text:
The Free Library > Health > Health, general > Journal of Mental Health Counseling > April 1, 2017
The Free Library > Health > Psychology and mental health > Journal of Mental Health Counseling > April 1, 2017
The Free Library > Date > 2017 > April > 1 > Journal of Mental Health Counseling
Charting the center and the margins: addressing identity, marginalization, and privilege in counseling.
<a href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Charting+the+center+and+the+margins%3a+addressing+identity%2c...-a0490717876
MLA style: "Charting the center and the margins: addressing identity, marginalization, and privilege in counseling.." The Free Library. 2017 American Mental Health Counselors Association 19 Jan. 2022 https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Charting+the+center+and+the+margins%3a+addressing+identity%2c...-a0490717876
Chicago style: The Free Library. S.v. Charting the center and the margins: addressing identity, marginalization, and privilege in counseling.." Retrieved Jan 19 2022 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Charting+the+center+and+the+margins%3a+addressing+identity%2c...-a0490717876
APA style: Charting the center and the margins: addressing identity, marginalization, and privilege in counseling.. (n.d.) >The Free Library. (2014). Retrieved Jan 19 2022 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Charting+the+center+and+the+margins%3a+addressing+identity%2c...-a0490717876
In order to address the inequities experienced by individuals who experience multiple forms of marginalization, counselors must be able to make linkages between identity, marginalization, and privilege. Equally important is the need to balance individual counseling with advocacy. This perspective requires counselors to understand how identities intersect and the ways in which a counselor's and client's statuses as members of privileged and marginalized groups influence the therapeutic relationship. These expectations are based on the new Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC), which were recently endorsed by the American Counseling Association. To address these challenges, and to operationalize the MSJCC, the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies--Assessment Form (MSJCC-AF) is introduced. This form incorporates intersectionalities and advocacy with counseling.
The multicultural and social justice counseling movements allege that they speak for all marginalized groups. Both movements contend they are about promoting inclusion, embracing diversity, and eradicating oppression in all of its forms. Yet individuals who experience multiple forms of marginalization (e.g., transgender individuals of color, women of color) continue to live on the margins. Their experiences are largely ignored in the counseling and psychology literature. While counseling and psychology have made great strides in advancing knowledge of marginalized populations (e.g., people of color), less is understood about issues pertaining to individuals who experience multiple forms of marginalization (e.g., women of color), and even less about how privilege and marginalization intersect in people's everyday lives (e.g., for heterosexual women of color). This outcome exists in part because the dominant discourse within the multicultural and social justice counseling perspectives uses singular analytical categories to conceptualize social identity (Silverstein, 2006). When categories that make up social identity are viewed as mutually exclusive, it can lead to the assumption, for example, that all lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) individuals are White, or to the erroneous belief that people who experience multiple forms of marginalization do not also benefit from power and privilege if they possess a privileged identity status. Consequently, issues pertaining to individuals who experience marginalization on multiple levels fall between the cracks, and these individuals' stories and lived experiences remain largely untold and undocumented.
All individuals present a multiplicity of intersecting identities, as well as privileged and marginalized statuses, shaped by motivating forces both internal (e.g., sense of self) and external (e.g., societal oppression) that need consideration. This need arises in part because the amalgamation of identities, and of marginalized and privileged statuses, intersects in ways that lead to marginalization for individuals who are multiply marginalized. For example, women of color are twice as likely to live in poverty compared with non-Latina White women (Downing, 2014). These inequities are attributed to experiencing multiple forms of marginalization (Singh, 2010). Attending to these multicultural and social justice issues is critical. Yet the counseling profession's response to the needs of individuals who are marginalized in multiple ways has been grossly inadequate. Moreover, the single analytical framework popular in counseling and psychology fails to acknowledge the multiple categories of social group identity and of intersecting privileged and marginalized statuses that such clients bring to counseling (Savneet, 2010). A new multidimensional framework is needed.
The concept of intersectionality was coined by Crenshaw (1989), who argued the need to integrate the feminist and antiracism movements to acknowledge the experiences of women of color, who were often left out of the discourse on race and gender. Intersectionality requires being cognizant of within-group differences as well as between-group differences (Crenshaw, 1991). Unfortunately, the lack of clearly established frameworks for addressing intersectionality in counseling makes it difficult for intersectional awareness to gain traction in clinical practice. Given this absence, mental health practitioners may feel inadequate in addressing the multiple categories of identity and status that they and their clients bring to counseling.
When counselors take an intersectional approach in their work, they begin to see how different aspects of identity intersect and connect in the lives of clients. Moreover, counselors begin to realize how client identities are connected to privilege and marginalization in society. This realization leads counselors to recognize that social justice advocacy can be warranted. A social justice advocacy perspective incorporates multilevel interventions and strategies that require counselors to work inside and outside the office environment (Ratts, Toporek, & Lewis, 2010). Such a practice is based on the belief that individual counseling can be helpful in addressing internally based psychological issues, while social justice advocacy can be important to addressing externally based systemic issues. Balancing these two divergent but complementary approaches is important. This article will explore these complex connections.
Addressing the constellation of identities, including privileged and marginalized statuses of individuals in counseling, while incorporating advocacy with counseling requires new structures, models, and approaches. The Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies (MSJCC) were created to address these new expectations and challenges (Ratts, Singh, Nassar-McMillan, Butler, & McCullough, 2015). No articles to date incorporate intersectionalities and advocacy with the new MSJCC. The MSJCC, developed by Ratts, Singh, Nassar-McMillan, Butler, and McCullough (2016), revise the Multicultural Counseling Competencies (MCC) created by Sue, Arredondo, and McDavis (1992). The American Counseling Association (ACA) has also endorsed the MSJCC.
Currently, there is a theory-to-practice gap that exists for the MSJCC clue to their relative newness in the field. There are no articles to date illustrating practical application of the MSJCC with clients. To address this gap, this article introduces the Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies--Assessment Form (MSJCC-AF). This form was developed based on the MSJCC. First, an overview of intersectionality is discussed. Next, the MSJCC are introduced to provide context for the use of the MSJCC-AF in counseling and advocacy work. An explanation of the MSJCC-AF is then provided as it applies to clinical practice.
INTERSECTIONALITIES: BRIDGING IDENTITY, MARGINALIZATION, AND PRIVILEGE
Identity, marginalization, and privilege are intertwined. The complexities of identity combine to create a web of privilege and marginalization that influences access to resources such as employment opportunities, quality educational experiences, and equitable access to health care. For purposes of this article, identity is defined as a social category that people give meaning to, such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, age, disability status, religion, and economic class, to list a few (Ashmore, Deaux, & McLaughlin-Volpe, 2004). All individuals belong to multiple intersecting social categories. Statuses refer to whether one's identity leads to marginalization (disadvantage) or privilege (advantage) in society. Within the United States, racial identity leads to privilege for White people and marginalization for people of color (Adams, Bell, Goodman, & Joshi, 2016). People can experience both marginalization and privilege due to multiple aspects of their identities (Shield, 2008).
The link between identity, marginalization, and privilege is not readily apparent within the counseling and psychology literature. Social group identity is conceptualized as mutually exclusive, or when connections are made between multiple intersecting identities, such links fail to fully recognize the relationship between marginalized and privileged aspects of identity (Silverstein, 2006). For example, it is not uncommon to disregard the privileged aspect of a person's identity if that person is a member of a marginalized group. The lack of attention to how multiple social categories of identity and status intersect to shape experiences and outcomes is concerning. Evidence of this concern is reflected in three areas of counseling and psychology: (1) research, (2) conceptual models used to explain identity, and (3) language used by mental health practitioners to communicate about intersectionality. Each is briefly discussed here.
Although multiple categories of social group identity intersect in the lives of everyday people, these overlapping identities are conceptualized as mutually exclusive in the research. Boehmer's (2002) search of the MEDLINE database of articles published between 1980 and 1999 found that most articles (85%) omitted the race and ethnicity of LGBTQ participants. More recent research confirms that not much has changed. Singh and Shelton's (2011) content analysis of qualitative studies with LGBTQ participants concluded that there was a lack of research on LGBTQ individuals who are multiply marginalized. Similarly, Coulter, Kenst, Bowen, and Scout (2014) found that LGBTQ-oriented research funded by the National Institutes of Health lacked attention to understanding the health risks of subpopulations within the LGBTQ community. Reimers and Stabb's (2015) content analysis of The Counseling Psychologist and the Journal of Counseling Psychology over a 15-year period found that only 39% of research articles included class, race, and gender in an integrated way, and only 1.9% considered these three categories in a primary way. These studies support what has been known for some time: that health professionals have ignored the importance of intersectionality as a construct. This research gap has been attributed to the lack of a framework for studying intersectionality (Cole, 2009; Hancock, 2007; McCall, 2005; Warner, 2008). Although research conceptualizing identity development as a dynamic and intersecting process exists (Jones & McEwen, 2000), these studies are in the minority.
Conceptual Models
The lack of research on multiple intersecting identities means an absence of new knowledge and conceptual frameworks exploring intersectionality in meaningful ways. There is continued use of antiquated singular analytical frameworks to understand identity in counseling and psychology. For example, racial (Atkinson, Morten, & Sue, 2003; Hardiman, 1982; Helms & Cook, 1999) and sexual (Cass, 1979; Klein, 2013) identity models theorizing race and sex as discrete variables continue to be the popular modus operandi for understanding racial and sexual identity. While relevant for their time, such identity development models do not accurately depict people's experiences. When counselors resort to single analytical frameworks to understand identity, they run the risk of misunderstanding client experiences. Moreover, they fail to understand how a person can simultaneously benefit from privilege while being disadvantaged by oppression.
The language used to communicate about identity, marginalization, and privilege further contributes to mental health professionals' inability to understand the full range of human experiences. For example, use of the term women and people of color or women/people of color implies that all women are White and that people of color are male. Even the term woman of color is restrictive because it obscures other equally relevant facets of identity beyond race and gender. Similarly, the acronym LGBTQ also disregards other relevant aspects of identity. When LGBTQ is used as an umbrella term to encompass the experiences of sexual and gender minorities, it can be easy to incorrectly group the health experiences of the populations represented in this acronym together (Institute of Medicine, 2011). While there are shared experiences among these groups, each population represented in the acronym is a distinct group with unique health concerns. Additionally, use of the term LGBTQ does not fully encompass the diversity of the community, such as transgender individuals of color. This omission makes it challenging to understand subpopulations within the LGBTQ community. Moreover, use of these terms, and those similar to them, conceals the fact that identity and statuses are multidimensional and interlocking (Bowleg, 2012).
The above limitations led to the rise of intersectionality as a construct worthy of study. Yet, in spite of the benefits intersectionality theory has to offer counseling and psychology, it is not without flaws. While the literature on intersectionality has largely brought attention to the experiences of individuals with multiple marginalized statuses, such as Black women of color (Ferguson, 1998), it tends to ignore the consideration that individuals who experience marginalization can also hold privileged statuses (Nash, 2008). For example, Crenshaw's (1989) landmark publication on intersectionality failed to acknowledge that some women of color possess identities that lead to privilege in society. The implicit message is that people are either privileged or marginalized. Privileged statuses are ignored due to the invisible nature of privilege itself (Mcintosh, 1986). Thus, it can be easy to target a person's marginalized status while ignoring other aspects of identity that lead to privilege. Yet the tripartite relationship between identity, marginalization, and privilege impacts the lives of people on a daily basis (Adams et al., 2013).
Better linkages between identity and marginalized and privileged statuses need to be reflected in the theories, structures, and language used in counseling. This point is particularly important when working with individuals who experience multiple forms of marginalization. Understanding the ways that identities and statuses intersect cannot be achieved by using already existing structures and frameworks. Such theories may not accurately encapsulate all aspects of a person's identity. A multidimensional framework and language that fully capture the constellation of identities and statuses people bring to counseling are needed: hence, the development of the MSJCC in counseling.
MULTICULTURAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE COUNSELING COMPETENCIES: AN OVERVIEW
The MSJCC are aspirational standards for mental health professionals. One ideal is that counselors will be competent in addressing intersecting identities and marginalized and privileged statuses that are prevalent between clients and counselors. Another ideal is that mental health professionals will be competent in providing office-based individual counseling and out-of-office-based advocacy counseling. Successfully balancing these two needs will be the challenge for professional counselors. The MSJCC provide a framework that acknowledges the different ways identity, marginalization, and privilege intersect. What perhaps is unique about the MSJCC is that they consider both counselor and client identities as equally important to understanding the counseling and advocacy relationship (see Figure 1).
At the core of the MSJCC is multicultural and social justice praxis. The assumption is that counselors should use strategies and techniques that align with clients' cultural background and that their work should promote social justice. The MSJCC also introduce new language to the counseling and psychology fields around intersectionality: quadrants and domains. Quadrants represent the interactive nature of power, privilege, and oppression between counselor and client. The quadrant that represents the counselor and client relationship shifts from moment to moment and is dependent on which identity or which marginalized or privileged status is salient for the counselor and the client at a given moment in time. This change occurs because the salience of identity and of marginalized and privileged statuses is constantly changing from one moment to the next (Jones & McEwen, 2000).
Domains, which are represented by the concentric circles in the MSJCC conceptual framework, signify the developmental sequence needed to understand intersectionality: (1) counselor self-awareness, (2) client worldview, (3) counseling relationship, and (4) counseling and advocacy interventions. New competencies were also developed for the MSJCC. Aspirational competencies are highlighted in the counselor self-awareness, client worldview, and counseling relationship domains identified above: attitudes and beliefs, knowledge, skills, and action (AKSA). These competencies build on each other. Attitudes and beliefs lead to knowledge, then to skills, and finally to action.
The socioecological model (SEM) is embedded in the counseling and advocacy interventions domain to illustrate the need to take a multilevel approach with clients. This domain includes separate competencies for interventions at the interpersonal, intrapersonal, institutional, community, public policy, and global/international levels. The SEM acknowledges the symbiotic relationship between individuals and their environment (McLeroy, Bibeau, Steckler, & Glanz, 1988). Within the context of counseling, the SEM provides a multilevel framework for health promotion interventions. Moreover, counseling interventions can occur at the intrapersonal (e.g., individual attitudes, beliefs, and attributes), interpersonal (e.g., family, friends, colleagues), institutional (e.g., school, churches, businesses), community (e.g., spoken and unspoken values and norms in society), public policy (e.g., rules, laws, and policies), or global/international (e.g., world affairs) levels. The SEM requires counselors to intervene with the individual as well as with people, institutions, community norms, policies, and global issues that come into contact with the individual client. Moreover, the multilevel framework that the SEM provides requires counselors to work both inside and outside of the office setting.
MULTICULTURAL AND SOCIAL JUSTICE COUNSELING COMPETENCIES-ASSESSMENT FORM
The MSJCC can potentially transform how counseling is practiced. However, they are a document that is still in its infancy in the field. To help advance practical application of the MSJCC in multicultural counseling and social justice advocacy work, this article introduces the MSJCC-AF (see Appendix A). The MSJCC-AF charts counselor and client identities, and marginalized and privileged statuses, and it helps frame interventions around the SEM. This form can be incorporated into an existing intake form or used as a stand-alone document. It is intended for use at the beginning of sessions as a way to continually evaluate the salience of identity, marginalization, and privilege between counselor and client. Counselors can begin an initial session by charting counselor and client identity and marginalized and privileged statuses. Ideally, a counselor would do this in collaboration with a client. This form provides a means for counselors to initiate discussion with clients regarding the salience of identity, marginalization, and privilege. Such discussions can be important to understanding how power, privilege, and oppression dynamics influence the counseling and advocacy relationship. Each aspect of the form is highlighted here.
Social Group Identities and Statuses
A list of social group categories that shape counselor and client identities as well as marginalized and privileged statuses is provided. This list includes race, gender, sexuality, class, age, ability, and religion. These social group categories are not meant to be exhaustive. This list is intended as a starting point for exploration and further discussion. An "other" category is added so that more social group categories that are relevant to the counselor and client relationship can be considered.
Identity. The identities section of the form requires counselors and clients to list the various identities that correspond to their social group membership. The race category includes the following racial groups: African American/ Black, Asian American, Latino/a American, Native American/Indian, European American/White, and biracial/multiracial. The gender category refers to male, female, and nonbiliary individuals and to cisgender and transgender individuals. Sexuality pertains to lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, and heterosexual identity. The class category includes individuals in the working, middle, and upper classes. Age refers to youth and to middle-aged and elder individuals. Ability concerns individuals who are temporarily able-bodied and those who have visible and/or invisible disabilities. Religion pertains to an individual's faith, such as Buddhism, Christianity, or Mormonism.
Marginalized. In the marginalized category, a check mark is placed if an identity leads to marginalization in society. Identities that do not lead to marginalization are left blank. Individuals who are marginalized in the United States are people of color (African American/Black, Asian American, Latino/a American, Native American/Indian, and biracial/multiracial), gender (women, transgender or gender-nonconforming individuals), sexuality (lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals), socioeconomic class (individuals in poverty), age (youth and elders), ability (individuals with mental and physical disability), and religion (Buddhists, Muslims, Mormons, etc.; Adams et al., 2016).
Privileged. In the privileged category, a check mark is added if an identity leads to privilege in society. The counselor or client should leave blank social group categories that do not lead to privilege. In the United States, people hold privileged statuses in society based on categories including race (White and biracial/multiracial individuals), gender (men), sexuality (heterosexual individuals), class (upper-class individuals), age (young adult and middle-aged individuals), ability (individuals who are temporarily able-bodied), and religion (Christians; Adams et al., 2016).
Salience. Within the salience category, client and counselor can check which aspect(s) of identity they tend to be conscious of in the counseling relationship. T he salience of identity can vary from session to session and even from moment to moment. Therefore, it is important for counselors to periodically check in with clients about what aspects of identity seem salient at a given moment in time.
Totals. The counselor and client should add up the total number of marginalized and privileged identities as well as those that are salient for the counselor and then for the client. These totals can be an important reference point for discussion. The total number of marginalized and privileged statuses for counselor and client can determine how identities as well as power and privilege influence the counseling and advocacy relationship. Moreover, it can shed light on who holds power and privilege and who is marginalized in the relationship relative to social group identity.
Counseling and Advocacy Interventions
The SEM is used to explore spheres of influence and to identify potential counseling and advocacy interventions. Identifying the various influences on a client can provide insight into the extent to which counseling and advocacy interventions are needed. Moreover, counselors can determine with clients whether to intervene at the interpersonal, intrapersonal, institutional, community, public policy, and/or global/international levels. The following guidelines can be helpful in exploring the spheres of influence on a client's life:
* Intrapersonal: Explore the client's values, beliefs, biases, and worldview relative to the presenting problem. Determining whether the client is individualistic and/or collectivistic in orientation can also help determine how the client experiences the world and makes life decisions.
* Interpersonal: Identify the people who come into contact with the client. Determine supportive and nonsupportive family, friends, colleagues, peers, etc. Also, identify potential sources of support if the client has no sources of support.
* Institutional: Identify institutions (e.g., school, business, work, church) that come into interaction with the client. Determine whether these institutions are supportive or nonsupportive of the client. Explore whether current/additional institutions can be sources of support.
* Community: Identify community norms and values that influence the client's perception of the presenting problem.
* Public Policy: Determine how policies (e.g., rules and laws) support and/or do not support the client. Explore whether policies need to be restructured and/or whether new polices need to be created to support the client.
* Global/International: Explore how world affairs contribute to the client's life in both positive and negative ways.
Exploring these spheres of influence can help contextualize client problems. Moreover, spheres of influence can be used to ascertain the degree to which client problems are internally and/or externally driven. This analysis can help determine the extent to which interventions need to occur on the interpersonal, intrapersonal, institutional, community, public policy, and/or global/international levels.
The MSJCC-AF supports the new MSJCC as a tool that can inform counseling intervention, teaching, and research. In terms of intervention, the MSJCC-AF can be incorporated into an intake at the outset of counseling. Using the MSJCC-AF during the intake process allows counselors to explore intersectionalities, to determine the contextual factors contributing to client problems, and to consider multilevel interventions using the SEM as a framework. Exploring intersectionalities with clients and determining the contextual factors contributing to client problems likely may not pose too difficult a challenge for counselors. What might be challenging is determining how to employ interventions along the SEM. Many organizations are not set up to allow counselors to work in the community. Most organizations focus on direct interventions that take place in an office environment. Being able to have counselors work in the community will require a change in how services are delivered. There may also be concerns related to client confidentiality and counselor safety when counselors work in the community. These challenges will need to be addressed within individual organizations if the MSJCC-AF is to be fully operationalized.
With respect to teaching, since the MSJCC are relatively new to the field, training will first be needed to introduce helping professionals to the new competencies. Once individuals have a firm grasp of the constructs and framework of the MSJCC, it would be appropriate to introduce helping professionals to the MSJCC-AF. Training on how to apply the MSJCC-AF will likely vary based on an organization's setting. For example, mental health facilities might be able to integrate the MSJCC-AF into their intake forms. Regardless of setting, such trainings will need to cover the costs and benefits of using the MSjCC-AF. The helping professionals who use the form will also need to be well versed on multicultural and social justice issues. For example, they need to be comfortable with discussions around power, privilege, and oppression. They also need to know how to navigate the identities that counselors and clients bring to the working relationship.
Since the MSJCC-AF is a relatively new tool, research will need to be conducted to determine its usefulness to practitioners. For example, does the MSJCC-AF address the constructs identified in the MSJCC? Is the MSJCC-AF a useful tool to address intersectionalities, power, and privilege dynamics in the counseling and advocacy relationship? What are the strengths and gaps inherent in the MSJCC-AF? These questions can be appropriately explored through research.
The MSJCC-AF was developed as a tool to help practitioners operationalize the MSJCC. Mental health professionals who use this form will find that it requires a new way of doing things. More attention from the outset will be required of mental health professionals to discuss the ways identity, marginalization, and privilege intersect in counseling. Integrating advocacy as an intervention will also expand the range of what counselors can offer clients. To be responsive to these new expectations, further training will be required. Professional development can help counselors develop awareness, knowledge, skills, and action plans to implement this new tool with clients.
doi: 10.17744/mehc.39.2.01
Manivong J. Ratts
Manivong J. Ratts, Department of Leadership and Professional Studies, College of Education, Seattle University.
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Manivong J. Ratts, Department of Leadership and Professional Studies, College of Education, Seattle University, Loyola 216, Seattle, WA 98122. E-mail: vong@seattleu.edu
Adams, M., Bell, L. A., Goodman, D. J., & Joshi, K. Y. (Eds.). (2016). Teaching for diversity and social justice (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Adams, M., Blumenfeld, W. J., Castaneda, R., Hackman, H.W., Peters, M. L., & Zuniga,X. (Eds.). (2013). Readings for diversity and social justice (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
Ashmore, R. D., Deanx, K., & McLaughlin-Volpe, T. (2004). An organizing framework for collective identity: Articulation and significance of multidimensionality. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 80-114. doi-10.1037/0033-2909.130.1.80
Atkinson, D. R., Morten, G., & Sue, D. W. (2003). Counseling American minorities: A cross-cultural perspective. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Boehmer, U. (2002). Twenty years of public health research: Inclusion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations. American Journal of Public Health, 92, 1125-1130. doi: 10.2105/ AJPH.92.7.1125
Bowleg, L. (2012). The problem with the phrase women and minorities: Intersectionality--an important theoretical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102, 1267-1273. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750
Cass, V. (1979). Homosexual identity formation: A theoretical model. Journal of Homosexuality, 4, 219-235. doi: 10.1300/J082v04n03_01
Cole, E. R. (2009). Intersectionality and research in psychology. American Psychologist, 64, 170-180. doi:10.1037/a0014564
Coulter, R. W., Kenst, K. S" Bowen, D. J., & Scout. (2014). Research funded by the National Institutes of Health on the health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations. American Journal of Public Health, 104, e105-e112. doi: 10.2105/ajph. 2013.301501
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989, 139-167. Retrieved from http://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article= 10 5 2&context=uclf
Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43, 1241-1299. doi: 10.2307/1229039
Downing, R. (2014). 50 years after the war on poverty: Looking beyond success or failure. Retrieved from http://psychologybenefits.org/2014/01/08/50-years-after-the-war-on-poverty-lookingbeyond-success-or-failure/
Ferguson, A. N. (1998). Resisting the veil of privilege: Building bridge identities as an ethico-politics of global feminisms. Hypatia, 13, 95-113. doi: 10.1111/j.1527-2001.1998.tb01372.x
Hancock, A. (2007). When multiplication doesn't equal quick addition: Examining intersectionality as a research paradigm. Perspectives on Politics, 5, 63-79. doi: 10.1017/S1537592707070065
Hardiman, R. (1982). White identity development: A process oriented model for describing the racial consciousness of White Americans. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Helms, J. E., & Cook, D. A. (1999). Using race and culture in counseling and psychotherapy. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Institute of Medicine. (2011). The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: Building a foundation for better understanding. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Jones, S. R., & McEwen, M. K. (2000). A conceptual model of multiple dimensions of identity, journal of College Student Development, 41, 405-414. Retrieved from http://multipleidentitieslgbtq. wiki.westga.edu/file/view/Jones%26McEwen_2000.pdf
Klein, F. (2013). The bisexual option (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
McCall, L. (2005). The complexity of intersectionality. Signs, 30, 1771-1800. doi: 10.1086/426800
McIntosh, P. (1986). White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondences through work in women's studies. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association, Boston, MA.
McLeroy, K. R., Bibeau, D., Steckler, A., & Clanz, K. (1988). An ecological perspective on health promotions. Health Education and Behavior, 15, 351-377. doi:10.1177/109019818801500401
Nash, J. C. (2008). Re-thinking intersectionality. Feminist Review, 89, 1-1 5. doi:10.1057/fr.2008.4
Ratts, M. J., Singh, A. A, Nassar-McMillan, S., Butler, S. K., & McCullough, J. R. (2015). Multicultural and social justice counseling competencies. Retrieved from http://www.counseling.org/docs/defaultsource/competencies/multicultural-and-social-justice- counselingcompetencies.pdf?sivrsn=20
Ratts, M. J., Singh, A. A, Nassar-McMillan, S., Butler, S. K" & McCullough, J. R. (2016). Multicultural and social justice counseling competencies: Guidelines for the counseling profession, journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 44, 28-48. doi: 10.1002/ jmcd.12035
Ratts, M. J., Toporek, R. L., & Lewis, J. A. (Eds.). (2010). ACA Advocacy Competencies: A social justice framework for counselors. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
Reimers, F. A., & Stabb, S. D. (2015). Class at the intersection of race and gender: A 15-year content analysis. The Counseling Psychologist, 43, 794-821. doi: 10.1177/0011000015586267
Savneet, T. (2010). An intersectional framework for race, class, gender, and sexuality in art therapy. Journal of the American Art Therapy Association, 27, 11-17. doi:10.1080/07421656.2010.10129 567
Shield, S. A. (2008). Gender: An intersectionality perspective. Sex Roles, 59, 301-31 1. doi: 10.1007/ s11199-008-9501-8
Silverstein, L. (2006). Integrating feminism and multieulturalism: Scientific fact or science of fiction? Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 37,21-28. doi: 10.1037/073 5-7028.37.1.21
Singh, A. (2010). "Just getting out of bed is a revolutionary act": The resilience of transgender people of color who have survived traumatic life events. Traumatology, 17, 34-44. doi: 10.1177/1534765610369261
Singh, A. A., & Shelton, K. (2011). A content analysis of LGBTQ qualitative research in counseling: A ten-year review. Journal of Counseling and Development, 89, 217-226. doi: 10.1002/j. 15 56-6678.2011 ,tb00080.x
Sue, D. W., Arredondo, P., & McDavis, R. J. (1992). Multicultural counseling competencies and standards: A call to the profession. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 477-486. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1992.tb01642.x
Warner, L. R. (2008). A best practices guide to intersectional approaches in psychological research. Sex Roles, 59, 454-463. doi: 10.1007/sl 1199-008-9504-5
Overview: The Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies--Assessment Form (MSJCC-AF) is intended for use at the outset of counseling and advocacy work with clients. It can also be used periodically in sessions with clients. The form includes two parts. Part A of the form identifies the salience of identities and of marginalized and privileged statuses between client and counselor. Part B of the form explores taking action at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community, public policy, and/or global/international levels. Copyright 2016 by Manivong J. Ratts.
Directions: Collaborate with the client to complete Part A and Part B of the MSJCC-AF.
Part A: Counselor and Client Identities
Identities: Using the table provided, list counselor and client identities. Add identities that are relevant if they are not listed. Neither client nor counselor should share identities they are uncomfortable sharing.
Marginalized and Privileged Statuses: Place a check mark on identities that are marginalized or privileged for the counselor and the client. Privileged identities include race (White individuals), gender (men, cisgender individuals), sexuality (heterosexual individuals), class (upper-class individuals), age (young adult, middle-aged individuals), ability (individuals who are temporarily able-bodied), and religion (Christians). Marginalized identities include race (people of color: African American/Black, Asian American, Latino/a American, Native American/Indian, biracial/multiracial individuals), gender (women, nonbiliary individuals, gender-nonconforming individuals, transgender individuals), sexuality (asexual, lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals), class (individuals in poverty), age (youth and elders), ability (individuals with mental and/ or physical disability), and religion (non-Christians).
Salience: Identify which identity is salient for the client and for the counselor in the therapeutic relationship by stating "Yes" if an identity is salient and "No" if an identity is nonsalient.
Total: Total the number of check marks placed for all marginalized, privileged, and salient identities in the column provided. Aggregate scores are meant to generate discussion around identity, marginalization, and privilege between client and counselor.
Salient/Nonsalient Identities: List identities that are salient/nonsalient for counselor and client under the "salient identities" and "nonsalient identities" section. Discuss what makes these identities salient or nonsalient and their influence on the therapeutic relationship for counselor and client.
Social Group     Identity   Marginalized   Privileged   Salience
(Y/N)
How do counselor and client salient identities influence the therapeutic relationship?
How do counselor and client nonsalient identities influence the therapeutic relationship?
Part B: Counseling and Advocacy Interventions
1. Spheres of Influence: Identify the various influences in the client's life in the table provided. Collaborate with the client to explore whether a particular sphere of influence is (1) not supportive, (2) somewhat supportive, (3) supportive, or (4) very supportive of the client's mental health and psychological well-being. Use "N/A" if a category is not applicable. Place a check mark in the appropriate box that corresponds to each level of influence. An "Other" category is provided for each sphere of influence if needed. Explore with the client the following spheres of influence:
* Intrapersonal: Explore the extent to which the client's attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, biological history, and personal history contribute to the mental health and psychological well-being of the client.
* Interpersonal: Explore the extent to which the client's family, friends, significant others, and/or colleagues contribute to the mental health and psychological well-being of the client.
* Institutional: Explore the extent to which institutions such as schools, businesses, employment, religious institutions, and other institutions contribute to the mental health and psychological well-being of the client.
* Community: Explore the extent to which family, social/cultural, community, and/or school/workplace norms contribute to the mental health and psychological well-being of the client.
* Public Policy: Explore the extent to which local, state, national, and/ or international policies and laws contribute to the mental health and psychological well-being of the client.
* Global/International: Explore the extent to which international events, politics, global economics, and war and terrorism contribute to the mental health and psychological well-being of the client.
2. Total Scores: Total the number of check marks placed under the "Not Supportive," "Somewhat Supportive," "Supportive," and "Very Supportive" columns for each sphere of influence. Aggregate scores are meant to generate discussion around the extent to which a sphere of influence impacts the client.
3. Action Steps: The second handout for Part B provides a framework for exploring support systems and potential interventions at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional, community, public policy, and international/global levels. Action steps occur with in-office strategies and extend to out-of-office strategies.
Action       Spheres of           Items            Not        Somewhat
Influence                         Supportive   Supportive
In-Office   Interpersonal   Attitudes/Beliefs
Intrapersonal   Family
Other(s)
Institutional   School
Ouc-of-       Community     Family Norms
Office                      Social/Cultural
School Norms
Workplace Norms
Public Policy   Local
Global/      International
International     Events
War and Terrorism
Action       Spheres of           Items         Supportive      Very
Influence                                      Supportive
Action           Spheres of              Identify supportive and
Influence               nonsupportive influences
within each sphere of
influence. Then identify
potential interventions
influence if applicable.
In-Office        Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Out-of-Office    Community
Global/International
Caption: Figure I. Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies. From "Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competencies," by M. J. Ratts, A. A. Singh, S. Nassar-McMillan, S. K. Butler, & J. R. McCullough. Retrieved from the American Counseling Association Knowledge Center, http://www.counseling.org/knowledge-center/competencies. Cop/right 2015 by M. J. Ratts, A. A. Singh, S. NassarMcMillan, S. K. Butler, & J. R. McCullough. Reprinted with permission.
COPYRIGHT 2017 American Mental Health Counselors Association
Ratts, Manivong J.
Journal of Mental Health Counseling
Exploratory analyses of cognitive schemas for child and adolescent sexual abuse survivors: implications for the research to practice gap.
Monitoring the counseling relationship and client progress as alternatives to prescriptive empirically supported therapies.
Social marginality


Special Order 1969 L78 Nova SS Currently Under Restoration, Stay tuned as the level of detail thats going into this car is going to blow your mind. Update (May 15, 2017) - All of the paint has been completed; including suspension, firewall, dash, trunk, body, underside, and subframe. The car is officially ready to start assemble, we have self after self of painted pieces ready to go together to make a car once more. The numbers matching motor has been rebuilt and is currently on our engine stand and has been fired and is being run in so that if their is a issue its not in a done car but on a stand and can be easily fixed. Stay tuned for detail shots of this car going together.
Charlie's Classic Cars is accepting offers for this 1969 Chevrolet Nova. Send them your offer below!


When we were being young children, one of the most basic craft projects we learned to perform is coloring with crayons and markers. This is often one thing fantastic to accomplish with kids mainly because it is possible to find a lot of educational coloring book internet pages. Rather than simply hanging the images on your refrigerator, on the other hand, convert them into much more intricate projects. Make use of them to decoupage or make them into greeting playing cards. Grandparents appreciate having birthday cards showcasing drawings from their grandchildren!
You may also discover entertaining initiatives to teach your kids the significance of recycling. Use newspaper, for instance, to perform paper mache jobs and make candles from previous crayons. You can discover a variety of crafting books that demonstrate you methods to work with plastic bottles, tin cans, tissue boxes, as well as a quantity of other objects that you would commonly toss absent Over Craft.
When crafting with youngsters, it's vital to locate assignments that happen to be risk-free. Bear in mind, a kid's human body continues to be establishing, so that they are prone to chemicals and also other dangerous contaminants whilst grownup bodies are usually not as vulnerable. Master what chemical substances in order to avoid and check labels. This really is primarily crucial for paints, glues, and clays. Make sure you watch younger young children very thoroughly, as even non-toxic substances may be damaging should they enter into a kid's eyes and, in any circumstance, may be challenging to take out from carpets and walls!
If you do not like executing crafts, take into consideration producing a adjust on your children. Craft projects never have to be expensive, messy, or challenging to do-you may even come across crafts which will make fantastic home ornamental goods! If all else fails, take into account signing up your sons or daughters for lessons at local craft source merchants and summertime camps.


A fish pixel art, using Bibarel palette.
I also like your fish.
This is really cleanly pixelled.
No, the red pixels is not mistakes, its ans shadow effect. The weekly challenge rules indicate that put all the colors of a pokemon sprite, no more or less colors.
Excuse me if I make mistakes in English , I don't master this language.
Your fish is great looking and so well pixelled.
You do have 11 colors and the red pixels mentioned below may be a mistake?
use the image specs tool in the top menu if you want to inspect and correct to fit the challenge rules using the pencil icon below the art.


text:
MiniAp-4 peptide
SB-PEPTIDE offers MiniAp-4 peptide. MiniAp-4 peptide is a short nontoxic derivative of apamin (a neurotoxin from bee venom) used as a blood-brain barrier (BBB) shuttle peptide.
The blood brain barrier has been known as the major barrier for drug delivery to the brain. Therefore, BBB shuttle peptides can be used to bind therapeutic molecules to allow their distribution in the central nervous system (CNS).
BBB shuttle peptides are a good way to enable central nervous system therapies because these molecules are more economical, less immunogenic, and have higher chemical versatility than large proteins. On the other hand, they are often metabolized by serum proteases.To overcome this problem, some peptides found in venoms can target the CNS directly, such as apamin, which has been modified to form MiniAp-4 (a non-toxic and non-immunogenic apamin derivative) which stands out as the vector of choice. Indeed, this carrier, MiniAp-4 peptide, is protease-resistant and has negligible toxicity and immunogenicity.
Data from Oller-Salvia B et al. MiniAp-4: A Venom-Inspired Peptidomimetic for Brain Delivery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2016.
Sequence : Dap-KAPETALD-NH2
Cyclization : Dap1-D9
MW : 911.47 g/mol (C39H65N11O14)
Purity : > 95%
Available customization : Biotinylation, azide/alkyne functionalization, drug conjugation…
Counter-Ion : TFA Salts (see option TFA removal)
Delivery format : Freeze dried in propylene 2mL microtubes
Peptide Solubility Guideline
Bulk peptide quantities available
Product catalog Size Price € HT Price $ USD
SB051-0.1MG 0.1 mg 180 225
SB051-5*0.1MG 0.5 mg 630 788
1- Oller-Salvia B, Sánchez-Navarro M, Ciudad S, et al. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 2016
MiniAp-4: A Venom-Inspired Peptidomimetic for Brain Delivery
BACKGROUND : Drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a formidable challenge for therapies targeting the central nervous system. Although BBB shuttle peptides enhance transport into the brain non-invasively, their application is partly limited by lability to proteases. The present study proposes the use of cyclic peptides derived from venoms as an affordable way to circumvent this drawback. Apamin, a neurotoxin from bee venom, was minimized by reducing its complexity, toxicity, and immunogenicity, while preserving brain targeting, active transport, and protease resistance. Among the analogues designed, the monocyclic lactam-bridged peptidomimetic MiniAp-4 was the most permeable. This molecule is capable of translocating proteins and nanoparticles in a human-cell-based BBB model. Furthermore, MiniAp-4 can efficiently deliver a cargo across the BBB into the brain parenchyma of mice.
2- Fuster C, Varese M, García J, Giralt E, Sánchez-Navarro M, Teixidó M. J Pept Sci. 2019
Expanding the MiniAp-4 BBB-shuttle family: Evaluation of proline cis-trans ratio as tool to fine-tune transport
Venoms have recently emerged as a promising field in drug discovery due to their good selectivity and affinity for a wide range of biological targets. Among their multiple potential applications, venoms are a rich source of blood-brain barrier (BBB) peptide shuttles. We previously described a short nontoxic derivative of apamin, MiniAp-4, which can transport a wide range of cargoes across the BBB. Here, we have studied the conformation of the proline residue of a range of MiniAp-4 analogues by high-field NMR techniques, with the aim to identify whether there is a direct relation between the cis/trans population and a range of features, such as the capacity to transport molecules across a human-based cellular model and stability in various media. The most promising candidate showed improved transport properties for a relevant small fluorophore.
2- Sánchez-Navarro M, Teixidó M, Giralt E. Acc Chem Res. 2017
Jumping Hurdles: Peptides Able To Overcome Biological Barriers
The cell membrane, the gastrointestinal tract, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB) are good examples of biological barriers that define and protect cells and organs. They impose different levels of restriction, but they also share common features. For instance, they all display a high lipophilic character. For this reason, hydrophilic compounds, like peptides, proteins, or nucleic acids have long been considered as unable to bypass them. However, the discovery of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) opened a vast field of research. Nowadays, CPPs, homing peptides, and blood-brain barrier peptide shuttles (BBB-shuttles) are good examples of peptides able to target and to cross various biological barriers. CPPs are a group of peptides able to interact with the plasma membrane and enter the cell. They display some common characteristics like positively charged residues, mainly arginines, and amphipathicity. In this field, our group has been focused on the development of proline rich CPPs and in the analysis of the importance of secondary amphipathicity in the internalization process. Proline has a privileged structure being the only amino acid with a secondary amine and a cyclic side chain. These features constrain its structure and hamper the formation of H-bonds. Taking advantage of this privileged structure, three different families of proline-rich peptides have been developed, namely, a proline-rich dendrimer, the sweet arrow peptide (SAP), and a group of foldamers based on γ-peptides. The structure and the mechanism of internalization of all of them has been evaluated and analyzed. BBB-shuttles are peptides able to cross the BBB and to carry with them compounds that cannot reach the brain parenchyma unaided. These peptides take advantage of the natural transport mechanisms present at the BBB, which are divided in active and passive transport mechanisms. On the one hand, we have developed BBB-shuttles that cross the BBB by a passive transport mechanism, like diketoperazines (DKPs), (N-MePhe)n, or (PhPro)n. On the other hand, we have investigated BBB-shuttles that utilize active transport mechanisms such as SGV, THRre, or MiniAp-4. For the development of both groups, we have explored several approaches, such as the use of peptide libraries, both chemical and phage display, or hit-to-lead optimization processes. In this Account, we describe, in chronologic order, our contribution to the development of peptides able to overcome various biological barriers and our efforts to understand the mechanisms that they display. In addition, the potential use of both CPPs and BBB-shuttles to improve the transport of promising therapeutic compounds is described.
Peptide services
Custom PNA synthesis service
Bombesin peptides
PLP (139-151) peptide – HSLGKWLGHPDKF – [CAS 122018-58-0]
Neuropeptide RFRP-3 (124-131)
Neuropeptide RFRP-1 (81-92)
Neuropeptide NPSF
FMRFamide peptide
Amyloid beta peptides
Ovalbumin (154-159)
KLPGF peptide
Ovotransferrin (328-332)
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis KIT
Mouse MOG (35-55) peptide
GLP-1 peptides
Anti-inflammatory peptides
Hematology related peptides
GPCR modulators
Gel forming peptides
RGD peptides
Ion channel blockers
Enzyme related peptides
Antigen peptides & controls for immuno

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A Must see! Open concept Property conveniently located near the Orlando International Airport, Great school, shopping centers and more.
This content last updated on 4/18/2019 8:09 AM. Some properties which appear for sale on this web site may subsequently have sold or may no longer be available.
I would like more information on the listing at 2503 Teak Court, Kissimmee, FL 34743.


Discussion in 'Growing Marijuana Indoors' started by stevieponiczz, Oct 12, 2002.
I'm growing 1 maybe 2 plants in a fair sized fish tank...but my question is about ventilation. I'm gunna be using either a single 50 watt comp. fluro or 2 28 watt fluros. If i were to leave the closet door closed during the 18\6 period (im also using a timer.. on 2 hours-off 30 minutes at time to let the bulb cool off, as i dont want to risk fire when im not in the house) will it get enough ventilation or will the closet get too hot? and if i have to (i'd rather not) should i leave the closet door open and run a celing fan in my room on full blast for some venting.
And the final the problem..the odor. Now it was my intention that once the plants grow too much of an overwhelming smell and it moves into my room im gunna have to move it into a sun porch thats connected to my room...this sun porch has 3 large window walls with screens...i can smoke a blunt in this room without and smell getting into my room..so i shouldnt have any odor problems right?? The only problem is it might be a little too cool in this sun porch for the plants to survive so i may have to build a insalated grow box for in there.
Your help is greatly apreciated..im real excited bout my first grow..just have a lot to learn still.
Thanks for the input..can't wait to get started.
You prefer to be close to your dealer or not close?
Pure (or close to) THC..


text:
Tarantino Details Where Rick Dalton's Career Goes Next After 'Hollywood' Ending
What happens after "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood" ends? Allow Quentin Tarantino to explain.
Zack Sharf
@zsharf
Quentin Tarantino's "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood" ends with Rick Dalton (Leonardo DiCaprio) being welcomed into Sharon Tate's home for the first time after his bloody confrontation with members of the Manson Family cult. Some Tarantino fans have wondered if Rick finally being introduced to one of Hollywood's most promising rising stars would reignite his dwindling career, but it turns out that's not what's in store for the "Lancer" actor.
During an appearance on "The Margaret Cho" podcast, Tarantino weighed in on what happens to Rick's career after "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood" ends. The answer shouldn't surprise anyone familiar with the real-life figures Tarantino based Rick on when scripting the character.
"There are a few different ways his career could have gone depending on who you hitch your horse to of who he is representing. The George Maharis way is this way, the Tye Hardin way is that way. It's a combination of a few of them," the filmmaker said. "What could have easily have happened, even if he had a little bit more success in the 1970s than maybe I give him credit for, what I could really see happening, because it happened to a lot of these guys, is that by the late 1970s, early 1980s, a lot of these macho '50s and '60s television leading men they showed up on TV shows again but as the older cop who's the boss of the younger cop that sends them out on the missions."
Diane Kruger Says Quentin Tarantino Didn't Want to Hire Her for 'Inglourious Basterds'
Quentin Tarantino Auctioning 'Pulp Fiction' Screenplay NFTs Despite Miramax Lawsuit
Guillermo del Toro's Favorite Movies: 30 Films the Director Wants You to See
Recommendation Machine: 'The House' Is an Unsettling Stop-Motion Anthology with Gorgeous Fairy Tale Precision
Tarantino said Rick would still be acting and landing television roles similar to the character of police chief Harold C. Dobey on "Starsky and Hutch." As Tarantino explained, "If you look at it, Earl Holliman is that kind of guy and had that character in 'Police Women,' he was her boss and sends her around on the mission." Tarantino cited other actors such as Jack Kelly from "Maverick" and Vic Morrow whose late careers were spent playing police bosses on television programs. "I could definitely see Rick Dalton in 1978 being one of those guys," Tarantino said.
As for what happens to Brad Pitt's Cliff Booth, who was last seen being taken to the hospital in an ambulance after being stabbed by a Manson member, Tarantino didn't say. Listen to Tarantino's full appearance on "The Margaret Cho" podcast here.
This Article is related to: Film and tagged Once Upon a Time in Hollywod, Quentin Tarantino


text:
"use strict";

Object.defineProperty(exports, "__esModule", {
  value: true
});
exports.getListItemIconUtilityClass = getListItemIconUtilityClass;
exports.default = void 0;

var _unstyled = require("@material-ui/unstyled");

function getListItemIconUtilityClass(slot) {
  return (0, _unstyled.generateUtilityClass)('MuiListItemIcon', slot);
}

const listItemIconClasses = (0, _unstyled.generateUtilityClasses)('MuiListItemIcon', ['root', 'alignItemsFlexStart']);
var _default = listItemIconClasses;
exports.default = _default;

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Google Pixel camera will allow to track your heart rate
March 23, 2022 February 5, 2021 by Digital Masta
Which VPN is the best for android phones in 2022?
In depth review of the TicWatch Pro 3 Ultra
Xiaomi TV stick 4K full product review
How to emulate Android on your PC?
Google announced a number of new features for its Google Fit app. Starting next month, the company's health and sports app will allow the mobile camera to be used directly to track the heart and respiratory rate. Functions that until now required special sensors, a smartwatch or similar devices.
The new set of functionality is set to be released to the public next month, according to Google. We'll see it first appearance on Pixel phones, which will get the update in the upcoming weeks. Later these Google Fit features will also be extended to other devices with Android version 6 or a higher. Of course, there is no confirmed date for this, other than "in the coming months".
With these two new features it will be possible to obtain useful data without having to have an extra device. Currently smart watches, a few smart bracelets or specialized medical devices are normally used for measuring heart or respiratory rate. Now with this new Google Fit implementation it will be more broadly and commonly used for the casual fitness user. This might have a significative impact in the overall improvement of the App user's health.
Leveraging AI to obtain accurate measures
All that Google needs to collect this data is a series of mobile sensors and software algorithms. The smartphone camera is responsible for collecting the data and an AI then processes it to compile the user's heart and respiratory rate.
To take the heart rate with the mobile, the user has to focus the camera on the fingertip. The camera detects the heartbeat through photoplethysmography. Here minor changes in the optical color of the blood let us know the changes in the blood volume. Google says that the margin of error here is 2%.
Regarding the respiratory rate, the user has to hold the front camera focusing on his head and chest, pretty much like taking a selfie. From there, the camera records the rise and fall of the chest for 30 seconds. According to Google, the margin of error is one breath per minute.
Can we trust these new methods?
We have to keep in mind that it is not a certified medical device. Google indicates these characteristics are used as well-being tracker, instead of a source of medical advice. It does not offer additional information on what to do depending on the data obtained and by no means it compares it with the one a physician can offer.
Nevertheless, this set of features can be extremely useful for those seeking to take their heart or respiratory rates sporadically. For more advanced users, it may be more interesting to directly obtain a dedicated device to do the job, such as a smartwatch, in order to have a continuous and automatic monitoring.
How to Install an APK on Bluestacks
Google gave us a peek into the new Android 12 release
Categories Trending Tags Android, Wearable
Big Island: First Chinese GPU with 7nm and architecture
Huawei won't include google services on upcoming mobiles
What is Microsoft Authenticator and how to use It?
What is Microbenchmarking and when does it apply?
Noctua NH-L9a-AM5: Low profile cooler for Ryzen 7000
Z790 AORUS Tachyon full review
Intel NUC 13 Extreme Mini ITX barebone full review
Domotics and its application in modern smart homes
Who leads the battle of the CPUs in 2023?
How to create a video conference in Skype
How to remove Spotify ads on Windows
How to Disable SmartScreen on Windows 11
ASUS ProArt Z790-CREATOR WIFI motherboard review
Comparison of the Z790 and Z690 Intel motherboard chipsets
The Amazon Fire TV Stick 4K full review


text:
Nigeria's e-commerce markets hits $17bn
admin December 4, 2022 2 min read
The Director General of the National Information Technology Development Agency, (NITDA) Kashifu Abdullahi Inuwa at the weekend said Nigeria's e-commerce businesses have risen to over $17 billion as at early this year.
Inuwa said government digitalisation policy accelerated the growth of the e-commerce and other sectors within the past few years, noting that by 2025 annual e-commerce spending would hit $75 billion.
Inuwa stated this while delivering a good will message at the validation workshop for the National e-Commerce Policy and Strategy by the National Advisory Committee, on Electronic Commerce and Digital Economy (NACEDE) in Abuja.
He was represented by the Acting Director, Digital Economy and Developement Department, Engr Salisu Kaka.
He emphasised that the Digital Economic sector, which is a super-set of e-commerce, remains key to Nigeria's economic recovery in the post-COVID era, deploying new technological innovations, such as e-commerce platforms, including social media-enabled trading handles, and ensuring rapid growth.
Read Also: I'm serving Nigeria with my multiple wives – Ned Nwoko
Inuwa said :"The contributions of the telecommunications sector to the National Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was an average15% in July 2022 and experienced 44.5% broadband penetration with active internet subscriptions that peaked at 151 million.
"We have approximately 2000 digital innovation companies with 384 products in Nigeria. These Startups have raised over $2 billion in venture capital funding in 2021 alone.
" With an estimated 89,000 developers representing 12% of the African developers' population, Nigeria's e-commerce market size is about $17 billion.
"There is annual spending of about $12 billion in 2022, and this is projected to reach $75 billion by 2025.
"Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) appear to be the major beneficiaries of the concept of e-commerce as it enabled MSMEs to operate in the global marketplace. MSMEs can now participate in regional businesses and enjoys social, economic, and cultural networks seamlessly across international boundaries."
Tags: 17bn ecommerce Hits markets Nigerias
PSN seeks partnership with NAFDAC over fake drugs
Group decries scarcity of HIV test kits, consumables in Gombe
Fairtrade to host agrofood, plastprintpack exhibition
Logistics company secures N2.2b Sukuk loan, unveils new trucks


Professor Esther Schor of the Department of English at Princeton University discusses her new book "Bridge of Words: Esperanto and the Dream of a Universal Language," which tells the story of one of the most ambitious social experiments in modern history.
Neil Blonstein Very interesting. Tre interesa. I was active in the Israeli Esperanto movement for over a decade (returning in 2000 for the World Esperanto Conference and in 2013 for the All Asia Conference) and recently volunteered 8 years in the Esperanto office fostering relations with the UN. I'd add that while in Israel I befriended one family in Bethlehem involved in Esperanto. I've renewed relations on the internet. In the 1980's I flew from Tel Aviv to Cairo and met a few Egyptian Esperanto speakers and the family of Tadros Megali, mentioned in the broadcast. Tadros spent most of his later years in Germany, where I met his son in the 1980's. Nachum.


text:
Why site welfare is important and how to maintain it amongst your staff
Call now on 01283 734 900 Get in touch for a quote
Follow Relocatable Building Systems on Facebook
Follow Relocatable Building Systems on Twitter
Follow Relocatable Building Systems on LinkeIn
Portable cabins
News / Why site welfare is important and how to maintain it amongst your staff
The safety and welfare of your onsite staff is more than just a legal obligation, it's something every responsible employer needs to think about.
Every business, especially in today's progressive times, has a corporate responsibility to maintain levels of safety and wellbeing amongst its employees. But construction companies in particular, or any organisation where staff are working on an active site, face some very unique considerations when it comes to ensuring their staff are taken care of.
Otherwise known as 'site welfare', industry standards for making sure the needs of staff working onsite are very clear — outlining key essentials across a broad range of welfare requirements that employers are under obligation to uphold. Not only is it a matter of legal obligation, it is also crucial for maintaining staff engagement and improving work productivity.
In fact, it's long been agreed that prioritising employee welfare, regardless of what sector or industry, is conductive to improving your business' bottom line. Consider for a moment the many ways a worksite can be thought of as a 'difficult' environment and it's easy to see exactly where such improvements can be made right across the board.
Toilet and washing facilities
A cold water tap and chemical toilet on their own are not adequate. Proper onsite facilities, such as a conventional toilet, running hot water and (depending on whether your staff could benefit) showers can positively benefit health and wellbeing, and can help prevent communicable diseases and other irritations like Dermatitis.
That's why it's important to ensure onsite buildings are fully equipped with the necessary toilet and wash facilities to meet the exact needs relevant to your work environment. This also means making sure that facilities are made readily available and are accessible to staff when and wherever they are required.
The number of toilets depends on the number of onsite personnel and a ration of 1 toilet to 7 persons is the general recommendation. Men and women may use the same toilet, if it is in a lockable room. and washing facilities in the vicinity are required.
Changing rooms and lockers
Every site should have arrangements for securely storing personal clothing not worn on site and for protective clothing needed for site work. Where there is a risk of site clothing contaminating everyday clothing, it is important to be able to store items separately.
So if workers are exposed to especially hazardous substances (development of contaminated land, or demolition of old industrial buildings which are contaminated with toxic substances, for example) then you will need to provide designated areas for storing clothing worn on site and designated areas for storing everyday clothing.
When it comes to actually 'changing' clothes, it's always best to have a designated area in close vicinity to the storage and wash facilities. Separate changing rooms will be required for men and women.
Rest facilities (non sleeping)
When it comes to the everyday needs of your staff, it's important to provide rest facilities where they can take breaks, and where meals can be prepared and eaten. In other words, a break room, the kind commonly used by staff while on their lunch.
It's pretty obvious when you think about it, but many workers often skip their lunch, which can have disastrous effects on their health and wellbeing over the long term. Giving them a dedicated space encourages them to take the time out they need to recharge and return to work physically and mentally prepared for the remainder of the day.
This not only ensures a healthier, more capable workforce, it also means a happier one. Break rooms also make for excellent communal areas, where staff can engage with one another in a more relaxed environment; promoting stronger bonds within your team as a whole.
Rest facilities (for sleeping)
On the other end of the spectrum, you may be required to provide sleeping accommodation, if round-the-clock operations are keeping staff and key personnel onsite and away from home outside of working hours.
While it isn't always necessary, as some firms may choose to put such staff up in a hotel or B&B, accommodation that is properly equipped for sleeping and comfortable is certainly required when insisting staff remain onsite throughout the duration of a project.
Got a project in mind?
Whatever your business's situation or objectives, Relocatable Building Services' wide range of options, extensive experience, and our professional can-do attitude can ensure you find the most effective, practical solution. Drop us a line or get in touch to discuss more and obtain a quote here
Jackleg cabins — What are they and how are they used?
When to consider a temporary classroom building
Why modular building systems are superior
Temporary site accommodation — Why it's so important to the construction industry
Why you should opt for portable buildings
Call us on 01283 734 900 for more information or fill out our online enquiry form.
Jackleg cabins — What are they and how are they used? Whether used as a single unit or linked together, jackleg cabins are an ideal solution for all kinds... All news posts
Hilton Industrial Estate
DE65 5FE
info@rbssales.co.uk 01283 734 900
Copyright © 2019 Relocatable Building Systems Ltd | Registered in England No. 06862084 | Vat No. 974297667
Terms and Conditions | Privacy Policy | Disclaimer | Castlegate IT


I am suffering from blog block this morning and I blame it all on Daylight savings time. There are some things a cup of coffee just can't fix and DST is one of them. I will be an hour off for the next 6 months, until all is right with the world again and time corrects itself in the fall from man's interference.
Now everything bothers me, like the fact that our lawnmower has been broken for 3 years and my husband's inability to fix it or replace it has finally gotten on my last nerve. Not that I care that he pays someone to mow it, but at least man up and admit you don't like mowing the lawn. Sometimes I think that because he is Hispanic he enjoys the fact that he has a white landscaper mowing his lawn. I promise if you just roll the old lawnmower to the road and put a FREE sign on it I will not think you any less manly. Not only that, but you can pick out any new mower you want, without my insightful input.
Oh and one more thing since I know how jealous my husband gets over little stuff….Jeff our landscaper is now single!
LOL! C.G.... does your husband read this?
Hey, they said on the radio that our bodies never adjust to DST. Our circadian rhythms never like having the extra daylight tacked on at nighttime instead of morning.
Annnd... traffic accidents increase from everyone's sleep loss. You know nothing about that, do you? Watch out for Officer Barnes!
It's a man thing. Our lawnmower works and the only way my husband will cut the lawn is if I nag him to do it. But he will not let anyone else cut it (We have 2 grown sons the have never cut the lawn). He even has the only key to the shed so no one touches the lawn equipment.


text:
Q: What is a good way to create a simple database to store and load a random number of high-dimensional numpy arrays? A computation process create a random number of numpy arrays and I want to save and load each array conveniently to the hard-disk. Importantly, the files are high dimensional and the shape of the array is random itself.
To save and load each array, I create the following interface:
class Filesaver:

    def __init__(self, filename: str):
        self._filename = filename
        try:
            f = open(self._filename, 'rb')
            self._pos = self._get_len(f)
        except FileNotFoundError:
            self._pos = 0

    def _get_len(self, file) -> int:
        pos = 0
        while True:
            try:
                pickle.load(file)
                pos += 1
            except EOFError:
                break
        return pos

    def save(self, data: np.ndarray) -> None:
        """Pickles the obejct to hdd """
        with open(self._filename, 'ab+') as f:
            pickle.dump(data, f)
            self._pos += 1

    def __getitem__(self, idx: int) -> np.ndarray:
        assert idx < self._pos, EOFError("File is not long enough")
        with open(self._filename, 'rb') as f:
            tmp = 0
            while tmp <= idx:
                data = pickle.load(f)
                tmp += 1
        return data

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return self._pos

The interface allows appending another array to the existing database and also loading each element. However, the approach seems a bit strange to me: First, to load a array with the __getitem__ method, I have to cycle through the file and cannot open element idx directly. Second, the initial number of elements in the save object is determined in the _get_len method cycling through the file until an error occurs.
Does anybody have a better idea to save and load a random number (high-dimensional) of numpy arrays to and from the hard-disk?

A: You can use h5py (or alternatively PyTables).
You will find here a short example of how to use h5py. Further documentation is available on its website.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Love breezy's serious bongo playing face 😂happy international women's day, ladies!!
I've only found you guys in the last month, but I'm so smitten w your delightful girls and your two kits. Happy #IWD!!
I've just seen Mayson on a Unilad video!


The Dawn project welcomes you to deep space! Dawn is operating smoothly on the fourth day of its eight-year adventure. Like new parents, its extremely proud and greatly sleep-deprived Earthbound mission operations team is carefully monitoring its every move.
Launch had been targeted for September 26, but during its last few days on Earth, Dawn continued to be subjected to the vagaries of the weather on that dynamic planet. The second stage of the Delta II 7925H-9.5 rocket had been scheduled to have its second stage filled with propellants on September 23. The nitrogen tetroxide was pumped in before bad weather prevented further activities at Cape Canaveral's Space Launch Complex 17B, so Dawn waited patiently and safely inside the protective payload fairing, or nose cone, of the rocket. On September 24 a delicious blend of hydrazine and unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (together known as Aerozine-50) was loaded as the countdown resumed, targeted for launch on September 27 at the 7:20 a.m. EDT opening of the launch window.
This writer arrived at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California at 11:30 pm PDT on September 26. The security guards, although recognizing him (and his car), diligently verified his identification in the chilly autumn evening and received the enthusiastic greeting, "We're going to the asteroid belt tonight!" Upon hearing, "All right!!" your loyal correspondent was ready to head into mission control.
The countdown continued smoothly until shortly before launch when a ship was discovered to have entered a restricted zone in the waters east of the launch site. This required an unplanned hold.
The Delta rocket does not account for the changing position of the launch pad in space as Earth rotates, so a launch delay would place the spacecraft on a different trajectory. Most interplanetary missions have launch windows of only 1 second because they have too little maneuvering capability to compensate for the altered trajectory of the rocket. Dawn's ion propulsion system gives it much greater flexibility, so its launch window on September 27 was 29 minutes long. That proved to be more than enough to allow the Coast Guard to invite the ship to depart and then continue to ensure that no one would be at risk of being harmed as the launch vehicle flew overhead.
Dawn's mission is underway. While the fulfillment of its scientific objectives remains well in the future, the craft finally is in space, and a far, far more exciting and challenging phase of the project is beginning.
As of 8:30 p.m. PDT on September 30, when I wrote this, Dawn is 1,158,000 kilometers (720,000 miles) from Earth or 3 times farther than the moon. Radio signals, traveling at the universal limit of the speed of light, take almost 8 seconds to make the round trip.


text:
You are here: Home / Cancer / Radioactivity of ceramic diner ware
Radioactivity of ceramic diner ware
December 2, 2014 by Captain Organic Planet Leave a Comment
(Organic Slant) Scientists have measured radiation from dishes that expose you to gamma radiation if you're in the same room as the plate, beta radiation if you touch the plate, and alpha radiation if you eat acidic foods off the plate.
The use of uranium compounds in glassware and ceramic tableware has been practiced for several decades. Most of this application was halted by the demand for uranium in the 1940's, causing substitute materials to be applied.
The application of uranium to produce fluorescence or irridescence in decorative glassware, such as vases or candleholders, is still being practiced. Since these products are ornamental in nature and not involved in food handling, they are exempt from Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulatory controls, and are likely to represent much less of a public health risk than dinnerware.
In the case of both decorative glassware and glazed ceramic products, some exposure of the public to ionizing radiation will result. In some instances, these exposures may be significant.
Before the 1970s, many companies used radioactive minerals to color glazes. The most commonly used minerals were uranium,thorium and potassium. These elements emit alpha, beta and/or gamma radiation. These glazes can be found on floor and wall tiles, pottery and other ceramics.
FIESTA, America's favorite dinnerware, was introduced by The Homer Laughlin China Company with great fanfare at the Pittsburgh China & Glass Show in January, 1936.
FIESTA was the creation of Frederick Hurten Rhead, a second generation Stoke-on-Trent potter who had become Homer Laughlin's design director in 1927.
FIESTA was an immediate hit with the public and, by it's second year of production, more than one million pieces were produced..
The Fiesta dinnerware line was introduced in 1936 with a choice of five colors: red, blue, green, yellow and ivory. Red was the first color that the company selected when designing the product, and blue was the second (these were the colors of the Fiesta ware that Andy Warhol collected). Since the idea was to mix and match the dinnerware, the five colors had to be compatible.
Fiesta red has always been the most popular color even though it was the most expensive. The higher price was due to the cost of the raw materials and the fact that the production of the red required a greater level of control during the firing process.
The red color was achieved by adding uranium oxide in the glaze – measurements have indicated that by weight, up to 14 % of the glaze might be uranium. How much glaze was employed per plate is unclear but it has been estimated that a single plate contains 4.5 grams of uranium.
Since this uranium could be used in the production of an atomic bomb, Fiesta red became a victim of World War II when the US government confiscated the company's stocks of uranium. Fiesta red disappeared until 1959 when production resumed, this time using depleted uranium (DU) rather than the original natural uranium. The Fiesta red plate in the above photo was made from depleted uranium while the ivory plate was made from natural uranium.
In 1969 the entire Fiesta ware line was discontinued, and in its place the company produced what was known as Fiesta Ironstone. The latter, which was only manufactured in Fiesta red (aka Mango Red), didn't last long. It was discontinued in 1973. This was the end of Fiesta red. Years later, in 1986, a new line of Fiesta ware was introduced but without the red color.
1936 – 1943 Fiesta red was produced using natural uranium
1959 – 1969 Fiesta red Fiesta Ware was produced using depleted uranium
1969 – 1973 Fiesta red Fiesta Ironstone was produced using depleted uranium
It is worth noting that the use of uranium to produce a red ceramic glaze was not limited to Fiesta ware. Almost any antique ceramic with a deep orange/red color is likely to be radioactive, e.g., that produced by the Bauer Pottery Company. In addition, various manufacturers, including the Homer Laughlin Company, have used uranium to give their ceramics other colors, e.g., yellow, green, brown. Buckley et al estimated that 2 million pieces of dinnerware between 1959 and 1969 that employed uranium containing glaze.
Estimates of the Radiation Exposures
A very detailed analysis of the radiation exposures due to uranium in dinnerware can be found in the Nuclear Regulatory Commission publication "Systematic Radiological Assessment of Exemptions for Source and Byproduct Materials" (NUREG 1717).
There are three principal radiation exposure pathways associated with Fiesta Ware and other uranium containing tableware:
1. Exposure to the body from the gamma rays emitted by radionuclides in the ceramic glaze
Buckley et al reported exposure rates of 0.5 and 15 mR/hr at the surface of a dinner plate and 0.002 and 0.3 mR/hr at one meter.
The following effective dose equivalent rates were reported in NUREG-1717 for the gamma rays emitted by uranium-containing dinnerware (20 % by weight uranium):
Distance 10" Plate 3.5" Cup
1 foot 6.5 x 10-4 mrem/hr 3.7 x 10-4 mrem/hr
3 feet 7.7 x 10-5 mrem/hr 4.1 x 10-5 mrem/hr
2. Exposure to the hands from the beta particles emitted by radionuclides in the ceramic glaze
Using film badges, Menczer measured beta-gamma dose rates of 0.5 to 20 mrad/hr on contact with various items of glazed ceramic dinnerware. He calculated that the hands would receive approximately 2 to 10 rem per year as a result of handling such dinnerware 1.5 hours per day.
Piesch et al. measured 32 mrem per hour at the surface of a red ceramic teacup. Assuming daily use of the cup, they estimated an annual dose to the lips of 400 mrem and 1200 mrem to the fingers.
NUREG-1717 calculated the beta dose rates at a depth of 7 mg/cm2 (i.e., the nominal depth of the germinal layer of the skin) as well as the estimated effective dose equivalent. It was assumed that the source was a 10 inch diameter plate with a 20 % by weight uranium content.
Distance Dose Rate Effective Dose Equivalent Rate
Contact 24 mrad/hr 0.0024 mrem/hr
1 foot 0.84 mrad/hr 0.0021 mrem/hr
3 feet 0.089 mrad/hr 4.5 x 10-4 mrem/hr
The ratio between the effective dose equivalent rate and dose rates vary with distance because the further away from the source, the greater the area of skin that was exposed.
3. Ingestion of uranium that has leached into food that has been in contact with the ceramic glaze
Kendig and Schmidt measured uranium concentrations of 1.8 to 8.6 ppm (0.6 x 10-6 to 2.9 x 10-6 uCi/ml) in acetic acid that had been in contact with red glazed ceramic dinnerware for 24 hours. The range of concentrations went up to 41 to 51 ppm (1.4 x 10-5 to 1.7 x 10-5 uCi/ml) for 60 hours of contact.
Landa and Councell measured uranium concentrations of 3.9 to 10.6 ug/liter (1.3 x 10-9 to 3.5 x 10-9 uCi/ml) in water, 470 to 31,800 ug/liter (1.6 x 10-7 to 1.1 x 10-5 uCi/ml) in acetic acid, and 96,100 to 304,000 ug/liter (3.2 x 10-5 to 1 x 10-4 uCi/ml) in nitric acid. In each case, the solutions had been in contact with the dinnerware for 24 hours. Landa and Councell noted that repeated exposure to these solutions resulted in a reduced leaching of uranium.
Based on the above leaching rates for 24 hour contact periods, NUREG-1717 estimated that an individual using nothing but this type of dinnerware might consume 0.21 grams of uranium per year. Then, using an ingestion dose factor of 1.9 x 10-4 mrem/ug, NUREG-1717 estimated that such an individual might have an effective dose equivalent of 40 mrem per year. This was the highest dose calculated in any of the exposure pathways considered by NUREG-1717.
A 1992 study by the U.S. Geological Survey found that highly acidic foods can leach uranium from Fiesta ware at levels ranging from 24 to 1,600 times those considered safe for drinking water. The study said acidic foods, such as tomato sauce, sauerkraut, vinegar and orange juice, should not be consumed from such dinnerware.
Scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have measured radiation from the dishes. A standard 7″ "radioactive red" plate (not its official Fiesta name) will expose you to gamma radiation if you're in the same room as the plate, beta radiation if you touch the plate, and alpha radiation if you eat acidic foods off the plate.
Identifying Fiesta Ware China
Ever sort through your cabinet of Fiesta ware and wonder: "How old is this Fiesta ware? How much is this Fiesta ware worth? How can I tell if my Fiesta ware is old or vintage Fiesta ware?"
The answer to those questions is neither simple nor definitive. There are dozens of markings on Fiesta ware and they are often difficult to read or applied with little uniformity. Still, there are a few ways you can examine Fiesta bottom marks and Fiesta ware stamps in order to determine how old Fiesta ware is.
Before trying to identify your Fiesta marking, it's important to note that there are two types of Fiesta logo stamps – ink Fiesta logo stamps and imprinted Fiesta markings. The clues for these different stamps are very different and are not interchangeable. So, what holds true for an ink Fiesta stamp is not necessarily the same rule for an imprinted Fiesta marking! Very important. Remember this.
Fiesta backstamps are the ink markings that appear on the bottom of the plate. These Fiesta markings all feature the word "Fiesta" in some form as well as some marking identifying Homer Laughlin as the manufacturer.
With Fiesta backstamps that are in INK ONLY, you can identify and old piece of Fiesta ware by the case of the letters. Remember these rules:
•If all letters on the "Fiesta" logo are lower case, then the piece of Fiesta is old.
•If the letters on the "Fiesta" logo are upper case, then the piece of Fiesta is new.
Today, there are four (possibly more) different Fiesta markings. These all have capital letters and often have the words "genuine" and "lead free."
Fiesta Markings for Imprinted Fiesta Logos
Imprinted Fiesta markings are both difficult to read and have many, many variations. It is very difficult to tell whether a Fiestaware piece is old from its imprinted marking – but it is easy to tell if it is new by the appearance of an "H." Newer Fiesta pieces now have an H stamped below the logo. This was a recent addition, so not all new Fiestaware will have it. However, these rules hold true:
•An "H" appearing on an imprinted Fiestaware marking means it is DEFINITELY new.
•No "H" appearing on an imprinted Fiestaware marking means it MAY BE old but could quite possibly be new.
Circular Fiestaware Markings
Another good indicator of a new piece of Fiestaware is a the new, circular logo. These logos will have a FIESTA HLC USA in a circular pattern, where the word "Fiesta" is actually part of the circle. Again, this is indicative of a new Fiestaware piece but it's absence is not proof that it is an old piece of Fiesta.
Original Fiesta Markings
The original Fiesta markings from between 1936 and 1972 are identifiable in that they include only:
•The word "Fiesta" written in a handwritten styling in all lowercase letters
•The letters HLCO (standing for Homer Laughlin China Co. Sometimes appearing as H-L-Co)
•The letters USA or the words Made in USA.
•The word "Genuine"
Each of these characteristics has its own, somewhat hard to nail down history.
The F in Fiestaware
The F in Fiestaware has changed considerably since the 1930s. The original Fiesta "F" is always lower case and has no loops. The rest of the words in Fiesta are interconnected.
In 1986, when Fiesta was revived, the F in Fiesta was given a distinctive loop, making it appear uppercase. Also, Fiesta started using the Trademark (TM) and Registration (R) symbols after 1986. The remaining letters became disconnected from the F and were then made into all capital letters.
"Genuine" Fiestaware
The word "Genuine" began appearing sometime in the 1940s. This was in response to the many imitation Fiestaware pieces that were produced in the wake of Fiesta's success.
Lead Free Fiestaware
The words "Lead Free" appeared after January 1992. Read our other post for more information about lead and cadmium in Fiestaware.
Date Codes
Also in1992, Fiestaware began bearing date codes. The year is noted by two letters and the month is noted by a single letter. For example, VV is the year code for 2007 and B is the month code for February. A piece made in February 2007 would be stamped with VVB. Homer Laughlin has used date codes on commerical products since 1960, but these codes did not appear on Fiesta until 1992. Here's a handy chart for date codes:
Homer Laughlin Date Codes for Year: Homer Laughlin Date Codes for Month:
•GG – 1992
•HH – 1993
•II – 1994
•JJ – 1995
•KK – 1996
•LL – 1997
•MM – 1998
•NN – 1999
•OO – 2000
•PP – 2001
•QQ – 2002
•RR – 2003
•SS – 2004
•TT – 2005
•UU – 2006
•VV – 2007
•WW – 2008
•XX – 2009
•A – January
•B – February
•C – March
•D – April
•E – May
•F – June
•G – July
•H – August
•I – September
•J – October
•K – November
•L – December
Other brand names that used uranium-based pigments included Caliente, Early California, Poppytrail, Stangl and Vistosa, according to the federal Food and Drug Administration. While this is by no means an exhaustive list of Fiestaware markings, this may help you provide clues as to whether your Fiesta is vintage or new. In most cases, it is far easier to determine that Fiestaware is new rather than attemping to prove that it is old. This can be quite frustrating, as many newer Fiesta pieces do resemble original Fiestaware markings. But by knowing which elements appeared later, you can be sure to avoid anyone trying to pass off new Fiesta as old!
Basically, you're not doing yourself any favors eating off the dishes and you certainly don't want to sleep with one under your pillow. Ingestion of uranium could increase risk of tumors or cancer, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. Paper plates are a better alternative.
Popular Brands Of Dental Floss Are Made From Nylon Coated With Teflon
Amaranth Is Believed To Have Anti-Cancer Properties
Likelihood of tick bite to cause red meat allergy could be higher than previously thought
Filed Under: Cancer, Health
http://www.epa.gov/radtown/antiques.html#ceramics
https://www.fiestafactorydirect.com/t-aboutfiesta.aspx
http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr1717/nureg-1717.pdf
http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML0829/ML082910862.pdf
http://fiestadishes.info/featured/fiesta-markings-dating-your-vintage-fiestaware
http://www.vaughns-1-pagers.com/science/geiger-counters-compare.htm
About Captain Organic Planet
C.O.P. (Captain Organic Planet) is on a mission to inform anyone with an open mind that our food is far from natural; it is synthetic and fake. I believe our food supply is contributing to most of our diseases. The sad thing is it doesn't end there. Everywhere around us are dangers; in our household, in our water, and in your shampoo. Every aspect of your life is contributing to your health, wellness, sickness and disease. Challenge Conventional Culture. Live Life With An Organic Slant. L.iving O.rganically V.ibrates E.nergy


text:
Diananda Choirunisa
Dian/anis
(1997-03-16) 16 March 1997 (age 22)
Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
172 cm (5 ft 8 in)[1]
64 kg (141 lb)[1]
Event(s)
Women's archery
Representing Indonesia
2018 Jakarta-Palembang Individual
2013 Naypyidaw Women's team
2017 Kuala Lumpur Individual
2017 Kuala Lumpur Mixed team
2015 Singapore Women's team
2017 Kuala Lumpur Women's team
2013 Palembang Individual
2013 Palembang Women's team
Updated on 28 August 2018.
Diananda Choirunisa (born 16 March 1997) is an Indonesian recurve archer.
She competed in the individual recurve event and the team recurve event at the 2015 World Archery Championships in Copenhagen, Denmark.[2]
^ a b "CHOIRUNISA Diananda | Asian Games 2018 Jakarta Palembang". en.asiangames2018.id. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
^ "2015 World Archery Championships: Entries by country" (PDF). ianseo.net. pp. 7–18. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
"Diananda Choirunisa". World Archery. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
"Rising Star Atlet Panahan, Diananda Choirunisa - NET Sport". YouTube. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
The Jakarta Post. "Archers redeem earlier losses - Sports". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
"Meet_Diananda_Choirunisa_Nanjing_2014_Athlete_in_Archery/vykFb_Gu2UY". worldwide.chat. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
This biographical article relating to an Indonesian archery figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diananda_Choirunisa&oldid=899395082"
Indonesian female archers
Archers at the 2014 Asian Games
Asian Games medalists in archery
Asian Games silver medalists for Indonesia
Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games
Archers at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics
People from Surabaya
Sportspeople from East Java
Southeast Asian Games gold medalists for Indonesia
Southeast Asian Games silver medalists for Indonesia
Southeast Asian Games medalists in archery
Competitors at the 2013 Southeast Asian Games
Indonesian sportspeople stubs
Asian archery biography stubs
Place of birth missing (living people)


text:
Tributes to leading Fylde golfer
Noon - prolific at Royal Lytham
Steve Simpson
The Fylde golfing world is mourning the death of Michael Noon, one of the best amateur players this area produced in the post-war era.
Winner of a host of competitions at the Royal Lytham and St Annes and Fairhaven clubs, perhaps his greatest achievement came at the 1992 British Seniors Open Championship.
In a field at Royal Lytham that included the best over-50 golfers in the world, Noon shocked everyone with his exploits.
Noon led the elite field by two strokes at the end of the second round.
He was still only two shots off the lead after three rounds.
In the final round Noon was paired with the great American golfer Arnold Palmer - he slipped down the standings at that point, just missing out on the medal awarded to the leading amateur.
There could have been a very good reason behind his uncharacteristic slide down the leader-board in that concluding round.
Royal Lytham folklore has it that Noon left his trusted putter behind him at home and had to borrow one from the professional's shop.
But it should have come as no surprise that Noon should perform so well at Royal Lytham, where he enjoyed a formidable record.
The history section on Royal Lytham's website gives Noon's achievements pride of place.
He won the Clifton gold medal on 11 occasions and the Manchester gold medal 14 times.
Noon was also an habitual winner of the Royal Lytham and St Annes Silver Iron, the club's premier scratch stroke-play prize.
He won it 12 times in the years spanning 1964 to 1987.
His total haul of gold medals was 43 between 1965 and 1998.
Noon's death at the age of 80 brought in several tributes, among them from Charles Grimley, secretary of Royal Lytham, who described him as a 'gentleman of golf'.
Grimsley said: "His achievements are remarkable and a testament to his ability and consistency over the years.
"It is safe to say that his record in scratch competitions at Royal Lytham will never be overtaken.
"I was never lucky enough to play with him on the course, but I was on the range with him a lot in his latter years.
"When he had a dentist's practice in St Annes, he would come down at lunch-time to play a few holes at Royal Lytham.
"He was a gentleman of golf and from what I am told whenever he beat someone, he would almost apologise for doing so.
"He wasn't particularly long off the tee, but he was proficient in every single aspect of the game - he was just very accurate and dedicated to golf. The term practice makes perfect does not apply to us all, but it did to Michael."
Noon's prowess at golf was known county wide.
He won the Lancashire Seniors Championship in 1991, '92, '95, '96 and '97, as well as being runner-up in the county amateur championship in 1968.For a time Noon was also a member at Fairhaven, where he won the club championship six times.