text:
Q: Ruboto - On running rake-install start, app does not get powered up on emulator With the basic setup done, when i run rake install start, i just get the build successful message and nothing beyond that. Nothing gets powered up in the emulator which is running on the side for me. I am just starting to write android apps using ruby and this is just a getting started app generated using ruboto gen app.
Here is what i get on running rake install start :
Sid:quick_start SID$ rake install start
/Users/SID/Documents/workspace/android_test/quick_start/src/quick_start_activity.rb changed.
Forcing rebuild of /Users/SID/Documents/workspace/android_test/quick_start/bin/QuickStart-debug.apk.
ant debug
Buildfile: /Users/SID/Documents/workspace/android_test/quick_start/build.xml

-set-mode-check:

-set-debug-files:

-check-env:
 [checkenv] Android SDK Tools Revision 22.6.2
 [checkenv] Installed at /Users/SID/android-sdk-macosx

-setup:
     [echo] Project Name: QuickStart
  [gettype] Project Type: Application

-set-debug-mode:

-debug-obfuscation-check:

-pre-build:

-build-setup:
[getbuildtools] Using latest Build Tools: 19.0.3
     [echo] Resolving Build Target for QuickStart...
[gettarget] Project Target:   Android 4.4.2
[gettarget] API level:        19
     [echo] ----------
     [echo] Creating output directories if needed...
    [mkdir] Created dir: /Users/SID/Documents/workspace/android_test/quick_start/bin/rsObj
    [mkdir] Created dir: /Users/SID/Documents/workspace/android_test/quick_start/bin/rsLibs
     [echo] ----------
     [echo] Resolving Dependencies for QuickStart...
[dependency] Library dependencies:
[dependency] No Libraries
[dependency]
[dependency] ------------------
     [echo] ----------
     [echo] Building Libraries with 'debug'...
   [subant] No sub-builds to iterate on

-code-gen:
[mergemanifest] No changes in the AndroidManifest files.
     [echo] Handling aidl files...
     [aidl] No AIDL files to compile.
     [echo] ----------
     [echo] Handling RenderScript files...
     [echo] ----------
     [echo] Handling Resources...
     [aapt] Found new input file
     [aapt] Generating resource IDs...
     [echo] ----------
     [echo] Handling BuildConfig class...
[buildconfig] No need to generate new BuildConfig.

-pre-compile:

-compile:
    [javac] Compiling 1 source file to /Users/SID/Documents/workspace/android_test/quick_start/bin/classes

-post-compile:

-obfuscate:

-dex:
      [dex] input: /Users/SID/Documents/workspace/android_test/quick_start/bin/classes
      [dex] Found modified input file
      [dex] Converting compiled files and external libraries into /Users/SID/Documents/workspace/android_test/quick_start/bin/classes.dex...

-crunch:
   [crunch] Crunching PNG Files in source dir: /Users/SID/Documents/workspace/android_test/quick_start/res
   [crunch] To destination dir: /Users/SID/Documents/workspace/android_test/quick_start/bin/res
   [crunch] Crunched 0 PNG files to update cache

-package-resources:
     [aapt] No changed resources or assets. QuickStart.ap_ remains untouched

-package:
[apkbuilder] Found modified input file
[apkbuilder] Creating QuickStart-debug-unaligned.apk and signing it with a debug key...

-post-package:

-do-debug:
 [zipalign] Running zip align on final apk...
     [echo] Debug Package: /Users/SID/Documents/workspace/android_test/quick_start/bin/QuickStart-debug.apk
[propertyfile] Updating property file: /Users/SID/Documents/workspace/android_test/quick_start/bin/build.prop
[propertyfile] Updating property file: /Users/SID/Documents/workspace/android_test/quick_start/bin/build.prop
[propertyfile] Updating property file: /Users/SID/Documents/workspace/android_test/quick_start/bin/build.prop
[propertyfile] Updating property file: /Users/SID/Documents/workspace/android_test/quick_start/bin/build.prop

-post-build:

debug:

BUILD SUCCESSFUL
Total time: 7 seconds

And here are the modifications i made in the dx file:
# By default, give dx a max heap size of 1 gig. This can be overridden
# by using a "-J" option (see below).
defaultMx="-Xmx2048M"
defaultMx="-Xmx1024M"

Here is my avd which i setup :
Sid:quick_start SID$ android list avd
Available Android Virtual Devices:
    Name: Android_4.4
    Path: /Users/SID/.android/avd/Android_4.4.avd
  Target: Android 4.4.2 (API level 19)
 Tag/ABI: default/x86
    Skin: WVGA800
  Sdcard: 1000M

Please let me know if i am doing anything wrong.
Ideally,
rake install start should take me beyond build successful to something like this for instance and the app should be powered up on the emulator :
adb shell date -s 20131120.102437
Wed Nov 20 10:24:37 EST 2013
Installing package org.ruboto.example.quick_start
        pkg: /data/local/tmp/QuickStart-debug.apk

Success

526 KB/s (74474 bytes in 0.138s)

A: This is a bug in Ruboto 1.0.3 and older, and only happens when deploying to Android 4.4 kitkat.
The bug has been fixed here:  https://github.com/ruboto/ruboto/issues/585
You can apply the same change in your project to work around this bug.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


All Limited Liability Partnerships (LLPs) must have at least 2 members.
LLP members can be a body corporate or a natural person.
Where a body corporate will be acting, those bodies corporate already incorporated or registered in Guernsey under either the Companies Law or Limited Partnerships Law need take no further action, as the registration number allocated to them will be utilised for these LLP purposes. For those bodies corporate registered overseas (and not already on our in-house register) it will be necessary to complete the Overseas Corporate Body application form below.The Registry will then allocate a number which will then be issued to the body corporate.
For natural persons, if you have already registered with the Guernsey Registry to act as a director, under the Companies Law, you need take no further action as the number previously allocated to you will be used for these LLP purposes. If you have not registered with the Guernsey Registry before as a person/director, please complete the Person/Director registration form below. The Registry will then add the person to our in-house person register and allocate a number which will then be issued to the person.
These forms can be submitted to the Registry either online by a corporate services provider via the www.greg.gg online services portal, or by post or a person can present the forms in person at the Guernsey Registry. Please see the guidance note below on the information required by the Registry for Person/Director registrations.
There is no fee charged for these person registrations.
It will be necessary for the member registrations to have taken place before the person/body corporate can be linked to a LLP. Please contact the Registry to expedite any person/body corporate registration applications to ensure that any incorporation application is not held up.


So the scheduler worked fine for over 281 Million compile jobs (roughly 5400 KDE compilations from scratch) and then died - without any hint on what he died on. I guess Dirk is right, the winter in germany is just too hot for icecream.
Let me introduce: I reviewed the wishlists of kpat after fixing all bugs reported to bugs.kde.org. Now 112032 - showing if a solution is possible found my interest. Not exactly for freecell (which I master quite well after all these years kpat QA), but it's surely interesting for games less likely to win.
Read more about Horrible News!!
The kdegames survey has shown it: People love kpat. It's the only game that reached an overall score of 4 (with 46% saying it's game play is very good relative to the rest of kdegames)!
I've seen it before, but yesterday the thought stroke me: What use does the condom box outside of the laundromat next to the Hauptmarkt have?
I like how the dot article stresses Kubuntu as the perfect platform for KDE4 development.
did not touch openSUSE's position as the perfect platform to use KDE.
I was in the talk of keithp and he referenced had on his slides "X -- ossified" and I was just thinking "no! you don't want that". After that I figured he didn't mean Oswald but open source.
My talk was taken pretty well, many many thanks to my team and the guys that we could test.
Why is it so complicated to walk on stopped escalators? Is it because it feels like walking back in time? Or are the riffle telling the feed not to move? Or is just because you're loosing your rythm? I don't know - fact is: most people I watch avoid stopped escalators if there is a normal staircase next to it.
From time to time I do a fresh trunk compile to entertain myself on the logs (as I have no time to do real development at the moment).
That's all I wanted to say! The details are on coverity.com - many thanks to those helped.
Read more about We made it back to the top!


Today, Sean Foley's short game series continues with a bunker drill used by his pupil, major champion Danny Willett. Anyone can use this drill to splash it closer than ever out of the sand. To learn what it is, watch this video now!


This is the first in a series of posts providing "a look ahead" at key business trends that are evolving in major industries. The insights I share are based on our work with clients as well as discussions with high-level executives about business practices, technologies, labor needs and outsourcing strategies. Today I will focus on the financial sector. Many organizations are grappling with the four major trends highlighted below.
Financial companies and institutions are currently undergoing a rapid technological evolution that is having a profound impact on the workforce. Technologies such as mobile communications, online banking and big data analytics are having a significant impact on the business models of many financial enterprises. This has produced a corresponding shift in labor needs, with technological skill becoming more important and the skills required of traditional financial industry employees such as bank tellers and loan agents less important.
Financial institutions increasingly seek to contain costs and enhance operational efficiency by leveraging the benefits of business process automation and location consolidation as they shift more of their presence online. In particular, by automating previously manual, document- and labor-intensive activities such as accounts payable invoice and loan processing, some establishments are realizing a host of business benefits. These include faster processing cycle time, improved customer service and lower cost.
While technologically oriented skills are increasingly important, many traditional skills are still required of financial industry workers. Executives report that while computers and the Internet have made technical skills in areas such as programming desirable, traditional skills in servicing customers and a knowledge of finance remain very important.
Frequently outsourced tasks include typical "back office" functions such as clerical work. Financial enterprises are also looking to team with outsourcing service providers that have a track record in improving functions such as loan processing. For example, clients often seek our expertise in bringing digital efficiency to their mail operations, from mail intake to outbound print mail. Our services take care of the document flow (scan, route, and distribute) enabling companies to process more loans and increase their profit per loan. Another key area is credit card processing. Here, we can help drive efficiency from application intake to processing to customer communication. We can support a client's dispute and fraud claim processing as well as collections and FCRA compliance.
In future posts I will spotlight trends in healthcare and manufacturing. In the meantime, feel free to visit the Business Process Outsourcing page of our website. There you can find additional insights in the form of white papers, research reports, case histories and more.


text:
Properties of the Nucleo-Olivary Pathway: An In Vivo Whole-Cell Patch Clamp Study
Paolo Bazzigaluppi,
Affiliation Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Tom Ruigrok,
Payam Saisan,
Affiliation Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
Chris I. De Zeeuw,
Affiliations Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Marcel de Jeu
* E-mail: m.dejeu@erasmusmc.nl
Paolo Bazzigaluppi Tom Ruigrok ... Marcel de Jeu
The inferior olivary nucleus (IO) forms the gateway to the cerebellar cortex and receives feedback information from the cerebellar nuclei (CN), thereby occupying a central position in the olivo-cerebellar loop. Here, we investigated the feedback input from the CN to the IO in vivo in mice using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. This approach allows us to study how the CN-feedback input is integrated with the activity of olivary neurons, while the olivo-cerebellar system and its connections are intact. Our results show how IO neurons respond to CN stimulation sequentially with: i) a short depolarization (EPSP), ii) a hyperpolarization (IPSP) and iii) a rebound depolarization. The latter two phenomena can also be evoked without the EPSPs. The IPSP is sensitive to a GABAA receptor blocker. The IPSP suppresses suprathreshold and subthreshold activity and is generated mainly by activation of the GABAA receptors. The rebound depolarization re-initiates and temporarily phase locks the subthreshold oscillations. Lack of electrotonical coupling does not affect the IPSP of individual olivary neurons, nor the sensitivity of its GABAA receptors to blockers. The GABAergic feedback input from the CN does not only temporarily block the transmission of signals through the IO, it also isolates neurons from the network by shunting the junction current and re-initiates the temporal pattern after a fixed time point. These data suggest that the IO not only functions as a cerebellar controlled gating device, but also operates as a pattern generator for controlling motor timing and/or learning.
Citation: Bazzigaluppi P, Ruigrok T, Saisan P, De Zeeuw CI, de Jeu M (2012) Properties of the Nucleo-Olivary Pathway: An In Vivo Whole-Cell Patch Clamp Study. PLoS ONE 7(9): e46360. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046360
Editor: Li I. Zhang, University of Southern California, United States of America
Received: June 27, 2012; Accepted: August 29, 2012; Published: September 27, 2012
Copyright: © Bazzigaluppi et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: The present work has been funded by ZonMw Grant 917.96.347 (M.d.J). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
The inferior olive (IO) is located in the ventral medulla and gives rise to the climbing fibres (CFs), which constitute one of the two main excitatory inputs to the Purkinje cells (PCs) in the cerebellar cortex. Olivary neurons, which are coupled via dendro-dendritic gap junction (GJ) [1], also send off collaterals to the cerebellar nuclei (CN). PCs send inhibitory fibres to the CN, which contain GABAergic, glycinergic and glutamatergic neurons. Part of the CN neurons projects directly to the IO via an inhibitory, GABAergic, pathway [2]–[6]; whereas another population of CN neurons excites the IO indirectly via nuclei located at the mesodiencephalic junction (MDJ) [7], [8]. This olivo-cortico-nuclear projection (Figure 1A) forms the basis of the modular organization of the cerebellum [9]. Despite our anatomical knowledge on this nucleo-olivary projection, its role in motor control and motor learning is still under debate [10], [11]. The GABAergic feedback inhibition on the IO might serve to gate motor learning in the cerebellar cortex [2], [12] or to control the participation of IO neurons in a motor task by controlling the electrical coupling between olivary neurons [13]–[15].
Figure 1. In vivo CN-evoked IO response.
A: experimental set-up: the stimulation electrode is placed in CN, the recording pipette is in the IO. Synapse, closed triangle: excitatory, open triangle: inhibitory. B: control experiment, example of LTO cell responding to CN stimulation, top trace: beginning of the experiment (t = 0); middle trace: after twenty minutes (t = 20), bottom trace: averages of the two conditions above, black trace is t = 0; red trace is t = 20. There are no significant changes. C: coronal sections of cerebellum. Left: 1.6 magnifications, arrow points at the lesion in the Interpositus Nucleus, scale bar: 0.5 mm. Right: same as left, 4.6 magnifications, arrow points at the lesion, scale bar: 0.15 mm. Abbreviations: CN, Cerebellar Nuclei; MDJ, Meso-diencephalic Junction; PC, Purkinje Cell; IO, Inferior Olive.
Although the anatomical evidence of GABAergic inputs being present in the IO is overwhelming [3], [7], [16], electrophysiological experiments, surprisingly, failed to reveal the presence of spontaneous inhibitory potentials (IPSPs) when olivary neurons' activity was recorded in vitro [14], [17]–[20] or in vivo [21]–[23]. The only two in vitro studies in which olivary GABAergic IPSPs were observed [24], [25], were performed under experimental conditions specifically designed to solely observe the GABAergic response. Both studies are important because they directly show the actual presence and the activation of GABAA receptors on the membrane of IO neurons. Devor et al. [25] showed additionally that there is a differential distribution of GABAA receptor subtypes between the dendrites and soma of IO neurons and Best and Regehr [24] showed that the release of GABA is exclusively asynchronous and that the synaptic transmission was extremely frequency dependent, which are all important properties in order to understand the GABAergic transmission in the IO. However, both studies did not explore the contribution of this inhibitory feedback action under physiological conditions.
For these reasons, we directly activated the CN with a stimulation electrode while performing whole-cell recording from the IO in vivo. Our approach succeeded in evoking inhibitory responses (IPSPs) in olivary neurons and allowed us to explore their relation with the subthreshold oscillatory behaviour of the neurons. Moreover, we pharmacologically block the GABAA receptors in the recorded neuron, showing the direct involvement of GABAA receptors, in line with Devor et al. [25]. Ultimately, we replicated the experiments in Connexin36 knock out animals to demonstrate that the evoked GABAergic IPSPs were generated on the recorded neuron and not in the periphery of the electrotonically coupled network.
Cerebellar Control of the Inferior Olive
In vivo whole-cell recordings allow us to monitor both intrinsic suprathreshold and subthreshold activities of olivary neurons as well as responses evoked by CN stimulation (Figure 1). The recorded neurons presented subthreshold profiles in line with the ones previously shown by Khosrovani [22]. Briefly, we focused our analysis on the IO neurons which were presenting either low-threshold oscillations (LTO) or sinusoidal subthreshold oscillations (SSTO). It is still unknown whether these two different subthreshold activities reflect two distinct neuronal populations or whether they are two different oscillating profiles of the same type of neurons. The sinusoidal subthreshold oscillation is an intrinsic property [26]–[28], generate by a cascade of alternating channel activation [17] that includes the T-type Ca2+ channel CaV3.1.What emerged from our study is that both LTO and SSTO neurons responded to CN stimulation, but in a different manner. For all the neurons that were orthodromically activated, we measured the passive membrane properties, which were similar to the ones reported by Khosrovani et al. [22]: the resting membrane potential of LTO cells was −53.5±6.2 mV (n = 20), whereas SSTO neurons showed a membrane potential of −54.0±6.2 mV (n = 15). Input resistance was on average 31.3±13.7 MΩ for LTO neurons and 23.5±4.9 MΩ for SSTO, whereas membrane capacitance was 202.5±108.5 pF and 236.6±89.7 pF for LTO and SSTO neurons respectively (see Table 1). The differences between LTO and SSTO neurons with regards to their subthreshold profile are limited to the frequency, the rhythm and the shape of the oscillations as already described by Khosrovani et al. [22]. The orthodromic activation of nucleo-olivary pathway by highfrequency stimulation of the CN gave rise to different sets of inhibitory responses. The activation of the nucleo-olivary pathway resulted in a very specific olivary response pattern (Figure 1B). Both LTO and SSTO neurons are able to respond to the CN stimulation with EPSPs after a latency of 38.15 (±14.2 ms, from here on, short-latency EPSPs), although with different probability (43.1% vs. 29.1% for LTO (n = 13) and SSTO (n = 7) neurons, respectively. Table 1). The EPSP, when present, was occasionally accommodating an action potential. The long-latency IPSPs responses were consistently recorded in both LTO (n = 13) and SSTO (n = 7) neurons (88.7% and 91.5% of the cases respectively) (Table 1). The long-latency IPSP fully suppressed the generation of action potentials as well as the generation of subthreshold activity, including oscillations; however, the responses of LTO and SSTO neurons express different characteristic in this respect. The duration of the membrane hyperpolarization in LTO neurons (573±292 ms, n = 13) was significantly longer than that observed in SSTO neurons (260±58 ms, n = 7; p<0.01, t-test, Table 1, Figure 2). Moreover, the IPSPs' peak amplitude of SSTO neurons was significantly bigger than the one of LTO neurons (−10.1±2.8 vs −6.6±1.4, p<0.01, t-test, Table 1). The long-latency IPSP responses (figure 2A and 2B) were observed with and without the preceding short-latency EPSPs, suggesting that these two responses are evoked independently from each other. We then stimulated two times in a row at different time intervals in four neurons that responded to CN stimulation with both a short-latency EPSPs and a long-latency IPSP in order to elucidate for how long the IPSP can prevent the onset of the EPSP evoked by the second stimulation. The second CN stimulation can elicit a second EPSP only if the interstimulus interval is at least 350 ms (n = 4, Fig. S1).
Figure 2. Differences in the response between LTO and SSTO neurons.
A: spontaneous activity of an LTO cell (top left trace), then (middle trace) the same cell is responding to CN stimulation, bottom trace shows the average of the responses. B: same experiment but in a SSTO cell. Filled arrow: short-latency EPSP, empty arrow: rebound depolarization; empty arrowhead: peak of the IPSP.
Table 1. Passive properties and sub- and supra-threshold responses to CN stimulation of LTO and SSTO olivary neurons.
GABAergic Inhibitions and Subthreshold Oscillations
The most likely candidates responsible for the hyperpolarization are the GABAA receptors activated by the GABAergic pathway originating in the CN. In order to investigate the contribution of GABA in the observed long-latency hyperpolarizing responses, we added a specific GABAA receptor blocker DNDS to our pipette solution [29], [30]. In order to block GABAA receptors internally, DNDS molecules have to travel from the pipette to distal dendritic sites; a time consuming process of approximately 20 minutes [30]. Therefore, this experiment requires a stable recording for at least 20 minutes. A subset of the neurons presented in Table 1 was recorded long enough to explore the properties of their responses over a time span of more than 20 minutes. To quantify the hyperpolarizing response, we measured the duration, peak amplitude and surface area generated by the hyperpolarizing sag, which were not affected by the dialysis of the cytoplasm with our pipette solution (Table 2, Figure 1B). Control cells (n = 9) recorded for 20 minutes with a DNDS-free internal solution showed no significant difference in short-latency EPSPs probability, long-latency IPSPs probability, IPSPs duration, IPSP peak amplitude, IPSP area, rebound probability and amplitude between the beginning and the end of the recordings (Table 2). On the other hand, the presence of DNDS (n = 11) in the recording pipettes already affected some of the response properties that were measured immediately after breaking the membrane patch compared to the ones of control cells. The average probability, duration, surface area and peak amplitude of the IPSPs were lower, but not significantly, than the ones measured with DNDS-free solution, suggesting an immediate action of the blocker on somatic GABAA receptors (unpaired t-test, for SSTO, p = 0.06, p = 0.22, p = 0.84 and p = 0.42 respectively and for LTO, p = 0.14, p = 0.17, p = 0.19 and p = 0.29 respectively, Table 2). After 20 minutes of DNDS dialysis, the chances of triggering a hyperpolarizing response was significantly reduced (LTO: 85.3 vs 25.4, n = 7, p<0.01; SSTO: 93.5 vs 39.9, n = 4, p<0.01) and so was the peak amplitude (in mV, LTO: −6.5±1.5 vs −3.4±1, n = 7, p<0.01; SSTO: −10.96±3.9 vs −4.2±1.8, n = 4, p<0.01) and the surface area of the hyperpolarization (in ms*mV, LTO: 1737±599 vs 654±150, n = 7, p<0.01; SSTO: 1718±882 vs 484±254, n = 4, p = 0.04). On the other hand the chance of triggering the short latency EPSP was not significantly altered (Table 2) and, the chance to evoke a rebound depolarization were slightly but significantly reduced only in the case of SSTO neurons (96.5 vs 74.2, n = 4, p<0.05). Yet, the CN stimulations can still evoke a small hyperpolarizing response after 20 minutes of DNDS dialysis, (Figure 3, Table 2). In order to exclude the putative limiting blocking effects of 5 mM DNDS, two experiments have been performed with an high DNDS concentration (15 mM), but also the higher concentration of blocker was not able to fully remove the residual hyperpolarizing response (n = 2, Fig. S2). In fact, there was no difference between the effects following 15 mM and 5 mM DNDS, the latter concentration was then assumed to be sufficient to exert a maximal effect. The residual slow hyperpolarizing component is probably due to the activation of GABAB receptors which are present in the IO [31], [32]. Unfortunately, there's no specific intracellular blocker for GABAB receptors, hence it was not possible in our experimental set up to investigate the role of this metabotropic GABAergic receptor.
Figure 3. DNDS sensitivity in WT and Cx36 KO neurons.
A: Wild type SSTO cell (top trace) responding to CN stimulation, then (middle trace) the response of the same cell to CN stimulation in reduced after 20 minutes of dialysis with DNDS, bottom trace represents the averages at the beginning of the experiment (black) and after 20 minutes of DNDS (red). B: same as A, but in a LTO cell. C: Cx36−/− LTO cell, the response and the DNDS sensitivity are not different from the Wild type.
Table 2. Sub- and supra-threshold responses in Control and with presence of GABAA receptors blocker (DNDS).
Olivary neurons are electrotonically coupled through dendro-dendritic Connexin36 based gap junctions. Since GABA mediated currents can be transmitted from one cell to another via these gap junctions which are also structurally related to GABAergic synapses in olivary glomeruli [16], [33], we aimed to show the importance of the electrical synapses in the expression of the CN evoked GABAergic transmission. Therefore, we replicated our experiments in mice that lack Connexin36 [23], [26], [27]. This experiment revealed that olivary responses to CN stimulation in Connexin36 knock-out mice were similar compared to those in wild type mice in that the hyperpolarizing response was also blocked by DNDS (Figure 3, Table 3). This result indicates that the olivary expression of the CN-evoked GABAergic synaptic transmission does not depend on the presence of an electrotonic network, consequently the responses we observed were generated by the activation of GABAreceptors on the primary (i.e. recorded) olivary cell and do not have a second or higher distant origin.
Table 3. Olivary subthreshold responses to CN stimulation in presence of GABAA blocker DNDS measured in Cx-36 KO mice.
CN Stimulation Resets Subthreshold Oscillation
The long-latency IPSPs are terminated by a rebound depolarization (Figure 2, open arrow). The rebound depolarization is related to the evoked IPSP and requires also the activation of T-type Ca2+ channel CaV3.1 [34]–[36]. In SSTO neurons, the sinusoidal subthreshold oscillation resets after this rebound depolarization (Figure 2B and 3A). Given the fact that oscillations of LTO neurons are more arrhythmic and lack a proper phase, the reset was limited to the first oscillating bump. The resetting effect after the rebound depolarization is particularly evident when multiple traces are overlaid and averaged (Figure 2B and 3A, black lines, bottom traces). Before the stimulus artifact, the subthreshold oscillations (due to phase-indepent nature of the stimulus trigger) are out of phase and the average is, therefore, deprived of oscillatory behavior. However, after the rebound depolarization the subthreshold oscillations of multiple traces are locked in phase, resulting in a prominent sinusoidal wave when averaged (Figure 2B). With a pronounced release of GABA, the IO neuron will be isolated from the network for a longer period, and this can be measured as the time needed for the phase-lock to fade away. In order to measure the reset accuracy and the decay of the phase-lock, we performed cross-correlations between all the possible combinations of pairs of traces of the same cell (a total of 36 traces) using a running window approach (see materials and methods). All analyzed cells showed the highest phase-match during the IPSPs (i.e. when the effect of GABA is maximal), followed by the rebound depolarization (namely the first peak of the subthreshold oscillation). Hereafter, the phase-match of the oscillation begins to deteriorate until the normalized cross-correlation value almost reaches zero. Figure 4A represents an example cell. The protocol was repeated 36 times in order to stimulate the cell at different random phase-points of its SSTO. All the traces from the same cell are overlaid in figure 4A (top). When the stimulation is given (red arrowhead) the neuron always responds with an IPSP, regardless the phase of the oscillation. A new oscillation is then initiated and its phase is reset in every repetition. The oscillation's phase induced by the IPSP drifts with time and after two cycles of oscillation it is shifted. The correlation index between all the combinations of pairs of repetitions is averaged and shown in figure 4A (bottom). Then, we wanted to measure the decay time of the phase-lock, because this would reflect the duration of the action of the GABAergic activation. Therefore we fitted the correlation indexes with a single exponential function (figure 4B, red line) and we extracted the decay constant for each recorded neuron. We then plotted the durations of the IPSP vs the decay constants of the phase-match deterioration process of all the neurons (Figure 4B, exponential fit: r2 = 0.83, n = 11). We conclude that a longer inhibition comes together with a longer phase-lock in the oscillations and that both these phenomena possibly depend upon the amount of GABA released. Unfortunately, we could not explore this relationship in the presence of the GABAAR blocker, because SSTO cells often lose their oscillation profile before the DNDS exerts its complete effect.
Figure 4. The length of the IPSP dictates the length of the phase reset.
A, top: overlay of 36 random-start recording from the same unit, the stimulation artifact has been removed for clarity and substituted with a red arrowhead. A, bottom: cross-correlogram of the traces in A, top, normalized values are on the left bar. Arrows indicate the correspondence of the peak in the cross-correlogram with the rough recording. Blue dots indicate the points used for the exponential fitting that is shown as a red curve. C: the decay time of the exponential fittings plotted against the length of the hyperpolarization of each SSTO neuron are fitted with an exponential function (n = 11, r2 = 0.83).
Overall, a short burst of stimulation of the nucleo-olivary pathway induces a prominent long-latency inhibition in olivary neurons. The IPSP resets the sinusoidal oscillations via the post inhibitory rebound depolarization and determines the phase of the following SSTOs.
Due to the anatomical position of the IO, which is difficult to approach, its network properties have mainly been investigated by indirect measurements such as complex spikes activity in the cerebellar cortex [2], [12], [37], [38] or by in vitro experiments [20], [25]. Our work shows for the first time, in vivo, CN-evoked IPSPs in olivary neurons and their dependency on the activation of local GABAA receptors. Anatomical observations [3], [38]–[41] have demonstrated the presence of inhibitory projections from the CN to the IO, and Devor et al. [25] showed that GABAA receptors can be activated on the soma and dendrites of IO neurons by puffing the GABA on different parts of the recorded neuron. The study of Best and Regehr [24] revealed that the release of GABA at CN to IO synapse is asynchronous. However, their olivary IPSPs/IPSCs were evoked in vitro via peri-olivary stimulation and by using an internal solution with high chloride concentration (to obtain a chloride reversal potential of −20 mV or 0 mV which amplifies the GABAA mediated response). In contrast, our experimental approach combines the time resolution of the whole-cell recordings with the advantages of having an in vivo preparation, where the network and the synaptic connections are intact [7]. The stimulation protocol that we used was set coherently with the high-frequency input that CN neurons receive from PC and that was shown to elicit a rebound depolarization with increased firing frequency in CN neurons [42]. This increased firing activity in the CN has been shown to play a prominent role in processing and storage of information regarding motor coordination such as the conditioning response in classical conditioning [43]–[46]. The connections between the CN and IO are composed by a direct inhibitory nucleo-olivary pathway and by a disynaptic excitatory loop passing through the MDJ [41]. The stimulation of the CN can activate both pathways and consequently, based on pathway length, might be expected to elicit an EPSP in olivary cells after the occurrence of the IPSP. However, this sequence was never observed in our experiments (also see Ruigrok and Voogd, [7]); when an EPSP was evoked it always preceded the IPSP. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that somatic GABAA receptors of olivary neurons have slow activation kinetics, due to their slow-activating subunit composition (α3β2/3γ2, Devor et al., [25]), and that the release of neurotransmitter at the DC-IO synapse is asynchronous (Best and Regehr, [24]). This explains why the disynaptic EPSP can outpace the monosynaptic IPSP before the full-blown GABAergic shunting prevents any further electrical signaling. This hypothesis is also in line with the double stimulation experiments, which show how IO neurons undergo a long period of about 350 ms in which no excitatory input can be processed during the inhibitory phase of the response.
To confirm that the response we observed is due to direct activation of synapses that are directly connected to the recorded neuron rather then by an indirect activation through gap junctions as proposed by Ruigrok and Voogd [7], we performed a set of experiments in mice lacking the gap junction protein Connexin36. In these knock-out mice, we did not observe any difference in the sequence of the responses compared to that observed in the wild type littermates. The neuronal coupling between olivary neurons is, therefore, not required for the sequence and duration of the hyperpolarization indicating that they most likely reflect synaptic activation of the primary neuron.
Our experiments demonstrate that CN activation exerts a powerful inhibition of the IO and that all olivary neurons undergo a long-lasting silence. The hyperpolarization we observed is two times longer than that previously described in the cat by Ruigrok and Voogd [7]. This discrepancy can be attributed to either the difference in animal model, stimulation site or anesthetics. Our olivary neurons express different subthreshold profiles [22] which influence the response to CN activation. However, it's still unclear whether the LTO and SSTO neurons reflect two different populations of IO cells or simply two different activity states of the same olivary neuron. In principle, the length of the inhibition was dependent on the state of the membrane potential. The relationship between the subthreshold profile and the length of the inhibition allow the system to influence the pattern generator (i.e. oscillations) very efficiently in a discrete temporal manner [47], [48]. After the strong inhibition, SSTO neurons show an intriguing rebound depolarization that is followed by a re-initiation of the sinusoidal subthreshold oscillation as shown in Figure 2B. It is noteworthy that the chances to observe a rebound depolarization are reduced in SSTO neurons after 20 minutes of DNDS perfusion (Table 2). This is probably due to the reduced GABAA-mediated hyperpolarization caused by the DNDS, which prevents the cell to generate the rebound depolarization. When the rebound depolarization is abolished then the oscillation is not re-initiated and there is no phase-locked oscillation. In this situation the subthreshold oscillation often reappears spontaneously after a while. Overlays of many olivary responses revealed the temporal accuracy of the oscillations and the speed/time at which oscillations can shift their phase after the stimulation of the CN. The phase-lock and decay in phase-match of the oscillation, studied here at a single cell level, are proportional to the duration of the GABAergic inhibition: short IPSPs are followed by a short decay in phase-match, whereas long IPSP is followed by much slower decay process. The duration of the GABAergic inhibition (i.e. hyperpolarization and shunting) is controlling the temporal accuracy of the oscillation. Our interpretation is that the asynchronous release of GABA [24] determines two different features of the GABAergic response: the first is the IPSP and the second is the phase-lock of the newly generated sinusoidal oscillation. The phase lock is only temporary and fades away within the following 800 ms. Since the asynchronous nature of GABA release at CN to IO synapse modulates the long-lasting IPSP according to the amount of neurotransmitter released [24], we hypothesize that a longer IPSP is caused by the activation of more CN-IO fibers. A more abundant asynchronous long-lasting release of neurotransmitter, however, would not only affect the duration of the IPSP itself, but probably will also have lingering effects on subsequent oscillations, which will be reflected in the duration of the phase-lock of the sinusoidal oscillations. These two features probably underlie the two roles of the IO, the former being the gating (caused by the IPSP) and the latter being the generation of temporal patterns (a longer phase-lock in the oscillations might indicate a reduced influence of the surrounding network).
Therefore, GABAergic input from the CN not only blocks temporarily all electrical signals, but it is also involved in the resetting of the temporal pattern generator (i.e. the sinusoidal subthreshold oscillation) and its temporal precision in the following cycles. Our results show for the first time how the IO is controlled by the feedback of the nucleo-olivary pathway: the activation of the CN elicits an IPSP which actively suppresses the instructive signal of the IO for approximately the length of one oscillation cycle (i.e. gating mechanism), and simultaneously resets the phase of the oscillation itself. This feedback gating mechanism corresponds with the neuronal correlate for motor learning proposed by Andersson [2]. In their model, the CN feedback to the IO is important for blocking the teaching signal when motor learning is already optimized and for extinction of the motor task when it is not relevant anymore [10], [37], [49]–[53].
C57BL/6 male mice were imported from Harlan and housed at Erasmus MC in a 12-hour light-dark regime. Food and water were provided ad libitum. All animal procedures were in accordance with the guidelines of the Dutch Ethical Committee (DEC) at Erasmus Medical Center and the present study has been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the Erasmus MC.
Stimulus Electrode Placement
The animals were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine (65 and 10 mg/kg i.p), and body temperature was maintained at 37°C with the use of an anal thermosensor and a heating pad (FHC, Bowdoinham, ME). The occipital region of the skull was cleaned and a small opening was made in the occipital bone. Extracellular pipettes filled with 3 M K-Acetate were placed in the Interpositus Nucleus of the CN using stereotaxic coordinates. Extracellular signals were amplified with a CyberAmp 380 (Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA) and spiking patterns (irregular firing pattern below 10 Hz) were used to confirm the correct location. The extracellular pipette was removed and replaced by a custom-made bipolar epoxy-insulated tungsten electrode (impedance ∼300 kΩ) that was carefully lowered to the same position in the CN, either in the anterior or posterior interpositus nucleus. The recorded neurons in the olive where located in subnuclei receiving these projections, namely the caudolateral part of the Dorsal Accessory Olive (DAO) and in the rostral and central part of the Medial Accessory Olive (MAO) respectively. This is in accordance with the general topography of nucleo-olivary connections as they have been established in the rat [4]. The stimulus electrode was then glued to the occipital bone of the mouse. Misplacement of the stimulus electrode resulted in either a lack of olivary response or in a short-delayed response evoked by antidromical activation of collaterals of the climbing fibre. These fast responses were comparable with the ones previously described by Llinas and Yarom [14]: they are characterized by constant and short stimulation latency (less then 4 ms). Furthermore, the antidromic activation of the climbing fibre collaterals always elicits an action potential in olivary neurons (i.e. no failures). We exclude recordings obtained by misplaced stimulation electrodes and antidromically activated neurons. The stimulations protocol consisted of short high frequency bipolar stimulations (3 pulses; pulse frequency: 300 Hz; pulse duration: 0.2–0.3 ms; pulse intensity: <0.1 mA). Under our experimental conditions, we were not able to induce inhibitory or excitatory responses in olivary neurons by long low-frequency bipolar stimulations of the CN (3, 20 or 40 pulses; pulse frequency: 20 Hz; pulse duration: 0.2–0.3 ms; pulse intensity: <0.1 mA, as described by Best and Regher., 2009). Instead, our stimulus protocol was similar to the one described by [7] and represents the fast rebound burst spiking of CN neurons after a strong inhibition [42], [54]. At the end of the experiment, a lesion was made with high-intensity current injection to confirm the position of the tungsten electrode (Figure 1C).
In Vivo Whole-Cell Recordings
To perform stable in vivo recordings in the IO, the mouse was placed in supine position and the head was restrained. In this way a ventral approach of the medulla oblongata was performed and the dura mater was removed to expose the ventral surface of the brainstem (Khosrovani et al. [22]). Whole-cell recordings were performed with borosilicate pipettes (with filament; outer diameter: 1.5 mm; inner diameter: 0.86 mm; Sutter, California, USA) filled with 4 mM NaCl, 3.48 mM MgCl2, 9 mM KCl, 10 mM KOH, 120 mM K-gluconate, 10 mM Hepes, 29 mM sucrose, 4 mM Na2ATP, and 0.4 mM Na3GTP with pH 7.2 and osmolarity at 290–310 mOsm/kg. In the pharmacological experiments, 5 mM 4,4-dinitrostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate (DNDS; GABAA receptors blocker [29], [30] was added to the pipette solutions and pH and osmolarity corrections were made. Electrode resistances ranged between 4–8 MΩ and the junction potential was approximately −8 mV; membrane potentials were corrected for this value. Current clamp recordings were amplified with a Multiclamp 700B (Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA), filtered at 10 kHz and digitized at 20 kHz with a Digidata 1322A (Axon Instruments). Membrane passive properties were determined as in Khosrovani et al. [22]; resting membrane potential of SSTO neurons refers to the mean value of the membrane potential between the peak and the trough. It has been shown that NMDA receptors are fundamental for the generation of sinusoidal oscillations [19] and for this reason the use of Ketamine/Xylazine in our experimental approach could be arguable. However, Khosrovani et al. [22] showed how the use of different anesthetics (Medetomidine-Midazolam-Fentanyl) gives result comparable to the ones observed under Ketamine/Xylazine anesthesia. Moreover, the subthreshold oscillations recorded in our experiments (both LTO and SSTO) are in line with the ones observed in vitro [14], [17], [26], and also in vivo using a different anesthetic, halothane [21]. In conclusion, we used Ketamine/Xylazine anesthesia because it was necessary and because, to our knowledge, it does not show any specific effect in the IO.
Data Analyses and Statistics
Data analyses were performed on neurons with resting membrane potentials negative to −45 mV and stable access and stable membrane resistances throughout the recording. Data analyses were performed with Clampfit software 9.2 (Axon Instruments, Foster City, CA).
Stimulation protocols were repeated at least 36 times for each neuron. In between the stimulation sessions the neurons' activity was monitored to discard those elements whose input resistance varied more than 20% of the initial value during the recording. In olivary neurons, excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP) were all evoked by CN stimulation. On some occasions the evoked EPSP was strong enough to elicit a sodium spike followed by afterdepolarization (ADP, as described by Llinas and Yarom [14] and Ruigrok and Voogd [7]), but in most cases only a subthreshold response was observed. The percentage of successful responses was calculated by counting the number of responses and dividing the total by the total number of stimulations. The response delay was determined by measuring the latency between the last stimulation and the start of the evoked depolarization. Of all evoked IPSPs, the peak value of the hyperpolarization and the surface area generated by the hyperpolarized membrane potential were determined. This surface area was measured between the starting point and endpoint of the IPSP by an integration algorithm implemented in Clampfit 10.2. The starting point and endpoint of IPSPs were determined by using a threshold potential of −2 mV negative to the resting membrane potential. If there was any subthreshold sinusoidal oscillation the resting membrane potential (Vm) was determined from the (low-pass) readout of the baseline potential. The rebound depolarization at the end of the long latency IPSP was identified as an upward deflection of the membrane potential that was at least 2 mV greater than the value of the membrane potential preceding the IPSP. In order to investigate the impact of the subthreshold oscillation on the CN induced response, we subdivided the olivary cells into two groups on the basis of their subthreshold activity: the spontaneous 3 – to 12 Hz sinusoidal subthreshold oscillating cells (SSTO) and the spontaneous 1 – to 3 Hz low-threshold Ca2+ oscillating cells (LTO). The use of the frequencies of subthreshold oscillations to categorize different groups of olivary cell has been justified by cluster analysis in Khosrovani et al. [22]. Comparison between groups and conditions were made by using two-tailed Student's t-test, and p values were adjusted by using the Bonferroni correction method. All the values express average ± standard deviation (SD). Cross-correlograms were performed in the Matlab (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA) environment using a custom-made function. The aim of the analysis was to measure the kinetics of the CN-activation induced phase-lock and the developing phase variance of the sinusoidal subthreshold oscillations. For each recorded SSTO neuron, 36 randomly-started stimulations were analyzed, and cross-correlograms were computed between all the possible combinations of couples of stimulations (i.e., 36*36 = 1296 combinations) using a "running window" of 100 ms that shifted along the full length of the recordings by 50 ms steps. The cross-correlograms computed between all the possible combinations of pairs of recordings were then averaged and fitted with a single exponential function to extract the time constant from all of the 11 SSTO neurons analyzed (Figure 4). The decay time constants of the cross correlograms were plotted against the length of the hyperpolarization, and this data set was fitted using a single exponential function.
Figure S1.
Double stimulation experiments. An LTO neuron responding with a short latency EPSP is stimulated twice at different time intervals (first trace single stimulation, then 25, 175, 250, 350 ms intervals respectively, stimulation artifacts are indicated by red arrow heads). A second EPSP is evoked when the time interval is at least 350 ms (indicated by the asterisk). Every trace represents the average of 12 repetitions.
Experiment performed with 15mM DNDS. Wild type SSTO cell (top trace) responding to CN stimulation, then (middle trace) the response of the same cell to CN stimulation in reduced after 20 minutes of dialysis with DNDS 15 mM, bottom trace represents the averages at the beginning of the experiment (black) and after 20 minutes of DNDS 15 mM (red). Even with high concentration of DNDS the IPSP is not completely abolished.
The authors would like to thank H.vd Burg, E. Haasdijk and E. Goedknegt for their technical assistance.
Conceived and designed the experiments: PB TR CDZ MDJ. Performed the experiments: PB. Analyzed the data: PB MDJ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PS. Wrote the paper: PB TR CDZ MDJ.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
NATO Notes Russia's 'Resurgence,' Urges Vigilance
U.S. General Curtis Scaparrotti, NATO's supreme allied commander in Europe, has warned that the alliance will not be "dominant" in certain areas in five years if it fails to modernize and adapt to the growing threat from Russia.
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I am happy to announce, part of my new 2018 work is now on display at Arts for Act located at 2265 First St, Fort Myers, FL 33901 in Fort Myers, now through the summer with pieces from the new Myindia collection being rotated each month and new works coming this fall. Entry into the ACT gallery is no cost and great stop if you are visiting downtown Fort Myers.
This months display has a diverse range of sizes from 6 x 6 up to 24 x 36 – with price points for everyone's budget.
The best way to view these is in person. The textures and colors are seen best up front. Remember, a portion of all proceeds from sales go to support ACT(Abuse Counseling Treatment) for women and children escaping abuse and a non-profit I completely support.


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Celtic reject Arsenal's £25m Kieran Tierney bid
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Asked what she had learned from a last-four defeat to Eugenie Bouchard five years ago, the former world number one said: "I'm a different person".
There were nerves, understandably, and Gauff's serve came under immediate scrutiny with Halep securing a break in the first game.
Halep plays her quarter final against Shuai Zhang today on Court No.1 knowing that her opponent holds a 2-1 winning advantage over her.
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As a reminder, the AU has suspended Sudan from its membership until a civilian led transitional authority is established. The agreement comes after a long standoff between the two sides since the suspension of talks in May.
Serving for the place in the semis, Simona held at 30 with a forehand victor, taking the set 6-1 and staying on the title course.
On the other side of the coin, Elina Svitolina also won her previous match in straight sets.
"I'm really happy that I can play again in the quarter-finals", said Halep, who was also in the last eight in 2016 and 2017.
Simona Halep says she has a new-found love for grass after beating Zhang Shuai to move into the semi-finals at Wimbledon.
"I try to adjust myself, my body, to this court". She was stopped in the 2nd round of the French Open this May. She is now ranked 27th and lost in the first round at this year's Wimbledon tournament. During the win, Simona Halep served exceptionally well. At this stage of the tournament, Simona Halep will play against Elina Svitolina from Ukraine.
Now reigning at World No. 7 position Simona Halep turned the tables around after defeating startling "Cori Coco" with a comfortable margin of 6-3, 6-3 in Round of 16 on Maniac Monday.
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The first new electric auto to be produced at the plant will be Jaguar's flagship luxury saloon, the XJ. The site will also be home to production of batteries and electric motors.
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It would be interesting to get a Supreme Court ruling on this, even if it's to deny cert on an appeal of this ruling. However, let's also give the court credit for much wisdom in its concluding paragraph.
A$AP Rocky in 'disease-ridden' prison cell
Consulate official, however, the meeting was denied, which is a violation of the Vienna Convention for Consular Relations . Allegedly, a prisoner who is in close proximity to Rocky has mental issues and slams his head against the concrete wall.
John Daly Given Mouth to Mouth After a Spider Bite
The R&A said the terrain at Royal Portrush in Northern Ireland was not suited to golf carts and the club did not permit their use. The 40-year-old's best showing at the competition was in 2014 at Royal Liverpool when he finished in a tie for 54th place.
Grandfather Who Dropped Toddler From Cruise Ship Deck May Face Charges
Chloe is the child of South Bend Police Officer Alan Wiegand, according to the IN police department, and Kimberly Wiegand. Winkleman said there is surveillance video of the incident, but he is waiting for Royal Caribbean to release it to him.
Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic to go public by year-end
It comes after Social Capital Hedosophia has announced it will merge with Virgin Galactic. Virgin Galactic may become the first publicly listed human spaceflight company.
Boeing delivery of 737 jets registers drastic fall in Q2 2019
Airbus needs to find ways to increase its production capacity for its A320 line of aircraft, which isn't easy to do". People work near the door of a 737 Max aircraft at the Boeing factory in Renton, Washington, U.S., March 27, 2019.
Tampa's Pete Alonso wins MLB's Home Run Derby
The contest moved to a three-swing format for each slugger as Guerrero hit a homer with one out of his three cuts. Vladdy began the first round by clubbing 29 home runs versus Matt Chapman of the Oakland A's.
New Zealand can upset India with fast start, says Vettori
The Black Caps have the plan in place to post something big, it just all needs to come together at the right time. Henry Nicholls was 10, and captain Kane Williamson was with him on 14.
Footballer Daniel Sturridge offers reward for dog stolen in Los Angeles
Sturridge who is a free agent after leaving Liverpool last season took to Instagram to share the news. Sturridge told followers: "Whoever knows who broke into my crib, I'll pay you anything".
United Kingdom offers HPV vaccines to boys, aims to stop 100,000 cancer cases
But from the start of the next school year, boys in Year 8 who are aged 12 and 13 will be given the jab with parental consent. Though girls can get a free vaccination until the age of 25, boys will have to buy it after they turn 14.
Manfred denies MLB intentionally juices baseballs
Verlander weighed in on the baseball juicing question after speaking on an All-Star Game panel on Monday, ESPN reported. He does raise some great points, and it's fair to wonder if the balls really are being juiced.
Rafael Nadal into Wimbledon 2019 quarter-finals with Joao Sousa win
Nishikori defeated the great Swiss in the ATP Finals last year, ending a drought which had stretched to nearly five years. At 37, he is the oldest man to reach the last eight at the majors since 39-year-old Jimmy Connors at the 1991 U.S.
Paul Pogba's Agent Confirms He Wants To Leave The Club
Whatever happens in the coming weeks, let's no paint Pogba out to be the victim here. We are ambitious and want the best team possible.
UK Foreign Secretary Slams Trump's 'Disrespectful' Remarks About Theresa May
Mr Khan has described Mr Trump as a "poster boy for racists" and remarked that the president appears "obsessed" with him. Outspoken eurosceptic and Trump supporter Nigel Farage called for Darroch to be sacked.
OnePlus 7 new variant launched in India, priced at ₹32,999
The onboard keyboard's haptic feedback has been fine-tuned along with the haptic feedback of third-party app notifications. The listing also confirms that the phone will come with 6 GB RAM and 128 GB internal storage for a price of Rs. 32,999.
Mexico captures Gold Cup with win over US
The United States Women's National team isn't the only USA soccer team playing in a championship game this weekend. Their soccer success marks Team USA's second consecutive Women's World Cup win - their fourth in total.
Google Android Lets Apps Track You Regardless of Permissions
Other apps sought to gather sensitive identifiable information, such as a smartphone's IMEI number or a router's MAC address. This data allows the information holder to pinpoint the exact location of the user, without Global Positioning System .
Disney Channel and 'Grown Ups' Actor Cameron Boyce Dead at 20
China Anne McClain cried, as she wished her friend farewell. "I don't even know where to start..." "I just ... He also had parts in the feature films " Mirrors ", " Eagle Eye ", " Grown Ups " and " Grown Ups 2 ".
Kourtney Kardashian breaks down in tears as health fears grow
Wishes came straight from the family members to the little bundle of joy on her special day. "I don't know. Khloe then asks Kourtney to focus on the present and do whatever it is that makes her happy.
Peters Township's Alison Riske falls to Serena Williams in Wimbledon quarterfinals
She was spraying errors off her forehand - always the most likely wing to break down - but at least took the set to a tie-break. Williams damaged the court after throwing her racket during practice before the Wimbledon tournament began, the BBC reported.
Sarah Paulson Not in American Horror Story 1984
Sarah Paulson reportedly won't have a major role in the new season of American Horror Story . It's really mentally draining, and you don't want to go to those places ever in your life.
Wendy Williams' Son Kevin Hunter Jr. Gets Dismissal in Assault Case
If [the swelling] in my feet never goes all the way down, at least I have this machine", she explained on Monday's show. His kids are in their 20s, and yes, he's black. "And he's got to work". "Yes, he's brown/black...
Kabul top brass continues talks for peace with Taliban
Ghani's administration, which the Taliban consider a puppet regime, has also been excluded from the direct US-Taliban talks. Sunday and Monday's gathering was the third such meeting following landmark summits in Moscow in February and May.
Piers Morgan calls Meghan Markle 'absurd' for no photos at Wimbledon request
Royal commentator Angela Mollard explained that she believed the royal couple were making "poor choices" regarding the secrecy around their baby.
'Friends' Is Officially Leaving Netflix In 2020 And Fans Are Not Happy
Additionally, the service's original content will also include projects with Anna Kendrick , Kaley Cuoco and Ansel Elgort . The streaming service will also include brand-new shows, called " Max Originals", and movies.
Marine veteran Amy McGrath mounts Democratic bid for Mitch McConnell's Senate seat
The issue is making a comeback as Democrats battle to figure out who will take on President Donald Trump in 2020. McGrath will have to win the Democratic nomination to have the opportunity to face McConnell.
'Stranger Things 3' breaks viewership records on Netflix
Senator introduces USWNT equal pay bill after letter from NCAA coach
Tom Steyer, Billionaire Environmental Activist, Is Latest To Run Against Trump
Ross Perot, billionaire who sought US presidency, dead at 89
Apple kills the non-Touch Bar MacBook Pro, discounts the Air
Disney Recalls Stuffed 'Forky' Toys Due To Choking Hazard
American gored while trying to take selfie with Pamplona bull
Kawhi Leonard Also Recruited Kyrie Irving
Jeffrey Epstein: How the sex-trafficking investigation could shed light on corruption
Pelosi: Remark about Dem freshmen was 'statement of fact'
Manchester United left stunned by Newcastle's £50m asking price for Sean Longstaff
Inter Milan reportedly offer Man United massive €70m for Romelu Lukaku
Belgium's Teuns wins Tour de France Stage 6
Bruce moves closer to Newcastle job as £60m Hillsborough sale probed
Arsenal appoint Edu as technical director
Star NFL Running Back Plans On Holding Out Without New Contract
Astros' Marisnick appeals 2 game-suspension for Lucroy collision
Blackhawks acquire Nylander from Sabres
Kohli and Tendulkar speak up on Dhoni's retirement
We are still here - Federer and Nadal relishing Centre Court reunion
Trent Boult craves revenge and hopes for Australia in World Cup final
Chris Woakes hails 'incredible' England after hosts power into World Cup final
Bruno Fernandes meets with agent to discuss Manchester United move?
Virat Kohli reacts to criticism after Indias World Cup exit
NY showers confetti, love on US women's soccer team
Copyright © 2019. All rights reserved. ElegantHomesInla


Generally speaking I am, as a photographer, a realist. I attempt to catch what is there, in all its glory. Sometimes it is fun, however, to mess around with an image in software just to see where it goes. The result is not strictly speaking real, but sometimes you have to stretch the truth to make it true to the experience, at least in the telling, or the portrayal in this case.
The Rhodora was just coming into bloom at Saco Heath in what is becoming, my girls tell me, our traditional family outing on Memorial Day. Many plants were vibrant, but there is still more to come. Interesting, since last Memorial Day the Rhodora at Saco Heath was all gone by when we visited.
The base image here is, as usual, taken with the Sony DSC H50, in this case, at full tele, 465mm equivalent. F4.5 @ 1/500th @ ISO 100. Programed Auto.
I started out in Lightroom with my usual processing. Added Clarity and Vibrance, sharpen, black point to the right. This is what it looks like.
I am totally happy with this image and it stands alone as a real picture of what the massed Rhodora blooms looked like that day…but it does not, maybe, fully catch the impact of the day.
In Lightroom I made a Virtual Copy of the image. This creates a new copy that I can re-edit, but does not duplicate the original file on the hard-drive. It simply creates a second set of instructions for processing the original when exported from Lightroom.
I opened the VC in the develop module. I have tried this before with other images so I knew what I was about to do. Clarity slider all the way to to left, adding what amounts to negative clarity, and softening the whole image. Negative clarity also produces interesting halo effects at strong color boundaries. I boosted the Vibrance even more, and added a small amount of saturation. And undid the sharpening. Hay presto. In seconds I had an impressionistic version of the Rhodora image.
Does it do a better job of conveying the effect of the massed Rhodora blooms? Maybe. I like it anyway. How about you?
Taken at the macro range of the tel end of the zoom on the H50 at 465mm equivalent, and from a low angle using the tip-out LCD: the background is nicely soft and full of bokeh. Using the far reaches of the zoom did, however, push the ISO up to 400 but the H50 managed a detailed image anyway. Not bad for a tiny sensor.
Sony DSC H50 at 465mm equivalent. F4.5 @ 1/125 @ ISO 400. Programed auto.
Cropped in Lightroom for composition. Just my usual added Clarity and Vibrance, and sharpen.
So, okay, I thought (and maybe you thought) that I was done with Lady Slippers. I got more and better shots of Lady Slippers this year than ever before because there were more and better Lady Slippers.
Then, last Saturday, I took a walk down to my local warbler hole for some birding and video (hopefully), and went off on a side trail looking for Rhodora in bloom, and there they were…thousands of Lady Slippers! Lady Slippers in the early sun, sneaking in across the forest floor. 1000's sounds like an exaggeration, I know, but it is not. Within a 1/4 mile I am totally confident that a count of Lady Slippers visible from the trail would have totaled over 1000. I have never seen anything remotely like it.
When the light is behind a Lady Slipper, two things happen. Light gets caught in the fine hairs that cover the whole plant, and the inflated petal just lights up as though it was filled with, well, light! Catching the effect is difficult but not impossible. Maybe best is when you can get the flower against a dark background where the sun isn't hitting, but a well out-of-focus forest isn't all bad. Bokeh. Lots of potential for Bokeh.
In this shot, I found the added bonus of the Star Flower nestled up against the Lady Slipper.
Sony DSC H50 at full wide and macro (taken just about touching the LS). F3.5 @ 1/60th @ ISO 100. Programed auto.
Slight Recovery in Lightroom, along with added Clarity and Vibrance and Sharpen. Blackpoint to the right. Cropped for composition. Because the background was a bit too distracting, I used the Local Adjustments brush to paint on a mask over the background, and then decreased Clarity and Contrast.
Evidently I have never been to Laudholm Farms (Wells National Estuarine Research Center) when the Barberry was in bloom, or perhaps, as it seems, it is simply a bumper year for wildflowers and flowering shurbs of all kinds. I certainly remember nothing like the Barberry show this year.
Barberry produces pendent clusters of yellow flowers, like hanging bells of yellow bells, along the length of the sharp barbed whips. For this shot, I framed a whip against the sky and fields of the farm.
Sony DSC H50 at full wide. F5.6 @ 1/640th @ ISO 100. Programed auto.
Because I wanted to get the foreground detail and maintain realistic exposure of the background, I had to let the camera underexpose the flowers. In Lightroom, I used the Fill Light tool to bring them back up, remembering that they were not in full sun and need to be darker. Added Clarity, and very slight added Vibrance (vibrance can easily over do the yellows). Sharpen.
And here, for context is a shot of the underside of a laden whip.
And one showing the larger structure of the plant.
This is a somewhat unconventional composition but the subject suggest it. Normally you would want the subject facing into the image, not pushing its way out (not necessarily terms we apply to flowers, but in this case they are apt). And, again, in this case, we violate the rule because it adds a dynamic tension that makes the image (I think) more interesting.
This flower is only about 1 inch in diameter and grows about that from the ground, so I am right down on the forest floor for this shot, with the camera resting among the ferns and other wildflowers (carefully so as not to crush anything).
Sony DSC H50 at full wide and macro. F4.0 @ 1/125th @ ISO 100. Programed auto.
In Lightroom, just my usual added Clarity and Vibrance and sharpen. Blackpoint slid to the right slightly to intensify the color.
And the more traditional view.
It is the season for these close up views, low to the ground where suddenly everything is in flower. Canada May Flower. It was all over, but it is small and tends be hard to photograph because it is hard to make it pop out from the confused background of the forest floor. Here the log made a nice backdrop.
Sony DSC H50 at full wide and macro. F4.0 @ 1/60th @ ISO 100. Programed Auto. -.7 EV exposure compensation to preserve detail in the white blooms.
In Lightroom, some Recovery for the blooms, added Clarity and Vibrance, sharpen.
Another Lady Slipper (or two). On this one you can see the hairs on the inflated petal. Taken from 1/4 inch or so with the macro on the H50.
Cropped slightly from the left for composition. Added Vibrance and Clarity, sharpened.


Show Huawei Nova 2 Lite accompanies a 5.99 inches Capacitive Touchscreen	display with a screen goal of 720 x 1440 pixels. Show type IPS LCD. Processor and Storage The cell phone makes utilization of an Octa Core, Qualcomm Snapdragon 430 3 GB RAM and 32 GB Storage default memory limit. This stockpiling can be extended up to another Up to 256 GB	with the assistance of a microSD Card. Camera For imaging, the Huawei Nova 2 Lite games a 13 MP + 2 MP Dual Camera with Yes, Geo Tagging, HDR. In advance, the cell phone from Huawei makes utilization of an 8 MP Camera selfie camera. Network The availability viewpoints on board the Huawei Nova 2 Lite incorporates Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n, hotspot, v4.2, miniaturized scale USB, with A-GPS. Double Sim. Battery The Huawei Nova 2 Lite gets the power from a Non-removable Li-Po 3000 mAh battery. Programming The Huawei Nova 2 Lite runs Android OS, v8.0 (Oreo). Value The cell phone is evaluated at Rs. 12,500. The gadget is accessible by means of driving disconnected stores.


NEW ORLEANS – Soldiers and Airmen with the Louisiana National Guard and nearly 200 civilian partners participated in an annual statewide disaster response exercise (DRX) designed to test and reinforce the capabilities and cohesive action between various local, state, federal and non-governmental agencies, April 1, 2017.
The exercise, organized and coordinated by the LANG and the Governor's Office of Homeland Security and Emergency Preparedness, involved field training missions occurring simultaneously at the Bonnet Carre Spillway in St. Charles Parish, the NASA Michoud Assembly Facility in Orleans Parish and LANG's Regional Staging Area in Tangipahoa Parish, to reinforce readiness in advance of hurricane season.
In his remarks at the press conference at the Bonnet Carre Spillway, Maj. Gen. Glenn H. Curtis, adjutant general of the LANG, emphasized the importance of this training exercise.
"The three main priorities that we have are to save lives, reduce suffering and protect property … We don't know what can come at us. The most predictable is possibly a hurricane, but we don't really know what lies in wait. So we just want to be ready to execute and make sure the citizens of Louisiana have confidence in us," said Curtis.
At the Michoud Assembly Facility, approximately 360 Guardsmen from the 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, headquartered in Lafayette and the State Aviation Command, headquartered in Hammond, conducted boat, land, and air search and rescue operations using three UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters, flat-bottom boats and Zodiac boats. Guardsmen and their partners conducted "lily pad" operations, which are consolidation points where personnel are brought once rescued to receive medical support, security, pet processing and transportation out of devastated areas, and communication capabilities were tested in coordination with other agencies.
The incident commander for the Orleans Parish location, Deputy Chief Craig Peyton of the St. Bernard Parish Fire Department, worked closely with the officer in charge (OIC), Lt. Col. Rob Billings, battalion commander of the 256th Infantry Brigade Combat Team, to simulate a realistic event.
Jefferson Parish Animal Control representative Alicia Belsom of Harvey, Louisiana brought dogs that are available for adoption, to assist in the training on safely transporting animals during emergency operations.
"This training gets everybody on the same page so that in a real scenario, we all work together that much better," Belsom said.
The 139th Regional Support Group ran the Regional Staging Area in Roseland where they conducted warehouse operations and commodities distribution training. They worked closely with the Louisiana State Police and Canadian National Railway.
At the Bonnet Carre Spillway site, approximately 300 Guardsmen from the 225th Engineer Brigade conducted boat, land, and air search and rescue (SAR) operations using two UH-60 Black Hawk helicopters, flat-bottom boats and eight Zodiac boats. The training also involved assembling Tiger and Aqua Dams, testing communication capabilities with other agencies and the evaluating the efficiency of lily pad operations.


text:
A Division 1 a legmagasabb osztályú francia női kézilabda-bajnokság. A bajnokságot 1953 óta rendezik meg. Jelenleg tíz csapat játszik a bajnokságban, a legeredményesebb klub, egyben a címvédő a Metz Handball (ASPTT Metz, HB Metz Métropole, HB Metz Moselle-Lorraine).

Kispályás bajnokságok

Lásd még
Francia férfi kézilabda-bajnokság (első osztály)

Jegyzetek

Források
Le palmarès du championnat de D1F
Championnat D1 Féminin : présentation et palmarès
Gallica Bibliothèque Numérique

Kézilabda-bajnokságok
Francia kézilabda

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


On December 30, 2018 at about 6:42 AM, Aurora Police and Fire responded to E. 33rd Ave. and N. Oakland St. on a report of a crash involving a pickup and a RTD bus. Once on scene they found that the pickup had been traveling east in the westbound lanes of traffic and struck the bus head-on. Two people from the bus were transported to the hospital with non life-threatening injuries. The female driver and only occupant of the pickup appears to have died as a result of injuries sustained in the crash.
At this time, it is unknown why the pickup crossed into the oncoming traffic lanes. The Aurora Police Traffic Unit is investigating this crash with assistance from RTD and the Adams County Coroner's office. The Adams County Coroner will release the identity of the deceased at a later date.


text:
Q: Using generic constructor to read yaml file I need to read a AWS cloudformation file in python using a package pyyaml. The issue seems to have been resolved using this code snippet.
def generic_constructor(loader, tag, node):
    classname = node.__class__.__name__
    if (classname == 'SequenceNode'):
        return loader.construct_sequence(node)
    elif (classname == 'MappingNode'):
        return loader.construct_mapping(node)
    else:
        return loader.construct_scalar(node)

yaml.add_multi_constructor('', generic_constructor)

How do I use this code to read a yaml file?
https://github.com/yaml/pyyaml/issues/169
The issue has been closed on github and it means this code must be working correctly to read the yaml file linked by the reporter of the issue.

The answer is correct. In short, the code that works looks like this...
import yaml

def generic_constructor(loader, tag, node):
    classname = node.__class__.__name__
    if classname == "SequenceNode":
        return loader.construct_sequence(node)
    elif classname == "MappingNode":
        return loader.construct_mapping(node)
    else:
        return loader.construct_scalar(node)

yaml.add_multi_constructor("", generic_constructor, Loader=yaml.SafeLoader)

with open("mytest.yaml") as f:
    data = yaml.safe_load(f)

A: The general idea is that your code import PyYAML using:
import yaml

and after that you invoke the snippet, which modifies the default loader. Since the default loader that PyYAML uses has changed since that issue was closed, you are better off specifying e.g. the SafeLoader explicitly:
yaml.add_multi_constructor('', generic_constructor, Loader=SafeLoader)

and then use data = yaml.safe_load(open_file_or_string) to load the data.
It is probably easier to use ruamel.yaml (disclaimer: I am the author of that package), which by default can handle special tags (including those of AWS), although you should specify the ten years outdated YAML 1.1 version (which is what AWS expects and the only thing PyYAML supports).
from ruamel.yaml import YAML

yaml = YAML()
yaml.version = (1, 1)
data = yaml.load(x)

where x can be a pathlib.Path() instance, an opened file or a string.


Want Free Access to Up the Creek Pics & Clips?
Humor comes from hardships, particularly the hardships of a group of wacky college kids who by hook and crook are suckered into taking part in a white-water river-rafting race. The crew of saturated scholars who float toward fame and glory in director Robert Butler's guffaw-inducing Up the Creek (1984) are a mix of misfits and dipshits who are dunked in fast-flowing misadventure and deep-swirling absurdity, which results in waves of hilarity. The effect of bucketfuls of cold water on flimsy female apparel is also used to grand, glandular effect.


text:
Home » Topics » Mycoses
Publish Date May 25, 2018
Costs and Outcomes Associated With Invasive Aspergillosis Infections
Invasive aspergillosis was associated with 6 excess days in the hospital.
Despite being a rare disease, invasive aspergillosis (IA) is still associated with increased hospital mortality and 30-day readmission rates, and excess duration of hospital stay and costs that may reach up to $600 million annually, according to research in Clinical Infectious Diseases.
In order to assess the mortality and morbidity burden in the United States, researchers analysed data from the Health Care Utilization Project to compare characteristics and outcomes between patients with and without IA.
Investigators identified 66,634,683 discharged patients who met the study criteria, of whom 154,888 (0.2%) had a diagnosis of IA. Common high-risk conditions for IA were major surgery (50.1%) in the non-IA group and critical illness (41.0%) in the IA group.
Propensity score matching found that both mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.43; 95% CI, 1.36-1.51) and 30-day readmission (OR 1.39; 95% CI 1.34-1.45) rates were higher in the IA group. Furthermore, IA was also associated with 6.0 (95% CI, 5.7-6.4) excess days in the hospital and $15,542 ($13,869 to $17,215) in extra costs per hospitalization.
The study results revealed an increase in prevalence of IA in patients undergoing acute hospitalizations; however, this may be attributable to improved diagnostics and increased use of immunosuppressive therapies and organ transplants.
The study was also limited by the use of administrative codes rather than clinical data to identify high-risk groups and IA, which may have introduced classification errors in the case definitions. Investigators were also unable to determine temporal connections between high-risk conditions and IA and to pinpoint time of IA onset.
Thus, some of the observed increases in length of stay and cost may in fact be a risk factor for IA rather than a consequence. Finally, treatment information was not available and therefore its potential impact on outcomes is unknown.
The investigators were able to conclude that "although rare even among high-risk groups, IA is associated with high hospital mortality rates, excess duration of hospitalization, and a 40% relative increase in the odds of 30-day readmission."
Risk for Breakthrough Invasive Fungal Infections With Isavuconazole: More Data Needed
Fungal Infections of the CNS: Diagnostic and Treatment Approaches
First-in-Class Antifungal Fast-Tracked for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
In the United States, 40,000 annual IA admissions occur, which at an excess cost of $15,000 means "the aggregate IA-attributable excess costs in the United States may reach $600 million annually."
Disclosure: This work was supported by Astellas Pharma and by the medical and development division of Astellas, Astellas Pharma Global Development.
Zilberberg MD, Nathanson B, Harrington R, Spalding J, Shorr AF. Epidemiology and outcomes of hospitalizations with invasive aspergillosis in the United States, 2009–2013 [published online April 28, 2018]. Clin Infect Dis. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy181
Next post in Mycoses
Study Supports Development of a Vaccine for Recurrent Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Close more info about Costs and Outcomes Associated With Invasive Aspergillosis Infections


text:
179 points, two epic playoff games and one great day of college football
Pete ThamelESPN
ATLANTA – As Ohio State kicker Noah Ruggles lined up to attempt the game-winning 50-yard field goal, midnight approached on the East Coast. As millions waited for the ball to drop and a new year to kick in, a rollicking day of college football hurtled toward a crescendo.
Georgia led Ohio State by one point, 42-41, and Kirby Smart called a time out to attempt to ice Ruggles. A din of fear, loathing and anticipation filled Mercedes-Benz Stadium, the perfect emotional cocktail for a semifinal day the sport had waited nearly a decade to unfold in such a manner.
College Football Playoff executive director Bill Hancock stood unassumingly near the goal line where Ohio State was attempting to kick. He declared victory before a victor had been decided. "What a great day for college football," he beamed.
The first wire-to-wire riveting semifinal day the sport had seen came right as the current system is on the cusp of ending. It's the second-to-last year of the current four-team format, as too many blowouts in the prior eight seasons had led, in part, to the sport expanding to a 12-team playoff starting in the 2024 season.
The four-team system was too predictable, and then along came two games that no one could have seen coming.
Ruggles shanked his field goal left, a knuckleball to sputter in the New Year. Georgia took a knee one time, and the game ended at 12:01 a.m., one of the great days in the recent history of the sport taking the span of two different years to complete. Fittingly, the drama couldn't quite fit in one.
The missed field goal set off a wild Georgia celebration in the middle of the field, the final reminder of how riveting, excruciating and confounding college football can be.
On the outskirts of Phoenix, TCU swaggered in as a 7.5-point underdog earlier in the day and unleashed one of the most bedeviling upsets in the recent history of the sport. The No. 3 Horned Frogs never flinched, unfurling 51 points on a defense that allowed an average of 13.4 points per game this season.
In downtown Atlanta, No. 4 Ohio State appeared poised to clinch the game in the final minute of the third quarter until a game-changing hit by Georgia's Javon Bullard prevented a touchdown and knocked star Ohio State wideout Marvin Harrison Jr. from the game. That hit changed the course of the night for Georgia, and could be the pivot point if it clinches back-to-back national titles.
The No. 1 Bulldogs will play No. 3 TCU for the national title, with Georgia looking to become just the sport's first to win back-to-back titles in a decade, since Alabama last accomplished the double in 2012.
TCU will be in search of the program's first national title since 1938, and they'll invite anyone to assume they're just SEC fodder. Just ask Michigan quarterback J.J. McCarthy, who cast them as Big Ten chum. Actually, you couldn't, because he bolted from his press conference after one question in the wake of the loss, sounding a lot less lofty than in his pre-game predictions of Michigan pushing around TCU.
TCU fans cheer during the first half of the Vrbo Fiesta Bowl (AP Photo/Ross D. Franklin)
A day that began dreaming of the Big Ten having a pair of teams in the national title game ended with the league going empty handed. The league's focus goes from the anticipatory euphoria of the conference's first national title since 2014 to the leadership questions hovering over the league, with Commissioner Kevin Warren having interviewed to become the president of the Chicago Bears. It only took one minute into 2023 for the Big Ten's issues to be ushered to the forefront.
Here in Atlanta, a pall of missed opportunity hung over the Ohio State locker room. Gene Smith walked out of the locker room, hugged Ryan Day's wife, Nina, and ambled off into the night shaking his head in disbelief. Staffers muttered about the same hollow feeling that emerged back in 2019, when Ohio State squandered multiple opportunities to beat a Trevor Lawrence-led Clemson team.
The players and coaches dwelled on all the little things. The squandered effort of quarterback C.J. Stroud, who threw for 348 yards, four touchdowns and suddenly channeled his inner-Braxton Miller with a flurry of second-half scrambles. They bemoaned the squandered effort of the interior of Ohio State's offensive line, which neutralized Jalen Carter.
They wondered what could have been different if not for Harrison's absence as the offense went stagnant in the fourth quarter. There was, of course, the missed field goal that would have won the game. The overturned targeting call on the Harrison hit that would have given Ohio State a first-and-goal. The defensive collapse in the fourth quarter after battering Georgia's offensive line to shut them out in the third quarter.
"There were a lot of plays you wish you had back as coaches and players," OSU coach Ryan Day said. "That's what happens in a game like this."
The most searing what if — and likely the best coaching counter of the night — came when Ohio State appeared to have executed a fake punt in the fourth quarter. On a fourth-and-1 on its own 34-yard line, Ohio State sneaked two offensive linemen onto its punt team for the first time this season — guard Donovan Jackson and back-up Josh Fryar.
The Buckeyes were up 11 points, and tight end Mitch Rossi appeared to sprint toward a first down that would have given them the ball near midfield. A split second before the snap, Georgia coach Kirby Smart called a timeout. "It looked like a first down was going to be made," Ohio State special teams coach Parker Fleming said. "They did a great job calling the timeout there."
In the second half of the Michigan game, Ohio State had a similar play called, but the long snapper missed the call and, with it, a wide open lane for a first down that could have changed the game. The photos of the missed opportunity live in Twitter lore, and Fleming could only shake his head. "Different formation, a little different personnel," he said. "Similar scenario, I guess."
And that's what happens with classic games. The stakes get so high, that the momentum shifts violently. And the loser can only dwell on all the things that could have been, as Stroud referenced a "heavy heart" leaving the field. "It's a loss for words," Stroud said, "when it comes down to one play."
After a day of 179 total points, 2,016 total yards and infinite hairpin turns of momentum, midnight struck, and the whole sport was close to speechless. "That was special," marveled UGA quarterback Stetson Bennett.
A day of semifinal games that had historically left viewers bored and unsatisfied, ended in dramatic fireworks. Finally, the drama matched the stakes, and the sport got a celebratory semifinal day that had long been overdue.
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