text:
Walking Around Naked With Thousands of Other Naked People Is Totally Fine Until You're One of the Last Searching for His Clothes
By Greg Boose
It's been just over two years since I posed naked with 2,753 other people on the edge of Cleveland, Ohio.
It's been just over two years since I stood shivering in the middle of a park behind the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame where I pulled my T-shirt over my head and dropped my pants and boxer briefs for a couple of hours.
All very legal.
All very much for art.
All said and done and plastered all over the news at the time.
I haven't really thought about that June day much since, but this past week public nudity found its way back into the headlines because the small, and famously nude-friendly town of Brattleboro, Vermont, has finally put an ordinance on its display of flesh.
Brattleboro, they say, has long been a live-and-let-live town where skinny dipping was never a big deal. But ever since a group of teens started hanging out in a public parking lot in their pubic-haired suits, along with this summer's well-documented account of some old guy, a tourist from out of state, walking around downtown in nothing more than a fanny pack, the town has erected a hard stance on public nudity.
A few teens and an old dude seemed to ruin it for everybody.
Isn't that always the case?
I started thinking about that time when I did that Spencer Tunick photograph, and so I dug out the notebook where I wrote about the whole thing while eating a free Chipotle burrito.
It would be nice to put this story to rest.
It's been edited and TNB'ed, and here's the account:
It was on New Year's Eve when I heard some friends discuss the Spencer Tunick project.
The famous photographer was looking for volunteers to pose naked in a Cleveland public space and the buzz was loud.
Everyone asked each other if they would, or could do it, and I simply said that it sounded like an opportunity to do something crazy in a controlled environment.
I said it simply, with beer and Champagne fighting and calling each other derogatory names in my stomach.
The next day – the first day of the year – after renewing my gym membership and pushing away a bag of those fiery Cheetos I love so much, I signed up for the event.
Cleveland was to be Tunick's first legal shoot in the United States; he had been arrested five times in New York City for doing his thing. At the time, the artist had gotten naked masses to not smile for the camera in Spain and Australia and in a half-dozen other countries around the world. His picture in Montreal, where over 2,500 people staved off fiery Cheetos or the dill pickled-flavored version of them that I hope are available up there, set a record for the most nude persons together in North America.
When I signed up in January I expected to be mortified and photographed in less than a month.
Go home.
Be quiet.
But over 4,000 people signed up and the shoot had to be moved from an indoor location to somewhere outside – causing the shoot to be delayed indefinitely as a date was being selected.
Over the next six months I received emailed updates.
The location was to be kept secret until the week before to lessen the amount of voyeurs and news crews.
I read about the June 26 confirmation date, and I clicked on the link to see the T-shirt I could buy after the shooting ended.
I read about the amount of people that were filling out applications and I read about the importance of its secrecy.
My close friends were in disbelief when I told them and my sister, who I thought of as a liberal, became angry when I described exactly what I would be doing. My oldest brother, who I had been squatting with at the time, considered me crazy but laughed and read all the emails I pulled up for him.
Classic Rock woke me up at 3:30 that morning and I pushed snooze twice. I had to be at the 9th Street Pier by 4:30.
I half-heartedly combed my hair while I stood in front of the mirror with rings growing under my eyes. I wore gray rip-away Adidas pants and a black T-shirt that read "Defend Cleveland" across its chest.
I listened to the latest Beastie Boys album as I negotiated the dark streets.
I worried about the chilly weather and what my dick would look like when I introduced it to thousands of people at once.
I told it to make me proud.
Or to at least behave.
Traffic at the pier was heavy and I worried about arriving late. Young people walked past my idling car and I took a sharp right, parking in a lot where I once tailgated before a Browns game.
I sat for a moment of silence in my car, taking in the moment, watching hoards of people stream past.
I recognized a guy who worked at my local coffee shop. He and his girlfriend wore matching white robes.
My Nike sandals were loud as I speed-walked toward Lake Erie.
"Hello all you people I will see naked," I said in my head to the thousands waiting in line with their white pieces of paper.
The tension certainly was weird – sudden bursts of laughter came from previously mute people, screams came from obviously drunk participants, hands covered faces, sets of eyes looked for vindication in those around them and when they couldn't find it they locked onto the pavement.
Most people came in couples and small groups. They were young and old, male and female, big and small. All colors.
I was young and by myself.
I was growing more pale by the cold minute.
I looked at girls who I looked forward to seeing naked and looked away from all those people who I would rather not.
"This is art and not perverted and this guy is a famous artist and this is for art and it's not that weird if you think about because we were all born naked and it's natural to be naked and hey, look at her,"I said in my head to the thousands waiting in line with their white pieces of paper.
A guy I knew from work, Mike SomethingIcantremember, walked by and I tapped his arm.
"I hope I don't see you in there," I said and we both laughed a nervous string of laughs.
I paced nervously behind the Rock Hall, hands deep in my pockets. Some fat guy stripped and walked around aimlessly, naked and smug.
Whispers and eye-rolling.
Laughs and scoffs.
And that was just from me.
At 5:30 helicopters hovered overhead and a bullhorn demanded attention from the southwestern corner.
I walked toward the front and Spencer Tunick's assistant began with thank-yous to Cleveland, its port authority, the Museum of Contemporary Art, and to the people (me!) who had woken up so early to become pieces of art.
Hecklers called out and instantly became obnoxious, but directions were given from a short-haired Tunick who stood tall on a ladder.
Sunrise would be the start of it all.
A beautiful girl my age paced back in forth in front of me and spoke into a recorder.
Punks, hippies, and college students surrounded me and bounced in anticipation.
I handled my balls through my pockets – stretching my scrotum and trying to keep everything warm.
Oh reader, you'll be fine.
I need to get this off my chest.
Sunrise.
We were told to disrobe and we did.
We were all naked.
I was naked.
That beautiful girl with the recorder was naked.
That dude right there had nothing on.
Just like that woman. And him and her and her and I-can't-tell-from-the-back.
And me.
Penises.
Vaginas.
Breasts.
White butts.
Leaving a couple of thousand piles of clothes behind like there had been an alien abduction with very strict rules, the entirely pink and brown crowd padded toward the pier.
The first photograph called for us to cover the pier all the way up to East 9th Street and to lie on our left sides, facing the city.
I passed people who must have gone through emergency surgeries.
I passed by men and women who held gallons of cottage cheese in their buttocks.
I never knew so many people had tattoos.
With the morning wind of the city chilling my butt crack, things officially got strange.
I realized that I wasn't really naked anymore.
If we were all naked, then I wasn't naked.
I felt like just another wild animal in a wild-animal pack.
Like I lived in the future where clothes were so 21st Century.
Like what it might have been like if George Orwell had added a few more chapters to "Animal Farm."
Like if in this reality, the humans never broke that one fun fact that we're the only species on the globe to wear clothes.
Did you know there are 1.5 million species on Earth?
This would surely take some time to get used to the idea, if we decide to just suddenly live like the rest of them. I bet after 16 to 20 months the nakedness would cease being the first topic of conversation.
"Yeah. Nice to meet you. So, uh, can you believe we're all still doing this? Pretty crazy, right? Oooh. Bummer back hair. How's your feet?"
My feet slapped the pavement.
Middle-aged women held hands.
So did young couples.
I walked alone.
But I was pretty fine with it.
I kept walking toward the city of Cleveland, all but certain that others were observing and making mental notes of my body for whatever story they would be writing two years later.
Finally I was told that I had gone far enough.
An early morning garbage truck driver stuck at a light noticed us all and he waved.
We waved back and shouted.
He honked.
The general public was nowhere to be seen as security had been tighter than that dude's abs. I did see some lonely man take a few pictures from the sidewalk and he was immediately ushered away.
I turned around quickly, facing the lake and a sea of human chests and pubic hair, and then I turned around again to look up at the skyscrapers.
A young black man on my left cracked witty jokes that kept everyone around him laughing.
We were instructed to get on the ground and we did.
(The above is the free photo all volunteers received months later in the mail… I'm somewhere around that arrow tip.)
Five minutes later, thousands of naked men and women swarmed the park in search of their Adidas pants and shirts.
Walking as far as I did up that pier, I was one of the last of the pink bodies searching for the right pile of clothes.
Suddenly I was more naked than Jennifer Connelly on a movie set.
I felt my entire body blush.
Tunick congratulated the clothed us.
Then he instructed us to walk back to the pier where we would take single-sex photographs, and the women would go first.
And there I soon sat – cross-legged in my damp Adidas pants – watching a thousand or so women stand up and strip.
They paraded toward the dock, trying to maneuver through all those sitting men who had their necks pulled up.
Eyelids disappeared.
At first it was like a dream come true, but it soon felt terribly creepy as the women found themselves in an unmoving, naked conga line.
After the bottleneck of blonds and brunettes and grays finally disappeared, the women were positioned in the shadow of a steamship – facing the camera and lying on their right side.
This Lake Erie-like harem took ten minutes to photograph, and the men clapped when it was over and the ladies skittered back to their clothes.
As I waited for the women to get dressed and for the next set of directions, I set up a small base next to a light post and behind a pack of punks where one guy had tattoos all over his face, a ring connecting his nostrils, and implanted horns under the skin of his skull.
From where I stood over him, I studied the scars from such an idiotic decision.
How did this guy buy milk with those horns?
How did this guy ask for directions?
Before I could muse on what his mother thought the first time she saw the horns, I was told to get naked and to get in the grass.
We were herded like animals into a fresh pasture.
With Browns Stadium in the background, the men were told to roll up into a ball with our rears toward the camera.
Many, many jokes.
(Photo by Herb Ascherman/Thomas Mulready)
The women, clothed and laughing, stood rambunctiously behind the photographer. One flashed her tits, I remember. And I also remember being a little ho-hum about it given the circumstances.
We were then instructed to shift to the left and lie on our right sides where the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame would be seen in the picture.
To our collective surprise, we were asked to lean our shoulders on the nearest man's legs. Without much pause we complied. I rested my head on a hairy man's legs and we laughed until Tunick said he wouldn't take the picture until there were no smiles to be seen.
The last pose had every man lying flat on his back and closing his eyes.
The sun was totally out now, warming our bodies.
And it felt great.
I felt peaceful.
Minutes later I bee-lined for my lamp post.
And then that was that.
I grabbed a few Chipotle coupons for free burritos and checked out the $15 T-shirts for sale. I considered buying one, but my pockets only carried my car keys and underwear.
I drove home, stripped again, and snuck back into bed.
Hopefully the town of Brattleboro doesn't give up entirely on its downtown nude thing.
Someplace has to have that.
If there's one thing I learned from that day in June over two years ago, it's that you can get horns implanted in your skull.
If there's one thing I learned from that day in June over two years ago, it's that you're not really naked when everyone else is naked too. And there's something to all of that, right? When there's the consensus that it's okay for everyone to do something out of the ordinary, then it becomes as ordinary and as ho-hum as a woman flashing her tits at a nudist shoot. Someplace definitely has to have that.*
*I don't think this paragraph makes a point.
TAGS: Cleveland, East Ninth Street Pier, naked, Spencer Tunick
GREG BOOSE grew up in northeast Ohio, got his MFA degree in Moorhead, MN, and now lives in Chicago. His writing has appeared on/in The Huffington Post,The Big Jewel, Yankee Pot Roast, Monkeybicycle, Opium Magazine, McSweeneys.net, Hobart, Feathertale, Time Out Chicago, Chicago Public Radio, Chicago Reader, NFL.com and more. Along with his wife, he is the co-editor for BlackBook Magazine's guide to Chicago. He won the 2008 Readers' Choice Award and Editor's Choice Award for satire in Farmhouse Magazine.
You must be this tall to visit his website at gregboose.com.
Follow him on Twitter at Greg_Boose.
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Preheat the oven to 350 degrees. In a small bowl, combine, flour, cornmeal, baking powder, and coriander. Blend well, and set aside. In a large skillet, heat oil over medium heat. Add the onion and garlic, and cook for 1 minute. Add the zucchini, jalapeno, salt, and pepper. Cook, stirring for 2 minutes. Remove from heat. In a large bowl, beat the eggs until blended. Mix in the milk, sour cream, and cheese. Add the reserved dry ingredients, and blend well. Add the zucchini mixture and mix well. Scrape into a buttered 9-inch square dish. Bake for 40 minutes.


This calendar features 12 breathtaking images from landscape photographer Charlie Widdis. You will find images from up and down the rocky coast of Maine, the beautiful tree lined interior, and the snow capped peaks of New Hampshire. A must have for the nature and landscape fan in your family.


text:
Read the Interim Report – Tāwharautia: Pūrongo o te Wā (Tāwharautia)
Abuse in Care - Royal Commission of Inquiry This Royal Commission in an independent inquiry into abuse in state care and in the care of faith-based institutions in Aotearoa New Zealand.
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Royal Commission Interim Report released
The Abuse in Care Royal Commission of Inquiry's Interim Report Tāwharautia: Pūrongo o te Wā(external link) was released by the Minister of Public Service today.
Tāwharautia: Pūrongo o te Wā summarises the Inquiry's work to date. Key findings about abuse in care between 1950-2019 outlined in the report include:
Up to 655,000 children, young people and vulnerable adults were in State and faith-based care during 1950-2019 and up to 250,000 children, young people and vulnerable adults were abused.
A wide range of abuse and physical, emotional, psychological, medical, educational, spiritual and cultural neglect has occurred.
Common factors in abuse cases include a lack of training and vetting and poor complaints and response processes and at the worst further abuse, harassment or punishment for reporting abuse.
Discrimination and racism played a role from authorities and the public in both being taken into care and the treatment received in care.
Abuse in care is estimated to cost an individual $857,000 over the course of their lifetime; the cost to society for abuse in care between 1950-2019 is up to $217 billion.
Redress processes have not worked for many survivors; instead tending to focus on the financial implications to the State rather than providing wellbeing and compensation to survivors. This has understandably created angst and trauma for some survivors.
Inquiry Chair Coral Shaw said that Tāwharautia: Pūrongo o te Wā is important part of its work to date but is by no means the end of what it will find out.
"We will continue to uncover much more about the nature and extent of abuse in care over the course of this Inquiry which will inform our final recommendations to the Governor-General.
"We are indebted to the survivors of abuse in care who have come forward to share their experiences – some of whom have now passed on. Without them, there would not be an Interim Report," Shaw said.
The Abuse in Care Inquiry's Interim Report and associated reports can be found here(external link).
Media enquiries: 027 298 2094; media@abuseincare.org.nz
About the Abuse in Care Inquiry
The Abuse in Care Royal Commission of Inquiry is investigating the abuse and neglect that happened to children, young people and vulnerable adults in care from 1950 and 1999. It will also consider experiences of abuse or neglect before outside these dates. After completing its investigations, it will make recommendations to the Governor General on how New Zealand can better care for children, young people and vulnerable adults.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Discussion in 'Basic4ppc Wishlist' started by Andre, Jan 16, 2008.
I asked before and looked around but am missingt his feature very much. When I import a text from a database or a table there is no way to mark up the imported text. I am currently working on a small translatation app and get my information from a sqlite DB. It would be great if i could color mark the results so the user would see which translations are found in the db and which are untranslated.
Besides my own application of this feature, being able to mark up any text would be valuable to many other applications. It would enable us to come up with clearer information display.
Maybe I Am overseeing something and is it allready there. All I can find now is global settings for each seperate control. The most basic html would do or at least bold, italic and color.
The regular TextBox control doesn't support this feature.


text:
\section{Introduction}
Superconducting transmission line resonators are useful in a number of applications ranging from X-ray photon detectors \cite{Day} to parametric amplifiers \cite{Haviland_parametric, Lehnert_APL, Yamamoto} and quantum
computation applications \cite {Wallraff_Nature, Majer_2007, sillanpaa}.  Very recently, there has been a lot of interest in tunable superconducting resonators \cite{Osborn, Haviland_parametric, Lehnert_APL, Sandberg, saclay_tune, Yamamoto}.  In these experiments the inductive properties of the superconductor or a Josephson junction is implemented as a tunable element and is tuned by a bias current or a magnetic field.
These devices have both large tuning ranges and high quality factors, we have recently shown \cite{Sandberg} that the speed at which these devices can be tuned is substantially faster than the lifetime of the cavity.

The interaction between a qubit and
superconducting coplanar waveguide (CPW) resonator can, due to the small mode volume, be very strong when they are resonant with each other\cite{Blais_PRA}.  However, the
interaction can be modulated, becoming weak when the qubit and the
cavity are off-resonance.

In 2004 Wallraff {\textit et al.}  \cite{Wallraff_Nature} demonstrated that a superconducting quantum bit, in the form of a Single Cooper pair Box (SCB), could be strongly coupled to a transmission line resonator with a high quality factor. This demonstration opened up a new field of physic known as circuit Quantum Electrodynamics (cQED), it also gave new possibilities of coupling superconducting quantum bits.

The theoretical aspects of using a tunable transmission line resonator for coupling of quantum bits was  investigated by Wallquist {\textit et al.} \cite{Wallquist_PHD, Wallquist_PRB}. It was concluded that such a device, with proper characteristics, can be used for dynamic coupling of quantum bits and a protocol for a controlled phase gate was also presented. In this paper fabrication and characterization of a fast tunable superconducting transmission line resonator for the purpose of qubit coupling is described. We show data for four different samples.

\section{The tunable cavity \label{sec:tune}}
The possibility to achieve strong coupling between qubits and a cavity
makes circuit quantum electrodynamics a strong candidate for building a quantum information processor. In the experiment by Majer \textit{et al.} \cite{Majer_2007} where qubit coupling through a cavity was demonstrated and the experiment by Sillanp\"a\"a \textit{et al.} \cite{sillanpaa} where state transfer through a cavity was demonstrated the resonance frequency of the cavity was kept fixed while the eigenfrequencies of the qubits could be tuned. The need for fast individual control of each qubit, which can become quite complex with many qubits, could be overcome by using a tunable cavity (see figure\,\ref{fig:circuitQED_SQUID}). There are several different approaches possible for making the resonance frequency of the cavity tunable. Either a characteristic parameter of the transmission line could be varied \textit{i.e.} the inductance or capacitance per unit length by changing some property of the dielectric or the conductor, or by changing the boundary conditions of the cavity. Here we will focus on tunability obtained by changing the boundary condition of the cavity.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{images/Delsing_schem3}
\caption{\label{fig:circuitQED_SQUID}  A quarter wavelength resonator made tunable by inserting a SQUID in one end. The boundary condition at the SQUID end can be tuned by applying an external magnetic field. Two qubits are coupled capacitively to the open end of the cavity.}
\end{figure}

Instead of using a full wavelength resonator as in experiment by Wallraff \textit{et al.}\cite{Wallraff_Nature} a quarter wavelength resonator can be used. A quarter wavelength resonator, unlike the full wavelength resonator, is grounded in one end, at the other end the transmission line is open. Due to these boundary conditions resonance occurs for signals with a wavelength $\lambda$ such that   $\lambda=4\ell/(2n+1)$ where $\ell$ is the length of the transmission line and $n$ is a non-negative integer.

To make the quarter wavelength resonator tunable the short circuit at one end can be replaced by a tunable impedance. Since the circuit should behave quantum mechanically for the purpose of circuit-QED the tunable impedance must not introduce any large dissipation to the system. One possible tunable impedance fulfilling this criteria is the tunable inductance of a SQUID. The resonator, showed in figure\,\ref{fig:circuitQED_SQUID}, can now be tuned by applying an external magnetic flux to the SQUID loop.

Under the conditions of low temperature and small dissipation electrical circuits can behave quantum
mechanically. The quantum mechanical Hamiltonian for such circuits can be
obtained starting from the classical Lagrangian. A Legendre transform of the Lagrangian and the imposing of
commutation relations gives the Hamiltonian \cite{Quantum_fluctuation}. The Lagrangian is usually obtained from the kinetic and potential energy of a system expressed in some generalized coordinates and their time derivatives. For an electrical circuit like this we use the capacitive and inductive energy of the components.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{images/circuit_model3}
\caption{\label{fig:circuitQED_SQUID_model}  b) Circuit diagram of quarter wavelength resonator coupled to two qubits. The boundary condition at the SQUID end can be tuned by applying an external magnetic field.}
\end{figure}

We start from the circuit schematic (ignoring the qubits), see figure\,\ref{fig:circuitQED_SQUID_model}, and using the procedure for quantization of  electrical circuits, following \cite{Wallquist_PHD, Wallquist_PRB}. Using the generalized flux,
$\Phi(x,t)=\int V dt$ to describe dynamics of the cavity, we get the Lagrangian and the equations of motion.  Solving these equations we see that the field inside the cavity must be of the form

\begin{equation}
\Phi(x,t)=\Phi_1\cos(kx)\sin \left( \frac{kt}{\sqrt{LC}} \right),
\end{equation}

where $C$ and $L$ are the capacitance and inductance per unit length of the transmission line, and where $k$ is the wave number of the field that has to be determined. Furthermore, we know have the boundary condition that $\Phi(\ell,t)=\Phi_s$, where $\Phi_s=(\Phi_{s1}+\Phi_{s2})/2$ is the average flux over the SQUID.
Combining the bulk solution with the boundary condition and assuming small currents gives the dispersion relation

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:disp}
k\ell \tan k\ell = \frac{2\pi L\ell I_s}{\Phi_0} \left|\cos\frac{\pi\Phi_{ex}}{\Phi_0}\right|-\frac{C_s}{C\ell}(k\ell)^2,
\end{equation}

where $C_s$ is the sum capacitance of the SQUID junctions  and $\Phi_{ex}=(\Phi_{s1}-\Phi_{s2})$ is the magnetic flux in the SQUID loop. The SQUID is assumed to have identical junctions each with critical current $I_s/2$ and capacitance $C_s/2$. We can then get the wave number by numerically solving the dispersion equation.

A better understanding can be obtained by neglecting the last term in eq.\,\ref{eq:disp} by assuming that $C_s/C\ell$ is small, which is usually the case.  The dispersion relation can then be rewritten as

\begin{equation}
\frac{\cot k\ell}{k\ell} = \frac{\Phi_0}{2\pi L\ell I_s} \left| \cos \frac{\pi\Phi_{ex}}{\Phi_0}\right|
\end{equation}

expanding $\cot k\ell$ around $k\ell=\pi/2$ (corresponding to a infinite Josephson energy) and using $k=2\pi f\sqrt{LC}$ gives the resonance frequency $f$ as

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:resonace_f}
f=\frac{f_0}{1+L_s/L \ell}
\end{equation}

where $f_0$ is the quarter wavelength resonance frequency for a sample where the SQUID is replaced by a short, and

\begin{equation}
L_s=\frac{\Phi_0}{2 \pi I_s \left|\cos\frac{\pi\Phi_{ex}}{\Phi_0}\right|}
\end{equation}

is the inductance of the SQUID. In figure\,\ref{fig:tune1} the resonance frequency and its derivative as a function of SQUID inductance is plotted. By applying a magnetic field $\Phi_{ex}$ to the SQUID loop the inductance and hence the frequency of the cavity can be tuned. The qubits can now be addressed individually by the cavity if they have different eigenfrequencies. With this system Wallquist \textit{et al.} \cite{Wallquist_PRB} showed that fast dynamic coupling between qubits could be achieved.

\begin{figure}[t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{images/tune_df_dLs_1}
\caption{\label{fig:tune1} Normalized frequency ($f/f_0$) (solid) and its derivative (dashed) as a function of the SQUID inductance $L_s$ normalized to the total cavity inductance $L\ell$.}
\end{figure}

\section{Sample Design}
\label{sec:design}
We start be describing the transmission line which consists of a Co-Planar-Waveguide (CPW) with a center strip of width $W$ separated by a gap of width $G$ from a ground plane on each side, see figure\,\ref{fig:CPW}. The structure is fabricated on top of some dielectric material with a relative dielectric constant $\epsilon_r$. The characteristic impedance $Z_c$ of the transmission line depends on the center strip width, the gap width and the dielectric constant of the dielectric. To obtain $Z_c$ a conformal mapping technique can be used \cite{Collin}. Following the procedure of Gevorgian \textit{et al.} \cite{CAD} we can calculate $Z_c$, the capacitance per unit length $C$ and the effective dielectric constant $\epsilon_{eff}$.

To be compatible with the SCB technology \cite{kevin_thesis} the aluminum is chosen for the resonator material and it is fabricated on a Si substrate with a wet grown insulating layer of SiO$_2$ with an effective dielectric constant $\epsilon_{eff} \approx 6.06$. Choosing the center strip width $W$ to be 13 $\mu$m and a gap width of $G=7 \mu$m, we obtain an impedance $Z_c$ = 50 $\Omega$, corresponding to a capacitance per unit length of 164\,\rm{pF/m}.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7 \textwidth]{images/substrate2}
\caption{\label{fig:CPW} The cavities are made from aluminum in a coplanar waveguide structure on top of an oxidized silicon  substrate. The gaps $G$ and the center strip $W$ and the substrate parameters determines the characteristic impedance of the transmission line.}
\end{figure}

To be in the range of typical SCB eigenfrequencies the cavity frequency is designed to be $f\approx 5$\,GHz. The length of a quarter wavelength resonator is obtained as $\ell=c/4\sqrt{\epsilon_{eff}}f$, where $c$ is the speed of light in vacuum.

To probe the cavity it has to be coupled to the outside world, which is done via a coupling capacitance $C_c$. The coupling capacitance will also lead to leakage of energy out of the resonator and hence to a lower Q value. The (external) Q value for a resonator consisting of an inductance $L_r$ in parallel with a capacitance $C_r$ that is coupled to a load resistance $R$ through the capacitance $C_c$ is obtained as

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Q_ext}
Q_{ext}=\frac{(1+(\omega_rC_cR)^2)(C_r+C_c)}{\omega_rC_c^2R}
\end{equation}

where $\omega_r=1/\sqrt{L_r(C_r+C_c)}$ is the resonance frequency. The same expression is obtained for a quarter wavelength resonator if the capacitance $C_r$ is replaced by $C\ell/2$. To obtain an external Q-value of $10^{4}$ for a 5\,GHz resonator coupled to a 50 $\Omega$ environment we would need a coupling capacitance of $C_c = 5.6 fF$. We have used an interdigitated capacitance with only one finger on each side. The approximate length, width and spacing of the fingers were obtained by using the microwave simulation program Microwave Office.

The internal $Q$ is can be limited by a number of different mechanisms. Here we list four different possible sources of dissipation that can contribute to the internal Q-value.
i) At high frequencies some of the electric field will penetrate into the superconductor. At finite temperatures, below the critical temperature $T_c$, there are still some unpaired electrons above the superconducting energy gap (quasi-particles). The quasi particles causes dissipation when they interact with the electric field. ii) When the cavity oscillates a high frequency current is passed through the SQUID inductance, which will also generate a voltage over the SQUID. This voltage can drive a current though the sub-gap resistance of the SQUID which causes dissipation. iii) There are also losses in the dielectric of the CPW which can lead to dissipation. This is typically described as a complex dielectric constant and a loss tangent. iv) Flux noise in the SQUID loop will cause fluctuations in the resonance frequency and would also result in a larger line width. The sensitivity to flux noise is determined by the derivative $\delta f/\delta \Phi$. We will return to what limits the internal Q-value.

Next we describe the tunable element which is included in the cavity, namely the Superconducting Quantum Interference device (SQUID).
When connecting a Josephson junction or a SQUID to the resonator one has to consider that the junction itself acts as a resonator with a resonance frequency $\omega_p$, called the plasma frequency. In order not to excite the SQUID, the resonance frequency of the cavity, $\omega_r$ must be much less than the SQUID plasma frequency,
$\omega_ p=\sqrt{2\pi I_{s}/(\Phi_0 C_s)}$. This gives the requirement $I_s\gg \omega_r^2\Phi_0C_s/2\pi$.
The capacitance of Al/AlO$_x$/Al Josephson junctions is approximately 45 fF/$\mu$m$^2$ \cite{Delsing_Claeson_1990}. Assuming a 1$\mu$m$^2$ area this requires $I_s \gg 15 $$n$A.
One also has to make sure that the temperature $T$ is low enough so that $\hbar \omega_p \gg \hbar w_r \gg k_BT$.
This gives the restriction $T\ll 270$ mK on the temperature for a 5\,GHz resonator.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{images/f_vs_Is}
\caption{\label{fig:f_vs_Is}Calculated resonance frequency $f_r$ as a function of the critical current $I_s$ of the SQUID using the design parameters for the cavity described in the text.}
\end{figure}

How much $I_s$ can be suppressed by the magnetic field depends on the symmetry of the junctions. The amount that $I_s$ can be suppressed depends on how identical the Josephson junctions can be fabricated. If we assume that they can be fabricated with an $I_c$ within 2\% then the minimum $I_s$  is going to be $\sim$$0.02\,I_c$. For the parameters obtained in the last section we see that we have most tunability for low $I_s$, see figure\,\ref{fig:f_vs_Is}, and for $I_s \ge 3$ $\mu$A there is almost no change in resonance frequency. Choosing the critical current in the range of 5 $\mu$A assuming identical junctions within 2\% would then give a tuning range of $4.96\ge f \ge 3.76$\,GHz.

Another consideration is that $\Phi$ in the expression for $I_s$ is the total magnetic field in the SQUID loop given by $\Phi=\Phi_{ex}-L_{loop}I_{sc}$ where $\Phi_{ex}$ is the external magnetic field, $L_{loop}$ is the inductance of the SQUID loop and $I_{sc}$ is the screening current in the loop \cite{schmidt}. Including the loop inductance and the screening current will also limit the amount that $I_s$ can be suppressed by the magnetic field. Having a small critical current and a small loop inductance reduces this effect.

In order to probe the cavity a signal of a certain power, $P$, has to be applied. The probe signal will cause a current through the SQUID that has to be much less than $I_s$ in order to be in the linear regime. We can derive the expression for the current, at position $x$ along the cavity, as a function of power

\begin{equation}
I(x)=\left(\e^{\gamma x}-\e^{-\gamma x}\Gamma_s\right)\left(\frac{S_{21}\e^{-\gamma \ell}}{1-S_{22}\Gamma_s\e^{-2\gamma \ell}}\right)\sqrt{\frac{8P}{Z_c}}
\end{equation}

where $S_{ij}$ are the scattering matrix for the coupling capacitance and $\Gamma_s$ is the reflection coefficient of the SQUID and $\gamma$ is the propagation constant of the transmission line. Assuming an infinite Josephson energy so that $\Gamma_s=1$ the current at the SQUID end as a function of applied power can be obtained, see figure\,\ref{fig:I_vs_P}. From this we see that in order to be below the minimum of the suppressed current 0.2 $\mu$A the probe power has to be less than -143 dBm for a coupling capacitance of 5 fF.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{images/I_vs_Pin}
\caption{\label{fig:I_vs_P} The current at the shorted end of the cavity as a function of applied probe power for different coupling capacitance and no internal losses. The current due to the probe signal should be much less than the minimum value of suppressed critical current of the SQUID in order to be in the linear regime. }
\end{figure}

To increase the tunability an array of $N$ SQUIDs coupled in series could be used for the tuning. The expression for the resonance frequency $f_r$ then modifies to

\begin{equation}
f_r(\Phi)=\frac{f_0}{1+NL_s(\Phi)/L\ell}
\label{eq:f(Phi)}
\end{equation}

where $L_s$ is the inductance of each SQUID. The main advantage of this would be that a higher probe power could be used since $I_s$ of each SQUID can be a factor of $N$ higher at the same detuning \cite{saclay_tune}. Another approach to obtain large tunability is to make the whole center strip into an array of SQUIDs \cite{Lehnert_APL}, the tuning is then archived by tuning the phase velocity of the transmission line. Such a setup however, is not well suitable for qubit coupling since the magnetic field has to be applied to the whole resonator structure and hence also to the qubits during the detuning.

In order to tune the SQUIDs fast, which is necessary for application of quantum gates, a small local field can be used. This is done by current biasing a second transmission line in the vicinity of the SQUIDs. The current $I_B$ needed to apply $0.5\Phi_0$ to the SQUID loop can be approximated by $I_B=\Phi_0 \pi d/A \mu_0$,
where $A$ is the loop area and $d$ is the distance between the bias line and the center of the SQUID loop. The SQUIDs used have an loop area of $\sim$30 $\mu$m$^2$, by placing the bias lines 50 $\mu$ from the SQUIDs  a $I_B \approx 8$ mA is needed (ignoring the effects of flux concentration due to the superconducting ground planes).

\section{Experiments}

To form the Josephson junctions the two layers of Al were deposited from different angles. After the first layer is deposited a small amount of O$_2$ is let in to the deposition chamber ($\sim$1\,mBar) for a short time ($\sim$1\,min) to oxidize the first layer of Al. The oxide forms a few nm thick insulating layer of AlO$_x$ on top of the film. By depositing a second layer of Al after pumping down to base pressure, 5$\times10^{-7}$\,mBar, but from a different angle, the Josephson junctions of the SQUID are formed. The critical current of the Josephson junctions are determined by the area of the junctions, oxidation pressure and the oxidation time.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.39\textwidth]{images/sample}
\includegraphics[width=0.31\textwidth]{images/res_microg}
\caption{\label{fig:sample_hold}(a) The sample holder with a sample mounted. 1 The sample chip. 2 Probe line for the resonator. 3 Lines for fast tuning of the SQUIDs. 4 Lines for DC flux bias of the SQUID.  (b) One sample in close-up with indication of the flux bias. The insets show the array of SQUIDs and the coupling capacitance respectively.}
\end{figure}

The samples were measured in a $^3$He/$^4$He dilution refrigerator with a base temperature below 20\,mK.
In order to characterize the samples, high frequency semirigid coaxial cables with a characteristic impedance of 50 $\Omega$ were installed in the cryostat. The coaxial cables are stainless steal UT85-SS from the top of the cryostat down to the still level. From the still level down to the mixing chamber  superconducting NbTi UT85 cables are used. Well below its critical temperature the NbTi cables have almost no heat conductivity but a very good electrical conductivity. On each stage the cables are thermally anchored using SMA bulk-head feedthroughs and attenuators to thermalize both the outer and the inner conductors.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{images/juliana_set_up_2}
\caption{\label{fig:mw_setup}Schematic of the microwave setup in the cryostat. The low pass filers (LP) are indicated with their cut of frequency. The rectangles indicates attenuators. The twisted pair (TP) cable, of Nb, used for the DC flux bias is filtered using a 15\,MHz low pass filter and a low pass ($\sim$1\,GHz) powder filter (PF). }
\end{figure}

Two different types of samples were studied, one type with on-chip flux bias and the other one without. The samples with on-chip flux bias was mounted in a sample holder on a PCB circuit board, see figure\,\ref{fig:sample_hold}. On the circuit board, high frequency lines were fabricated to connect the sample, via wire bonds, to the SMA connectors of the sample holder. A twisted pair cable was also used to supply the sample with a DC flux bias. To protect the sample from external magnetic flux noise a magnetic shield consisting of two inner layers of cryoperm and an outer layer of a superconducting Pb was used. For the other type of sample, without an on-chip flux bias, a single SMA connector directly solder to the PCB was used as a sample holder. On the back side of the PCB a coil was then pattern to apply the magnetic field. To minimize heating the coil was coated with a superconducting Sn-based solder. The coil was connected using twisted pair cable.

In order to use low probe power the samples was probed through a circulator with 18 dB of isolation placed at the mixing chamber of the cryostat, see figure\,\ref{fig:mw_setup}. The reflected signal was then amplified by a low-noise cold amplifier mounted to the IVC flange. The amplifier was a Miteq AFS3-04000800-CR-4 with a noise temperature of $\sim$5\,K measured at 4\,K \cite{miteq} . Using this setup the tunability and tuning speed of the devices was studied. The results of these measurements are presented in the next section.

\section{Tunability}
In this following the results obtained from measurements of the fabricated devices are presented. The tunability of four devices and the tuning speed of one tunable transmission lines resonators have been measured as well as the properties of a non-tunable reference device.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/mag_w23s35}
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/Phase_w23s35}
\caption{\label{fig:resonance}(a) Measured magnitude response for sample C (dots), see table \ref{tab:ABCD}, at zero flux bias using a vector network analyzer. The solid line is a fit of the reflection coefficient $\Gamma_r$. The line width $\delta f$ is the Full Width at half Maximum (FWHM). From the fit a coupling capacitance of 3 fF is obtained. (b) The phase response of the same resonator and the same fit.}
\end{figure}

To measure the scattering parameters of the devices a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) was used. By sweeping the probe signal over a frequency interval a resonance can be detected either in the phase or in the magnitude of the reflection coefficient. A typical measurement is shown in figure\,\ref{fig:resonance}, where electrical length and losses due to cables and attenuators has been compensated for. From the magnitude response the total $Q$ value can be obtained as $Q_{tot}=f_r/\delta f$, where $\delta f$ is the line width of the resonance and corresponds to the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of the resonance peak, and $f_r$ is the resonance frequency given by the location of the minimum of the resonance peak. The FWHM and $f_r$ can be obtained by fitting a Lorentzian function to the resonance. The shape of the magnitude and phase response indicated that all the measured resonators were undercoupled, this means that the $Q$ value is dominated by the internal losses and not by the coupling, \textit{i.e.} $Q_{int}<Q_{ext}$. The total reflection coefficient $\Gamma_r$ of the resonator is written as

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:Gamma_r}
\Gamma_r=S_{11}+\frac{S_{12}S_{21}\Gamma_se^{-\gamma \ell}}{{1-S_{22}\Gamma_se^{-2\gamma \ell}}}
\end{equation}

By fitting $\Gamma_r$ to the measurements, assuming only dielectric losses, the parameters of the resonator can be inferred. In order to obtain a god fit, a coupling capacitance of 3\,fF for 50\,$\mu$m long fingers and a capacitance of 154\,pF/m has to be assumed, slightly less than the design value 164\,pF/m. This gives an external
$Q$ value of $Q_{ext}=65000$.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.385\textwidth]{images/w23_s35_s31_s25_sC4S22_fit_2_1}
\includegraphics[width=0.415\textwidth]{images/w23_s35_s31_s25_sC4S22_Q_2}
\caption{\label{fig:tune}
(a) The measured resonance frequency together with a fitted curve as a function of applied magnetic flux for the samples A, B, C and D. The parameters of the samples are summarized in table \ref{tab:ABCD}. (b) The Q value measured from the line width of the resonance curve for sample A, B, C and D as a function of applied magnetic flux $\Phi$. The $Q$ value decreases rapidly when the applied flux approaches  0.3$\Phi_0$ for all four samples. }
\end{figure}

\begin{table}[bt]
\centering

\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
  \hline

  Sample&  $I_c$ &  $N$ &   $\ell_c$    & $f_0$   & $L_s(0)/L\ell$ & $\Delta f$ \\ \hline
                & $\mu$ &          & $\mu$m & GHz     &                        & MHz         \\ \hline
  A & 4     &  1       &  25     &   5.062   & 0.0141 & 91 \\ \hline
  B & 2     &  1       &  50    &   5.025    & 0.0303 & 265 \\ \hline
  C & 1.2   &  1     &  50    &   5.034    & 0.0537 & 744 \\ \hline
  D & 2.4   &  6     &  50    &   5.350    & 0.0292 & 580  \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{\label{tab:ABCD} Parameters for samples A, B, C and D. $I_c$ is the critical current of each junction in the SQUID, $N$ is the number of SQUIDs in series,  $\ell_c$ is the length of the coupling capacitance fingers, $f_0$ is the $\lambda/4$ resonance frequency, $L_s(0)$ is the zero flux SQUID inductance, $L$ is the inductance per unit length of the transmission line and $\ell$ is the length if the resonator.}
\end{table}

To measure the tunability of the devices a DC magnetic flux bias was applied to the SQUID. In figure\,\ref{fig:tune}(a) the resonance frequency as a function of applied magnetic flux for four samples A, B, C and D are shown. The sample parameters are summarized in table \ref{tab:ABCD}. The expression for the resonance frequency as a function of flux is given by eq.\,\ref{eq:f(Phi)}
which is fitted to the measured data with a good accuracy and shown as solid lines in figure\,\ref{fig:resonance}.
In figure\,\ref{fig:tune}(b) we have plotted the extracted Q-value as a function of flux. As can be seen the Q-values are typically of the order of $10^4$ at zero flux and it decreases for increasing flux.

As a figure of merit the tunability can be measured in the number of line widths that the device can be detuned. Since the line width increases with the detuning this has to be compensated for. In figure\,\ref{fig:delta_f} the number of line widths detuned as a function of detuning is shown for sample C and D. The highest value obtained is around 250 for both samples.
The tunability observed for the samples is less than what could be expected if the tunability was only limited by the asymmetry of the SQUID junctions. The limiting factor of the tunability is the strong decrease in $Q$ value as the applied flux approaches $\Phi = 0.3\Phi_0$.

\begin{figure}
\centering
 \includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{images/deltaf_Deltaf_1}
\caption{\label{fig:delta_f} The number of line widths $\delta f$ that the devices can be detuned as a function of the detuning $\Delta f$ for sample C and D. For both samples a maximum detuned line widths obtained is around 250.}
\end{figure}

\section{Reference device}
To better understand the source of dissipation inside the resonator a reference device without any SQUID was fabricated. The reference device was measured in the same setup as the other samples. When measuring the response at low drive powers this device was also found to be undercoupled. As the measurement power was increased a transition from undercoupled to overcoupled response was  observed, see figure\,\ref{fig:ref}. In the undercoupled case the phase goes down a little bit and then back up again while for the overcoupled case the phase goes from 0$^\circ$ to -360$^\circ$ on resonance. By fitting the reflection coefficient, eq.\,\ref{eq:Gamma_r}, setting $\Gamma_s = -1$ for a short circuit, a coupling capacitance of about 2 fF was obtained for 25 $\mu$m fingers. This gives a $Q_{ext} = 1.5\times10^5$ . In figure\,\ref{fig:Q}(a) it is seen that the Q value increases with the applied power. The resonator goes from $Q = 10^4$ to $Q =7\times10^4$ as the power is increased from -120 dBm to -60 dBm. Due to limitations in the VNA used, more power was not possible to apply without first warming up the cryostat to remove cold attenuators, this was however not done. An increase in $Q$ as a function of increased drive power was also measured by Martinis  \textit{et al.} \cite{Martinis_PRL_2005} for a lumped element resonator. They attributed this effect to the existence of two-level systems in the dielectric of their capacitor. As the power is increased the two level systems start to be saturated. As more and more two-level systems get saturated less energy can be absorbed from the resonator and the $Q$ increases. The amount of two-level systems present in the dielectric depends on the material used and the quality of it. In order to improve the $Q$ value at low drive power a different dielectric material should be considered.

\begin{figure}
\centering
 \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/Mag_untune}
 \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/Phase_untune}
\caption{\label{fig:ref}
(a) The magnitude response of the reference device as the power is increased. Blue indicates low power and red high power. (b) Phase response of the reference device as the power is increased. The shape of the phase response goes from an under coupled shape (blue) to an over coupled shape (red). }
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[b]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/Q_vs_Pin_untune}
\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/Q_vs_T_s25_nosquid}
\caption{\label{fig:Q}
(a) Q value as a function of applied power. As the power is increased the Q value increases. This power dependence is consistent with similar experiments where the power dependence were contributed to dielectric losses. (b) The  temperature dependence of the Q value measured at different drive power. At temperatures above $\sim$0.2 K the Q value starts to be dominated by resistive losses in the aluminum film.}
\end{figure}

The temperature dependence of the $Q$ value was also investigated. For low temperatures, T $\le$ 0.2 K the Q value is independent of temperature, see figure\,\ref{fig:Q}(b). As the temperature is increased further the Q value starts to decrease in a way that is consistent with an increase in resistive losses due to thermally excited quasi-particles.
Even though the loss mechanisms in our cavities are not fully understood we can say the following. For the cavities presented in this paper our Q-values are limited by intrinsic losses. The thermally excited quasi particles do not seem to limit our Q-value below 200\,mK.
For zero flux it seems as if the Q-value seems to be due to dielectric losses, but at increased flux there is a different mechanism.
The flux noise needed to explain the decrease in Q at large flux would have to bee quite large. Considering our magnetic shielding we do not think it is likely that flux noise is the problem. Instead we believe that the reduction of Q for higher flux is due to the sub-gap resistance in the SQUID junctions. Assuming a sub-gap resistance of approximately $800\,\Omega$ would explain the reduction in Q. We would like to point out that the SQUID junctions have relatively high critical current densities which would also lead to a relatively low sub-gap resistance.

\section{Fast tuning}

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{images/fast_tune_setup}
\caption{\label{fig:setup}
Measurement set up for the tuning speed experiment. First the cavity is excited on resonance at one flux bias. When the cavity is filled with energy it is detuned rapidly, by a flux pulse, to a new resonance frequency several line widths from the drive. When the resonator is detuned from the drive no more energy is put in to the resonator and the energy inside the cavity starts to leak out through the coupling capacitance. The leakage of energy creates a signal that can be detected using a mixer and a fast oscilloscope. }
\end{figure}

To do fast quantum gates one has to be able to tune the device fast. A measurement scheme where the reflection coefficient is probed as the resonator is detuned is limited by the ring up time of the resonator  $Q/\omega_r$. For a 5\,GHz resonator with a $Q = 10^4$ the ring up time is $\sim$300 ns.  In order to measure tuning speeds faster than this a new measurement setup was implemented. In the new set up, see figure\,\ref{fig:setup}, the drive signal is split up. One part of the signal goes down into the cryostat through the circulator and down to the sample. The signal from the resonator goes up through the circulator, through the cold amplifier and in to a mixer at room temperature. The signal from the resonator is there mixed with the other part of the drive signal. The output from the mixer is then filtered through a low pass filter and recorded on a fast oscilloscope. The measurements were performed using a drive power as low as -145 dBm giving approximately 1 photon on average in the cavity. This low photon number was possible using several million averages.

\begin{figure}[tb]
\centering
 \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/exp_fit_lic2}
 \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/puls_lic}
\caption{\label{fig:stretch}
(a) A measurement of resonator using the fast tuning set up in figure\,\ref{fig:setup}. From these measurements the detuning $|\omega_n-\omega_d|$ and the $Q$ value of the device can be measured. (b) The applied fast pulse used to detune the resonator.}
\end{figure}

The resonator is tuned, using the DC flux line, in to resonance with the drive signal $V_d\sin\omega_dt$. On resonance the resonator builds up energy until a steady state is reached. A fast rectangular flux pulse is then applied to the resonators fast flux line that shifts the resonance frequency to a new frequency $\omega_n$. The energy stored in the resonator has to adjust its frequency to $\omega_n$ in order to match the new resonance condition. If $|\omega_d-\omega_n|\gg \omega_d/Q$ no more energy is put into the resonator by the drive signal. The energy that is stored inside the resonator before the detuning starts to leak out through the coupling capacitance. The leakage causes a signal from the resonator, $V_n(t)\sin \omega_n t$. The signal that leaks out is amplified by the cold amplifier and then put in to the mixer at room temperature. In the mixer the signal from the resonator is multiplied with the other part of the drive signal giving the output signal

\begin{equation}
V_{mix}(t) \propto V_n(t)\cos(\omega_n-\omega_d)t+V_n(t)\cos(\omega_n+\omega_d)t.
\end{equation}

The high frequency component $|\omega_n+\omega_d|$ of the signal is filtered out using a low pass filter , and the remaining signal can be measured using a fast oscilloscope. The time dependence of the amplitude $V_n(t)$ is governed by the decay of the energy stored in the resonator

\begin{equation}
V_n(t) \propto e^{\left(-\frac{\omega_nt}{2Q}\right)}
\end{equation}

where the factor of 2 comes from the fact that amplitude and not power is measured. From these measurements, the detuning $|\omega_n-\omega_d|$ and the $Q$ value can be obtained, see figure\,\ref{fig:stretch}.

By varying the flux pulses amplitude the resonance frequency as a function of flux can be mapped out, see figure\,\ref{fig:fast}. Positive and negative pulses can be applied which means that the frequency can be shifted both to higher  and lower values. In order to increase the frequency, work has to be done on the cavity by the applied field while in the case of a decrease in frequency the cavity does work on the field used to tune the resonator.
The $Q$ value as a function of flux pulse is showed in \ref{fig:fast} together with the data obtained from measurements of the line width. Due to poor signal to noise ratio the measurement had to be performed several times and averaged, as mention previously.

\begin{figure}
\centering
 \includegraphics[width=0.385\textwidth]{images/F_3w5c4s22_fast_DC2}
 \includegraphics[width=0.415\textwidth]{images/Q_3w5c4s22_fast_DC2}
\caption{\label{fig:fast}
(a) The resonance frequency as a function of flux using fast flux pulses. The solid line is the calculated resonance frequency. Both negative (circles) and positive (squares) flux pulses can be applied. The resonance frequency can hence both be increased and decreased. (b) The obtained $Q$ value from the line width measurements (open circles) and from the decay measurement (solid).}
\end{figure}

The $Q$ value obtained from the decay time measurements differ substantially from the $Q$ values obtained from the line width around zero flux bias. To understand this discrepancy a histogram of the pulse amplitude from the pulse generator was measured. Using this histogram a probability distribution for the amplitude height can be calculated. Since the amplitude of the flux pulse determine the frequency $\omega_n$ a distribution in pulse amplitude can be converted into a distribution in frequency. The average measured signal $S(t)$ is obtained as

\begin{equation}
\label{eq:S}
S(t)\approx e^{-\omega_n t/2Q}\sum_k^N P_k\sin(\omega_k-\omega_d)t
\end{equation}

where $N$ is the number of bins used in the histograms $P_k$ is the probability of obtaining the frequency $\omega_k$. Using the measured histogram the signal $S(t)$ can be calculated. If a function $e^{-\omega_n t/(2Q)}$ is fitted to $S(t)$ a $Q \approx 5000$ is obtained even if a $Q = 10000$ was used in the calculations \ref{eq:S}. This calculations suggests that the imperfections of the pulse generator used to create the flux pulses is the cause of the degradation seen in the measured $Q$ value.

\begin{figure}[t!]
\centering
 \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/2V_10nS_trace}
 \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/2V_10nS_pulse}
 \caption{\label{fig:10ns}
(a) Trace obtained for a 10 ns long flux pulse. Three peaks of the oscillations observed, the distance between the peaks gives a detuning of 330\,MHz. After the oscillations there some slower structure due to imperfections in the applied pulse. (b) The 10 ns applied pulse measured with a fast oscilloscope.}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[t!]
\centering
 \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/2V_5nS_trace}
 \includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{images/2V_5nS_pulse}
 \caption{\label{fig:5ns}
(a) Trace obtained for a 5 ns long flux pulse. Only one peak is now observed. (b) The 5 ns pulse. The pulse is limited by the rise time of the pulse generator.}
\end{figure}

By shortening the duration of the flux pulse, a lower limit on the tuning speed can be obtained. In order to observe oscillations for a flux pulse of length $\tau$  the detuning must be sufficiently large so that $2\pi/|\omega_n-\omega_d| \le \tau$, therefore a large amplitude has to be used for the short pulses. figure\,\ref{fig:10ns}(a) shows the obtained trace for a 10 ns long pulse flux (showed in figure\,\ref{fig:10ns}(b)), three peaks are observed with a frequency of $\sim$330\,MHz. There are also some slower oscillations observed after the peaks, these structures are due to reflections of the pulse in the cables. If the pulse is decreased further down to 5 ns one peak can still be observed \ref{fig:5ns}(a). On this sort time scale the pulse starts to be limited by the rise time of the pulse generator \ref{fig:5ns}(b), which is about 2.5 ns. From these measurements it can be concluded that the resonator can be tuned several hundred MHz on a time scale of a few ns.

\section{Conclusions}
In conclusion, we have designed and measured several tunable superconducting
CPW resonators.  We have demonstrated a tunability of more than 700\,MHz for a 4.9
GHz device.  As a figure of merit, we see that we can detune the
devices more than 250 corrected linewidths.  We have also demonstrated
that our device can be tuned substantially faster than its decay time,
allowing us to change the frequency of the energy stored in the
cavity.  Having done this in the few photon limit, we therefore assert
that we can tune the frequency of individual microwave photons stored
in the cavity.  This can be done by several hundred MHz on the
timescale of nanoseconds.

\section{Acknowledgments}
The samples were made at the MC2 clean room at Chalmers. This work was supported by the Swedish SSF and VR, and by the Wallenberg foundation.

\bibliographystyle{apsrev}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


(Reuters) - AT&T Inc reported quarterly revenue that fell shy of Wall Street estimates, sending its shares down about 1 percent after the close of regular trading.
After a six-week trial, the second-largest U.S. carrier by subscribers won court approval last month to close its $85 billion acquisition of media company Time Warner Inc and began bundling the content it gains from the deal with new wireless plans in an effort to drive subscriber growth.
A federal appeals court last week approved the U.S. Justice Department's request for an expedited schedule to appeal the Time Warner ruling on antitrust concerns.
Time Warner and other merger costs were $321 million in the second quarter when the trial took place.


I booked my tickets to La Boheme! What do women wear to La Scala on a Friday evening (not a premiere)? Can I wear a basic dress? My husband will wear a coat and tie.After having spent my money on tickets, I can't afford a high-end outift. Any suggestions?
Congratulations on doing the impossible - getting La Scala tickets!
I tend to favor a basic black outfit for evening opera events. No traveling with jewelry, so no jewelry for the opera houses in Europe, but a fairly colorful but muted scarf does wonders. If it gets cold, a pashmina would help.
Thanks! I was up at 2:00 this morning when tickets went on sale. I'm thrilled. Yes, i think I'll stick with basic black.
You must have clicked one second after the tickets went on sale!
Where are your seats? You may want to bring opera glasses - small ones, not too bulky for travel.
The two tenors are wonderful. Whom did you get for the soprano: Gheorghiu or Netrebko?
Our tickets are zone 4 I seat 3 & 4. Yes I was onlins as soon as the tickets went on sale. So excited!
but we did the same thing last March in the middle of the night like you did and were lucky enough to get tickets to Tosca in May. I completely understand your excitement. It really is an exciting feeling when you get the payment receipts for the tickets isn't it? The next exciting thing will be when you get the tickets in the mail.


Finnish/Swedish 2003 edition: timer, die and Parker pencils.
Finnish/Swedish 2003 edition: cards in shrink on top of nondescript screens in shrink.
Finnish/Swedish 2003 edition: category cards still in shrink, showing Swedish and Finnish sides.
Finnish/Swedish 2003 edition: writing pad.
Finnish/Swedish 2003 edition: board. Not sure what it's for.
Finnish/Swedish 2003 edition: back of Swedish rules. It's the freaky head again!
Finnish/Swedish 2003 edition: front of Swedish rules.
Finnish/Swedish 2003 edition: insert. The lower half is partly in shadow, but the freaky embossed head is completely visible.
Finnish/Swedish 2003 edition: box back.


Do I Have a Strained Muscle or Do I Need an Adjustment?
Dr. JaDean Anderson explains how to tell if a patient's pain comes from a strained muscle or needing a chiropractic adjustment, also how chiropractic care affects muscle.
How to Tone Muscle and Lose Weight!


Your order is couriered on behalf of the consumer and be delivered to his/her address or your promotion code is sent electronically within 30 (thirty) days upon the order date in accordance with the Consumer Protection Law numbered 6502. Your order shall be delivered by the courier company upon the dispatch code of the courier is confirmed on the system.
Unless the Seller makes a statement that the company is responsible from the product return, the consumer is obliged to send the product to the product return address stated Article 1 within 10 days upon the date of withdrawal notice.
In case of the product is not used in compliance with its technical features, usage instructions within the withdrawal period, the consumer is responsible from any deformation and/or malfunction detected on the product.
In case of any problem occurs consumer may obtain any information including payment, delivery and withdrawal right by calling Customer Services.
4.1. In Distant Sales Contract regarding the purchase of products, the consumer is entitled to refuse the product without any justification within 14 days upon the delivery date without taking any legal or criminal liability. In Distant Sales Contract regarding the purchase of services, the withdrawal period starts the effective date of the Agreement. If it is determined that the fulfilment of the service starts before the period of withdrawal right expires, consumer is able to use its withdrawal right by the fulfilment date of the service. The transportation expenses arising out of the execution of withdrawal right shall be covered by the Seller in the case that the product is returned with Seller's contracted Courier Company.
The consumer must submit its request to cancel the order within 14 days via fax, telephone or e-mail stated in Article 1 to the Seller and the product in question must be unused within scope of the Distant Sale Contract provisions. Return policy of the Seller within scope of withdrawal right is stated on the Distant Sales Contract. Courier expense shall be covered by the consumer if the product is sent other than Seller's contracted courier company.
prices are changeable according to the fluctuations on the financial market beyond the control of the trader or provider.
have been formed upon the personal requests and needs.
4. are not suitable for the return due to the health and hygiene issues in case of protection tools such as package, stamp, tape have been removed.
5. compound with any other products after its delivery and not able to be separated by its nature.
6. products that have been provided on the tangible platform such as books, digital content and computer consumables in case of protection tools such as package, stamp, tape have been removed.
7. apart from the subscription agreements, agreements on delivery of the periodicals such as newspapers and journals.
8. have a specific date to be benefited such as the recreation activities, accommodation, good transportation, car leasing, food-drink supply.
9. Spot delivery of the intangible goods to the consumer or services that have been fulfilled on the electronic platform.
The pre-contractual information form shall be effective upon it is electronically confirmed by the consumer.
Regarding the complaints and objections related to contract product, the consumer is entitled to make his/her applications to District and Provincial Arbitration Committee for Consumer Problems located in either consumer's domicile or the place where the purchase transaction is performed or Consumer Court within the boundaries of monetary limitations determined by the Ministry of Custom and Commerce in every December.
The scope and subject of this Agreement is to clarify rights and responsibilities of the Parties regarding to sales and delivery terms of the Product in accordance with the Consumer Protection Law numbered 6502 and applicable regulation on Distant Contract published in the official gazette dated 27.11.2014 which is electronically ordered by the Buyer from the jaquette.com.tr web site owned by the Seller and its qualifications and sale price is stated below.
By placing an order or making a transaction through the website or its mobile application using any relevant information stated on these platforms, you signify your agreement to be bound by these conditions.
4.1 The consumer hereby accepts and acknowledges that pre-information form gives him/her all necessary information about the features, sale price (including VAT), payment method, delivery lead time and conditions of the product together with the Name/title of the Seller and its appropriate contact information and address to confirm this transaction electronically.
4.3 If it is determined that the product shall be delivered by any third party other than the Buyer, the Seller cannot be held liable from any refusal of delivery claimed by the third parties.
4.4 The Buyer cannot be held liable from any delivery failure due to the problems that are confronted by the courier company at the delivery stage.
4.5 The Buyer is responsible to deliver the product in an non-used and non-damaged position with the certificate of warranty and instructions booklet if legally necessary.
4.6 In case of a repair demand from the Consumer, the Product shall be supplied to the Consumer within the period specified in Consumer Law and its related regulations.
4.7 The Seller may supply another product to the Buyer in the same quality and price with the ordered product in the case that the Seller has reason which can be considered as a valid ground for this claim.
4.8 In case of an impossibility of the performance on the service or the product in question, the Buyer shall notify the situation to the Consumer before fulfilment period for its obligation expires. Further in these circumstances, the Seller may supply another product to the Buyer in same quality and price if the product is in stock.
4.9 The consumer accepts and acknowledges that the Seller who notifies the impossibility of performance for the product due to the stock out before the fulfilment period for its obligation expires, is also entitled to refund the products price. Under these circumstances, despite of the stock out notification been made by the Seller, the Buyer cannot claim for a product supply in same quality and price instead of a refund.
4.10 It is stipulated that one signed copy of this Agreement must be sent to the Buyer and the price must be paid with the preferred payment method by the Buyer before the delivery of the product. If the price of the product is not paid or cancelled for any reason, the Seller shall be deemed release from its delivery obligations with respect to the product.
4.11 In the event that price of the product is not transferred to the Buyer's account by the relevant Banks and financial institutions due to the illegal and wrong use of the credit card, debit card or any other payment methods offered on the website by unauthorised person without negligence of the Buyer, the Buyer is obliged to re-deliver the Product to the Seller within 3 (three) days.
4.12 In the case that the Seller fails on delivery of the product due to force majeure situations such as adverse weather conditions, extraordinary restrictions on the transportation, the Seller is obliged to inform the situation to the Buyer. In this circumstances the Buyer is entitled either to terminate the contract or cancel the order. In case of a contract termination, the Seller is obliged to refund all the payments being made with respect the product to the Buyer in advance within 14 (fourteen) days upon the delivery of the termination notification.
4.13 In the event that the Buyer uses withdrawal right for the Product, price of the product shall be returned to the relevant Bank within 14 (fourteen) days in such payments that is made with credit cards, debit cards and any other payment methods offered on the website. Upon this transaction, reflection of the refund amount to the Buyers account is fully subjected to internal procedure of the Banks which the Seller has no right to interfere.
5.1 In Distant Sales Contract regarding the purchase of products, the consumer is entitled to refuse the product without any justification within 14 days upon the delivery date without taking any legal or criminal liability. In Distant Sales Contract regarding the purchase of services, the withdrawal period starts the effective date of the Agreement. If it is determined that the fulfillment of the service starts before the period of withdrawal right expires, consumer is able to use its withdrawal right by the fulfillment date of the service. The transportation expenses arising out of the execution of withdrawal right shall be covered by the Seller in the case that the product is returned with Seller's contracted Courier Company.
5.2 The consumer must submit its request to cancel the order within 14 days via fax, telephone or e-mail stated in Article 1 to the Seller and the product must be non-used within scope of the Distant Sale Contract Article 6. Return policy of the Seller within scope of withdrawal right is stated on the Distant Sales Contract. Courier expense shall be covered by the consumer if the product is sent other than Seller's contracted courier companies titled DHL.
b) The Form for the returning products.
5.3 The Products must be delivered to the Seller's address specified for the product return in an non-used and non-damaged condition together with its original package and accessories if any. The Seller shall refund all payments which is made with respect to the returned product within 14 days upon the notification of the withdrawal right.
1. prices are changeable according to the fluctuations on the financial market beyond the control of the trader or provider.
2. have been formed upon the personal requests and needs.
10. Have been started the execution with a consent of the consumer before the withdrawal period is expired.


When you are installing an HVAC system in a new home or trying to make improvements to an existing HVAC system, there are some challenges you will face. Watch this video to see what problems might arise when you do furnace or AC installation in Tampa.
One of the biggest challenges that homeowners face today is finding ways to heat and cool rooms that have exposed beams and no finished ceilings in them. This type of situation makes it difficult for heating and air companies, and they need to come up with creative solutions. Ductless HVAC systems have become popular as a result of it, and HVAC companies have found ways to work around design issues. When you work with the right HVAC company, they will find a way to heat or cool your home in spite of any challenges that might exist.


Mike Girard is a senior housing broker with 20 years of transaction and advisory experience, totaling over $3.75B in investment sales for private clients, pension funds, pension fund advisors, insurance companies, public and private REITs, government organizations, special servicers/trustees, banks, foreign investors, developers, and hedge funds. Prior to forming Framework Realty Advisors ("FRA"), Mr. Girard co-founded and launched The Seniors Group, or TSG, a successful national seniors housing brokerage platform catering to the seniors housing industry. Prior to founding TSG, Mr. Girard was instrumental in the growth of Apartment Realty Advisors (ARA subsequently became part of Newmark Knight Frank) from 7 to 19 offices, and $1.7B to $9B in annual sales volume. Mr. Girard helped expand the New England and South/Central regions from single state to multi-state platforms. Mr. Girard has represented clients in sales of highly complex tax credit, bond and HUD-financed assets, student properties, all types of seniors housing properties, and a variety of distressed assets. Mr. Girard has coordinated large equity placement and JV partnership negotiations including the restructuring of a $90M portfolio recapitalization and dispositions as large as $300M. Mr. Girard has researched and valued thousands of properties and he is one of the most heavily licensed individual real estate brokers in the country. Mike is involved with Sons of the Flag and affiliated Bird's Eye View Project, nonprofit Charitable Organizations dedicated to helping Veterans, First Responders, and Civilian Burn Survivors and their families.


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Home»Licensees»King5»Youngster wows, Keller stars at Sports Star
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Youngster wows, Keller stars at Sports Star
By Todd Dybas January 25, 2012 4 Comments8 Mins Read
Jake Locker presented Jake Finkbonner, 16, with the Seattle Children's Inspirational Youth Award at the Seattle Sports Star banquet Wednesday night. / Photo by Dan DeLong, Red Box Pictures
A party atmosphere enveloped Benaroya Hall on Wednesday night for the 77th Annual Sports Stars of the Year banquet. That fun around the games quickly turned dramatic early in the night.
Former Washington quarterback Jake Locker presented fellow Ferndale resident Jake Finkbonner with the Seattle Children's Inspirational Youth Award. Finkbonner's speech brought everyone to their feet, many with damp eyes.
Finkbonner nearly died when he was five years old when a flesh-eating bacteria attacked his face. Now 16, he's endured 29 surgeries.
He thanked Locker, his plastic surgeon and the hospital. Finkbonner equated the hospital staff pulling together to a team uniting. Though, the stakes superseded any sporting event.
"They pulled all their knowledge, skill, dedication and God-given talents together, and they won the game, and saved my life," Finkbonner said. "Had it not been for their team effort, I would not be standing here to receive this award."
He also announced the following:
"I decided I would like to be a plastic surgeon, just like my doctor," Finkbonner said. "And my goal is to help children the way he has helped me."
It was a gracious, heartfelt way to start the evening's celebration.
To close the show, former Sounders goalkeeper Kasey Keller was honored as the Pro Athlete of the Year. Keller will be transitioning to the Sounders' announcing booth this season.
After accepting the award, Keller thanked his sponsors, then recounted a journey to Portland last year.
Keller went to a Trail Blazers game and his mug ended up on the jumbo screen.
Kasey Keller won the Professional Sports Star of the Year award Wednesday night at Benaroya Hall. / Photo by Andy Rogers, Red Box Pictures
"There was a pause in the play, and there was this little bit of rumbling in the crowd, and everybody starts booing," Keller said. "As you know, there's this little bit of a rivalry between Portland and Seattle when it comes to sports.
"I know this is the Sports Commission, we've got a lot of sports people, somebody please bring back the Sonics so I don't have to go to Portland and get booed at the games."
In a stunner, the crowd roared at the thought.
A native of Olympia, Keller led the Sounders to their third consecutive U.S. Open Cup victory in 2011. Keller also earned the MLS Goalkeeper of the Year award and Best XI honors.
Prior to joining Seattle Sounders FC, Keller played in Europe while accumulating U.S. National Team goalkeeping career records for most caps (102), wins (53) and shutouts (47).
Keller played in three of the world's top leagues: England's Premiership, Spain's La Liga and Germany's Bundesliga. During his European career, Keller spent four years with Millwall (1992-96), three years with Leicester City (1996-99), four years with Tottenham Hotspur (2001-05), and two years with Borussia Monchengladbach (Germany).
Keller is a graduate of North Thurston High School and the University of Portland. He received his first professional experience in 1989 when he played for the Portland Timbers.
Keller beat out Mariners closer Brandon League, Dallas Mavericks guards Jason Terry, Seahawks safety Earl Thomas and hydroplane driver Dave Villwock.
Washington Huskies running back Chris Polk was named the Male Athlete of the Year.
He finished as the No. 2 rusher in Husky history with 4,049 yards, just 57 behind 1994 Star of the Year Napoleon Kaufman, joined Kaufman as the only runners in school history to post three consecutive 1,000-yard seasons, and set a UW record by rushing for 100 or more yards in 21 games.
Polk is the only back in school history to average more than 100 rushing yards per game in a single season.
Washington quarterback Keith Price accepted on Polk's behalf. Polk beat out fellow Huskies Isaiah Thomas and golfer Chris Williams, Washington State track star Jeshua Anderson, and swimmer Nathan Adrian.
Female athlete of the year went to Gonzaga guard Courtney Vandersloot, who is playing professionally in Istanbul, Turkey.
A graduate of Kentwood High, Vandersloot led the Gonzaga women's team to a 31-5 record and a trip to the Elite Eight in the 2011 NCAA Tournament. Much decorated, Vandersloot is the only player in West Coast Conference history selected league Player of the Year three times (2009-11) and the only player in the history of the conference named WCC Tournament Most Valuable Player three times (2009-11).
Sports story of the year went to the FCS National Champion Eastern Washington football team. Quarterback Bo Levi Mitchell led the Eagles to a 20-19 championship game win over Delaware.
The Seattle Sports Commission had previously announced the recipients of five special awards. Each candidate was selected by the Sports Star Committee.
Keith Jackson Award: Bob Robertson, WSU football — This award is presented to a member of the media for excellence in communicating the sports stories of Washington.
At 82, Robertson has been the voice of Cougar football for 44 years. His sports broadcasting career spans six decades with teams throughout the state of Washington.
In addition to Robertson's long association with Washington State, he spent 25 years calling Pacific Coast League baseball games in Seattle and Tacoma; broadcast professional soccer in Seattle, Tacoma and Portland; and served as a television sports anchor in the Seattle market for 25 years. Robertson's signature line: "Always be a good sport, be a good sport all ways."
"It's taken me to New York, Bourbon Street, and New York … I never had to work a day in my life after I got out of Blaine High School . . . I look sometimes in the newspaper at the jobs available, I realized I can't do anything else now," Robertson said. "I'm not qualified."
Robertson broadcast the first sports event in the Kingdome in 1976, the Sounders vs. New York Cosmos.
"Little did I know I would outlive the building," Robertson said.
Sports Executive of the Year: Gary Wright, Seattle Sounders FC — This award is given to an individual for contributions to the success of the regional sports industry. Wright helped launch two Seattle sports franchises.
An original employee of the Seahawks, Wright was the team's vice president of administration when he left in 2008 to become the Sounders' senior VP of business operations.
Wright currently oversees all business operations for the Sounders, including ticket sales, corporate sponsorships, community outreach, charities and communications.
Prior to joining the Seahawks, Wright served as publicity director of the California Sun of the World Football League. Upon his retirement from the Seahawks, the team named the press box at the football stadium in his honor.
Sports Citizen of the Year: Detlef Schrempf, UW basketball/Seattle SuperSonics — The Sports Citizen of the Year is given to an individual who has made a significant or compelling contribution to the local community.
Schrempf, who starred for the Huskies and Sonics, started his namesake foundation in 1996. Since then, the Detlef Schrempf Foundation has raised more than $9 million for Northwest charities.
"When the committee called about this award, I thought maybe they were going to reverse the 1985 Star of the Year Award and take it away from Steve Largent," Schrempf said.
Schrempf was an All-Pac-10 guard/forward under Marv Harshman (1975 Man of the Year) in the early 1980s, then embarked upon an NBA career that took him to Dallas, Indiana, Seattle and Portland.
Schrempf played in three NBA All-Star games and retired following the 2000-01 season.
Royal Brougham Legend Award: Bob Houbregs, UW Basketball — Introduced at the 75th Sports Star of the Year banquet two years ago, this award is given to an individual for a lifetime of achievement in sports.
"As I approach my 80th birthday, I realize age sometimes works in your favor," Houbregs said. "This award proves it for me."
A 6-foot-7 hook-shot specialist, Houbregs led the UW to its only Final Four appearance in 1953, when he was named the NCAA Player of the Year. Houbregs averaged 38.4 points per game in the 1953 NCAA Tournament.
Houbregs played five years in the NBA with three teams from 1953-58. Houbregs entered the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1987, and was inducted into the Canadian Basketball Hall of Fame in 2000.
He is also a member of the Washington State Sports Hall of Fame and Husky Hall of Fame.
"What a great evening and what a great award to receive.," Houbregs said. "To be alongside (previous award winners) Marv Harshman and Don James is truly high praise. I talkd to Marv on the phone. He needled me, and I needled him. Then he said, I love you,' and I said 'I love you.' What a dear friend."
Seattle Children's Inspirational Youth Award: Jake Finkbonner, Assumption Catholic School — This award is given to an inspirational student who has overcome major medical obstacles and returned to the sport he/she loves.
The Ferndale youth nearly died when he was five years old, his face ravaged by flesh-eating bacteria.
Now 11, after years of recovery, "his indomitable spirit is an inspiration to all," according to the Seattle Sports Commission.
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<span class="dsq-postid" data-dsqidentifier="2126624 https://sportspressnw.wpengine.com/?p=2126624">4 Comments
Isaac Alexander on January 27, 2012 10:15 am
What was the rough attendance of the event? Was it more then last year?
Anonymous on January 27, 2012 6:45 pm
According to the event organizer there were 1,200 guests in attendance.
Isaac Alexander on January 27, 2012 2:15 am
sportspressnw on January 27, 2012 10:45 am