
|-
|Hard Eight
|
|Jimmy
|
|-
|Trees Lounge
|
|Wendell
|
|-
|Teens and Guns: Preventing Violence
|
|
|Para uso em escolas
|-
|The Search for One-eye Jimmy
|
|Coronel Ron
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1997
|One Eight Seven
|
|Trevor Garfield
|
|-
|Eve's Bayou
|
|Louis Batiste
|Primeiro trabalho como produtor
|-
|Jackie Brown
|
|Ordell Robbie
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1998
|Sphere
|
|Harry Adams
|
|-
|The Negotiator
|
|Ten. Danny Roman
|
|-
|The Red Violin
|BR/PT: O Violino Vermelho
|Charles Morritz
|
|-
|Out of Sight
|
|Con man
|Uncredited cameo
|-
| rowspan="3" |1999
|Star Wars Episode I: The Phantom Menace
|BR: Star Wars - Episódio I: A Ameaça Fantasma
|Mace Windu
|
|-
|Deep Blue Sea
|BR: Do Fundo do Mar
PT: Perigo no Oceano
|Russell Franklin
|
|-
|The Black And The White
|
|Wesley 'Wez' Willis
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2000
|Rules of Engagement
|
|Cel. Terry L. Childers
|
|-
|Shaft
|
|John Shaft
|
|-
|Unbreakable
|
|Elijah Price
|
|-
|2001
|The Caveman's Valentine
|
|Romulus Ledbetter
|Produtor executivo
|-
| rowspan="4" |2002
|Changing Lanes
|
|Doyle Gipson
|
|-
|Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones
|Ataque dos Clones
|Mace Windu
|
|-
|xXx
|Triplo X
|Agente Augustus Gibbons
|
|-
|The 51st State
|Formula 51
|Elmo McElroy
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2003
|Basic
|
|Sergeant Nathan West
|
|-
|S.W.A.T.
|S.W.A.T. - Comando Especial
|Sgt. Dan 'Hondo' Harrelson
|
|-
|No Good Deed
|
|Jack Friar
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2004
|Twisted
|
|John Mills
|
|-
|Kill Bill Vol. 2
|Kill Bill: Volume 2
|Rufus
|
|-
|The Incredibles
|Os Incríveis
|Lucius Best/Frozone (Lúcio Barro/Gelado)
|Voz
|-
|In My Country
|
|Langston Whitfield
|
|-
|Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson
|
|Jack Johnson
|Voz
|-
|The N-Word
|
|Ele próprio
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2005
|Coach Carter
|
|Treinador Ken Carter
|
|-
|xXx: State of the Union
|xXx 2 - Estado de Emergência
|Agente Augustus Gibbons
|
|-
|Star Wars Episode III: Revenge of the Sith
|BR/PT: Star Wars Episódio III: A Vingança dos Sith
|Mace Windu
|
|-
|The Man
|BR: O Cara
PT: Agente Acidental
|Derrick Vann
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006
|Freedomland
|BR: A Cor de um Crime

PT: Freedomland - A Cor de um Crime
|Lorenzo Council
|
|-
|Snakes on a Plane
|BR/PT: Serpentes a Bordo
|Neville Flynn
|
|-
|Home of the Brave
|BR: A Volta dos Bravos
PT: Terra de Bravos
|Will Marsh
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2007
|Farce of the Penguins
|Marcha dos Pinguins
|Narrator
|Voz
|-
|Black Snake Moan
|
|Lazarus Woods
|Também cantou na trilha sonora
|-
|1408
|BR/PT: 1408
|Gerald Olin
|
|-
|Resurrecting the Champ
|BR:O Resgate de um Campeão
PT: O Renascer do Campeão
|Bob Satterfield
|
|-
|Cleaner
|BR: Evidências de um Crime
PT: Sem Provas
|Tom Cutler
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2008
|Jumper
|Jumper
|Agente Roland Cox
|
|-
|Iron Man
|br: Homem de Ferro
|Nick Fury
|Participação especial não-creditada
|-
|Star Wars: The Clone Wars
|BR: Star Wars: The Clone Wars
PT: Star Wars: A Guerra dos Clones
|Mace Windu
|Voz
|-
|Lakeview Terrace
|
|Abel Turner
|
|-
|Soul Men
|
|Louis Hinds
|
|-
|The Spirit
|
|The Octopus
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009
|Astro Boy
|BR/PT: Astro Boy
|Zog
|Voz
|-
|Inglorious Bastards
|BR: Bastardos Inglórios
PT: Sacanas Sem Lei
|Narrador
|Voz apenas, não-creditado
|-
| rowspan="5" |2010
|Mother and Child
|br: Destinos Ligados
|Paul
|
|-
|Unthinkable
|br: Ameaça Terrorista
|H
|
|-
|Iron Man 2
|br: Homem de Ferro 2
|Nick Fury
|
|-
|The Other Guys
|BR: Os Outros Caras
PT: Agentes de Reserva
|Detetive Highsmith
|
|-
|Vengeance: A Love Story
|BR: Uma História de Vingança
|John Dromoor
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011
|Thor
|BR/PT: Thor
| rowspan="2"| Nick Fury
| rowspan="2" |Participação especial não-creditada
|-
|Captain America: The First Avenger
|BR/PT: Capitão América: O Primeiro Vingador
|-
|The Sunset Limited
|
|Black
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2012
|Meeting Evil
|br: Encontro Maligno
|murder
|
|-
|The Samaritan
|br: O Samaritano
|Foley
|
|-
|The Avengers
|BR: Os Vingadores - The Avengers / Marvel's Avengers: Os Vingadores
PT: Os Vingadores
|Nick Fury
|
|-
|Django Unchained
|br: Django Livre
|Stephen
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|Robocop
|br: RoboCop
|Pat Novak
|
|-
|Captain America: The Winter Soldier
|br: Capitão América 2 - O Soldado Invernal
| Nick Fury
|
|-
|Reasonable Doubt
|br: Um Álibi Perfeito
| Clinton Davis
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|Avengers: Age of Ultron
|br: Vingadores: A Era de Ultron
|
|-
|Kingsman: The Secret Service
|br: Kingsman: Serviço Secreto
|Valentine
|
|-
|The Hateful Eight
|br: Os Oito Odiados
|Major Marquis Warren
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016
|Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children
|BR: O Lar das Crianças Peculiares
PT: A Casa da Senhora Peregrine para Crianças Peculiares
|Barron
|
|-
|The Legend of Tarzan
|br: A lenda de Tarzan
|George Washington Williams
|
|-
|Cell
|BR: Celular
PT: Cell: Chamada Para a Morte
|Tom McCourt
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|Kong: Skull Island
|br: Kong: A Ilha da Caveira
|Cel. Packard
|
|-
|The Hitman's Bodyguard
|br: O Guarda-Costas e o Assassino
|Darius Kincaid
|
|-
|2018
|Avengers: Infinity War
|br: Vingadores: Guerra Infinita
|Nick Fury
|Participação especial não-creditada
|-
| rowspan="6" |2019
|Glass
|br: Vidro
|Elijah Price
|
|-
|Captian Marvel
|br: Capitã Marvel
| rowspan="3" |Nick Fury
|
|-
|Avengers: Endgame
|br: Vingadores: Ultimato
|
|-
|Spider-Man: Far From Home
|BR/PT: Homem-Aranha: Longe de Casa
|
|-
|Unicorn Store
|Br: Loja de Unicórnios
|O Vendedor
|
|-
| colspan="2" |Shaft (Netflix)
|John Shaft
|
|-
|2021
|colspan="2" |The Protégé
|Moody Dutton
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|Paws of Fury: The Legend of Hank|br: O Lendário Cão Guerreiro
|Jimbo
|Voz
|-
| colspan="2" |Argylle
|Não Revelado
|
|-
|2024
|Garfield
|
|Vic
|Voz
|-
|}

 Televisão

 Videogame

 Prêmios e indicações
 Indicação ao Oscar de Melhor Ator (coadjuvante/secundário), por Pulp Fiction - Tempo de Violência (1994).
 Indicação ao Globo de Ouro de Melhor Ator - Comédia/Musical, por Jackie Brown (1997).
 Indicação ao Globo de Ouro de Melhor Ator - Filme para TV / Mini-série, por Attica: A Solução Final (1994).
 Duas indicações ao Globo de Ouro de Melhor Ator (coadjuvante/secundário), por Pulp Fiction - Tempo de Violência (1994) e Tempo de Matar (1996).
 BAFTA de Melhor Ator (coadjuvante/secundário), por Pulp Fiction - Tempo de Violência (1994).
 Independent Spirit Awards de Melhor Filme de Estreia, por Amores Divididos (1997).
 Independent Spirit Awards de Melhor Ator, por Pulp Fiction - Tempo de Violência (1994).
 Indicação ao Independent Spirit Awards de Melhor Ator (coadjuvante/secundário), por Sydney (1996).
 Prêmio de Melhor Ator (coadjuvante/secundário), no Festival de Cannes, por Febre da Selva (1991).
 Urso de Prata de Melhor Ator, no Festival de Berlim, por Jackie Brown (1997).
 Indicação ao MTV Movie Awards de Melhor Ator, por Jackie Brown (1997).
 Indicação ao MTV Movie Awards de Melhor Dupla, por Pulp Fiction - Tempo de Violência (1994).
 Indicação ao MTV Movie Awards de o Mais Bem Vestido, por Shaft (2000).
 Spike Video Game Awards (agora chamado The Game Awards) de Melhor Interpretação por Grand Theft Auto:San Andreas (2004).
 Indicação ao Critics' Choice Television Awards de Melhor Ator em Série Limitada ou Filme Feito para a Televisão, por The Last Days of Ptolemy Grey'' (2022).

Ligações externas

Site oficial

Atores afro-americanos
BAFTA de melhor ator secundário em cinema
Independent Spirit de melhor ator
Urso de Prata de melhor ator
Naturais de Washington, D.C.
NAACP Image de melhor ator no cinema
New York Film Critics Circle de melhor ator secundário
BAFTA Los Angeles Britannia Award
Elenco de Star Wars
Óscar honorário


Fortnite © 2018 Epic Games, Inc. Epic, Epic Games, Unreal, Unreal Engine, and Fortnite are registered trademarks of Epic Games, Inc. in the USA (Reg. U.S. Pat. & Tm. Off.) and elsewhere. The Epic Games logo, Fortnite (stylized), the Unreal Engine logo, and UE4 and its logo are trademarks of Epic Games, Inc. All rights reserved. The rating icon is a registered trademark of the Entertainment Software Association. All other trademarks and trade names are the properties of their respective owners.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Coverstaff Recruitment provide long or short term cover, permanent or temporary assignment, skilled or unskilled staff. Whatever your requirements are we can find the right person.
To ensure that Coverstaff Recruitment can respond to your email, please ensure you provide all appropriate contact details. We highly recommend you include your phone number.


Ten years after Rwanda's genocide, its economic growth is fast but much faster for some sectors and for some people than for others. The government depends heavily on foreign aid. Almost half the budget for 2004 will be covered by donations (one-third from Britain, one-sixth from the European Union); more by loans, mainly from the World Bank and African Development Bank. Recovery is on the way, from the bloody year of 1994 when gross national product fell by 57 per cent, and the premises and the coffers of banks and government offices were gutted by the regime which organised the massacres (AC Vol 45 No 6). Fleeing into Congo-Kinshasa, that regime took with it the functions (and even the vehicles) of the state, leaving the victorious Tutsi army an administrative void.
End of preview - This article contains approximately 1026 words.


I had a fantastic Friday which started with buying an approved faculty calculator for chemistry, then hiking across campus for a Pilates class. After my first Pilates class, which I really enjoyed, I had lunch followed by two classes: chemistry and sociology. I made a couple new friends in chemistry (five, actually!) and we're planning to be the Front Row Gang from now on. After Soc 101, I headed all the way across campus again for a Cirque Yoga class. Normally, there are 25-30 people MAXIMUM for yoga classes – today, there were FIFTY people lined up to participate. The teacher had to do some improvisation, and we ended up doing partner yoga. I did some pretty embarrassing things with my new friend before hurrying off to today's special event: The Schulich Leaders Meet-Up! It was pretty awesome… you'll see in a bit.
YogaFit Sweat class at Goodlife: hot yoga is a TON of fun (and hard work!), and it's actually 10 degrees hotter in Waterloo than Coquitlam. Interesting!
Anyways, we had dinner at East Side Mario's, an Italian chain restaurant close to campus. It was about a ten-minute walk for me. East Side Mario's is located in a big plaza with many other restaurants and cafes, including another Williams Fresh Cafe.
The place is decorated with all sorts of paintings and lots of different chandeliers. It reminded me of a dark Olive Garden, or a modern Old Spaghetti Factory. What do you think?
Soup, salad, and garlic bread are all-you-can-eat. The two salad options are Caesar and Garden, but I opted for soup. Today, there were three soup options: Minestrone, Roasted Garlic and Tomato, and Italian Wedding. I chose the tomato soup. It was creamy and had an excellent tomato flavour, but was not acidic or sour at all. The presentation could've been prettier, but the waiters were obviously busy. Some freshly-grated parmesan cheese would've been a nice touch. I finished all my soup and want to recreate it!
When our food came, we took a group shot! You can meet all of this year's Schulich Leaders by clicking on THIS LINK. It was great to meet all my new friends: Lucas, Emily, Nicole Pitre, Chloe, Nicole Shum, Madeline, and Aaron. We had an awesome time talking about Hamlet, astronomy, air miles, fencing, curling, buying used video games, and sketchy places to avoid in Waterloo.
Onto the eats! I enjoyed a "shockingly massive" bowl of cheese cappelletti. I was originally thinking about the goat cheese pasta with bell peppers and pesto, but this one is an East Side Mario's favourite, and one of their most popular choices. I had to give it a try!
That's it for today! Have an awesome weekend, and stay tuned for a big Breakfasts post, as well as some things I've learned by living alone and starting university!
Great weekend plans–and what a fabulous dinner you had! I think it's a great idea to visit all of those places in Ontario! I've been considering college in Vancouver and really need a good destination list if I go!
Oh awesome! That's a wonderful idea. Vancouver is such a livable city in terms of accessibility, convenience, and great people and places. Plus pretty awesome weather half the time! I think you would love it. And it's such a foodie city!
Do you start your volunteer in Waterloo?
Not yet! I am going in again today to see the nurses about my health records and immunization papers. Then I can start.
everyone looks so smart on the picture.
They are all super intelligent and do so much volunteer work and extracurricular activities on top of that! Amazing people. I am so lucky!
What a fun time with your classmates! It's hard to go wrong with marinara and cheese, but some extra veggies always make things better!
Yes! I am so lucky. It's even better because it's FREE for the first two weeks – yay!


We here at Mazeuro and mazda3carpet would like to wish all our friends, customers & families in Canada a Happy Thanksgiving.
Since we are located in Canada, we will be enjoying beer, turkey and football. We will be back on Tuesday.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on October 13, 2013 by David Freitas.


I think I'm the only one who is not into Halloween- LOL! But I would totally wear the look you suggested.
That yellow ruffle sleeveles short cocktail dress is sooo pretty dear! Would love to wear that asap. ha!


Palm cockatoos are a famous and charismatic species found in Papua New Guinea and far north Queensland. Their most distinctive attribute is their unique and extraordinary courtship ritual in which males drum on the wall of their nest hollow. Fenner School researcher Professor Rob Heinsohn showed that the species may be in decline in Australia due to their extremely slow reproductive rate, poor nest success and changing habitat. Their current state level conservation listing of 'Vulnerable' and IUCN listing of 'Least Concern' does not reflect the imminence of this risk.
To refine their conservation status, the next step is to determine the degree of support that geographically separate populations are likely to receive via dispersal from other populations. Unfortunately, palm cockatoos are extremely difficult to catch and handle in a way that is ethically sound - traditional capture and banding methods of tracking dispersing birds are therefore inappropriate. This leaves researchers without important baseline population ecology information.
My research combines genetic and GIS methods to look for similarities and differences in cultural behaviours such as vocalisations and courtship 'dance' routines. This information will be used to determine whether, and to what degree, palm cockatoos are moving between geographically separate populations.
Fieldwork involves finding palm cockatoos at multiple sites around the Cape York Peninsula, and recording video and photographs of their behaviour. Analysis is yet to reveal whether the patterns in behaviour across the study area can show us how much palm cockatoos from separate populations intermingle and support each other's numbers.
The Fenner School has provided tremendous support in allowing me to undertake this ambitious and exciting project in far north Queensland.


The intent of the survey concerned the impact of money laundering and its effects on the local economic and method of washing technique in Mauritius. Money Laundering is really huge in nature ; it consists of assorted stairss, technique and attack of set abouting such improper activity. The research analyzes the economic effects of Money laundering in the Mauritanian Economic. The research work will try to analyze the money laundering activities and the utility of bar and sensing techniques by local companies. The method that is to be used is chiefly analyzing available research documents so that we get a upper limit of information. The intent of this survey is to supply the general populace a wide thought on money laundering with some existed solutions. The research will be in the chief involvement of fiscal establishment, Government and General Public.
Money laundering is the procedure by which money is obtained illicitly. Assorted types of frauds corruptness, cooking the books, involve money which has been preceded by several condemnable Acts of the Apostless. Individual or groups make illegal additions by transporting out these condemnable Acts of the Apostless and frequently swindle high sums.
Money laundering makes it possible to legalize dirty additions through computing machine offenses, insider trading, and graft where these bring forth big sums of net incomes. Money washing takes topographic point within all types of profit-motivated offense, such as peculation, fraud, embezzlement, corruptness, robbery, distribution of narcotic drugs, and trafficking in human existences ( Okokrim, 2008 ) .
The first phase refers to the physical distribution of fiscal assets. It is the most unsafe one for the perpetuators as the money from illicit activities are introduces into the fiscal system. Money laundering is a 'cash intensive ' concern bring forthing immense sum of hard currency from improper activities ( for illustration street drug dealing, where payment are made in hard currency ) . The returns are so topographic point into fiscal establishments, in the retail economic system or deposits out of the state. The chief purpose of the launder is to intentionally take the hard currency from the location of acquisition and to change over it into other assets so as to forestall sensing from governments.
Layering involves making complex beds of fiscal dealing designed to cover audit dress suits and supply secretiveness. The first effort is to mask the beginning and ownership of the financess by making complex beds of dealing. The thought of the dealing is to dissociate the illegal financess to the beginning of the offense. Layering is the 2nd phase, in which the financess are moved so as to veil or take any whatsoever link from the offense committed to obtain the money.
During the layering procedure, a figure of histories, fiscal establishments, companies, financess every bit good as the usage of professionals such as agents, attorneies and advisers as mediators could be involvedA as this is where the money will be channelled. Assetss that are bought through improper financess can be resold locally or abroad and as a consequence, the assets become more hard to map out and prehend.
The concluding phase consists of the integrating of the money in the legitimate economic and fiscal establishment. Integration is the phase whereby takes topographic point the creative activity of a legitimate footing for the plus beginning. The launder make the money appear lawfully earned and 'cleaned ' . At this phase it is really hard to separate by governments the difference between legal and illegal wealth. The money is viewed as being legal, and the felon can utilize it for any intent. Illicit money is frequently removed from its state of beginning to be cycled through the international payment system so as to film over any audit trait ( Joyce, 2005 ) .
There are different ways in which the 3rd phase of money laundering is done. For illustration, a recognition card might be handed out by seaward Bankss, casino " winning " can be cashed out, capital additions on option, and stock trading might follow, and existent estate sale might take to gain. The returns of condemnable Acts of the Apostless could be generated from organized offense such as drug trafficking, people smuggling, people trafficking, returns from robberies or money acquired by peculation, revenue enhancement equivocation, fraud, maltreatment of company constructions, insider trading, or corruptness.
Sending bogus import – export bills and overestimating the monetary value of the goods. Consequently in allows the launders to more the financess from one company or state to another with the bills functioning as beginning of the capital topographic point with fiscal companies.
A simpler technique is to switch the money ( via EFT ) to a rightful bank from a bank owned by the launderers, as 'off the shelf Bankss ' are easy purchased in many revenue enhancement oasiss.
The constitution of unspecified company in states where the right to concealment is guaranteed. In such instance the launderer is in a place to allow loans from Bankss to set about certain future legal dealing. In add-on launders can claim revenue enhancement alleviation on loan refunds and involvement on loan so as to increase their net incomes.
Most condemnable Acts of the Apostless are motivated by net income, argues Financial Intelligence Unit ( 2008 ) . When significant net incomes are generated from offense, culprits have to invent a agencies to command the assets in such a manner that they do non pull attending to themselves or the offense committed. Therefore, the money laundering procedure is important in order to bask the net income without eliciting intuition.
Banking secretiveness is a professional duty, intending that fiscal establishments shall non expose a client 's fiscal information and they even have the right to defy any 3rd party 's questions in order to protect the client 's well-being. Secrecy Torahs have served to safeguard individuals from fiscal failure in states plagued by ricketiness, delicate currency and run-away rising prices rate. Affluent persons and political agents are besides protected by leting them to conceal their ownerships to avoid the hazard of persecution ( Savona, E.U, 1997 ) .
In some states, for illustration in Switzerland, the disclosure of secret banking information is punishable by jurisprudence, whether it is knowing or unwilled ( Corrado, M.G, 1988 ) .
Despite being an of import portion of single privateness, banking secretiveness has to be lifted in some instances as it is every bit of import to contend against money laundering in order to vouch a protected and safe society. The lifting of bank secretiveness has already been embodied in the most critical international paperss. Each party should authorise the tribunal or other authorization to order that fiscal or concern studies should be made accessible or be seized under the 1988 Vienna UN Convention, the 1990 Strasbourg Convention and the 2000 Palermo US Convention specifically.
The FATF recommended that fiscal establishments should concentrate on all unusual or big minutess, which have no apparent economic or lawful intent. Such minutess should be examined, written and be made available to supervisors, hearers and jurisprudence enforcement bureaus. If fiscal establishments uncertainty that proceeds come from a condemnable activity, they are required to account for their intuitions to the expert governments without hold ( The FATF Recommendations on Money Laundering, 1996 Art 14, 15 ) .
These steps are advanced, modern and highly different from the conventional banking system. In early times, the relationship between fiscal establishments and clients were founded on trust and assurance: neither the banker asked inquiries nor the clients made revelations. The state of affairs has now changed. Along with that, the manner of thought and attitude of bank managers, staff and that of direction governments have changed ( Galvao G, 1997 ) .
A study with a self-administered questionnaire will be the informations aggregation technique used. The questionnaires will be sent to the senior directors, executives and subdivision directors of the identified Bankss in Mauritius. Visits to the company/meeting with the relevant individual will be carried out where necessary to guarantee maximal response and that questionnaire is being filled up by the addressee.
Besides, secondary informations will be taken from company web sites, studies and fiscal statement to supplement research.
After the questionnaire, the response will be input as informations so as to do usage of specific statistical technique. Thus SPSS statistical bundle will be used to analyse informations for the findings of the research.
Money laundering has a negative consequence on the economic system, such as loss of control on the economical policy, economic deformation and instability. Furthermore, authorities loss gross as revenue enhancement aggregation becomes more complicated and confounding. Therefore, the research will assist to cut down these drawbacks.
Research will help other research workers to do farther research in the subject.


This small size cultivar of unidentified parentage is from Glen Draper of Utah and was registered on his behalf by Kevin Walek (Hosta Registrar) in 2009. The green foliage has creamy yellow to white marginal variegation. Its leaves are heavily rippled, lanceolate and lightly folded. Purple flowers bloom in August.
According to The Hostapedia by Mark Zilis (2009), "...very similar to 'Stiletto'."


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Centers for Economic Education
Network of Affiliated Councils of Economic Education
2019-20 Impact Report
Welcome, Teachers
Resources At a Glance by Category
Resources At a Glance by Grade
Stock Market Game Program
EA Partner Schools
Grab & Go Economics--Concept Guides
Econ Activities to do at Home with Your Kids
EA Foundation
Foundation Officers and Members
Legacy Campaign
Economics Arkansas quickly retools educational offerings
Claudia Utley, Communications Director
Claudia@economicsarkansas.org
For Release to Statewide Media
Professional development for teachers continues with free webinars;
families may benefit from online resources
LITTLE ROCK–Webinars have replaced onsite teacher trainings, children's books are being distributed along with student meals, and classroom lesson plans have been modified for family use. Economics Arkansas, an educational nonprofit organization, has swiftly and seamlessly shifted its teaching methods and delivery of educational materials in compliance with the Coronavirus Response Act. The changes mean that Arkansas teachers and students in grades PreK-12 are continuing to receive professional development training and ready-to-use resources.
"Thanks to technology and the resourcefulness of our staff and extended network of educational partners, we have not missed a beat serving Arkansas teachers and students," said Kathleen Lawson, Economics Arkansas executive director. "In the 58-year history of our organization, we have retooled repeatedly to anticipate the evolving nature of education; in the age of Covid-19, it's all about bringing resources to the frontline."
Founded in 1962, Economics Arkansas provides economics, personal finance and entrepreneurship education to Arkansas teachers in grades PreK-12. It typically trains approximately 3,000 teachers each year through a variety of face-to-face, project-based workshops at many different locations throughout the state.
Now all training has been modified to accommodate remote learning. Among its offerings are innovative webinars and webcasts showcasing well known speakers, e.g., Sarah Catherine Gutierrez of Aptus Financial and the Save10 Movement, and Dr. David Rankin of Southern Arkansas University, as well as zoo educators and live animals from the Little Rock Zoo. In a pilot project in early to mid-April, elementary school students in three different counties will receive "Sammy's Big Dream" coloring books and crayons when they pick up their take-home meals provided by their school district or community. The organization's website has been updated to feature educational activities to do at home, e.g., a savings bank contest for families as part of April Financial Literacy Month. Its Facebook and Instagram pages offer additional short quizzes and bingo games as well as book give-aways.
"In the midst of the current economic turmoil, it's evident that citizens need to understand economic and personal finance issues," said Lawson. "Economics Arkansas is using its decades of success in teaching these subjects to ensure that teachers, students and parents have continued access to approachable, plug-and-play content."
Webinar listings, educational resources and more information about Economics Arkansas are available at www.economicsarkansas.org.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


There is a well-known line from the movie, Field of Dreams, that goes, "If you build it, they will come." While the person who said this line was referring to a baseball field, and not a church, it still fits the situation at St. John's Church, in the Parish of Richmond, NB, quite well.
As you may recall, the parish voted to build a new church and parish centre. The design is simple yet practical, it provides for congregational worship, three Sunday school classrooms, a nursery, modern washroom facilities, kitchen and storage space. The one and only step in the entire building is the one up into the sancturay. It is warm, comfortable, useful for many kinds of functions and accessible by all.
Pair seeks community's input for new kind of church…an article about Lance Dixon and Rob Crosby-Shearer's fresh expression of church in Toronto.
Click here to read the full article from the Diocese of Toronto's "The Anglican", by Henrieta Paukov.
Click here to read the full article on the Diocese of Toronto web site, by Stuart Mann.
Books & Culture reviews Susan Strempek Shea's journey through America's churches. Helpful to anyone wanting a fresh reminder of how Sunday morning worship is experienced by a visitor. Click here to read more.


We know you've been there. The network is always the first to be blamed when application performance is poor. Then the finger pointing begins. It's the network! No, it's the application!..Now you can tell if application performance problems are the result of the network of the application with Network Performance Monitor version 11's deep packet inspection and analysis.
By analyzing packet traffic captured by network or server packet analysis sensors, NPM's new Quality of Experience dashboard analyzes and aggregates the information in a easy-to-read dashboard.
These statistics make it easy to tell at a glance not only if you have a user experience issue, but whether the issue is a problem with the network or the application. In addition to response time statistics, we are capturing aggregate volume metrics, and have the ability to classify application traffic on your network by risk-level and relation to typical business functions.
For customers under active maintenance, NPM 11 may be found in your SolarWinds Customer Portal.
You can learn more about NPM 11 and deep packet inspection and analysis here.
NPM 10.5 IS NOW AVAILABLE!
We are pleased to announce that SolarWinds Network Performance Monitor (NPM) version 10.5 is now available for download.
As today's dynamic networks grow in size and complexity, the number of active routing topology states grows exponentially. With the new network route monitoring feature, SolarWinds NPM takes fault and performance monitoring to the next level by providing real-time network route information alongside device status and performance statistics. With support for major routing protocols including RIP, OSPF, and BGP, IT pros can now view routing tables, changes in default routes, and flapping routes in an intuitive web-based console.
Additionally, many advanced network services including multimedia distribution, finance, education, and desktop imaging rely on IP multicast to reduce network bandwidth usage. SolarWinds NPM's new IP multicast monitoring feature enables IT pros to monitor routers, switches and end-points that receive and forward multicast packets by automatically detecting and importing existing multicast groups and applications.
Other new updates to SolarWinds NPM include advanced interface filtering by hardware type, name, VLAN and more for importation of new nodes and interface; and interface auditing.
You can learn more about NPM version 10.5 and download a free fully functional 30-day trial so you can see how it works in your network.
Looking back at the past decade, its mind boggling to see how the IT model has flipped on its head. Things that were once an exception are now the norm and ironically a lot of organizations aren't keeping with the pace of change in datacenters and network management.
While IT teams are doing all they can to address increasing scale and complexity, data center networks remain anchored to physical devices and manual processes. This worked OK in the era of static IT, but the enormous growth of network devices in the IT space has led to data center networking discontinuity. This has resulted in significant network operation challenges. Network performance management remains a significant issue for organizations of all sizes as IT departments grapple with emerging technologies and legacy infrastructure.
What's more concerning, is the amount of time it takes to detect a problem, determine its cause and then going to troubleshoot it. The trouble stems from lack of a robust performance management tool, followed by scalability issues, complex usability, and a lack of real-time reporting. To add more woes, the presence of legacy network performance management tools cannot keep pace with emerging technologies and trends such as virtualization which are creating new challenges for IT departments.
Does your NMS provide a way to proactively detect problems?
Does your NMS automate network mapping when new devices are added to the network?
Do you have visibility of your network usage?
Does your NMS support monitoring your wireless devices?
These networks carry business-critical services and applications, and are required to deliver high-performance while maintaining no downtime. In many cases, these challenges may force you to upgrade the network infrastructure. If this is your situation, it means that your IT management solutions exist as silos and it's high time that you upgrade them.
Data centers should perform continuous profiling and monitoring of the end-host network stack, coupled with algorithms for classifying and correlating performance problems. Achieving network performance excellence is an essential step toward ensuring overall datacenter excellence. Accurate performance monitoring provides the only way to detect and resolve network issues.
SolarWinds helps you flip the darkness and rise with a network monitoring software. It simplifies the monitoring of your network components by providing a unified view of data center network health through a single pane of glass.
SolarWinds Network Performance Monitor software makes it easy to quickly detect, diagnose, and resolve performance issues before outages occur. It is an affordable, easy to use tool that delivers real-time views and dashboards that enable you to visually track and monitor network performance at a glance.
Not convinced? Feel free to try it out yourself with the free 30-day trial and let us know what you feel.


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Marines: Breaking The Big Curse
May 13, 2011: Some warships are cursed. They just don't work right. When this happens to an automobile, you call it a lemon. But a defective warship is a more serious matter, and the U.S. Navy now fears it has an entire class of ships that is cursed. For the last five years, ever since the USS San Antonio, the first of the LPD 17 class amphibious ships entered service, there has been one problem after another. It began during sea trials, and there is no end in sight. Worse, all four subsequent LPD 17s to enter service exhibit similar problems. Most of the woes were created by poor workmanship and inadequate quality control by the builder. Contributing to these problems there are some poor design decisions and inadequate maintenance practices by the crew. But most of the problems occurred in the shipyard, while the ships were being built. The U.S. Navy sees this as symptomatic of what is wrong with the handful of yards that build most of American warships. This is especially embarrassing when compared to how well foreign shipyards produce similar warships.
Originally, the plan was for twelve LPD 17s to replace 41 smaller, older and worn out amphibious ships. Five LPD 17s have been built, four are under construction and another has been ordered. When the USS San Antonio entered service it was suddenly discovered that the builders had done a very shoddy job. It took the better part of a year to get the ship in shape. The second of the class, the USS New Orleans, was also riddled with defects that required several hundred million dollars to fix. This pattern of shoddy workmanship, incompetent management and outright lies (from the ship builders) continued, and resulted the order being cut to eleven ships. To add insult to injury, the last ship in the class is being named after politician John P. Murtha, who is generally hated by soldiers and marines for the way he politically exploited and defamed the troops who served in Iraq and Afghanistan. This is particularly painful because the LPD 17s carry marines into combat.
Many consider the San Antonio class as a poster child for all that's wrong with American warship construction efforts. The ships are being delivered late, and hundreds of millions of dollars over budget. The list of problems with the ships is long, embarrassing and seemingly without end. Although the San Antonio did get into service, it was then brought in for more inspections and sea trials, and failed miserably. Repairs are still underway to catch all the shipyard errors.
Each LPD 17 displaces 24,900 tons and is 221 meters/684 feet long. The navy crew is 360, and 720 marines and all their equipment are carried. There is 25,000 square feet (2,500 square meters) for vehicle storage and a 24 bed hospital, with two operating rooms and the ability to set up another hundred beds in an emergency. Onboard weapons include two Bushmaster II 30mm Close In Guns and two Rolling Airframe Missile (RAM) launchers to defend against anti-ship missiles. The ship is designed to carry and use two LCAC (Landing Craft Air Cushion vehicle), and 14 Amphibious Assault Vehicles. Five MV-22 (Osprey tiltrotor aircraft), as well as even more helicopters, can operate off the ship's flight deck. Each LPD 17 is expected to cost over a billion dollars (compared to original estimates of $700 million), although the first one cost $1.7 billion. The LPD 17 class replaces four other classes of amphibious ships (LPD 4, LSD 36, LST 1179 and LKA 113).
While the admirals are correct in blaming the shipyards for many of the problems, the navy shares a lot of the blame as well. It is, after all, the navy that draws up the contracts, and supplies inspectors during construction. However, the inspectors were regularly deceived and lied to (about the quality of work and supervision and known defects being fixed). While Congressional interference can be blamed as well, in the end, it's the navy that has the most to say, and do, about how the ships are built. The problem is, admirals who stand up and take on the contractors and politicians put their careers on the line. The ship builder deploys a large number of lobbyists and have many key politicians as allies.
The builder (Northrop Grumman) did try to fix things, but the Avondale shipyard (in Louisiana), where the LPD 17s are built, seemed cursed as well. Nothing Northrop Grumman did (in terms of changing management) seemed to work. So Northrop Grumman is shutting down Avondale (once the largest employers in the state) and shifting all LPD 17 work to their Pascagoula (Mississippi) yards. It's not certain that will fix the problems, which many admirals believe resides with the senior management of Northrop Grumman. The one LPD 17 in service that was not built at Avondale, USS Mesa Verde, has had a lot fewer problems. The builder is transferring work on the LPD 17 to another shipyard over the next two years. But this will cost over $200 million, which the builder will absorb.
Meanwhile, a growing number of admirals are willing to take career risks, and try for some fundamental reform, and finally fix the "system" that turns out more problems than warships. Victory is not assured. The shipyards and their suppliers have powerful allies in Congress. All that money translates into votes that gets incumbent politicians reelected. Congress is not inclined to attack this kind of patronage and pork, since nearly all members of Congress depend on it. The admirals can openly complain, but offended legislators can quietly cripple the careers of those critics. The smart money is betting against the good guys here. So far, the smart money is right. But the LPD 17 mess was so vast, expensive and messy that even many politicians are calling for some fundamental changes.
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In this essay, I discuss the so-called "ancient history" at the beginning of the Book of Genesis – more specifically the post-garden stories. In general Biblical Criticism takes them as myth whereas traditional Biblical scholarship takes them as referring to real historical events. As before, I use the Sumerian hypothesis in my analysis of these stories. I show that the Biblical Adam, Enoch, the deluge, Nimrod and the confusion of languages correspond to similar stories in Sumer. What shall we make of this?
Our study of the Book of Genesis now brings us to the post-Garden of Eden stories. These are found in Genesis 4-11. Together with the garden story, these belong to the so-called "ancient history", that is, the prehistory to the Biblical patriarchal tradition. In this part of the Book of Genesis, we read how Cain murdered his brother Abel, how Enoch was taken to heaven as well as about the Great Flood, the Tower of Babel and the confusion of languages.
What should we think of these stories? Did they really happen? That depends on where they originated. Biblical Criticism assumes that the Book of Genesis was written relatively late in Israel's history – some even think that it was written during or after the Babylonian exile. In that case, the stories were merely taken from the Babylonian and other traditions. As such they were not part of Israel's own prehistory – they were taken from elsewhere and added before the patriarchal stories to give the (false) impression that Israel's history is as old as that of their enemies, the Babylonians. On the other hand, there is the traditional view that these stories are part of the authentic prehistory of Israel. The question is: Who is correct?
Both of these approaches have its problems. Biblical Scholarship – which I discuss in some detail elsewhere [1] – is saddled with modernist presuppositions from its formative years which grounded the paradigmatic commitments of the discipline. Modernist scholarship wrongly assumed that they had some objective vantage point from which to "scientifically" evaluate the traditions of "primitive" peoples such as the Israelites. As such these Biblical traditions were taken – on grounds that had been thoroughly discredited in recent years – as having no value whatsoever as sources about ancient history.
Whereas traditional scholarship rejected this approach, some others venture to the opposite pole, understanding the stories in a way that stands apart from the historical context to which they belong. This led to interpretations which are in constant need of direct divine intervention to explain the seemingly unrealistic nature of the stories, for example, the story about the confusion of languages through which God is said to have created all the languages of the world. Although I accept that God's interaction with his people included various miraculous events, it seems to me superfluous to call upon miracles to explain things for which perfectly natural explanations may be available – often unconvincing interpretations necessitates miraculous explanations.
In all the essays in this series, I work from the Sumerian hypothesis [2], which states that these stories were brought by the Abrahamic family from their homeland in Sumer to the land Canaan. I give various reasons to support this view. The reason why they show agreement with similar stories in Babylonia is that both traditions go back to a very early epoch in Sumer.
Since both the Hebrew and the Babylonian traditions belong to a shared Sumerian heritage, the correspondences and differences are easily explainable. I argue not only that the Hebrew tradition is authentic; I also argue that these early stories go back to real events in ancient Sumer. I show how some of the stories, such as the one about the confusion of languages, makes sense only when we understand the original Sumerian context.
Where did the Biblical stories originate?
When we want to examine the origin of the stories in the ancient history of the Book of Genesis, we have to carefully consider the literary style in which they are presented. We should ask where this same or a similar style is found in ancient literature – which would help us to place the Hebrew text within the appropriate epoch. We should also consider the ancient context in which these stories are said to have taken place to see if they are of historical significance.
The ancient history of Genesis 4-11 has a very distinct style which differs from that of the patriarchal history as well as the other historical narratives given in the Bible. As such there cannot be any doubt that this style is unique to this piece of Biblical literature. What distinguishes the ancient history is 1) genealogical lists of the earliest remembered forefathers, 2) particularly long lifetimes accorded to these people, some of whom are said to have lived for nearly a millennium, 3) short accounts of events related to some of these persons – some in-between the genealogies and others within the genealogies, 4) a Sumerian background for some of the stories (taking place in the land "Shinar") [3].
Readers who are acquainted with the Sumerian King List would immediately recognize a close agreement with that text – in line with the reference to that land in the text itself. The Sumerians were a people who lived in ancient Mesopotamia from the sixth (some would say fourth) to the late third millennium BC. They established a remarkable civilization and ruled for many years over the land. The Sumerian King List was probably compiled during the reign of King Utuhegal of Uruk during the end of the third millennium BC although the oldest copies found so far date from the time of the Isin dynasty early in the second millennium BC [4].
The Sumerian King List was compiled from various king lists from earlier periods. Also included are the names of legendary kings mentioned in the epic tradition. As with Genesis 4-11, the list contains genealogies of early forefathers, some of whom also lived centuries-long lives as well as short comments about some of these figures. The difference between the texts is that the Hebrew text includes short stories between the different genealogical lists, whereas the Sumerian King List does not. This is, however, not too far removed from the Sumerian King List which also uses information from Sumerian stories (some of which correspond to the Biblical ones).
One may also compare the Hebrew tradition with the Amoritic king lists from the Old Babylonian Period (during the early second millennium BC). In this case, the king lists of the historical kings were also preceded by the names of their forefathers. The difference is, however, that these lists do not ascribe such long lifetimes to these forefathers as we find in the Sumerian King List and one also does not find the short commentaries typical of that list. So, although the ancient history in Genesis serves as the preamble to the patriarchal narratives (of Abraham etc,) in a similar way that the Amorites' list their forefathers before proceeding with the reigns of their kings, the correspondence with the Sumerian King List is much closer.
This clear correspondence between the ancient history in Genesis and the Sumerian King List forces us to consider two possibilities, namely that the Hebrew tradition which is recorded in the ancient history 1) was written during the epoch when that style was still in use, which would be some time during the early Old Babylonian Period (the time when Abraham is said to have lived), or 2) was written down many centuries after the Sumerian King List by an author who intentionally copied the style of that ancient document (which was not in use during the period of writing).
Let us first consider the first possibility. According to the Bible Abraham's family originated from the city of Ur in Sumer. If we take this story serious as a true reflection of historical events [5], then this immediately explains why the Hebrew text has so much in common with the Sumerian King List, namely that it originated in the very milieu where that style was in use. All the stories in the ancient history (except the final one in Gen. 11, i.e. of Abraham's origins) belong to the period before Abraham's own lifetime – as such, they would be part of an older tradition which was delivered in the contemporary style within the context of Abraham's family. The slight difference with the Sumerian King List, in that the genealogies are interrupted by short stories, would be a special feature of the Hebrew tradition.
What about the second option, namely that the author may have imitated the style of the Sumerian King List? In my view, this option has serious problems. Why would the author try to imitate a style that had been out of use for more than a thousand years? Why do we not find any information from a Sumerian or Babylonian origin in this ancient history, including the story of creation (which also includes many Sumerian features – see part 1 of this series; the link is at the bottom of this essay), which belong to the post-Old Babylonian period as such! All the data in the ancient history in the Book of Genesis belongs to the Old Babylonian and older strata of tradition in Sumer. (This does not include the reference to the "Chaldeans" [6], which I consider as a typical addition made by a later editor.)
This absence of elements from the post-Old Babylonian tradition is especially obvious in the creation accounts which differ substantially from each other. This strongly suggests that the author wrote before the later developments in Babylonian thought took place (which include the idea that the champion of the gods created the universe from the body of the monster that he killed). Although one might find comparisons between the ancient history in the Book of Genesis and other later traditions on an ad hoc basis, this is not good hermeneutical practice. Although one can obviously not exclude the possibility that the Biblical author used such an ad hoc approach, any serious scholar should prefer an interpretation in which all aspects of the story are understood within one systematic and coherent manner - and this should explain the absence of post-Old Babylonian material in the Book of Genesis.
On the trustworthiness of the ancient history in Genesis 4-11
We may now engage in more detail with the information in the ancient history of Genesis 4-11. Of special interest in this regard, is that the genealogies in the Book of Genesis incorporate data which seems to come from the Sumerian King List! Also, most of the stories find a direct equivalent in ancient Sumerian tradition. In fact, about all the main figures and events mentioned in the Hebrew text go back to such persons and events in ancient Sumerian tradition. I do not suggest that the Hebrews merely copied the Sumerian tradition. Rather, in my view, this suggests that this information belonged to a Semitic tradition handed down by the Abrahamic family – who is said to have originated in that land.
I now give a short summary of the information in the Hebrew text and then show how it agrees with the ancient Sumerian tradition (which includes an ancient Semitic tradition within Sumer itself).
a) The garden story of Adam and Eve (Gen 2:4-3:24)
b) The story of Cain and Abel (not found in the Sumerian tradition [7]) (Gen. 4:1-16)
c) The story of Enoch, who was taken alive to heaven (Gen. 5:18-24)
d) The story of the Great Flood (Gen. 6-9)
e) The story of Nimrod who ruled in Uruk and Babel (Gen. 10:8-12)
f) The story of the Tower of Babel and the confusion of languages (Gen. 11:1-9)
In the Sumerian tradition we have the following stories:
a) The story of Adapa – the earliest remembered person who brought civilization to the land
b) The story of Etana, who was taken on the back of an eagle to the abode of the supreme god
c) The story of the Great Flood
d) The story of Enmerkar who ruled in Uruk and Eridu
e) The story of the confusion of languages.
Although the Biblical stories have clear correspondences with those from ancient Sumer, there is no systematic account of events in the Sumerian tradition similar to that found in the Biblical tradition. We may, however, reconstruct Sumerian history in such a way that it is consistent with the Biblical account of events. This is quite remarkable because the Biblical author did not have a Sumerian outline to work from when he compiled his version of ancient events.
So, how did the Biblical author know how to arrange his history – placing the personages in the correct historical context? An obvious answer is that we have an authentic tradition that really goes back to the relevant period. It is difficult to see how a late author would have been able to do that! This implies that the ancient history in Genesis 4-11 should be taken in exactly the way that it is presented, namely as the prehistoric tradition of the people of Israel that was handed down from generation to generation through the ages.
In this essay, I discuss the stories of Enoch, Nimrod and the Tower of Babel. I show the correspondence with their Sumerian equivalents; I also show how they fit into a viable reconstruction of the history of ancient Sumer. I do not discuss the story of Adam-Adapa – I did that in part 1 of the series. I also do not discuss the story of the Great Flood. I leave that for the next part.
Enoch-Etana
The first story to be discussed is that of the Biblical Enoch. According to the Bible Enoch was the seventh descendant of Adam. He is said to have been a holy man who was taken alive to the abode of God. Over time there developed an important tradition in Hebrew circles about Enoch which resulted in some books being written under his name somewhere between the third and first centuries BC. He is also mentioned in a few places in the New Testament.
The Biblical Enoch corresponds with the Sumerian Etana. According to tradition, Etana was the very first person to become king (called "lugal", i.e. a warrior-king) in ancient Sumer. In the Sumerian King List, Etana is mentioned as the king of Kish, a city in the northern part of Sumer. Of special interest to our discussion, is the fact that the rulers of Kish seem to have been Semites. This would be consistent with the Hebrew tradition in which Enoch is remembered as an early forefather of the Hebrews, who were Semites.
The name Etana means "he who went up to heaven/An". According to the story of Etana, he was taken to the abode of the supreme god An [8] on the back of an eagle. At first Etana got frightened by the height, but eventually, he seems to have reached that heavenly destination (our available cuneiform text is broken at this point). This agrees with the story that Enoch went to the abode of God. The eagle in the Sumerian story may depict the divine Spirit.
There are also some differences between Enoch and Etana. According to the Hebrew tradition, Enoch lived three generations before the deluge; in the Sumerian King List, the dynasty founded by Etana is placed lower down after the deluge. How would one explain this? Various Sumerian scholars have mentioned the problems regarding the King List – especially the fact that the order of the various king lists in the King List should not be taken as a chronological order since the author, who lived many centuries after the events, merely added them together without knowing how they should follow each other and where they overlap.
Insofar as the date of Etana is concerned, we may probe a little deeper. It is interesting that the first dynasty after the deluge is said to be that founded by Meskiagkasher, the forefather of the House of Uruk. He is said to have been both king and priest. The problem is that Etana was supposedly the very first king who ruled in the land. How do we reconcile these differences? I would suggest that Etana ruled before the deluge and Meskiagkasher thereafter, in line with the Biblical tradition about Enoch [9].
Nimrod-Enmerkar
The next person to be discussed is Nimrod. According to the Biblical tale, Nimrod was the son of Cush, the son of Ham, one of the sons of Noah who survived the deluge. That places him a few generations after the deluge. He is said to have become a mighty king – he was also a "mighty hunter". His kingdom stretched from Babel and Erech (Uruk) in the south of Sumer to Akkad and Calneh (Nippur) and even to Nineveh, Rehoboth (Mosul), Resen (?) and Calah (later called Nimrod) in the north. He is typically associated with the events surrounding the Tower of Babel, not only since this city is mentioned as part of his kingdom, but also because his name may be interpreted as originating from the Hebrew word mârâd, which means "he rebelled" in accordance with the Biblical depiction of those events.
The Biblical Nimrod corresponds with the Sumerian Enmerkar. Enmerkar was a great king from the House of Uruk of whom various epic tales were told. He was one of the greatest legendary kings in the history of Sumer. The consonants in the first part of the name Enmerkar spells "nmr", which may be vocalized as Nimrod. The last part of his name, "kar", may be read as "hunter" [10]. The name Enmerkar may, therefore, be interpreted as Nimrod, the hunter.
According to his stories, his family originated from the land of Aratta [the Biblical Ararat [11]) in the northern Zagros Mountains [12]. His father Meskiagkasher came from Aratta to establish himself in Sumer. This name may be shortened to Kash, which corresponds with that of Cush, the father of Enmerkar in the Biblical tradition. Enmerkar became a mighty king who conquered even the far-away land of Aratta to establish his rule over all of ancient Sumer and beyond. He is said to have built the city of Uruk in the area of the temple of An where his father originally settled. Various innovations are ascribed to him, among which is the first writing. He is also said to have brought the goddess Inana from Aratta to Sumer.
These things belong to the Uruk period in Sumerian history, which followed directly after the deluge, which left a 2.7-3.7 meter thick layer of mud which was found by Sir Leonard Woolley at Ur. This is consistent with the Sumerian King List which places the rule of this family directly after the deluge. The Uruk period is the time during which the city of Uruk was built and when the first writing was developed which eventually led to the discovery of phonetic writing towards the end of that period. This is also what evidence for the goddess Inana's first attestation in Sumer suggest. Furthermore, towards the end of this period, the House of Uruk ruled over a very large geographic area to the north and west – this is usually called the period of the "Uruk expansion". This is consistent with the literary tradition of Enmerkar. It is also consistent with the comments about Nimrod in the Bible.
There cannot be any doubt that there is a remarkable consistency between the Biblical tradition of Nimrod and the Sumerian tradition of Enmerkar – which refers to historical events during the Uruk period in Sumer. What is also interesting, is that some of the other names of the members of this family correspond with those in the Sumerian tradition. The Bible mentions a certain Raamah, meaning "Thunder", as a brother of Nimrod. This corresponds with the Sumerian Lugalbanda, who was Enmerkar's successor in the King List and who was identified with the "Thunderbird" (as part of the family of that bird) in one of the stories told about him. The Biblical Raamah had Sheba ("Seven") and Dedan as sons. Sheba corresponds with the seven young men who are associated with Lugalbanda in one of his stories. Dedan may refer to Daos, a variant form of the name Dumuzi, the successor of Lugalbanda in the Ling List [13].
The correspondence between the Biblical and Sumerian traditions regarding the historical Nimrod-Enmerkar suggests that the Biblical source material did not only include information from oral tradition (probably handed down in the family context) but also from the literary tradition of ancient Sumer, including from the Sumerian King List itself (see the detailed correspondence between personages belonging to the Sumerian Kash and Biblical Cush dynasties respectively).
We may now suggest that the correspondences between the ancient history of Genesis 4-11 and the King List imply not only that the original author of this source material was aware of that list and used a similar literary style, but also that he took it as guide for his own history writing which included data from the King List itself. The period during which this is most likely to have happened is the Old Babylonian period (i.e. in the early second millennium BC) during which the Sumerian King List would have served as the model for such history writing. The Biblical author obviously reworked this material to produce the ancient history that we find in the Book of Genesis.
This brings us to one of the most interesting stories in the Biblical tradition, namely that of the Tower of Babel and the confusion of languages. The problem with the Biblical tradition is that the city of "Babel" was not on the map in the early period in which the Bible places this event, namely in the post-deluge period. So, how did the name Babel became associated with Nimrod and the story of the confusion of languages? The answer is actually quite simple: later authors such as the Babylonian priest Berossus (and the Biblical editor) referred to Eridu under the name Babel [14]. The reason is that both Eridu and Babylon was written as Nun.ki in cuneiform – resulting in this name being read as Babel in later times.
One can immediately see that Eridu is meant. The Bible mentions the cities under Nimrod's control in Sumer as "Babel and Erech [Uruk]", which would refer to Eridu and Uruk as two of the most important cities in southern Sumer during that period – not mentioning Eridu would be very strange indeed (when we take "Babel" as Eridu then the Biblical list of cities also proceed more naturally from the most southern ones to those in the north). In accordance with the Biblical story, Eridu was a very important religious centre at that time where people from all over Sumer gathered to celebrate their festivals. It was known as the oldest sanctuary in Sumer and was rebuilt in the time of Enmerkar into a huge temple terrace (the typical ziggurat did not exist at that time) according to the literary tradition [15]. The building of the city of Uruk and the Eridu platform during the reign of Enmerkar is consistent with the Biblical story that the people built a city and a "tower" in Sumer in the time of the confusion of languages.
What about the confusion of languages. This is also part of the Sumerian tradition where it was called "Nudimmud's [Enki's] spell". It is mentioned in one of the stories about Enmerkar which date from the late third millennium BC. The appearance of this "spell" in a story about Enmerkar is consistent with the association between Nimrod and the confusion of languages in Biblical tradition. We read: "(In) the (whole) compass of heaven and earth the people entrusted (to him) could address Enlil [son of An], verily, in but a single tongue… (The) lord of Eridu [Enki] enstrangled the tongues in their mouths as many as were put there. The tongues of men which was one" [16].
Where did this story originate? A simple explanation – which is maybe a too simplistic one – would be that the story was meant to describe how the various languages of the world came into being through one miraculous divine event. In the Biblical genealogy that precedes the story of the Tower of Babel, we read that languages came into being as humans became dispersed over the earth (Gen. 10:5, 31). This is indeed how different languages evolve. Since this stands in direct contrast with the explanation for the origin of languages given in the story of the Tower of Babel, we should ask ourselves if the typical interpretation of our story is correct? Maybe the original story was about something other than the origin of languages.
"Tower of Babel" by Lucas Van Valckenborch (1568)
In line with such an alternative reading we find that the Biblical author uses different words when he refers 1) to the tongues/languages (lâshôwn) that formed when humans became dispersed and 2) when he speaks about the confusion of language/speech (sâphâh). This may imply that two different things are referred to. Whereas the meaning of lâshôwn is obvious, sâphâh is not. The Hebrew word sâphâh literally means "lip" and refers to "speech" as the way in which we pronounce words. This way of pronunciation may refer to any particular way or convention in which words are pronounced.
In my view, the confusion of speech at the Tower of Babel – which I take as referring to the huge temple platform at Eridu – was not about the origin of different languages at all. It was about something different! There is an event at the end of the Uruk period that shows a remarkable agreement with the story of the confusion of speech. At that time it so happened that the Sumerians started reading their script in phonetic fashion. As such the convention of pronunciation changed.
Before the arrival of phonetic writing, the pictographic symbols of the Sumerians merely identified items in the context of accounting; now they were arranged in accordance with phonetic pronunciation. Before that time there was one unified convention for the pronunciation of the same symbols, namely that they had one meaning which referred to generally understood items of which the particular pronunciation was not important (they were pronounced differently by the various language speakers); the new convention of pronunciation involved combining such symbols in phonetic fashion in accordance with the way that we speak. Suddenly different language speakers – Semites and Sumerians respectively – read the combination of symbols in a totally different fashion which the others could not understand if they did not know that language. One can imagine that this would have led to enormous confusion.
We now find that the change to phonetic reading at the end of the Uruk period can explain the upheaval at that time. This is the time when the long continuous rule of the House of Uruk came to an end. The new rulers of Sumer were from the House of Kish in the north. At that time there was a "considerable displacement of peoples" with many people abandoning the land [17]. At Eridu, the large limestone terrace was left deserted overnight [18]. This is also the picture given in the Bible according to which the confusion led to the dispersion of the people of Sumer all over the world.
In this short essay, I discuss the "ancient history" of the Book of Genesis. I argue that this preamble to the patriarchal traditions was part of a very old Hebrew tradition that was handed down in the midst of the Abrahamic family since the time when they left Ur in Sumer to migrate to Canaan. This would explain the remarkable correspondence between this Biblical tradition and the Sumerian King List insofar as both were written in a very similar style and refer to the same historical persons and events. The Biblical tradition is consistent with the Sumerian tradition regarding events from the pre-Old Babylonian Period (all the relevant persons and events belong to an ancient Sumerian tradition from the time before the end of the third millennium BC).
In fact, the Biblical tradition is consistent with a viable reconstruction of Sumerian history from the time before the deluge until after the Uruk Period (ca. sixth to early third millennia BC) – something that is not even found in Sumerian tradition where the ancient history of the land must be reconstructed from the textual sources and archaeological data. The obvious question is: How did the Biblical author know to order those stories about the persons and events? It does not make sense that the author wrote it down many centuries after these things happened. Rather, he merely recorded an ancient tradition handed down to him. I argue that we have good reasons to think that we have a true tradition before us which refers to real historical events.
[1] A critique of Biblical Criticism as a scholarly discipline
[2] The Sumerian hypothesis stands primarily in opposition to the Babylonian hypothesis. For more details on the Sumerian hypothesis, read: The Book of Genesis - the Sumerian hypothesis
I also criticize the Documentary hypothesis as a prime example of bad hermeneutics. See
Can we still believe the Bible? A hermeneutical perspective
I present a viable alternative to the Documentary Hypothesis:
Who is Elohim?
[3] There are also other unique characteristics of the ancient history that I discussed elsewhere such as the use of the divine "us" (see part 7 of this series; at the bottom of this essay).
[4] Jacobsen, Thorkild. 1939. The Sumerian King List. Chicago: University of Chicago. p141.
Michalowski, Piotr. 1983. History as Charter. Some Observations on the Sumerian King List. Journal of the American Oriental Society 103(1):237-248.
[5] I previously showed that the important events included in the story of Abraham are consistent with the wider ancient Middle Eastern chronology when the Mesopotamian "high" chronology is used together with K. A. Kitchen's "low" chronology for the Twelfth Dynasty in Egypt.
Presenting a new ancient Middle Eastern chronology.
[6] The name Chaldeans refers to the Neo-Babylonians from the time of the Babylonian exile.
[7] Some Sumerologists have proposed that the Biblical story of Cain and Abel may be related to the Sumerian disputation between Enkimdu and Dumuzi. In both cases, the dispute is between an antediluvian farmer and shepherd. In my view, the correspondence is not detailed enough to justify a shared tradition in the way that I am proposing.
[8] I previously argued that the Hebrew God was worshipped already in ancient Sumer, where he was called An by the Sumerians. The name An means "most high", similar to the Hebrew El-Elyon (Most High God). In my view, the names El and An are like God (in English) and Dieu (in French). In both cases, this God was worshipped as the father of the gods. See part 7 of this series.
[9] The kings listed under the first dynasty of Kish actually includes three such lists, which mean that the last kings on the list were far removed in time from the first ones. The expression "XX became king", which usually introduces a new dynasty in the Sumerian King List, is used three times in this dynasty of Kish. This implies that three different lists are combined within the framework of the list that mentions Etana. The first of these consists of a list of Akkadian names (the language of the eastern Semites), which may refer to the ancestors of the kings of Kish. The second list commences with Etana and would refer to the first dynasty of these kings. The third list commences with Enmebarragesi, who ruled towards the end of the Uruk period. In my reconstruction of events, the House of Uruk ruled during the Uruk period, which commences directly after the deluge. The only place where the first dynasty of Kish would fit in would, therefore, be before the deluge.
[10] Rohl, David. 1998. Legend The Genesis of Civilization. London: Century. p215.
[11] The reasons for taking the Sumerian Aratta as the Biblical Ararat would be discussed in the next part of the series.
[12] Vanstiphout, Herman. 2003. Epics of Sumerian Kings. The Matter of Aratta. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature. p67
[13] Jacobsen 1939:73
[15] Vanstiphout 2003:59, 85
[16] Jacobsen, Thorkild. 1987. The Harps that once… Sumerian Poetry in Translation. New Haven: Yale University. p290.
[17] Crawford, Harriet. 1991. Sumer and the Sumerians. Cambridge: Cambridge University. p182.
Algaze, Guillermo. 1986. The Uruk World System. The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago. p16.
[18] Leick, Gwendolyn. 2001. Mesoptamia. The invention of the City. New York: Penguin. p17, 18.
Author: Dr Willie Mc Loud (Ref. wmcloud.blogspot.com)
The author has written a book on the Sumerian roots of the Bible (Abraham en sy God (Griffel, 2012)) and is a scientist (PhD in Physics; MA in Philosophy). He writes on issues of religion, philosophy, science and eschatology.
Read also the other parts of the series on the Book of Genesis:
Intro: The Book of Genesis - the Sumerian hypothesis
Part 1: Does the creation narrative of Genesis 1 support the idea of a young earth?
Part 2: Adam and Eve: Were they the first humans?
Part 3: The Garden of Eden: Was it a real place?
Part 4: The Serpent of Paradise
Part 5: Reconsidering the Fall
Part 6: The ancient worldview: the origins of Satan
Part 7: Who is Elohim?
Part 9: The Great Flood: Did it really happen?
Part 10: Abraham holds the key
If readers find the article interesting, they are welcome to share it or forward it to others, including their pastors or other scholars.
Posted by Willie Mc Loud at 03:26
Labels: "ancient history" in Genesis, confusion of languages, Cush, Enmerkar, Enoch, Etana, Meskiagkasher, Nimrod, Tower of Babel
abhishek mane 20 May 2017 at 03:35
The "ancient history" of Genesis 4-11: myth or his...


Hobsonville Airbase was developed from 1925 onwards. It was a combined aerodrome making provision for both aeroplanes and seaplanes.
Since 2001, defence has gradually been relocating its operations from Hobsonville. The site is now being developed for residential housing and the marine industry.


Set in a modern renovated mill building, the modern Daviduv mlyn offers a gym, sauna and a large garden with gazebo and barbecue facilities. There are 2 restaurants serving European specialities and fresh fish from the Daviduv's own pond.
Room amenities include a TV with cable channels, a small seating area and a private bathroom. Some larger units feature kitchen facilities, while other offer access for people with disabilities.
A rope centre and a ceramic workhouse can also be found on the premises.
The ski areas Guntramovice, 9 km away, and Tosovice, 15 km away, are easily accessible by car. Within a radius of a 15-minute drive you can reach the dams of Kruzberk and Slezska Harta.
Free use of Wi-Fi internet connection and free parking are available on site. The closest bus stop is 100 metres from the property, while the train station Svatonovice is 6 km away.


Kids Kicking Cancer eases the pain of very sick children. Our little heroes learn martial arts mind-body techniques to help them heal physically, spiritually and emotionally.
Teaching is one of the most powerful elements of our model. Each child is empowered to teach others how to use the power of light to break through the darkness of pain, fear and anger. Teaching also helps our children connect to a purpose: to use their experience to help others.
We created the Breath Brake app to connect our children with you. Each time you log a Breath Brake, you help them realize their purpose. You can even leave a note to remind them of just how amazing they are.


90% of people get it wrong on their first try - How many B's are hidden?
Most of us have sedentary jobs where we're sitting in front of a desk all day. And once we do have some time off, it's easy to end up on the couch or on a lounger in the sun.
We simply don't move around enough. But an equally big problem is that technology has taken over our everyday lives. Soon we hardly need to think for ourselves, since computers and smartphones do most of our work for us.
That's why it can be so invigorating to take a break from working or watching TV, and refresh your mind with a different kind of stimulation.
The fun test below is a great example of just that. It's very simple, and it only takes a few moments to do. But it really activates your brain and makes you focus for a while.
Lately, this type of simple challenge has become more and more common, a trend which I think is absolutely fantastic. We could all use some daily brain exercise!
Below is an image with lots of number 8's in it. But there are several letter B's hiding in the sea of numbers – the challenge is to find out how many!
This test is a way to exercise your brain-eye coordination. I think most people can solve this one if they have all day – but the thing is, you only have 10 seconds. The time limit causes most people to fail the challenge on their first try.
Now, I wish you good luck! How many B's can you find in this image? Ready, set and go!
Let's see how you did! As mentioned previously, very few people get it right on their first try due to only having 10 seconds. I have to admit that I didn't quite manage to spot them all!
The right answer is that there are 9 B's in the image!
Press the share button if you found at least 5 B's – if so, great job! Send this on to your friends to give them their daily brain exercise!


text:
package de.uka.ipd.idaho.goldenGateServer.dis;

import de.uka.ipd.idaho.gamta.util.imaging.ImagingConstants;
import de.uka.ipd.idaho.goldenGateServer.GoldenGateServerConstants;

/**
 * Constant bearer for the GoldenGATE Document Image Server
 *
 * @author sautter
 */
public interface GoldenGateDisConstants extends GoldenGateServerConstants, ImagingConstants {

	/** the command for retrieving images */
	public static final String CHECK_IMAGE_AVAILABLE = "DIS_CHECK_IMAGE_AVAILABLE";

	/** the command for retrieving images */
	public static final String GET_IMAGE = "DIS_GET_IMAGE";

	/** the command for uploading images (requires authentication) */
	public static final String STORE_IMAGE = "DIS_STORE_IMAGE";
}


If the meteorologists are correct, an El Niño weather pattern will bring hot and dry weather to the east coast and wet weather to the west coast in the months ahead.
For those affected by hotter and drier than normal conditions, making plans and taking steps early to respond to the opportunities available can make a significant difference to the financial and emotional cost of a hot, dry spell.
As both the quantity and quality of pasture available for grazing stock declines, it is important to remember that drought weakens plants. Grasses store energy above the ground, so pasture survival will be better and recovery faster if some pasture cover is maintained. In the long run, confining stock to sacrifice areas and feeding supplements is preferable to overgrazing the entire farm and facing extensive re-seeding.
If a drought is expected, it may be worth directing high quality supplementary feed to highly productive stock – good milking cows, prime cattle, calves and lambs – to put milk in the vat or increase growth rates to reach sale weights or as a buffer against harder times ahead. Thin cows and poor performers may need to be dried off or put on OAD. Lambs could be weaned off thin ewes and fed NRM Lamb Performance Pellets to help support their growth whilst taking pressure off the ewes. Destocking before demand for stock falls may be worth considering. Capital stock often reflect a long-term investment in breeding, which best complements the farm and systems adopted, so preserving their condition and numbers should be a priority. Dry mature stock are more likely to maintain condition on summer pasture, provided supply is not limiting but even they may need supplementation during an extended drought – especially with tupping in mind.
Conserved forages are typically the first thing people turn to as pasture growth slows, to help maintain livestock production and condition whilst simultaneously reducing pasture consumption. Ruminants need some long fibre but think about the true cost of the dry matter you are buying after taking into account the moisture content of the forage, feed out costs and losses and potential deterioration once the bale or stack is opened. Not all metabolisable energy is used with the same efficiency – more metabolisable energy has to be consumed as conserved forages than straights.
Hard feed – ranging from straights to blends to fully formulated compound feeds – has grown in popularity during droughts because of its consistency, ease of use, availability of supply and cost effectiveness compared to purchased forages. Hard feed can range from straights like corn gluten feed to help fill a simple energy and protein deficit, through to fully formulated blends and compound feeds. Specialist feeds are available for a range of grazing animals. NRM Summer Dry Nuts could be a topical, versatile option – available in bulk or bags that are designed for feeding in the paddock as pasture protein levels drop.
Lag times in procuring and shipping imported straights means that even their supply can tighten, so it is worth discussing your needs with your local Nutrition Specialist earlier rather than later – especially with local grain supplies tightening.
Article supplied by Dr. Rob Derrick, Lead Nutritionist.


text:
January 1, 2014 By squirt
NOFX New Year's Eve at the Warfield
It is really nice to start 2014 with a new poster for the Warfield in San Francisco. I made this design in a Planet of the Apes theme, ape emperor with destroyed Statue of Liberty scepter. A fun design for a fun night!
NOFX, New Year's Eve, the Warfield, SF
Hangar 18 Goldenvoice Poster Series No. 175
3 colors on archival cream paper
Sold Out – Thank You!
Slate Edition of 10
3 colors on textured slate gray paper
Silver Edition of 10
3 colors on silver metallic paper
Gold Edition of 10
2 colors on gold metallic paper
Filed Under: Rock Posters Tagged With: Firehouse Goldenvoice Poster Series, NOFX, The Warfield
Grinderman Shirt and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds Poster Offering
Nick Cave wrote me an email last summer, starting a discussion about making art for Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds upcoming tour in 2014. I'll be creating a really special poster offering throughout the beginning of 2014 for Nick Cave and the Bad Seed's 2014 North American Tour; it is available with a VIP ticket purchase in all major North American cities he will visit. I am linking the Warfield in San Francisco, HERE. However, this offer is available throughout the tour. Read more about the tour from Nick Cave's press conference recently HERE.
Last June, Nick mentioned that he has always loved my design for his Grinderman concert at the Warfield from 2010, and here we are offering my design as a t-shirt, on Nick Cave's official website.
Filed Under: News, Rock Posters Tagged With: Grinderman, Nick Cave, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, The Warfield
April 23, 2013 By squirt
Rodriguez "Searching for Sugar Man" at the Warfield
Rodriguez at The Warfield, April 23, 2013
Firehouse-Goldenvoice No. 174
For more on Rodriguez read on…
The story remains one of the music world's most unusual tales of the 1970s: an obscure debut LP by a Detroit singer-songwriter becomes a source of hope and inspiration to the anti-Apartheid movement in South Africa. Now, the story of Rodriguez and his cult album Cold Fact is the basis for Searching For Sugar Man, a riveting new documentary by filmmaker Malik Bendjelloul. Light In The Attic Records in partnership with Sony Legacy are honored to announce the release of the original motion picture soundtrack, comprising tracks from Cold Fact and its 1971 follow-up Coming From Reality – both reissued in 2008 and 2009 by Light In The Attic.
Back in the late '60s, Rodriguez was discovered in a Detroit bar by renowned producers Dennis Coffey and Mike Theodore. They recorded a 1970 album that they believed was going to secure his reputation as one of the greatest recording artists of his generation. Instead, Cold Fact bombed, and despite the release of a second LP, entitled Coming From Reality and produced by Steve Rowland, Rodriguez drifted into obscurity, even being subject to some fantastic rumors of a dramatic onstage death. Cold Fact took on a life of its own when a bootleg recording found its way into apartheid-era South Africa. Banned by the government, the album became a country-wide phenomenon over the next two decades, and the soundtrack to a resistance movement of liberal African youth. Back in Detroit, working in construction and renovation (he also ran for mayor), Rodriguez was totally unaware that he was not just a folk hero but a household name thousands of miles away. Decades later, two South African fans, Stephen 'Sugar' Segerman and Craig Bartholomew-Strydom set out to find out what really happened to their hero, and their investigation led them to a story more extraordinary than any of the many myths they'd heard. Their story forms the basis of Searching For Sugar Man.
"I describe myself as 'musico-politico'," Rodriguez said recently. "I was born and bred in Detroit, four blocks from the city center. Back then, I was influenced by the urban sounds that were going on around me all the time. Music is art and art is a cultural force. As far as my work from Detroit comparing to the South African Apartheid, the similarities echo. The placards of the 1970s in the United States read things like: We Want Jobs and Stop the War – I was looking at the music from a working class perspective that was relevant, as it turns out, to the kids in South Africa."
Filed Under: Rock Posters Tagged With: Firehouse Goldenvoice Poster Series, Rodriguez, The Warfield
Primus Poster, Uncut Edition and Foil Variant Edition – Release
Working in a rare collaboration with Zoltron on these Primus posters was a blast. I'm very happy that we co-operated seamlessly, bringing everyone this cool cross-over between my art direction of the Firehouse Goldenvoice Poster Series and Zoltron's art direction for the Primus Poster Series. I'm glad to hear these were quickly snapped up at the the two back-to-back shows at The Warfield Theater in San Francisco, December 30 and 31.
Here I'm releasing my poster; a limited number in an uncut edition with my art and Zoltron's; and a very special, very limited foil uncut edition.
Zoltron will be releasing his Primus rock poster, his uncuts, and foils simultaneously on his site.
I'll be making a very limited release of my Primus poster, the uncut edition, and foil variant on Friday, January 4 at a random time.
Primus at The Warfield, December 31, 2012
Firehouse-Goldenvoice No. 172 / Primus Poster Series No. 83
Primus at The Warfield, December 30-31, 2012
Uncut Edition
Uncut Foil Edition
Sold Out- Thank You!
Filed Under: Rock Posters Tagged With: Firehouse Goldenvoice Poster Series, Primus, Sticker Robot, The Warfield, Zoltron
December 31, 2012 By squirt
Primus Poster for "Frankenstein's Masquerade New Years Ball" at The Warfield
Available tonight, December 31, 2012 through Primus at the show.
Tonight's Perfectly Appropriate "Frankenstein's Masquerade New Years Ball" Poster was drawn, printed, signed, numbered & hand delivered by local San Francisco Rock Poster Artist, Chuck Sperry.
Over the past 20+ years in SF, every Primus or Claypool related New years performance has a theme. This year's theme is "Frankenstein's Masquerade New Years Ball." The idea was for each of us to do an artist's homage to Frankenstein. Each poster would be inspired by a different historic artist – and by working with the same color palette and printing the posters at the same time, we would ensure a consistent overall theme.
The Frankenstein/Picasso themed poster is 5 colors of rich oil based ink, with a metallic undercoat – and is the match for last night's sold out poster by Zoltron (the rad artist behind the silkscreen sticker printing company, Sticker Robot). Each night's respective poster would be inspired by a different historic artist… Zoltron chose Warhol and Chuck chose Picasso. Both were cross pollinated with Frankenstein – and this is the result.
Zoltron and I have worked together many times over the years, but usually I'm inviting Zoltron to do posters for the coveted SF, Goldenvoice Poster Series – which I have curated and produced a poster series in the rich history of San Francisco's 1960s rock poster tradition for the Avalon Ballroom, where I design or invite artists to design and print unique posters for events at the Regency Ballroom and the Warfield Theatre.
It just so happens that the Primus Poster Series, currently landing on poster #83, and The Goldvoice Series, currently at poster # 171, are literally merging on New Years at these two Warfield Primus shows.
125 tubed copies will be available at the merch booth tonight. And 125 will sell out. Be there early to make sure to snag one!
And remember to dress up for tonight's on stage Costume Contest!
Here's Zoltron's amazing Warhol/Frankenstein's Bride inspired poster from last night:
And both together (as printed):
Online poster release date: Friday, January 4, 2013 at a random time.