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Fungi Related with the Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) in the Hail Area, Northern Saudi Arabia
Naimah A. Alanazi1, Abdel Moneim E. Sulieman*1, Nawaf I. Alshammari1, Meshari Al-Azmi2, Althbyani Aziz3, Gamal A. Elbadri4 and Steven L. Stephenson5
1Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
2Department of Information and computer Science, College of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Ha'il, Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
3Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
4Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Bisha, Saudi Arabia
5Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas USA
Corresponding author email: abuelhadi@hotmail.com
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/13.4/91
Article Publishing History
Received: 05/10/2020
Accepted: 10/12/2020
Red palm weevil (RPW), a dangerous insect of date (Phoenix dactylifera), is an invasive insect not known to occur in the Arab region until recently. Control strategies for RPW include the utilization of pheromone traps and insecticides. The side effects of insecticides on people and the environment have driven researchers and policy makers to look for other methods of controlling RPW. As such, information on the normal adversaries of RPW and the defensive mechanisms of this insect against them is imperative to develop techniques for an integrated pest control. Conventional and molecular techniques were employed in the Hail region to identify and characterize the fungi associated with RPW to assess potential indigenous entomopathogenic fungi for biological management. Conventional identification methods indicated that the genera Aspergillus and Fuzarium spp were highly associated with RPW.
Aspergillus niger contributed to the highest number of fungal isolates among all species, followed by Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium solnum. Other fungal isolates were tentatively identified as Fusarium solani (accession number: MH151017.1 with 100% sequence identity), Fusarium proliferatum (accession number: MK522076.1 with 100% sequence identity) and Nectria haematococca (accession number: DQ535183.1 with 99% sequence identity). Most of the isolated species in this study are saprophytic fungi which normally live in soil. However, some species are pathogenic fungi such some species of Aspergillus which would be potential candidates for biological control of RPW.
Biological Control, DNA Extraction, Mycelium, Defensive Mechanism
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Alanazi N. A, Sulieman A. M. E, Alshammari N. I, Al-Azmi M, Aziz A, Elbadri G. A, Stephenson S. L. Fungi Related with the Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) in the Hail Area, Northern Saudi Arabia. Biosc.Biotech.Res.Comm. 2020;13(4).
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Alanazi N. A, Sulieman A. M. E, Alshammari N. I, Al-Azmi M, Aziz A, Elbadri G. A, Stephenson S. L. Fungi Related with the Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) in the Hail Area, Northern Saudi Arabia. Biosc.Biotech.Res.Comm. 2020;13(4). Available from: https://bit.ly/3kadYwb
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia occupies an advanced position among the countries of the world in the cultivation of palm trees and the production of dates of all kinds, as the number of palm trees has reached 28.5 million, producing 1.3 million tons of dates annually. The date palm tree is an important part of the religious, cultural, and economic heritage of Semi-Arabian Island. This tree was exposed to grave problems that threatened the continuity of its production. The date palm tree is infected by many insect and fungal pathogens and pathogens, bacteria, nematode diseases, birds, weeds, and others organisms. This insect is considered to be the most dangerous insect, where it feeds its larvae openly soft tissue inside the palm tree.
This insect came from Southeast Asia to the Arab region and has been invading cultivated palms throughout the world. The red palm weevil, (RPW) causes considerable misfortune to date growers. In truth, it has been designated a most serious pest of date in Arab countries (Al-Shawaf et al., 2013). This insect belongs to the Curculionidae family in the order of Coleoptera (beetles and weevils). RPW is a hidden pest and remains inside the palm during the larval development and makes tunnels and then pupates. Subsequently, along with its omnipresent nature, these species are of incredible significance as they have effects on environment, agriculture, food production, biotechnology, and human and animal health (Abdel-Azeem et al. 2019 Qayyum et al 2020).
Biological control is a significant biological system administration and option in contrast boundless pesticide use (Crowder and Jabbour, 2014; Crowder et al., 2010). Biological control can harnessed as an environment administration which enhance hiding the pests from their adversaries such as predators, parasites and pathogens. This pest guideline by common enemies in crops offers natural and suitable conditions as harvest misfortune can be decreased because of over the top utilization of chemical pesticides (Bianchi et al., 2006).Numerous entomogenous fungi are generally normal, frequently inciting epizootics and consequently assaulting terrestrial insects in the groups Hyphomycetes and Entomophthorales. In contrast to other pathogens, the fungi entering the insect exoskeleton (Butt 2002).
The host can be tainted by (a) immediate treatment, (b) even transmission from contaminated insects or dead bodies to healthy insects, and (c) vertical transmission to resulting formative stages by means of the new age of spores. There are several studies which have been conducted to investigate the capability of fungi against insect pests. Beauveriabassiana and Metarhiziumanisopliae are among the most common entomopathogenic fungi which have been utilized in the control of insects throughout the world. Impressive research have been done to utilize entomopathogenic parasites as biocontrol agents against RPW (Sewefy et al., 2009; Demibilo et al, 2010; Guerri-Agullo et al, 2010 Belein 2018 Qayyum et al 2020).
However, such information is lacking in Saudi Arabia, therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify and characterize the fungi associated with RPW, invading date palm trees in Hail province. Understanding the connection between fungi and insects should be helpful in the improvement of biocontrol agents utilizing entomolopathogenic fungi as an elective control system for this genuine insect pest.
Sampling: One hundred and thirty adults of RPW were gathered from 5 infested farms in the study area (Hail area) during the period of October 2019 to May 2020. These were Al gayed, Jubbah, Helala, Horir and Guthasharagiya, and all of the collecting sites occur within latitude 27.523647 and longitude 41.696632. A pheromone trap was utilized for the collection of RPW. 30 males and 30 females were placed in plastic boxes, then maintained in a freezer at −20 °C at the microbiology laboratory until used for investigating the associated fungi.
Isolation and preliminary identification of fungi:The infected RPW adults were utilized to start stock colonies, and the colonies were periodically supplemented with the introduction of additional wild specimens. Infected plants were assessed for the presence of RPW by visual observation and listening for the feeding sounds the insect by touching the ear to the stem of the palm. Fungal growth was induced by placing the RPW in moisture chambers at 20-22 °C for 24-48 hours, then recovering the fungi by direct and indirect isolation techniques (Zho et al., 2008).
For direct isolation of fungi, small amounts of the visible hyphal mat were inoculated onto a Petri dish containing potato dextrose agar. While for isolating fungi using indirect method specimens were surface sterilized, then dissected, placed in Petri dishes containing PDA and were incubated at 25°C. The presence of growing fungal colonies was observed every day. The PDA plates were checked daily for fungal growth. After 5-10 days of incubation, several fungal colonies were grown on the plates. The mycelium of each fungal colony was transferred and maintained on fresh PDA plates.
For identification of fungi, a small part of pure fungi colony was cut from the colony edge using a sterilized scalpel. The fungi plugs were placed in Petri dishes. The fungal isolates were identified to the genus level based on microscopic features (morphology of hyphae, fruiting bodies, gamic spores, and conidia) and macroscopic features (colony morphology, colour, and growth rate) using the appropriate identification keys.
Frequency of occurrence: Existence of fungi collected from the RPW samples was determined utilizing the following formula: F= (NF/NT) X 100% Where: F = Frequency of occurrence % NT= total number of samples
B- DNA Extraction :The method modified by Dellaporta et al. (1983) was utilized for the DNA extraction as outlined below:Twenty 20 mg of fresh harvested mycelium were ground with a pestle in a 1.5 ml tube, and 33 μl of 20% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, w/v) and 160 μl of 5 M potassium acetate KoAc (Sigma chemicals) were added and vortexed. Then the mixture was centrifuged for 10 min at 10,000 rpm, and 450 μl of supernatant was transferred to a new tube. 450 μl of phenol, chloroform, and isoamyl-alcohol (PCI) were added with a ratio of 25:24:1 and vortexed, then centrifuged for 5 min at 10,000 rpm. 400 μl of the upper phase was then removed to a clean microcent7. The supernatant was removed and the total nucleic acid was precipitated in the bottom of the tube. The pellet were washed with 70% ethanol and spun 5 min at 10,000 rpm. Then the pellet was re-suspended in 100 μl of Double-distilled water (ddH2O).
C- Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR):For fungal isolates, Two primer pairs, the forward IT5 primer (5′- GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3′) and the reverse ITS4 primer (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) were used to amplify the entire ITS region (White et al., 1990).
The purified PCR products were sequenced by Macrogen Inc., (Korea), and sequencing of the purified isolates was performed in both directions using ITS5 and ITS4 primer pairs. Sequence alignments were edited by MEGA7 (Kumar et al., 2016).
Frequency and identification of fungi associated with the red palm weevil
Fifty-six fungal isolates were successfully isolated from the bodies of RPW (Table 1 and figure 1& 2). Using conventional methods, 38 fungi that were identified to the genus level, which incorporated several members of the genera Fusarium and Aspergillus. Among all the isolates the most dominant fungal species was Aspergillus niger (17 isolates), followed by Aspergillus flavus (11 isolates), Fusarium sp. 1 (4 isolates), Fusarium sp. 2 (3 isolates), Aspergillus sp. 1 (1 isolate), Aspergillus sp. 2 (1 isolate), and Aspergillus sp. 3 (1 isolate). In addition, 18 isolates could not be identified.
Table 1. Occurrence of fungal species from RPW in various sites
Fungal species No. of isolates Prevalence (%)*
Fusarium sp. 1 4 7.1
Aspergillus niger 17 30.35
Aspergillus flavus 11 19.6
Aspergillus sp. 1 1 1.7
Unidentified sp. 1 8 14.28
Unidentified sp. 2 4 7.1
*Prevalence was calculated based on the total number of fungal isolates (N/56)
Figure 1: Frequency of fungi isolated from the bodies of the red palm weevil.
Figure 2: Frequency of fungi Prevalence % from the bodies of the red palm weevil.
Note. Prevalence was calculated based on the total number of fungal isolates (N/56)
Molecular identification of the fungi: The results of using molecular identification showed that of the fungal isolates were tentatively identified as Fusarium solani (accession number: MH151017.1 with 100% sequence identity), Fusarium proliferatum (accession number: MK522076.1 with 100% sequence identity) and Nectria haematococca (accession number: DQ535183.1 with 99% sequence identity) as indicated in Table 2 and Figure 1.
Table 2. Taxa of fungi recorded from RPW in various sites. Note: %ID = percent sequence identity, and SGB = sequence in GenBank.
Sp. Taxon SGB ID%
1. Fusarium proliferatum.(Matsush.)Nirenberg MK522076.1 100
2. Nectria haematococca. Berk. & Broome DQ535183.1 99
3. Fusarium solani. (Mart.) Sacc. MH151017.1 100
According to the World Health Organization WHO (2013), there are approximately 23-25 million people infected every year with pesticide toxins, and nearly 20,000 of them die annually
(Schmutterer, 2002). Therefore, there was a need to develop non-toxic, safe, human and animal alternatives as one of its control methods intended to reduce the population of the pests or its harmful effects, to the extent that it does not constitute with severe harm to humans, animals, or their activities. This can be achieved by means of other biological species from insects, nematodes, bacteria, fungi, etc. Pathogenic fungi to insects are one of the important factors due to their wide presence in nature in addition to being invisible, expensive and highly specialized for treating specific pests (Shiff; 2014., Rajesh et. al., 2002).
The outcomes of the present study indicated that the most frequently encountered fungal species associated with RPW collected from various farms in the Hail region was Aspergillus spp., specifically Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus as identified with conventional identification methods. Aspergillus niger constituted 30.35%, whereas Aspergillus flavus constituted 19.6% of the total number of fungal isolates. Furthermore, Fusarium sp. 1 and Fusrium sp. 2 were identified with a percentage 7.1% and 5.3%, respectively. On the other hand, 31.78% of the fungal isolates were unidentified using conventional methods. Using molecular biological techniques, the dominant fungal species were Fusarium solani, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium proliferatum and Nectria haematococca, respectively.Aspergillus spp. and Fuzarium spp. were highly associated with the RPW. Aspergillus niger contributed to the highest number of fungal isolates among all species. This suggests that A. niger lives as saprotroph or symbiont with RPW.
Surprisingly, fungi considered as saprotrophs or symbionts just assimilate the organic matter from the host, yet they don't have capacity to taint the host (Dube 2007). A few different fungal species, which have low number of fungal isolates (e.g., Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium solani and Fusarium proliferatum) were likewise found as saprotrophs on soil, spices, insects, and plants. This shows that RPW have an extraordinary relationship with soil and plant fungi. This could be attributed to the inclination of insects to contact the ground or plant-related fungi. Other than that, the strategy utilized for getting the fungi may most likely mirrored the aftereffects of this study. The thorough review of fungi associated with RPW could be acquired by utilizing distinctive isolation strategies coupled with culture-dependent techniques, which will uncover a few species other than the saprophytic ones.
It is known that saprophytic fungi are the largest group of macro fungi, responsible for breaking down and recycling dead plant and animal material. Therefore, the presence of these fungi is not surprising since saprophytic fungi are generally recognized from the fruiting bodies observed on dead trees, leaf litter, animal bones, even feces. Saprophytic fungi discharge enzymes to separate and digest the lignin, cellulose, or chitin in this material into simple soluble aggravates, that can be consumed by them, and by plants, as supplements. In this manner, they assume an imperative role in diminishing the collection of dead natural material and in reusing fundamental supplements, especially carbon and nitrogen (https://fungimap.org.au/about-fungi/saprophytic-fungi/)
Several species of the fungus Aspergillus are considered biological control agents for many insects, these species included: Aspergillus fumigatus. Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus flavus which infect the larvae and adults of honey bees, causing the disease (Brood stone). However, the success of infection depends on the inheritance of the fungus, its growth rate and capacity to exploit the insect's materials for growth, as well as its ability to produce dermal-degrading enzymes, poisons, and overcoming insect resistance (Cole and Rolinson 1972).Aspergillus niger fungus is one of the most common types of Aspergillus.
It causes diseases to fruits and vegetables called black rot. The black spores of A. niger evidently protects against sunlight and UV irradiation, prompting an upper hand over different microorganisms in their living spaces. These capacities guarantee its progressively presence in warm habitat (Krijgsheld et. al., 2012). Some scientists tend to argue that some strains of Aspergillus niger produce toxins called okratoxin. However, this is not always the case, as some dispute this claim by saying that the previous reports are the result of a misdiagnosis of the fungi species. Recently, evidence has been obtained that strains of Aspergillus niger actually produce octeratoxin (Schuster et. al., 2002).
Aspergillus flavus, the second fungus associated with RPW in the present study, a well-known species related with aflatoxin contamination of agricultural crops (Cotty et al. 1994, Cotty 1997). It was also found that the fungus A. flavus. had an effect on silkworms, as this fungus secreted type 1 aflatoxin (Raper et. al., 1965). The following metabolites in fungus A. Parasiticus may have a role in killing the insect (aflatoxin toxins G2, G1, B2, B1) as well as secreting the following enzymes: Aminopeptidase, N-acetyl-β-glcosaminindase, Alkaline protease, Serineprotenase.
The genus Fusarium is a filamentous fungi, widespread in nature, as it is found in soil is in the decaying organic matter of plants and animals as well as food residues, and many types of waste. The genus presently contains almost under 200 accepted species, and its monetary and authentic significance causes it to stay at center stage in future conversations about terminology and mycological variety. Subsequently, along with its omnipresent nature, these species are of incredible significant effects on environments, agriculture, food production, biotechnology, and human and animal health (Abdel-Azeem et al. 2019).
Fusarium sp. cause many plant diseases such as root rot and vascular wilt. Also, species of this genus are associated with animals such as nematodes, spiders, amphibians and reptiles. Some species were documented as insect parasites and an insect pathogen. Roberts (1981) stated that this fungus has the effect of acting as pesticides against different insects. Fusarium solani is likewise connected with opportunistic infections of humans and other animals, causing systemic infections with a high death rate, as well as restricted infections in the skin and other body parts (Gupta et. al., 2000).
Fusarium solani is considered ubiquitous, while the distribution of some other species depends more on climate conditions (Summerell et al. 2010).Preceding host intrusion, certain fungal attributes assign them harmful or destructive organism. The organism must produce high number of conidia with strong adhesion that allow them to enter into the host through straight forward penetrating structures. Besides, the attacking organism must have the ability to sidestep or beat the host immune system by creating toxins. In future, experiments must be directed to investigate in detail the immune mechanism of RPW that may assist with discovering genes engaged in host defense (Abid et. al., 2013).
Naturally occurring bio-control agents are a desirable choice to switch the utilization of dangerous synthetic insecticides. Among these microbes, the utilization of entomopathogenic fungi was discovered to be promising substitute for insect control. As per a gauge, in excess of 700 species of fungi having a place with various genera, are known to infect insects. Before, the capability of entomopathogenic fungi particularly Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea have been assessed against various pests including Aphis craccivora (Saranya et. Al., 2010), Aedes aegypti (García-Munguía et. al., 2011), Bemisia argentifolii (James et al., 2003), Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Hussain el al., 2010), Melanoplus sanguinipes (Inglis et al., 1996), Ocinara varians Walker (Hussain et. al. 2009), Odontotermes obesus (Hussain et al. 2011), Periplaneta americana (Mohan et.,al., 1999), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Dembilio et. al., 2010), Scolytus scolytus (Doberski 1981), Thrips tabaci (Al-mazra'awi et al 2009).
The accomplishment of these naturally occurring microorganisms principally relies upon the host pathogen interaction.The entrance of entomopathogenic fungi to attack the host is through the cuticle that involves complex biochemical interactions between the host and the pathogen (fungus) before germination, penetration, growth, and reproduction of the fungus. Preceding the host attack, there are certain characteristics of fungi that assign them destructive or a virulent strains (Abid et al 2013).
In summary, the successful control of RPW depends largely upon interactions between the host and its pathogens. There is a steady battle among host and a pathogen that eventually leads to the success or failure of the latter. In case of compatible interactions, the pathogen must have strong adhesion capacity that eventually penetrates into the host. Aspergillus app and Fusarium spp. dominated fungal flora of RPW. These fungi might have effects in management of this destructive pest. Most of the isolated fungal species in this study are saprophytic fungi which normally occur in soil. Thus, some species are pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus spp. which would be potential candidate for biological control of RPW.
Authors' Contribution: All authors contributed in designing, carrying out, and reporting this research.
Competing Interest: All the authors declare that they have no competing interest that can affect the current study.
This study was financially by the University of Hail, Project Number RG-191352. We are grateful to the University of Hail KSA for the financial support and to the Ministry of Agriculture, Hail region for technical assistance.
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Q: PHP - Create base64 encoded image from String I have array contain strings and I want to display them in image format (each image contain a string). I need display image in format: <img src="data:image/png;base64,...<data>..."/>, all images in a HTML page. How to create base64 encoded image from String?
I tried to search from google, but there are tutorials for "create base64 encoded image from image file".
Example: If my text is "600153957", the output will be:
<img src="data:image/png;base64,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">

Live example: http://goo.gl/mYBUI . I want protect my numbers like this website. By this way, the spam software which scan text to find this numbers can't read them.
Please help me! Sorry for my bad English.

A: This is just a rough example of how you could do what you want, you need to generate the image with php using whatever data you want and then get the file contents as a string
You'll get the idea if you run this code as it is.
<?php

    function b64img( $str, $fs=10, $w=250, $h=200, $b=array( 'r'=>255, 'g'=>255, 'b'=>255 ), $t=array('r'=>0, 'g'=>0, 'b'=>0) ){
        $tmp=tempnam( sys_get_temp_dir(), 'img' );

        $image = imagecreate( $w, $h );
        $bck = imagecolorallocate( $image, $b['r'], $b['g'], $b['b'] );
        $txt = imagecolorallocate( $image, $t['r'], $t['g'], $t['b'] );

        imagestring( $image, $fs, 0, 0, $str, $txt );
        imagepng( $image, $tmp );
        imagedestroy( $image );

        $data=base64_encode( file_get_contents( $tmp ) );
        @unlink( $tmp );
        return $data;
    }

    $img=b64img( 'Some text to make into base64 image', 6, 400, 100 );
    echo "";

    $img=b64img( 'Another image', 10, 200, 200, array('r'=>0, 'g'=>255, 'b'=>0), array('r'=>255, 'g'=>0, 'b'=>0) );
    echo "";
?>

A: Check whether below code helps you
$decodeString=base64_decode($imageString);
$imageCreated=imagecreatefromstring($decodeString);
ob_start();
imagepng($imageCreated);
$imgPng = ob_get_clean();
$imgPath = "data:image/png;base64," . base64_encode($imgPng);

and $imgPath can be used as src for .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Accidentally closed the bottom left fly-out menu bar and could not, for the life of me, figure out how to turn it back on.
Luckily, the program crashed without saving anything ... so I have it back.
Regardless, how do I fix this without depending on a program crash?


text:
Q: How to periodically wait one microsecond in java I don't trust the sleep and wait methods. And I found select method in C, but I can not found in java.

A: If by "trust" you mean you expect perfect timing with microseconds precision, then you should not be using conventional Java. Nor should you be using conventional operating systems on conventional hardware. Expecting exact scheduling to the microsecond is unreasonable.
To quote the Javadoc for Thread#sleep:

… subject to the precision and accuracy of system timers and schedulers

If you need such precision, research real time Java.


text:
Wake County Board of Elections – Voter Information Page This resource allows you to view your personal voter registration, sample ballots and your polling place.
Wake County Board of Elections – Early Voting Sites See polling sites in Wake County. All ballot styles are available during early voting, which runs from Oct. 15 – Oct. 31.
State Board of Elections – Voter Guide on Judicial Candidates The candidate profiles, which do not include endorsements, are mostly verbiage submitted by the candidates themselves.
State Board of Elections – Provisional Voting Guide North Carolina has a fail-safe process for people who have issues with their registration, for example, they go to the polling place they are told to and their name is not in the book. They can vote a provisional ballot that will be confirmed by Wake County Board of Elections staff and counted by the end of the week.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


BearsFeed is a community of app creators, designers, and innovators. We constantly look to empower Berkshire School with innovative tech solutions.
We continue to look forward to "feeding the bears" this year! If you would like to learn more about BearsFeed, feel free to contact us via our email: hello@bearsfeed.io.


text:
Northbrae's Choir
Choir rehearses pre-service at 8:45 am Sundays.
To learn more about the choir, or to attend a rehearsal, please contact Music Director Debra Golata.
~our soloists
Steve Wedgwood, Ph. D, Harvard BA taught German at Indiana University for ten years before moving to San Francisco in 1971. He served the Oakland Post Office for 30 years, retiring in 2003. After marriage with Diana Fong-Wedgwood, Steve began singing in the choir at Episcopal Church of Our Saviour, then at Saint Paul's Church, studying voice with Jackie Hairston, Marco Sorisio & Dr. Mark Goodrich. Steve has appeared in varied San Francisco opera productions, and given numerous solo recitals. High points for him include Barber's "Dover Beach" with the Greening/Anderson quartet, singing at his 50th college reunion,Schubert's Winterreise with Larry Marietta,soloing with Bella Musica. and finally, singing at Carnegie Hall- "football songs, under Leonard Bernstein, for the Harvard Club of New York!" Since retirement Steve has participated six times in AIDS/Lifecycle, raising awareness for HIV services and, by his estimate, nearly $25,000. He is an avid photographer. Steve & Diana have two grown children. Steve has two others and two grandsons. Steve has been bass soloist and section leader at Northbrae for over twenty years. He enjoys "the freedom to perform a variety of (not always liturgical) music." He cherishes collaboration with "supportive and knowledgeable" Debra Golata- who would like Northbrae to know of Steve's friendships with famed composers Samuel Barber & Gian-carlo Menotti, and that he is a distant cousin of Ralph Vaughan Williams.
Jacqueline Andersen (pictured here in Woodminster's "Annie Get Your Gun") began as soprano soloist/section leader for Northbrae on the day of the Oakland Hills fire in October of 1991. She holds a B.A. in Music and M.A. in Music, with a Vocal Performance Emphasis. Her voice teacher from (then named) Cal State Hayward, told her she needed to "get back to singing" when her first child was 10 months old and referred her to Debra Golata for an audition. This Oct. (2016) she will have sung 25 years here. She eventually had three children in all, now young adults. For the past 14 years, she has enjoyed performing onstage in musicals and light opera around the Bay Area. One of her favorite experiences was playing Louie Strentzel Muir in the PBS American Masters show "John Muir in the New World," filmed in Martinez at the Muir Home. Jacqueline has taught piano and voice lessons for more than 25 years in her home studio. Currently, she is also working with Debra as Assistant Director for the Berkeley Women's Community Chorus, and serving as soloist/singer in the chorus. About Northbrae, she says "there are more experiences and people here who have touched or enhanced my life in meaningful ways than I can name--through performances, friendship, kindness, support and encouragement--some of whom have left us and are deeply missed."
Victoria Varieur, mezzo-soprano, has been Northbrae's alto soloist/section leader since 1998.
She has performed in a wide variety of musical genres throughout the Bay Area, from Medieval to Rock and Roll. Operatic roles include Donna Elvira (Don Giovanni), the Countess (Marriage of Figaro), Dorabella (Cosi fan Tutte), Rosina (Barber of Seville), Galatea (Acis and Galatea) and Dido (Dido & Aeneas), as well as being a soloist in Purcell's Faerie Queene and King Arthur, and a staged production of Bernstein's Songfest. Musical theatre credits include a revival of Harold Rome's Pins and Needles and Sondheim's Into the Woods. As a member of the Sherwood Consort, she played the role of Marion in Adam de la Halle's Le Gieus de Robin et Marion at the Berkeley Fringe Festival. Recordings with the ensemble include Between March and April and Robin Loves Me.. Under the direction of early music specialist Shira Kammen, Victoria performed music from the time of Charles V at Herbst Theatre and sang in a concert of medieval and renaissance French music performed in a 14th C mill along the Lot River in Quercy, France. She is currently a member of Shira Kammen's Gallimaufry chamber chorus as well as a regular soloist with the Resmiranda Vocal Ensemble which performs vocal music from circa 1000 to the present. Performances with the ensemble include Pergolesi's Stabat Mater, Handel's Dixit Dominus, William Byrd's In Tempore Paschali, Schutz's Seven Last Words of Christ, and Bach's Christ lag in Todesbanden, and the title role in Debussy's La Damoiselle Elue. Upcoming performances will include Vivaldi's Stabat Mater for solo voice and continuo. Victoria holds a BA from University of California, Berkeley in English Literature with a Minor in Celtic Studies. She lives in Oakland with her husband, two children, two cats and a dog. Regarding Northbrae, Victoria says she "feels blessed to be part of a community that has supported the music program throughout the years."
Kevin Downing is Tenor Soloist and Section leader.


This article presents a succinct comparison of the features, platform support, and packaging of many independent implementations of Domain Name System (DNS) name server software.
Each of these DNS servers is an independent implementation of the DNS protocols, capable of resolving DNS names for other computers, publishing the DNS names of computers, or both. Excluded from consideration are single-feature DNS tools (such as proxies, filters, and firewalls) and redistributions of servers listed here (many products repackage BIND, for instance, with proprietary user interfaces).
Authoritative server: authoritative name servers publish DNS mappings for domains under their authoritative control. Typically, a company (e.g. "Acme Example Widgets") would provide its own authority services to respond to address queries, or for other DNS information, for www.example.int. These servers are listed as being at the top of the authority chain for their respective domains, and are capable of providing a definitive answer. Authoritative name servers can be primary name servers, also known as master servers, i.e. they contain the original set of data, or they can be secondary or slave name servers, containing data copies usually obtained from synchronization directly with the master server, either via a DNS mechanism, or by other data store synchronization mechanisms.
Recursive Servers: recursive servers (sometimes called "DNS caches", "caching-only name servers") provide DNS name resolution for applications, by relaying the requests of the client application to the chain of authoritative name servers to fully resolve a network name. They also (typically) cache the result to answer potential future queries within a certain expiration (time-to-live) period. Most Internet users access a recursive server provided by their internet service provider to locate internet hosts such as www.example.com.
AnswerX is Akamai's recursive DNS resolver (rDNS). It has evolved from the Xerocole acquisition. AnswerX is a modern resolver, supporting DNSSEC, IPv6, and full subscriber aware policy controls. It can be used for DNS firewall functionality, extensive logging, and a platform for service creation. AnswerX is sold as software working on common servers (no specialized hardware). The software is built to process millions of transactions per second on standard hardware.
BIND is the de facto standard DNS server. It is a free software product and is distributed with most Unix and Linux platforms, where it is most often also referred to as named (name daemon). It is the most widely deployed DNS server. Historically, BIND underwent three major revisions, each with significantly different architectures: BIND4, BIND8, and BIND9. BIND4 and BIND8 are now technically obsolete and not considered in this article. BIND9 is a ground-up rewrite of BIND featuring complete DNSSEC support in addition to other features and enhancements.
Internet Systems Consortium started development of a new version, BIND 10. Its first release was in April 2010, but ISC involvement concluded with the release of BIND 10 version 1.2 in April 2014. ISC cited a lack of resources to continue development of BIND 10, and they reaffirmed their commitment to BIND9.
The BIND 10 codebase continues on as an open source project at http://bundy-dns.de/ (ibid.) It is not included in this comparison at this time.
CNR includes a commercial DNS server from Cisco Systems usually used in conjunction with the CNR DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) server. It supports high rates of dynamic update.
DNS Blast is highly secure recursive DNS software from EfficientIP. It delivers carrier grade DNS performance for ISPs and enterprises enhancing security with deep analyses transactions at the heart of the DNS recursor. Processing 17 million queries per second, it can eliminate dozens of DNS clusters and load balancers, dramatically decreasing the total cost of ownership and simplifying the DNS infrastructure.
Dnsmasq is a lightweight, easy to configure DNS forwarder, designed to provide DNS (and optionally DHCP and TFTP) services to a small-scale network. It can serve the names of local machines which are not in the global DNS.
Dnsmasq accepts DNS queries and either answers them from a small, local cache or forwards them to a real, recursive DNS server. It loads the contents of /etc/hosts, so that local host names which do not appear in the global DNS can be resolved.
Djbdns is a collection of DNS applications, including tinydns, which was the second most used free software DNS server in 2004. It was designed by Daniel J. Bernstein, author of qmail, with an emphasis on security considerations. In March 2009, Bernstein paid $1000 to the first person finding a security hole in djbdns. The Source code is not centrally maintained and was released into the public domain in 2007. As of March 2009, there are three forks and more than a dozen patches to add additional features to djbdns.
gdnsd https://github.com/blblack/gdnsd is a GPL3-licensed Authoritative DNS server written in C using libev http://software.schmorp.de/pkg/libev.html and pthreads with a focus on high performance, low latency service. It does not offer any form of caching or recursive service, and does not support DNSSEC. The initial "g" stands for Geographic, as gdnsd offers a plugin system for geographic (or other sorts of) balancing, redirection, and service-state-conscious failover.
Knot DNS is a free software authoritative DNS server by CZ.NIC. Knot DNS aims to be a fast, resilient DNS server usable for infrastructure (root and TLD) and DNS hosting services. Knot DNS supports DNSSEC signing and among others hosts root zone (K and L Root_name_servers), several top-level domains.
MaraDNS is a free software DNS server by Sam Trenholme that claims a good security history and ease of use.  In order to change any DNS records, MaraDNS needs to be restarted. Like djbdns dnscache, the MaraDNS 2.0 stand-alone recursive resolver ("Deadwood") does not use threads.
Windows DNS Server  component of Microsoft DNS. The same software can be configured to support authoritative, recursive and hybrid mode. The software is integrated with Active Directory which makes it the default DNS software for many enterprise networks that are based on Active Directory. It also allows creating zones by the standard DNS zone file. The software comes packaged as a role in windows server. The server software is shipped with a cmdline interface dnscmd, a DNS management GUI wizard, and a DNS PowerShell package. In Windows Server 2012, the Windows DNS added support for DNSSEC, with full-fledged online signing, with Dynamic DNS and NSEC3 support, along with RSASHA and ECDSA signing algorithms. It provides an inbuilt key storage provider and support for any third party CNG compliant key storage provider. User interface and PowerShell support for managing DNS and DNSSEC were improved as well.In the Windows Server 2016, the DNS Server supports DNS policies using which the admins can have more control over the name resolution process.
ANS is a commercial authoritative server from Nominum, a company whose chief scientist and chairman is Paul Mockapetris, the inventor of the DNS. ANS was designed to meet the needs of top level domain servers, hosters and large enterprises.
Vantio is a commercial high-performance recursive caching server from Nominum, intended as a fast, secure alternative to BIND for service providers, enterprises, and government agencies.
NSD is a free software authoritative server provided by NLNet Labs. NSD is a test-bed server for DNSSEC; new DNSSEC protocol features are often prototyped using the NSD code base. NSD hosts several top-level domains, and operates three of the root nameservers.
NxFilter is a free software forwarding, caching, authoritative DNS server provided by Jahastech. It supports DNS based web filtering. It has its own web based GUI and runs on Windows, Linux, Mac OS as it's basically a Java software.
Pdnsd is a caching DNS proxy server that stores cached DNS records on disk for long term retention. Pdnsd is designed to be highly adaptable to situations where net connectivity is slow, unreliable, unavailable, or highly dynamic, with limited capability of acting as an authoritative nameserver. It is licensed under the GPL.
Posadis is a free software DNS server, written in C++, featuring Dynamic DNS update support.
PowerDNS is a free software DNS server with a variety of data storage back-ends and load balancing features. Authoritative and recursive server functions are implemented as separate applications.
DNS Authority is commercial authoritative name server software from Secure64, the company that built Genuinely Secure DNS applications and operating system and completely automated the deployment of DNSSEC.
DNS Cache is scalable, highly secure recursive DNS software from Secure64 which provides built-in protection against high-volume denial of service attacks, including Pseudo Random Sub Domain (PRSD) attacks.
Simple DNS Plus is a commercial DNS server product that runs under Microsoft Windows with an emphasis on a simple-to-use GUI. Maintenance of the software appears to have slackened in recent years.
Domain Name Relay Daemon https://github.com/benjaminpetrin/dnrd is a caching, forwarding DNS proxy server. Most useful on vpn or dialup firewalls but it is also a DNS cache for minor networks and workstations. Licensed under GPL.
YADIFA http://www.yadifa.eu/ is a BSD-licensed, memory-efficient DNS server written in C. The acronym YADIFA stands for Yet Another DNS Implementation For All. It was created by EURid, which operates the .eu top-level domain.
Yaku-NS https://github.com/antirez/yaku-ns is a GPL-licensed authoritative DNS server written in C, small footprint, trivial to configure. Features include forwarding to multiple external DNS servers, built-in ACL rules, root privileges squashing, chroot jail under unix systems and secure DNS IDs to prevent DNS forgery.
Technitium DNS Server https://technitium.com/dns/ is an open source https://github.com/TechnitiumSoftware/DnsServer server written in c# using .NET Standard 2.0 available under GPLv3 licence aimed for self hosting in private networks for privacy & security, or local computer by software developers for local software testing and research. It supports DNS-over-TLS and DNS-over-HTTPS protocol support for forwarders. It can be used on Linux & macOS using Mono Framework or .NET Core.
Some DNS features are relevant only to recursive servers, or to authoritative servers. As a result, a feature matrix such as the one in this article cannot by itself represent the effectiveness or maturity of a given implementation.
Another important qualifier is the server architecture. Some DNS servers provide support for both server roles in a single, "monolithic" program. Others are divided into smaller programs, each implementing a subsystem of the server. As in the classic Computer Science microkernel debate, the importance and utility of this distinction is hotly debated. The feature matrix in this article does not discuss whether DNS features are provided in a single program or several, so long as those features are provided with the base server package and not with third-party add-on software.
A major category of DNS server functionality, see above.
Servers with this feature provide control over which hosts are permitted DNS recursive lookups. This is useful for load balancing and service protection.
Authoritative servers can publish content that originates from primary data storage (such as zone files or databases connected to business administration processes)--such servers are also called 'master' servers--or can be slave or secondary servers, republishing content fetched from and synchronized with such master servers. Servers with a "slave mode" feature have a built-in capability to retrieve and republish content from other servers. This is typically, though not always, provided using the AXFR DNS protocol.
Servers with this feature provide recursive services for applications, and cache the results so that future requests for the same name can be answered quickly, without a full DNS lookup. This is an important performance feature, as it significantly reduces the latency of DNS requests.
Servers with this feature implement some variant of the DNSSEC protocols. They may publish names with resource record signatures (providing a "secure authority service"), and may validate those signatures during recursive lookups (providing a "secure resolver"). DNSSEC is becoming more widespread as the deployment of a DNSSEC root key has been done by ICANN. Deployment to individual sites is growing as top level domains start to deploy DNSSEC too. The presence of DNSSEC features is a notable characteristic of a DNS server.
Servers with this feature typically provide DNSSEC services. In addition, they support the TSIG protocol, which allows DNS clients to establish a secure session with the server to publish Dynamic DNS records or to request secure DNS lookups without incurring the cost and complexity of full DNSSEC support.
Servers with this feature are capable of publishing or handling DNS records that refer to IPv6 addresses. In addition to be fully IPv6 capable they must implement IPv6 transport protocol for queries and zone transfers in slave/master relationships and forwarder functions.
Servers with this feature can publish information for wildcard records, which provide data about DNS names in DNS zones that are not specifically listed in the zone.
Servers with the split-horizon DNS feature can give different answers depending on the source IP address of the query.
Partial indicates that while it works, the server lacks important functionality compared to versions for other OSs; it is still being developed however.
Beta indicates that while a version is fully functional and has been released, it is still in development (e.g. for stability).
Yes indicates that it has been officially released in a fully functional, stable version.
Included indicates that the server comes pre-packaged with or has been integrated into the operating system.
This compilation is not exhaustive, but rather reflects the most common platforms today.
Web site: Moore. Don. 2004. DNS server survey. 2005-01-06.
Web site: The djbdns prize claimed. 2009-03-04.
Book: Mens, Jan-Piet. Alternative DNS Servers: Choice and Deployment, and Optional SQL/LDAP Back-Ends (Paperback). UIT Cambridge Ltd.. 2008. 0-9544529-9-2.
Web site: How OpenDNS, PowerDNS and MaraDNS remained unaffected by the DNS cache poisoning vulnerability. Danchev. Dancho. ZDNet. 2009-10-10.
Web site: MaraDNS - A security-aware DNS server. MaraDNS. 2010-12-15.
Web site: The pdnsd Homepage. Phys.uu.nl. 2011-10-26.
Web site: About YADIFA. 2013-04-11.
Web site: pdns NEWS. 2013-03-29. "no support for the DNSSEC protocol itself yet in pdnsd"
Web site: pdnsd homepage. 2013-03-29. "pdnsd was started on Linux, and has since been ported to FreeBSD (and Cygwin and Darwin). 90% of the source code should be easily portable to POSIX- and BSD-compatible systems, provided that those systems support the POSIX threads (pthreads). The rest might need OS-specific rewrites."
This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Comparison of DNS server software".


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How does Electric Grid work?
October 11, 2020 February 13, 2021 Techstuck 0 Comments Electric, Electricity, Grid, High Voltage lines, HVAC, Power Lines, Power Transmission, Transmission line
Electricity takes the help of grid for reaching us. Usually plays a vital role in our life. We need it 24×7, it even works for us on weekends and even on vacations. We need power in almost everything from cooking food to doing other chores in the home. As the number of electronic vehicles (EV) is growing, the vitality of the grid is increasing. It's a bit like the oxygen we breathe.
Technically the grid is the means that help in the transmission of electricity over long distances. It connects the generation units to the end-users like we, Industrial units, building etc.
What the grid is consist of?
The grid system is a synergy of certain components which come together to form a roadway for the sparking electricity to reach us. This usually consists of four basic parts those are Generation Units, Transmission Lines, Distribution and Load or the consumer.
Generation Units:
Different kinds of generation units include coal and natural gas-burning power plants, nuclear power plants, wind turbines, and solar power plants (includes thermal as well as photovoltaic based plants). Economies of scale is used in the production of electricity. The bigger the size of the production plant the more efficient it is. The power generation units can't be made in small units. Some use specific geographic locations for power generations like solar, wind, and hydro-electricity plants. The electricity which is produced by these generation units need to be transported to distant locations in some cases over 1000s of KMs.
Transmission Lines:
Transmission lines are the main component that carries high voltage electricity over distances of 1000s of km. They connect electricity generators and consumers. The transmission lines are categories according to their voltage. 69 kV, 115 kV, 161 kV, 230 kV, 345 kV, 500 kV, 765 kV AC lines, +/- 400 HVDC, and +/- 800 HVDC are some examples of types of transmission lines. Regions use the voltage and type according to need considering the need and certain factors like distance, geography etc.
For transmission purposes, 110 kV and above voltage is preferred, 34 and 69 kV lines are usually used by Distribution.
High Voltage is chosen to decrease the loss in transmission and reducing the current with the constant Resistance.
Distribution is simply a network of wire that connects the end-user with the transmission line. The line we usually see on the streets or the underground cable with hubs in every 100 Meters. Homes and offices get connected to grid using these hubs. Here they fix prices for your electricity according to the cost they pay to the producer and charges for transmission.
The distribution uses the 69kV, 34kV, 11kV, 220V and 120V AC lines for distribution depending on the region
Load or Consumer:
The total network of Distribution and Grid ends here. We are those end users what else we can explain end-user. We are the load that pulls the electricity from the Generation units.
How it's done.
First, the Generation unit produces electricity. Typically, a turbine-powered alternator creates 20000 Amps at 25 kV which is 500MW. In a single generation unit, we can find around 4 – 6 such alternators. This is the same voltage at which an Electric locomotive works.
When we consider photovoltaic energy generation, the feeding of this energy is a bit complex and we will cover in another blog.
Then the 25 kV is stepped up to 345 – 765 kV AC using transformers. Then HV electricity is used for the transmission of power over long distances. While sending 500MW at 765 kV the amps are around 655 Amps. By stepping up the voltage we can move more power with low amps over the transmission line. The amp is the limitation for the conductor. More amps the wire is exposed to more damaged it has to face so as the heat. Here we are reducing the amps for the power line for about 30 times. This results in loss of any a 2-6 % over the transmission.
As the electric power reaches the substation the transformers steps it down to usable and distributable voltage. Which is easy to handle and not so hazardous. The distribution line is usually of 69 kV, 26 kV, 11 kV, 4 kV, 220 V and 120 V AC. Distribution lines can be overhead and underground both. The distribution lines ensure that electric current reaches each every load or consumer. It may be commercial, a big business house or a scalable industrial unit. And here is the end of the Grid system.
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A 5:45 am toddler wake up call on Saturday after a night of very little sleep and a long week of battling The Sickness was NOT how I imagined starting my weekend. Do I need to say how tired I felt? How badly I wanted to fall back in bed, pull the warm flannel sheets around my neck and hide? But. My kid was in my face and beginning to cry. And. In an instant I remembered that the moment was my destiny.
I was being called–literally and figuratively–to show up for the morning.
In the darkness while my toddler whined at me to open the blinds, and start breakfast, and read a book on the couch, and and and… I remembered that this moment was being delivered to me by every past feeling and thought and action I had ever had. This moment was an aggregate of everything I had lived before. The magnificence of its magnitude humbled me. What could I do? I was left with two choices: outright refusal of my life as it was, or acceptance of my reality without resistance.
So, I doubled the pot of coffee. Put on on our new favorite Spotify radio station, Zen Indie Folk (Spotify has us pegged). Carried my toddler around the kitchen while prepping ingredients for oatmeal, his sleepy head nestled into my neck, and caught sight of our reflection in the window above the sink. I sent a sweet blessing of thanks to my reflection for waking up. For staying awake. For being present for this fleeting moment with my beautiful, precious son.
And you know what? Throughout the morning I "found" time to work on a special knitting project, time to chat with Simeon about taxes and family traditions, time to fold the dry laundry and put in a second load. All while padding around my cute little bungalow in my pajamas.
This is so sweet. How wise to recall your intentions. Thanks for the reminder that it's the moment that matters, and ultimately makes the difference in all things.


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Leyon Orient V Tottenham Has Been Postponed
The EFL announced on Tuesday afternoon that the Carabao Cup match scheduled between Leyton Orient has been cancelled.
The news is now official. Tuesday evening's match between Leyton Orient and Tottenham Hostpur has been cancelled.
It was already taken for granted that the match would be called off due to several members of the Orient first-team testing positive for the coronavirus.
No news has been announced on what will happen with the match, i.e. if it will be played at a further date. However, the most likely scenario is that Spurs get awarded the win and progress to the next round.
A statement on the Tottenham website read: "Tonight's Carabao Cup match between Leyton Orient and Tottenham Hotspur is not taking place this evening as scheduled".
"Discussions are ongoing between the relevant stakeholders in regards to the implications of the decision not to play tonight's game and a further update will be provided in due course", it added.
The winners of the tie will play Chelsea or Barnsley in the next round.
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May 5 is Children's Day. Since my wife and I have, well, children, we get out a set of miniature "yoroi" (armor) so that our sons grow up healthy and strong.
I've posted about this before, so forgive me if you read that previous post! But, I absolutely love getting out this miniature set of samurai armor every year and setting it up. It's all quite intricate, and the armor actually comes with a feather duster to clean it and white gloves you are supposed to wear while setting it up.
Love the gloves. Love the feather duster. Love the armor.


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Review: Batman Returns (1992)
Batman Returns (1992)
Directed by: Tim Burton
Premise: The Penguin (Danny DeVito) teams with an unscrupulous businessman (Christopher Walken) to overtake Gotham City while Catwoman (Michelle Pfeiffer) runs amok on the streets.
What Works: Batman Returns is a bold sequel, straying even more from its source than the previous Batman film by reinventing The Penguin and Catwoman to fit within the context Burton had established. The picture is more of a character-study of the villains and Batman Returns features a terrific performance by Danny DeVito as The Penguin, who Burton and co-writer Sam Hamm have recast as a tragic monster like the creature from Frankenstein. DeVito capitalizes on the tragedy and manages to make The Penguin a very sympathetic character with a lot of depth; he's very funny in a wild and psychotic way that is distinctly different from Jack Nicholson's Joker. The film also presents a radically new Catwoman, played by Michelle Pfeiffer; she is a vigilante like Batman but unrestrained by his respect for law and order and eventually her appetite for destruction, personal agenda, and outright psychotic personality get the better of her. Catwoman and The Penguin are linked together by the machinations of Max Shreck (Christopher Walken) and the film uses the Shreck storyline to deepen the look into Gotham City politics and provide a more complicated storyline. The role is not exactly a challenge for Walken but it suits him well and the way that these three villains work together and foil one another provides the best element of the story. Batman Returns is also notable for its visual style. Examining these films in the context of Tim Burton's filmography, the first Batman picture lacks the signature visuals that distinguish the director's work. In Batman Returns, Burton clearly had more creative control over set and character design and it is much more recognizable as a Burton film in the style of Beetlejuice and Edward Scissorhands. This is notable in the villains and set design of Batman Returns but also in the action set pieces, which have a chaotic energy and sometimes absurd quality that distinguishes them from the action scenes of the previous film.
What Doesn't: Batman Returns spends so much time with its villains that Batman is left without much to do except chase after them. Unlike the first film, Bruce Wayne does not come to any sort of peace with his alter ego or learn anything new about himself. The story of Batman Returns also has a much more wobbly structure. The previous Batman film benefited from a very direct conflict between Batman and The Joker but in Returns the filmmakers attempt to tell a more complex story and the agendas of all the characters remain vague. This problem is most visible in the ending. Despite bringing its characters together for the finale, it does not wrap up their stories in a satisfying way; parts of the action don't make sense and the climax does not bring anything to a logical conclusion.
DVD extras: The two-disc special edition includes a commentary track, documentaries and featurettes, music videos, trailers, storyboards, and character profiles.
Bottom Line: Batman Returns is an uneven sequel but it is still a solid movie. Although it does not reinvent the superhero genre the way the previous film did, Batman Returns does broaden the pallet and expands Burton's interpretation of the Batman world.
Episode: #198 (July 27, 2008); Revised #398 (July 29, 2012)


Many of us have seen the word "bitcoin" (or "BTC") thrown around, but have no idea what it means, (nor can we even begin to imagine how it could possibly come to serve as a complication in a pending divorce).
In a nutshell, a bitcoin is a virtual banking currency of the internet, and completely unregulated by banks or governments. It's a line of computer code that essentially holds monetary value (otherwise known as "digital currency").
One of its supposed advantages is that it can be stored offline in someone's computer hardware (although the person loses access to it if they lose access to that hardware). However, Bitcoins have also been the subject of numerous scams and, of course, as an asset that can potentially be manipulated, they are thus relevant to divorce proceedings—as we discuss in greater detail below.
As assets become increasingly digitized, it is arguably easier and easier to stash them away somewhere and/or give them to a trusted friend in order to hide them from the other spouse during divorce proceedings. Bitcoin makes things even more complicated as—like stocks—they could have been built up in the form of a portfolio may have taken years of work and skill. And there's already evidence that bitcoins are being used to "squirrel away assets" in anticipation of divorce.
Gains over Time or Lump Sum?
In Florida, marital property is to be divided equally upon divorce. Thus, when seeking to divide bitcoins or other cryptocurrency, new questions come up when it comes to splitting up virtual currency; questions such as: should the division be based on the bitcoins' purchase price, or their current market price? And how do you decide between negotiating for bitcoin gains over the next x number of years, or a taking a lump sum now, in the context of divorce?
Laws and regulations are slow to catch up with technology like this.
At the Arwani Law Firm in Florida, our experienced divorce and property division attorneys are focused on helping ensure that property division as the result of a divorce is in your favor and in accordance with the law. If you are contemplating or in the process of obtaining a divorce, contact us today to find out more about what we have to offer.


With Dwayne Johnson and Zac Efron already signed on for the big-screen reboot of hit TV series Baywatch, Paramount Pictures is keen to find their female counterparts to don the iconic red swimsuits.
Nina Dobrev (The Vampire Diaries) is one of the names featured on the shortlist, alongside Alexandra Daddario (Percy Jackson, Texas Chainsaw). Daddario recently worked with Johnson on disaster movie San Andreas and having just finished filming upcoming projects The Choice and The Layover, she could may well be a frontrunner.
But she is not without competition. According to Deadline, Pretty Little Liars' Ashley Benson is also up for the unspecified role, as is Alexandra Shipp (Straight Outta Compton, X-Men: Apocalypse), Teen Wolf's Shelley Hennig and Denyse Tontz (Big Time Rush). It has also been reported that The Duff's Bianca Santos is also being tested for the part.
Seth Gordon, a director well-versed in comedy after his work on Horrible Bosses and Identity Thief, will helm the picture, which will centre around an accomplished former Olympian (presumably Johnson) who squabbles with the leader of a cocky but superior team of lifeguards. Friday The 13th's Damian Shannon and Mark Swift penned the last draft of the script the film-makers will be working with. Beau Flynn (San Andreas) and Ivan Reitman (Ghostbusters) will be producing alongside Johnson's company, Seven Bucks Productions.
The Baywatch movie has been in the pipeline since 2004 – just three years after the iconic television series went off the air – but it has been running in slow motion ever since, due to the film-maker's difficulty both in finding the right story and also determining the tone for a modern-day cinematic version.
The programme itself – despite being the subject of mirth nowadays, which is regarded as part of its charm – originally took itself seriously when it came to its "action/drama" branding, a genre that probably would not work that well with the subject matter if on the silver screen now.
However, in August as cast-members starting joining and Gordon was confirmed, Johnson revealed on Twitter that the film will be "big, fun and R-rated" which gives an inkling as to how everyone involved is treating the subject matter... (Not all that seriously, thankfully).
The movie is slated to begin production in early 2016, ahead of no official release date yet. However, rumours have suggested the studios are hoping for a summer 2017 unveiling.


While Bonita Taqueria offers gluten-free menu options, it is not a gluten-free restaurant. We do not guarantee or provide any assurances about the absence of potential cross-contamination or misinformation provided by suppliers. Our food items are not safe for those with celiac disease or non-celiac sensitivity.
Bonita Taqueria Y Rotisserie is located in the heart of San Francisco's Marina District. When we started to think of bringing another Taqueria to San Francisco's established Mexican reputation, we knew we had to take our quality and flavor to the next level.
Under the heavy influence of Modern Mexican Cooking Chef Alberto Pitman, we've developed a fusion of traditional iconic Mexican flavors along with contemporary spices and presentation. At Bonita, you'll enjoy unique salsas and spices like Arbol Chile Oil and Epazote Aioli as well as enjoy the traditional Mexican eatery staples like Horchata, Homemade Guacamole and Grilled Corn on the Cob. Bonita serves up a unique Roasted Potato which stews in our special flavoring along with our own spiced, hand-rubbed rotisserie chicken using Mary's Free Range Whole Chicken. All of our ingredients are high-quality like Fresh Sirloin Flap Meat, Wild Caught Atlantic Cod and Top Grade Pork Shoulder, offering protein options like Carne Asada, Rotisserie Chicken, Carnitas, Pastorcito, Mahi Mahi & Shrimp.
All our salsas, salads and flavors are hand made and unique to Bonita Taqueria Y Rotisserie. The unique flavor of our signature Hija De La Tostada and La Campesina Ensalada salads introduce a burst of exciting flavors which will most likely make this favorite staple in your diet. With all the delicious food, we have a nice variety of traditional Mexican beverages for you to enjoy, including Jarritos, Agua Fresca, Buckets of Beer, Chelada, Red & White Sangria and our very own special Spicy Margarita served with whole Piquin Peppers.
We're open and ready to become a part of your weekly diet!
©2019, Sumac Mediterranean Restaurant Inc. All rights reserved.


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'I could not teach anywhere else'
By Aaron O'Neill
aaron.oneil@thechronicle.uk.com
Ballysally Primary School teacher Jonny Doey admitted that he was overjoyed after he received 'Best Primary School Teacher' at the annual Family First Awards ceremony in Belfast recently.
The school's Principal Geoff Dunne also finished runner up in the 'Best Principal' category capping off a truly remarkable achievement for the local school.
Jonny was born and raised in Ballysally and admits he has a real association with the local community.
Speaking to the Chronicle, Jonny Doey said: "It was a very special and extremley proud moment for me and the award was something I never would have imagined.
"There was approximately 700 people at the awards ceremony that night and when they called out my name I was in total shock.
*Read more on this inside this week's Chronicle.


Why hire a Wedding Videographer.
WHY DO I REALLY NEED A WEDDING FILM?
This is something we get asked a lot and we always say video has such a great power to bring people right back into a place, a time, a memory. Imagine it this way; if you had a chance to see a video of your grandparents or parents getting married, wouldn't you love to see it? With film you can see, hear and relive everything once again. It captures everything in full and truly encompasses the essence of what made your day so special from the finest details to the most exciting moments. It really is like the gift that keeps on giving - the happiest day of your life captured on film forever.
DO YOU FILM WEDDINGS FULL TIME?
In short, yes, we are lucky enough to make films as a full time occupation and we love using our skillset to create something lovely that our clients can cherish forever. The Cine Collective was founded in 2014 following the success of our parent company KNOW MEDIA LTD. It all started when we ventured into weddings under the KNOW MEDIA brand in 2012 after seeing a gap in the market for the style of wedding film we love to produce.
We then decided in 2014 to create The Cine Collective brand for our wedding films to ensure the best experience possible for our clients and the rest, they say, is history. We already have a few awards under our belt and it's an honour to know clients and peers appreciate what we produce so much. Despite this being our sole occupation, we ensure we limit the number of weddings we capture over the course of the year to enable us to put the utmost time and effort into each film.
Our team carries several levels of comprehensive insurance from full public liability to professional indemnity. We also carry comprehensive cover for any loss or damage to equipment to ensure we can get necessary replacements in 24 hours. This isn't particularly important though as we have duplicates of all our vital equipment anyway to ensure a moment is never missed. In terms of data, we ensure we adhere to all necessary data protection protocol and we always maintain multiple backups of all files so we never lose anything. Relax, your precious memories are in safe hands!
CAN WE ARRANGE AN APPOINTMENT TO MEET WITH YOU?
Appointments can be made at our Brigg Studio at a time convenient to you. These are normally available Monday to Friday between the hours of 9am and 5pm and must be pre-booked in advance. For people who live a considerable distance from our studio we also are able to offer Skype appointments. Please email hello@thecinecollective.co.uk to arrange an appointment or alternatively you can use our online booking system here.
HOW can WE BOOK AND HOW MUCH DEPOSIT IS REQUIRED?
Our booking system is totally paperless and can be filled in at the studio or anywhere in the world via our secure online booking and signature portal. To secure any date we require a £400 non-returnable retainer which is deducted from your final bill. This is to secure the date and cover administration charges. All payments must be settled no later than 28 days before the wedding date. We accept payment in a variety of ways including cash, BACS and card. A full receipt will be given with every payment made.
How long will it take to receive my Wedding Film?
Every Cine Collective film we produce is not an off-the-shelf product, but rather a painstaking creative process that demands a considerable amount of professional time, thought, care and attention and to maintain our high standards. It is simply impossible to rush what we do as the end product will not only be disappointing, but it wouldn't really work as a film at all. Therefore it is vital we give each project all the time it requires. Whist highlight's films are usually provided within 1-2 months, delivery of the final finished product can take 3-6 months after the event depending upon the time of year. Of course, the wedding business is very seasonal, so it does mean we get fluctuations and delivery can often be a lot sooner.


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International bank HSBC hit by Bangalore breach
A worker is accused of accessing confidential account information and passing it on to criminal associates in the United Kingdom.
Written by Andy McCue, Contributor on June 27, 2006
A security breach at international bank HSBC's offshore data-processing unit in Bangalore has led to funds being stolen from the accounts of a small number of U.K. customers.
A 24-year-old worker at the HSBC operation has been suspended after being accused of accessing confidential account information and passing it on to criminal associates in the United Kingdom.
The HSBC worker was caught when the fraud was detected by the bank's security systems. The breach could increase fears surrounding the security of offshore business process outsourcing.
"Our internal security team discovered (that) one of HSBC's staff in Bangalore caused customer data to be leaked, leading to a small number of accounts from the U.K. being compromised," an HSBC representative told Silicon.com.
He declined to comment further on the details of the breach but said all affected customers--reported to be about 20 for a total theft of £233,000 pounds (US$424,832)--have been contacted and will be fully reimbursed for any losses.
"We are taking data protection seriously. These systems are sophisticated and in place to help track these things down," the HSBC representative added.
Sunil Mehta, vice president of Indian IT industry body National Association of Software and Service Companies (Nasscom), insisted that such security breaches are not unique to offshore operations and can happen in any country.
"India, with its strong legal system and its independent judiciary, is a country that takes this responsibility extremely seriously," he said. "Nasscom will work with the legal authorities in the U.K. and India to ensure that those responsible for any criminal breaches are promptly prosecuted and face the maximum penalty."
Last month, Nasscom created a new regulatory body to help improve data security among India's offshore IT services and business process outsourcing companies.
Andy McCue of Silicon.com reported from London.