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Home » Reducing Peak Electrical Demand: Hidden Benefit of Cool Roofs
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Reducing Peak Electrical Demand: Hidden Benefit of Cool Roofs
Figure 1: Base Use versus Peak Demand
Figure 2: Base Use and Peak Demand Charges on a Sample Commercial Electric Bill (Source: Duke Energy1)
Figure 3: Reflective versus Non-Reflective Roof
Table A: Current Cool Roof Reflectance Standards
Figure 4: Ratio of Monthly to Annual Peak in Roof-Related Air Conditioning Demand (Source: Oak Ridge National Laboratories7)
Figure 5: Roof-Related Base Use and Peak Demand Savings by North America Climate Zone (Source: RoofPoint Energy and Carbon Calculator8)
Figure 6: The DOE Cool Roof Peak Calculator9
Figure 7: U.S. and Canada Climate Zones11
Table B: Old and New R-Values by Climate Zone
Figure 8: Estimated Net Energy Savings: Cool Roof Installed over Existing (Old) Insulation* (Annual Dollars/20,000-Square-Foot Roof Area) *Old insulation values based on 2006 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)
Figure 9: Estimated Net Energy Savings: Cool Roof Installed over New Insulation (Annual Dollars/20,000-Square-Foot Roof Area) *New insulation values based on 2012 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC)
Figure 10: Estimated Range of Net Energy Savings for a Cool Roof by Climate Zone (Annual Dollars/20,000-Square-Foot Roof Area)
KEYWORDS cool roofs / electricity / peak demands / reflective roofs
After reading this article, you should be able to:
Understand the difference between net usage and peak demand charges and the role each plays in your electric bill. Using examples of typical electrical bills, learn how to identify and separate these two charges.
Understand how peak demand charges are affected by thermal loads on your building and, most importantly, the roof on your building. Recognize the key types of thermal loads that have the greatest influence on peak demand charges.
Understand how cool roof surfaces can be used to reduce peak demand- and related peak demand charges - in almost any climate.
Learn to estimate potential peak demand charge savings for different roof systems using the free online "Cool Roof Peak Calculator" developed by the U.S. Department of Energy and Oak Ridge National Labs.
1 AIA LU/HSW; I GBCI CE Hour | Click here to take the quiz!
This paper reviews the concept of peak demand charges on electrical utility bills, and provides an analysis of the effect of cool or highly reflective roofs in reducing peak demand charges. The analysis suggests that peak demand charges may account for a significant portion of monthly electric bills across the United States and that cool roofs may provide an equally significant opportunity to reduce these charges when installed on air-conditioned buildings. The analysis also suggests that the peak demand and net energy savings offered by cool roofs are available for both new and existing conditioned buildings in all climates within North America.
A sharp peak in electrical demand can be observed in almost every building during the busiest hours of the day. Although a share of this peak may be attributed to equipment used in the building, a significant portion is caused by increased demand for air conditioning in the heat of the afternoon. This peak in demand requires additional power plant capacity, causes imbalances in the power grid, and may result in increased air pollution. But most importantly for the building owner, peak demand may result in monthly charges many times higher than base electrical rates. One of the best approaches to shrink peak demand is to reduce the heat load on a building, especially the solar load that drives the need for air conditioning. Few heat reduction strategies can match the energy-savings potential of modern cool roofing technology.
In an effort to help building owners and designers deal effectively with peak electrical demand charges, this article provides a step-by-step review of all aspects of peak demand, including how to identify peak demand charges on a typical commercial electrical bill, how to estimate the potential savings achieved when installing a cool roof, and how to achieve other business and community benefits associated with reducing the peak energy demand. This information may be especially important since few articles to date on building energy savings have adequately addressed peak-demand issues.
How Businesses Pay for Electricity: Base Use and Peak Demand
Although it may be convenient to focus simply on the bottom line of an electric bill, monthly electricity costs are composed of two distinctly different types of charges. The first is base energy use, which measures the total quantity of electricity supplied for the billing period. The second is peak energy demand, which measures the highest amount of power supplied at any one time within the billing period. Base energy use is measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), while peak energy demand is measured in kilowatts (kW). One way to help understand the relationship between base energy use and peak demand load is to use the analogy of an odometer and speedometer in a car. As illustrated in Figure 1, the base amount of energy used (kWh) can be compared to miles driven, as shown on the odometer, while peak energy demand (kW) would be similar to the top speed driven, as shown on the speedometer.
Like the highest speed achieved during a trip, peak demand seldom occurs for more than a few hours, or fractions of hours, during each billing period. Typically, peak demand charges are based on the amount of energy consumed in a specified period of time known as a demand interval. Demand intervals are usually 15 or 30 minutes. To calculate a customer's demand, the electric company takes the demand interval with the highest energy consumption in kilowatt hours (kWh), and divides by the length of the demand interval in hours. Mathematically, the hours cancel, leaving kilowatts (kW) as the units of peak demand.
Peak demand charges are a relatively new phenomenon in electric billing, but the concept of peak demand is closely related to a number of well-known electric power failures in the United States, including the state of California in 2000 to 2001 and the city of Chicago in 1995. In both of these cases, peak demand for electricity during prolonged heat waves exceeded the capacity of the electric grid, causing frequent brown-outs as well as occasional complete failure of the electric grid. In response to the severe effects when peak demand exceeds the capability of the electric grid, governments and utilities began to look for ways to reduce peak demand. This, in turn, has led to the incorporation of demand charges in many utility bills. As a result, many electric utilities across the United States now incorporate some level of peak demand charges in their monthly bills. To provide an example of how widespread the practice of peak demand billing has become, a simple Google search for "understanding peak demand" will generate links to peak demand charge information from electric utilities in California, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. As an additional example, the U.S. Utility Rate Database1 maintained by the U.S. Energy Information Administration identifies hundreds of utility companies across the United States that currently incorporate peak demand charges in their monthly bills, especially for high-use commercial and industrial customers.
Base Use Versus Peak Demand: Looking At Your Electric Bill
Because electricity is not easily stored, utilities must have adequate capacity to meet customers' maximum requirements, both for the quantity of total level of base energy needed and for the highest level of peak demand required. As a result, commercial and industrial electric rates across the country frequently are designed to cover the cost of providing both base and peak energy. However, identifying these two cost components on the average commercial electrical bill may be a little difficult, especially when most bills are subdivided into a large number of special fees and adjustments. Figure 2 shows a typical commercial electrical bill containing both base use and peak demand charges, as published by an Indiana-based electrical utility2.
Near the top of the sample bill, monthly base energy use (circled in green) is shown to be 56,780 kWh. In the detail section of the bill, this base energy use is multiplied by a base energy charge as well as additional charges for fuel adjustments, demand side management (DSM) fees, regional system operator adjustments, and reliability adjustments. Altogether, these base energy use-related charges (also circled in green) add up to a total monthly base use charge of $0.033 per kWh.
However, this base fee accounts for less than half of this total monthly electric bill. Also near the top of the bill, peak demand (circled in red) is shown to be 120 kW. In addition to the base use fees discussed previously, the 120 kW of peak demand is multiplied by a basic peak demand charge plus additional demand-related charges for coal gasification adjustments, pollution control adjustments, emission allowances, and clean coal adjustments. Altogether, these peak demand-related charges (also circled in red) add up to a total monthly demand charge of $20.10/kW.
After calculating base use and peak demand charges, we also may calculate the total electricity rate for this customer. For this bill, the total monthly charge is divided by the 56,780 kilowatt hours used, yielding an effective rate of $0.075/kWh, or over twice as much as the nominal base usage rate of $0.0330. It should be noted that this total electric usage rate of $0.75/kWh is actually among the lowest commercial rates available in in the United States. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, average electric rates by state for commercial users in 2013 ranged from a low of $0.07/kWh in Idaho to a high of $0.15/kWh in New York3.
As illustrated by this sample bill, peak demand charges may account for a significant portion of a business's monthly electrical costs. As a consequence, building owners frequently are interested in learning how these costs may be reduced, especially through the use of energy-efficient building design and operating strategies.
How Can You Reduce Peak Energy Demand?
As mentioned in the introduction to this article, peak energy demand for the majority of buildings occurs in the late afternoon, as occupant and building heat loads also tend to crest. For commercial facilities operating primarily during normal business hours, a number of key factors may help reduce the daily demand peak for electrical power. First, the ubiquitous use of electrical equipment in modern buildings may add to both base and peak demand for electricity. Electrical equipment may include motors associated with manufacturing operations as well as office equipment such as computers, copying machines, etc. Reductions in peak equipment demand may be achieved through the elimination of unnecessary equipment or by using equipment with improved electrical efficiency.
Excessive amounts of indoor lighting also add to base and peak electricity requirements. As a consequence, reducing the amount of lighting used during peak periods can be a useful strategy to reduce peak demand. Reductions in peak demand related to lighting can be achieved by reducing ambient lighting levels and installing task lighting, supplementing electric lighting with daylighting from windows and skylights, and installing more efficient light fixtures using fluorescent or LED technologies.
Although improvements in equipment and lighting may help reduce overall electrical demand, an important driver of peak demand in many commercial buildings is related to the spike in air conditioning requirement loads during the heat of the afternoon. Similar to equipment and lighting loads, peak air conditioning loads may be reduced by improving the efficiency of air conditioning systems or simply by turning up the thermostat. However, peak demand for air conditioning also may be addressed by reducing the impact of climate-related thermal loads on the building. In the case of air conditioning loads generated by high outdoor temperatures, overall air conditioning demand can be reduced by installing additional wall and roof insulation and thermally efficient doors and windows. But a certain amount of the peak in daily air conditioning demand is related to the direct rays of the sun rather than outdoor ambient air temperatures. This means that reducing solar loads by reflecting solar heat away from the building may offer one of the best ways to reduce peak electricity demand in modern buildings.
Fortunately, we have a well developed and effective technology available today to help reduce solar loads in buildings: the reflective or "cool" roof. Cool roofs use a highly reflective surface to direct a significant portion of solar heat from the sun away from the building. Unlike a dark or non-reflective roof surface that absorbs and transfers solar heat into the building, a light-colored, reflective roof surface reflects and drives solar heat away from the building and into the atmosphere.
Cool roofs also are available using a wide variety of roofing technologies, including single-ply membranes, cool-surfaced modified asphalt systems, metal roofing panels, and a wide variety of roof coatings that may be applied to many different roofing surfaces. However, for any of these roofing products to be "cool" by today's standards, the minimum percentage of solar heat reflected away from the building typically falls within a range of 0.50 (50 percent) to 0.70 (70 percent), depending on the particular standard being applied and on the aging of the sample tested. Table A provides a brief summary of these new and aged reflectance percentages for three of the most-recognized building codes and standards.
Because cool roofing has become a very popular roofing choice, roofing manufacturers typically identify the reflectivity of their products in technical data sheets and brochures. In almost all cases, these measures of roof reflectance are based on standards developed by the U.S. EPA EnergyStar program5 or the ANSI/CRRC-1 cool roof standard developed by the Cool Roof Rating Council6. In addition, both the U.S. EPA and the Cool Roof Rating Council maintain online databases where you can look up the initial and aged reflectivity of many roofing products.
Peak Demand: Not Just a Warm Climate Problem
In order to better understand the benefits of cool roofs in reducing peak energy demand, researchers at Oak Ridge National Laboratories6 examined the seasonal variation in peak air conditioning demand for a variety of different climates across North America. Their findings suggest that even though base cooling demand may be higher in hot climates as compared to cooler climates, almost all climates exhibit a seasonal variation in the peaks for roof-related air conditioning demand. Figure 4 compares this seasonal trend for a hot, cooling-oriented climate (Phoenix, Ariz.) and a cold, heating-oriented climate (Minneapolis, Minn.).
Although Phoenix exhibits a higher and more consistent monthly demand for air conditioning as compared to Minneapolis, demand falls off at the beginning and end of the year for both cities, with a substantial portion of peak demand located within a six-month period from April to September. As a result, it may be possible to reduce peak demand in both cities using cool roofing technologies. In fact, a recent study of cool roofs and peak demand costs suggests that the potential for roof-related peak demand savings for hotter cities like Phoenix and colder cities like Minneapolis may be approximately identical7. Figure 5 illustrates the comparative base energy and peak demand savings for the seven major climate zones in the U.S. identified in this study.
Although the colder climate zone for Minneapolis offers little or no savings potential in terms of base use, the opportunity for peak demand savings is approximately the same as in much hotter climate zones. Although it may seem counter-intuitive that similar peak energy savings may be achieved in cold climates as well as hot climates, Figures 4 and 5 taken together may help explain this apparent paradox. In a hot location such as Phoenix, even though overall cooling loads are very high, the seasonal peak is less pronounced, while the seasonal peak in a cold location such as Minneapolis is much more pronounced even though the overall cooling loads are smaller. In effect, peak demand savings in hot climates may be described as a smaller piece of a larger pie, while peak demand savings in cold climates may be described as a larger piece of a smaller pie.
Beyond the Dollars: Other Costs of Peak Energy Demand
So far we have discussed the immediate economics of peak demand, but there are other costs associated with peak demand that should be discussed as well. Because additional electrical generating capacity is required to meet peak demand levels, it is likely that this will lead to increased atmospheric pollution and environmental impacts due to the need to construct new generating facilities as well as the less-than-efficient operation of existing facilities. Peak energy demand also is strongly associated with the overall heating of large cities and urban areas, commonly referred to as the Urban Heat Island Effect. In turn, increased warming of urban areas may lead to increased production and accumulation of ground-level ozone, which in turn may lead to increased health risks and a growing number of "Ozone Action Days" in cities and towns across North America. Finally, increasing peak electricity demand may increase the potential for "brownouts," especially during unusually hot weather events.
How to Estimate Peak Demand Savings
The good news for building owners and designers is that the U.S. Department of Energy has developed an online calculator specifically designed to evaluate peak demand and cool roofs: The Cool Roof Peak Calculator9. This online calculator, developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory, provides a fast and easy way to compare the overall energy costs and savings for a wide variety of roof and building conditions. The calculator is easy to access and comes with step-by-step instructions for the user. Because the DOE Cool Roof Peak Calculator includes climate data for over 200 cities across North America, it's easy to find a model location that can match up with almost any site in the United States or Canada. Unlike some energy calculators that model steep slope residential roofs with attics, the Cool Roof Peak Calculator models the typical low slope commercial roof with insulation placed directly over the deck and under the roofing membrane.
Figure 6 provides an illustration of a partial screen shot of the Cool Roof Peak Calculator from the Web site of Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Using the DOE Cool Roof Peak Calculator is simple and straightforward, but some specific information is required to operate the calculator effectively. To obtain the maximum benefit from the calculator, the user must identify the following building attributes and conditions:
Location. The user first must select a U.S. state or Canadian province and then select the closest city from a list provided for each state and province. As an example, the state of Ohio includes data for Akron, Cleveland, Dayton, Mansfield, Toledo, and Youngstown. For all states, an ample number of model cities is provided to allow the user in other cities to make an accurate climate-based comparison.
Proposed Roof R-Value. If the calculator is being used by a building or roofing professional familiar with past and current energy codes, it is likely that the roof R-value may be estimated based on the age of the roof or building. For the non-professional, the calculator instructions provide suggestions for "high," "average," and "low" insulation R-value levels across North America.
Proposed Roof Reflectance. Roof reflectance is stated as a ratio similar to the values shown in Table A. Roof reflectance for a specific roofing product may be obtained from roofing manufacturer data sheets or from the EPA Energy Star or Cool Roof Rating Council Web sites mentioned previously. Once again, the calculator provides suggestions for "high," "average," and "low" roof reflectance values. It should be noted that the aged reflectance value should be used in order to accurately estimate the long-term ability of the roof to reflect solar energy.
Proposed Roof Infrared Emittance. Roof emittance is also stated as a ratio similar to roof reflectance. A full discussion of emittance is beyond the scope of this paper, but essentially it is a measure of the amount of solar energy absorbed into the roof but eventually transmitted back to the atmosphere rather than into the building. Roof emittance for a specific roofing product may be obtained from roofing manufacturer data sheets or from the EPA Energy Star or Cool Roof Rating Council Web sites mentioned previously. Once again, the calculator instructions provide suggestions for "high," "average," and "low" roof reflectance values. However, the values shown on the calculator may provide a much wider range than typically found in most low-slope roofing membranes. Typically, the thermal emittance of common single-ply and asphaltic roof coverings runs within a range of 0.75 to 0.90.
Base Energy Costs. The calculator assumes that the building is being heated in the winter and cooled in the summer, but the user must identify the types of fuel used to heat and cool the building as required. Because the calculator assumes electricity will be used to cool the building, the user must enter the "summertime" cost of electricity in $/kWh, which is identical to the base use rate discussed previously. (Note that the peak demand charge for electricity is entered later in the calculation.) Next, the user must indicate the type of fuel (electricity, natural gas, or fuel oil) used to heat the building as well as the wintertime cost of the fuel. In the case of electricity, the cost is measured in $/kWh and is the same as the base use rate as determined from an electric bill. For natural gas and fuel oil, the cost is measured in therms. Again, the calculator instructions provide a suggested range of typical fuel prices across North America.
Equipment Efficiencies. After identifying the types of fuel and their corresponding unit costs, the user must enter the efficiency for the air conditioning and heating equipment used in the building. Suggested efficiencies are provided in the calculator instructions.
Electricity Demand Charges and Duration. Finally, the user must enter the peak demand charge for the building, measured in $/kW. As discussed previously, this demand charge should be determined from a recent electric bill as illustrated in Figure 2. In addition, the user must enter the duration of the peak air conditioning season for the building, which typically is a six month peak cooling season, as illustrated in Figure 4.
Based on the information provided by the user, the Cool Roof Peak Calculator then will provide an estimate of the total roof-related energy and demand savings for the building and roof system selected. In addition, this total cost amount is broken down into three key cost components:
Cooling Energy Savings. This amount includes total air conditioning savings from both base use and peak demand reductions.
Heating Energy Savings/Heating Penalty. This amount includes any changes in overall heating costs due to the cool reflective roof. Essentially, this estimate helps to account for any heating losses incurred in winter when solar radiation that could help heat the building is reflected back into the atmosphere.10
Cooling Season Demand Savings. This is an estimate of the reduction in peak demand charges due to roof reflectivity. The amount shown is included in the cooling energy savings previously identified.
It is important to note that all costs provided by the calculator are stated in dollars-per-square-foot of roof area. As a result, these costs must be multiplied by the total square footage of roof surface area to estimate annual cost savings for the entire building.
It is also important to note that the DOE Cool Roof Peak Calculator is designed to compare the total roof-related net energy costs for a cool roof with a reflectivity as specified by the user to a black roof with a solar reflectance of 0.05 (5 percent). If the user wishes to compare two cool roofs with different reflective ratings, the user may run separate calculations on each roof and manually compute the difference in savings between the two roofs.
Applying the Cool Roof Peak Calculator
Now that we've reviewed the basic workings of the Cool Roof Peak Calculator, we can examine in greater detail what the calculator may reveal about base use and peak demand savings throughout the U.S. and Canada. Although it is difficult to accurately estimate exact base use and peak demand without a detailed examination of the construction and cost conditions for a specific building, it may be possible to develop a useful model by applying conservative assumptions suitable to a wide array of locations and buildings across North America. In order to develop an informative portrait of peak demand and cool roofs throughout the U.S. and Canada, this paper provides a climatic analysis for a typical cool roof versus a black roof using the following parameters applied to the Cool Roof Peak Calculator:
Climate Zones and Model Cities. Current energy codes divide the U.S. and Canada into eight primary climate zones, with Zone 1 being the warmest, and Zone 8 the coldest. Within each zone, demand for heating and air conditioning tends to fall within a relatively narrow range, allowing for a similar thermal analysis of buildings within the climate zone. A map of the eight climate zones in the U.S. and Canada is illustrated in Figure 7.
Also included in Figure 7 is a listing of model cities used within the analysis. In the case of the most extreme zones, only one city has been selected since the zones are either small or sparsely populated. In the intermediate climate zones, however, two cities were selected and their climate data averaged to provide a more accurate representation for all cities within the zone.
Representative Commercial Building. Within all climate zones, a representative building was selected. For the purposes of this analysis, the building was assumed to be a low-rise structure of one or two stories with a flat roof area of 20,000 square feet. In addition, it was assumed that the building was cooled with an electric air conditioning system with a Coefficient of Performance (COP) of 2.0 and heated with a natural gas-fired furnace12 with an efficiency rating of 70 percent.
Roof Insulation (R-Value) Level. Two insulation conditions were selected for the analysis to allow for a comparison of different roofing scenarios. The first condition ("new insulation") assumes that the existing roof is completely removed and replaced with a new roofing system using R-value levels meeting the latest energy code requirements. The second condition ("old insulation") assumes that the existing roof and insulation remains in place and is simply recovered with a new roofing membrane with no additional R-value. The new insulation condition is intended to model the installation of a completely new roof on an existing building or a newly constructed building, while the old insulation condition is intended to model the installation of a roof recovery over an existing roof that remains in place. Because the amount of roof insulation used in buildings varies according to climate zone, lower levels of insulation were assumed for the warmer climates and higher levels were assumed for colder climates. In addition, because code-mandated insulation levels have increased over the past decade, separate insulation levels were applied to the old and new insulation conditions. For the old insulation condition, R-value levels were based on an earlier (2006) version of the International Energy Conservation Code, and for the new insulation condition, R-value levels were based on the most recent (2012) edition of the code. These old and new insulation levels are summarized by Climate Zone in Table B.
Roof Reflectance/Emittance. The long-term reflectance of most cool roofs tends to fall within a relatively narrow range, specifically from 0.55 to 0.63 for minimum aged reflectance as shown in Table A. Accordingly, the cool roof modeled in the analysis is based on a reflectance of 0.60, which falls approximately mid-range of the aged values in Table A. And because the Cool Roof Peak Calculator automatically compares this cool roof to a black roof with a reflectance of 0.05 and an emittance of 0.90, an emittance value of 0.90 also was selected for the cool roof.
Base Use and Peak Demand Charges. Because the example electric bill from the state of Indiana shown in Figure 2 represents one of the lower rates available in North America, a comparison based on those rates obviously would provide a conservative estimate. As a result, the analysis assumes a base use rate of $0.033/kWh and a peak demand charge of $20.10/kW across all eight major climate zones. In addition, the analysis assumes a rate of $0.70/therm for natural gas, which is very close to the average commercial rate across North America at this time.
Using these assumptions and values, estimated base use and peak demand savings for a typical 20,000-square-foot commercial building in all eight climate zones were calculated using the DOE Cool Roof Peak Calculator. For each climate zone, two different roof conditions were examined. The first set of calculations compared a cool roof against a black roof installed over new roof insulation meeting the most recent energy code R-value requirements. The second set of calculations compared the same cool and black roof installed over existing (old) roof insulation meeting an earlier version of the energy code. The comparison of the cool versus black roof over new roof insulation is shown in Figure 8, and the comparison of the cool versus black roof over old insulation is shown in Figure 9. In addition, the range of savings available for both old and new insulation conditions is graphically portrayed on a map of the eight North America climate zones in Figure 10.
The Bottom Line: Cool Roofs and Peak Energy Demand Savings in all Climates and Conditions
As illustrated in Figures 8 through 10, the total value of base plus peak energy savings offered by the cool roof is sizeable, averaging more than $1,000 annually in most climate zones for a typical commercial building. In addition, these savings appear to be equally important for buildings with either "old" and "new" levels of insulation. As a consequence, cool roofs may offer a significant opportunity for net energy savings even at the highest levels of roof insulation mandated by the latest building codes. The savings value of cool roofs is further reinforced because modern cool roofing membranes frequently cost no more that darker non-cool roofs. As a result, all of the savings identified in the analysis tend to drop to the bottom line without any additional cost encumbrances.
Cool Roofs and Insulation Level
Differences in the level of new versus old insulation appear to have a significant effect on the amount of base use savings. In most cases, base use savings using the lower R-value levels of old insulation are reduced by half or more by the addition of the higher R-value levels of new insulation. However, this condition does not appear to hold for peak demand savings. In most cases, the savings available using either old or new insulation levels appears to be significant for all climate zones. As a consequence, it would appear that significant reductions in peak demand cost cannot be achieved simply by increasing insulation levels without also installing a cool roof covering.
Peak Demand Drives the Savings.
One of the most striking results from this analysis is that the estimated savings due to peak energy demand reduction provide a substantial majority of the net energy savings throughout all climate zones studied. In fact, peak demand savings account for over 50 percent of total savings in the warmest climate zones up to 100 percent in the coldest climate zones. In addition, while base use savings tend to vary widely by climate zone (even falling to negative values in the coldest climates), peak demand savings tend to be more significant and consistent throughout all climate zones. As a consequence, the analysis suggests that any estimate of cool roof savings that neglects to include peak demand reduction has little chance of providing an accurate estimate.
Effect of Fuel Selection on Net Energy Savings.
As stated previously, a natural gas forced air system was selected as the heating system for the building in these calculations. If electric resistance heat or an electric heat pump were selected in lieu of a natural gas system, the base use savings (shown in yellow in Figures 8 and 9) would decrease slightly due to an increased winter heating penalty applied to the electric heating system. In a similar manner, if an oil-fired furnace were selected in lieu of the natural gas system, the base use savings would increase slightly due to the higher cost of heating oil as compared to natural gas across the country. However, the peak demand savings (shown in red in Figures 8 and 9) would remain the same regardless of the heating system and fuel source selected. be
1. U.S. Utility Rate Database. Available http://en.openei.org/wiki/Utility_Rate_Database
2. Derived from "Understanding Your Utility Bill: A Guide for Businesses in Indiana." Duke Energy, Plainfield, Indiana (2013). Available http://www.duke-energy.com/pdfs/understand-bill-guide-in.pdf
3. 2013 Retail Commercial Electrical Rates by State (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) from U.S. Energy Information Administration "Electricity Data Browser." For more information on average electric rates, please visit http://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/
4. Although stated as a percentage in this table, roof reflectivity is typically expressed as a ratio in reference standards. Initial values shown are based on measurements of roofing material as manufactured, while aged values shown are based on measurements after field exposure of test samples.
5. For more information on the Energy Star rated roofing products, please visit http://www.energystar.gov/productfinder/product/certified-roof-products/
6. For more information on Cool Roof Rating Council rated roofing products, please visit http://coolroofs.org/products/results
7. Petrie, T. W., Wilkes, K. E., & Desjarlais, A. O. (2004). "Effects of Solar Radiation Control on Electricity Demand Charges – An Addition to the DOE Cool Roof Calculator." Proceedings of the Performance of the Exterior Envelope of Whole Buildings IX International Conference, December 5-10, 2004.
8. Hoff, J. L. (2014). "Introducing the RoofPoint Energy and Carbon Calculator: A New Modeling Tool for Roofing Professionals." Proceedings of the Second International Roof Coatings Conference, Baltimore, MD, July 14-17, 2014.
9. U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) Cool Roof Peak Calculator. Available http://web.ornl.gov/sci/roofs+walls/facts/CoolCalcPeak.htm
10. It should be noted that the Cool Roof Peak Calculator does not account for the potential for snow cover of the roof in the winter. The presence of accumulated snow on the roof surface may have two effects on overall energy savings. First, snow on either a cool or a dark roof surface will reduce the amount of solar energy absorbed into the building, which may increase heating costs. Conversely, a thick accumulation of snow may provide additional thermal insulation that may reduce heating costs.
11. Climate zones as defined by the International Energy Conservation Code and ASHRAE 90.1. Illustration courtesy of the Center for Environmental Innovation in Roofing and the Polyisocyanurate Insulation Manufacturers Association.
12. Natural gas was selected because it provides over 60 percent of all commercial building heating demand in the United States, according to the Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) published by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (http://www.eia.gov/consumption/commercial/)
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Film student first in UK to be convicted of 3D printing a gun
John Simpson, Crime Correspondent
June 20 2019, 12:00am, The Times
Tendai Muswere admitted manufacturing the guns but said they were film props
A film student has become the first person to be convicted in a British court of making deadly 3D-printed guns at home.
Tendai Muswere, 26, admitted manufacturing and possessing two guns on the basis that he had been intending to use the weapons as props on his course.
The Washbear revolver and Hexen pepperbox handgun — both designed for 3D printing — were found when police raided his home after reports that he was growing cannabis. Muswere said that he had intended to use them as props in a film project for his course at London South Bank University.
Hugh Forgan, for the prosecution, asked for time to respond in full to the plea, adding: "In short, parts of that basis of plea are uncontentious —…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Polyethylene foam rollers are perfect for positioning, balance, postural and muscle re-education, spinal stabilization, body awareness and coordination, and ranging and strengthening activities. Round rollers offer progressive exercise sequences - user can graduate from an easier (smaller diameter) to a more difficult (larger diameter) roller. Half round roller is a great tool for ankle stretching and knee rehabilitation. Diameter refers to the width of the half-round profile. The foam is strong enough to be used by large adults and active children. Foam rollers are available in 48", 36", 30", 24", 18" and 12" lengths and 3", 4", 6" or 8" diameters with either a round (circular) or half-round (semi-circular) profile. Polyethylene foam rollers are available with standard formula in white and blue. They are also available with anti-microbial additive, in beige. 6" x 36" and 6" x 12" half rollers available sliced or fully extruded so that the bottom has an integral skin. Choose the roller that is right for you!
Dimensions: 3" x 6" x 36"


Standard A4 copier which is perfect for high volume, double-sided printing and is suitable for mono copiers, inkjet & laser printers and plain paper fax machines. Sold in boxes, each containing 5 reams of 80gsm paper.
At Ferrari Packaging we not only stock traditional packagings like cardboard boxes and wholesale bubble wrap, but we also supply some of the essiantials any business needs.
Copier paper is just one of these essentials. Our business stocks a wide selection of copier paper and adhesive labels for use when shipping, transporting and exporting products.
The more your business grows the more packaging your business will require and we would be happy to consult you on which type of packaging supplies your business will need.
Cut costs on paper supplies by buying in bulk. Paper is something every business needs as it is one of the most important commodities you'll need for day to day work. A4 is the standard size of paper which is used in business . Some as basic as paper represents your business so it is important that you are using quality paper supplies.
Paper weight and thickness is measured in grams per square metre (or gsm), with standard copier paper being 80 gsm.
As a packaging supplier we stock paper for everyday printing that can be used for internal printouts. We also supply Ferrari Packaging adhesive labels that your business can use as part of your packaging supplies strategy.
These labels are a brilliant investment for your business these labels are compatible with inkjet and LaserJet printers, photocopiers and handwriting. As a business, it is extremely handy to be able to print your own labels. At Ferrari Packaging you can order wholesale self-adhesive A4 labels which come with a number of different labels per sheet.
These are available with a variety of labels per sheet and come in packs of 500 sheets.
Ferrari Packaging are specialists in wholesale packaging supplies and we have sold quality tissue paper to businesses across the UK for many years. We are a Glasgow based company who deliver throughout the UK to bring cost effective packaging solutions to your business. Contact Ferrari Packaging Glasgow to discuss your packaging needs, we delivery throughout Glasgow and the whole of the UK.


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Q: How do I install ubuntu server OS without internet? I donwloaded ubuntu server 14.
I tried to install the server on my desktop and I get this error "Bad archive mirror".
I tried skipping the step but the system still brings me back to this error. Someone please help.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


This detailed map covers the area from Lewisham Park eastward to Lee Green.
Features include Hither Green, Lewisham Park, Lee Green, Eastdown Park, Merchant Taylors' Almshouses, Manor House, Manor Farm, North Park Farm, Brick Works, The Castle pub, The Spotted Cow pub, manr villas in gardens. One the reverse we include 1866 street directory extracts for Burnt Ash Lane, Church Street, Eltham Road, Hamilton Terrace, Lee Park, Lee Road.
For other maps in Bromley see our Bromley page.
Follow this link for a complete list of our London Series maps or this for a list of the Kent Series maps.
You can order maps direct from our On-line Mapshop. For other information and prices, go to The Index Page.


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Interstate '85: Whitey's Cardinals, Howser's Royals, The Call, and the Battle for the Heart of Missouri Baseball (Paperback)
By Marshall Garvey
Monarchs: Bud Metheny, Old Dominion Baseball, and the Foundational 1960s Championship Teams (Paperback)
By Jay Ingram
Sports Illustrated The New York Mets: Celebrating Six Decades of Amazin' Baseball (Hardcover)
By The Editors of Sports Illustrated
Cheated: The Inside Story of the Astros Scandal and a Colorful History of Sign Stealing (Paperback)
By Andy Martino
The Pitch That Killed (Paperback)
By Michael Sowell
Red Barber: The Life and Legacy of a Broadcasting Legend (Hardcover)
By Judith R. Hiltner, James R. Walker
Mets Triviology: Fascinating Facts from the Bleacher Seats (Triviology: Fascinating Facts) (Paperback)
By Christopher Walsh
The Glory of Their Times: The Story of the Early Days of Baseball Told by the Men Who Played It (Paperback)
By Lawrence S. Ritter
Grinders: Baseball's Intrepid Infantry (Paperback)
By Mike Capps, Chuck Hartenstein
Bush League, Big City: The Brooklyn Cyclones, Staten Island Yankees, and the New York-Penn League (Excelsior Editions) (Paperback)
By Michael Sokolow
Welcome to the Circus of Baseball: A Story of the Perfect Summer at the Perfect Ballpark at the Perfect Time (Hardcover)
By Ryan McGee
The Last Best League (10th anniversary edition): One Summer, One Season, One Dream (Paperback)
By Jim Collins


Several federal representatives Wednesday wrote a letter to the Federal Emergency Management Agency, urging the organization to approve Whitestown's application for $3.9 million for flood mitigation.
Sens. Charles Schumer and Kirsten Gillibrand, both D-N.Y., and U.S. Rep. Anthony Brindisi, D-Utica, are offering their full support for the application, which would give the town and Oneida County enough money to implement critical aspects of the Sauquoit Creek Channel and Floodplain Restoration Project.
If the application is approved, the funding would be used to construct 12 floodplain benches along a one-mile-plus corridor of lower Sauquoit Creek and is designed to protect homes, businesses and public infrastructure from damage caused by large-scale flooding events, the release said.
The federal officials said Oneida County has been battered by severe flooding over the last decade, costing localities millions of dollars in damage and displacing families and businesses.
The Sauquoit Creek Channel and Floodplain Restoration Project was initiated in 2016 to investigate and implement solutions to stop flooding along Sauquoit Creek, the release said.
The most critical aspect of the project involves the construction of 12 floodplain benches, which are low-lying areas adjacent to a body of moving water that temporarily store floodwaters, it said.
The benches will feature three main components — hydrologic, vegetative and habitat restoration — which together will help stabilize the creek's channel and considerably reduce flooding during storm events.


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Criminal convictions have a major impact on the immigration status of those who are not U.S. citizens. This includes persons that may have permanent residency, have US citizen children and spouse, and have legally lived in the U.S. for many years. Certain convictions can result in the loss of immigration status, deportation, and, potentially, a lifetime ban on the ability to return to the United States.
Given the severity of these consequences, it is critical to consult with an attorney such as Raphael M. Scheetz who understands the immigration consequences of crime. The sooner you contact him, the better.
At the Law Office of Raphael M. Scheetz, we understand the interaction between criminal law and immigration matters. We work diligently to avoid or reduce the negative immigration consequences of a conviction.
If you are convicted of committing a crime, including a crime as minor as possession of a marijuana pipe, you could be deported from the U.S. and even lose your green card.
The range of penalties also includes fines and a jail sentence. You could be found ineligible for naturalization, asylum or suspension of deportation.
Of course, if you are not guilty of the crime for which you are charged, we provide full criminal defense at trial against charges of drug crimes, assault, domestic violence, fraud and other crimes. If you seek to negotiate a favorable plea agreement, we can help you so that the plea agreement will have the least negative effect on your immigration status.
Making a case for hardship.
Contact the Law Office of Raphael M. Scheetz to discuss how we can help you.


The 2018 Gigabit City Summit, powered by KC Digital Drive, will be held in Kansas City on June 25-28, 2018. The Gigabit City Summit offers a unique, multidisciplinary program for cities in the midst of digital transformation. Bridging the gap between broadband and smart cities, the Gigabit City Summit brings together a community focused on how infrastructure investment translates into real civic impact.
A look inside KC Digital Drives' 2017 Gigabit City Summit in Kansas City, MO.


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Terry McLaurin Biography, Net worth, Wiki, Age, Height, Girlfriend, Family
Terry McLaurin or also known as Scary Terry is an American football player who plays football wide receiver for the Washington Football Team or also known as the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL).
Terry McLaurin career
Terry McLaurin biography
Terry McLaurin Family
Terry McLaurin net worth
Facts About Terry McLaurin
He was born on September 15, 1995 in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA to parents Terry McLaurin Sr. and Grace McLaurin. He also has two sisters, one of whom is named Miah. In elementary school he was known as the fast boy.
He attended Cathedral High School in Indiana and in the early days of his high school he started playing for the school team and even won Indiana's Mr. Football award in 2013.
He was the 36th-ranked wide receiver in the class of 2014, according to the 247Sports Composite. Terry made it his mission to visit Ohio State to educate himself and start his football career, so in June 2013 he stated, to play for the Ohio State Buckeyes football team.
The NFL player is too focused on his professional football career. He hasn't been in talks about his dating life but has been rumored to be dating Altece Black but the details on that are nowhere to be found. McLaurin is currently single.
Elizabeth Lyn Vargas Biography, Net worth, Wiki, Age, Height, Husband
He started playing soccer in elementary school. Terry was also a passionate basketball player. He represented his high school in various football championships. McLaurin attended Ohio State College that year and played for his university for the next four years. In those four years he was also captain twice.
He won three Big Ten championships, four bowl games, and defeated rival Michigan Wolverines in all four games. In 2015 he played six games as a freshman. As a sophomore, he appeared in 13 games, catching 11 receptions for 114 yards and two touchdowns. In addition, he played 13 games in his junior year and rushed for 29 yards and 6 touchdowns. In 2018, as a senior, he made 35 receptions for 701 receiving yards with 11 touchdowns.
Terry has worked quietly and behind the doors to get where he is today. He was drafted by the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL) in the third round of the 2019 NFL Draft. Terry McLaurin made his debut on September 8, 2019 against the Philadelphia Eagles where he made five catches including a 69-yard touchdown.
He finished that particular season with 58 receivers for 919 yards with seven touchdowns and a 15.8 average. As a result, he was named to the Pro Football Writers Association (PFWA) All-Rookie Team. So far in 2020 he has played 3 games and made 16 receptions for 269 receiving yards and a touchdown.
Real name Terry McLaurin
Place of birth Indianapolis, Indiana, United States
profession soccer player
sun sign Not known
Weight in kilograms – 95 kg – in pounds – 209 pounds
bust size 42 inches
waist size 36 inches
bicep size 16 inches
shoe size 11 (USA)
Father Terry McLaurin Sr.
mother Grace McLaurin
sister Two
Brothers none
school Cathedral Gymnasium
University Ohio State University
Is he gay? no
girlfriend none
Terry signed a four-year contract with the Washington Redskins worth $3,847,671, which included his signing bonus, a guaranteed amount and an average annual salary of $961,918. It is estimated that Terry's net worth is around $1 million.
Terry is an American football player from Indiana. He is nicknamed Scary Terry.
In 2013, he was named Indiana's Mr. Football.
As a freshman, he was also a passionate basketball player, but gave up the sport because of soccer.
He is active on Twitter with 73,000 followers and on Instagram he has 134,000 followers.
In 2019 he received the PFWA All-Rookie Team Award.
Tonio Skits Biography, Net worth, Age, Height, Girlfriend, Family
Lamar Jackson Biography, Net worth, Wiki, Age, Height, Girlfriend, Family


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Distinguished Alumni Index
The Altoona Area High School has produced many outstanding graduates during its rich history. They have excelled in their chosen fields thanks in part to the quality education they received in Altoona schools.
The Distinguished Alumni Awards Program was conceived by the Altoona Area High School Alumni Council in 1999 as a way of honoring graduates who have achieved great things in their professions and communities.
The first awards were presented in October, 2000. To be considered, a graduate must be nominated by an individual or a group like a class reunion committee. A one-page nomination form must be accompanied by three letters of support and candidates resume or vita.
It is hoped that current Altoona High students will be inspired by the accomplishments of the award winners and begin their own journey to successful futures.
In the process of honoring these Distinguished Alumni, we celebrate the success of all graduates who have used their Altoona High education as a springboard for success.
Nominees will be evaluated and the Distinguished Alumni Award will be presented every three years. If you wish to nominate an outstanding graduate, complete the Distinguished Alumni Nomination Form. Questions? Contact Alumni Association Executive Director, at (814) 946-8424.
For information on past Distinguished Alumni Award winners, select a year below.


Now that we have turned into real winter (by the calendar, at least), I'm offering a few thoughts on night sounds. What strikes me so very specially is what we hear at night when all the helpful folks are done keeping our environs so very pristine and making room for new residents.
Spring and fall bring us geese overhead. With our windows open and no heating or air conditioning running, it is easier to hear them. They are always special. They move from the retention ponds to Chambers Lake and back again, eventually either arriving from the north or leaving for the south. Yes, many are here year round, but the sky filled with honking has always been special to me. I watched two days ago at dusk as 16 of them flew in formation.
We hear the busy trains, AMTRAK and cargo-laden cars, most of the year whether the windows are open or not. The whistle for the crossing out Nisqually way can be haunting. When the nights get quiet or foggy, it is easier for hearing-impaired to pick it up. I think many of us residents go way back with train sounds.
There seems to be no real season for the hootie owl/s that I hear, easier with windows open a bit. They can be heard with windows closed if your hearing is good. The perch must be close between our home and Chambers Lake. It sounds like a great horned owl from what I can find out.
However, now we are into our winter pattern of rain often with wind. Rain sheeting down the roof, and gurgling in the gutters of the eave system is easy to fall asleep to. We have also had two largely high wind quick storms that produce their own sound. Our cats are not so happy with wind sound which they interpret as dangerous. They can often be found under the sofa with big eyes.
And it just became obvious to me that the clunks on our roof, at Christmas, aren't reindeer hooves, but fir cones!!!!!!!
In between the night sounds, if you walk about McGandy Park or your neighborhood, the sounds of silence are also there. These are also precious in our urban milieu.
Enjoy this season as some of our neighbors look forward to longer days. And I'm hoping your holiday, however you celebrated, was special to you and yours.
Little did I know what I'd be getting into two days before Christmas in about 1963.
"Oh, Angela, I play our Mass at Sacred Heart on Christmas Day," I respond quickly with a sigh of relief.
Listening to Angela's joyful excitement and devotion in working to make the sacred celebration a success, I wondered whether I would be as committed at her age.
After asking needed information, I slowly, thoughtfully, hung up that receiver. Was there a floor under my feet? What on earth had I gotten myself into? I had just committed to play for some ladies who might collapse from heart failure. What would I do if one of them keeled over? Angela asked me to perform cold turkey, no rehearsal, no usual practice for hours. She just didn't catch on that if I played her Midnight Mass, I'd be up all night. I couldn't go home and sleep all day; I would have to play our early 9 o'clock morning Mass.
When the big night arrived, loving, unselfish, Diane, my elderly mentor, and I pulled out in the dark unknown.
I've seen old churches in my life, but this little relic earned the antiquity-appearance award. The ladies greeted us as if we were two of the three kings (or at least two of the shepherds). They hugged us and exchanged exclamations in Spanish to each other. Each step "ouched" as we climbed so delicately and wound around a tight twist all the way to the loft. How did those ladies manage this flight up here?
That? Older looking than the church, it had been thoughtfully positioned in front of the six rickety, matchless, wooden chairs. The organ stood proudly 30 inches tall and 24 inches wide, wearing the nicks and stains of time.
My thoughts froze, Oh, dear, only three and a half octaves. I'll have enough keys for the right hand, but my left hand's going to run out of keys. Lots of adjusting on the spot. Where are the pedals? Uhhh. It's a pump organ? I remembered pictures of these from music history class.
Bertha's big smile and energetic shaking of her head let me know she understood what Angela was relaying. We got a quick introduction to the other lovely, tired but-pumped-up-with-adrenalin senior ladies. Their body language expressed their enthusiasm and thankfulness.
I had to move on with what to do with this little vintage before Mass started in 30 minutes!
A quick prayer put me at ease. Okay, Lord, this one's on You and for You, in honor of Your birthday. Be with me, as You have so often when I place situations in Your hand. I sat on that stool and held a C-chord. I kept my toes pushing down, then my heels going down, toes, heels, toes, heels. I had to keep air going into the bellows. Time was ticking away. I played a few chord progressions to get the feel. I was focusing.
I plugged through Silent Night with jerky rhythm as I tried to coordinate hands in various rhythms against the constant even wave of my feet. Eventually, I got the feel. I could see the ladies smiling and nodding with approval and joy of an organ.
When Father was in the middle aisle ready to proceed to the altar, I began playing Away in a Manger. The choir chimed in. Also, on cue the church went pitch black. Parishioners had flaming candles which were to be the only light for a few minutes and to be blown out when the priest reached the crèche to place the Infant Jesus figurine in the manger.
I couldn't see the organ, much less the music book. I stopped playing. The choir continued singing with no direction. They didn't need direction. They just kept belting out joyously–heartily. The warbling was noticeable, and Clara's not-quite-high-enough notes, were not quite high enough. But they were singing with what talent was left in them for God's glory on His Son's beautiful birthday.
"Luminares! Luminares!" Clara was yelling over the balcony.
When the lights came on, I continued with the choir, but not for long. My hands were still playing, but the reach was much farther away. My pumping feet were pushing the organ forward. The remedy? Play a few seconds, pull the organ back, play, pull, play, pull and repeat the entire evening. Mass continued for an hour and a half. Tears of joy from the ladies spoke louder than words.
I give thanks to the little unassuming pump organ when I was twenty-three. I had been given a challenge; and with God's help and the example set by a parish of dedicated and gracious, elderly people, we made a joyful noise for the Lord!
My husband and I are often asked, "Isn't it hard to be around all those old people?" In the few months that we've been living at Panorama, my answer to that question has evolved. First, our community is getting younger. According to Panorama's Marketing Department, the average age of move-in during the past year was 74. 26% were in their 60s, 45% were in their 70s, and 27% were in their 80s (1 person was 91). The average age of move in has changed over the past 15 years as follows: 2001 – 2005 = 77.1; 2006 – 2010 = 76.4; 2011 – 2015 (so far) = 74.9. Most of the newer residents we've met are boomers like us, or in their early 70s.
Second, I've come to appreciate more and more the diversity of opportunities and activities available here for the three generations of Panorama residents. There is such an age range here that some residents could be my grandparents (I'm 63; the oldest resident here is well over 100). What unifies us, in our decision to make the move to Panorama, is our desire to make the most of life, to try new things, and to engage in community. Our new neighbors are truly role models and inspirations to us as we begin to explore this new phase in our lives.
Third, I just don't notice age differences any more. Do you recall meeting back up with someone you haven't seen for a while, say at a high school reunion? Your first impression is "Wow! They look so old!" But after the first few minutes, they are just people, the friend you knew back then, or someone you would like to get reacquainted with. When you stop putting a person in a box, like "old," you find you have a lot more in common with them than you initially thought.


Transfer is defined as moving from postsecondary institutions to another (ex. College-to-College/ University-to-University/ College-to-University/ University-to-College) or transferring to or from an Ontario college/university to or from an Ontario Indigenous Institute. It may include a series of individual courses (e.g. semester of courses), block credit transfer, or collaborative/joint programs (programs that allow you to study at both schools & earn one or more credentials from one or both institutions). It does not include movement from Bachelors to Graduate programs (Masters/Doctorate/Professional) as these are two separate levels of learning, where the Bachelors is a requirement/prerequisites for application to the Graduate program.
Communications and outreach strategies, such as advertisements, fairs, conferences, etc.
A $500 honorarium will be provided upon completion of participation in ONCAT facilitated workshops and meetings.
We are recruiting STEP volunteers on an ongoing basis.
ONCAT is committed to providing an inclusive and barrier free recruitment process to applicants with accessibility needs in accordance with the Ontario Human Rights Code and the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act (AODA). If you require an accommodation during this process, please inform ONCAT of your requirements.


Originally Yours is an invitation-design and event-planning company based in London & Nairobi. Founded in May 2014, we have quickly garnered a strong reputation for creativity and reliability.
We have been featured in Asiana UK Lifestyle & Wedding Magazine as one of the fresh, new voices in the event planning industry and are proud to have worked on many different events ranging from spectacular destination weddings to intimate baby showers, all with the same meticulous care and attention to detail.
We also offer a wide range of ready-to-order invitations as well as a custom design service allowing you the flexibility to find something you truly love.
Our collection of Ready-to-Order invitations features a wide selection of modern, fresh and unique designs to suit any event and theme. Because we are passionate about originality, our in-house designer is also able to work with you to customize any product in this range to reflect your personal style.
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Best Churches in Los Angeles
Handpicked Top 3 Churches in Los Angeles, California. All of our churches actually face a rigorous 50-Point Inspection, which includes customer reviews, history, complaints, ratings, satisfaction, trust, cost and general excellence. You deserve only the best!
BEST RATED LOS ANGELES, CA CHURCHES
CATHEDRAL OF OUR LADY OF THE ANGELS
LA PLACITA
OASIS CHURCH
555 West Temple Street, Los Angeles, CA 90012
Cathedral of 'Our Lady of the Angels is the second cathedral to be constructed in a US city in the past 50 years, and the structure has been compared to Notre Dame. This church serves over 5 million Catholics in the community. This is a cathedral of the Roman Catholic Church that has strong historical roots. Cathedral of 'Our Lady of the Angels functions in the style and content of its liturgical services, and also it is a model church for all parish churches. This cathedral serves hundreds of thousands of tourists and pilgrims every year. The church celebrates Sunday mass with 42 different languages, and the church is rich in cultural diversity, where people from all communities and backgrounds are welcome to attend the prayers, masses, and other religious events. This church is a place where the Archbishop celebrates the major Liturgies of the year with clergy, religious and laity. Cathedral of 'Our Lady of the Angels newly launched online store features hundreds of unique gifts.
Sacraments, Sunday Morning Mass, Educational, Architecture, Special Events, Mass Schedule, Music at Cathedral, Mausoleum, Art, Baptism, Afternoon Concerts, Weddings, Outreach Program, Daily Scripture Readings, Liturgies & Funeral Events
mau***@o***.org
olacathedral.org
Mon-Fri: 12:10pm
Sun: 8am|10am|12pm(Spanish)
CATHEDRAL OF OUR LADY OF THE ANGELS REVIEWS
More than a place of worship, this Catholic Cathedral is a tourist attraction full of masterpiece artwork that you cannot miss! When you go I recommend that you take a close note of the following: -the beautiful and unique altar -the huge organ whose pipes are tuned to generate enough sound to fill this whole cathedral -Each and every image of the passion of Christ that's made out of mosaic tiles to create such beautiful and perfectly made images -The elegant confession rooms -The embroidery in the panel drapes of the various saints/important people -The unique and modern architecture of the building, both inside and out -The altar for St. Viviana, patrón of the Cathedral of our Lady of the Angels in the Mausoleum and it's small chapel downstairs -The mosaic image(s) of our Lady of Guadalupe (both indoor and outdoor) and it's relic piece that has not decomposed after hundreds of years -The outdoor garden with animal statues and peaceful atmosphere -The cafe and gift shop P.S. a huge thank you to the multiple security officers patrolling the area and gifting 90minute parking passes after mass!
Great place for meditation and worship the Lord. The church is really big and spacious for a larger crowd. The underground mausoleum is great to view had the chapel of Saint Vibiana. The part on the side of church is a great place for kids to play around. The fountain on the entrance has bible wordings in multiple world languages. The parking is free during the mass times. I believe there is a fee on other times and weekdays.
My daughter and I attended Easter Mass and was astounded at the size and seating capacity of the church. Nice old fashion mass performed and wonderful, helpful seat escorts. Extremely well organized for over 3000 patrons. Really a nice experience visiting from out of town. Parking as anywhere in Los Angeles area to attend an event is a struggle.
535 North Main Street, Los Angeles, CA 90012
La Placita is a Roman Catholic church that was founded in the early 19th century. This church has strong historical roots that date back centuries. The church offers various religious services, including regular masses, the sacrament of baptism, confirmation, and weddings. The cornerstone for this church was laid in 1814, and the church has served the community people for years in a small chapel-like establishment. La Placita has faced renovations and rebuilds over the years, in which the rebuilt made in 1861 used materials from The Church of 'Our Lady of the Angels. At this parish the number of the Catholic faithful in the United States is growing. La Placita church is an experience of faith, joy, tradition,and quality to baptize your children in this Holy Shrine of the Angels.
Masses, Sacrament of Baptism, Ceremonies, Presentation Before God and The Church, Holy Communion, Confirmation, Quinceañera Anointing the Sick, Ministries, Bulletins, Parish Calendar, Penance, Holy Orders, First Communion & Marriage
inf***@l***.org
laplacita.org
Mon-Fri: 12pm
Sat: No Mass
Sun: 8am|10pm|12pm|1:30pm|3:30pm
LA PLACITA REVIEWS
What a beautiful day today the father was very generous and loving when it came to baptizing my daughter. It was kind of busy in there but well worth the wait. Such a beautiful Church they have there in downtown Los Angeles if you're looking to baptize I would recommend this place this is my fourth child that I've got here and we love it!
Baptized my Daughter today. I must say they are very organized and fast. Have no complaints.
It's a very nice church. With the small garden of cemetery aside. That place has a great historical background.
634 South Normandie Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90005
Oasis Church has been serving the city of Los Angeles since 1984. The church started as a Bible-study group and started growing into a Parish Christian church. Their services include popular music and Bible instruction which are approximate 1hr 15min long. The church delivers fun and interactive activities customized to fit every age group. Oasis Church has grown into a culturally diverse church known for its national and global outreach to the needy, with a particular focus on orphan care in Africa. They are non-confessional and known for their work in public justice, outstanding training, and creativity. The local community people have reviewed that they love visiting the church for its welcoming and vibrant atmosphere. The church provides the christian with power for living, understanding of spiritual truth, and guidance in doing what is right. Oasis Church also provides weekly link classes, men's events, and women's gatherings.
Gatherings, Social Justice Work, Family Forward Marriages, Outreaches, Creative Programs for Kids, Weekly Connect Groups, Creativity and Welcoming Environment, Activities for Men and Teens, Pastoral Care, Gatherings for Women & Relevant Teaching
inf***@o***.org
oasisla.org
Sun: 9am|11am
OASIS CHURCH REVIEWS
Amazing! I've been going here since I first moved to LA almost 7 years ago!! I have grown so much and have improved my life! God is here and wants to minister to you greatly in every way! Such a great community and people! The Word is preached and I've received so much wisdom and revelation of God! I love the Pastors and the kindness you feel is immense! Worship is the best!!
I attended oasis for 2 years and i can say i loved it. I felt welcome. the pastors connect in what they preach.I felt truly connected to the word of god.
I absolutely love this church. It's extremely diverse and welcoming. The pastor is amazing and so are all the members.
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Pine Crest Schools Adds JVC GY-HC900 Connected Cams
By George Winslow published 16 August 21
The JVC cameras will be used for digital productions by the school's media team
(Image credit: JVC)
BOCA RATON, FLORIDA—Pine Crest School has added three JVC GY-HC900 Connected Cam camcorders to deliver content to students and families, via Vimeo, on the school's website and social media accounts.
The acquisition is part of the school's mission to provide a superior curriculum balanced with immersive arts and athletics. This includes media production for Pine Crest Television (PCTV) and Pine Crest News Network (PCNN), which operate from the Fort Lauderdale-based high school and two middle schools, respectively.
For its media production the school has been using equipment from JVC Professional Video for more than a decade. Given the need to provide live sports production feeds amid the pandemic, the school is planning to expand its streaming capabilities by adding GY-HC500 Connected Cams in the new school year.
With advanced streaming features and built-in SRT functionality, JVC Connected Cam solutions offer the school a high-end approach to online production while still working off the limited bandwidth found within the schools.
"We love the added benefit of having the directional video, communications and streaming built directly into the Connected Cam cameras," said Dave Burgess, director of digital media production at Pine Crest School. "The increased quality and reduction in the amount of bandwidth needed, along with the ability to not have dropped frames on remotes, is really something; it's very cool."
Burgess also stressed that the JVC equipment gives them the ability to broadcast from the athletic field on the school's standard WiFi network. This makes it possible to broadcast through a non-dedicated access point, to which one or all three cameras can connect. That same access point then makes it possible for the control room team to see and manage the video. "Now, we don't have to drive our truck out there and pull fiber optic cable," he says. "We avoid the long setup times typically necessary to do a production."
The new GY-HC900 cameras will be used by staff and students for a mix of ENG and live production needs, including live remote broadcasting and the coverage of events, such as ballet and sports.
According to Burgess, the design ergonomics, consistency between cameras and ease-of-use of the JVC equipment is a beneficial feature for the students. "You can really teach students on one JVC camera and they will be able to pick up any JVC camera," he said. "From a teaching standpoint, that's huge."
The school has exclusively purchased JVC equipment over the past decade, including JVC GY-HM100, GY-HM170 and GY-HM710 ProHD camcorders as well as GY-HM200 and GY-LS300 4KCAM camcorders, many of which are still in-use today.
The school also utilizes its JVC DT-X71Cl monitors in various capacities. In addition to the sports and education aspects of the Pine Crest productions, Burgess and his team also utilize the JVC equipment for various in-house communications requests.
George Winslow
George Winslow is the senior content producer for TV Tech. He has written about the television, media and technology industries for nearly 30 years for such publications as Broadcasting & Cable, Multichannel News and TV Tech. Over the years, he has edited a number of magazines, including Multichannel News International and World Screen, and moderated panels at such major industry events as NAB and MIP TV. He has published two books and dozens of encyclopedia articles on such subjects as the media, New York City history and economics.
Pine Crest School
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text:
Post-Eid Lockdown: Jul 23-Aug 5: Offices, factories to stay shut
Last-minute decision leaves factory owners, workers in a fix
Staff Correspondent
Tue Jul 20, 2021 12:00 AM Last update on: Tue Jul 20, 2021 12:05 AM
All workplaces, including factories and offices, will stay shut during the fortnight-long lockdown starting July 23, as per the latest gazette notification that came on the eve of the three-day Eid vacation.
The eleventh-hour decision from the government, after sitting on the fence over the issue for three whole days in the face of fervent lobbying from the garment sector, has left millions of workers and factory owners in a predicament.
Some industries are exempt, as per the gazette published by the Cabinet Division, and workers of those factories would have to scramble to reach their workstations from their villages after Eid celebrations.
Eid-ul-Azha will be celebrated in Bangladesh on July 21.
The lockdown takes effect at 6:00am on July 23, during which all forms of public transport -- including trains, domestic flights and water routes -- and personal vehicles will be prohibited from the streets and highways. Only vehicles carrying emergency goods are allowed.
The industries exempt from the order are those involved in the production of food items like mills, processing and preserving of animal hides, manufacturing of drugs, supplying oxygen, and producing items for tackling Covid-19.
Only those garment factories or units that make face masks and personal protective equipment can run during the lockdown that ends on August 5, said a senior official of the commerce ministry.
The order does not exempt the export-oriented garment factories, for whom a 17-day production recess can leave them gasping to meet the lead time on work orders.
Faruque Hassan, president of the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association, questioned this last-minute decision.
"Now, the situation is messy and the workers might face the similar kind of difficulties that they faced last year in the absence of public transports on the road during the lockdown," he said.
Anticipating that the government would give in to the factory owners' request to keep factories open throughout lockdown, tens of thousands of garment workers had put off from going to their villages this Eid.
The latest decision, which has left them with a 17-day leave, means there would be a mad dash today to head to their villages, a development that can fan the flames of coronavirus transmission further.
The industries are also apprehensive about being able to make timely shipments although land, sea and airports will continue to function, Hassan said.
But he is hopeful that the factories might be opened from August 1 if the coronavirus transmission slows down.
The latest round of lockdown is the second time during the pandemic that factories are being closed down; the first time was in March last year.
Even during the previous "strict" lockdown when the army was deployed onto the streets and people were arrested and imprisoned for stepping out of their homes, the factories were kept open.
The new gazette circulated yesterday is an extension of the old order issued on July 13, 2021, which outlined what can and cannot operate during the upcoming lockdown that ends on midnight of August 5.
The order had stated that all shopping malls and markets will be closed. Only kitchen markets and corner shops can stay open from 9 am to 3 pm, two hours less than what it used to be before.
All forms of social gatherings will be prohibited, including religious and political gatherings. No restaurant can provide dine-in service and can only offer takeaways.
দেশের প্রথম মেট্রোরেল গতকাল সোমবার পর্যন্ত মোট ৩ লাখ ৩৫ হাজার যাত্রী পরিবহন করেছে। এতে মেট্রোরেল কর্তৃপক্ষ মোট ২ কোটি ৪৬ লাখ টাকা আয় করেছে।


text:
Justice Department spent nearly $5M on drones
Sep 27, 2013 at 12:01 AM Sep 27, 2013 at 12:00 PM
The FBI has been using drones to support its law enforcement operations since 2006 and has spent more than $3 million on the unmanned aircraft, the Justice Department's internal watchdog said Thursday.
WASHINGTON (AP) ? The FBI has been using drones to support its law enforcement operations since 2006 and has spent more than $3 million on the unmanned aircraft, the Justice Department's internal watchdog said Thursday.
The disclosure came in a new report by the Justice Department's inspector general, Michael Horowitz, who revealed that the department also has awarded $1.26 million to at least seven local police departments and nonprofit organization for drones.
In addition, the IG said another Justice Department component, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, plans to use drones to support future operations. To date, the ATF has spent almost $600,000, the IG report stated.
From 2004 to May 2013, the Justice Department spent almost $5 million on the unmanned aircraft.
In June, then-FBI Director Robert Mueller told Congress that the FBI occasionally uses the unmanned aerial vehicles but was developing guidelines in anticipation of issues that will arise "as they become more omnipresent." In one instance earlier this year, the FBI used drones at night during a six-day hostage standoff in Alabama.
In a letter in July to Sen. Rand Paul, R-Ky., the FBI revealed it had used drones 10 times since 2006 for surveillance in kidnappings, search and rescue missions, and drug and fugitive investigations. Among them was last winter's standoff between authorities and Jimmy Lee Dykes, who was shot to death after holding a 5-year-old boy hostage in an underground bunker in Alabama, the letter said.
The IG's report cited the Alabama case, but no others, saying only that a review of available records showed that the FBI appeared to be operating drones only after obtaining required approvals from the Federal Aviation Administration.
Civil liberties groups critical of domestic drone use say such operations could invade people's privacy. The government worries drones could collide with passenger planes or crash, concerns that have slowed more widespread adoption of the technology.
Paul, mentioned as a possible 2016 GOP presidential candidate, had been thwarting the Senate confirmation vote of Mueller's successor, James Comey, over his concerns about the FBI's domestic use of drones and had asked the FBI to address his concerns.
The FBI's letter to Paul also said that while the Supreme Court had not ruled on the use of drones, prior rulings on aerial surveillance held that court warrants were not needed because the areas monitored were open to public view and "there was no reasonable expectation of privacy."
The agency also wrote that a warrant would not be needed because drones don't physically trespass on private property.
Civilian versions of unmanned military aircraft that have tracked and killed terrorists in the Middle East and Asia are in demand by police departments and border patrol units. Justice Department officials told the IG's office that none of their drones were armed. Law enforcement agencies want drones for a bird's-eye view that's too impractical or dangerous for conventional planes or helicopters to obtain.
The drones purchased by the Justice Department are what the FAA calls "small UAS," unmanned aerial vehicles that weigh up to 55 pounds.
The FBI has said its unmanned aerial vehicles are used only to conduct surveillance operations on stationary subjects. In each instance, the FBI first must obtain the approval of the FAA to use the aircraft in a very confined geographic area.
Two other Justice Department components, the Drug Enforcement Administration and the U.S. Marshals Service, have purchased drones for testing, but said they had no plans to deploy them operationally, the IG's report said. The Marshals service spent $75,000. The DEA acquired its drone from another federal agency at no cost, and said it planned to transfer the craft to another agency. The Marshals Service said it planned to destroy its drones because they were obsolete and no longer operable.
Regarding potential privacy concerns, both the FBI and ATF told the IG's office they did not believe there was any practical difference between how a drone collects evidence and how that's done by a manned aircraft, the report said.
The FBI told the IG that bureau guidelines require that agents get supervisor approval before conducting any aerial surveillance and comply with aviation laws and policies. As of May, the ATF said it was developing a checklist to guide how drone operators conduct flights.
"These officials did not believe that there was a need to develop additional privacy protocols" for drones, the IG's report said.
A senior policy analyst with the American Civil Liberties Union, Jay Stanley, said: "We urge the Justice Department to make good on its plans to develop privacy rules that protect Americans from another mass surveillance technology."
He added that Congress should pass legislation requiring law enforcement to get judicial approval before deploying drones, and explicitly forbid the arming of such machines.
Florida, Idaho and Tennessee require that law enforcement agencies obtain a search warrant before using drones for surveillance.
In April, Virginia enacted a two-year moratorium on drone use except in cases of imminent loss of life. Many other state legislatures and municipalities are considering similar measures.
In addition to the money spent by the FBI and ATF, the Justice Department has awarded $1.26 million for drones to at least seven local police departments and nonprofit organizations since 2007.
The Justice Department money was used by Eastern Kentucky University, the Sheriff's Association of Texas, the Center for Rural Development in Kentucky, the Gadsden, Ala., Police Department, the Miami-Dade Police Department, the North Little Rock, Ark., police department and the San Mateo County, Calif., Sheriff's Office.
Five of the seven grants were used to buy drones. The awards to Miami-Dade and San Mateo were provided solely to evaluate drones for use in the field.
The drones met with varying success. In 2009, the Gadsden Police Department attempted to use its drone for a surveillance mission. "However, Gadsden Police Department officials stated that during the mission the ground control station lost communication with the unmanned aircraft system, causing the UAS to collide with a tree."
The aerospace industry forecasts a worldwide deployment of almost 30,000 drones by 2018, with the United States accounting for half of them.


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Jesus promises to send the Holy Spirit to his Apostles after his departure from this world. The Holy Spirit is the Advocate who defends the Apostles and the Spirit of Truth who guides and enlightens them on their journey to the Father.
Jesus declares that the world cannot accept the Spirit of Truth. It rejects the judgment of the Spirit because it chooses to remain in sin. We are encouraged, then, not to follow the way of the world, but rather to keep and observe the commandment of love given by Jesus at the Last Supper, to remain in Jesus and in the Holy Spirit. In turn, God the Father will send us the Holy Spirit, to defend us and to dwell within us; the Son will come to us even after his departure from this world and we will see him; finally, we will be loved by God the Father and God the Son, and Jesus will reveal himself to us.
Our observance of the commandment of love and our dwelling in Jesus and in the Spirit are not human conquests. They are not fruit of our efforts alone. We have to see that in all these things we are always responding to and collaborating with God and his grace. This is clear from the first reading. First, the Samaritans respond to and freely accept the word of God. Second, they are incorporated into God's family through baptism. This incorporation occurs not through their efforts at growing in holiness, but through the power of the Sacrament. The only thing they do is freely welcome God's grace into their lives and assent, moved by his grace, to the truth of his Word. Thirdly, Peter and John lay hands on them so that they receive the Holy Spirit.
This last element is one of the scriptural foundations for the Sacrament of Confirmation. There is a clear distinction between the effect of the baptism of the deacon Philip and that of the rite of the laying on of hands by the apostles Peter and John. Something similar happens in Acts 19, when Paul baptizes the Ephesians and then lays hands on them (Acts 19:5-6). The Church would come to understand that the sacrament of Confirmation perfects what has been bestowed in Baptism and endows the baptized person with strength for the mission within the Church. The Sacrament of Confirmation puts the seal on that of Baptism as the Mystery of Pentecost completes that of Easter.
The Catechism teaches that Confirmation perfects the grace received in Baptism. The Sacrament gives us the Holy Spirit in order to root us more deeply in divine sonship, incorporate us more firmly into Christ, strengthen our bond with the Church, associate us more closely with her mission, and help us bear witness to the Christian faith in words and deeds (n. 1316).
Another way to look at the Sacrament of Confirmation is to see that through it the Church becomes "spiritual" and her members become attentive to the guiding action of the Holy Spirit. We are made a spiritual people so that we can worship God in the liturgy "in Spirit and in truth". We are made spiritual so that we can share in the Eucharistic sacrifice of Christ.
In the second reading, Peter encourages his listeners to live in the Spirit, to do the will of God, even when it entails suffering. Our model is Jesus Christ, the righteous one. He went about doing good and accomplished the Father's will. Though he was innocent, he was put to death in the flesh. But his death was not a failure; it was rather a victory over sin. He suffered for our sins, the sins of the unrighteous, so that we may be purified and walk along the way that leads to the Father. We die with Christ to the things of the flesh and rise with him to life in the Spirit.
The work of the Spirit is that of sanctification, of making us grow in holiness. As Peter says: "Sanctify Christ as Lord in your hearts". Our purification from sin in Baptism and the seal of the Holy Spirit in Confirmation leads to this new life in the Spirit. In this way we will be empowered to witness to Christ and give to everyone we encounter a reason for our hope "with gentleness and reverence".
Readers may contact Father Jason Mitchell at mitchelljason2011@gmail.com.


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Birmingham, Michigan is located fifteen miles north of Detroit on historic Woodward Avenue and is Metro Detroit's most prestigious shopping and business areas.
Chartered in 1933, the city of Birmingham offers many excellent schools and cultural opportunities.
For more information, visit the City of Birmingham's website.