text:
Noble gas
Physical and atomic properties
Occurrence and production
Discharge color
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
halogens ← → alkali metals
IUPAC group number
Name by element helium group or
neon group
Trivial name noble gases
CAS group number
(US, pattern A-B-A)
VIIIA
old IUPAC number
(Europe, pattern A-B)
↓ Period
Helium (He)
Neon (Ne)
Argon (Ar)
Krypton (Kr)
Xenon (Xe)
Radon (Rn)
Oganesson (Og)
primordial element
element by radioactive decay
Atomic number color: red=gas
The noble gases (historically also the inert gases; sometimes referred to as aerogens[1]) make up a group of chemical elements with similar properties; under standard conditions, they are all odorless, colorless, monatomic gases with very low chemical reactivity. The six naturally occurring noble gases are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and the radioactive radon (Rn). Oganesson (Og) is variously predicted to be a noble gas as well or to break the trend due to relativistic effects; its chemistry has not yet been investigated.
For the first six periods of the periodic table, the noble gases are exactly the members of group 18. Noble gases are typically highly unreactive except when under particular extreme conditions. The inertness of noble gases makes them very suitable in applications where reactions are not wanted. For example, argon is used in incandescent lamps to prevent the hot tungsten filament from oxidizing; also, helium is used in breathing gas by deep-sea divers to prevent oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) toxicity.
The properties of the noble gases can be well explained by modern theories of atomic structure: their outer shell of valence electrons is considered to be "full", giving them little tendency to participate in chemical reactions, and it has been possible to prepare only a few hundred noble gas compounds. The melting and boiling points for a given noble gas are close together, differing by less than 10 °C (18 °F); that is, they are liquids over only a small temperature range.
Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon are obtained from air in an air separation unit using the methods of liquefaction of gases and fractional distillation. Helium is sourced from natural gas fields that have high concentrations of helium in the natural gas, using cryogenic gas separation techniques, and radon is usually isolated from the radioactive decay of dissolved radium, thorium, or uranium compounds. Noble gases have several important applications in industries such as lighting, welding, and space exploration. A helium-oxygen breathing gas is often used by deep-sea divers at depths of seawater over 55 m (180 ft). After the risks caused by the flammability of hydrogen became apparent, it was replaced with helium in blimps and balloons.
Noble gas is translated from the German noun Edelgas, first used in 1898 by Hugo Erdmann[2] to indicate their extremely low level of reactivity. The name makes an analogy to the term "noble metals", which also have low reactivity. The noble gases have also been referred to as inert gases, but this label is deprecated as many noble gas compounds are now known.[3] Rare gases is another term that was used,[4] but this is also inaccurate because argon forms a fairly considerable part (0.94% by volume, 1.3% by mass) of the Earth's atmosphere due to decay of radioactive potassium-40.[5]
Helium was first detected in the Sun due to its characteristic spectral lines.
Pierre Janssen and Joseph Norman Lockyer discovered a new element on August 18, 1868 while looking at the chromosphere of the Sun, and named it helium after the Greek word for the Sun, ἥλιος (hḗlios).[6] No chemical analysis was possible at the time, but helium was later found to be a noble gas. Before them, in 1784, the English chemist and physicist Henry Cavendish had discovered that air contains a small proportion of a substance less reactive than nitrogen.[7] A century later, in 1895, Lord Rayleigh discovered that samples of nitrogen from the air were of a different density than nitrogen resulting from chemical reactions. Along with Scottish scientist William Ramsay at University College, London, Lord Rayleigh theorized that the nitrogen extracted from air was mixed with another gas, leading to an experiment that successfully isolated a new element, argon, from the Greek word ἀργός (argós, "idle" or "lazy").[7] With this discovery, they realized an entire class of gases was missing from the periodic table. During his search for argon, Ramsay also managed to isolate helium for the first time while heating cleveite, a mineral. In 1902, having accepted the evidence for the elements helium and argon, Dmitri Mendeleev included these noble gases as group 0 in his arrangement of the elements, which would later become the periodic table.[8]
Ramsay continued his search for these gases using the method of fractional distillation to separate liquid air into several components. In 1898, he discovered the elements krypton, neon, and xenon, and named them after the Greek words κρυπτός (kryptós, "hidden"), νέος (néos, "new"), and ξένος (ksénos, "stranger"), respectively. Radon was first identified in 1898 by Friedrich Ernst Dorn,[9] and was named radium emanation, but was not considered a noble gas until 1904 when its characteristics were found to be similar to those of other noble gases.[10] Rayleigh and Ramsay received the 1904 Nobel Prizes in Physics and in Chemistry, respectively, for their discovery of the noble gases;[11][12] in the words of J. E. Cederblom, then president of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, "the discovery of an entirely new group of elements, of which no single representative had been known with any certainty, is something utterly unique in the history of chemistry, being intrinsically an advance in science of peculiar significance".[12]
The discovery of the noble gases aided in the development of a general understanding of atomic structure. In 1895, French chemist Henri Moissan attempted to form a reaction between fluorine, the most electronegative element, and argon, one of the noble gases, but failed. Scientists were unable to prepare compounds of argon until the end of the 20th century, but these attempts helped to develop new theories of atomic structure. Learning from these experiments, Danish physicist Niels Bohr proposed in 1913 that the electrons in atoms are arranged in shells surrounding the nucleus, and that for all noble gases except helium the outermost shell always contains eight electrons.[10] In 1916, Gilbert N. Lewis formulated the octet rule, which concluded an octet of electrons in the outer shell was the most stable arrangement for any atom; this arrangement caused them to be unreactive with other elements since they did not require any more electrons to complete their outer shell.[13]
In 1962, Neil Bartlett discovered the first chemical compound of a noble gas, xenon hexafluoroplatinate.[14] Compounds of other noble gases were discovered soon after: in 1962 for radon, radon difluoride (RnF
2),[15] which was identified by radiotracer techniques and in 1963 for krypton, krypton difluoride (KrF
2).[16] The first stable compound of argon was reported in 2000 when argon fluorohydride (HArF) was formed at a temperature of 40 K (−233.2 °C; −387.7 °F).[17]
In December 1998, scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research working in Dubna, Russia bombarded plutonium with calcium to produce a single atom of element 114,[18] flerovium.[19] Preliminary chemistry experiments have indicated this element may be the first superheavy element to show abnormal noble-gas-like properties, even though it is a member of group 14 on the periodic table.[20] In October 2006, scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory successfully created synthetically oganesson, the seventh element in group 18,[21] by bombarding californium with calcium.[22]
Property[10][23]
Density (g/dm3) 0.1786 0.9002 1.7818 3.708 5.851 9.97
Boiling point (K) 4.4 27.3 87.4 121.5 166.6 211.5
Melting point (K) – 24.7 83.6 115.8 161.7 202.2
Enthalpy of vaporization (kJ/mol) 0.08 1.74 6.52 9.05 12.65 18.1
Solubility in water at 20 °C (cm3/kg) 8.61 10.5 33.6 59.4 108.1 230
Atomic number 2 10 18 36 54 86
Atomic radius (calculated) (pm) 31 38 71 88 108 120
Ionization energy (kJ/mol) 2372 2080 1520 1351 1170 1037
Allen electronegativity[24] 4.16 4.79 3.24 2.97 2.58 2.60
For more data, see Noble gas (data page).
The noble gases have weak interatomic force, and consequently have very low melting and boiling points. They are all monatomic gases under standard conditions, including the elements with larger atomic masses than many normally solid elements.[10] Helium has several unique qualities when compared with other elements: its boiling point at 1 atm is lower than those of any other known substance; it is the only element known to exhibit superfluidity; it is the only element that cannot be solidified by cooling under standard conditions—a pressure of 25 standard atmospheres (2,500 kPa; 370 psi) must be applied at a temperature of 0.95 K (−272.200 °C; −457.960 °F) to convert it to a solid.[25] The noble gases up to xenon have multiple stable isotopes. Radon has no stable isotopes; its longest-lived isotope, 222Rn, has a half-life of 3.8 days and decays to form helium and polonium, which ultimately decays to lead.[10] Melting and boiling points increase going down the group.
This is a plot of ionization potential versus atomic number. The noble gases, which are labeled, have the largest ionization potential for each period.
The noble gas atoms, like atoms in most groups, increase steadily in atomic radius from one period to the next due to the increasing number of electrons. The size of the atom is related to several properties. For example, the ionization potential decreases with an increasing radius because the valence electrons in the larger noble gases are farther away from the nucleus and are therefore not held as tightly together by the atom. Noble gases have the largest ionization potential among the elements of each period, which reflects the stability of their electron configuration and is related to their relative lack of chemical reactivity.[23] Some of the heavier noble gases, however, have ionization potentials small enough to be comparable to those of other elements and molecules. It was the insight that xenon has an ionization potential similar to that of the oxygen molecule that led Bartlett to attempt oxidizing xenon using platinum hexafluoride, an oxidizing agent known to be strong enough to react with oxygen.[14] Noble gases cannot accept an electron to form stable anions; that is, they have a negative electron affinity.[26]
The macroscopic physical properties of the noble gases are dominated by the weak van der Waals forces between the atoms. The attractive force increases with the size of the atom as a result of the increase in polarizability and the decrease in ionization potential. This results in systematic group trends: as one goes down group 18, the atomic radius, and with it the interatomic forces, increases, resulting in an increasing melting point, boiling point, enthalpy of vaporization, and solubility. The increase in density is due to the increase in atomic mass.[23]
The noble gases are nearly ideal gases under standard conditions, but their deviations from the ideal gas law provided important clues for the study of intermolecular interactions. The Lennard-Jones potential, often used to model intermolecular interactions, was deduced in 1924 by John Lennard-Jones from experimental data on argon before the development of quantum mechanics provided the tools for understanding intermolecular forces from first principles.[27] The theoretical analysis of these interactions became tractable because the noble gases are monatomic and the atoms spherical, which means that the interaction between the atoms is independent of direction, or isotropic.
Neon, like all noble gases, has a full valence shell. Noble gases have eight electrons in their outermost shell, except in the case of helium, which has two.
The noble gases are colorless, odorless, tasteless, and nonflammable under standard conditions.[28] They were once labeled group 0 in the periodic table because it was believed they had a valence of zero, meaning their atoms cannot combine with those of other elements to form compounds. However, it was later discovered some do indeed form compounds, causing this label to fall into disuse.[10]
Main article: Octet rule
Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in its electron configuration, especially the outermost shells resulting in trends in chemical behavior:
No. of electrons/shell
2 helium 2
10 neon 2, 8
18 argon 2, 8, 8
36 krypton 2, 8, 18, 8
54 xenon 2, 8, 18, 18, 8
86 radon 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8
The noble gases have full valence electron shells. Valence electrons are the outermost electrons of an atom and are normally the only electrons that participate in chemical bonding. Atoms with full valence electron shells are extremely stable and therefore do not tend to form chemical bonds and have little tendency to gain or lose electrons.[29] However, heavier noble gases such as radon are held less firmly together by electromagnetic force than lighter noble gases such as helium, making it easier to remove outer electrons from heavy noble gases.
As a result of a full shell, the noble gases can be used in conjunction with the electron configuration notation to form the noble gas notation. To do this, the nearest noble gas that precedes the element in question is written first, and then the electron configuration is continued from that point forward. For example, the electron notation of phosphorus is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3, while the noble gas notation is [Ne] 3s2 3p3. This more compact notation makes it easier to identify elements, and is shorter than writing out the full notation of atomic orbitals.[30]
The noble gases cross the boundary between blocks—helium is an s-element whereas the rest of members are p-elements—which is unusual among the IUPAC groups. Most, if not all[31] other IUPAC groups contain elements from one block each.
Main article: Noble gas compound
Structure of XeF
4, one of the first noble gas compounds to be discovered
The noble gases show extremely low chemical reactivity; consequently, only a few hundred noble gas compounds have been formed. Neutral compounds in which helium and neon are involved in chemical bonds have not been formed (although some helium-containing ions exist and there is some theoretical evidence for a few neutral helium-containing ones), while xenon, krypton, and argon have shown only minor reactivity.[32] The reactivity follows the order Ne < He < Ar < Kr < Xe < Rn.
In 1933, Linus Pauling predicted that the heavier noble gases could form compounds with fluorine and oxygen. He predicted the existence of krypton hexafluoride (KrF
6) and xenon hexafluoride (XeF
6), speculated that XeF
8 might exist as an unstable compound, and suggested that xenic acid could form perxenate salts.[33][34] These predictions were shown to be generally accurate, except that XeF
8 is now thought to be both thermodynamically and kinetically unstable.[35]
Xenon compounds are the most numerous of the noble gas compounds that have been formed.[36] Most of them have the xenon atom in the oxidation state of +2, +4, +6, or +8 bonded to highly electronegative atoms such as fluorine or oxygen, as in xenon difluoride (XeF
2), xenon tetrafluoride (XeF
4), xenon hexafluoride (XeF
6), xenon tetroxide (XeO
4), and sodium perxenate (Na
4XeO
6). Xenon reacts with fluorine to form numerous xenon fluorides according to the following equations:
Xe + F2 → XeF2
Xe + 2F2 → XeF4
Some of these compounds have found use in chemical synthesis as oxidizing agents; XeF
2, in particular, is commercially available and can be used as a fluorinating agent.[37] As of 2007, about five hundred compounds of xenon bonded to other elements have been identified, including organoxenon compounds (containing xenon bonded to carbon), and xenon bonded to nitrogen, chlorine, gold, mercury, and xenon itself.[32][38] Compounds of xenon bound to boron, hydrogen, bromine, iodine, beryllium, sulphur, titanium, copper, and silver have also been observed but only at low temperatures in noble gas matrices, or in supersonic noble gas jets.[32]
In theory, radon is more reactive than xenon, and therefore should form chemical bonds more easily than xenon does. However, due to the high radioactivity and short half-life of radon isotopes, only a few fluorides and oxides of radon have been formed in practice.[39]
Krypton is less reactive than xenon, but several compounds have been reported with krypton in the oxidation state of +2.[32] Krypton difluoride is the most notable and easily characterized. Under extreme conditions, krypton reacts with fluorine to form KrF2 according to the following equation:
Kr + F2 → KrF2
Compounds in which krypton forms a single bond to nitrogen and oxygen have also been characterized,[40] but are only stable below −60 °C (−76 °F) and −90 °C (−130 °F) respectively.[32]
Krypton atoms chemically bound to other nonmetals (hydrogen, chlorine, carbon) as well as some late transition metals (copper, silver, gold) have also been observed, but only either at low temperatures in noble gas matrices, or in supersonic noble gas jets.[32] Similar conditions were used to obtain the first few compounds of argon in 2000, such as argon fluorohydride (HArF), and some bound to the late transition metals copper, silver, and gold.[32] As of 2007, no stable neutral molecules involving covalently bound helium or neon are known.[32]
The noble gases—including helium—can form stable molecular ions in the gas phase. The simplest is the helium hydride molecular ion, HeH+, discovered in 1925.[41] Because it is composed of the two most abundant elements in the universe, hydrogen and helium, it is believed to occur naturally in the interstellar medium, although it has not been detected yet.[42] In addition to these ions, there are many known neutral excimers of the noble gases. These are compounds such as ArF and KrF that are stable only when in an excited electronic state; some of them find application in excimer lasers.
In addition to the compounds where a noble gas atom is involved in a covalent bond, noble gases also form non-covalent compounds. The clathrates, first described in 1949,[43] consist of a noble gas atom trapped within cavities of crystal lattices of certain organic and inorganic substances. The essential condition for their formation is that the guest (noble gas) atoms must be of appropriate size to fit in the cavities of the host crystal lattice. For instance, argon, krypton, and xenon form clathrates with hydroquinone, but helium and neon do not because they are too small or insufficiently polarizable to be retained.[44] Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon also form clathrate hydrates, where the noble gas is trapped in ice.[45]
An endohedral fullerene compound containing a noble gas atom
Noble gases can form endohedral fullerene compounds, in which the noble gas atom is trapped inside a fullerene molecule. In 1993, it was discovered that when C
60, a spherical molecule consisting of 60 carbon atoms, is exposed to noble gases at high pressure, complexes such as [email protected]
60 can be formed (the @ notation indicates He is contained inside C
60 but not covalently bound to it).[46] As of 2008, endohedral complexes with helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon have been created.[47] These compounds have found use in the study of the structure and reactivity of fullerenes by means of the nuclear magnetic resonance of the noble gas atom.[48]
Bonding in XeF
2 according to the 3-center-4-electron bond model
Noble gas compounds such as xenon difluoride (XeF
2) are considered to be hypervalent because they violate the octet rule. Bonding in such compounds can be explained using a three-center four-electron bond model.[49][50] This model, first proposed in 1951, considers bonding of three collinear atoms. For example, bonding in XeF
2 is described by a set of three molecular orbitals (MOs) derived from p-orbitals on each atom. Bonding results from the combination of a filled p-orbital from Xe with one half-filled p-orbital from each F atom, resulting in a filled bonding orbital, a filled non-bonding orbital, and an empty antibonding orbital. The highest occupied molecular orbital is localized on the two terminal atoms. This represents a localization of charge that is facilitated by the high electronegativity of fluorine.[51]
The chemistry of the heavier noble gases, krypton and xenon, are well established. The chemistry of the lighter ones, argon and helium, is still at an early stage, while a neon compound is yet to be identified.
The abundances of the noble gases in the universe decrease as their atomic numbers increase. Helium is the most common element in the universe after hydrogen, with a mass fraction of about 24%. Most of the helium in the universe was formed during Big Bang nucleosynthesis, but the amount of helium is steadily increasing due to the fusion of hydrogen in stellar nucleosynthesis (and, to a very slight degree, the alpha decay of heavy elements).[52][53] Abundances on Earth follow different trends; for example, helium is only the third most abundant noble gas in the atmosphere. The reason is that there is no primordial helium in the atmosphere; due to the small mass of the atom, helium cannot be retained by the Earth's gravitational field.[54] Helium on Earth comes from the alpha decay of heavy elements such as uranium and thorium found in the Earth's crust, and tends to accumulate in natural gas deposits.[54] The abundance of argon, on the other hand, is increased as a result of the beta decay of potassium-40, also found in the Earth's crust, to form argon-40, which is the most abundant isotope of argon on Earth despite being relatively rare in the Solar System. This process is the basis for the potassium-argon dating method.[55] Xenon has an unexpectedly low abundance in the atmosphere, in what has been called the missing xenon problem; one theory is that the missing xenon may be trapped in minerals inside the Earth's crust.[56] After the discovery of xenon dioxide, research showed that Xe can substitute for Si in quartz.[57] Radon is formed in the lithosphere by the alpha decay of radium. It can seep into buildings through cracks in their foundation and accumulate in areas that are not well ventilated. Due to its high radioactivity, radon presents a significant health hazard; it is implicated in an estimated 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States alone.[58] Oganesson is not biologically found in the earth but instead created manually by scientists.
Solar System (for each atom of silicon)[59] 2343 2.148 0.1025 5.515 × 10−5 5.391 × 10−6 –
Earth's atmosphere (volume fraction in ppm)[60] 5.20 18.20 9340.00 1.10 0.09 (0.06–18) × 10−19[61]
Igneous rock (mass fraction in ppm)[23] 3 × 10−3 7 × 10−5 4 × 10−2 – – 1.7 × 10−10
2004 price (USD/m3)[62]
Helium (industrial grade) 4.20–4.90
Helium (laboratory grade) 22.30–44.90
Argon 2.70–8.50
Neon 60–120
Krypton 400–500
Xenon 4000–5000
For large-scale use, helium is extracted by fractional distillation from natural gas, which can contain up to 7% helium.[63]
Neon, argon, krypton, and xenon are obtained from air using the methods of liquefaction of gases, to convert elements to a liquid state, and fractional distillation, to separate mixtures into component parts. Helium is typically produced by separating it from natural gas, and radon is isolated from the radioactive decay of radium compounds.[10] The prices of the noble gases are influenced by their natural abundance, with argon being the cheapest and xenon the most expensive. As an example, the adjacent table lists the 2004 prices in the United States for laboratory quantities of each gas.
Liquid helium is used to cool superconducting magnets in modern MRI scanners
Noble gases have very low boiling and melting points, which makes them useful as cryogenic refrigerants.[64] In particular, liquid helium, which boils at 4.2 K (−268.95 °C; −452.11 °F), is used for superconducting magnets, such as those needed in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance.[65] Liquid neon, although it does not reach temperatures as low as liquid helium, also finds use in cryogenics because it has over 40 times more refrigerating capacity than liquid helium and over three times more than liquid hydrogen.[61]
Helium is used as a component of breathing gases to replace nitrogen, due its low solubility in fluids, especially in lipids. Gases are absorbed by the blood and body tissues when under pressure like in scuba diving, which causes an anesthetic effect known as nitrogen narcosis.[66] Due to its reduced solubility, little helium is taken into cell membranes, and when helium is used to replace part of the breathing mixtures, such as in trimix or heliox, a decrease in the narcotic effect of the gas at depth is obtained.[67] Helium's reduced solubility offers further advantages for the condition known as decompression sickness, or the bends.[10][68] The reduced amount of dissolved gas in the body means that fewer gas bubbles form during the decrease in pressure of the ascent. Another noble gas, argon, is considered the best option for use as a drysuit inflation gas for scuba diving.[69] Helium is also used as filling gas in nuclear fuel rods for nuclear reactors.[70]
Since the Hindenburg disaster in 1937,[71] helium has replaced hydrogen as a lifting gas in blimps and balloons due to its lightness and incombustibility, despite an 8.6%[72] decrease in buoyancy.[10]
In many applications, the noble gases are used to provide an inert atmosphere. Argon is used in the synthesis of air-sensitive compounds that are sensitive to nitrogen. Solid argon is also used for the study of very unstable compounds, such as reactive intermediates, by trapping them in an inert matrix at very low temperatures.[73] Helium is used as the carrier medium in gas chromatography, as a filler gas for thermometers, and in devices for measuring radiation, such as the Geiger counter and the bubble chamber.[62] Helium and argon are both commonly used to shield welding arcs and the surrounding base metal from the atmosphere during welding and cutting, as well as in other metallurgical processes and in the production of silicon for the semiconductor industry.[61]
15,000-watt xenon short-arc lamp used in IMAX projectors
Noble gases are commonly used in lighting because of their lack of chemical reactivity. Argon, mixed with nitrogen, is used as a filler gas for incandescent light bulbs.[61] Krypton is used in high-performance light bulbs, which have higher color temperatures and greater efficiency, because it reduces the rate of evaporation of the filament more than argon; halogen lamps, in particular, use krypton mixed with small amounts of compounds of iodine or bromine.[61] The noble gases glow in distinctive colors when used inside gas-discharge lamps, such as "neon lights". These lights are called after neon but often contain other gases and phosphors, which add various hues to the orange-red color of neon. Xenon is commonly used in xenon arc lamps, which, due to their nearly continuous spectrum that resembles daylight, find application in film projectors and as automobile headlamps.[61]
The noble gases are used in excimer lasers, which are based on short-lived electronically excited molecules known as excimers. The excimers used for lasers may be noble gas dimers such as Ar2, Kr2 or Xe2, or more commonly, the noble gas is combined with a halogen in excimers such as ArF, KrF, XeF, or XeCl. These lasers produce ultraviolet light, which, due to its short wavelength (193 nm for ArF and 248 nm for KrF), allows for high-precision imaging. Excimer lasers have many industrial, medical, and scientific applications. They are used for microlithography and microfabrication, which are essential for integrated circuit manufacture, and for laser surgery, including laser angioplasty and eye surgery.[74]
Some noble gases have direct application in medicine. Helium is sometimes used to improve the ease of breathing of asthma sufferers.[61] Xenon is used as an anesthetic because of its high solubility in lipids, which makes it more potent than the usual nitrous oxide, and because it is readily eliminated from the body, resulting in faster recovery.[75] Xenon finds application in medical imaging of the lungs through hyperpolarized MRI.[76] Radon, which is highly radioactive and is only available in minute amounts, is used in radiotherapy.[10]
Noble gases, particularly xenon, are predominantly used in ion engines due to their inertness. Since ion engines are not driven by chemical reactions, chemically inert fuels are desired to prevent unwanted reaction between the fuel and anything else on the engine.
Oganesson is too unstable to work with and has no known application other than research.
Colors and spectra (bottom row) of electric discharge in noble gases; only the second row represents pure gases.
Helium Neon Argon Krypton Xenon
The color of gas discharge emission depends on several factors, including the following:[77]
discharge parameters (local value of current density and electric field, temperature, etc. – note the color variation along the discharge in the top row);
gas purity (even small fraction of certain gases can affect color);
material of the discharge tube envelope – note suppression of the UV and blue components in the bottom-row tubes made of thick household glass.
Noble gas (data page), for extended tables of physical properties.
Noble metal, for metals that are resistant to corrosion or oxidation.
Inert gas, for any gas that is not reactive under normal circumstances.
Neutronium
Octet rule
^ Bauzá, Antonio; Frontera, Antonio (2015). "Aerogen Bonding Interaction: A New Supramolecular Force?". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 54 (25): 7340–3. doi:10.1002/anie.201502571. PMID 25950423.
^ Renouf, Edward (1901). "Noble gases". Science. 13 (320): 268–270. Bibcode:1901Sci....13..268R. doi:10.1126/science.13.320.268.
^ Ozima 2002, p. 30
^ Ozima 2002, p. 4
^ "argon". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
^ Oxford English Dictionary (1989), s.v. "helium". Retrieved December 16, 2006, from Oxford English Dictionary Online. Also, from quotation there: Thomson, W. (1872). Rep. Brit. Assoc. xcix: "Frankland and Lockyer find the yellow prominences to give a very decided bright line not far from D, but hitherto not identified with any terrestrial flame. It seems to indicate a new substance, which they propose to call Helium."
^ a b Ozima 2002, p. 1
^ Mendeleev 1903, p. 497
^ Partington, J. R. (1957). "Discovery of Radon". Nature. 179 (4566): 912. Bibcode:1957Natur.179..912P. doi:10.1038/179912a0.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Noble Gas". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
^ Cederblom, J. E. (1904). "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1904 Presentation Speech".
^ a b Cederblom, J. E. (1904). "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904 Presentation Speech".
^ Gillespie, R. J.; Robinson, E. A. (2007). "Gilbert N. Lewis and the chemical bond: the electron pair and the octet rule from 1916 to the present day". J Comput Chem. 28 (1): 87–97. doi:10.1002/jcc.20545. PMID 17109437.
^ a b Bartlett, N. (1962). "Xenon hexafluoroplatinate Xe+[PtF6]−". Proceedings of the Chemical Society (6): 218. doi:10.1039/PS9620000197.
^ Fields, Paul R.; Stein, Lawrence; Zirin, Moshe H. (1962). "Radon Fluoride". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 84 (21): 4164–4165. doi:10.1021/ja00880a048.
^ Grosse, A. V.; Kirschenbaum, A. D.; Streng, A. G.; Streng, L. V. (1963). "Krypton Tetrafluoride: Preparation and Some Properties". Science. 139 (3559): 1047–1048. Bibcode:1963Sci...139.1047G. doi:10.1126/science.139.3559.1047. PMID 17812982.
^ Khriachtchev, Leonid; Pettersson, Mika; Runeberg, Nino; Lundell, Jan; Räsänen, Markku (2000). "A stable argon compound". Nature. 406 (6798): 874–876. doi:10.1038/35022551. PMID 10972285.
^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V.; Lobanov, Yu.; Abdullin, F.; Polyakov, A.; et al. (1999). "Synthesis of Superheavy Nuclei in the 48Ca + 244Pu Reaction" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society. 83 (16): 3154–3157. Bibcode:1999PhRvL..83.3154O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.83.3154.
^ Woods, Michael (2003-05-06). "Chemical element No. 110 finally gets a name—darmstadtium". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
^ "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements" (PDF). Texas A&M University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
^ Barber, Robert C.; Karol, Paul J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele & Vogt, Erich W. (2011). "Discovery of the elements with atomic numbers greater than or equal to 113 (IUPAC Technical Report)*" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. IUPAC. 83 (7). doi:10.1515/ci.2011.33.5.25b. Retrieved 2014-05-30.
^ Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V.; Lobanov, Yu.; Abdullin, F.; Polyakov, A.; et al. (2006). "Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the 249
and 245
fusion reactions". Physical Review C. 74 (4): 44602. Bibcode:2006PhRvC..74d4602O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.74.044602.
^ a b c d Greenwood 1997, p. 891
^ Allen, Leland C. (1989). "Electronegativity is the average one-electron energy of the valence-shell electrons in ground-state free atoms". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 111 (25): 9003–9014. doi:10.1021/ja00207a003.
^ "Solid Helium". University of Alberta. Archived from the original on February 12, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
^ Wheeler, John C. (1997). "Electron Affinities of the Alkaline Earth Metals and the Sign Convention for Electron Affinity". Journal of Chemical Education. 74 (1): 123–127. Bibcode:1997JChEd..74..123W. doi:10.1021/ed074p123. ; Kalcher, Josef; Sax, Alexander F. (1994). "Gas Phase Stabilities of Small Anions: Theory and Experiment in Cooperation". Chemical Reviews. 94 (8): 2291–2318. doi:10.1021/cr00032a004.
^ Mott, N. F. (1955). "John Edward Lennard-Jones. 1894–1954". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1: 175–184. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1955.0013.
^ Wiley-VCH (2003). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry - Volume 23. John Wiley & Sons. p. 217.
^ CliffsNotes 2007, p. 15
^ IUPAC cannot decide on exact composition of group 3 which include elements from the f-block in some proposals. Their inclusion would make group 3 the second cross-block group.
^ a b c d e f g h Grochala, Wojciech (2007). "Atypical compounds of gases, which have been called noble" (PDF). Chemical Society Reviews. 36 (10): 1632–1655. doi:10.1039/b702109g. PMID 17721587.
^ Pauling, Linus (1933). "The Formulas of Antimonic Acid and the Antimonates". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 55 (5): 1895–1900. doi:10.1021/ja01332a016.
^ Holloway 1968
^ Seppelt, Konrad (1979). "Recent developments in the Chemistry of Some Electronegative Elements". Accounts of Chemical Research. 12 (6): 211–216. doi:10.1021/ar50138a004.
^ Moody, G. J. (1974). "A Decade of Xenon Chemistry". Journal of Chemical Education. 51 (10): 628–630. Bibcode:1974JChEd..51..628M. doi:10.1021/ed051p628. Retrieved 2007-10-16.
^ Zupan, Marko; Iskra, Jernej; Stavber, Stojan (1998). "Fluorination with XeF2. 44. Effect of Geometry and Heteroatom on the Regioselectivity of Fluorine Introduction into an Aromatic Ring". J. Org. Chem. 63 (3): 878–880. doi:10.1021/jo971496e. PMID 11672087.
^ Harding 2002, pp. 90–99
^ . Avrorin, V. V.; Krasikova, R. N.; Nefedov, V. D.; Toropova, M. A. (1982). "The Chemistry of Radon". Russian Chemical Reviews. 51 (1): 12–20. Bibcode:1982RuCRv..51...12A. doi:10.1070/RC1982v051n01ABEH002787.
^ Lehmann, J (2002). "The chemistry of krypton". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 233–234: 1–39. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(02)00202-3.
^ Hogness, T. R.; Lunn, E. G. (1925). "The Ionization of Hydrogen by Electron Impact as Interpreted by Positive Ray Analysis". Physical Review. 26 (1): 44–55. Bibcode:1925PhRv...26...44H. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.26.44.
^ Fernandez, J.; Martin, F. (2007). "Photoionization of the HeH2+ molecular ion". J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys. 40 (12): 2471–2480. Bibcode:2007JPhB...40.2471F. doi:10.1088/0953-4075/40/12/020.
^ Powell, H. M. & Guter, M. (1949). "An Inert Gas Compound". Nature. 164 (4162): 240–241. Bibcode:1949Natur.164..240P. doi:10.1038/164240b0. PMID 18135950.
^ Greenwood 1997, p. 893
^ Dyadin, Yuri A.; et al. (1999). "Clathrate hydrates of hydrogen and neon". Mendeleev Communications. 9 (5): 209–210. doi:10.1070/MC1999v009n05ABEH001104.
^ Saunders, M.; Jiménez-Vázquez, H. A.; Cross, R. J.; Poreda, R. J. (1993). "Stable compounds of helium and neon. [email protected] and [email protected]". Science. 259 (5100): 1428–1430. Bibcode:1993Sci...259.1428S. doi:10.1126/science.259.5100.1428. PMID 17801275.
^ Saunders, Martin; Jimenez-Vazquez, Hugo A.; Cross, R. James; Mroczkowski, Stanley; Gross, Michael L.; Giblin, Daryl E.; Poreda, Robert J. (1994). "Incorporation of helium, neon, argon, krypton, and xenon into fullerenes using high pressure". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116 (5): 2193–2194. doi:10.1021/ja00084a089.
^ Frunzi, Michael; Cross, R. Jame; Saunders, Martin (2007). "Effect of Xenon on Fullerene Reactions". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 129 (43): 13343–6. doi:10.1021/ja075568n. PMID 17924634.
^ Weinhold 2005, pp. 275–306
^ Pimentel, G. C. (1951). "The Bonding of Trihalide and Bifluoride Ions by the Molecular Orbital Method". The Journal of Chemical Physics. 19 (4): 446–448. Bibcode:1951JChPh..19..446P. doi:10.1063/1.1748245.
^ Weiss, Achim. "Elements of the past: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and observation". Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
^ Coc, A.; et al. (2004). "Updated Big Bang Nucleosynthesis confronted to WMAP observations and to the Abundance of Light Elements". Astrophysical Journal. 600 (2): 544–552. arXiv:astro-ph/0309480. Bibcode:2004ApJ...600..544C. doi:10.1086/380121.
^ a b Morrison, P.; Pine, J. (1955). "Radiogenic Origin of the Helium Isotopes in Rock". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 62 (3): 71–92. Bibcode:1955NYASA..62...71M. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1955.tb35366.x.
^ Scherer, Alexandra (2007-01-16). "40Ar/39Ar dating and errors". Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg. Archived from the original on 2007-10-14. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
^ Sanloup, Chrystèle; Schmidt, Burkhard C.; et al. (2005). "Retention of Xenon in Quartz and Earth's Missing Xenon". Science. 310 (5751): 1174–1177. Bibcode:2005Sci...310.1174S. doi:10.1126/science.1119070. PMID 16293758.
^ Tyler Irving (May 2011). "Xenon Dioxide May Solve One of Earth's Mysteries". L'Actualité chimique canadienne (Canadian Chemical News). Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2012-05-18.
^ "A Citizen's Guide to Radon". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2007-11-26. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
^ Lodders, Katharina (July 10, 2003). "Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. The American Astronomical Society. 591 (2): 1220–1247. Bibcode:2003ApJ...591.1220L. doi:10.1086/375492. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2015. Retrieved September 1, 2015.
^ "The Atmosphere". National Weather Service. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
^ a b c d e f g Häussinger, Peter; Glatthaar, Reinhard; Rhode, Wilhelm; Kick, Helmut; Benkmann, Christian; Weber, Josef; Wunschel, Hans-Jörg; Stenke, Viktor; Leicht, Edith; Stenger, Hermann (2002). "Noble gases". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_485. ISBN 3527306730.
^ a b Hwang, Shuen-Chen; Lein, Robert D.; Morgan, Daniel A. (2005). "Noble Gases". Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01.
^ Winter, Mark (2008). "Helium: the essentials". University of Sheffield. Retrieved 2008-07-14.
^ "Neon". Encarta. 2008.
^ Zhang, C. J.; Zhou, X. T.; Yang, L. (1992). "Demountable coaxial gas-cooled current leads for MRI superconducting magnets". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics. IEEE. 28 (1): 957–959. Bibcode:1992ITM....28..957Z. doi:10.1109/20.120038.
^ Fowler, B.; Ackles, K. N.; Porlier, G. (1985). "Effects of inert gas narcosis on behavior—a critical review". Undersea Biomed. Res. 12 (4): 369–402. ISSN 0093-5387. OCLC 2068005. PMID 4082343. Retrieved 2008-04-08.
^ Bennett 1998, p. 176
^ Vann, R. D., ed. (1989). "The Physiological Basis of Decompression". 38th Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society Workshop. 75(Phys)6-1-89: 437. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
^ Maiken, Eric (2004-08-01). "Why Argon?". Decompression. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
^ Horhoianu, G.; Ionescu, D. V.; Olteanu, G. (1999). "Thermal behaviour of CANDU type fuel rods during steady state and transient operating conditions". Annals of Nuclear Energy. 26 (16): 1437–1445. doi:10.1016/S0306-4549(99)00022-5.
^ "Disaster Ascribed to Gas by Experts". The New York Times. 1937-05-07. p. 1.
^ Freudenrich, Craig (2008). "How Blimps Work". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved 2008-07-03.
^ Dunkin, I. R. (1980). "The matrix isolation technique and its application to organic chemistry". Chem. Soc. Rev. 9: 1–23. doi:10.1039/CS9800900001.
^ Basting, Dirk; Marowsky, Gerd (2005). Excimer Laser Technology. Springer. ISBN 3-540-20056-8.
^ Sanders, Robert D.; Ma, Daqing; Maze, Mervyn (2005). "Xenon: elemental anaesthesia in clinical practice". British Medical Bulletin. 71 (1): 115–135. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldh034. PMID 15728132.
^ Albert, M. S.; Balamore, D. (1998). "Development of hyperpolarized noble gas MRI". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 402 (2–3): 441–453. Bibcode:1998NIMPA.402..441A. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00888-7. PMID 11543065.
^ Ray, Sidney F. (1999). Scientific photography and applied imaging. Focal Press. pp. 383–384. ISBN 0-240-51323-1.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Noble gases.
Look up noble gas in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikibooks has more on the topic of: Noble gas
Wikiversity has learning resources about Noble gases
Bennett, Peter B.; Elliott, David H. (1998). The Physiology and Medicine of Diving. SPCK Publishing. ISBN 0-7020-2410-4.
Bobrow Test Preparation Services (2007-12-05). CliffsAP Chemistry. CliffsNotes. ISBN 978-0-470-13500-6.
Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
Harding, Charlie J.; Janes, Rob (2002). Elements of the P Block. Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-690-9.
Holloway, John H. (1968). Noble-Gas Chemistry. London: Methuen Publishing. ISBN 0-412-21100-9.
Mendeleev, D. (1902–1903). Osnovy Khimii (The Principles of Chemistry) (in Russian) (7th ed.).
Ozima, Minoru; Podosek, Frank A. (2002). Noble Gas Geochemistry. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-80366-7.
Weinhold, F.; Landis, C. (2005). Valency and bonding. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-83128-8.
Access related topics
Chemistry portal
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_gas


As a certified Microsoft Partner, we have rich expertise in delivering solutions on a Microsoft .Net platform to Enterprises, ISV's and Software Product Development companies since our inception in 1999.
We have a highly experienced pool of Microsoft Certified Developers, Technology Specialists and Architects, who have delivered 250+ complex ASP.Net applications for our customers with 150,000+ hours of Microsoft Technology Development expertise.
We provide full-cycle services on the Microsoft .Net platform, leveraging our long term partnership with Microsoft and our 15 years of experience in delivering customer solutions across the entire .NET technology stack.


Mini E wrote: :lol: Your accie didn't come in then?
No it flipping didn't. I knew as soon as the last minute equaliser went in Southend would win on penalties. I don't even know why I bet on the playoffs. Every year me and my mate do a random draw on the Championship one and I think I've won 1 of the last 8 or 9.
I've never been to Wembley. I am on it.
Last time was 30 years ago. I was 3.
Corazon de Leon wrote: Do away goals count in this?
Stuck a bet on Norwich, Preston and Southend to go up via the play-offs before it all started so I'm pretty happy with the scoreline.
Was utterly convinced I bet on Wycombe to win the League 2 one. Just checked my Sky Bet account and I did indeed bet on Southend I watched the whole game yesterday cheering on Wycombe was fuming when Southend equalised with the last kick of extra time.
Boro are just above evens if you want to cover your bet FWIW.
strawberry floating hell PMM Even though I hate your lot for poaching our manager I can't fault this. Fingers crossed for you tomorrow now mate!
Cheers guys! Yeah, I've stuck a few quid on Boro winning to cover myself, and also have them to win in a little bet with my mate. I'd actually be happy for my awful luck with him to continue today.
I have such a weird feeling right now. It's all a little anti-climatic and I feel quite isolated being thousands of miles away, when it seems like the entire area has invaded London.
It doesn't help that I was only young in 97/98 and only went to the odd game, I was on a trans-Atlantic flight for the cup win in 2004, and I was between season tickets in the UEFA Cup due to moving to Newcastle for a year and a half. So it feels a bit odd to miss out yet again. It's something I have never experienced as a fan in the flesh, bar the FA cup semi in 2002.
I still have a nagging feeling Norwich will win. They have the better attack and have scored something like 20 more goals than us. That could give them the edge in a one-off game. We have the better defense, which maybe stands you in better stead over the longer course of a season.
I just hope we don't fail to turn up. That would be the most disappointing thing at all - to let the occasion beat us or to be over-awed.
EDIT - It's also strange watching them on TV too, having been consigned to radio for all bar the Brentford away and Derby at home league matches. You do feel quite detached not being a season ticket holder week in, week out.
It was a terrible goal to concede. First because we were fairly comfortable in possession, second because Ayala still could have cleared it and third, because the keeper was too easily beaten at his near post.
As I said, it seems like nerves have got to us a bit, but it's early days. We don't tend to do well from a goal down, mind.
Oh Boro Come on lads!
This could be a classic, this. Boro really must go for it.
Ah gooseberry fool, I fear that it could be over now.
Ironically, Norwich have done to us what we did to them at Carrow Road. Just came out the blocks at such a pace, and capitalized on our nerves. The roles were reversed a month so, wen Norwich looked over-awed by the occasion and we played relax, fast, pressing football.
Going in at half time at 2-1 would give us some home, mind.
The big problem is, we look lacklustre up front, bar Vossen's great strike against the crossbar, and we look like we have a bit of stage fright at the back. We look really vulnerable, which is not like us at all.
The games we have done well in this season, we tend to have been either comfortable at the back (enabling to nick a goal on the counter like at Derby) or we come out the traps at the start of either half and get in front. The games where we have started sluggishly, like Watford and Bournemouth away, we have been punished.
Like I said, a goal for us soon changes the game immensely.
That Tomlin lad looks a bit too fat to be a footballer.
He's inconsistent. He looks awesome at times, and then a passenger at others.
When he plays well, no-one mentions his weight; when he has an off game, he's a porker. He's always been that sort of build. On his day, like against City in the cup, he looks like PL quality. The problem is, he doesn't do it often enough, which is why he is playing in the second tier.
Going well for my bet so far. Bad luck Parksey.


i've realized today that japanese ppl are very smart but lazy ppl lol! (this is mainly based on one example. and let's take this with a grain of salt... like most of my entries as i'm just bs-ing lol).
take sushi for example. majority of them are prepared bite sized. you do not need to work very hard to eat them really. the rice and raw fish (and seaweed when applicable) pretty much falls out of place once you take a bite out of it. even their veggies, when included, are easy to chew, such as avocado.. and ones harder to chew, such as lettuce or cucumbers, are easy to handle bc they are so small anyway.
AND to top it off, you can forget utensils and it's totally acceptable to eat them with your hands.
seriously, it's made for lazy ppl lol yet they're not cheap. sushi are considered to be one of the higher end cuisines to eat (even in japan!) designed beautifully and classy.... this is why i think that japanese ppl are lazy but smart lol!
easy to chew, such as avocado..
wait wait wait wait WAIT. There is no sushi with avocado in it in Japan! Thats a CALIFORNIA thing.
But sure, Japanese ppl are lazy too! And smart!! so SO SO smart.
...WHAT!? I'm totally not bias ok!?
what?! no avocados in sushi?! i'm never going to japan now! lol jk wait, a CA thing? not an american thing? really? that's very interesting!
RE: your bias comment: LOL!
CALIFORNIA roll. People are not as creative as you think.
You're right of course, there is SOME. I seem to recall its usually served with shrimp and onions, and mayo. Weird.
.. but you can't be lazy when you make them otherwise the sushi will look ugly and not "classy." don't get me started on this topic though.. or i will delve into history.
.. but you said japanese people are "very smart but lazy people," so that includes the sushi chefs..
although i will note that 2/3 japanese restaurants i walk into do not have JAPANESE sushi chefs..
Maybe we should change the topic to ELIZA is smart but lazy.
oh i didnt mean it in that way!
I'm going to eat a sloppy joe, I guess that makes me not lazy. YAY!


Тhе brіdеs whо gеt thе mоst аttеntіоn аrе thе оnеs whо gо аrоund sсrеаmіng "Іt's МY dау!" оr whо trу tо оutdо thе rоуаl wеddіng (thіs mеаns уоu, Κіm Κаrdаshіаn! and some other celebrities out there). Вut fоr еvеrу wоmаn whо іs dуіng tо bе thе сеntеr оf аttеntіоn, thеrе аrе рrоbаblу јust аs mаnу brіdеs whо сrіngе аt thе іdеа оf hаvіng аll еуеs оn thеm. Тhіs іs sоmе рrасtісаl wеddіng рlаnnіng аdvісе fоr shу brіdеs tо mаkе thеіr dау mоrе еnјоуаblе.
Fіrst аnd fоrеmоst, іt іs іmроrtаnt tо bе truе tо уоursеlf. Іf уоu knоw thаt уоu hаtе hаvіng thе sроtlіght оn уоu оr fееl nаusеоus аt thе thоught оf wаlkіng dоwn а lоng аіslе wіth еvеrуbоdу stаrіng аt уоu, рlаn уоur wеddіng ассоrdіnglу. Тhе bеst wеddіng рlаnnіng аdvісе fоr shу brіdеs іs tо kеер thеіr wеddіng аs smаll аs роssіblе. Whеn уоu hаvе оnlу іmmеdіаtе fаmіlу аnd dеаrеst frіеnds аt уоur сеrеmоnу, уоu wіll hореfullу fееl suрроrtеd, rаthеr thаn оvеrwhеlmеd.
Іn nо wау shоuld уоu fееl оblіgаtеd tо stісk wіth wеddіng сustоms thаt wіll іnсrеаsе уоur аnхіеtу. Іt аll stаrts wіth thе wеddіng сеrеmоnу. Соnsіdеr hаvіng іt іn а lосаtіоn thаt wіll nоt rеquіrе уоu tо wаlk dоwn а lоng аіslе. Еіthеr сhооsе а smаll сhареl wіth а shоrt аіslе, оr а sіtе whісh wіll аllоw уоu tо mаkе а sіdе еntrаnсе. Оnе vеrу shу brіdе thаt І knеw орtеd tо hаvе hеr сеrеmоnу іn hеr раrеnts' lіvіng rооm іn frоnt оf thе fіrерlасе. Ѕhе еntеrеd thе сеrеmоnу bу соmіng dоwn а sеt оf stаіrs thаt lеd іntо thе lіvіng rооm, аnd frоm thеrе іt wаs јust а fеw shоrt stерs tо hеr grооm wаіtіng bу thе fіrерlасе. Іf уоu аrе hаvіng уоur сеrеmоnу іn а рlасе thаt wіll rеquіrе уоu tо wаlk dоwn аn аіslе, соnsіdеr аskіng bоth уоur mоthеr аnd fаthеr tо wаlk wіth уоu, sо уоu wіll bе flаnkеd bу thеm оn еіthеr sіdе. Іt саn hеlр уоu tо fееl mоrе shеltеrеd аnd lеss lіkе thе сеntеr оf аttеntіоn.
Іt іs vеrу іmроrtаnt thаt а shу brіdе сhооsе wеddіng аttіrе thаt wіll mаkе hеr fееl vеrу аt еаsе. Іf уоu nеvеr wеаr sеху stуlеs, аvоіd rеvеаlіng brіdаl gоwns wіth рlungіng nесklіnеs thаt wіll саusе уоu dіsсоmfоrt. Тhе fасt оf thе mаttеr іs thаt а drаmаtіс wеddіng drеss wіll drаw аll еуеs rіght tо уоu, sо іf уоu рrеfеr tо blеnd іn (аdmіttеdlу hаrd fоr thе brіdе tо dо), орt fоr а mоrе undеrstаtеd wеddіng gоwn stуlе. А сlаssіс А-lіnе оr а 1950s іnsріrеd gоwn wіll рrоbаblу bе mоrе уоur сuр оf tеа thаn а vа-vа-vооm mеrmаіd gоwn wіth а skіn tіght tор аnd а саsсаdе оf rufflеs аt thе bоttоm. А lоt оf brіdеs fееl раrtісulаrlу соmfоrtаblе іn wеddіng gоwns wіth росkеts, аs іt gіvеs thеm sоmеthіng tо dо wіth thеіr hаnds.
Fоr wоmеn whо аrе раіnfullу shу, thе fіrst dаnсе аt thе wеddіng rесерtіоn саn bе а trеmеndоus sоurсе оf strеss. Тhе sроtlіght wіll quіtе lіtеrаllу bе uроn уоu, аnd аll оf уоur guеsts wіll bе wаtсhіng уоu. Іf thіs sоunds lіkе уоur wоrst nіghtmаrе, thеrе аrе sеvеrаl орtіоns thаt mау bе hеlрful. Оnе іs tо sіmрlу skір thе sроtlіght dаnсеs. Іf уоu аrе hаvіng а vеrу smаll wеddіng, уоu саn орt nоt tо hаvе dаnсіng аt аll. Јust рrоvіdе nісе bасkgrоund musіс fоr dіnnеr аnd сосktаіls, аnd lеаvе іt аt thаt. Іt wіll sееm lеss оbvіоus іf уоu hоst уоur rесерtіоn іn а рlасе wіthоut а dаnсе flооr, suсh аs а rеstаurаnt оr а рrіvаtе dіnіng rооm іn а роsh сlub. Іf уоu саn't gеt оut оf thе fіrst dаnсе еntіrеlу, іnstruсt thе bаndlеаdеr tо іnvіtе оthеr соuрlеs оntо thе dаnсе flооr аbоut а mіnutе іntо іt. Yоu саn рlаn thіs іn аdvаnсе wіth уоur раrеnts аnd brіdаl раrtу sо thеу knоw tо gеt оut thеrе аnd stаrt dаnсіng аs sооn аs thеу аrе іnvіtеd.
Аlwауs rеmеmbеr thаt іt іs уоur wеddіng, аnd уоu shоuld bе аblе tо hаvе thе stуlе оf еvеnt thаt wіll mаkе уоu fееl thе mоst аt еаsе (еvеn іf уоur mоm іs рushіng fоr а hugе bаsh!). Whеn рlаnnеd саrеfullу, еvеn thе mоst shу brіdе саn hаvе а wеddіng thаt shе wіll еnјоу. Тhе wоndеrful mеmоrіеs оf уоur реrfесt wеddіng wіll lаst уоu а lіfеtіmе.
Fans of the punk music genre often identify as being slightly different than the rest of the population. Their tastes in music and fashion are somewhat off the beaten path of societal norms. When you want to dress in a way that openly advertises your affiliation with all things punk, you can find fashion choices like punk rock clothes and accessories for sale online. With these fashion choices, you can dress in a way that reflects your personality and your taste in music.
When you shop on the website, you may be taken aback by the selection of apparel available to you. You could arguably fill your closet with everything you need to get fully dressed. You can find pants, shirts, blouses, socks, shoes, and jackets all on the punk rock website. When you are dedicated to this genre of music, you can find everything you want and need to dress like a true fan.
As you see online, some of the fashions are retro in style. This retro style may recall the earliest days of the genre. Punk rock music first made its appearance in pop culture back in the 70s. Even as time progressed, however, the fashions of this genre stayed the same. When you dress in punk rock fashion, your look may recall the era of more than 40 years ago.
Despite being retro in appearance, the clothing itself is made to last. The apparel is all made from durable materials, such as polyester, cotton, and cotton blends. The shoes and jackets are made from real or faux leather. Many of the clothes are also safe to wash and dry at home as well.
Along with dressing in the punk rock fashion, you may also want to decorate your home and yourself to reflect this musical movement. You can find accessories befitting any punk rock devotee online. These items range from earrings, bracelets, necklaces, and even hair bands.
You can also find home fashions like posters, rugs, candles, and much more to decorate your house. When achieving the total punk rock look and feel is your goal, the Internet can make it happen when you shop online for apparel and much more today.
Punk rock music is very much alive and well. You can find everything you need to punk rock out when you visit this website and shop online.


Being a part of EMI means being a part of an extended family. The people we work with are all motivated to make a difference, to change lives, and to have a monumental impact on the world. You'll cry together, sweat together, live together, and most importantly, leave a lasting effect on communities in need.
Currently, EMI has projects in Central America and Haiti, which require short-term visits (7 to 10 days) by volunteer teams. The major focus at this time is Haiti, where EMI is preparing to operate a clinic in a suburb of Port-au-Prince.
We are looking for medical and dental professionals, including: doctors, dentists, nurses, nurse practitioners, dental assistants, hygienists, pharmacists etc.
We always need people on these teams to work alongside the medical professionals and assist in crowd control, distribution of food and supplies and many other important jobs.
In several Central American countries there are ongoing construction needs, whether it's building a feeding centre, a medical clinic or a home for a family. This requires volunteers who have construction skills – at any level. If you can wield a hammer or help mix cement, we could use your help!


text:
E-Catalogs: From Wish List to Reality
Where the Readers Are: University Presses Explore Online Advertising
Digital Publishing in the AAUP Community
Public Access and Scholarly Publishing
Reports from the 2009 Week-in-Residence Grantees
AAUP at MLA 2009
Google Settlement Update
Books for Understanding: In the News
PROSE Awards
In recent years, the idea of e-catalogs has taken hold in the publishing industry. The reasons for this are many, and start from the observation that more book communications—involving buyers, readers, reviewers, authors—are in the digital space, and catalogs should be, too. Full article >
University press marketing and advertising staff are expanding their ventures into the realm of online advertising. With an ever-expanding variety of options, from Facebook ads for dollars a day to leaderboards on the websites of renowned print publications, it can be overwhelming to know where to begin. AAUP spoke with staff at three member presses to get an idea of how member presses of various sizes are evaluating and investing in these new opportunities. Full article >
Nearly 80% of AAUP members offer some form of free content on their web sites, and 35% offer full text of books. More than 90% work with the Google Books Partners program. Almost 44% are incorporating XML into some point of the production workflow. And approximately 83% of AAUP publishers find the lack of proven business models to be a serious concern in pursuing e-publishing, but 63% find the specter of online piracy to be at most a mild concern. Full article >
The White House's Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) opened a Public Access Forum in December and January. They posed nine questions relating to public access to archived publications resulting from federally funded research, and solicited comments from interested members of the public and scholarly publishing community. Full article >
Reports from 2009 Week-in-Residence Grantees
Each year, a group of middle and upper level staff members from AAUP member presses are selected to spend a week in residence at another press, providing an opportunity for professional exchange. Grantees typically spend their time at presses larger than their own. Finding scalable models that would translate well at their home presses, this year's participants illustrated how similarities among university press are often greater than their differences. Full article >
The Modern Language Association's 125th Annual Convention was held December 27-30 in Philadelphia, PA. The convention attracted just over 7,300 registrants this year. MLA officials also noted that a record number of visitors purchased one-day passes to the exhibit hall. Full article >
2010 Book, Jacket, and Journal Show Winners Announced
Judging of the 2010 AAUP Book, Jacket, & Journal show took place January 28-29 at the AAUP Central Office in New York. Throughout its history, the AAUP Book, Jacket, & Journal Show has honored the design and production teams who further a long tradition of excellence in book design. Full article >
The parties to the Google Book suit submitted a revised version of the settlement to the court on November 13. After the submission of the amended settlement agreement, supplemental notice was issued, and an extended comment period was opened. Full article >
A number of Books for Understanding bibliography topics have been in the news of late. Updates to these lists ensure that Books for Understanding includes the most recent and up to date scholarship published by university presses on these subjects. Full article >
The American Publishers Awards for Professional and Scholarly Excellence (the PROSE Awards) were announced on February 4, at the annual meeting of the Professional and Scholarly Publishers (PSP) division of the Association of American Publishers (AAP). Once again, works published by AAUP member presses took an extraordinary number awards, in addition to Finalist/Honorable Mention designations. Full article >

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Recent survey on 'Foreign vs Indian companies' found that most Indians prefer to work at MNCs than local companies despite of Make in India and other initiatives. The survey mentioned that over 71% of participants are working with Indian companies and only 29% of the candidates working with international companies.
Nearly 34 percent of the India based company employees are happy with the way they are paid and over 66 percent employees are not at all happy with the way they are paid. Over 75 percent employees across IT/Telecom/Dotcom/Internet prefer MNCs and 80% employees across Automobile/Banking sector prefer to work with International companies and 50 percent mid level professionals prefer to work at Indian companies and over 78% female employees and 67 % male employees prefer to work with International companies.


This UK Corrupt Police website is not anti-Police as many would suggest. On the contrary, there are some good police officers out there and we know a few.
What we aim to expose here is select corruption within the UK Police (and other UK law related organisations) which is an endemic as reported by 'The Independent' Newspaper and many other sites.
It is ironic that the Police do not like this website, the obvious question is why?
Surely the Police force (the good guys) would want the corruption rooted out?
If a Police officer can hand on heart say, they are not corrupt or have never turned a blind eye to corruption/ misconduct, then they are on the same side as us. And that is the irony, even though this site show blatant corruption and wrongdoing, the alleged 'good guys' turn a blind eye, and say we are anti Police which is untrue.
This Corrupt police website highlights only corruption and misconduct within the UK, most of which relates in some way to a single family who are the founders of UK Corrupt Police as they have been victims of Police misconduct since 2013 after they inadvertently reported a crime committed by a Police Informant from Skelmersdale.
After many repeated reports to Police about this Police Informer, the family noticed how Lancashire Police seemed to be doing anything within their power to avoid bringing any charges against him.
After months and months of persistent attacks which were all brushed aside by Lancashire Police, the victims mentioned online that Lancashire Police were protecting a Police Informer. This ultimately resulted the victims arrest which has now been well documented in the national press. The victim was fully acquitted and the Magistrates noted how the prosecution appeared malicious.
As a result, the family (who have never had an Police issues in the past), have been the target of Lancashire Police, Merseyside Police and West Midlands police who seem dead set on shutting them up and discrediting them.
There are dozens of Police complaints all under 'investigation' (at the time of writing) by the Police themselves. IPCC (now the IOPC) have been involved in a few which many have been upheld.
This website shows UK Corrupt Police in a news style website about incidents that they are involved in or are related to friends. All articles on this site are backed by supporting evidence, some is displayed on the site, some is withheld.
We all pay our taxes which pays for the Police, it eats me up that we pay and get targeted because some low life police snitch who the police protect, just because it helps with their crime statistics! And I though the Police are supposed to help Victims!
Please could you say why Devon/Cornwall Police are not included in your website ?
Hi Laura, the site is generally about corruption that members have witnessed. You are free to discuss and provide new public posts within the forum.
The British Police are corrupt.
It just takes white people till their 20's / 30's to discover this.
Minority's know it from birth.


text:
Agit 883 56 51. Alternative title: Agit 883. [Various subtitles: Flugschrift für Agitation und Sozialistische Praxis; Kampfblatt der Kommunistischen Rebellen; Revolutionäre Aktion.] No. 1 (15 February 1969) through No. 84 (16 October 1971).
58 issues (of 88 total published), most 12 pp., of the well-known journal of the West Berlin neoanarchist student movement, becoming increasingly radical and militant during the period of its publication, advocating the strategic use of violence by urban guerilla groups (Rote Armee Fraktion) and armed resistance to conservative and.....	More
Archive of Documents from the Heart Mountain Relocation Center in Wyoming.
Collection of 27 mimeographed documents from the Heart Mountain Relocation Center dating from January 1, 1944 to October 17, 1945, spanning most of the time of the camp's operation and comprised mostly of Community Council meeting minutes, together with notes from the first session of the Study Committee for the.....	More
Archive of Ephemera and Material Related to the Protestant Episcopal Church's Task Force on Homosexuality.
Collection of materials related to the groundbreaking convention held by the Protestant Episcopal Church in 1976 supporting legal rights for homosexuals, housed in two binders, approximately 200 leaves total, many printed recto only, some printed recto and verso, including photocopies of news clippings on topics including surrogacy, teen pregnancy, women.....	More
Baltiiskaia assambleia narodnykh frontov Estonii, Latvii, Litvy [The Baltic Assembly of the Popular Fronts of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania].
[Tallinn: self-published, 1989]. Octavo (20 × 14 cm). Original staple-stitched self-wrappers; xerox-reproduced reduced typescript; 14 pp. Very good. An important, anonymously published brochure which summarizes the results of the first meeting of the Baltic Assembly on May 13-14, 1989 in Tallinn, a key step in the independence movement of the..... More
Black Rose. Journal of Contemporary Anarchism. Nos. 1 (1974) and 2 (1975) (all published).
2 vols., 96, 120 pp., comprising a complete run of the journal described by its editors as "a creative theoretical contribution to left anarchist and libertarian thought and praxis," including articles by Murray Bookchin, interviews with Noam Chomsky, poems by George Therese Dickenson, profiles of wildcat strikers at Chrysler auto.....	More
Bomber-Kommando: Bericht des Luftfahrtministeriums über die Offensive des Bomber-Kommandos gegen die Achse, September 1939 - Juli 1941.
124 pp. propagandistic account published by the British Air Ministry describing the Bomber Command's sorties against the German army and raids during which they dropped propaganda material, including anecdotes from the pilots and crew members, heavily illustrated throughout with images from photographs. Small 4to. Illustrated wrpps., bottom of spine slightly.....	More
Butlletí Especial per Als Catalans Absents de la Pàtria. No. 4 (24 June 1937) through No. 64 (31 December 1938).
A significant run of 60 issues (unknown how many total were published, possibly 64) of the bulletin put out by the Propaganda Commission of the Generalitat de Catalunya and targeted at Catalonians not currently in the country, likely exiles, with the goal of keeping the exiled citizens informed about what.....	More
Collection of Approximately 120 1960's-1980's Political Buttons.
Group of 1960's-1980's mostly political buttons, approximately 120 total, a few duplicates, grouped on a hanging piece of woven green cloth, representing a wide range of groups and causes affiliated with gay rights, women's rights, US/Cuba Friendshipment, the war in the Middle East, abortion rights, pacifism, civil unrest in Latin.....	More
Collection of Early to Mid-20th Century Americana Sheet Music.
A beautiful group of 16 examples of early to mid-20th century American sheet music, most 4-8 pp., the covers noteworthy for their bright and colorful patriotic imagery, including Uncle Sam, military figures, war scenes, the Statue of Liberty, and women wearing flags, by a wide range of composers. Some minor.....	More
Collection of First World War American Sheet Music.
A beautiful and sizable group of approximately 65 examples of World War I-era American sheet music, most 4 pp., the covers noteworthy for their bright and colorful patriotic imagery, including military figures and soldiers, Uncle Sam, stylish women with soldier suitors, images from war bond posters, nurses, flags, Allied powers.....	More
Collection of Photographs of Protests by the Impact Visuals Photography Co-Op.
Important and extensive archive of approximately 100 original photographs documenting protests and gatherings primarily in the United States but also a few international locations, mostly from the 1990's and early 2000's, the majority with printed or handwritten labels to verso identifying subject, location, date, and photographer, including protests regarding feminism.....	More
The Commune. April 8, 1968 and April 27, 1968 (all published).
A complete run in two unnumbered issues of the underground self-proclaimed "proletariat" New York journal, covering highly charged topics of the era, including racism, the death of Martin Luther King, student radicals, unions, elections, and the ghetto. Not illustrated. 4to. Stapled self-wrpps. Manhattanville, New York 1968. As of July 2017..... More
Comunità. Rivista Mensile del Movimento Comunità. Year I, No. 5 (September 1946) through Year XX, No. 139/140 (November/December 1966).
Altogether 147 issues, comprised of 7 early issues (Year I, Nos. 5 and 6, and Year II, Nos. 2, 3, 8, 21, and 23) and a large sequential run of 140 issues (Year III, No. 1 through Year XX, No. 139/140, lacking nos. 66 through 69) of the long-running Italian.....	More
Cuaderno de la Plata. No. 1 (October 1968) through No. 7 (November 1972) (all published).
A complete run in seven fascicules of the Argentinian cultural and political journal, edited by Luis Aznar and Guillermo Korn, born out of the socialist branch of the Reforma Universitaria, each issue with a specific focus topic and subtitle, celebrating the Reformation as a political-cultural and socialist movement, each issue.....	More
Eight Underground Propaganda Leaflets by Latvian Communists, ca. 1935.
Various places: "Spartaks"/L. K. P. Rigas Komitej , ca. 1935. Eight pictorial flyers, various sizes (from 10 × 11 to 23.5 × 35 cm), printed on variously colored stock. One flyer with vertical crease, some occasional light wear and toning; else very good or better. Eight scarce, clandestinely printed propaganda..... More
Everywhere...the bigots are smiling...CORE Asks: Are You Responsible?
Single-sided broadside captioned "Proposed Display Advertisement by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) for the New York Times and the Baltimore Afro-American", outlining the "New CORE Perspective" to promote self-determination for black people and CORE's plans locally, nationwide, and worldwide including mobilizing black voting power; organizing a network of tenant.....	More
First World War Photograph Album.
Exceptional album of 141 original photographs of World War I in France, including 44 photographs of tanks stamped "SECRET" to front and with official stamp from the "Section Photographique de l'Armée" to the reverse, views of demolished buildings around Vienne-la-Ville, battlefields, aerial views from the Somme region, mortars, and German.....	More
Gedächtnisprotokolle. Tage und Nächte nach dem 7. Oktober 1989. Berlin [Memory protocols: the days and nights after October 7, 1989. Berlin].
[Berlin]: Evangelische Jungendarbeit, Stadtjugendpfarramt, [1989]. 43 leaves of A4 paper (various contributions with separate pagination), fastened with three staples to left margin; original and reproduced typescript and computer-printed text; compiled from various sources, as evidenced by the different quality of the paper stock. The first leaf lightly worn; else very.....	More
Handwritten Court Document Regarding Slavery in Alabama.
Original handwritten manuscript document, 2-1/4 pp., issued by the State of Alabama Circuit Court for Lawrence County, dated September 1843, detailing the case of Francis A. Leeper vs. Christopher C. Gewin, in which a complaint was issued by Leeper claiming that Gewin had detained three negro slaves he did not.....	More
Il Soviet. Year I, No. 1 (December 1918) through Year V, No. 52 (April 1922). (All published).
Unpaginated (circa 208 pp.) reprint of the renowned Italian socialist journal, commenting on the political situation in Italy and around the world following WWI from a communist viewpoint. Lg. folio. 1/2 cloth and boards. Milan (Feltrinelli Reprint) 1966. During the course of its publication, Il Soviet was the official organ..... More
Important Collection of Original 1930s and Early 1940s Farm Security Administration Photographs.
Interesting group of 40 gelatin silver prints taken on behalf of the Farm Security Administration and the Resettlement Administration, primarily depicting the resettlement of poor farmers, including six photographs by Dorothea Lange, twelve by Arthur Rothstein, six by Russell Lee, six by John Vachon, one by Carl Mydans, and a......	More
Jeu de l'Affaire Dreyfus et de la Vérité.
Chromolithographed board game on paper produced after the famous story by Zola was published in the Paris newspaper, L'Aurore in the wake of the Dreyfus Affair, in the style of the Game of the Goose, with the 63 gameboard spaces occupied by personalities and events related to the Affair, the.....	More
L'Agitazione: Organo del Comitato di Difesa Pro Sacco e Vanzetti. Later: L'Agitazione: Bollettino del Comitato Centrale di Difesa pro Sacco e Vanzetti. Year I, No. 1 (1 December 1920) through Year IV, No. 2 (March 1925).
A collection of 37 issues, possibly all published, of the irregularly distributed Italian-language anarchist newspaper, edited by Aldino Felicani, as an attempt to raise funds for the defense of Sacco and Vanzetti, each issue devoted to the latest developments in the landmark case, with scattered illustrations, primarily from photographs. Some.....	More
La Critique Sociale. Revue des Idées et des Livres. Sociologie, Économie Politique, Histoire, Philosophie, Droit Public, Demographie, Mouvement Ouvrier, Lettres et Arts. No. 1 (March 1931) through No. 11 (March 1934) (all published).
256 pp. volume containing a complete run in 11 issues of the bimonthly Communist French-language journal, under the editorial direction of Boris Souvarine, containing essays and book reviews related to Communist and Socialist issues and key figures including politics, economics, revolutions, Marx, Engels, and Trotsky. Scarce illustrations. 4to. Boards, original.....	More
La Revue Sexpol: Sexologie Politique. No. 1 (20 January 1975) through No. 39 (10 October 1980) (all published).
A complete run in 39 issues (in 36 fascicules, most issues 46-50 pp. each) of the sometimes satirical monthly French magazine on sexual politics, co-founded and edited by Gérard Ponthieu, covering a wide range of topics such as family planning, the history of the speculum, syphilis, pleasure, homosexuality, sexual repression.....	More


The prerequisite sar command to work is that sysstat rpm must be loaded into os system.
The source files that are required for sar to work can be found in /usr/lib/sa directory, there are three files sa1, sa2, sadc. the output files of sar command can be found in /var/log/sa/ ( there is one file for each day sar i.e. date mean only dd) and we may see what was the system performance yesterday or past in time.
I came to know that the sar command is automatically configured in red hat linux versions but one has to configure in solaris, Open SuSe and HP-UX (not sure).
The following are the simple steps to configure sar in Open SuSE.
The actual binary system performance information of system is created by sadc script.
The sa1 shell script is a wrapper for sadc and we use it in crontab entry.
The sa2 script is used to print a report in ASCII format from sa1 script output file.
The files sa1 used above shows how often we want to take snapshot of system performance data and second line is used to how often you want to create report in human readable format to read.
Wait for some time and you will see the files being created in log directory.
Hope this will help and I personally tried it in Open SuSE and worked... this will also work in Solaris and HP-US with/without minor changes, please comment if any change or modifications.
the CPU intensive processes can be seen with it.


Quick Results Keto Date up on companions to get a climb is the best incredible framework to mingle and create in a touch of activity. This unquestionably is one together with the grown-up ways most normally connected with accomplishing a slimmer face. Self trance is educated by measure of explorers world various and is likely exceedingly effective when cooked legitimately.


We have six rooms available, our sanctuary and a great hall and stage with attached kitchen that can be rented for various activities. We also host wedding celebrations and funeral services. To submit an inquiry regarding availability, enter your information in the form on this page and we will get back to you shortly.
Our building use policy containing policies and cost is currently being updated (future PDF link will live here). In the meantime, contact us using the form to the right and we'll be in touch.


As a lifelong reader, one of my ongoing problems is figuring out how to actually read the books I own.
On the surface, this problem doesn't make sense.
I only buy (or accept) the books I really want to read. If it's coming into my house, it's because I want to read it.
Sometimes I can time things right and start reading a book as soon as it comes into my life but usually I have several books going at once and need to wait to start another one.
The books I own are often at the mercy of the books that come with due dates, whether via the library or review copies.
And so the pile grows bigger and bigger, in spite of my choosiness. Not to mention how many ebooks I have yet to read.
I've tried different things to make my way through by TBR the past few years. Only reading the books I own for a month. Not buying any books for certain periods of time. Trying to read one book from my stack for every few library books I read- that didn't last long.
I read a lot- around 25-30 books per month. (Before you ask, this post from last year explains how I'm currently able to read that much.) I should be able to make a good dent in my TBR and I think I might have landed on a way to do just that.
Inspired by the bookstagram community, I picked out several books from my To Read stack to read in December. And by January 1, I'd read all but The Rules Of Magic, which I finished January 2. Totally counting it as a win!
For 2018, I'm going to pick 5 or 6 books from my TBR every month. I'm still going to get library books and review copies but I'm also going to be smarter about both. For instance, while I try to spread out my library reservations, I don't often pay attention to how many holds I have in a given month. I'm going to aim to take out no more than 15 library books per month. I'm also paying better attention to how many review copies I have at once- I've been working on this for the past few months and I already feel better about it.
I need freedom to read what I want, when I want. Having a variety of book sources helps with that. But 5 or 6 from my To Read stack each month- or even more!- is totally doable.
These are my picks for January and I'm excited to get to them at long last. I've already read and enjoyed Exposure and The Winter Ghosts.
I made my 2018 reading goal before I left town for Christmas and then learned about #theunreadshelfproject2018 a couple of weeks ago, which I hope will give me extra accountability. Follow @theunreadshelf on Instagram to learn more and to participate in the weekly challenges. Isn't bookstagram amazing?!
Right. We won't think about that.
I keep my priority TBR on the small bookcase by my bed that also serves a nightstand. But I also have a bunch of books under my bed.
I went through all of my unread books, reading the synopsis and a random paragraph inside. I got rid of five books in the end.
I had a grand total of 77 books, plus the six books in my January TBR, plus six books currently in progress.
Oh, and then I bought three books on my birthday bookstore adventure last week. I dare you to visit Magers & Quinn and Once Upon A Crime and not buy anything.
That leaves me with 92 books. Strike that: 89, as I've knocked out two books on my January TBR and I finished the stellar H Is For Hawk over the weekend.
If I could read even 5 of my unread books each month, that would leave me with 30 unread books. That sounds miraculous!
I'm not planning on not buying any books this year so that end total might ultimately be higher. I have a membership with Book Of The Month. I believe it's important to support independent bookstores, as well as diverse authors. There are a ton of books I'm really looking forward to reading and owning this year.
But I would like to challenge myself to read any book purchased this year within a month of buying it. It'll be a good discipline.
The best challenge for me for 2018 is to simply make a sizable dent in my To Read stack.
If you have any tips on actually reading the books you own in a timely manner, I'm all ears.


If you're trying to find a reliable, expert and friendly roofing and roof repair company in Waterways 3195, then you've come to the right place. Our team will be happy to visit your property and evaluate your alternatives – No obligation! If you're trying to find a business to repoint a tiled roofing, then we can help. We can also aid with colorbond roof replacement, roofing system painting and roofing remediation.
Our Waterways roofing professionals are trained to repair and restore a dependable roof that will safeguard your financial investment. We have worked extensively on roof repair works in property and business locations. It is a smart choice to leave the whole roofing repair requirements to a knowledgeable and expert hand like us. We take pride in all our roof jobs as we take time to understand our customers' needs and specifications. We make sure that you will get a professional finish with attention to detail.
A dripping roofing or a shifted tile may seem to be a minor concern to you, however if ignored it can lead to other more serious internal issues. The minor problem can wind up ending up being a major one and may require an expensive repair. The minute you see that your roof needs some repair and maintenance, you must call a certified roof tiler or licensed plumber to attend to the matter.
As roof repair works experts, we can deal with almost all kinds of issues irrespective of how small or huge it is. Our highly qualified experts can find the leakages accurately and repair them. They can recommend you the best possible alternative to manage your issue and will send you an upfront quote. In case you decide to go ahead with us, we will begin our work instantly without any delay.
Hiring a specialist roof restoration specialist can be a cost effective alternative to changing your whole roof. In many cases your roofing can be brought back to as good as brand-new condition with the right materials and workmanship.
The roofing system repair process usually includes a thorough clean to remove any built up moss and dirt, fixing of damaged sheets or tiles, then repainting of the whole roof to restore it to it's previous splendor. Roof restoration can extend the life of your existing roofing system, prevent more expensive repair works and even add value to your house thanks to its improved street appeal. We can bring your old roof back to life with our professional roof remediation service. Restoring your roofing will not just enhance the street appeal of your home, it will increase it's value and can improve energy performance.
Often it's not always possible or rewarding bring back or repairing your roofing system due to its age or major defects. We specialise in roofing system repair works to damaged or leaking roofings due to wear and tear or roofs that have been inadequately installed.
Re-roofing services in Waterways will offer your old, tired roof a fresh look and enduring wear. We will get rid of and dispose of your existing roofing system covering, battens and sarking. If your roof is asbestos we can organize a fully-licensed and recognized company to get rid of and get rid of this dangerous material. We work carefully with these companies to offer you with a seamless roofing replacement from 'start' to 'finish'.
Your roof is among your most important assets. But as your home grows older, your roofing system starts to age and it will need upkeep. However, many people overlook their roofing systems till it is so deteriorated that it requires to be replaced. We understand that appropriate repairs and upkeep can conserve money in the long run. That's why we provide detailed roofing system upkeep and service strategies to fit your needs and budget plan.
Our philosophy is simple: treat our clients as we wish to be dealt with. In line with this, all of our employee act with stability and sincerity – when we begin deal with your roofing system, we treat your home as though it were our own. We treat your home with the regard that it deserves, hence our dedication to providing top quality service at a reasonable and affordable price.
As the most relied on service for roofing system repair, roof replacement & roofing system repair in Waterways, it should come as not a surprise to hear that all of our team members are skilled, professional, friendly and responsible. We speak directly with our personnel, and strive to employ only the most reputable roofer.
Give us a call today or call us via the query form on our website. We are always available by phone so you will be able to get all your roof repair work concerns answered on the spot. If it is after hours please complete our enquiry form and we will attempt and get back to you as soon as possible. Keep in mind no matter what the kind of job you have, no matter how huge or small, do not think twice to get in contact with us – we will provide you the most competitive quote we possibly can. If your job is outside the bayside suburbs, that is no problem, we work all over town and enjoy to come and estimate you for any kind of roof repair job.


text:
NXP Celebrates 60 Years of RF Innovation
Ramping toward 5G at International Microwave Symposium.
NXP GaN Transistors Designed for Electronic Warfare and Communication Systems
ORNL Wins Four FLC Technology Transfer Awards
NXP Unveils Secure Platform Solution for the IoT
Flemish Government Increases Financial Support of imec
NXP Launches Multi-Standard Programmable Family of System on Chip Solutions
NXP Semiconductors N.V., the largest supplier of high-power RF power transistors, will showcase its new 5G cellular base station concept alongside many other innovative cellular infrastructure solutions and technologies at the International Microwave Symposium (IMS), June 4-9, at booth 1132. In addition, NXP will contribute technical content through its participation in eight workshops and paper presentations during the course of the conference.
"5G is likely the single greatest technological innovation we will see in the foreseeable future in terms of its impact on society, enabling the future connected world," said Paul Hart, SVP and GM of RF Power at NXP. "At NXP, we have been innovating in this space for 60 years. At this year's IMS, we are excited to demonstrate these key enablers of 5G with our new GaN and silicon LDMOS products."
As the number of connected devices and smart applications continues to increase, NXP is providing purpose-built power amplifier (PA) solutions to support the size, power and frequency bands needed for 5G new radio (NR). According to a recently published IHS Markit study, the adoption of 5G mobile technology could enable $12.4 trillion of global economic output by 2035. NXP's RF high-performance cellular infrastructure products and technologies are already being used by top cellular infrastructure OEMs in their product designs for 5G NR.
NXP is committed to the successful deployment of best-in-class GaN technology. From 2015 to 2016, NXP more than doubled its offering of GaN RF transistors. By continuing to increase its GaN offerings in 2017, NXP will not only be able to better serve the cellular infrastructure markets, but also offer full GaN lineups in a variety of power ranges for industrial and defense markets.
York University, NanoCnet, Platoi, Precision Plasma & Sputtering Join CPEIA
LOPEC 2017 Highlights Opportunities for Flexible and Printed Electronics
NextFlex Honors Several Dedicated Individuals Contributing to FHE Industry
NXP Delivers New Secure Element Chip to Protect Data across Mobile, IoT Devices
NXP Delivers Automotive NFC Technology to Five Leading Car OEMs
NXP Joins Auto-ISAC to Collaborate on Security Challenges of Connected Cars


The job search – we've all been through it. As adults, communicating your strengths, finding the right role, and dealing with rejection is no joke. So what happens when 4th graders are applying for roles within their student-run business?
Paula Macy is the founder of two EdCorps in Nixa, MO. Charmed creates hand-made quality accessories and Cutting Edge Kids designs and makes t-shirt and drawstring bags.
Both companies require different roles to be filled. Paula selected these roles by making a list of jobs that needed to be done in order for the businesses to run successfully. She discussed the jobs with the students and came up with the team roles. Each student will get to experience different roles, but she had the students who wanted to be supervisors apply and interview.
She wanted this experience to be useful, authentic, and real. She created an application template for the 4th graders to use.
In reflecting on the process, Paula said next time, she will have the students go through an interview process, in addition to asking the director of human resources of their school visit the class and talk all things jobs!
Paula assigned the roles based on the students' strengths, and almost everyone got the job they applied for! She implemented a job rotation in order to expose the students to various roles within the company. Both businesses are running smoothly and students are excited about the opportunity.
Check our Charmed at charmedbizkids.com and Cutting Edge Kids at cuttingedgekids.net.