text:
Tomasso v. Tomasso
Opinion Date: October 15, 1997
PARTNERSHIPS; NON-COMPETITION—The Court found that a former partner breached a non-competition agreement, but not with respect to his new employer's customers that had not been processed through the partner's own efforts. With respect to those, there was no breach even though they had been clients of the partner's former partnership. The liquidated damages provision was found to be a penalty and therefore not enforced.
An unhappy partner filed suit to dissolve a partnership. The suit was settled by buying out the disgruntled partner. The buy-out agreement contained a restrictive covenant prohibiting the departing partner, in his new employment with a competitor, from conducting business with the partnership's customers within a specific geographic area for a certain period of time. Three years later, the partnership filed suit claiming the former partner breached the covenant not to compete. The buy-out agreement called for liquidated damages of $150,000 for breach of this covenant. The trial judge found the restrictive covenant to have been breached, but ruled that the liquidated damages clause was intended to be a penalty, and was thereby unenforceable. However, the partnership was allowed to prove damages and the trial judge awarded the partnership approximately $10,600. The partnership appealed, claiming the liquidated damages provision should have been enforced or, alternatively, that it was entitled to damages greater than it had been awarded.
The Appellate Division began its opinion by rejecting the partnership's contention that the former partner violated the restrictive covenant simply by working for a competitor that breached the covenant (to which it was not bound). To violate the restrictive covenant, the former partner had to aid or assist his new employer in obtaining the partnership's customers in a way that resulted in losses to the partnership. The Appellate Court upheld the trial court's finding that the liquidated damages provision was intended as a penalty, was therefore unenforceable because: (1) the actual damages were extremely disproportionate to the amount of liquidated damages; (2) there was no basis set forth in the agreement for calculating the liquidated damages amount; and (3) the covenant applied even in the event of a threatened breach, thus further supporting a conclusion that this provision was a penalty. The Appellate Court found the amount of damages awarded by the trial court to be a reasonable approximation of actual damages.


I enjoyed playing the game...it quickly became addictive. Please give us some volume control on the music. I can't listen to anything else when I'm playing.
Didn't like It got boreing really fast. Needs something else to keep it interesting. Whats the whole idea behind the game?
Well, I guess it just goes to say ... You can't please everybody. I really love this game and have a lot of fun playing it. It's so good to see easily recognizable items, which imo makes it more fun. You have a choice of relax or challenge mode. I like playing to relax, but once in a awhile I like to pick up the pace, and wow doe's it pick up the pace, the music sure helps. Either way they give you the choice. It may not be like the more authentic oriental game ... but I love it and would like to see more. Thanks GameHouse for giving us such a variety of game!!!
Cute, family friendly but quite challanging. The beginning levels can be breezed through but the last two sections contain levels that take multiple replays to secure the gold star. Fun, but not for those who obsess on a level until they master it.
You can also buy powerups, hints and outfits in the story, but they're very expensive. You don't need them for the ultimate game experience, though.


The peer review procedure covers all articles submitted to the editorial board of the journal "Research Papers of National University "Odessa Law Academy".
The author submits the article that meets the requirements to the editorial board.
Check of the article for anti-plagiarism. For all articles submitted for review, the degree of uniqueness of the author's text is determined by means of the appropriate software.
All manuscripts submitted to the editorial board are sent to reviewers. Chief editor appoints reviewers.
Members of the journal's editorial board act as reviewers.
As a rule, within 3-5 days, the reviewer makes a conclusion about the possibility of printing the article (it is filled in the standard form containing final recommendations).
The review is carried out confidentially according to the principle of double-blind review (neither the author nor the reviewer know each other). The interaction between the author and the reviewer is performed through executive editor.
If the reviewer indicates the necessity to make certain adjustments to the article, the article is sent to the author with the suggestion to take into account the comments when preparing the improved version of the article or to confute them justifiably. To the revised article, the author adds a letter that contains answers to all comments and explains all changes that were made in the article. The amended version is re-submitted to the reviewer for making a decision and preparing a motivated conclusion on the possibility of publication.
The final decision on the possibility and relevance of publication is taken by chief editor and, if it is necessary, by editorial board as a whole.


text:
Our NYU: November 2019
A Note from President Hamilton
I'm often asked what typifies or distinguishes an NYU education. Given our size, span, and complexity, that's a hard question to answer.
But, as the US university that sends more students to study abroad than any other, surely one common attribute is the way NYU's students and faculty make their local environments their classroom, wherever they are.
I was reminded of that when I was in Israel earlier this month to mark NYU Tel Aviv's 10th anniversary. At Caesarea National Park, a stunning site with Roman- and Crusader-era ruins, students work with scholars from Tel Aviv University and the Israeli Antiquities Authority to shed light on ancient life in the Mediterraenean city. At NYU Madrid, students are collaborating with local photographers and graffiti artists on a dynamic art project. And NYU Global Equity Fellows examine diversity and inclusion, and learn from communities at our global sites, often focusing on issues of social justice.
It's inspiring that our scholars and students find meaning in their international experiences and translate them into action. For example, the founders of Seastraws, a sustainable straw company, first crossed paths studying abroad at NYU Florence. (Their straws are in fact in use in our dining halls!) Krystal Atwood ('18 STEINHARDT) gained insights through a Steinhardt art therapy internship in Buenos Aires that helped underserved populations, which influenced her career path as an art therapist in the medical field today.
Melissa Godin, a 2017 graduate of the Global Liberal Studies program, spent time in Florence and Paris before ultimately winning a Rhodes scholarship. Currently an intern at The New York Times in Paris, she says the program, which takes a cross-disciplinary approach in analysis of cultures, societies, and eras, changed her perspective of what education should look like. Through Global Liberal Studies—which is celebrating its 10th year—students spend at least two semesters abroad.
This is not to say that a global education doesn't come with challenges. There are national currents working against the flow of people and ideas across borders. We are seeing more processing delays with visas for international students; and China recently issued a warning to its young people about studying in the US. The Institute for International Education reported that, for the first time in many years, new enrollments of international students have declined (though NYU continues to see increases in international applicants and hosts more international students than any other US college or university). Having a global presence also requires a global security strategy: we monitor unrest in many areas of the world to protect our students and faculty.
An instinctive response to these barriers might be to turn inward. But as someone who was educated in three countries and established my career in a fourth, it's hard to imagine what life would have been like had I not had the freedom to study and work outside my home country. In the choice between engagement with the world and turning our back on it, I firmly believe our university must engage and, in doing so, strengthen our campuses and academic centers abroad.
As we pause for a brief break, I wish you all an enjoyable and restful time—wherever in the world you may be.
It's a big year for anniversaries for our global sites and degree-granting campuses: NYU Paris celebrated its 50th year in September, and NYU Abu Dhabi is in its 10th year. I traveled to Tel Aviv earlier this month to commemorate its 10th anniversary and had the wonderful opportunity to visit Caesarea National Park, where students are carrying out archaeological research.
One of the great advantages of our global network is the cross-pollination that fosters creativity across the world. The NYU Production Lab formed a partnership beginning last year with NYU Abu Dhabi's Music Technology and Sound Recording that pairs New York-based storytellers with Abu Dhabi audio engineers and music technologists (including sound engineer Iván Budnik ['21 NYUAD], above).
New York is the world's largest financial center, and Shanghai is currently #5 (and growing!), so there is likely no better combination of locales for students to learn finance, business computing, and data analytics. The intrepid inaugural cohorts from NYU Stern and NYU Shanghai's MS in Quantitative Finance and MS in Data Analytics & Business Computing arrived at Stern in June, and then headed to Shanghai in the fall. In May 2020, they will graduate in Shanghai with a joint degree from Stern and Shanghai.
Oral health is largely ignored as a global issue; to raise awareness, NYU College of Dentistry and The Lancet recently hosted a UN side event to call for dental care to be included in commitments to universal health coverage. NYU Dentistry students regularly provide oral care free of charge to uninsured patients both here in New York and abroad, including Ecuador (above).
In response to the increasing demand for experience in Spanish-speaking communities, students in the cross-continental Master of Public Health program at the College of Global Public Health are studying at NYU Madrid, NYU Washington, DC, and are currently at NYU Buenos Aires (above). In addition to improving their Spanish, participants take classes in research methods, epidemiology, and Latin American health systems, and are undertaking fieldwork with local organizations. As part of the program, students travel to three global sites within a year.
Our illustrious Tisch School of the Arts has robust program offerings for nascent high school filmmakers, but what about all those budding directors who can't make it to the Square? Tisch film teacher Chris Chan Roberson (above) and Annie Stanton, executive director of Tisch special projects, recently developed the Tisch Online High School Filmmakers Workshop enabling filmmakers from the United States, China, Korea, Haiti, Hong Kong, and South Africa, to collaborate seamlessly online.
For many of our students, one of the most valuable aspects of college life is sharing a living space with a roommate, particularly one from another part of the world. Frank Zhou and Justin Zotos ('21 NYUSH) met freshman year and decided to stick together while studying away in New York this fall. Having spent Chinese New Year with Frank's family, who is from Yangzhou, they will celebrate Thanksgiving in Chicago, Justin's hometown.
With three degree-granting campuses and 12 global sites (the newest one is in Los Angeles, which opened last year), more of our students are opting to study away: Nearly half of the population goes abroad during their time at NYU, with some electing to study away at multiple sites.
As fires blazed in the Amazon rainforest and world leaders met at the UN this fall, NYU Wagner Associate Professor Salo Coslovsky brought together Brazilian politicians, researchers, and climate-change activists to unpack the crisis at a spirited public forum.
It's not all fun and games studying away—except when it is. NYU Tandon students have a rigorous curriculum, but plenty of them manage to fit time abroad amidst their studies, as did Amanda DiTrolio ('20 TANDON), a chemical and biomolecular engineering major, who went scuba diving in the Great Barrier Reef during her time at NYU Sydney.
In addition to a degree-granting portal campus in Abu Dhabi, NYUAD has a home base in the US, 19 Washington Square North, which strengthens connections between faculty in New York and Abu Dhabi. This month, I attended a gathering to celebrate research, teaching, and collaboration upon the 10th anniversary of its opening. Above, I'm joined by NYUAD Vice Chancellor Mariët Westermann and Ambassador Lana Nusseibeh, the United Arab Emirates' Permanent Representative to the UN.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Bright and spacious single room in Almagro neighborhood, very close to the Abasto Mall and Corrientes Avenue.
Single and comfortable room to rent in a cousy apartment in Belgrano. The room has Cable TV and private bathroom.
Colorful single room to rent in a very nice house in Abasto.
Sunny & single room to rent in a very nice apartment in Almagro. The room has Air conditioning.
Single and luminous room. Ideal for those who are looking for a quiet place to study.
Comfortable single room in a big apartment in Almagro. Really spacious! Check it out!


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Windows.Forms;
using System.Windows.Forms.Design.Behavior;

namespace Treorisoft.Wizard.Design
{
    internal class SmartTagGlyph : Glyph
    {
        private Bitmap _glyphOpen, _glyphClosed;

        private Image GlyphOpen
        {
            get
            {
                if(_glyphOpen == null)
                {
                    _glyphOpen = (Bitmap)Properties.Resources.Open_left.Clone();
                    _glyphOpen.MakeTransparent(Color.Magenta);
                }
                return _glyphOpen;
            }
        }

        private Image GlyphClosed
        {
            get
            {
                if(_glyphClosed == null)
                {
                    _glyphClosed = (Bitmap)Properties.Resources.Close_left.Clone();
                    _glyphClosed.MakeTransparent(Color.Magenta);
                }
                return _glyphClosed;
            }
        }

        public override Cursor GetHitTest(Point p)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        public override void Paint(PaintEventArgs pe)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Three mid-year football transfers make KU commitments official
Kansas University football recruiting
Months of hard work and pavement pounding began paying off early Wednesday morning, when Kansas University football coach David Beaty announced the signing of a handful of mid-year junior college transfers.
Riverside (California) College defensive tackle Isi Holani, Highland Community College defensive tackle DeeIsaac Davis and versatile wide receiver/defensive back Stephan Robinson from Northeastern Oklahoma JC became the first in the Class of 2016 to officially join the Jayhawks on Wednesday.
"We are very excited to be adding DeeIsaac, Isi and Stephan to our program," Beaty said in a news release. "It is our goal to build Kansas football by addressing our biggest needs and at the same time finding the right people who fit the profile of who we want to be Jayhawks. All three of these guys help us accomplish that."
Beaty, one of KU's most active coaches on social media, announced the signings on Twitter.
Holani, a 6-foot-2, 315-pound, three-star prospect from Riverside College in California, made an official visit to Kansas last weekend and ended his recruitment Monday afternoon.
Holani, who hails from Hilo High in Hawaii and figures to add immediate depth to KU's defensive line, had offers from Kansas State, Hawaii, Oklahoma State, Colorado State, Boise State, Nevada, and Fresno State.
Robinson, a 5-foot-11, 173-pound two-star athlete who could play wide receiver, defensive back and on special teams, will have four years remaining to play out three seasons of eligibility.
Two of Robinson's official visits during the recruiting process were to Kansas and Tennessee and, according to JayhawkSlant.com, both Nebraska and Virginia Tech recently tried to get involved with him.
Robinson also had offers from Southern Miss, Tulsa, Arkansas State, and Utah State.
Davis, a 6-foot-4, 295 pound two-star defensive tackle from Highland Community College drew serious interest from several other programs after he committed to Kansas in early November, picking up new offers from Southern Miss, Western Kentucky, New Mexico and Ohio.
Linebackers coach Kevin Kane began recruiting Davis midway through the 2015 season and Davis, who originally hails from Andover High near Wichita, ultimately chose Kansas over New Mexico.
All three players visited KU in the last month and are expected to be on campus in time for the beginning of the spring semester and spring football.
"These student-athletes address our immediate needs," Beaty added. "Having the opportunity to get these guys on campus in January was huge for our program moving forward and then also knowing we would have Stephan for three years was an added bonus."
KU football finds D-Line help
Notebook: Kansas DT Isi Holani out for season
KU football adds D-Lineman to 2016 recruiting class
Congratulations to these young men, and to the KU staff for securing the commitments.
Hey Amani, the d-line is looking pretty good! Might as well join-up today!
David Robinett 4 years, 1 month ago
neatdeal
Brad Farha 4 years, 1 month ago
Matt -- I took a look at Rivals, and it says we have 13 recruits now. At least 5 are JuCo. Does that concern you that we are hitting the JuCo route too heavily again?
This is a question for everyone. Not knocking Beaty as I like what he's doing so far. Just don't want us to walk down the same path as Weis.
Jonathan Briles 4 years, 1 month ago
One difference between how Beaty does it and how Weis did it is targeting JUCO guys who were graduating at semester. 3 of the 5 will be here for all of spring training and have a big step up on things and one of those three has 4 years to complete 3 years of eligibility. I think we are done for the most part on the JUCO route for this class and 5 in a class is not bad. Weis was routinely in the double digits.
On a side note I watched the film of Robinson and he is exactly the kind of kid we need on this team. His highlights don't wow you, but the way he plays kind of does. He has relentless pursuit on defense and always rushes to the ball and completely commits to downfield blocking as a receiver. He seems like a guy that will buy in and give everything he has and bring the effort level up for the guys around him. Good signings today.
Weis' classes were double digit if you include transfers
2012 = 9 + 3 T's
2013 = 17!!!
The reason Weis ?Had? to go this route was the result of losing an entire class of upper classmen due to transfers from the coaching changes. We were missing 25 +/- jr's & sr's when he arrived, most of which was not a result of him kicking off the team the 20+ players that were flunking out or otherwise "not making the grade".
The real problem though is the matter of character that was missed resulting in 50% of the JC's never even making it onto the turf for game time. We're in a completely different position now if we had a class full of Johnson's, McDonald's, Tavais, Stowers, Coxes, ... and a lot fewer Combs, Martins, Shorts ...
Brad, without repeating Jonathan's points, my opinion is that a sizable number of JUCO guys will be essential next year.
The problem that I envision would be back-to-back calamitous seasons. If we were to go 1-11 next year, recruiting would start to get very difficult. Recruits will give you the one-year bye, but if you aren't showing significant improvement in the second year, then the die may well be cast, and your competitors will be killing you on the recruiting trail. It might be over for you before you ever get started. Improvement next year is of paramount importance but, to your point, it has to executed in a thoughtful way.
There are 24 positions on the field, including specialists. You have approximately 21 schollies to offer each year. I think that you should take the 3 weakest defensive positions and the 3 weakest offensive positions and bolster them every year with the best JUCO's available, assuming that they are high-character guys. As you get into years 4 and 5 of the rebuild, you could then cut this number back to two on each side of the ball.
If you can develop a smart plan for JUCO kids, you'll be able to score better players who can come in at the semester and contribute right away, while effectively managing your numbers.
Taking the emotion out of the Weis debacle leaves me thinking that, in addition to his over-confidence, he really was going for a 3-year turn-around and then was going to leverage it into a better job somewhere else. He was not thinking long-term, which led us to this mess.
My opinion is that too much has been made on this site of JUCO's and transfers. Smart manipulation of these resources can help us to get where we want to be.
Thank you Jonathan & Brett. Appreciate the detailed explanation, and it definitely puts my mind at rest. Looking forward to seeing how Coach rounds out the class.
Great to see us going after players, like Holani, who can help in big problem areas.
I just posted this by error on an older Bledsoe article but Kansas fans should be excited about Maciah Long, the Houston North Shore QB, is slated to be a LB. Long is one heck of a football player. As a QB, he has led Northshore to the 6A Div 1 State Championship game this Saturday. Although committed to KU, other schools like Indiana continues to pursue him.
Matt- Beaty hasn't tweeted on Holani yet. Are we sure it's a done deal?
gilda radner.
Michael Bennett 4 years, 1 month ago
Nothing here to get excited about. Meanwhile KS Gatorade player of the year is 20 miles up the road w/o a full ride offer from KU. 6' 2" 200 lb WR or safety who runs a 4.6, likes to hit with great hands. Beaty has not impressed yet with his recruiting.
Michael Lorraine 4 years, 1 month ago
He's on their radar and no one else has offered him a scholarship.
Michael, a 3-star DT and three total early arrivals is something to get excited about. Let's not minimize kids who have committed to KU simply because your favorite player hasn't been offered.
Though Christian may be a good player, he wasn't ranked going into the season and just recently was promoted to a 3-star level. Gatorade Player of the Year is a terrific award, but it's not a predictor of collegiate success.
Based on Matt's earlier story, we may have as few as 18 scholarships available, which means that it will be difficult to parse them out properly. My guess is that in-state guys will probably get a heavy walk-on push because it's much harder to get out-of-state walk-ons. We have 13 WR's returning next year (based on the roster), plus two current commitments (not sure where Robinson will play). That's just about 15% of the current roster. Even with 4-wide sets, WR's should account for 10% of the total roster.
We should be careful to use broad-brush critiques of recruiting this early in the game. Signing day isn't until February. Beaty's recruiting effectiveness probably can't be judged on-field until the beginning of Year 4. Until then, there isn't much we can do but trust him.
Jennifer Nikkila Pressgrove 4 years, 1 month ago
What's the deal with the two guys from Snow CC? They committed this summer and we've already seen one Snow commit jump ship. Are they not eligible to sign this period?
As I said, not impressed. Past Gatorade POY- Goolsby-KSU, Dineen-KU, Cozart's- KU, Bubba Starling, Blake Bell...0nly 1 in last 7-8 years that wasn't a household name and stud. Been watching KU FB for over 40 years. SOS. Every year LJW blows smoke up our ##% to sell papers w/o making any attempt to vet players. People need to challenge coaches to be better instead of letting it slide.
As Eleanor Roosevelt said, "Only you can give someone permission to blow smoke up you xyz".
Jim Stauffer 4 years, 1 month ago
The players from Snow will likely not sign with us. They were recruited to be here mid-year and did not make the grade.
As for Beaty's recruiting skills, they are acknowledged by football people far and wide. Sit back and watch, baby.
Michael Maris 4 years, 1 month ago
https://kansas.rivals.com/content.asp?CID=1838047
This is an interesting read.
Coach Beaty is #EarningIt.


JACKSON COUNTY, Mich. — The driver of the vehicle died on Thursday after their vehicle left the roadway and struck a metal, support beam of a billboard sign on eastbound Michigan Avenue in Jackson County.
The driver, the lone occupant, was pronounced dead on scene.
According to police, the vehicle caught fire after striking the beam and it is unclear what led up to the crash.
The name of the driver is being withheld at this time.


A cross stitch card for any occasion when you want to say I Love You – great for Valentine's Day or even a birthday.
Here's a really fresh modern take on the Valentine theme with our I Love You Heart Valentine's Cross Stitch pattern.
Designed on 16 count Aida, it only has four colors so it's not expensive to make either. The finished design measures 3.6×5.6ins.
Although this looks like a complicated design it really isn't, the outlining in black backstitch is really easy to do and makes the design really pop.
You could send this as a card to your loved one or you could buy a frame and give it as a permanent reminder of your love.
When you buy one of Stitch Me Gifts' designs you get a color block chart so that you can easily see which colors go where and you also get a black and white symbol chart which is easy to follow so you can't make any mistakes. One tip is to use colored pencils or felt tip pens so that you color in parts of the black and white chart as you complete them, then it's easy to find your place again when you next pick up your I Love You Heart Valentine's Cross Stitch pattern.
There's no waiting about for the mailman either. Once you've bought your I Love You Heart Valentine's Cross Stitch design you just download it from our website, print it out, and you're ready to go. If you don't have a printer, that's OK, you could just save the chart to your desktop and then stitch it directly from your computer.
Once you have the chart you don't have to use the colors we've chosen. If you want to, you can stitch the I Love You Heart Valentine's Cross Stitch in other colors, just find ligher colors for the light pink and darker colors for the deeper pink.
We recommend that you use DMC thread but that's our personal choice. Use any other makes that you choose and if you want a really stunning finish, use Gutermann Sulky holographic threads in a contrasting color to add some real style and glamour.


text:
Sarah Sanders Takes Questions On Russia Charges, Florida Shooting
It was the first White House press briefing in a week.
Press secretary Sarah Sanders held the first White House press briefing in a week Tuesday and answered questions about the president's response to both the school shooting in Florida and the indictment of Russian nationals by special counsel Robert Mueller's team.
She said President Donald Trump expressed interest in improving the federal gun background check system and was also focused on mental health. She also addressed a tweet over the weekend in which Trump seemed to say the Russia investigation was a distraction to the FBI and a reason it failed to look into warnings about the Florida shooter.
"The cause of this is that of a deranged individual who made the decision to take the lives of 17 other people. That is the responsibility of the shooter, certainly not the responsibility of anybody else," she said.
When asked about the president's position on concealed carry reciprocity or an assault rifle ban, she declined to answer.
When asked why Trump hasn't hasn't implemented a Russia sanctions bill that passed Congress, Sanders said this:
"Look, frankly, that's not completely accurate."
She also said Trump has been tougher on Russia than former President Barack Obama ever was. Based on a review by PolitiFact, that's incorrect. Specifically, PolitiFact rated a Monday tweet from Trump saying he has been "much tougher on Russia than Obama" as "Mostly False."
Plane Crash Victims' Families Demand Changes For Boeing 737 MAX


text:
class FixVersionDates < ActiveRecord::Migration[4.2]
  def self.up
    rename_column :versions, :created_at, :built_at
    add_column :versions, :created_at, :datetime
    Version.update_all('created_at = updated_at')
  end

  def self.down
    remove_column :versions, :created_at
    rename_column :versions, :built_at, :created_at
  end
end


Have you taken a course taught by Cynthia Labrake?
I like her teaching style. She makes powerpoint outlines for her lectures which are available on the Blackboard. Not sure if this all the time, but she did for Fall 2005 since this was the first time I'm taking her. She teaches 302 which follows. Both of her classes, she has a conference class 107 that is for the discussions. The teacher assistants handle this and that's taken on a Pass/Fail. The 107 is mandatory. She's pretty understanding to your situations. Her tests are made by her since her classes are smaller due to CONNEXUS. She uses the Homework Service and that's where all of your homework assignments are generated. She explains her stuff. I liked her and would recommend her without reservation.
The professor does not teach this part of the discussion. This is done by the TA !!! and TA does change each semester. But my question is how can someone fail this course?!? It's on a pass/fail basis!! The only way you fail is if you don't show up for it SO my advice to anyone who takes LaBrake and this 107 is mandatory is to ATTEND the darn DISCUSSION!!! LaBrake is totally worth it though. Although the homework assignments on the Homework Service could be minimized, but hey that what those two hours a week in the discussion class are for. IT should give you enough time to work and exchange answers for the problems and get help from the TA.


text:
Plazidus Zurlauben (* 13. August 1646 in Bremgarten; † 14. September 1723 auf Schloss Sandegg) war ein Schweizer Benediktinermönch. Von 1684 bis 1701 war er Abt, danach bis zu seinem Tod erster Fürstabt des Klosters Muri in den Freien Ämtern (im heutigen Kanton Aargau).

Biografie

Plazidus Zurlauben entstammte der angesehenen Zuger Familie Zurlauben. Seine Eltern waren Beat Jakob Zurlauben, Landschreiber der Freien Ämter in Bremgarten und später Ammann in Zug, sowie dessen erste Frau Maria Barbara Reding von Biberegg, Schwester des Einsiedler Abtes Augustin Reding. Am 17. Juni 1663 legte Zurlauben in Muri seine Profess ab, am 22. März 1670 folgte die Priesterweihe. Ab 1672 war er als Lehrer an der Klosterschule tätig, deren Präzeptor er 1674 wurde. Von 1680 bis 1684 war er Sekretär der Schweizerischen Benediktinerkongregation. Fünf Tage nach dem Tod von Hieronymus Troger wurde er am 14. März 1684 zum neuen Abt gewählt.

Zurlauben war in hohem Masse auf Repräsentation bedacht. Bereits wenige Monate nach seiner Wahl beschloss er einen umfassenden Neubau der Klosteranlage. Mit den Planungen beauftragte er den Architekten Caspar Moosbrugger, der damals im Kloster Einsiedeln als Laienbruder lebte. Den Anfang machten 1685/86 Abtskapelle und Abtswohnung im Ostflügel. 1694 folgte ein neuer Westflügel mit Studierstuben sowie Kunst- und Raritätenkabinett, 1696 ein neuer Südflügel mit Klosterschule, Küche und Refektorium. Hinzu kamen um die Jahrhundertwende verschiedene Ökonomiebauten. Das wichtigste Bauvorhaben betraf die Klosterkirche, die nicht mehr den Bedürfnissen der Zeit entsprach. Zurlauben liess nach Plänen des Tessiner Stuckateurs Giovanni Battista Bettini das Kirchenschiff zwischen 1694 und 1697 durch ein Oktogon nach oberitalienischem Vorbild ersetzen. Im Kreuzgang entstand die Loretokapelle. Die erneuerte und erweiterte Klosteranlage war nun überwiegend von barocker Architektur geprägt. 1700/01 liess Zurlauben ausserdem auf dem Lindenberg bei Muri das Schloss Horben errichten, das in der Folge als Sommersitz und Erholungsheim der Mönche diente.

Von 1686 bis 1709 gehörte Zurlauben zu den Visitatoren der Benediktinerkongregation. Er erweiterte auch die bestehenden Gerichts- und Grundherrschaften der Abtei im Thurgau: 1693 erwarb er die Herrschaft Sandegg in Salenstein, fünf Jahre später die Herrschaft Eppishausen in Erlen. Ende 1699 weilte er zu Besuch in Rom.

Der grösste Prestigegewinn gelang ihm 1701. Mitte Juni war Graf Franz Ehrenreich von Trauttmannsdorff, österreichischer Gesandter an der Tagsatzung, in Muri zu Gast. Dieser schlug dem Abt vor, für sich und seine Nachfolger den Fürstentitel zu kaufen. Der damals übliche Tarif betrug 45.000 Gulden, Zurlauben erhielt ihn aufgrund der historischen Beziehungen zwischen den Habsburgern und der Abtei für 12.000 Gulden. Der am 20. Dezember 1701 ausgestellte und von Kaiser Leopold I. besiegelte Wappenbrief bestätigte die Erhebung in den Stand des Hochadels. Die Schirmorte reagierten zunächst skeptisch, da die Eidgenossenschaft seit 1648 formell nicht mehr dem Heiligen Römischen Reich angehörte. Erst als Trautmannsdorf die Zusicherung gab, dass ihre Rechte nicht geschmälert würden, konnten sich die Schirmorte dazu entschliessen, dem neuen Fürstabt zu gratulieren. Am längsten, bis 1705, liess sich Luzern Zeit. Die feierliche Inauguration erfolgte am 26. März 1702. Als Mitglieder des Reichsfürstenrates hatten die Fürstäbte von Muri das Recht, an Reichstagen teilzunehmen, was aber weder Zurlauben noch seine Nachfolger je in Anspruch nahmen.

Zurlauben baute für die Abtei ein Herrschaftsterritorium am oberen Neckar auf, bestehend aus Gütern und Rechten, welche verarmte Reichsritter des Ritterkantons Neckar-Schwarzwald aus finanzieller Notlage heraus verkauften. Das Territorium umfasste mehrere Dörfer um Horb am Neckar und Sulz am Neckar. Am Anfang stand 1706 der Erwerb der Herrschaft Glatt mit dem Schloss Glatt. 1708 folgten die Orte Diessen, Dettlingen und Haidenhof, 1715 schliesslich Dettensee. 1725 erwarb Zurlaubens Nachfolger das Dorf Dettingen, 1743 das Rittergut Neckarhausen. Die Gesamtkosten für den Kauf des Territoriums betrugen 310.000 Gulden.

Während des Zweiten Villmergerkriegs im Jahr 1712 suchten die Mönche in Luzern Zuflucht. Auch den Klosterschatz, Archiv und Bibliothek wurden dorthin überführt, während Zurlauben selbst bis nach Mailand reiste. Das Kloster blieb unbehelligt, doch Kriegssteuern, Beschlagnahmungen und Schäden in den Kollaturen verursachten beträchtliche finanzielle Verluste. Muri, das als reichste Abtei der Schweiz galt, konnte diese bald wiedergutmachen. Anlässlich seines goldenen Priesterjubiläums liess Zurlauben im Jahr 1720 verschiedene Dukaten prägen. Im gleichen Jahr war er Taufpate des in Horb am Neckar geborenen späteren Abts Martin Gerbert von St. Blasien. Am 14. September 1723 starb Zurlauben im Schloss Sandegg im Thurgau. Sein Leib wurde in der Klosterkirche Rheinau, das Herz in der Klosterkirche Muri beigesetzt.

Werke
 Moralische Lob- und Ehrenpredigten. Zug 1691.

Literatur
 Martin Kiem: Geschichte der Benedictiner Abtei Muri-Gries. 2. Band: Die Geschichte Muris in der Neuzeit. Stans 1891, S. 138–177.

 Rainer Stöckli: Die Familie Zurlauben und die Freien Ämter. In: Unsere Heimat 50 (1978) S. 12–37.

Einzelnachweise

Abt (Muri-Gries)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (17. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (18. Jahrhundert)
Schweizer
Geboren 1646
Gestorben 1723
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Kurt Campbell remembers the moment God melted his heart for the people of Sri Lanka. It was on Easter Sunday, 2009. Sitting in his comfortable, warm church, singing worship songs, he started to cry.
Several weeks earlier, he and his wife Cari had prayed and felt led to donate their entire savings account to aid in the crisis in Sri Lanka. They'd heard the details of how the end to the 26-year-long civil war had killed thousands and left hundreds of thousands homeless. Knowing World Concern was responding and rescuing war victims, Kurt and Cari wanted to help.
"I've often said, your pocket book follows your heart, but sometimes it works the other way. It was after that financial investment that we felt more connected to Sri Lanka," recalls Kurt.
As he sat in church that Easter, tears running down his cheeks, he realized they probably weren't singing worship songs in Northern Sri Lanka.
"I thought, here's a group of people who don't know the Lord as their Savior, and surely aren't experiencing the love and compassion I'm used to on a daily basis. My heart just broke," he said.
Kurt's burden for the people of Sri Lanka grew over the next two years, especially as he's had the opportunity to travel there several times. During his visits to the displacement camps, he saw first-hand the tremendous losses people have endured – loss of life, loss of limbs, and loss of loved ones.
World Concern donor Kurt Campbell visits kids who were living in camps after Sri Lanka's civil war.
"One of the hardest places to visit was a special camp where people went once they left the hospital … it was basically and old factory floor with cots lined up one after another," said Kurt. "I came across two children – a girl about 4 years old, and a boy about 6. The boy had a bandaged leg and would obviously be crippled for the rest of his life. The girl had lost three fingers on one hand. I was looking right at her, but she had a completely blank look on her face.
"If God had used me for anything in those camps, it was to make the kids laugh. But this girl, nothing. A blank stare. What had she seen?" Kurt wondered. She was most likely an orphan and had seen the horrors of war.
That experience changed Kurt. He felt more compassion and more of a desire to help than ever before. "There's something about the Sri Lankan people – something within them – an ability to persevere and to tackle life that is so beautiful. It's not a hand-out society. These are people who are truly hard-working individuals who want to do things on their own. That really resonates with me."
One of the most significant aspects of the work Kurt observed was how World Concern staff pays attention to individual people, walking with them through their struggles. "We're affecting people's lives and it's wonderful," he said.
Learn more about how Campbell Auto Group partners with World Concern to impact the lives of people in the poorest, hardest to reach places around the world.
Kurt Campbell is the owner of Campbell Nissan of Edmonds, Campbell Nissan of Everett, and Campbell Volkswagon of Edmonds.
"Do not store up for yourselves treasures on earth, where moth and rust destroy, and where thieves break in and steal. But store up for yourselves treasures in heaven …" – Matthew 6:19-20
Cathy Herholdt
Cathy Herholdt is World Concern's Senior Communications Director. With a background in journalism, Cathy honed her writing skills as a newspaper editor and now enjoys sharing the inspiring stories of those World Concern serves. She has served with World Concern since 2010.	View all posts by Cathy Herholdt
Posted on March 9, 2011 November 2, 2017 Author Cathy HerholdtCategories Disaster Relief, Extreme Poverty, Humanitarian Aid, StoriesTags Disaster relief, featured, Humanitarian Aid, Sri Lanka, World Concern
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More than 20,000 English fans have come and gone from one of the World Cup's smallest host cities, causing few problems and leaving behind a big financial gain for the Indian Ocean port community.
Local organizers estimate 15,000 of 36,000 fans at Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium on Wednesday for England's 1-0 victory over Slovenia supported the winning team.
The Herald newspaper headlined its front page Thursday: "Bay becomes Little Britain."
England advanced with the victory as the second-place team in Group C behind the United States.


text:
global food security policies and their social-ecological side effects in regions prone to global change
Why we focus on livestock
Livestock breeding is a key activity in the world's dry areas and is indispensable in tackling issues of global concern. As livestock systems occupy about 30% of Earth's ice-free terrestrial surface, they form a significant global asset. The demand for livestock products is increasing worldwide, in particular in developing countries. In drylands, pastoralism acts as an important buffer to cope with climate risk.
Global food security: Livestock contribute an important share to global food security: 13% of global calories and 28% of protein stems directly from livestock products. Furthermore, livestock are employed as draught animals and contribute to crop production through the provision of manure.
Income source: Kenya, Ethiopia and Morocco are considered livestock-dependent societies. According to an FAO definition, this means that at least 90% of the total value of farm production comes from livestock and more than 90% of dry matter fed to animals comes from rangelands, pastures and annual forages. Ethiopia's livestock, for instance, contributes 'in important ways both to its domestic food security and its export incomes' (Abbink et al. 2014, p. 21).
Viable land use? Pastoralism is of high concern in recent debates. On the one hand, it is advocated as a highly adapted land use practice in these fluctuating environments with recurrent droughts, and as a time-tested strategy to attain an efficient use of grazing resources while avoiding environmental degradation. On the other hand, it is considered not viable under on-going processes of global change.
Sociological feature of stability: Livestock production is not only crucial for national economies and local livelihoods, but also contributes to social stability.
Biodiversity: Pastoralism plays an essential role in the protection of biodiversity since it is 'not only critical for maintaining forest areas, but also wildlife populations and the savannah lands they inhabit' (Abbink et al. 2014, p. 6).
Greenhouse gas emissions: Livestock production contributes significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions and may lead to global environmental threats.
Policy Instruments
Coping with Risk
Kenya / Ethiopia
Agent-based Modelling
Human Decision Making
CELEP
Coalition of European Lobbies for Eastern African Pastoralism
World Initiative for Sustainable Pastoralism
Abbink et al. 2014
Lands of the future: transforming pastoral lands and livelihoods in Eastern Africa
Funding and Host


Schoellkopf's new book is a tense, chatty, upscale New York set-piece informed by art history, color theory, acquisitiveness, drug abuse and much speculation about things spiritual and metaphysical.
In his latest, Schoellkopf (New York Measure, 2008, etc.) interleaves chapters of a fictional dysfunctional family memoir with short biographical sketches of artists Mark Rothko and Ernest Ludwig Kirchner—each notable for his highly personal use of color as well as his suicide. Happily for Peter, the sympathetic narrator-patriarch of this dynastic romance, the death toll is lower—only one of his three daughters, downtown gallerist/junkie Carol, eventually succumbs. But she just might be the lucky one, as her surviving sisters Helen and Nancy soldier on to attend yet another emotionally draining gathering in which high-stakes deals are brokered, sibling rivalry flares up and glib debates about various imponderables flow and eddy endlessly. While the novel's timeline is willfully obscure (chic heroin use and AIDS appear to be newcomers to the New York art scene), the quest for status among the power elite is eternal. Like the lethally self-absorbed Manhattanites in Woody Allen's Interiors or an Alex Katz painting, the ladies in question and their partners and various attendants natter on and on, never particularly making their point and never quite being persuaded by their peers, either. Is a black-and-white photograph "real art"? Are Helen's beloved sub-Rembrandt Dutch genre paintings merely decorative? Is that zillion-dollar Rothko a status symbol or a religious experience on canvas? And what truly gives life value? All of this is open for debate, and debate they do. Only the author's deft handling of these mostly unlovable characters and their windy discourse keeps the reader turning the pages of this surprisingly sly, Stefan Zweig-influenced novella. A dry Chablis and The 20th Century Art Book might prove useful to readers.
While the greedy, talky sisters fail to engage, Schoellkopf's bios of the doomed Rothko and Kirchner are exquisitely bleak.


text:
Top 10 stories on Journalism.co.uk in 2013
Security, mobile reporting, apps, blogs and tools all proved to be among the most popular topics on the site last year
Posted: 2 January 2014 By: Alastair Reid
Credit: Image by JM on Logo Design Web. Some rights reserved.
2013 was a busy year for Journalism.co.uk, celebrating our tenth news:rewired conference in September and welcoming new staff to the fold before the year was out. Here are the 10 stories from the year that proved to be most popular among our readers, based on individual visits to each.
1. 10 things every journalist should know in 2013
The most popular story of the year looked at some of the key points for digital journalists to consider in 2013, hearing from industry experts and covering data journalism, the need for a large skillset, mobile-first, user experience and live reporting, among others. Check back on Monday for our key considerations for 2014 and in the meantime check out our recent podcast on the subject.
2. Protecting journalist sources: Lessons in communicating securely
After Edward Snowden exposed the lengths to which digital communications are far from secure, protecting online sources and information rose to the forefront of many journalists' concerns about their work. James Ball, special projects editor at Guardian US but data editor when the article was written, shared his tips on secure communication having been directly involved in investigating Snowden's revelations.
3. 20 tools and apps for digital journalists
Storytelling tools, search tools, mobile reporting, and productivity tools are all included in this list to help journalists with their work. It is by no means an exhaustive list but should have at least one thing in there for everyone.
4. How to: record calls on an iPhone
Ever needed to do an important interview on the go, and wanted to record it for later use? This guide walks the reader through how to use ipadio for recording calls to an iPhone. It is also worth noting the importance for journalists to understand the rules or guidance around recording calls in your country first.
5. 50 blogs by journalists, for journalists
Those who are innovating in journalism are often in the best position to share their knowledge and experience with the rest of the industry, so this article collects 50 blogs by journalists who are writing about the field, organised by their own specific niches.
6. App Store at 5 years old: 12 must-have apps for journalists
The iPhone has become an increasingly important tool for organising, gathering and reporting and as the App Store celebrated its fifth year, this post collected some essential apps for reporting, video, social practical help and curating stories to read.
7. Why the Globe and Mail is 'incentivising newsroom staff'
Speaking at last year's World Publishing Expo, Philip Crawley, publisher and chief executive of Canada's Globe and Mail, explained his outlet's porous paywall, demographic targeting and rewarding of a select team of staff for driving subscription rates. Some of his methods and opinions generated heated discussion in the article's comments section and on social media.
8. How to: set up an online radio station
Just as the internet has lowered the barriers to entry for publishing, so has it eased the path for people who would like to get into broadcasting. YouTube is often the first port of call for video, but this guide can help those looking to get into the more nebulous field of online radio broadcasting.
9. 50 female innovators in digital journalism
This article celebrated some of the women acting as leading lights in the world of digital journalism for 2013's International Women's Day, including editors, producers, academics, community managers, data journalists and more.
10. How to get into sports journalism
Sports journalism is one of the most popular fields for aspiring writers with an interest in the area, so this article took advice from some experts in the field on how to get started and how to get ahead.
journalismfeed
toolsfeed
bestfeed
appsfeed
2013feed
mobile reportingfeed
App for journalists: Nuzzel, for digesting the news from social media
Mobile journalism tips: how to capture social audiences with mobile-first content
How First News helps kids understand the world around them
Six must-have apps for mobile journalists
Tip: Gain trust by being open about your motivations


text:
Posts for June 27, 2020
The Cold War Never Ended
Posted at 12:37 on Saturday 27 June, 2020
Charlie Savage, Eric Schmitt and Michael Schwirtz, writing in the New York Times :
American intelligence officials have concluded that a Russian military intelligence unit secretly offered bounties to Taliban-linked militants for killing coalition forces in Afghanistan — including targeting American troops — amid the peace talks to end the long-running war there, according to officials briefed on the matter.
— Charlie Savage, Eric Schmitt and Michael Schwirtz, Russia Secretly Offered Afghan Militants Bounties to Kill U.S. Troops, Intelligence Says
The Cold War continues. And Trump's on the Russian side of it:
The intelligence finding was briefed to President Trump, and the White House's National Security Council discussed the problem at an interagency meeting in late March, the officials said. Officials developed a menu of potential options — starting with making a diplomatic complaint to Moscow and a demand that it stop, along with an escalating series of sanctions and other possible responses, but the White House has yet to authorize any step, the officials said.


The proliferation of robot technology.pdf - The proliferation of robot technology, autonomy and military necessity noel sharkey university of shefÞeld UK Thursday, 26 April 2012.
Embedded_systems.doc - Fire Fighting Robot Path Tracking Robot Target finding robot Automatic heat detecting robot Smoke sensing Robot.
Adventures in robot body design.pdf - Large (anything over 3 foot tall) Building a monster robot, huh? ... this robot is to play around with some security robot ideas that I have.
Austin_robot_technology.pdf - Austin Robot Technology, Inc. Technical Paper DARPA Grand Challenge 2005 Jon Brogdon brogdon austinrobot. com Robert Dunlap rob austinrobot. com Patrick.
Ishiguro_android_2004.pdf - With respect to robot's appearance, ... This paper has proposed a new research direction based on the android robot to reveal a principle of human-robot interaction.
Minato04b.pdf - With respect to robot's appearance, ... This paper has proposed a new research direction based on the android robot to re-veal a principle of human-robot interaction.


The chart shows the price of Xbox One in Spain relative to other countries. The price is 347.67 USD compared to an average of 397.19 USD for all other countries. The prices displayed on the website are collected from major online retailer with consistent methodology across countries.


* 1. In what year did all UN Member States adopt the resolution to pursue Universal Health Coverage?
* 2. Which country has the most skilled health professionals per 10,000 population?
* 3. In which country was the last known natural contraction of Smallpox?
* 4. Where were the 'Barefoot Doctors'?
* 5. Approximately how many children under five die each year?


text:
package com.basics;

import com.jme3.app.SimpleApplication;
import com.jme3.material.Material;
import com.jme3.math.ColorRGBA;
import com.jme3.math.Vector3f;
import com.jme3.scene.Geometry;
import com.jme3.scene.shape.Box;

public class MoveNode extends SimpleApplication {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        MoveNode app = new MoveNode();
        app.start();
    }

      Vector3f vecmove = new Vector3f(25, 5, 0);
      Geometry geom;
      Vector3f vectry;
      Vector3f vectry2;
      float   move;
      float remainingDist;
      float vecdist2;

      public void move (float tpf) {

      move = tpf*7.0f;
      vectry = geom.getLocalTranslation();

      remainingDist = vectry.distance(vecmove);

       System.out.println(remainingDist);

       if (move < remainingDist && remainingDist != 0) {

           vectry2 = vectry.interpolate(vecmove, move / remainingDist);
           geom.setLocalTranslation(vectry2);
       }
       else geom.setLocalTranslation(vecmove);

         }

    @Override
    public void simpleInitApp() {
        Box b = new Box(Vector3f.ZERO, 1, 1, 1);
        geom = new Geometry("Box", b);
        geom.updateModelBound();

        Material mat = new Material(assetManager, "Common/MatDefs/Misc/Unshaded.j3md");
        mat.setColor("Color", ColorRGBA.Blue);
        geom.setMaterial(mat);
        geom.setLocalTranslation(0,2,1);
        rootNode.attachChild(geom);

        flyCam.setMoveSpeed(30);
        viewPort.setBackgroundColor(ColorRGBA.Gray);

    }

@Override
public void simpleUpdate(float tpf)
{

          move(tpf);

 }

}


Castleton, my direct kin removed to Wirksworth and Bolehill.
Henry Walker of Bonsall, marr..................approx 1680.
Yeoman, a family seated there over 400 years.
buried at Ashover Church..(see memorial).
Children of John and Margaret Walker.
2nd Anne Fox no issue.
Mine Agent and Sarah Chapman from Tideswell.
They were my Grt Grt Grt Grandparents.
Thomas Walker of Castleton, miner, marr Anne Hallam, had issue.
Abraham Walker, died without issue.
Mary Walker marr George Clay, Castleton, miner.
Martha, Ellen, both married  (still researching).
Children of Joseph and 1st wife.
John, Isaac, Joseph,  Abraham  (still researching).
Children of Hannah Walker and Samuel Bland.
Samuel....Elizabeth........Blands still live around Castleton area.
Children of William and Elizabeth Walker  nee Chapman.
Elizabeth Walker, marr 1st John Smith from Stockport, Stonemason.
2nd William Buckley from Stockport, one son by Buckley.
Mary Walker, marr James Marshall of Edale, Brickmaker, had issue.
Sarah Walker, marr Thomas Dakin, cousin from Hope, Flax Dresser.
Anne Walker, marr Joshuah Birch, miner, had issue.
Children of William and Catherine Walker nee Wigley.
Joseph Maskrey Stonemason/Builder (Gorsey Bank).
Landscaper/Gardener, Matlock 29th May 1828.
mat Grt Grt Grt Grt Grt Grt Grandfather Robert Frost. Mine Agent.
John Walker  who marr Annie Cauldwell.. They were my Grandparents..
Catherine Walker, born 1817, marr William Wesley, Tailor, son of John Wesley 1841.
July 28th 1848  dau of  Henry Greatorex.
Children:  Sarah Jane Walker,  William Henry Walker.
(William and Lydia were my wifes and my own kin via Walker / Hall / Flint connections).
Lydia Walker, marr John Gallimore, Blacksmith.
Mary Walker, marr George Land, Miner  Bolehill.
Anne Walker, marr Robert Wilson, Farmer Tansley.
Grt Grandfather Joseph Walker's heirs are many..some living abroad..
I now give my direct lineage.
canal barges which passed near the manse....No issue.
with contracts from the War ofiice to build and renovate R.A.F. property..
during The Battle of Britain..
production of plastic explosives for bomb making a highly dangerous task.
same period..my Uncle Sydney Flint was Chief Engineer at Lea mills.
"she was a fair boss lad...but by heaven, she was a B..........Tyrant...".
Place (property once owned by Arkwrights).
all her suffering and being in her 60s...I remeber her with affection.
be seen as hero worship..but then..Dad was my hero..No armchair general he..
aged 86 years the last of her sibling generation.


text:
Cosmos » Core Sciences » Diamonds put the heat on cells
18 January 2021 /
Natalie Parletta
Diamonds put the heat on cells
Tiny gems help scientists shed light on thermal conductivity.
Credit: CC-01
Diamonds not behaving like diamonds
Whip you up a diamond? No pressure
Small, diamond-based quantum computers could be in our hands within five years
Deep diamonds have surprise organic composition
Glass work that proved inspirational
Using tiny diamonds, or nanodiamonds, scientists have worked out how to measure heat transfer inside living cells – something they say that until now has proved difficult.
"A cell's thermal conductivity – the rate that heat can flow through an object if one side is hot and another is cold – has remained mysterious," says Taras Plakhotnik from the University of Queensland, co-author of a study published in the journal Science Advances.
But understanding this is critical to clarify how internal heat is generated and controlled in living cells and organisms, the researchers write.
Not only were they able to determine thermal properties inside cells and different locations within them with an extraordinary level of accuracy (with a spatial resolution of around 200 nanometres), the key finding was also quite unexpected.
"The thermal conductivity inside cells turned out to be five to six times smaller than that of water," Plakhotnik explains.
He says researchers in recent years have tried to measure temperature in living isolated cells using organic dye molecules of fluorescent proteins: "The results were very puzzling and hard to explain."
Some reported hot spots with temperatures up to 10ºC higher than the temperature inside cellular environments, producing a discrepancy with theoretical models – and heated discussions between physicists and biologists.
"Physicists have pointed out that an ordinary cell does not have enough energy to support such a high temperature in a hot spot," says Plakhotnik, "and that the highest increase one can reasonably expect is more than 10,000 times smaller, but typically will be about 0.0001 of a degree Celsius."
The estimate depended on several parameters, particularly intracellular thermal conductivity, which was assumed to be equal to that of water – not an unreasonable assumption, says Plakhotnik, since living cells are full of water.
To investigate this, the research team coated nanodiamonds measuring about 100 nanometres with a polymer, polydopamine, that absorbs light and generates heat.
After first testing them in water, oil and the air – all of which have well-known thermal conductivity factors – the non-toxic particles were placed inside the cell ("the cells happily continued their life cycle after that," says Plakhotnik).
When inside, the nanodiamonds were illuminated with laser light, which caused them to emit fluorescent light as well as heat. In an environment with high thermal conductivity, the particles didn't get very hot because heat escaped quickly. But when thermal conductivity was low, they became hotter.
Because the properties of the emitted light depend on the temperature, the team could calculate the rate of heat diffusion in cells.
The key finding was so unexpected, says Plakhotnik, that the editor of Science Advances asked them to measure a second line of cells to confirm the results were more general than a single cell line.
While the smaller than expected thermal conductivity bridges the discrepancy between experimental and theoretical physics, it doesn't explain it entirely, so the team is working on numerical modelling to shed more light on intracellular heat transfer.
The discovery could help explain fundamental questions about cellular heat management and the role that heat can play inside cells; it could be used for communication, for example, says Plakhotnik.
These insights should be considered when cells are heated to treat cancer, he adds. "The cancer cells are killed faster but there is a limit to what healthy cells can tolerate," he explains, "and the temperature should be carefully controlled."
The technique could also be used for basic cell research, such as monitoring biochemical reactions in real time, and for better understanding of metabolic disorders such as obesity.
Originally published by Cosmos as Diamonds put the heat on cells
Natalie Parletta is a freelance science writer based in Adelaide and an adjunct senior research fellow with the University of South Australia.
Wallaby study shows a simple approach to saving endangered species
Junk food linked to gut inflammation
Can games tell if you are impulsive?
Disappearing ancient Indonesian rock art
The Hydrogen solution
5000-year-old remains reveal plague's genetic secrets
Engineering a Virus
The quantum microscope revolution is here
Duetting wrens sing with telepathic link
AstraZeneca and blood clots: by the numbers


Which standard(s) are most important and why?
Which standards are most time consuming and challenging? Why? If time permits, summarize some strategies to overcome challenges.
Rank the standard(s) most supported in your district and summarize the best strategies used to support the standard.
Which standard(s) do you wish you had more time for and why?


NVIDIA GeForce3 Ti 500 shakes up the gaming industry with unprecedented visual effects and sizzling frame rates injecting life into the previously artificial world of computer generated graphics. Powered by the new NVIDIA nfiniteFX�?�¢?�?�¢ Engine and Lightspeed Memory Architecture, the GeForce3 Ti 500 GPUs enable users to experience a rich environment instead of just looking at it on a computer screen.


The buy-sell agreement can be a separate document or part of a more comprehensive unanimous shareholder's agreement that governs banking, dividend and various other corporate policies.
A Purchase of Business Agreement can be used to buy or sell any type of large or small business, including retail stores, industrial shops, restaurants and eateries, professional service offices, and more.
Closely held business owners often enter into buy-sell agreements to assure that the business remains in the hands of the current owners and/or that a ready market exists for a departing owner's interest in the event of certain triggering events.


Cuala GAA Club is fully committed to creating and maintaining the safest possible environment for all young people who participate in our activities. We do our utmost to take all practicable steps to safeguard children from any discernable forms of abuse, harm, discrimination or degrading treatment and we respect their rights, wishes and feelings. Cuala has, as required under the GAA Our Games – Our Code Guidelines, a designated Children's Officer and a Designated Liaison Officer (details below) whose appointments are central to the Clubs policy on Child Welfare. We would ask everyone involved with the club to support and cooperate with them in their important duties.
NB: Cuala cannot facilitate paper-based applications. Please follow these steps for the fastest possible on-line result.
eVetting involves TWO distinct submissions, one to Cuala, the other to Garda National Vetting Bureau.
A4: Complete and sign the ID Form (from A1) and Scan/Photo it.
B: Apply for Vetting to the Garda National Vetting Bureau.
you are urged to contact the Childrens Officer. You can be assured you will be dealt with professionally and in the strictest confidence.
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Q: Probability distribution of the number of red balls with $k$ green balls as nearest neighbors Imagine the periodic 2D arrangement of balls in the below figure. The red balls are fixed in the indicated positions, while all other sites have a probability $p$ of having a green ball, and a probability of $1-p$ of containing a blue ball. Let's also assume that the color of the balls for any two positions are statistically independent.
Now define the random variable $X_k$ as the total fraction of red balls that have $k \in \{0,1,2,3\}$ green balls as nearest neighbors. What is the probability distribution of $X_k$ for an arbitrary $k$?

My own thought: So I can easily calculate the probability of a specific red ball having $k$ green balls as nearest neighbors. It simply follows a binomial distribution:
$$\mathbb P (k\text{ green balls as nearest neighbors of a specific red ball})={3 \choose k} p^k (1-p)^{3-k}$$
But I don't know whether this is useful in my main question or not.
Edit: Just to clarify, the "lattice" in the above figure is periodic, so it extends to infinity in all directions. The red balls have deterministic locations with the indicated pattern, while the other sites can randomly be either blue or green.

A: Consider some large number of balls, $N$, and index the balls by $j=1,2, \dots, N$.  Also consider some fixed $k \in \{0, 1, 2, 3\}$.
Define the indicator random variable $I_{k,j}$ to be $1$ if ball $j$ has $k$ green neighbors, and $0$ otherwise.  Note that $E[I_{k,j}] = {3 \choose k} p^k (1-p)^{3-k}.$  We now have:
$$X_k = \frac{S}{N}  \,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\text{where}\,\,\,\,\,\,\, S=\sum_{j=1}^N I_{k,j}.$$
You are correct that since $I_{k,j}$ are dependent, the sum $S$ is not Bernoulli.  However, the dependence is so limited that the laws of large numbers still apply.  In this example, you can partitioning the red balls into a small finite number of subsets s.t. no two red balls in the same subset are dependent.
One way to do the partitioning: First, notice that each red ball is dependent with only its $6$ nearest red neighbors.  So do this: for every "odd-numbered" row of reds, color them alternately with $2$ different shades of red, and for every "even-numbered" row, color those red balls alternately with yet another $2$ different shades of red.  Then with a total of $4$ different shades you have colored the reds s.t. two red balls sharing a blue/green neighbor have different shades of red.  You have also broken up:
$$S=S_1 + S_2 + S_3 + S_4$$
where each $S_i$ represents the sum of $I_{k,j}$ in subset $i$ (that particular shade of red).  Now it becomes true that each $S_i$ is a sum of i.i.d. variables and so $S_i/(N/4) \to E[I_{k,j}].$  When you sum them back up, you also get $X_k \to E[I_{k,j}]$.
BTW $S_i$ is now Bernoulli, but that fact is not really necessary.  All we need is that $S_i$ is a sum of i.i.d. variables and the laws of large numbers apply.
Basically the laws of large numbers apply to cases where the variables being summed are dependent only to a small extent.  The above is one example, but you can find more in the following, which I found after a few minutes of googling, and you may like these proofs or insights better.
Weak Law of Large Numbers for Dependent Random Variables with Bounded Covariance
https://mathoverflow.net/questions/2409/strong-law-of-large-numbers-for-weakly-dependent-random-variables

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