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Transmission Corporation of A.P. Vs. Ch. Prabhakar & Ors [2004] Insc 400 (26 May 2004)
Cji & G.P. Mathur
ORDER G.P.Mathur
1. This appeal by special leave has been preferred against the judgment and order dated 8.6.2001 of High Court of Andhra Pradesh by which the writ petition preferred by respondent nos. 1 to 3 was allowed and it was directed that the criminal case pending against them shall not to be transferred to the Special Tribunal and their trial shall continue in the ordinary criminal courts.
2. A flour mill being run by the writ petitioners was inspected by the staff of the Electricity Department and some others on 24.6.1999 and it was discovered that theft of electrical energy was being committed. An FIR was lodged and after investigation charge-sheet under Section 39 and 44 of Indian Electricity Act, 1910 was submitted on 6.10.1999. The learned IIIrd Metropolitan Magistrate, Hyderabad took cognizance of the offence and proceeded with the trial of the writ petitioners wherein four prosecution witnesses were examined. During the pendency of the case the State of Andhra Pradesh introduced certain amendments to Indian Electricity Act, 1910 by Act No.35 of 2000 which is known as Indian Electricity (Andhra Pradesh Amendment) Act, 2000 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Amending Act'). This Amending Act received the assent of the President of India and thereafter it was published in the Andhra Pradesh Gazette on 2.1.2000 whereunder the case against the writ petitioners stood transferred to a Special Tribunal. It was at this stage that a writ petition was filed in the High Court praying that the amendments brought in by Andhra Pradesh Legislature to the Indian Electricity Act be declared as ultra vires and a direction may be issued to transfer the criminal case from the Special Tribunal to the Court of Metropolitan Magistrate for trial in accordance with the ordinary law. The High Court disposed of the writ petition with a direction that the trial of the writ petitioner should continue before the Court of Metropolitan Magistrate. The appellant Transmission Corporation of A.P. Limited was not a party to the writ petition but it has preferred the present appeal by special leave against the judgment of the High Court.
3. In order to appreciate the controversy raised, it is necessary to reproduce the relevant provisions of Indian Electricity (Andhra Pradesh Amendment) Act, 2000 (hereinafter referred to as 'the Amendment Act') which are as under:
"2. In the Indian Electricity Act, 1910, as in force in the State of Andhra Pradesh (hereinafter referred to as the Principal Act) in Section 39:-
(i) for the words "imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years, or with fine which shall not be less than one thousand rupees, or with both", the words "imprisonment for a term which may extend to five years but which shall not be less than three months and with fine which may extend to fifty thousand rupees but which shall not be less than five thousand rupees" shall be substituted.
(ii) The following proviso shall be added namely:- "Provided that a person on his conviction for an offence punishable under this Act shall be debarred from getting any supply of energy for a period of two years."
49-C (1) For the purpose of providing for speedy trial, the State Government shall with the concurrence of the Chief Justice of the High Court, by notification in the official Gazette, specify for a District or Districts, a Court of District and Sessions Judge to be a Special Tribunal to try the offences under this Act and determine the compensation to be awarded to the Electricity utitlity where the compensation to be awarded is up to the value of rupees five lakhs;
Provided that if, in the opinion of the Special Tribunal any case brought before it is a fit case to be tried by the Special Court it may, for reasons to be recorded by it, transfer the case to the Special Court for its decision in the matter.
(2) An appeal shall lie from any judgment or order, not being interlocutory order, of the Special Tribunal, to the Special Court. Every appeal under this sub-section shall be preferred within a period of sixty days from the date of judgment or order of the special Tribunal.
Provided(omitted as not relevant)
(3) Every finding of the Special Tribunal with regard to any alleged act of theft of energy shall be conclusive proof of the fact of theft of energy and shall be binding on the person or consumer concerned.
(4) It shall be lawful for the Special Tribunal to pass an order in any case decided by it awarding compensation in terms of money for theft of energy which shall not be less than an amount equivalent to twelve months assessed quantity of the energy committed theft of at three times of tariff rate applicable to the consumer or person as per guidelines prescribed by State Government from time to time and the amount of compensation so awarded shall be recovered as if it were a decree of a civil court:
Provided that the Special Tribunal shall, before passing an order under this sub-section, give to the consumer or person an opportunity of making his representation or of adducing evidence, if any, in this regard and consider every such representation and evidence.
(5) Any case pending before any Court or other Authority immediately before the commencement of the Indian Electricity (Andhra Pradesh Amendment) Act, 2000, as would have been within the jurisdiction of a Special Tribunal shall stand transferred to the Special Tribunal, having jurisdiction as if the cause of action on which such suit or proceeding is based had arisen after such commencement.
(6) (7) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 260 or section 262 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, every offence punishable under this Act, shall be tried in a summary way by the Special Tribunal and the provisions of sections 263 to 265 of the said Code shall as far as may be apply to such trial.
49-D. (1) The State Government may, by notification in the Official Gazette, constitute a Special Court for the purpose of providing speedy enquiry into any alleged act of theft of energy and trial of cases and for awarding compensation to the Electricity Utility.
(2) A special Court shall consist of a Chairman and not less than four other members to be appointed by the Government.
(3) The Chairman shall be a person who is or has been a Judge of a High Court and of the other four members, two shall be persons who are or have been District Judges (hereinafter referred to as Judicial Members) and the other two members, shall be persons with a Degree in Electrical Engineering and who hold or have held a post not below the rank of a Chief Engineer in a State Electricity Board or its successor entities or a post not below the rank of a Chief Electrical Inspector in the State Government (hereinafter referred to as Technical Members) Provided..(omitted as not relevant) (4) .
(5) (a) Subject to the other provisions of this Act, the jurisdiction, powers and authority of the Special Court may be exercised by benches thereof, one comprising of the Chairman, a Judicial Member and a Technical Member and the other comprising of a Judicial Member and a Technical Member.
(b) Where the bench comprises of the Chairman, he shall be the Presiding Officer of such a bench and where the bench consists of two members, the Judicial Member shall be the Presiding Officer.
(c) It shall be competent for the Chairman, either suo moto or on a reference made to him to withdraw any case pending before the bench comprising of two members and dispose of the same or to transfer any case from one bench to another bench in the interest of justice.
(d) Where a case under this Act is heard by a bench consisting of two members and the members thereof are divided in opinion, the case with their opinions shall be laid before another Judicial Member or the Chairman, and that member or Chairman, as the case may be, after such hearing as he thinks fit, shall deliver his opinion, and the decision or order shall follow that opinion.
(6) .
(7) ..
(9) (i) Notwithstanding anything in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, the Special Court may follow its own procedure which shall not be inconsistent with the principles of natural justice and fair play and subject to the other provisions of this Act while deciding the amount of compensation to be awarded to the Electricity Utility.
(ii) Notwithstanding anything contained in section 260 or section 262 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, every offence punishable under this Act shall be tried in a summary way by the Special Court and the provisions of the sections 263 to 265 of the said Code shall, as far as may be apply to such trial.
(10) ..
49-E (1) The Special Court may either suo moto or on a complaint under section 50 of this Act, take cognizance of such cases arising out of any alleged act of theft of energy whether before or after the commencement of this Act, where the value of compensation to be awarded to the electricity utility concerned exceeds rupees five lakhs and pass such orders (including orders by way of interim directions) as it deems fit.
Provided..
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 or the Andhra Pradesh Civil Courts Act, 1972, any case in respect of an alleged act of theft of energy under sub-section (1) shall be triable only in the special court and the decision of the Special Court shall be final.
(4) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, it shall be lawful for the Special Court to try all offences punishable under this Act.
(7) Every finding of the Special Court with regard to any alleged act of theft of energy shall be conclusive proof of the fact of energy and of the person or consumer who committed such theft.
(9) Any case, pending before any court or other authority immediately before the constitution of a special court as would have been within the jurisdiction of such Special Court, shall stand transferred to the Special Court as if the cause of action on which such suit or proceeding is based had arisen after the constitution of the Special Court.
49-F Save as expressly provided in this Act, the provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, the Andhra Pradesh Civil Courts Act, 1972 and the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 in so far as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, shall apply to the proceedings before the Special Court and for the purposes of the provisions of the said enactments, the Special Court shall be deemed to be a Civil Court, or as the case may be, a Court of Session and shall have all the powers of a Civil Court and a Court of a Session and the person conducting a prosecution before the Special Court shall be deemed to be a Public Prosecutor.
4. Two contentions were raised before the High Court. The first contention was that the Andhra Pradesh Legislature had no legislative competence to amend the Indian Electricity Act and the second contention was that the Amending Act could not have any retrospective operation, namely it could not affect the proceedings which had already commenced and were pending before the Courts. The first contention need not detain us.
Entry 38 in the concurrent List of VIIth Schedule of the Constitution of India is 'Electricity'. Therefore Andhra Pradesh Legislature had the legislative competence to make law on the subject of electricity and to make amendments to Indian Electricity Act, 1910. The Amending Act has also received the assent of the President of India and therefore in view of Article 254 (2) of the Constitution, it shall prevail.
5. It is the second contention based upon retrospective operation of the Amending Act which requires serious consideration. The High Court has held that the Amending Act permits imposition of higher or more severe punishment; imposition of higher fine, direct payment of compensation and also provides for trial of the accused by a procedure which is less favourable and also deprives him of his right to file a criminal revision in the High Court in accordance with section 397 (1) Cr. P.C. The Special Tribunal where he may be tried may transfer the case to the Special Court and in the event of conviction by the said Special Court, there is no right of appeal.
The High Court accordingly held that the transfer and trial of the accused by the Special Tribunal at the stage when the Metropolitan Magistrate had already taken cognizance of offence and recorded statement of four witnesses would offend the guarantee enshrined in Article 20 (1) of the Constitution.
6. In order to examine the contentions raised at the Bar, it is necessary to consider the real import of the guarantee enshrined in clause (1) of Article 20 of the Constitution. The inclusion of a set of Fundamental Rights in India's Constitution had its genesis in the forces that operated in the national struggle during the British rule. With the resort by the British Executive to such arbitrary acts as internments and deportations without trial and curbs on the liberty of the Press in the early decades of this century, it became an article of faith with the leaders of the freedom movement. As the freedom struggle gathered momentum after the end of the First World War, clashes with British authorities in India became increasingly frequent and sharp and the harshness of the Executive in operating its various repressive measures strengthened the demand for a constitutional guarantee of fundamental rights. As early as 1895, the Constitution of India Bill described as Home Rule Bill by Miss Anie Besant had envisaged for India a constitution, guaranteeing to every one of her free citizen freedom of expression, inviolability of one's house, right to property, equality before the law and right to personal liberty. The Indian National Congress at its special session held in Bombay in August 1918 demanded that the new Government of India Act should include among other things, guarantees in regard to equality before the law, protection in respect of peoples life and property, freedom of speech and press, and right of association. A resolution passed at the Madras session of the Indian National Congress in 1927 categorically laid down that the basis of the future Constitution of India must be a declaration of fundamental rights. The Nehru Committee appointed by the All Party Conference in its report (1928) incorporated a provision for the enumeration of such rights recommending their adoption as part of the future Constitution of India and one of the rights recommended by it was protection in respect of punishment under ex-post facto laws. The Sub- committee on fundamental rights of the constituent assembly considered the draft proposed by its members. Sri Ambedkar's draft contained a provision - No Bill of attainder or ex-post facto law shall be passed. After considering the draft of Sri K.M. Munshi and other members, the Sub-committee made its recommendation which was adopted by the constituent assembly (See The Framing of India's Constitution "A Study" by B. Shiva Rao Chapter 7). The draft proposed by Sri Ambedkar and the Constitutional advisor Sri B.N. Rao shows that the framers of our constitution while drafting Article 20 had the provisions of U.S. Constitution in their mind.
7. Section 9 of Article 1 of U.S. Constitution as adopted on July 4, 1776 provides that no Bill of attainder or ex-post facto law shall be passed and Section 10 of the same Article lays down that no State shall pass any bill of attainder or ex-post facto law. The import of this constitutional guarantee was explained two centuries ago by U.S. Supreme Court in Calder Versus Bull 1. L.Ed. 648, which has still held the field, in the following words:
"(1) every law that makes an action done before the passing of the law, and which was innocent when done, criminal and punishes such action
(2) every law that aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was when committed
(3) every law that changes the punishment, and inflicts a greater punishment than the law annexed to the crime when committed
(4) every law that alters the legal rules of evidence, and receives less or different testimony than the law required at the time of the commission of the offence in order to convict the offender." Chief Justice Marshall's definition of an ex-post facto law in Fletcher v. Peck 3 L.Ed. 162- "One which renders an act punishable in a manner in which it was not punishable when it was committed" has been followed in many cases and jurists have said that a better or more accurate definition has not been given.
8. It will be useful to briefly notice the interpretation placed on this constitutional guarantee by U.S. Supreme Court which is as under :
(1) A Statute which punishes as a crime a previous act which was innocent when committed violates constitutional guarantee. (Calder v. L.Ed.216)
(2) Legislation which aggravates the degree of the crime resulting from an act committed prior to its passage violates the Constitutional prohibition. (Flatcher v. Peck 10 U.S. 87, 3 L.Ed. 162. Bonie v. Columbia (1964) 378 US 347, 12 L.Ed. 2d. 894)
(3) Law which imposes additional punishment to that prescribed when a criminal act was committed is ex post facto (Cummings v. Missouri 71 US 277, 18 L.Ed. 356, Lindsay v. Washington (1937) 301 US 397, 81 L.Ed 1182). The key question is whether the new law makes it possible for the accused to receive a greater punishment, even though it is possible for him to receive the same punishment under the new law, as could have been imposed under the prior law.
(4) Legislation which in relation to that offence or its consequences alters the situation of a party to his disadvantage or which eliminates, after the date of a criminal act, a defense available to the accused person at the time the act was committed violates constitutional guarantee (Kring v. Missouri 107 US 221, 271. Ed. 506, Bezell v. Ohio 269 US 167, 70 L.Ed.216).
(5) A law which alters the legal rules of evidence so as to require less proof than the law required at the time of the commission of an offence, in order to convict the accused, can amount to an ex-post facto law within the constitutional guarantee (Kring v. Missouri 107 US 221, 27 L.Ed. 506, Beazell v. Ohio 269 US 167, 70 L.Ed. 216)
(6) Constitutional prohibition does not apply to laws bringing about changes in procedure which do not alter substantial rights, even though they might in some way operate to a person's disadvantage. It does not give defendants a vested right in the remedies and methods of procedure employed in trials for crimes, provided that any statutory procedural change does not deprive the accused of a substantial right or immunity possessed at the time of the Commission of the offence charged. (Hept v. People of Utah 110 US 574, 28 L.Ed. 262; Mallet v. North Carolino 181 US 589, 45 L.Ed. 1015).
(7) A change in law that alters a substantial right can be ex-post facto even if the statute takes a seemingly procedural form (Winston v. State 118 A.L.R. 719; Miller v. Florida (1987) 482 US 423, 96 L.Ed. 2d. 351).
The above quoted view of the legal position has also been stated in 16- A Corpus Juris Secundum Paras 409, 414, 420 and in 16 American Jurisprudence 2d paras 402, 404, 407.
9. In United Kingdom the Parliament being the supreme, the Courts interpret the penal laws in a manner that they do not have ex post facto operation on the principle that Parliament would not pass retrospective criminal legislation. In Waddington v. Miah (1974) 2 All E.R. 377; while examining the provisions of section 34 (1) (a) of the Immigration Act, 1971 which lays down that the Act, as from its coming into force, shall apply in relation to entrants or others arriving in the U.K. at whatever date before or after it comes into force, Lord Reid with whom all other Law Lords agreed, observed as follows:
"I cannot see how section 34 (1)(a) can be construed as having any reference to what any entrant may have done in this country before the Act came into force. All that it does is to subject to the provisions of the Act for the future, any one who entered in the past." In R. v. Kirk (1985) 1 All E.R. 453 the Court of Justice of the European Economic Community observed as follows:
"The principle that penal provisions may not have retrospective effect is one which is common to all the legal orders of the member states and is enshrined in art.7 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Rome, 4 November 1950; TS 71 (1953); Cmd 8969) as a fundamental right; it takes its place among the general principles of law whose observance is ensured by the Court of Justice.
Consequently the retroactivity provided for in art. 6(1) of Regulation 170/83 cannot be regarded as validating ex post facto national measures which imposed criminal penalties, at the time of the conduct at issue, if those measures were not valid.
10. This shows that the principle that penal provisions may not have retroactive effect is observed by member-nations of European Economic Community of which almost all the democracies of Western Europe are members.
11. In fact it is not a new principle but is coming down from ancient times will be clear from the following passage on the topic of legislation in "Jurisprudence The Philosophy and Method of the Law" by Edger Bodenheimer (First Indian Reprint 1996) at page 327:
"Another typical feature of a legislative act, as distinguished from a judicial pronouncement, was brought out in Mr. Justice Holmes's opinion in Prentis v. Atlantic Coastline Co. As he pointed out in this opinion, while a "Judicial inquiry investigates, declares and enforces liabilities as they stand on present or past facts and under laws supposed already to exist," it is an important characteristic of legislation that it "looks to the future and changes existing conditions by making a new rule to be applied thereafter to all or some part of those subject to its power." These passages must be understood as elucidating certain normal and typical aspects of legislation rather than stating a conditio sine qua non, an essential condition, of all legislative activity. The large majority of enactments passed by legislatures take effect ex nune, that is, they are applied to situations and controversies that arise subsequent to the promulgation of the enactment. It is a fundamental requirement of fairness and justice that the relevant facts underlying a legal dispute should be judged by the law which was in existence when these facts arose and not by a law which was made post factum (after the fact) and was therefore necessarily unknown to the parties when the transactions or events giving rise to the dispute occurred. The Greeks frowned upon ex post facto laws, laws which are applied retrospectively to past-fact situations The Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian proclaimed a strong presumption against the retrospective application of laws Bracton introduced the principle into English law Coke and Blackstone gave currency to it , and the principle is recognised today in England as a basic rule of statutory construction. In the United States, ex post facto laws in criminal cases and retrospective state laws impairing the obligation of contracts are expressly forbidden by the terms of the federal Constitution; in other types of situations, a retroactive legislative infringement of vested rights may present a problem of constitutional validity under the due process clause of the Constitution." Article 11(2) of the Declaration of Human Rights of the United Nations lays down as under:
"No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed." Article 7 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms reads as under:
"(1) No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence under national or international law at the time when it was committed, nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the criminal offence was committed.
(2) This Article shall not prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles of law recognised by civilised nations."
12. India is a member of the United Nations Organization and is also a signatory to the aforesaid Conventions. In Peoples Union for Civil Liberty v. Union of India (1997)1 SCC 301 the Court recognised the principle that it is almost an accepted proposition of law that rules of customary international Law, shall be deemed to be incorporated in the domestic law. For holding this the Court relied upon the observation made by Sikri, C.J. in Keshava Nanda Bharati (1973) 4 SCC 225 (at page 333) that in view of Article 51 of the directive principles the Court must interpret the language of the constitution if not intractible in the light of the United Nation Charter and the solemn declaration subscribed to by India. The court also took notice of similar observation made by Khanna, J. in A.D.M. Jabalpur (1976) 2 SCC 521 (at page 754) that if two constructions of the Municipal Law are possible, the court should lean in favour of adopting such construction as would make the provisions of the Municipal Law to be in harmony with international law or treaty obligations. Applying this principle Article 21 of the Constitution was interpreted in conformity with the International Law.
On the same analogy Article 20 may have to be interpreted in conformity with United Nations Charter and Conventions.
13. A literal interpretation of sub-clause (1) of Article 20 would mean that the protection available is only against conviction for an act or omission which was not an offence under the law in force when the same was committed and against infliction of a greater penalty than what was provided under the law in force when the offence was committed. Constitution being a living organic document needs to be construed in a broad and liberal sense.
A construction most beneficial to the widest possible amplitude of its powers may have to be adopted. Of all the instruments, the constitution has the greatest claim to be construed broadly and liberally (See M/s. Good Year India Ltd. v. State of Haryana AIR 1990 SC 781 at 791 and Synthetics and Chemicals Ltd. v. State of U.P. AIR 1990 SC 1927 at 195). The following observation of Vivian Bose, J. in State of West Bengal v. Anwar Ali Sarkar, AIR 1952 SC 75 (pgs. 85 and 86) though given immediately after enforcement of the Constitution has become more relevant now.
"I find it impossible to read these portions of the Constitution without regard to the background out of which they arose. I cannot blot out their history and omit from consideration the brooding spirit of the times. They are not just dull lifeless words static and hinebound as in some mummified manuscript, but living flames intended to give life to great nation and order its being, tongues of dynamic fire potent to mould the future as well as guide the present. The constitution must, in my judgment, be left elastic enough to meet from time to time the altering conditions of a changing world with its shifting emphasis and differing needs..
Doing that, what is the history of these provisions? They arose out of the fight for freedom in this land and are but the endeavour to compress into a few pregnant phrases some of the main attributes of the sovereign democratic republic as seen through Indian eyes. There was present to the collective mind of the Constituent Assembly, reflecting the mood of the peoples of India, the memory of grim trials by hastily constituted tribunals with novel forms of procedure set forth in Ordinance promulgated in haste because of what was then felt to be the urgent necessities of the moment.
14. Concerned as it is with the liberty of a person a liberal construction has to be given to the language used in clause (1) of Article 20 and not a narrow one . The interpretation given to Section 9 of Article 1 of American Constitution by U.S. Supreme Court may also be kept in mind for the purpose of understanding the true content and scope of guarantee enshrined in sub-clause (1) of Article 20 of Constitution of India.
15. Whether constitutional guarantee enshrined in clause (1) of Article 20 is confined only to prohibition against conviction for any offence except for violation of law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offence and subjection to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of commission of offence or it also prohibits legislation which aggravates the degree of crime or makes it possible for the accused to receive greater punishment even though it is also possible for him to receive the same punishment under the new law as could have been imposed under the prior law or deprives the accused of any substantial right or immunity possessed at the time of the commission of the offence charged is a moot point to be debated.
16. The effect of the Amending Act on the right of the accused to prefer an appeal or revision against an order of conviction may be examined first.
Normally in view of Section 49-C (1) the offences under the Act where the compensation to be awarded is upto the value of Rs. Five lakhs have to be tried by the Special Tribunal which is a Court of District and Sessions Judge. The Special Tribunal may, if it is of the opinion that it is a fit case to be tried by the Special Court and for reasons to be recorded, transfer the case to the Special Court. Sub-section (2) of Section 49-C provides for an appeal against any judgment or order, not being an interlocutory order of the Special Tribunal, to the Special Court. Sub- section (2) of section 49-E attaches finality to the decision of the Special Court where the case is of the nature mentioned in Sub-section (1).
Section 49-F lays down that the provisions of Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, in so far as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of the Amending Act shall apply to the proceedings before the Special Court and for the purpose of provisions of the said enactment the Special Court shall be deemed to be a Court of Session and have all the powers of Court of Session. Section 374 (2) of the Code gives a right to a person convicted on a trial held by a Sessions Judge to prefer an appeal to the High Court and in view of Section 26 (a)(ii) of the Code the Court of Sessions means a Sessions Judge. Therefore it follows that except for such category of cases which are covered by section 49-E (2) of the Amending Act, there would be a right of appeal to the High Court against a conviction recorded by the Special Court. Similarly in a case where conviction has been recorded by the Special Tribunal and the appeal has been heard by the Special Court under sub-section (2) of section 49-C, a revision would lie to the High Court under section 401 of the Code.
17. The prescription of summary procedure for trial of offences has been seriously challenged. Sub-section (7) of Section 49-C provides that notwithstanding anything contained in sections 260 or 262 of the Code of Criminal Procedure the trial of every offence under the Act is to be done in a summary way and the provisions of sections 263 to 265 of the Code shall, as far as may be, apply to such trials. Chapter XXI of the Code of Criminal Procedure deals with summary trials. In view of the mandate of clause (i) of sub-section (1) of section 260 of the Code an offence which is punishable with a sentence exceeding two years cannot be tried in a summary way.
Similarly, in view of sub-section (2) of section 262 of the Code a sentence of imprisonment for a term exceeding three months cannot be passed in a summary trial. In fact sub-section (2) of section 260 of the Code provides that when in the course of summary trial it appears to the Magistrate that the nature of the case is such that it is undesirable to try it summarily, the Magistrate shall recall any witness who may have already been examined and proceed to rehear the case in the manner provided by the Code. A Magistrate, while trying a case summarily, is required to record only the substance of the evidence and a brief statement of reasons for the finding has to be mentioned in the judgment in view of Section 264 of the Code. In summary trials, there is a clear departure from the procedure prescribed for trial of other category of cases as they are primarily meant for petty or small cases where a sentence exceeding three months cannot be imposed. But Section 2 of the Amending Act by which section 39 of the Electricity Act, 1910 has been amended has enhanced the sentence which may extend to five years R.I. but shall not be less than three months and a fine which may extend to Rs.50,000/- but shall not be less than Rs.5,000/-. The proviso imposes a further disability upon the person convicted in the sense that he shall be debarred from getting supply of energy for a period of two years.
The trial of all such cases is now mandatorily to be conducted as a summary trial and provisions of sections 263 to 265 of Code of Criminal Procedure alone have been made applicable. The provision of section 354 of the Code relating to language and content of judgment where the Court has to mention the point or points for determination, the decision thereon and the reasons for the decision, is in sharp contrast to section 264 of the Code. If the complete statement of witnesses is not recorded in the manner deposed to by the witnesses and only a substance of the evidence is recorded the appellate court will not be in a position to weigh the evidence properly and come to an independent conclusion. These provisions where summary trial has been provided, therefore, cause serious prejudice and substantial injury to the accused.
18. The main problem will arise where the Special Court itself tries the case of the type described in sub-section (1) of section 49-E of the Amended Act in view of the bar created by sub-section (2) of the said section whereby finality is attached to the decision of the Special Court. The appeal is the right of entering a superior Court and invoking its aid and interposition to redress an error of the court below. Though procedure does surround an appeal the central idea is a right. The right of appeal has been recognised by judicial decisions as a right which vests in a suitor at the time of institution of original proceedings. S.R. Das, CJ. in Garikapati v. Subbiah Choudhary AIR 1957 SC 540, following the decision of the Privy Council in Colonial Sugar Refining Company v. Irving 1905 AC 369 and on a review of earlier authorities deduced the following five propositions regarding an appeal, viz.
- (i) The legal pursuit of a remedy, suit, appeal and second appeal are really but steps in a series of proceedings all connected by an intrinsic unity and are to be regarded as one legal proceeding;
(ii) the right of appeal is not a mere matter of procedure but is a substantive right;
(iii) the institution of the suit carries with it the implication that all rights of appeal then in force are preserved to the parties thereto till the rest of the carrier of the suit;
(iv) the right of appeal is a vested right and such a right to enter the superior court accrues to the litigant and exists as on and from the date the lis commences and although it may be actually exercised when the adverse judgment is pronounced, such right is to be governed by the law prevailing at the date of the institution of the suit or proceeding and not by the law that prevails at the date of its decision or at the date of filing of appeal;
(v) this vested right of appeal can be taken away only by a subsequent enactment if it so provides expressly or by necessary intendment and not otherwise.
Therefore if the right of appeal is a substantive right which is really a step in series of proceedings all connected by an intrinsic unity and is to be regarded as one legal proceeding and further being a vested right such a right to enter the superior court accrues to the litigant and exists as on and from the date the lis commences then sub-section (2) of Section 49-E insofar as it makes the decisions of the Special Court final and also makes no provision of appeal clearly causes prejudice and substantial injury to the accused.
19. Shri Shanti Bhushan learned senior counsel for the appellant has submitted that the mere fact that a right of appeal is taken away does not mean that an accused is rendered remediless, as he can always challenge the decision of the Special Court by preferring a writ petition under Article 226 of the Constitution before the High Court. In our opinion the contention raised is wholly misconceived. In proceedings under Article 226, the High Court cannot sit as a court of appeal over the findings recorded by the Special Court to reappreciate the evidence for itself or to correct an error of fact (not going to jurisdiction) however apparent it might be on the ground that the evidence on which it was based was not satisfactory or sufficient, particularly when the finding of the Special Court is final under the Statute.
The High Court cannot interfere with the findings of fact based on evidence and substitute its own independent findings. The only inquiry which the High Court can make under Article 226 is whether there was any evidence at all, which if believed, would sustain the charge before the Special Court or the finding arrived at by it or whether the Special Court acted upon irrelevant considerations neglecting to take account of relevant factors or whether the decision is so unreasonable that no reasonable person would have made such a decision. The proceedings under Article 226 are not a substitute for an appeal. More so, as under section 386 of the Code there is no embargo on the power of the appellate court. In an appeal from a conviction it may reverse the finding and sentence and acquit or discharge the accused or order him to be re-tried by a court of competent jurisdiction.
The conferment of power of review upon the Special Court under Section 49-G is again no substitute for an appeal as such a power is circumscribed by the language used in this section and can be granted on a very limited grounds. Therefore, sub-section (2) of section 49-E of the Amending Act causes prejudice and serious injury to the accused.
20. The High Court in the impugned judgment has held that though in view of language used in sub-section (5) of section 49-C all pending cases may be transferred, but no right of appeal or revision can be taken away, nor an accused can be deprived of a better procedure in view of the provisions of Articles 20 and 21 of the Constitution. Accordingly it held that sub-section (5) of section 49-C should be read down whereunder pending cases of the nature before the Metropolitan Court cannot be transferred to the Special Tribunal and the writ petitioner should be tried in the regular criminal Courts in terms of the provisions of Code of Criminal Procedure.
21. However, as the interpretation of Article 20 as to its scope and ambit is involved in these proceedings, we refer the question formulated in para 15 of this order to a larger bench for consideration.


text:
Playing the Carbon Game: A Study of Climate Change Impacts and Responses at Organisations Managing Major Australian Sport Stadia
Dingle_2014_Playing the Carbon Game_PhD_Thesis_MAY_2015_FINAL with revisions.pdf (2MB)
Dingle, Greg (2015) Playing the Carbon Game: A Study of Climate Change Impacts and Responses at Organisations Managing Major Australian Sport Stadia. PhD thesis, Victoria University.
This study aimed to answer three research questions: (1) What, if any, issues are posed by the phenomenon of anthropogenic climate change for major Australian sport stadia (MASS) and the organisations that manage them?; (2) How are the organisations that manage major Australian sport stadia responding to climate change?, and; (3) Why are the organisations that manage major Australian sport stadia responding to climate change in the way they do? Although previous management and sport management research have examined a range of environmental and some climate change issues, there has not been a study of the implications of climate change for major sport stadia – or the organisations that manage them – in Australia, or overseas. Although some management studies have identified climate change specifically as an important problem, little attention has been paid to its physical impacts on sport, and none have considered potential impacts on major sport stadia, or the regulatory and commercial impacts on the organisations that manage them. Equally, few previous studies have examined how sport organisations interpret climate change, contribute to it by way of the direct or indirect generation of greenhouse gas emissions, or respond to its various impacts.
Historical > FOR Classification > 1504 Services
Current > Division/Research > College of Sports and Exercise Science
Keywords sports stadiums, environmental impact, sport organisations, sport management, greenhouse gasses, water, energy, waste, MASS, Australia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
UND Nickname
Indian nicknames in the news
By jimdahl, February 12, 2013 in UND Nickname
MafiaMan
Location:Barrington RI
That's pretty much it, darell. Now, if you'll excuse me, I have to go check my fingernails and make sure they're properly trimmed.
Shawn-O
Location:Grand Forks, ND
21 hours ago, SIOUXFAN97 said:
wait til bernie becomes boss.
You might be waiting for a very long time.
16 minutes ago, Goon said:
free everything appeals to a lot of people nowadays.
Oxbow6
Location:Putting for birdie on 18
39 minutes ago, SIOUXFAN97 said:
What's mine is mine and what's yours is mine is the growing mentality in our society today.
12 minutes ago, Oxbow6 said:
Thou shalt not covet, even if it's for poor people, should be in campaigns. Robin Hood was covetous. Granted, wealthy people should given freely to help others, but it shouldn't be mandated.
4 hours ago, Oxbow6 said:
Hey, that reminds me, have you sent me that check yet? You're paying for 20 mystery raffle tickets for my kids.
UNDBIZ
On 4/29/2019 at 3:03 PM, Oxbow6 said:
Paging UNDBIZ................
Back on topic and off politics please and thank you.
The three finalists for Long Beach St new nickname are:
The Beach (technically not a mascot)
https://www.presstelegram.com/2019/05/01/cal-state-long-beach-students-next-to-vote-on-finalists-for-next-mascot/
On 5/2/2019 at 4:09 PM, SiouxVolley said:
Sharks is the new nickname for LBSU, gaining 53% of votes.
http://news.sportslogos.net/2019/05/12/long-beach-state-selects-sharks-as-new-mascot/
not sure if i read this right bu long island university is dropping blackbirds......because it's racist?
NoiseInsideMyHead
1 hour ago, SiouxVolley said:
"That's the right choice, mate." -- Steve Irwin, probably.
Siouxphan27
Two campuses merging that had their own identities- one blackbirds and one pioneers, so they are choosing a new name together.
https://nypost.com/2019/05/05/liu-alums-not-happy-school-is-saying-goodbye-to-blackbirds/
ScottM
I'm surprised they lasted this long ...
Fargo has Blackbird Pizza and Black Coffee and Waffle Bar. So when do the "racist" protests start downtown? And how does one now order just a "black" coffee? Or will everyone be required to order cream in their coffee.........................or will be adding cream to one's coffee be consider "white privilege"?
It's all very confusing..................................
Fargo has Blackbird Pizza and Black Coffee and Waffle Bar. So when do the "racist" protest start downtown? And how does one now order just a "black" coffee? Or will everyone be required to order cream in their coffee.........................or will be adding cream to one's coffee be consider "white privilege"?
It's all vey confusing..................................
the last time I was in a bar I ended up ordering a Former Soviet Republic of African descent on the rocks.
JohnboyND7
Location:Flawwwwda
On 4/29/2019 at 9:16 AM, The Sicatoka said:
If the old UND moniker had to go, and now Long Beach State's 49ers are gone, how long before the progressives march on South Bend.
Only thing offensive in South Bend is the lack of titles in the last 30 years.
KoolGuy2K
It continues. State of Maine bans all Native American mascots
https://www.foxnews.com/politics/maine-bans-native-american-mascots-in-all-state-schools
Siouxperfan7
This is the new norm in this country. Even if we had gotten tribal approval from Standing Rock and were able to keep the Sioux name, I can't imagine what the SJW outcry to retire the name now would be. There will be a time when FSU will get rid of the Seminoles and the Washington Redskins will be known as something else. That time is coming. As much as I wanted to keep the Sioux name, it is refreshing that UND does not have to deal with the issue anymore.
CarpeRemote
24 minutes ago, Siouxperfan7 said:
In 30 yrs NA's will be demanding public schools take tribal names. I too wanted to keep Sioux but I was wrong, the school deserved better.
petey23
On 5/16/2019 at 10:19 AM, Oxbow6 said:
It is to the point where the libs need to carry around a Venn Diagram to know what they are supposed to be offended by these days and an Intersectionality Flowchart to map out the proper response(call a Soros group, protest, boycott, or just Virtue signaling on social media). Maybe they should set up a hotline to call 1-800-offended
1 hour ago, Siouxperfan7 said:
Don't forget even if we got permission from Standing Rock and was the Sioux for another 5, 10, 20 years at any point they objected we would've had to change the name as per Stenjeum's settlement.
The Sicatoka
21 hours ago, Siouxperfan7 said:
This is the new norm in this country. ... There will be a time when FSU will get rid of the Seminoles and the Washington Redskins will be known as something else. That time is coming.
On 5/17/2019 at 10:04 AM, Siouxperfan7 said:
This is the new norm in this country. There will be a time when FSU will get rid of the Seminoles and the Washington Redskins will be known as something else. That time is coming.
3 hours ago, The Sicatoka said:
Roughriders would not have lasted.
51 minutes ago, Siouxphan27 said:
The way the world is headed, you're not wrong.


text:
Cédric Agrain (born 28 March 1985) is a French professional footballer who currently plays as a striker for Championnat National 3 club Trélissac FC.

Career
He played on the professional level in Ligue 2 for LB Châteauroux and Clermont Foot.

References

1985 births
Living people
French footballers
Ligue 2 players
LB Châteauroux players
Clermont Foot players
USJA Carquefou players
Trélissac FC players
Association football forwards
People from Le Puy-en-Velay
Sportspeople from Haute-Loire
Footballers from Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
21st-century French people

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: JSON Response returning numbers, not actual data I'm working on a swift app that interacts with the Shopify API. When I view the API endpoint in a browser, I see the actual data. Whenever I make the same request with Swift (using Alamofire to make HTTP requests), nothing but a series of numbers are returned like this:
  7b226375 73746f6d 5f636f6c 6c656374 696f6e73 223a5b7b 22626f64 795f6874 6d6c223a 22222c22 68616e64 6c65223a 22616363 6573736f 72696573 222c2269 64223a34 37303136 30322c22 7075626c 69736865 645f6174 223a2232 3031332d 31312d30 38543135 3a32393a 30302d30 383a3030 222c2270 75626c69 73686564 5f73636f 7065223a 22676c6f 62616c22 2c22736f 72745f6f 72646572 223a226d 616e7561 6c222c22 74656d70 6c617465 5f737566 66697822 3a22222c 22746974 6c65223a 22416363 6573736f 72696573 222c2275 70646174 65645f61 74223a22 32303135 2d30372d 30335430 383a3332 3a30332d 30373a30 30227d2c 7b22626f 64795f68 746d6c22 3a22222c 2268616e 646c6522 3a226265 616e6965 73222c22 6964223a 31313238 39383331 2c227075 626c6973 6865645f 6174223a 22323031 332d3131 2d303854 31353a32 343a3030 2d30383a 3030222c 22707562 6c697368 65645f73 636f7065 223a2267 6c6f6261 6c222c22 736f7274 5f6f7264 6572223a 226d616e 75616c22 2c227465 6d706c61 74655f73 75666669 78223a22 222c2274

The data on this endpoint looks like this in a browser:
{"custom_collections":[{"body_html":"","handle":"accessories","id":4701602,"published_at":"2013-11-08T15:29:00-08:00","published_scope":"global","sort_order":"manual","template_suffix":"","title":"Accessories","updated_at":"2015-07-03T08:32:03-07:00"},

A: Per the README: to get JSON data from Alamofire, use the responseJSON method:
Alamofire.request(...)
         .responseJSON() { request, response, jsonData, error in
              println("json data: \(jsonData)")
         }

A: the "series of numbers" is the NSData (byte) representation of the JSON string
7b is {
22 is "
63 is c

etc.
you can use NSJSONSerialization to convert it to Dictionary/Array structures or NSString(data : NSData) to get the string representation

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


[/caption] Over the next few weeks, skywatchers will have excellent viewing opportunities for the NanoSail-D solar sail. The satellite is coming to the end of its 95-day mission to test the viability of de-orbiting decommissioned satellites or space debris. NanoSail-D is now de-orbiting and slowly losing altitude in the Earths thin upper atmosphere. As the … Continue reading "Last & Best Chances to See NanoSail-D"


Yesterday we posted a blog about how Caitlin Young's science project has spawned a renewed interest in blue baits among some anglers.
It was noted that several practitioners of Midwest finesse tactics have joined this contagion. These finesse anglers want to see if Young's conclusions about the effectiveness of blue baits for alluring channel catfish apply to black bass.
Thus from Groundhog Day until New Year's Eve, these anglers will use a variety of blue finesse baits as they pursue largemouth, smallmouth and spotted bass that inhabit some of the small flatland reservoirs that grace northeastern Kansas.
I am part of this group of blue-finesse-bait testers. Yesterday, I was afloat from 10:15 a.m to 2:45 p.m., working with several combinations of blue baits at a 195-acre flatland reservoir in northeastern Kansas. It was an auspicious start.
For about 40 minutes of this outing, I worked with an underwater camera, searching patches of emerging curly-leaf pondweed and other types of aquatic vegetation. So, I fished for about three hours and 50 minutes.
About 52% of the casts and retrieves were made with five baits that exhibited various hues of blue. Four of them were soft-plastic baits affixed to a blue 1/16-ounce Gopher Tackle Original Mushroom Jig Head. One bait was a blue-gray-and-chrome jerkbait.
For 48% of the time, I used three lures that weren't blue. Two of those were green-pumpkin soft-plastic baits affixed to a chartreuse 1/16-ounce Gopher jig, and one was a watermelon-red-flake soft-plastic bait on a red 1/32-ounce Gopher jig.
By the time I made my last cast and retrieve at 2:45 p.m., I had landed 51 largemouth bass and one channel catfish. I failed to land eight largemouth bass. I garnered 14 strikes that didn't hook a fish.
Most of the fish were small, but one largemouth bass weighed four pounds, nine ounces. That lunker was allured by a green-pumpkin Z-Man Finesse ShadZ on a 1/16-ounce chartreuse Gopher jig, and that bait also inveigled the channel catfish.
Thirty-three of the bass were caught on blue baits, and 28 of those 33 bass were caught on a purple-haze 2 1/2" Z-Man ZinkerZ affixed to a blue 1/16-ounce Gopher. That same ZinkerZ also accounted for 15 of the 22 missed strikes and lost bass that I encountered. The ZinkerZ and jig that caught those 28 bass is featured in the photograph below.
The jerkbait failed to elicit a strike.
The surface temperature ranged from 40 degrees to 42 degrees. All of the bass and channel catfish were inhabiting a mud flat in the back of a cove. This flat was bespangled with patches of emerging curly-leaf pondweed. For about an hour, a significant number of gizzard shad dimpled the surface of this mud flat. All of the bass, as well as the channel catfish, were caught in four to five feet of water.


This year —for the first time— PTF will exhibit at the subcontracting fair "Z" in Leipzig, Germany from March 1 until March 4, 2011. Regional customers have the possibility to inform themselves about PTF and its services directly on-site at PTF's exhibition booth.
New technologies allow PTF to provide an improved support in all mechanical areas of the precision manufacturing, assembly and construction for complex customer projects.
Visit PTF in hall 5 at booth A30.
The Z is an international trade fair for parts, components, modules and technologies with an exhibition focus on subcontracting for the automobile and vehicle industry, manufacturing, machine construction and tool manufacturing and other industrial sectors. The Z has been held in Leipzig every year since 2000.


To improve the understanding of thermodynamics concepts and their importance to the issues of mankind; offer the trainee with experience in using thermodynamic concepts to forecast physical phenomena and to resolve engineering issues. A methodical treatment of chemical thermodynamics from an advanced point of view. In the very first part we go over combustion principles, consisting of thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, preservation formulas, and application of these concepts to fix easy flames and responding circulations. Advanced Thermodynamics for Engineers, an initial study of thermodynamics, uses an extension of the initial theory of energy analysis. In this course, we will provide both the basics and application of fundamental and more advanced ideas in the field of thermodynamics. The approaches of visualization of exergy/ entropy losses will be gone over and used to cycles such as the ORCvAdvanced Engineering Thermodynamics bridges the space in between engineering applications and the 2nd and very first laws of thermodynamics.
Basic laws of thermodynamics and their application to thermal systems; second-law analysis, and the idea of exergy and its effectiveness in enhancing thermal systems; intro to chemical thermodynamics, and stage and chemical balance; thermodynamics of combustion systems, heat transfer connected with combustion responses, and stability structure of the items of combustion. We will quickly go over balance thermodynamic basics. From there, we will analyze some formula of state designs and examine their usage with speculative information for pure part systems and mixes.
Basic laws of thermodynamics; applications of schedule and exergy ideas; intro to chemical thermodynamics, and stage and chemical balance; thermodynamics of combustion systems.
An organized treatment of chemical thermodynamics from an advanced perspective. It checks out the stability residential or commercial properties of chemical systems under a wide variety of applications and conditions to issues of a chemical engineering nature, with a focus on reactive systems and multicomponent mixes.
Chemical kinetics and thermodynamics - flame temperature levels, Gibbs totally free energy and stability, chemical kinetics, combustion systems of typical fuels. Governing formulas - mass, momentum, types and energy preservation for idealized reactors and streamlined responding circulations. Flames - theoretical analyses of laminar flames, premixed flame (flame speed, quenching, flame stabilization), diffusion jet flame (flame geometry, saved scalar, soot development). Reciprocating engines - engine cycle analysis, rough combustion in trigger ignition and diesel motor, cylinder-pressure analysis, toxin development and emission control, alternative power-trains and fuels.
Having actually finished this subject the trainee is anticipated to be able to:. Analyse the balance and kinetics of combustion of various fuels. Usage computer system software application to fix combustion kinetics and flame structures with comprehensive response systems. Use the basic concepts of thermodynamics to many engineering gadgets. Utilize a systems approach to streamline an intricate problemThis topic is an intro to combustion theory and applications. In the very first part we talk about combustion principles, consisting of thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, preservation formulas, and application of these concepts to resolve basic flames and responding circulations. In the 2nd part we go over combustion engines and the combustion phenomena in spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines.
- Flames - theoretical analyses of laminar flames, premixed flame (flame speed, quenching, flame stabilization), diffusion jet flame (flame geometry, saved scalar, soot development).
- Governing formulas - mass, momentum, types and energy preservation for idealized reactors and streamlined responding circulations.
- Chemical kinetics and thermodynamics - flame temperature levels, Gibbs complimentary energy and balance, chemical kinetics, combustion systems of typical fuels.
- Reciprocating engines - engine cycle analysis, unstable combustion in stimulate ignition and diesel motor, cylinder-pressure analysis, contaminant development and emission control, alternative power-trains and fuels.
- Microscopic view of thermodynamics: possibility and data of independent occasions, thermodynamic likelihoods and the majority of likely thermodynamic circulations, molecular structure and partition function, Ensemble of microstates explaining macroscopic habits, with perfect gas as an example, Macroscopic descriptions of thermodynamic stability and stability states, Reversible procedures, Heat and Work interactions, Mixtures of pure compounds and chemical stage, stability and balance shifts, Irreversible thermodynamics, Onsager reciprocity relations and thermo-electric results, Kinetic theory of gases.
Evaluations of the very first, 3rd and 2nd laws of thermodynamics. Chemical responses, combustion and fuel cells. Chemical and multiphase balances. Advanced Thermodynamics for Engineers, an initial study of thermodynamics, uses an extension of the initial theory of energy analysis. Understanding on stability thermodynamics is of essential significance for the style, operation, and optimization of procedures in market. In this course, we will provide both the basics and application of standard and more advanced principles in the field of thermodynamics. The techniques of visualization of exergy/ entropy losses will be talked about and used to cycles such as the ORCvAdvanced Engineering Thermodynamics bridges the space in between engineering applications and the 2nd and very first laws of thermodynamics. This useful method explains real-world applications of thermodynamics ideas, consisting of solar energy, refrigeration, air conditioning, thermofluid style, chemical style, constructal style, and more. This brand-new 4th edition has actually been upgraded and broadened to consist of existing advancements in energy storage, dispersed energy systems, entropy reduction, and commercial applications, connecting brand-new innovations in sustainability to essential thermodynamics principles. The growing need for sustainability and energy performance has actually shined a spotlight on the real-world applications of thermodynamics. This book assists future engineers make the essential connections, and establish a clear understanding of this complex topic.
- Integrate thermodynamics principles into sustainability style and policy.
- Work issues straight appropriate to engineering fields.
- Delve deeper into the engineering applications of thermodynamics.
- Understand the thermodynamics of emerging energy innovations.


text:
'Need to celebrate Science Festival in every city, village'
Science blended with creative innovation can bring 'ease of living' for thecommon man
(For representation)
Science is not only a subject of research, but has assumed the dimensions of festivity and there is a need for celebrating Science Festival in every city and village of India to inspire the youth in critical thinking, Union minister Jitendra SIngh said on Sunday.
Speaking at the curtain raiser event here for the seventh edition of India International Science Festival (IISF- 2021), the Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) Science & Technology said science blended with creative innovation can bring "ease of living" for common man.
Singh said the theme of IISF 2021 is 'Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav' Celebrating Creativity, Science, Technology and Innovation for a prosperous India. He said this year 12 programmes will be conducted in this mega event based on the theme.
"Science is not only a subject of research, but has assumed the dimensions of festivity and there is a need for celebrating Science Festival in every city and village of India to inspire the youth in critical thinking," he said.
India is celebrating the 75th year of its Independence and it is time to lay down the road map for the next 25 years before independent India turns 100, Singh said.
"It is a proud privilege and opportunity for the youth of India today to be able to contribute to the making of the country when it turns 100 in 2047 and stands as a frontline nation in the world community," he said.
The minister informed that the IISF will provide a platform to young students, scientists and technocrats from across India for exchange of knowledge and ideas and also supporting flagship programmes like 'Swach Bharat Abhiyan', Swasth Bharat Abhiyan 'Make in India', 'Digital India', 'Smart Villages', 'Smart Cities' ' Namami Gange', 'Unnath Bharat Abhiyan' initiated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in the last seven years.
The main aim of the Science Festival is to bring into use the innovations by the people and develop technology that is affordable to the masses, he noted.
The India International Science festival (IISF- 2021) will be held at Panaji, Goa from December 10 to 13, 2021.
Australia reports 3rd case of omicron COVID-19 variant
Bengaluru: Two travellers from South Africa infected with Delta variant
It was never about numbers but about creativity: Abhay Deol on his career choices
Kanpur Test: Somerville, Latham hold the fort as India go wicketless by lunch
With China at crossroads, Xi Jinping is relying more on his ideology czar—Wang Huning
Union Minister Smriti Irani makes her writing debut with a crime thriller
Christian Eriksen's cardiac arrest shows risks faced by overworking athletes
Equity surge


A Councillor Information Seminar Workshop was held in Orange and I believe this is an important part of being a Councillor. Keeping up to date with the role as Councillor is important and can provide you with much needed information when dealing with others.
The purpose of the workshop was to allow Councillors an understanding of the complexities of the Councillor role. Support high performance in the role. Identify key challenges. Understand the opportunity for interaction, ideas exchange and sharing of experience. Provision of reference guides.
I attended the afternoon event and always walk away from these things with the knowledge that I am on the mark in thinking, behaviour and work ethics.
I look forward to more of this type of learning and understand the importance to stay up to date with the code of conduct, meeting procedures and the Councillor role.


Mondays Finish the Story is inspired by two flash fiction sites that I write for. One is Friday Fictioneers hosted by Rochelle Wisoff-Fields. The other site is Sunday Photo Fiction hosted by Alastair Forbes. Both of these sites ask you to come up with a story to match the featured photo.
What I want to do, and hope that you will be inspired to help me make this happen, is this: I will provide a photo and the first line of a story and you get to finish it! The word limit on finishing the story is between 100-150 words, not including the opening sentence. Share your story with others by clicking on the InLinx blue fellow that you will find in the weekly challenge post!
Your story must include a beginning, middle and end. Please include the photo with your story, and kindly include the copyright of the photograph.
I hope that you enjoy all the stories that you will experience through this challenge! And, thank you for helping to make this dream come true!
Yolanda and Barbara have posted a photo with the lead sentence being "From her small balcony, the witch watched the world go by" I hope someone stops by!
I posted the blue frog, but may have blown it all! Anyway, my own story about Luigi is up. I hope it is enjoyed by all of the Blue Frog.
Thanks for dropping by my page and reading my story! I didn't realize from your handle that you are the same person who hosts Mondays Finish The Story! Thank you so much for hosting, and giving us another wonderful place to be creative!
You are welcome! I am glad that you have fun with the MFtS. I too enjoy Rochelle's blog.
Yes – I hope to surprise you…hahaha.
Thank you so much – I'm glad you liked it, even though it is strange.
I posted it – I hope I linked it correctly, if I didn't, please let me know. Thank you.
It is out there on the MFtS website, so you got it right! If you click on the blue guy on the weekly post, you can add your story there too. That will bring more traffic to you as a lot of the folks who write get to your story through the inlinx page.
Ok, thank you very much. I clicked on the blue guy before and got lost. I will try again.
I hope that you will take a moment to join in! Thanks!


The Wireless Internet Service Providers Association (WISPA) is holding its WISPAMERICA '19 this week at the Duke Energy Center in Cincinnati.
More than 2,000 WISPs dot the U.S. landscape, providing fixed wireless, high-speed broadband services to more than four million Americans, many of whom reside in rural and remote areas of the country. The majority of WISPS are small businesses with fewer than 1,500 subscribers, having built their networks with their own capital, not federal subsidies.
WISPAMERICA '19 features more than 50 interactive sessions, including those covering technical training, business strategies, sales and marketing, human resources and regulatory updates, among others. In addition to this, the event has over 100 exhibitors, showcasing a wide array of products and services from wireless gear to fiber-optics, tower infrastructure, software, cloud services, VoIP solutions, financing, insurance, mapping services and more.
The annual convention provides important tools to keep WISPA members up to date in the rapidly evolving world of fixed wireless communications. Attendees will hear from policy experts – such as WISPA president, Claude Aiken, and newly hired vice president of government relations, Christina Mason – regarding recent developments on Capitol Hill, which affect the wireless industry.


Bet Aviv, as part of its efforts to continually foster a caring community, has created a program that provides support, solace and hope to Bet Aviv congregants during times of illness, suffering, loss, and grief. Congregants are encouraged to contact Rabbi Bernstein at rabbi@betaviv.org if there is a need/illness in their family, or if they know of a Bet Aviv member who is in need of this type of support.
support for ill or aging members by sending notes or visiting them at home or in the hospital.
The Caring Committee is composed of four subcommittees.
1. The Bereavement Committee works cooperatively with the Shiva Chairperson provide help to the family in setting up shiva, staying at the home of the bereaved during the funeral to wait for food delivery, and assisting in the clean-up after shiva.
2. The Cooking/Delivering Meals Committee works with the family to determine if meals are needed for the person in need and coordinates efforts among friends, family, and volunteers to provide a meal(s) as needed.
3. The Cards and Gifts Committee sends notes to ill and bereaved members on behalf of the congregation. Occasionally, gifts are sent to those suffering from long-term illnesses.
4. The Home/Hospital Visit Committee will coordinate with the family to schedule a visit(s) with the person in need.
Acts of loving kindness and compassion CHESED Making the world a better place for all.
In addition to the Bet Aviv Caring Committee, there are additional resources in Howard County for those members in need. There is a very helpful website called the Maryland Access Point for Senior Assistance and Information (formerly the Office on Aging) that provides a list of resources available for Maryland citizens in need. Click here to learn more. The Maryland Access point office is located at 6751 Columbia Gateway Drive, 2nd Floor, Columbia, MD, 21046. They are open Monday-Friday from 8:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. and can be reached at 410-313-5980 or 410-313-6410.


text:
News & Events In the Media, News
(The Body) ICAP session on HIV and aging in "Overview of AIDS 2018"
Aug 29, 2018 | In the Media, News
With an ever-increasing number of people living with HIV who will be over fifty in the next 5-10 years, it may come as a shock to learn that there is comparatively little research on aging and HIV. There are clear reasons why this has been true in the past: older adults were historically not included in research because there were not as many older people living with HIV to study and people were not expected to live long enough to get old. Thankfully, this is no longer the case thanks to the success of newer treatments.
Today, people living with HIV and on durable treatment have a life expectancy comparable to any person not living with HIV. However, other issues to grapple with are rising rates of new seroconversions and more people living with HIV reaching old age. Dr. Tiffany Harris of ICAP at Columbia University identified ageism among health professionals, reluctance to discuss sexuality, abandonment of condom use, limited mobility, poverty, and lack of social support as factors that contribute to rising rates of new infections and issues with adherence. Some of the biggest questions involve co-morbidities or the relationship between HIV and other age-related health conditions. Although Dr. Judith Currier of the University of California-Los Angeles described patterns of links between HIV, hypertension and cardiovascular conditions, she also reminded us that, in many cases, we are unsure of whether these co-morbidities are related to HIV itself or to HIV treatment. Either way, "Healthy aging for people living with HIV: Achieving the 4th 90" made it clear that more resources need to be dedicated to this field of study.
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Александр Шамшин:
 Шамшин, Александр Александрович (1908—1972) — советский военный деятель, Генерал-майор танковых войск (1942 год).
 Шамшин, Александр Иванович (1853—1924) —  русский предприниматель, купец 2-й гильдии, общественный деятель, благотворитель.


Decorations are a must. Not sure how to decorate for an Indiana Jones theme? Read this.
Create an old diary or journal with torn out pages. Hide the pages around camp and have the campers search for them. With the diary completed the campers may be able to find the lost artifact (whatever you decide that should be).
In the first scene of Raiders of the Lost Ark Indiana Jones finds an idol that is on a "trap". He tries to switch the idol for a bag of sand hoping that they are the same weight. You can recreate this "challenge" by using a scale. Create a foam rock to hide the scale in. Campers can come up and add sand to a bag then switch the camp idol for the bag. If they are right on with the weight their cabin keeps the idol for the week. If the bag weighs more or less than the idol they will be slimed or squirted with a water gun or they will set off whatever other booby trap you want to set up.
Have cabin groups go through the "Lave Pit" team building initiative. You can substitute snakes for the lava.
I don't know how good it is but you can get an e-booklet with a lot of other ideas here.
Many of the activities could be adapted to the early elementary crowd pretty easily.
Super Excited I found your site! I'm supposed to be program director for our resident cub scout camp next year and wanted to get a jump on ideas and you're page is really helping me flesh out programs to present to our counsil!
Welcome, Lindsay. I'm glad you found us, too.
Hey, I work at a Camp in NZ and I am part of a team that runs our Kids Camps. Are we allowed to use the same title as above or would you prefer we use something else? It would be for Oct 2013. Great ideas in here by the way!
Yes, Maus, you can certainly use the name above and anything else you see on my site. Thanks for asking, and good luck with camp.


Guidebook of Laws and Programs for People with Disabilities.
Attorney Robert H. Farley, Jr.
Securing services for children and adults with disabilities can be one of the most challenging experiences family members and guardians face as they care for their loved ones. Effective advocacy is critical as they work to maximizie the benefit of public services and entitlements, and protect their assets.
Attorney Robert H. Farley, Jr. has provided legal representation to individuals with disabilities and their families for over twenty years in support of their rights, entitlements to adult and children's services, special education, the development of customized estate plans and special needs trusts, guardianship, and public benefits.
Mr. Farley was the lead attorney in the precedent-setting Seventh Circuit Appeal that that gave developmentally disabled persons the right to sue the State of Illinois under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) to receive services in the least restrictive setting or community.
He is also the recipient of the Arc of Illinois' President's Award for Outstanding Legal Advocacy on Behalf of People with Developmental Disabilities, and the Award for Extraordinary Dedication & Tireless Work for Quality Life Choices for All People with Disabilities from Advocates United.
Some of our parents have used Rick Tarulis from Naperville for Special Needs Trusts and other legal matters for individuals with disabilities. Contact Rick Tarulis at (630) 355-2101.


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Home Columns Kibbles 'n' Bits Kibbles 'n' Bits 11/25/19: RIP Gahan Wilson
Kibbles 'n' Bits
Kibbles 'n' Bits 11/25/19: RIP Gahan Wilson
The macabre cartoonist was 89.
§ Gahan Wilson, one of the greatest cartooning masters of the macabre, passed away at age 89 last week, as reported by his stepson Paul Winters.
"The world has lost a legend," Winters said. "One of the very best cartoonists to ever pick up a pen and paper has passed on." Wilson gained fame with his offbeat drawings in magazines like Playboy, The New Yorker and National Lampoon. One drawing featured a man deliriously happy as he is being strapped into the electric chair and saying, "Gee, it's just like in the movies."
Wilson was famed for his New Yorker cartoons, and they posted their own remembrance.
Wilson, who died on Thursday, at the age of eighty-nine, excelled at depicting the extraordinary. Although he habitually delved into that dark funny corner that we associate with Charles Addams, his style was singular. He liked to depict ordinary folks encountering some kind of anxious terror, or experiencing the unthinkable in mundane places. It's a man at a pizza counter hovering over an entire pizza—the man's mouth the same oval shape, the same size, as the whole pie. It's fishermen on a calm lake, with one about to be murdered by the other, who is removing a human mask to reveal his true monster self. Wilson's art is both the heart-thumping you feel when you dare look under the bed and the relieved inner laugh you let loose after he's scared the pants off of you.
Although best known for his single panel cartoons and illustrations, Wilson dabbled in comics – he did at least a few Classics Illustrateds, one based on Edgar Allen Poe and one on Ambrose Bierce.
I have a nice Gahan Wilson story. He appeared a few years back at the Big Apple Con and I stopped by to pay respects to a master. We struck up a conversation, and however it came up he started talking about a show of Goya's final works that was up at the Frick. "They are really dark and amazing and you should go see them!" he urged me. I think when a great cartoonist tells you to do something, you should do it, so I went to see the show and it was, indeed, breathtaking.
Anyway, thank you, Gahan, for the laughs, chills and kindness.
§ Over the weekend Vulture posted a ton of Baby Yoda gifs, only to have Giphy remove them. Outrage! Vulture then did the only sensible thing and had illustrator Martin Gee recreate these Hallmark moments. But then it turned out the gifs were restored!
ComicBook received a statement from a GIPHY spokesperson who provided an explanation for the reason why the Baby Yoda GIFs were deleted. "Last week, there was some confusion around certain content uploaded to GIPHY and we temporarily removed these GIFs while we reviewed the situation," GIPHY's spokesperson stated. "We apologize to both Disney and Vulture for any inconvenience, and we are happy to report that the GIFs are once again live on GIPHY." WHEW. That was a close one.
Translation: the shadow of the long arm of the Disney empire fell over these moments. But I guess it was either fair use or Disney realizes that The Mandalorian is the biggest selling point for Disney+ and it's free advertising after all.
Countdown to Baby Yoda burnout in 5, 4, 3…
§ Regina, no! Don't do it! Alan Moore should watch TV series, says Regina King
"Of course I do, of course I do," King told RadioTimes.com. "To have the co-sign from Dave Gibbons makes all the difference, but you know, to have Alan watch it? Even greater.
"I would be so curious to hear his thoughts, you know," she added. "But I respect his position 100 per cent. As a human being, I would want someone to respect my position, even if you don't agree with it. And I can't say that I don't agree with his position. I just respect it, it's not actually about an agree or disagree thing."
§ I'm sure our Studio Coffee Run team will have more to say about this but Channing Tatum wants to make a Maxx tv show, based on the Sam Kieth comic. Poor Channing Tatum! He really wants to get in on this comic book thing and no one wants to allow it! First it was the Gambit movie, which was kicked around for years and would seem to be dead while Marvel figures out how to handle mutants. Please, will someone let Channing Tatum's dream come true?
gahan wilson
martin gee
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Mando rescues Grogu in latest Hasbro Star Wars toy reveals
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Jay Martin's LOST BOY coming from Dark Horse this summer
Kibbles 'n' Bits 1/30/23: IDW losses and more tidings


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The Biography of Zaid ibn Thaabit (RA)
Category->Muslim Center->Al Quran & Books
By Salahuddin Ali Abdul-Mawjood. Translated by Abdul-Rafi Adewali Imam. A biography on the great companion of the Prophet (PBUH), Zaid ibn Thabit (11BH-51H), may Allah (SWT) be pleased with him. He embraced Islam at the early age of 11 and learned the Quran, perfected its recitation and learned other branches of knowledge. A scribe of the Prophet, he also wrote the letters that the Prophet sent to kings of different areas around the world. Zaid compiled the Quran during the lifetime of the Prophet, compiled the Qur'an into a book during the caliphate of Abu Bakr, and was also given the responsibility of writing the copies of the Quran during the caliphate of Uthman. Dar-us-Salaam, English, Hardback, Pages: 398.


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A game that created history and brought a genuine revolution from the world of gaming was Pacman. Pacman was generated by Nintendo games in 1980s and it continues to rule the heart of many gamers presently! You will find this flash game in the arcade patch of your blog. In the game, you've got to control Pac-man the maze of eating dots. If you want to succeed through the sport you can have to eat all the dots until none remains in the maze. There are four ghosts called Pinky, Inky, Blinky and Clyde to hunt you. Shortly lose a life if each of these of these touches a.
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Another solid place to look at the Washington Redskins at New York Giants game online is Channel Scubadivng. This website already has a web site posted for your game (as of 10:30 am). Simply scroll listed below about a few minutes before kickoff and click the link. The game are able to open from a new Web page.


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Q: Generator function, predicate, Operation and many more in c++ STL? std::remove_if
template <class ForwardIterator, class UnaryPredicate>
  ForwardIterator remove_if (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, UnaryPredicate pred);

My teacher spent long hours in teaching predicate in the std::remove_if algorithm, so far I understand that predicate can be a function or function pointer that return bool or a function object having a bool operator() overload. However, when I learn more and more about STL library, I feel that predicate is a just one out of may kind of "operation" that can be passed to an algorithm. Just list a few more examples:
std::generate
template <class ForwardIterator, class Generator>
  void generate (ForwardIterator first, ForwardIterator last, Generator gen);

std::sort
template <class RandomAccessIterator, class Compare>
  void sort (RandomAccessIterator first, RandomAccessIterator last, Compare comp);

std::transform
template <class InputIterator, class OutputIterator, class UnaryOperation>
  OutputIterator transform (InputIterator first1, InputIterator last1,
                            OutputIterator result, UnaryOperation op);

So here we see generator function, compare function, unaryoperation, etc. I believe there are many more. These function of serve different purpose (different return type) by taking in different type and number of input arguments. However, they all appear under different algorithm in the STL, and sometimes I find it confusing and write function incorrectly. Can someone point to me a collection of all the types of functions used by STL for my easier reference?


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Medical Residents with Kids Experience Less Burnout It moves against the grain.
Google bets on European biotech drugs.
Conducted by researchers at Mayo Medical clinic gathered data from almost 5.
Study: To Boost Colon Cancer Screening.


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Restenosis
coronary restenosisre-stenosisrestenotic
Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis, a narrowing of a blood vessel, leading to restricted blood flow.wikipedia
75 Related Articles
stricturestricturesnarrowing
Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis, a narrowing of a blood vessel, leading to restricted blood flow.
Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.
RestenosisAtherosclerosisBirth defectRenal artery stenosisCoronary artery disease
balloon angioplastyangioplastiespercutaneous transluminal angioplasty
Procedures frequently used to treat the vascular damage from atherosclerosis and related narrowing and renarrowing (restenosis) of blood vessels include vascular surgery, cardiac surgery, and angioplasty. Angioplasty, also called percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), is commonly used to treat blockages of the coronary or peripheral arteries (such as in the limbs). A stent is a mesh, tube-like structure often used in conjunction with angioplasty to permanently hold open an artery, allowing for unrestricted blood flow, or to support a weakness in the artery wall called an aneurysm.
Angioplasty may also provide a less durable treatment for atherosclerosis and be more prone to restenosis relative to vascular bypass or coronary artery bypass grafting.
Minimally invasive proceduresBalloon catheterStentPercutaneous coronary interventionPercutaneous
Angioplasty, also called percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), is commonly used to treat blockages of the coronary or peripheral arteries (such as in the limbs).
Brachytherapy (use of radioactive source to inhibit restenosis)
Drug-eluting stent
drug eluting stentdrug-eluting stentsdrug-eluting
Drug-eluting stents are now being trialled in Europe, Canada and the USA, as well as in Asia-Pacific. A 2010 study in India comparing coronary drug-eluting stents (DES) with coronary bare-metal stents (BMS) reported that restenosis developed in 23.1% of DES patients vs 48.8% in BMS patients, and female sex was found to be a statistically significant risk factor for developing restenosis.
This prevents fibrosis that, together with clots (thrombi), could otherwise block the stented artery, a process called restenosis.
Bare-metal stentPaclitaxelCoronary stentRestenosisBioresorbable stent
Neointimal hyperplasia
This is also known as Neointimal Hyperplasia (NIHA).
Neointimal hyperplasia is the major cause of restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions such as stenting or angioplasty.
RestenosisDrug-eluting stentSmooth muscleTunica intimaArterial wall
Bare-metal stent
A 2010 study in India comparing coronary drug-eluting stents (DES) with coronary bare-metal stents (BMS) reported that restenosis developed in 23.1% of DES patients vs 48.8% in BMS patients, and female sex was found to be a statistically significant risk factor for developing restenosis.
Drug-eluting stents are often preferred over bare-metal stents because the latter carry a higher risk of restenosis, the growth of tissue into the stent resulting in vessel narrowing.
StentDrug-eluting stentOrbusNeichRestenosisGastrointestinal tract
stentsstent graftstenting
A stent is a mesh, tube-like structure often used in conjunction with angioplasty to permanently hold open an artery, allowing for unrestricted blood flow, or to support a weakness in the artery wall called an aneurysm.
It was used as a scaffold to prevent the vessel from closing and to avoid restenosis in coronary surgery—a condition where scar tissue grows within the stent and interferes with vascular flow.
Coronary stentBare-metal stentAngioplastyGenousEndovascular aneurysm repair
vascularblood vesselsintravascular
Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis, a narrowing of a blood vessel, leading to restricted blood flow. Restenosis usually pertains to an artery or other large blood vessel that has become narrowed, received treatment to clear the blockage and subsequently become renarrowed.
ArteryMicrocirculationHeartCirculatory systemCapillary
Organ (anatomy)
organorgansviscera
This is usually restenosis of an artery, or other blood vessel, or possibly a vessel within an organ.
Organ systemTissue (biology)HeartStroma (tissue)Stomach
Procedures frequently used to treat the vascular damage from atherosclerosis and related narrowing and renarrowing (restenosis) of blood vessels include vascular surgery, cardiac surgery, and angioplasty. The balloon inserted into the narrowing 'smashes' the cholesterol plaques (atherosclerosis) against the artery walls, thus widening the size of the lumen and increasing blood flow.
vascular surgeonvascularvascular surgeons
Procedures frequently used to treat the vascular damage from atherosclerosis and related narrowing and renarrowing (restenosis) of blood vessels include vascular surgery, cardiac surgery, and angioplasty.
Cardiothoracic surgeryNikolai KorotkovCarotid endarterectomyCerebrovascular diseaseArtery
open heart surgeryheart surgeryopen-heart surgery
Henry SouttarSurgeonRussell Brock, Baron BrockVivien ThomasTetralogy of Fallot
For instance, a coronary stent patient who develops restenosis may experience recurrent chest pain (angina) or suffer from a minor or major heart attack (myocardial infarction), though they may not report it. This is why it is important that a patient comply with follow-up screenings and the clinician follows through with a thorough clinical assessment.
Peripheral vascular system
peripheral veinperipheral arteriesPeripheral Vessels
VeinArteryPeripheral venous catheterIntravenous therapyArm
serum cholesteroldietary cholesterolcholesterol level
The balloon inserted into the narrowing 'smashes' the cholesterol plaques (atherosclerosis) against the artery walls, thus widening the size of the lumen and increasing blood flow.
AlcoholVitamin DSteroidBiosynthesisLipid
arteriesarterialarterial system
This is usually restenosis of an artery, or other blood vessel, or possibly a vessel within an organ. The balloon inserted into the narrowing 'smashes' the cholesterol plaques (atherosclerosis) against the artery walls, thus widening the size of the lumen and increasing blood flow. Restenosis usually pertains to an artery or other large blood vessel that has become narrowed, received treatment to clear the blockage and subsequently become renarrowed.
Blood vesselBloodPulmonary arteryCirculatory systemElastic fiber
Lumen (anatomy)
lumenluminallumina
LysosomeGolgi apparatusNephronArteryGastrointestinal tract
physiologistphysiologicalphysiologically
However the action damages the artery walls, and they respond by using physiological mechanisms to repair the damage.
Function (biology)BiologyPlant physiologyCell physiologyLife
aneurysmsaneurismruptured aneurysm
Aortic aneurysmPseudoaneurysmCoronary catheterizationCharcot–Bouchard aneurysmIntracranial aneurysm
immuneimmune responseimmune responses
The artery can react to the stent, perceive it as a foreign body, and respond by mounting an immune system response which leads to further narrowing near or inside the stent.
DiseaseNeuroimmune systemComplement systemMajor histocompatibility complexImmunodeficiency
traumainjuriesphysical trauma
The first stage that occurs immediately after tissue trauma, is thrombosis.
DeathLightning injuriesWoundBlast injuryAvulsion injury
blood clotsthromboticblood clot
Venous thrombosisThrombusFibrinDeep veinStroke
Thrombus
blood clotblood clotsclot
A blood clot forms at the site of damage and further hinders blood flow.
PlateletHemostasisDisseminated intravascular coagulationLines of ZahnFibrinolysis


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Home » 2014 » June (Page 3)
For self-defense: Sometimes it's whatever it takes
By MITCH TRAPHAGEN Monday mornings after nice-weather weekends were always the worst. Walking to the skyscraper in which I worked revealed the worst of human fault and frailty, with everything…
June 18, 2014Comments Off on For self-defense: Sometimes it's whatever it takesRead More
Help the FWC locate rare upland birds this summer
The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission requests the public's help in locating three species of rare birds during their breeding seasons. The southeastern American kestrel, the burrowing owl and…
June 18, 2014Comments Off on Help the FWC locate rare upland birds this summerRead More
Obituaries: June 19, 2014
Rev. Robert E. Gately Rev. Robert E. Gately, 89, of Sun City Center, Fla., passed away June 9, 2014. He was born in Watertown, Mass., and was ordained May 22,…
June 18, 2014Comments Off on Obituaries: June 19, 2014Read More
The Everglades: CEPP funding stalled by Army Corps of Engineers
PART 2 (PART 1) By LIA MARTIN Gov. Rick Scott signed the $77 billion state budget, vetoing only $69 million and making this year a standout in monies awarded. As…
June 16, 2014Comments Off on The Everglades: CEPP funding stalled by Army Corps of EngineersRead More
Letters to the Editor: June 12, 2014
Dear Editor, Before I left SCC to go on [a recent] trip, I and Walt Cawein (former CA president) went to the office of the SCC Emergency Squad (27 March…
June 12, 2014Comments Off on Letters to the Editor: June 12, 2014Read More
Marjorie Ruth Edwards Marjorie Ruth Edwards, 93, of Sun City Center, Fla., slipped away peacefully on June 1, 2014. Born on November 28, 1920, in Kokomo, Ind., she was the…
Gibsonton middle school needs $1,000 to fund trip: Children of migrant workers will visit a local college
By KEVIN BRADY Helping some of the most underprivileged students in the county, Eisenhower Middle School needs just $1,000 to send children of migrant workers on a day trip to…
June 11, 2014Comments Off on Gibsonton middle school needs $1,000 to fund trip: Children of migrant workers will visit a local collegeRead More
County expected to adopt Ruskin Community Plan amendment
By KEVIN BRADY The finish line is in sight for the county to adopt a plan for development of Ruskin over the next decade and beyond. The final hearing on…
June 11, 2014Comments Off on County expected to adopt Ruskin Community Plan amendmentRead More
ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL – SOUTH on track for next year
By LIA MARTIN St. Joseph's Hospital – South, a $225 million private, not-for-profit hospital located in Riverview, is still on target to open in early 2015. It is one of…
June 11, 2014Comments Off on ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL – SOUTH on track for next yearRead More
RCMA charter school Number 1 in 3rd Grade math FCAT
By PENNY FLETCHER Only one school on the West Coast of Florida got better FCAT scores in third-grade math than RCMA Academy in Wimauma, and that was Pine View Academy…
June 11, 2014Comments Off on RCMA charter school Number 1 in 3rd Grade math FCATRead More
© 2014, ↑ The Observer News (South Shore, Riverview, Sun City Center and North Manatee)


The driver killed in a Jan. 26 wrong-way collision has been identified by the Solano Country Coroner's Office as Sandeep Buttar, 38.
According to previous reports, he lived in Sacramento.
Buttar had been driving east on Interstate 80 near the Nut Tree Road exit when his car was struck by a motorist who was driving westbound in that lane. Neither vehicles had additional occupants, and both drivers were transported to local hospitals for their injuries. Buttar died at the hospital.
The driver believed to have been traveling in the wrong lane was identified as Anthony Morales, 34, of Sacramento. He was evaluated at the hospital for driving under the influence and was subsequently arrested and charged with felony DUI and vehicular manslaughter.
As of press time, Morales was no longer in custody. Details regarding any court proceedings will be released when they become available.