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Cationic surfactant-assisted microwave-NaOH pretreatment for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentable sugar yield from peanut shells
Fang, Z.-F., Liu, K. L., Chen, F.-S., Zhang, L.-F., and Guo, Z. (2014). "Cationic surfactant-assisted microwave-NaOH pretreatment for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentable sugar yield from peanut shells," BioRes. 9(1), 1290-1302.
Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass is difficult due to differences in the feedstock. There is a need for an efficient pretreatment method that not only reduces the total process economy but also increases the total process efficiency. Following microwave-NaOH pretreatment of peanut shells in the presence of the cationic ionic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and enzymatic hydrolysis, the pretreatment efficiency was significantly enhanced. The structural changes before and after pretreatment were detected by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR and SEM showed the differences between the untreated and pretreated samples. The XRD profile showed that the degree of crystallinity was higher for pretreated materials than for untreated ones. These changes also verified the effect of CTAB during pretreatment of peanut shells.
Zhi-Feng Fang, Kun-Lun Liu, Fu-Sheng Chen,* Li-Fen Zhang, and Zhen Guo
Keywords: Peanut shells; Bioethanol production; Pretreatment; Cationic surfactant
Contact information: College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; *Corresponding author: fushengc@aliyun.com
Lignocellulosic biomass can be used as raw materials for the production of bioethanol (Alvira et al. 2010). Relevant to bio-energy, cellulosic bioethanol has attracted increasing attention due to the fact it is renewable and carbon neutral. In addition, it has the potential to reduce environmental pollution, stimulate economic development, and maintain energy security (Fang et al. 2010).
Lignocellulosic biomass contains two structural polysaccharides, cellulose and xylan, which are both primary sources of fermentable sugars. However, these polysaccharides are surrounded with lignin, forming a highly compact structure in the cell wall (Park et al. 2010). As one of many lignocellulosic biomasses, peanut shells are abundant and inexpensive byproducts of peanut processing operations. Every year, the yield of peanut shells reaches as high as 5 million tons in China alone (Qiu et al. 2012). Peanut shells also contain these polysaccharides, and they have great potential as feedstock for bioconversion of cellulosic ethanol. Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass comprises the following main steps: feedstock pretreatment, hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose, sugar fermentation, and recovery and purification of ethanol. At present, there are still a number of difficulties that impede the industrial-scale production of lignocellulosic ethanol from agricultural wastes.
It is vital to preprocess feedstock to destroy the structure between lignin and both cellulose and hemicellulose. The pretreatment leads to more exposed cellulose and hemicellulose for enzymatic saccharification. To solve this daunting pretreatment issue, several methods of pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass have been explored in a number of reports. Because of its processing time and efficacy, microwave pretreatment and microwave-assisted alkali treatment of lignocellulosic biomass has been widely studied (Zhu et al. 2005). This method can change the structure of cellulose, degrade hemicellulose and lignin in lignocellulosic biomass, and increase the enzymatic susceptibility of various materials (Azuma et al. 1985), including rice straw, cashew apple bagasse, and switchgrass (Jackowiak et al. 2011; Rodrigues et al. 2011; Zhu et al. 2005). Additionally, some groups have investigated the use of surfactants in pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass (Kapu et al. 2012; Qi et al. 2010; Qing et al. 2010). These studies showed that surfactant-assisted pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass improved lignin removal and reduced the required energy input.
We describe microwave-alkali pretreatment in the presence of a surfactant for the conversion of peanut shell into sugars and verify the effects of the surfactant on the efficacy of the pretreatment process. The structural features of the untreated and pretreated peanut shell were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis.
Luhua No.11 peanut biomass obtained from Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Qingdao, Shandong, China) was used in this study. Peanut shells were air-dried and milled to a size less than 1 mm for the pretreatment experiment. Their dry weight content was measured after heating to 105 °C for 24 h. The compositional analysis of untreated peanut shell was carried out using the analysis method of Van Soest (Biernacki et al. 2013; Van Soest 1963). The cellulase enzyme used in this study was a commercial Aspergillus nigercellulase from Shanghai Juncheng Biotech. Crop., China. The CMCase activity was 11.2 ± 0.02 IU/mg at pH 4.8 and 50 °C for 30 min, and filter paper activity 0.52 ± 0.01 IU/mg at pH 4.8 and 50 °C for 1 h.
Surfactants evaluated in this study were polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000, PEG 6000, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monolaurate (Tween® 20), and polysorbate 80 (Tween® 80).
Feedstock preparation
One gram of biomass was placed in a 100-mL stoppered conical flask and mixed with different surfactants and 30 mL of sodium hydroxide solution (1% w/v NaOH). The pretreatment was performed in a microwave oven (Guangdong Galanz Group Co. Ltd, Guangdong, China). The experiments on the effect of different process parameters on CTAB-assisted microwave-NaOH pretreatment of peanut shells were carried out at 480 W for 10 min with 1% (w/v) NaOH and 1% (w/w) CTAB. Neutralization of the pretreated sample was carried out by washing with tap water, and the sample was dried at 65 °C in a constant temperature oven. The pretreatment efficiency was determined by the hydrolysis efficiency, which was estimated by measuring the reducing sugar. After preliminary screening of various surfactants, the most effective surfactant was chosen for further research.
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Dried pretreated peanut shells were enzymatically hydrolyzed in a 100-mL stoppered conical flask by incubating 1.00 g of biomass with cellulase in 25 mL of 0.1 M sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.8). Samples were incubated at 45 °C and placed in a shaking water bath (SHZ-82, Changzhou Boyuan Instrument Plant, Changzhou, China) at 160 rpm for 48 h. Following the incubation, samples were centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 10 min to remove the unhydrolyzed residue. The reducing sugar contents of the supernatants were analyzed by employing the dinitrosalicylic acid method (Miller 1959).
FTIR analysis
FTIR spectroscopic analysis was performed to detect changes in functional groups that may have been caused by the pretreatment (Binod et al. 2012). The FTIR spectrum was recorded between 4000 and 400 cm-1 using a Rayleigh spectrometer (WQF-510, Beijing Analytical Instrument Co. Ltd, China) with a detector at 4 cm-1resolution and 8 scans per sample. Discs were prepared by mixing 2 mg of dry sample with 400 mg of potassium bromide (KBr) in an agate mortar. The resulting mixture was successfully pressed at 30 MPa for 1 min.
XRD analysis
The crystallinity of both untreated and pretreated samples was measured by X-ray diffraction (D8, Bruker Optics Inc, Germany); radiation was Cu K (=1.54 Å). The samples were scanned in a 2θ range of 10 to 40°, and a step size of 0.02° was used for the analysis. The crystallinity index of each sample was expressed using the following equation (Bansal et al. 2010):
CrI (%) = [(I002 – Iam)/I002] x 100 (1)
where CrI is the crystalline index, I002 is the maximum intensity of the (002) lattice diffraction, and the Iam is the intensity diffraction at 18.0°, 2θ degrees.
The degree of crystallinity was calculated as (Zhou et al. 2005):
χc = Fc/(Fa + Fc) x 100% (2)
where Fa and Fc are the area of the non-crystalline and crystalline regions, respectively.
The crystallite size was calculated from the Scherrer equation, with the method based on the width of the diffraction patterns. The crystallite sizes were determined by using the diffraction pattern obtained in the (002) orientation of sample:
D(hkl) = K/β0cosθ (3)
where D(hkl) is the crystallite size (nm), K is the Scherrer constant (0.94), and is the X-ray wavelength (0.15418 nm for Cu). β0 is the full-width at half-maximum of the reflection hkl, and 2θ is the corresponding Bragg angle (Sun et al. 2008).
SEM analysis
Scanning electron micrographs were taken at a magnification of 800x for both untreated and pretreated peanut shells (particle size < 1 mm) using a JSM-6390LV scanning electron microscope (JEOL USA, Peabody, MA) operating under high vacuum conditions at an accelerating voltage of 15 KV (Zhang et al. 2013). They were secured onto aluminum stubs with double-sided tape and coated with gold using the sputter coater supplied with the microscope.
The content of the released reducing sugar was determined in triplicate, and data presented as the mean and standard deviation. Analysis of the one-way ANOVA was performed by SPSS software (version 16.0, IBM, US) in this study. Comparisons that yielded P < 0.05 were considered significant.
Effect of Different Surfactants in Microwave-NaOH Pretreatment of Peanut Shells
To evaluate the potential of peanut shells as a raw material for sugar production, the structural polysaccharides and the lignin content were determined with the method described in the preceding part of this study. The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents in the peanut shells were 326.7 ± 5.2 g kg-1, 200.1 ± 5.1 g kg-1, and 221.5 ± 4.1 g kg-1, respectively. Although the lignin content of peanut shells is high (Table 1), peanut shells included significant amounts of available sugars for conversion (Van Dyk et al. 2012; Kuprianov and Arromdee 2013).
Table 1. Approximate Composition (as a percentage) of Various Biomass Materials
a Ash-free basis
The presence of surfactants during acid pretreatment enhanced the enzymatic hydrolysis of recovered solids (Qi et al. 2010; Qing et al. 2010). The addition of surfactants during pretreatment led to increased removal of lignin and made the biomass surface more hydrophilic. We tested the effect of various surfactants on the efficiency of the microwave-alkali pretreatment reaction. PEG 4000 and PEG 6000 are uncharged polymers of ethylene oxide, polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monolaurate and polysorbate 80 are non-ionic detergents, and CTAB is a cationic surfactant.
In these experiments, peanut shells were pretreated in the presence of the surfactants, and the solids recovered were digested with cellulase. Reducing sugar content was used to assess the effect of the added surfactants in the pretreatment. As shown in Fig. 1, the presence of surfactants had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the reducing sugar content during microwave-NaOH pretreatment. Compared to the control, PEG 4000, CTAB, and polysorbate 80 increased the enzymatic digestibility of the recovered solids. In fact, the statistical analysis show that PEG 4000 and polysorbate 80 did not play a positive role in improving the effect of pretreatment. However, Cao and Aita (2013) reported that dilute ammonia pretreatment in the presence of both PEG 4000 and polysorbate 80 enhanced the digestibility of sugarcane bagasse. Acid pretreatment with polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monolaurate has been shown to significantly improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of wheat straw (Qi et al. 2010).
Polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monolaurate failed to enhance the efficiency of microwave-NaOH pretreatment of peanut shells in the present study. Unlike other studies, we found that microwave-NaOH pretreatment with the cationic surfactant CTAB significantly improved the enzymatic hydrolysis of peanut shells. Sindhu et al.(2013) reported that CTAB-assisted ultrasound was used for pretreatment of sugarcane but it was not optimal. The discrepancy in the influence of surfactants on these substrates may be attributed to a variety of factors, including the compositional differences between peanut shells and other agriculture residues, differences in binding affinity between surfactants and the substrates, differences in the concentration of substrate and cellulase used in the enzymatic hydrolysis, and the difference in the source of cellulase.
Fig. 1. Influence of different surfactants on microwave-NaOH pretreatment of peanut shells. A: PEG 4000; B: PEG 6000; C: CTAB; D: polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monolaurate; E: polysorbate 80. Results shown are means ± SD (n = 3), determined after 48 h of enzymatic hydrolysis. Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P > 0.05). Control refers to pretreatment in the absence of a surfactant.
Effect of Different Process Parameters on CTAB-assisted Microwave-NaOH Pretreatment of Peanut Shells
Figure 2A depicts the effect of microwave power on the pretreatment of peanut shells. Microwave power had significant effects (P < 0.05) on the reducing sugar content in pretreatment, whether or not pretreatment was carried out in the presence of CTAB. At all microwave power tests, CTAB significantly increased the cellulosic digestibility of the pretreated solids. Microwave-NaOH pretreatment with CTAB produced more digestible solids than that of the control pretreatment (Fig. 2A). In the present study, 480 W of microwave power seemed to be optimal, as the reducing sugar yield decreased beyond this value. However, reducing sugar yields beyond 320 W revealed no significant differences according to analysis of the variance. Zhu et al. (2005) reported that rice straw pretreated by microwave/alkali at microwave power settings ranging from 300 to 700 W presented almost identical final compositions of cellulose when the irradiation was set at 300, 500, or 700 W for 15 min. The conclusion is consistent with our findings. At 320 W, the highest reducing sugar content was present after microwave-NaOH pretreatment with CTAB. Microwave irradiation offers a fast process due to efficient and rapid heating and causes vibration of polar bonds within the biomass (Choudhary et al. 2012). The vibration of polar bonds leads to disruption and shock, which accelerates physical, chemical, and biological reactions. In addition, low microwave power heating requires less energy input than conventional heating to preprocess biomass, but higher microwave power may induce the generation of new hydrogen bonds which may impede pretreatment of peanut shells.
Figure 2B describes the effect of NaOH concentration on pretreatment of peanut shells. NaOH concentration had significant effects (P < 0.05) on the reducing sugar content in both microwave-NaOH with CTAB and control pretreatments. The microwave-NaOH pretreatment with CTAB improved the digestibility of the pretreated solids. Alkali pretreatment efficiently disrupts the ester bonds cross-linking lignin and xylan, leading to cellulose- and hemicellulose-enriched fractions and a more porous structure for enzyme access (Li 2012). However, an excess of NaOH solution results in high concentrations of nonreversible salt, which increases the interaction between ions and has an unfavorable impact on the pretreatment of peanut shells (Cheng 2011).
It can be seen in Fig. 2B that 1.5% NaOH caused a higher reducing sugar yield than other concentrations of NaOH. Increasing the NaOH concentration to 2.5% had almost no effect on the reducing sugar yield. According to the analysis of variance, reducing sugar yields beyond 1.5% NaOH (w/v, 0.45 g·g-1 dried solids) caused no significant differences. Investigators have reported that the yields of saccharides (sum of xylose, arabinose, and glucose) could not overcome 90 mg/g wheat straw dry matter at 2% NaOH, while increasing the NaOH concentration from 2% to both 3% and 5% provided much better yields (Janker-Obermeier et al. 2012). Liu et al. (2012) observed that the optimal conditions for microwave-NaOH pretreatment of vinasse were as follows: 0.06 g·g-1 NaOH, 523 W microwave power, 1:2 solid-to-liquid ratio, and 8 min pretreatment time. These results are different from the findings in the present study: 1% NaOH, 480 W microwave power and 10 min pretreatment time. Perhaps microwave heating of surfactants helps the dilute NaOH solution to remove uronic acids and acetyl groups from polysaccharides and increase the accessibility for enzymatic hydrolysis.
Figure 2C reveals the effect of CTAB loading on pretreatment. CTAB loading had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the reducing sugar content in both microwave-NaOH with CTAB and control pretreatments. Compared to control pretreatment, the microwave-NaOH pretreatment with CTAB enhanced the digestibility of the pretreated solids. A CTAB loading of 0.4% resulted in the highest reducing sugar content after pretreatment. The minimum loading was suitable for pretreatment, according to the analysis of variance. CTAB has been used to help isolate plant DNA from lyophilized tissue (Murray and Thompson 1980). CTAB has the ability to dissolve the cell membrane of plants and precipitate nucleic acids and acidic polysaccharides in low-ionic strength solutions. Pectin and hemicellulose are acidic polysaccharides in cell walls. For this reason, we assume that CTAB may help to remove hemicellulose, which results in exposing more cellulose in microwave-NaOH pretreatment of peanut shells. In such cases, pretreatment increases the accessibility of cellulose to enzymes in the saccharification process. Further work is necessary to elucidate the mechanism behind this phenomenon.
Figure 2D shows the effect of pretreatment time on pretreatment of peanut shells. Pretreatment time had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the reducing sugar content in both microwave-NaOH with CTAB and control pretreatments. Along with the extension of time, the reducing sugar content showed almost no change with microwave-NaOH pretreatment. At the same time, microwave-NaOH pretreatment in the presence of CTAB significantly increased the reducing sugar content. The highest reducing content of 0.328 g/g was received following 16 min of CTAB-assisted microwave-NaOH pretreatment. Zhu et al. (2006) reported that the process of wheat straw microwave-NaOH pretreatment was effective, and after 96 h enzymatic hydrolysis of the maximum reducing sugar content of 42.9±0.9 g/L was achieved after 25 min at 700 W of pretreatment. Although the reducing sugar content was not higher in the pretreatment of microwave-NaOH with CTAB, the pretreatment time was significantly shorter than the microwave-NaOH pretreatment time. This indicates that in the presence of CTAB, the required pretreatment time and heat input in microwave-NaOH pretreatment can be decreased.
Fig. 2. Influence of different process parameters on CTAB-assisted microwave-NaOH pretreatment of peanut shells. Results shown are means ± SD (n = 3), determined after 48 h of enzymatic hydrolysis. Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P > 0.05). Control refers to pretreatment in the absence of a surfactant.
Characterization of Untreated and Pretreated Biomass
FTIR spectroscopy was used to investigate the changes to cellulose structures during pretreatment. There is a difference between untreated and pretreated samples. Figure 3 shows the FTIR spectra of untreated peanut shells, peanut shells pretreated with microwave-NaOH, and peanut shells pretreated with microwave-NaOH in the presence of CTAB. The most representative bands were summarized as follows.
Two adsorption bands, 1100 cm-1 and 900 cm-1, arose from C-O-C stretching at the β-1,4-glycosidic linkages (Sindhu et al. 2012). The peak of 1030 cm-1 corresponds to C-O-C-O-C bonds in cellulose. Bands at 1000 to 1200 cm-1 are associated with structural changes of cellulose and hemicellulose. While the C-H bending occurs at 1281 cm-1 and 1373 cm-1 (Binod et al. 2012), the bands at 1316 cm-1 and 1431 cm-1 in the spectra can be assigned to symmetric CH2 bending and wagging (Cao and Tan 2004). The peak of CH2 stretching near the 2850-cm-1 region is a distinguishing feature of cellulose (Sun et al. 2008). The band adsorption in the 3250-cm-1 region is related to stretching of H-bonded OH groups (Sindhu et al. 2012).
The FTIR spectra were different for untreated and pretreated peanut shells, which demonstrates that there were structural changes to cellulose after pretreatment. The enhancement of adsorption peaks at 1000 to 1100 cm-1 after pretreatment indicates the increase in cellulose content in the recovered solids (Sun et al. 2008). The O-H stretching peak at 3300 cm-1 and the -CH2 stretching peak at 2900 cm-1 are the distinguishing features of cellulose (Binod et al. 2012). The primary changes were broadening of the bond at 3200 to 3400 cm-1, which was related to the O-H stretching of the hydrogen bonds (Hsu et al. 2010). The peak shifts to a higher wave number if the intensity of intermolecular hydrogen bond is weak (Sindhu et al. 2012). The FTIR spectra verified the stretching of hydrogen bonds of pretreated peanut shells arose at higher wave numbers, which signifies that the structure of pretreated peanut shells was looser than that of untreated ones.
Fig. 3. FTIR spectrum of untreated and pretreated peanut shells: A: untreated, B: microwave-NaOH pretreated, C: microwave-NaOH pretreated in the presence of CTAB
The X-ray diffraction profile of the untreated and pretreated peanut shells is shown in Fig. 4. The crystallinity index, crystallite size, and degree of crystallinity in the untreated as well as pretreated peanut shells are shown in Table 2. CTAB-assisted microwave-NaOH pretreatment gave the highest crystallinity index (43.32%), while the crystallinity index of untreated peanut shells was smaller (39.57%) than that of other samples. Cellulose crystallinity has been considered an important factor in determining the hydrolysis rate. Some literature reported that pretreatment increases the crystallinity of the cellulose fraction (Alvira et al. 2010). This may be due to the removal or reduction of more easily available amorphous cellulose after pretreatment. The degree of crystallinity of the pretreated materials was greater than that of the materials that were not pretreated. This indicates that the pretreatment was effective. The pretreated materials showed a high crystallinity index, which indicated the removal of lignin by microwave-NaOH. It is possible that partial removal of lignin and hemicelluloses, and physical changes to the cellulose caused by pretreatment may be the reasons for the increased crystallinity index of pretreated biomass. We also found that the crystallite size was higher in the untreated peanut shells than in the pretreated ones.
Fig. 4. X-ray diffraction profiles of the untreated and pretreated peanut shells: A: untreated, B: microwave-NaOH pretreated, C: microwave-NaOH pretreated in the presence of CTAB
Table 2. Crystallinity Index and Crystallite Size of Untreated and Pretreated Peanut Shells
SEM observations of peanut shells before and after pretreatment (Fig. 5) showed that pretreatment induced physical changes in the biomass. The untreated peanut shells have a compact and ordered surface, whereas the pretreated peanut shells have a rough surface and crumbly texture. The cellulose of untreated peanut shells was difficult to hydrolyze to reducing sugar by cellulase. This also demonstrates that pretreatment removed external fibers, which increased the surface area of peanut shells, so that enzymes had more access to cellulose. Meanwhile, pretreatment contributes to enzymatic hydrolysis by breaking the highly compact structure in the cell wall of the biomass. Peanut shells pretreated by microwave-NaOH in the presence of a surfactant as the catalyst appeared rough, with numerous visible cracks.
Fig. 5. SEM images of untreated and pretreated peanut shells: A: untreated, B: microwave-NaOH pretreated, C: CTAB-assisted microwave-NaOH pretreated
The findings of the current study demonstrate that sugar production from peanut shells using a surfactant-assisted microwave-NaOH pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis protocol presents a viable scheme for utilizing this agricultural waste.
The cationic surfactant CTAB, in addition to other widely researched non-ionic surfactants, substantially improves microwave-NaOH pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass.
The cationic surfactant CTAB significantly enhanced the effect of microwave-NaOH pretreatment of peanut shells and reduced the required input energy during pretreatment.
Project 21176058, supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and project 132201610014, supported by the Agricultures Science Technology Achievement Transformation Fund of Henan, contributed to this study.
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Article submitted: November 24, 2013; Peer review completed: January 6, 2014; Revised version received: January 12, 2013; Accepted: January 14, 2013; Published: January 23, 2014.


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You agree to provide us with the information we request to assist us to verify your identity and detect any money laundering, terrorist financing, fraud or other financial crime, and permit us to keep a record of such information and share it with third parties for the purpose of verifying your identity. You agree that you may need to complete verification procedures before you can use the Services, and your access to one or more of the Services may be suspended or terminated as a result of information we collect on an ongoing basis. In providing us with information we may require, you confirm that the information is accurate and authentic. You agree to keep us updated if any of the information you provide changes. You authorise us to make inquiries, both directly and through third parties we consider necessary to verify your identity or protect you and/or us against fraud or other financial crime, and to take any action we deem necessary based on the results of such inquiries. You also acknowledge that we may require you to wait an amount of time after completion of a transaction, before permitting you to use further Services and/or before permitting you to engage in transactions beyond certain volume limits.
The Services can be accessed directly using the Site. To access the Services, you must have the necessary equipment (such as a smartphone or tablet) and access to the Internet.
You are responsible for protecting and maintaining the security of your Account details, including your Account login and password, any wallet that you direct us to transfer your bitcoin to, your computer (or other computer that you use to access our Services), your bank account details and your personal data against any theft, fraud or illegal activity. You can personalise your Account security settings once your Account has been activated, including activating SMS multi-factor authentication.
You appoint us to act as your agent to purchase bitcoin on your behalf, in accordance with any Purchase Orders you make.
The Purchasing Service enables you to pay for the bitcoin you instruct us to purchase using an Authorised Payment Method. The availability of an Authorised Payment Method depends on a number of factors including, for example, where you are located, the identification information you have provided to us, and limitations imposed by third party payment processors.
To purchase bitcoin, login to your Account, click "Buy Bitcoin" and select the Authorised Payment Method you wish to use. Follow the prompts and input the AUD amount of bitcoin you wish to purchase, or the number of bitcoin (or part thereof) you wish to purchase. After you have completed the Purchase Order, we will provide a quotation based on the current spot price of bitcoin. The quotation includes all commissions and GST payable (Fees). The quotation will remain valid for 15 minutes if your payment method is POLi Payments and 60 minutes if your payment method is blueshyft (Valid Quotation Period). You must make payment within the Valid Quotation Period for the transaction to be completed. After the Valid Quotation Period, the offer expires and you will need to place another order if you still wish to purchase bitcoin.
When payment is made during the Valid Quotation Period, you authorise us to initiate the Purchase Order at the quoted buy price, including the Fees. You cannot cancel, reverse, or change any transaction marked as complete or pending. If your payment is not successful, the transaction will not proceed. We are not responsible or liable for any failure of your selected Authorised Payment Method.
We reserve the right to refuse any Purchase Order for any reason and at any stage of the transaction process, in our absolute discretion. If you have initiated payment via an Authorised Payment Method before we refuse an order, provided the transaction has not been successfully completed, we will refund the payment less any Fees in full. You agree that we will not be liable in respect of any order cancellation.
We will process a Purchase Order in accordance with your instructions. You should verify all transaction information prior to submitting Instructions to us. We do not verify the identity of any receiver of bitcoin or other party to a transaction, and cannot verify that you are indeed the person who has lodged the Purchase Order. Transactions cannot be reversed once they have been broadcast to the relevant bitcoin network.
We may charge network fees (miner fees) to process a Purchase Order on your behalf. We will calculate the network fee in our discretion, although we will always notify you of the network fee at or before the time you place the Purchase Order and authorise the transaction.
We do not guarantee the availability of any bitcoin exchange rate beyond the Valid Quotation Period, or that you will be able to buy your bitcoin on the open market at any particular price or time.
Bitcoin purchased by us on your behalf will be sent directly to the wallet address that you provide to us in your Purchase Order. Before finalising the Purchase Order, we will validate that bitcoin address, by sending a nominal amount of bitcoin to the address provided, to verify the existence of that wallet address. We do not verify that you are the owner or controller of that wallet address. You alone are responsible to ensure you accurately entered the wallet address, and you acknowledge that we are not responsible for any error on your part in entering the correct wallet address, and you agree to carefully check and confirm the wallet address you provide to us in your Purchase Order.
We will not hold bitcoin for customers or offer wallets or any wallet services under any circumstances.
after we have exchanged bitcoin to AUD in accordance with your Instructions, for the purpose of making available the Bill Paying Service and the Bank Service.
The Bill Paying Service enables you to pay bills and/ or pay down your credit card by exchanging your bitcoin into AUD, and paying the selected bill via BPAY. The Bill Paying Service is accessed via the Site and performed by a third party, Living Room of Satoshi. We do not guarantee the performance of Living Room of Satoshi. The Bill Paying Service is limited to paying bills of up to $1000 AUD.
The Bank Service enables you to pay a bank account with bitcoin, by exchanging your bitcoin into AUD, and paying the AUD into the bank account nominated by you. The Bank Service is accessed via the Site and performed by a third party, Living Room of Satoshi. We do not guarantee the performance of Living Room of Satoshi. You may pay up to a maximum of $50,000 AUD into your personal bank account, as verified by Living Room of Satoshi, or a maximum of $1,000 AUD into a third party's bank account.
You agree and acknowledge that the successful transfer of AUD to the bill issuer and/or bank is dependent on you entering the correct BPAY reference and/or bank account details. We take no responsibility for and are not liable for any loss caused by an error in the entry of information. Once an Instruction has been confirmed, it is not able to be reversed.
We have no control over, or liability for, the delivery, quality, safety, legality, content or any other aspect of the services provided by Living Room of Satoshi or other third parties via the Site. We are not responsible for ensuring that Living Room of Satoshi will complete the transaction or is authorised to do so. If you have a dispute with Living Room of Satoshi, your bill issuer or your bank, you should resolve the dispute directly with that party. If you believe Living Room of Satoshi has behaved in a fraudulent, misleading, or inappropriate manner, or if you cannot adequately resolve a dispute with Living Room of Satoshi, you may notify us at https://btc.com.au/contact so that we may consider what action to take, if any.
There are no separate fees charged by Living Room of Satoshi. Living Room of Satoshi makes money from currency spread and not by charging you a fee for their service.
We earn an affiliate commission from Living Room of Satoshi each time a customer accesses and uses the Bill Paying Service or the Bank Service via the Site.
You agree that neither we, nor any of our respective officers, directors, agents, employees or representatives will be liable for any claims, demands and damages (actual and consequential) of any kind or nature arising out of or in any way connected with a dispute with Living Room of Satoshi or any other third party.
The BTC.com.au Card is issued by EML and remains the property of EML. We are an authorised representative of EML and are involved in the distribution of the BTC.com.au Card. The balance on your BTC.com.au Card is held in a special purpose account maintained by a third party, Cuscal Limited ACN 087 822 455 (AFSL 244116) (Cuscal). Cuscal is responsible for the settlement of transactions using your BTC.com.au Card, but may outsource these functions to other service providers.
The BTC.com.au Card is a prepaid, reloadable eftpos debit card and is not a credit or charge card. The card can hold up to a maximum of $999. The BTC.com.au Card Product Disclosure Statement includes important information about the BTC.com.au Card, including fees and charges, and is available online at https://btc.com.au/atm-pds.
To load and reload your BTC.com.au Card, you must initiate a Card Instruction via the Site, follow the prompts and input the AUD amount of Bitcoin (BTC), Ether (ETH), Litecoin (LTC), OmiseGO (OMG), Bitcoin Cash (BCHABC), or Ripple (XRP) you wish to sell, or the number of Bitcoin (BTC), Ether (ETH), Litecoin (LTC), OmiseGO (OMG), Bitcoin Cash (BCHABC) or Ripple (XRP) (or part thereof) you wish to sell, for the purpose of loading or reloading your BTC.com.au Card, and confirm the Card Instruction. Upon confirmation of your Card Instruction, we will arrange to sell your Bitcoin (BTC), Ether (ETH), Litecoin (LTC), OmiseGO (OMG), Bitcoin Cash (BCHABC) or Ripple (XRP) for AUD. After we receive your Bitcoin (BTC), Ether (ETH), Litecoin (LTC), OmiseGO (OMG), Bitcoin Cash (BCHABC) or Ripple (XRP), the AUD value of the Bitcoin (BTC), Ether (ETH), Litecoin (LTC), OmiseGO (OMG), Bitcoin Cash (BCHABC) or Ripple (XRP) will be credited to and available for use on your BTC.com.au Card.
You acknowledge and agree that we cannot guarantee the successful delivery and/or receipt of your bitcoin, ether or litecoin, and that we are not liable for any Bitcoin (BTC), Ether (ETH), Litecoin (LTC), OmiseGO (OMG), Bitcoin Cash (BCHABC) or Ripple (XRP) that you send to us but that we do not receive. You can view the balance on your BTC.com.au Card via the Site.
The terms and conditions in Part B of the BTC.com.au Card Product Disclosure Statement (EML Terms) govern the issue and your use of the BTC.com.au Card. You acknowledge that you have read, understood and agree to be bound by, the EML Terms. For the avoidance of doubt, we only agree to issue you with a BTC.com.au Card subject to the EML Terms.
You can apply for your BTC.com.au Card via your Account. After you have completed the necessary application form online, we will post your BTC.com.au Card to the address that you provide to us. When you receive your BTC.com.au Card, you will need to visit https://btc.com.au/activate to activate your BTC.com.au Card and receive your PIN, by using the unique 9-digit activation code given to you with your BTC.com.au Card.
When applying for and activating your BTC.com.au Card, you agree to provide complete and accurate information about yourself. If you do not provide, or if we have reasonable grounds to suspect that you have not provided, such information, we have the right to disable your BTC.com.au Card in our sole discretion. You acknowledge that we will provide your information to EML for the purpose of EML verifying your identity.
You can view your transactions and card balance by signing into your Account.
If your card is Lost or Stolen please contact BTC.com.au at support@btc.com.au or call 1300 GET BTC (438 282).
You should treat your BTC.com.au Card like cash and not disclose your BTC.com.au Card information to anyone. If your BTC.com.au Card is lost or stolen, anyone who obtains possession may use your BTC.com.au Card. You are responsible for all transactions on your BTC.com.au Card, including unauthorised transactions.
You may subscribe to our newsletter to keep up to date with cryptocurrency news and BTC.com.au offerings. The information provided in our newsletter is not financial advice, and should not be regarded as such. Some of the information published will be our opinion, and other information may be news from other third parties. Although we intend to provide accurate and timely information and will not publish any information that we know to be incorrect or misleading, content may not always be entirely accurate, complete or current and may also include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. We do not guarantee information from third parties is accurate, and you should verify all information before relying on it. All decisions based on information contained in the Newsletter or on the Site are your sole responsibility and we shall have no liability for such decisions.
Information provided is for your information only and is not intended to influence decisions made by you in any way. You should always consider your financial and personal circumstances before making a decision.
The use of the Services is subject to a limit on the amount or volume you may transact or transfer in a given period (for example, daily). To view the limits, login to your Account and visit the Site. Your transaction limits will vary depending on your payment method, verification steps you have completed, and other factors. We reserve the right to change applicable limits as we deem necessary.
We may require you to submit additional information about yourself or your business, including providing records (Enhanced Due Diligence). In our discretion, we may lower your limits at a subsequent time even if you have completed Enhanced Due Diligence.
Fees payable in respect of an Instruction vary depending on the Authorised Payment Method you select, and are listed on the Site where you select your Authorised Payment Method, before you submit a Purchase Order. The breakdown of fees will also be included in the tax receipt that you will be issued upon payment. All fees and charges associated with your BTC.com.au Card are displayed in the BTC.com.au Card Product Disclosure Statement.
We make no representations or warranties about the timeliness of a provider of an Authorised Payment Method and take no responsibility for fees charged by such providers.
13) otherwise use the Website for any purpose that may harm our reputation.
If you become aware, or should reasonably be aware, of any request or demand made of you to engage in any conduct by which you or a third party gains unfair financial or other advantage, including but not limited to dishonest or corrupt conduct, or any conduct in breach of any anti-corruption law applicable to the Site or Services, you must promptly report it to us via email.
By using your Account, you agree and represent that you will use the Site only for yourself as Account owner, and not on behalf of any third party. You may not sell, lease, furnish or otherwise permit or provide access to your Account to any other entity or individual that is not your agent. You accept full responsibility for the use of your Account whether such use is directly through the Site or by other means, such as those facilitated through API keys, and/or applications which you may authorise. You understand and agree that you are liable for any and all Purchase Orders, transactions and Instructions entered from your Account, whether or not they are authorised by you, and we may act on any such Purchase Orders, transactions and Instructions which are entered from your Account, including identifiers, permissions, passwords, and security codes associated with your Account.
We do not represent that your Account, the Services, the Site and/or any constituent APIs or related services, will be available without interruption. Although we will use reasonable care to provide you with continuous operations, we do not guarantee continuous access or that there will be no delays, failures, errors, omissions or loss of transmitted information, nor do we guarantee that any Instruction will be executed, accepted, recorded, or remain open. We reserve the right to cancel any open Instructions and/or suspend activity on your Account.
For the avoidance of doubt, all trades are executed automatically, based on the parameters of your Instructions, and you are solely responsible for determining whether any investment, investment strategy or related transaction is appropriate for you based on your personal investment objectives, financial circumstances and risk tolerance. You should consult your legal or tax professional regarding your specific situation.
You acknowledge and agree that bitcoin is not recognised legal tender in Australia and other countries, and that digital currency is not regulated by any central institution and may be subject to extreme price volatility. The operation of the underlying protocols which govern the operation of bitcoin (Underlying Protocols) are open source and may be used, copied, modified or distributed by third parties, and we are not responsible for and cannot guarantee the operation or functionality of the Underlying Protocols.
You agree that you have had the opportunity to obtain independent legal, financial and taxation advice about the risks associated with buying bitcoin.
Links to third-party materials (including without limitation websites) may be provided as a convenience but that material is not controlled by us. You acknowledge and agree that we are not responsible for any aspect of the information, content, or services contained in any third-party materials or on any third party sites accessible or linked to the Site. We provide these links for your information only, and accept no responsibility for them or for any loss or damage that may arise from your use of them.
You agree to indemnify us, our affiliates and service providers, and each of our or their respective officers, directors, agents, employees and representatives, in respect of any costs (including legal fees and any fines, fees or penalties imposed by any regulatory authority) that have been reasonably incurred in connection with any claims, demands or damages arising out of or related to your breach and/or our enforcement of these Terms against you, or your violation of any law, rule or regulation, or the rights of any third party.
You agree that we will only be liable to you for loss or damage that is reasonably foreseeable and caused directly by our breach of these Terms or other legal wrong, and that any liability (however arising) we may have to you is limited in accordance with this clause 14.
Except as otherwise provided for in these Terms, the liability of BTC.com.au, our affiliates or service providers, and any of our or their respective officers, directors, agents, employees or representatives, is limited to the amount of the transaction(s) in dispute.
4) any loss or damage whatsoever which is in excess of that which was caused as a direct result of our breach of this Terms (whether or not you are able to prove such loss or damage).
The limitation of liability in this clause 14 is subject to any obligations that we have under applicable law and regulation which by law we cannot exclude, including our obligation to exercise reasonable care and skill in our provision of the Services.
The Services are provided on an "as is" and "as available" basis without any representation or warranty, whether express or implied, to the maximum extent permitted by applicable law. We do not make any representations or warranties that access to the Site, any of the Services, or any of the materials contained therein, will be continuous, uninterrupted, timely, or error-free. We make no representations about the accuracy or completeness of historical bitcoin price data available on the Site.
We are not liable for any damage or interruptions caused by any computer viruses, spyware, scareware, Trojan horses, worms or other malware that may affect your computer or other equipment, or any phishing, spoofing or other attack. We advise the regular use of a reputable and readily available virus screening and prevention software. You acknowledge that you should always log into your Account through the Site to review any transaction if you are uncertain about the authenticity of any communication or notice.
We are not liable for any breach of these Terms where the breach is due to a force majeure, including any abnormal and unforeseeable or regulatory circumstances beyond our control, or where the breach is due to legal requirements.
If you have any feedback, questions, or complaints, contact us via our Website at https://btc.com.au/contact or write to us at support@btc.com.au. When you contact us please provide us with your name, address, and any other information we may need to identify you, your Account, and the transaction on which you have feedback, questions, or complaints.
3) (3) offer to resolve your complaint with an alternative solution.
In exceptional circumstances, if we are unable to respond to your complaint within 15 business days for reasons beyond our control, we will send you a holding reply indicating the reasons for a delay in answering your complaint and specifying the deadline by which we will respond to your complaint (which will be no later than 35 business days from our receipt of your complaint.
We may suspend or terminate your Account or your access to the Site at any time without notice if we believe that you have breached these Terms or any other applicable laws. Suspension or termination of your Account does not affect the payment of fees or other amounts you owe to BTC.com.au. In the event that your Account is suspended, we will immediately cancel all open orders associated with your Account and bar the placing of further orders until resolution or Account cancellation.
We may vary these Terms by providing 10 days advance notice at any time. You will be taken to have accepted any changes to the Terms by continuing to use the Site and Services 10 days after that notice is provided. You acknowledge that we may vary these Terms immediately without advance notice, in order to protect the security or integrity of the Site, the Services or any Account or Instruction or to comply with law or regulation or to manage a technical or system fault or error.
Account means your account maintained by BTC.com.au, which allows (among other things) you to place bitcoin order instructions and use the Bill Paying Services.
Authorised Payment Methods means methods we advise from time to time, and include POLi Payments and/or payment at a Participating Retailing Outlet through our integration with blueshyft.
blueshyft means the payment option which operates through a retail network of Australian retail partners and allows customers to use cash to pay for digital goods and services.
BTC.com.au Card is a prepaid, reloadable eftpos debit card issued by us EML.
BTC.com.au Card Product Disclosure Statement means the EML product disclosure statement located at https://btc.com.au/atm-pds.
Card Instruction means an Instruction initiated via the Site by a customer to sell bitcoin to BTC.com.au for the purpose of loading or reloading that customer's BTC.com.au Card with AUD.
EML means EML Payment Solutions Ltd, which is a principal member of MasterCard in Australia and holds Australian Financial Services Licence no 404131.
Instruction means any instruction, including Purchase Orders, given by you to BTC.com.au via the Site.
Living Room of Satoshi means the Living Room of Satoshi Pty Ltd ACN 620 066 748.
Participating Retailing Outlet means a retail outlet that has entered an agreement with us to be part of the BTC.com.au network and which is is integrated with blueshyft. A list can be found here.
Purchase Order means an Instruction to purchase bitcoin.


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Lizzy Mercier Descloux: Zulu Rock (Vinyl LP)
Limited vinyl LP pressing including digital download that contains full album plus five bonus tracks. Digitally remastered edition of this album from the genre-hopping French artist. In the course of three albums, Lizzy Mercier Descloux, the rogue poet, artist, and singer-songwriter, travelled on a musical voyage from Manhattan (1979 debut Press Color) to The Bahamas (1981 follow-up Mambo Nassau) and apartheid South Africa (1984's Zulu Rock) - a controversial cultural boycott in protest of the nation's racially divided society. One place Descloux had never visited was the pop charts, but that changed when Mais Où Sont Passées Les Gazelles? (Where Have The Gazelles Gone?) - a reworking of a South African Shangaan disco hit - went all the way to the top spot in her native France, giving her a platform and a profile in the land she'd fled many years before. Recorded at Satbel Studios in Johannesburg, the album followed what her mentor Michel Esteban describes as an extraordinary adventure through eastern Africa following the footsteps of 19th century poet Rimbaud through Sudan, Ethiopia, the East Coast. It's All My Imagination, Abyssinia, Mais Où Sont Passées Les Gazelles?, Dolby Sisters Saliva Brothers, L'éclipse, Les Dents de L'amour, Wakwazulu Kwezizulu Rock, Momo on My Mind, I'm Liquor, Queen of Overdub Kisses, Sun Jive, All the Same, Pénélope (French Version) (Bonus Track), Confidente de la Nuit (French Version) (Bonus Track), Cri (French Version) (Bonus Track), Tous Pareils (French Version) (Bonus Track), Wakwazulu Kwzizulu Rock (French Version) (Bonus Track)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Do you own an M-tech smartphone or tablet? If yes are you searching for the stock ROM firmware of your device? If yes is your answer again, then you are on the right page. Here you can download M-tech stock ROM firmware for all models.
If you have bricked your device, download M-tech stock firmware from here (based on device model number) and flash it on your smartphone or tablet using a flash tool to unbrick it.
1) M-tech Informatics Limited officially provides all the stock ROM firmware files given here. So, if you encounter any issues while flashing these files on your device, contact their support team.
2) Make sure that you flash the original IMEI on your device, after flashing stock firmware on it.
3) If you are unable to find the stock ROM firmware for your M-tech smartphone or tablet in the above table, leave a comment below.
4) If you are looking for an easy way to connect your device to a computer, download M-tech USB driver and install it on your PC or Laptop.
5) To get rooting tutorials, TWRP installation tutorials, etc., for your M-tech device, leave a comment below.


The purpose here isn't about the packages manager's ability to find its way in the dependencies jungle, but how a linux distro user could manage easily the packages.
Linux is very flexible but to exploit its flexibility that requires some knowledge; packages manager are consequently flexible too but their front-end could present the things more clearly and distinctly. Because Windows and Mac close the hood for a better user experience, one has here a cultural misunderstanding : actually one installs « softwares » and nothing else. Is a « package » something else? The same about a library, a module, and so on. Looking at a front-end like Synaptic, one gets all this names at once which, hopefully, are categorized in several task area, but one could present all that through a higher level of category. The first level is the notion of package since this is a container, then, the second level is its content which is then related to a task area, the third level.
One could as well put at this second level an utility related to the development, but as you understand one is just stripping out some task areas to the second level, either as an utility or a category. Legitimately, the system componments should be at the second level and, in this entry, one could have the utility to upgrade it entirely.
The things are now a little bit more clear and distinct, one can go further by presenting the actions distinctly: updating, upgrading, adding and removing. Of course one can also downgrade and select the packages'location, but lets that as an option. Looking at Synaptic again, the stuff is presented whatever the status, of course one can filter all that. But if one wants to add something, one just wants to see the available packages and for the other actions, one just needs to see the installed packages. Hence, the GUI is more simple and understable: one has the list of the second level entries and the list of the actions.
However, a desktop environment has its own softwares and libraries, if one put them in their respective entry, one will find them at the third level and thus it's a contradiction. The developement and server entries will lead as well to this problem. The solution isn't a list but a matrix, something like « this for that ».
In this matrix some values don't make sense, like server for library for example. Of course the GUI doesn't have to show it, one could have three columns named « what », « for » and « action » or « do ». The content of the second column depends upon the selection in the first column. This way should cover all the combination, but there are not a lot indeed since only the entries « software » and « library » can be combined with the other. The GUI could look like this. Of course, one could arrange the order differently and/or change the labels, something like : « this »; optionally « for »; « to » update and else. Anyway, that won't change the underlying scheme.
This entry was posted on août 20, 2007 at 2:55 and is filed under Concepts & Methods, GUI.	You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. You can leave a response, or trackback from your own site.


text:
Top EDM DJs
Top Hip Hop & Rap Artists
Top Pop / Rock Artists
Top Underground DJs
Homegrown Artists
Top Songs Of January 2020
Top Songs By Month
Top Trending Songs
Top Indie Songs
Hip Hop & Rap Artists
Hip-Hop / R&BFunk / Soul / DiscoDance
Schoolboy Q Top Songs
Listen to Schoolboy Q's top songs like Work REMIX, Bitches N Marijuana, X on EDM Hunters. The list is updated daily to include all of Schoolboy Q's latest songs. The songs on this are ordered by number of likes, plays and downloads. Like your favourite songs to make your vote count. What's your #1?
Work REMIX
A$AP ROCKY, Schoolboy Q, French Montana, Trinidad James, A$AP Ferg
Genre: Hip-Hop / R&B
Vote as Top Song
Bitches N Marijuana
Chris Brown, Schoolboy Q, Tyga
2 Chainz, Schoolboy Q, Saudi
Schoolboy Q, Travis Scott
Electric Body
A$AP ROCKY, Schoolboy Q
California Heaven
Schoolboy Q, JAHKOY
Genre: Funk / Soul / Disco
Far East Movement, Schoolboy Q
Macklemore & Ryan Lewis, Schoolboy Q, Hollis
Future, Schoolboy Q, DJ Esco
Let It Bang
Schoolboy Q, A$AP Ferg
Load more songs
Top Schoolboy Q Videos
Artists similar to Schoolboy Q
Upcoming Schoolboy Q Events & Concerts
ScHoolboy Q at Olympia Theatre Jan. 24, 2020 Olympia Theatre, Dublin, Ireland Buy Tickets
ScHoolboy Q at O2 Academy Glasgow Jan. 25, 2020 O2 Academy Glasgow, Glasgow, UK Buy Tickets
ScHoolboy Q at O2 Academy Brixton Jan. 28, 2020 O2 Academy Brixton, Brixton, UK Buy Tickets
ScHoolboy Q at O2 Institute Birmingham Jan. 29, 2020 O2 Institute Birmingham, Birmingham, UK Buy Tickets
ScHoolboy Q and Jay Rock at O2 Victoria Warehouse Jan. 30, 2020 O2 Victoria Warehouse, Manchester, UK Buy Tickets
Schoolboy Q Bio
Quincy Matthew Hanley (born October 26, 1986), better known by his stage name Schoolboy Q (often stylized ScHoolboy Q), is an American hip hop recording artist from South Central Los Angeles, California. In 2009, Hanley signed to Carson-based independent record label Top Dawg Entertainment (TDE) and in late 2011, secured a recording contract with major label Interscope Records. Hanley is also a member of the Hip Hop supergroup Black Hippy, alongside label-mates and fellow California-based rappers Ab-Soul, Jay Rock, and Kendrick Lamar.
In 2008, Hanley released His first full-length project, a mixtape titled ScHoolboy Turned Hustla. He later released a follow-up in 2009, titled Gangsta & Soul. He then returned in January 2011, with his first independent album, titled Setbacks. The project, released under TDE, to digital retailers only, reached number 100 on the US Billboard 200 chart. A little over a year later, his second independent album Habits & Contradictions, was also released exclusively to digital retailers. The album received generally favorable reviews and debuted at number 111 on the US Billboard 200.
After signing with Interscope, Hanley subsequently began recording his major-label debut studio album, titled Oxymoron. The album was released on February 25, 2014 and debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200. The album was supported by the singles, "Collard Greens", "Man of the Year", "Break the Bank" "Studio" and "Hell of a Night", with "Collard Greens", "Man of the Year" and "Studio" all charting on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.
Listen to Schoolboy Q's top and latest Hip-Hop / R&B, Funk / Soul / Disco, Dance songs, watch videos and discover DJs similar to Schoolboy Q on EDM Hunters. Like your favourite songs to make your vote count. What's your #1?
Thanks for voting! You can vote again on this list tomorrow.
schoolboy-q
© EDM Hunters 2014-19
Work REMIX - A$AP ROCKY, Schoolboy Q, French Montana, Trinidad James, A$AP Ferg
Bitches N Marijuana - Chris Brown, Schoolboy Q, Tyga
X - 2 Chainz, Schoolboy Q, Saudi
CHopstix - Schoolboy Q, Travis Scott
Electric Body - A$AP ROCKY, Schoolboy Q
California Heaven - Schoolboy Q, JAHKOY
The Illest - Far East Movement, Schoolboy Q
White Walls - Macklemore & Ryan Lewis, Schoolboy Q, Hollis
Code of Honor - Future, Schoolboy Q, DJ Esco
Let It Bang - Schoolboy Q, A$AP Ferg
Lies - YG, Schoolboy Q, Ty Dolla $ign
Floating - Schoolboy Q, 21 Savage
On Me - Retch, Schoolboy Q
3AM - Schoolboy Q, Maxo Kream
Chase The Money - E-40, Schoolboy Q, A$AP Ferg, Quavo, Roddy Ricch
Gang Gang - Schoolboy Q
Attention - Schoolboy Q
CrasH - Schoolboy Q
Die Wit Em - Schoolboy Q
Drunk - Schoolboy Q, 6lack
Water - Schoolboy Q, Lil Baby
Dangerous - Kid Cudi, Schoolboy Q
Tales - Schoolboy Q
Black Folk - Schoolboy Q
5200 - Schoolboy Q
Numb Numb Juice - Schoolboy Q
Won't Believe - Schoolboy Q, Higher Brothers
Kill 'Em With Success - 2 Chainz, Schoolboy Q, Mike Will Made-It, Eearz
Addicted To Ballin' - Schoolboy Q, Kamaiyah
Movin' Around - Schoolboy Q, Cyhi The Prynce
Bahamas - A$AP ROCKY, Schoolboy Q, A$AP Ferg, A$AP Mob, A$AP Twelvyy, Key!, Lil Yachty, Smooky MarGielaa
WHateva U Want - Schoolboy Q, Candice Pillay
TorcH - Schoolboy Q
By Any Means - Schoolboy Q
JoHn Muir - Schoolboy Q
Black THougHts - Schoolboy Q
Overtime - Miguel, Schoolboy Q, Justine Skye
Str8 Ballin - Schoolboy Q
Dope Dealer - E-40, Schoolboy Q
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Kno Ya Wrong - Schoolboy Q, Lance Skiiiwalker
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Big Body - Tha Dogg Pound, Schoolboy Q
Groovy Tony / Eddie Kane - Jadakiss, Schoolboy Q
THat Part - Kanye West, Schoolboy Q
Lord Have Mercy - Schoolboy Q
Neva CHange - Schoolboy Q, SZA
Tookie Knows II - Traffic, TF, Schoolboy Q
6 Shots - Schoolboy Q, WatchTheDuck, Candice Pillay
Ok Alright - Schoolboy Q, Travis Scott
RUN - Tyler, The Creator, Schoolboy Q, Chaz Bundick
THE BROWN STAINS OF DARKEESE LATIFAH PART 6-12 (REMIX) - Tyler, The Creator, Schoolboy Q
B****es N Marijuana - Chris Brown, Schoolboy Q, Tyga
Run/An Island (Interlude) - Ne-Yo, Schoolboy Q
2 On - Tinashe, Schoolboy Q
Dope Fiend Rental - Danny Brown, Schoolboy Q
Blind Threats - Raekwon, Schoolboy Q
I Just Wanna Party - Jay Rock, YG, Schoolboy Q
The Purge - Kurupt, Tyler, The Creator, Schoolboy Q
Hell Of A Night - Schoolboy Q
Gangsta - Schoolboy Q
Prescription/Oxymoron - Schoolboy Q
Collard Greens - Kendrick Lamar, Schoolboy Q
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What They Want - 2 Chainz, Schoolboy Q
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Man Of The Year - Schoolboy Q
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Cypher - Price, Oktane, Raekwon, Redman, Method Man, Xzibit, Casey Veggies, Bmac, Schoolboy Q, Hit-Boy, Kent M$NEY
PMW (All I Really Need) - A$AP ROCKY, Schoolboy Q
Fight Confirmation - The Alchemist, Danny Brown, Schoolboy Q
iBETiGOTSUMWEED - Schoolboy Q


Badger Beer, from Hall & Woodhouse, brewed in Dorset since 1777, is launching a new seasonal beer, The Dorset Horn. The name Dorset Horn hails from the indigenous Dorset sheep breed, renowned for thriving in Badger Beer's heartland, on the pastures of the southwest. It is known mostly for its prolific lambing, as it's the only sheep breed that can breed all year round.
The Dorset Horn has an ABV of 4.2%, is a straw-coloured pale ale and is brewed with Fuggles hops which deliver a delicate floral aroma with a clean and refreshing yet full-bodied finish.
The beer is available on cask in select Hall & Woodhouse public houses across the south of England, from February until April 2019. The seasonal ale will be supported by PoS kits.
In addition to The Dorset Horn, the Badger cask range comprises: The Legendary Tangle Foot, The Fursty Ferret and Badger Best Bitter, available exclusively in Hall & Woodhouse's pub estate across the South of England. Tangle Foot, Fursty Ferret, Golden Champion, Hopping Hare, The Cranborne Poacher, and The Blandford Fly are also available in 500ml glass bottles. Tangle Foot and Fursty Ferret are available in 500ml cans. Badger also has a crafted beer called The Wicked Wyvern, available in 330ml cans and on keg in the Hall & Woodhouse estate.
For further information or photography please contact jogrobel@exactpr.co.uk or 07881 782262; or hannah@exactpr.co.uk or 07711 157655.
• Badger Beer has been brewed in the heart of the Dorset countryside since 1777 by the family-owned independent brewer Hall & Woodhouse. Hall & Woodhouse is well known for its range of award-winning beer brewed under the Badger brand and its network of public houses throughout the South of England. The brewery is now managed by the seventh generation of the Woodhouse family.
• The Legendary Tangle Foot (5% abv and 4.7% abv in cask format) is a deceptively drinkable golden ale, made from the finest English Flagon barley and Goldings and Challenger hops. The ale has a balanced flavour of crisp malt and subtle hops, with a delicate pear drop aroma.
• The Fursty Ferret (4.4% abv and 4.1% abv in cask format) is a morishly malty, amber ale. Its dark crystal malt delivers a full-bodied biscuit taste, rounded off with a subtle floral and lemon hop aroma.
• The Golden Champion (4.5% abv) is a bright golden ale with floral hints of elderflower. It is a light and refreshing ale with a crisp taste of summer.
• The Hopping Hare (4.4% abv) is a refreshing light hoppy ale. It is a marriage of aromatic citrus American Amarillo and Cascade hops and the finest English Flagon barley.
• The Cranborne Poacher (5.7% abv) is a bold, fruity, ruby ale. It uses crystal and chocolate malts to provide a full-bodied taste with sweet, complex flavours of damson and liquorice.
• The Blandford Fly (5.2% abv) is a uniquely sweet and spicy golden ale with a refreshingly different ginger taste which is offset with hints of sweet toffee.
• Badger Beer is a member of SIBA, the Society of Independent Brewers. More information can be found at https://www.siba.co.uk.


This app is for those who love the game and ZPEKENO a big fan of the Minecraft. We picked the best of its kind skins of the games specifically for Minecraft PE.ZPEKENO Skin for MCPE You will be able to expand its collection of skins for the mobs and find a lot of interesting skins even if not heard about this game.Zpekeno Skins for Minecraft PE, Zpekeno Skin For MCPE is a great collection of top skins for free. Zpekeno Skins is very easy and usefull for your character of playing MINECRAFT PE, so you can be different with Zpekeno Skin for MCPE and tell your friends you have a good skin.Zpekeno Skins for Minecraft has a catalogue of skins for you to choose from: shaders, pvp skins, girl skins, baby skins, princess skins, boys skins, mob skins, enderman skins, youtubers skins, multiplayer for minecraft, herobrine skins, angel skins, anime skins, swords mod, teen skins, superhero skins, monster skins, military skins, noob skins and many others.


Al-rehab scents often open strong and Superman is no exception. It's a big blast of clove and spices that initially produces a somewhat smokey effect, similar to the original Jacomo de Jacomo , or Open by Roger % Gallet. Superman dries down into a strong, super-clean scent, to my nose reminiscent of Dial gold-bar soap. Excellent stuff! All the Al-rehab fragrances I've tried so far are an incredible deal for the money!
Don't be fooled by the title. This is a strong and pleasant musk fragrance with sweet Arabic spices blended to perfection. It has a very warm and inviting smell. Classic! ...World Famous Al-Rehab Luxury Perfumes. The Sultan of craftsmanship, expertise in Middle Eastern-Oriental Attars and innovative blends of pristine quality. Featuring high grade super concentrated perfume oil where price is never an option!
I have worn Superman for well over a year and get stopped often by women and men loving this scent. It's not to strong for a women to wear, it truly blends with your personal body chemistry. This is my top scent for all seasons. Women you will not be disappointed!!
Instantly became my favorite perfume (oil) of all-time! Masha Allah. I love Al-Rashad Books. Alhamdulilah and may Allah continue to bless them.


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Tzu Chi Begins Relief Effort in Flood-hit Thailand
Wednesday, 09 November 2011 11:35	Tzu Chi Foundation
The foundation has begun its relief work in Thailand, which is suffering its worst flooding in 50 years. It has delivered 120,000 bottles of drinking water from Malaysia to the army and hot meals to the flood survivors and sent a team from Taiwan and Philippines who are preparing the next step.
Since August, Thailand has been devastated by flooding, the most severe in five decades. Of the country's 28 provinces, eight are inundated by water. In many places, it has remained for three months and shows no sign of receding. The flooded area includes much of the capital city of Bangkok; thousands have evacuated from their homes, while others are living on upper floors with the rest of the house covered in water. From September 24, Tzu Chi volunteers have been providing cooked food and comfort to the survivors.
On the front line of the battle against the floods are 50,000 soldiers who are spending the day with water up to their waist or their knees. It is exhausting work, even for men who are in excellent physical condition. The Thai Army Wives Association appealed to the foundation to provide drinking water for the soldiers. In response, volunteers in Thailand organized the shipment of 120,000 bottles in 5,040 cases from Malaysia. It was a journey of 1,500 kilometres from the Malaysian capital of Kuala Lumpur to Bangkok. The operation took just five days and the water arrived on November 7 at the Army Club in the capital, where it was gratefully received. Gao Qing, representative of the Overseas Chinese Commission of the Taiwan government, expressed his deep thanks for this show of strength by the civil society of Taiwan, a sign of how its people care for others. Mrs. Naraporn Chanocha, chairperson of the Association said: "We thank you very much for fulfilling this mission to deliver the drinking water to us."
To prepare for the next phase of the relief operation, a team of 18 volunteers – 14 from Taiwan and four from the Philippines – arrived in Bangkok on November 3. They were carrying nearly 700 kilogrammes of goods, including instant rice, raincoats, water resistant suits and volunteer vests. The team is led by Dr. Chien Sou-Hsin, superintendent of the Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital.
On November 6, the group held a special meeting in Bangkok with local volunteers, business people and leaders of large companies to discuss how best to provide the aid. Chen Chao-hai, director of the foundation in Thailand, told the meeting: "after the flooding, the waters will slowly recede. How should we do the reconstruction work? What will the most appropriate way to help?" Such flooding has occurred in other countries, providing examples of what to do. These include Typhoon Morakot in Taiwan in August 2009, after which the entire country was mobilized to help, and Typhoon Ketsana in September 2009 in the Philippines; the foundation organized a work relief program under which 10,000 people gathered to clean up their neighborhood.
Alfredo Li, director of the foundation in the Philippines, said: "At that time I asked Master Cheng Yen how we should manage the people. She said in a relaxed way 'you should believe them. You do not need to supervise them, it is their home. They will certainly do all they can to clean their own home.'" Cai Sheng-hang, a volunteer who played an important role in the program, said: "At that time, we had a very simple idea, wanting to mobilize them in the shortest possible time. Master Cheng Yen said that, if we did not do the cleaning job very quickly, we could have been faced with burying the dead and it would not only have been a question of medical expenses."
One of the biggest issues is diseases carried by the water. Dr. Chien of the Dalin hospital said: "Water moves slowly but carries a large quantity of germs into the places where it flows. Most important is that people do not have wounds on their legs. These could be infected and they could be serious. The risk of infection causing Leptospirosis is very high."
Now is the time for everyone to work together, gathering the energy and concern of everyone. Her Su-chen, a Taiwan businesswoman who has been in Thailand for 40 years, said that this was the most serious flooding she had ever seen in the country. "I strongly support the idea of a work relief program. This gives me hope. I believe that Tzu Chi can help Thailand," she said.
Tzu Chi Sets up Water Purification System in Laos
Walk Through Water to Visit Homes
Tzu Chi Volunteers Bring Food, Relief Goods to Taiwan Flood Survivors
Tzu Chi Provides 1,500 Hot Meals to Flood Victims in South Taiwan
Tzu Chi Holds Large Prayer Ceremony for Japanese After Earthquake
Volunteers Distribute Rice to 888 Households in Flood-hit Cambodia
Thai Delegation Visits Tzu Chi for Relief Experience
Preparation for "Dharma As Water" Performance by Children
Supply of Bottled Water to Thailand
Deliver Hot Meals to Flood Victims in central Thailand
Promoting Tzu Chi Spirit in Phnom Penh
Real-life Story of Repentance: The Repentance of a Three-year-old Girl


Inlays and onlays are used when a cavity is large but the surrounding tooth is healthy. Instead of reducing the healthy tooth to fit a crown, an inlay sits in the hole in the tooth and an onlay can replace the cusp of a tooth which maintains the shape of the tooth. Inlays are generally made out of porcelain which is tooth coloured but they can be made out of gold or resin.


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You are at:Home»Disaster Response»Piya Regains Courage after Marawi Siege
Piya Regains Courage after Marawi Siege
By Cindy Falcutila on	 October 13, 2018 Disaster Response, Stories
ILIGAN CITY–Piya Azis, a widow for ten years, is one among the thousand residents of Marawi who fled the city when the Marawi siege broke out.
Back in Marawi, Piya is an entrepreneur, selling ready-to-wear (RTW) clothes. She also had her own sewing business to support her family's needs. But all of these businesses were destroyed during the war. Nothing left, but only hope.
When the government declared the historic comeback of the internally displaced (IDPs) to Marawi, Piya and her children were one of those who returned. They lived in a relative's house and livelihood is now her main priority.
Piya tries to sew using her new electric sewing machine.
With the help of Operation Blessing, in partnership with Makati Hope Christian School, Piya was one among the Maranao women who were given an electric sewing machine, sewing starter kit, and pieces of fabric, for her livelihood.
Now, Piya can courageously start her sewing business again, hoping to enjoy the abundant life they used to have back then.
Like Piya, families in Marawi are still recovering from the siege. Can you be our partner in this advocacy?
Learn more about what Operation Blessing does. Visit our website or Facebook page now.


Cars and movies have a long, rich history. From the ragged out shell that eventually became the Ghostbuster's ride to Christine to the iconic DeLorean in the Back to the Future Movies (and countless others), America's love affair with the automobile is intimately intertwined with our love for movies. What are some of the most iconic cars ever to grace the big screen? There have been plenty, but we've collected some of the most impressive (and sometimes notorious) cars from movies below in no particular order.
Who could forget the possessed, sentient car that loved its owner as much as he loved it? Christine was a 1958 Plymouth Fury, and the rumor is that director John Carpenter actually destroyed 20 or so of them during the filming of the movie.
No list of iconic Hollywood cars would be complete without the DeLorean that was so very iconic in the Back to the Future franchise. If you came of age back then, this was probably your ultimate dream car. While the DeLorean is no longer around, the movies still are and you can get your fix anytime.
There are few cars as iconic of the muscle car era as the Camaro. The '67 featured in Better Off Dead was a perfect example of Big Iron's power and downright sexiness.
The Camaro has been used multiple times in movies, but one of the most memorable is from original Transformers movie directed by Michael Bay. Originally, Bumblebee was a 1977 Camaro, but eventually he transformed himself into a lean 2009 model.
"Bueller? Bueller? Bueller?" If you enjoyed this 80's movie, then chances are good that you longed to slip behind the wheel of Cameron's dad's 1961 Ferrari GT250.
Who could forget Michael Knight and his endless fight against the bad guys, backed up by his car, KITT? The TV show Knight Rider spawned an entire generation's love affair with the Trans Am (KITT was a 1982 Pontiac Trans Am). Yes, we know Knight Rider was a TV show, but KITT deserves a spot on this list nonetheless.
Love the movie or hate it, there's no denying that The Green Hornet had some great action sequences, many of which involved the 1965 Chrysler Imperial Crown (sporting machine guns and missiles, of course).
If you're a fan of the early James Bond films, there's no way you could forget the Series I Lotus Esprit driven by Bond in The Spy Who Loved Me. It tore up the asphalt, and then conveniently turned into a submarine before driving back out of the ocean on the beach.
Knight Rider wasn't the first time that Americans got to enjoy the Trans Am in their entertainment. Smokey and the Bandit used a 1977 Pontiac Trans Am and cemented its status.
Michael Keaton and Kim Basinger introduced us to Batman on the big screen and Tim Burton's inimitable Batmobile became an instant classic. Interestingly, it was a custom body on top of a Chevy Impala chassis.
We mentioned the Ghostbusters in the intro, and you knew it was coming. Few cars can claim the instant recognition given to Ecto-1, the Ghostbusters trusty ghost-busting vehicle. Ecto-1 was a 1959 Cadillac Miller-Meteor hearse.
While The Fast and The Furious has spawned a slew of sequels, the first one holds a place near and dear to our hearts. Toretto (Vin Diesel) always ends up in a Charger somewhere in these films, but the first one from the original movie is iconic. It was a 1970 Dodge Charger with a 528 cubic inch supercharged Hemi with four on the floor.
"I'm an excellent driver, I drive in the driveway." If you've seen the film even once, Dustin Hoffman's lines stick in your mind. So does the car from the film – a gorgeous 1949 Buick Roadmaster.
There's not one car from this movie, but an entire group of them, notably all Mini Coopers. In fact, it might have been this movie that spawned the sudden demand for BMW's diminutive car here on this side of the pond.
Like the newer Bond films? If so, then Casino Royale is probably high on your list, and the Aston Martin DBS Bond drove is one of the cars you'd most love to get behind the wheel in. It was actually a redone Aston Martin DB9.
While you won't find a production version at your local dealership, there were actually four road-ready versions for Batman's Tumbler designed and built for the Batman Begins release (yes, they actually worked and took to the streets of Chicago).
The popularity of the original VW Beetle was incredible, so it's no surprise that the Herbie franchise was just as popular. Who could forget the car's iconic 53 and red, white and blue racing stripes (or the oh-so-emotive honks).
Fan of Mad Max? If so, you remember Max's original ride in the first movie with some nostalgia. It was a Ford Falcon XB GT with a 351 cubic inch V8 engine, and Max put the Pursuit Special to very good use running down the bad guys in this post-apocalyptic cult hit.
If you saw the movie that kick-started Tom Cruise's career, you know the car we mean: a Porsche 928. Actually, the movie ate up six 928s during filming and postproduction, but they went to a good cause.
The Gone in 60 Seconds remake might not have been a super huge hit, but Eleanor II sure was (Ford Mustang fastback).
There you have them – 20 of the most iconic cars of Hollywood, including at least one that appeared on the small screen, but was so iconic it has become a huge part of pop culture.
The very first Camaro made will sit on display during the 2016 Woodward Dream Cruise to celebrate the 50th Anniversary of the Camaro.


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'Brexit' and Anti-Discrimination Law in Northern Ireland
Publication resulting from the UACES 2017 PhD and ECR Conference
The UK's withdrawal from the European Union is bound to pose unique challenges for Northern Ireland, writes Clare Rice. Drawing on her research on anti-discrimination law in the region, she outlines the potential impact on the legal framework for equality and cross-community relations.
Stormont Buildings © trevorb
The potential impact of 'Brexit' has been widely debated since the historic referendum of 23rd June 2016, not least in Northern Ireland. However, the challenges 'Brexit' will present there are different to those that will be faced elsewhere in the UK. From the perspective of anti-discrimination law, this piece considers what some of these key challenges might be, given the contextual specificities of the region.
By way of summary, Northern Ireland is a devolved region of the United Kingdom (UK). While this in itself does not make it unique in the UK, the way in which its institutions are arranged does. They are arranged according to the principles of consociationalism, an outcome of deep-seated divisions and protracted conflict in the region.
The key protagonists to this conflict, the Protestant/unionist and Catholic/nationalist communities, are the groupings around which these arrangements are designed. The Good Friday (Belfast) Agreement 1998 (GFA), which gave rise to this power-sharing architecture in Northern Ireland, was a pivotal point in the region's peace process which is still on-going today.
It is necessary to give this brief overview of the Northern Irish situation. This division has influenced the shape and somewhat nuanced conception of equality in the region, cast first and foremost in terms of the conflicting groupings. For historical, conflict-related reasons, equality from a 'consociational perspective' is a relative concept between the communities in Northern Ireland; as a vital underpinning to the peace process, equality between these two groupings must be ensured.
When approached from a legal perspective (if we assume it is possible to disentangle a 'legal perspective' on equality from one derived from political necessity as outlined above) it is clear that equality in legal terms is a much broader concept – while still inclusive of community-oriented equality, the legal equality framework in Northern Ireland extends far beyond this parameter.
European Union (EU) law is only one source of anti-discrimination law in Northern Ireland. It is incorporated into law in Westminster. However, much of the competence for creating anti-discrimination law in Northern Ireland rests at Stormont. It, too, is directly influenced by EU law, seen, for example, in employment legislation where discrimination must be prohibited on at least the same grounds as established in EU law. A noteworthy exception is the presence of a 50/50 recruitment policy for Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) officers in the years following the GFA; this was necessary to legitimate the body across the communities.
So, what impact will 'Brexit' have on all of this? A consideration of the GFA and the Northern Ireland Act 1998 is a good place to start:
Firstly, the Act states that legislation made in Northern Ireland must be compatible with EU law. Secondly, those rights afforded to Northern Irish citizens under EU law as a result of dual-citizenship – a key feature of the GFA – are placed under threat by the UK exiting the EU. Furthermore, 'Brexit' arguably brings the danger of incurring amendment to the Act, which enshrines in law the hard-fought GFA peace accord. If badly handled, this could entail serious consequences, both politically and socially, in Northern Ireland.
A further point is that the Great Repeal Bill, if passed into law, will serve to reinforce existing EU law at first, but a process of unpicking this body of law may follow. For example, the UK Supreme Court will be the final authority, since it will not be possible to recourse to the European Court of Justice (ECJ), which has in the past been an effective way of advancing anti-discrimination law in Northern Ireland. With time, this could result in divergences between UK and EU anti-discrimination law.
The prevalence of identity in considering the Northern Irish case rises again here. For Northern Ireland, which will share a land border with the EU, a divergence in equality law would be most visible to citizens there compared to elsewhere in the UK. It, alongside any uncertainty in the discourse around the dual-national status of Northern Irish citizens (for instance), could ultimately contribute to further polarising the extremes within Northern Ireland. The divisive impact of 'Brexit' is already being witnessed in Northern Ireland, most clearly seen in the 2017 Assembly and Westminster election results. It would be remiss to rule out the damage such divergences could make to the peace process overall.
On the other hand, 'Brexit' may present an opportunity for Northern Ireland to become more creative with its anti-discrimination law. As most equality law is already shaped in Stormont, approaches could be taken which ensure that Northern Irish anti-discrimination law remains comparable with that in the Republic of Ireland.
It also, potentially, provides greater space for Northern Ireland's specific anti-discrimination legislative needs to be met innovatively, as its post-conflict society continues to develop. This is particularly pertinent given the potential for increased tensions between the two main communities post-Brexit. To this end, a return to discussion on a Bill of Rights for Northern Ireland might well be prudent.
This piece by no means attempts to present a fulsome breakdown of all the potential outcomes of 'Brexit' in Northern Ireland. It aims to highlight the complexity of the legal framework for equality in the region, and provoke thought on some of the key issues that 'Brexit' raises in relation to this.
Only time will tell how this develops, but what is certain is that Northern Ireland is heading into a period of great upheaval which could present very real difficulties for the peace process. This in turn will require innovative thinking in many areas, not least in the equality law framework, if it is to remain robust and capable of adequately addressing some tensions that 'Brexit' could present for cross-community relations in the region.
This article was written following the author's presentation at the UACES Graduate Forum Conference in July 2017.
Please note that this article represents the views of the author(s) and not those of the UACES Student Forum or UACES.
Comments and Site Policy
Shortlink to this article: http://bit.ly/2HtvUzM
Clare Rice | @Clare_Rice_
Clare Rice is a PhD Candidate and Teaching Assistant at Queen's University Belfast School of Law. Her research interests include Northern Ireland, Belgium, consociationalism, constitutional law, identity politics, equality law, EU law and employment.
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As with most issues there is good news and bad news. The good news is when we have been in contact with our affiliate stone restoration associates around the country, quite a few of them have related that local franchise operations that practice this crystallization (aka virtification etc) have been going out of business. For example, in Rochester, N.Y., the Chicago franchise apparently now does wood floors to keep afloat, and in Orange County, CA they have gone out of business too. Latest reports are that they are faltering in Hawaii.
Bad news is that many independents are attending one day seminars that teach the crystallization process. The sponsors of these 1 day seminars are desperate to sell more of their product. Thus if you have marbe, travertine, limestone or other natural stone and are in the market to have it polished or restored, you had better ask some very probing questions about the company and their process.
Tags: Dallas | Plano limestone polishing, marble polishing, travertine polishing This entry was posted on Saturday, June 20th, 2009 and is filed under How To Choose A Stone Restoration Company . You can follow any responses to this entry through the RSS 2.0 feed. Both comments and pings are currently closed.


Fall, Winter, Spring, Summer! Throughout the changing seasons we experience many changes the weather has to bring as well. Some people have to deal with snow, excessive rain, and the occasional hot days, but we hear in Florida, have to deal with excessive heat waves. The summer heat is tough on everyone, but when you're pregnant, it can be even harder to stand those hot summer days.
This week, especially, we have been experiencing extremely high temperatures that have even escalated beyond 100 degrees in certain areas of South Florida. When the weather gets this HOT, it is extremely important to stay inside where it is cool. Such high temperatures can have a severe impact on your joints (particularly if you have arthritis), and can also dehydrate your body beyond belief. Because it is so important to drink plenty of water each day, it is obvious that being in the heat, where all of that wonderful water is being drained from your body, is not beneficial to your health. This is especially true if you are pregnant or are trying to conceive. Nurturing a child already takes a toll on your body, so why make things more difficult on yourself? It is said that babies being exposed to high heat levels during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy could ultimately be born with a low birth weight and could exhibit other behavioral problems down the road. There is also a high chance of miscarriages and babies being born too early when their mother is exposed to too much sun. For these reasons, it is important to stay out of the heat, and keep your house cool so you can take some of the stress off of your body.
Although it is important to relax and stay out of the heat, women who are pregnant still need to keep up with their exercise regime. Experts agree that when pregnant, the best place to exercise is in the water. The pool is the perfect place to beat the heat while exercising outside! Even if you are not exercising, you can have fun in the water, either by yourself, or with your children and still be refreshed the whole time because your body will not heat up or become dehydrated. Just be sure to wear plenty of sunscreen and a hat to keep cool as well.
Don't let the heat keep you from enjoying your days. Stay inside where it's cool, or go outside and spend some time in the pool where you'll not only enjoy the summer and get a great workout, but you'll stay refreshed the whole time you're outside.