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Internet Lawyer Blog
Published By Salar Atrizadeh
Articles Posted in Intellectual Property
Are Computer Programs and Videogames Copyrightable?
Published on: December 16, 2019 | by Law Offices of Salar Atrizadeh
The question is whether you can copyright computer programs and videogames. The Copyright Act was amended to expressly include the right to register computer programs and videogames.
What is a computer program and how can you copyright it?
A computer program is a set of statements or instructions to be used in a computer to provide a result. See 17 U.S.C. § 101; Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman, 669 F.2d 852, 855 (2d. Cir. 1982). Copyright protection extends to the copyrightable expressions embodied in the computer program. Computer programs are classified as literary works for the purposes of copyright. See Whelan Associates v. Jaslow Dental Laboratory, 797 F.2d 1222, 1234 (3d Cir. 1986). Also, copyright laws do not protect the functional aspects of a computer program (e.g., algorithms, formatting, functions, logic, system designs).
by Law Offices of Salar Atrizadeh
Posted in: Business Law and Intellectual Property
Updated: October 30, 2019 10:58 am
Different Types of Copyright Applications
Published on: November 15, 2019 | by Law Offices of Salar Atrizadeh
The copyright application process is three parts: (1) application form; (2) nonrefundable filing fee; and (3) a nonreturnable deposit of the work's copy. In general, the copyright owner should submit a separate application for each work. However, the following exceptions apply for registering multiple works in one application:
Collective Works: When a number of separate and independent contributions are assembled into a collective whole;
Group Registrations: When multiple unpublished works, serials, newspapers, newsletters, contributions to periodicals, photographs, database updates, or secure test items meet registration requirements in one application;
Virtual and Augmented Reality Laws
Virtual reality (VR) is an experience taking place within simulated and immersive environments that can be similar to or completely different from the real world. It can be used for educational and entertainment purposes. Also, augmented reality or mixed reality are other types of this technology.
The current systems use some kind of device (e.g., headsets or multi-projected environments) to create images, sounds, or other sensations in order to take the user into the virtual environment. The users can submerge themselves into the virtual environment and interact with the virtual features as if they are real. The effect is generated by special headsets that yield a head-mounted display with a tiny screen before the eyes, but can also be created through specially designed rooms with big screens. This technology includes visual and auditory feedback, and can also permit other types of senses or feedback through haptic technology.
What are the potential legal issues?
Posted in: Intellectual Property, Internet Law and Technology
Artificial Intelligence and Copyright Laws – Part II
We are continuing our look at the impact of artificial intelligence on copyright laws. In general, copyright's underlying theory—to protect property rights as defined by the labor a person puts into an object, and to incentivize economic progress by entitling people to the fruits of their labor—will come to bear in face of this new technology. It will happen in ways equally as novel as the technology at issue.
Although, copyright protection usually requires that a work be original and created by a human being, however, the fruits of artificial intelligence are becoming increasingly original. It might prove unfair in some circumstances not to afford protection to a highly-complex and refined work of literature, music, or journalism simply because its creator is not human. It could likewise disincentivize the use of such innovation. On the other hand, the argument is made that the market will disincentivize a human being from going through the laborious task of copying something that was previously made by a computer more efficiently. The law really comes to a finer point when the issue is one of computer-generated copying of computer-generated works. This thing intuitively feels unethical, but it is tricky to get the legal outcome that feels right under the current copyright regime. Another argument to be made in favor of not affording protection to works not created by human beings is that employing artificial intelligence to tackle time-consuming endeavors could really help the economy.
Another legal option besides denying copyright protection is to simply attribute authorship to the creator of the program that made the work being copied. This manner of addressing the issue is practiced in places like Hong Kong, India, Ireland, New Zealand, and United Kingdom. The United Kingdom has a slightly different definition of authorship from that of places whose jurisprudence indicate that a human being is required: "In the case of literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work which is computer-generated, the author shall be taken to be the person by whom the arrangement necessary for the creation of the work are undertaken." This seems to allow for computer programmers to be characterized as authors, where in other countries, they may not be.
Artificial Intelligence and Copyright Laws – Part I
Published on: November 5, 2018 | by Law Offices of Salar Atrizadeh
This month, our plan is to shift our focus on copyright laws, which at this time, is at a juncture of its own. Artificial intelligence is quickly sweeping across many areas of life. Google, for example, has just started funding a program that will write local news articles. Perhaps more stirringly, depending on who you are, a group of Dutch museums and researchers unveiled The Next Rembrandt, a portrait created by a computer that had analyzed thousands of the artist's works. Google has its hand in the realm of art as well and is working on "Deep Mind" which is a subsidiary-developed software that can generate music by listening to recordings.
For many years computers have been able to generate crude works of art, as though they were tools like many others. But today, artificial intelligence has reached new technological heights. It is capable of learning on its own. Autonomous systems may program themselves based on information they perceive, without the need of being programmed by human beings. They can evolve and make independent decisions. With regards to art, machines have not quite achieved the ability to "learn" something so subjective, but the neural networks softwares can generate highly-refined works. You may research Recurrent Neural Networks for more information.
One of the traditional requirements for copyright protection is that a work be original. One of the criteria used to determine whether a work is original is whether it was created by a human being. In fact, Europe and the United States of America have their rationale for this rule. In Europe, where copyright law is based more on a moral theory, centering on the rights of authors and the work, and even parts of their person they put into a piece. In the United States of America, copyright law is based more on a utilitarian theory – i.e., society and government want to incentivize people to put in the labor and create valuable things with the knowledge that they will be rewarded with the fruits of their efforts, and others won't be able to steal or unjustly piggyback off the work.
Blockchain's Legal Issues – Part II
Published on: September 24, 2018 | by Law Offices of Salar Atrizadeh
Today, we continue our focus on blockchain technology and surrounding rules and regulations. It is a nascent area and the subject of much debate. Last week, we discussed the jurisdictional issues this technology poses, as well as questions of liability, contract, and intellectual property. Today, we narrow our focus to one particular area of the blockchain realm: Asset-backed ventures.
The blockchain is by definition an open-ended and malleable tool. One of its most useful applications is to provide liquidity and capital where previous market inefficiencies precluded them. This makes the biggest difference for small and mid-market ventures. Crowd-sourcing income for job-producing smaller corporations will compound wealth for the international community in the decades to come in the developed world, and even more starkly in Africa and South Asia.
An emerging innovation in the blockchain space is to hinge digital coins' value on an asset – i.e., the area of asset-backed tokens. Variations of this idea include a coinage system based on the productivity of oil and gas ventures. Investors purchase coins and fund the venture in its early stages and throughout. Once the venture starts producing and oil is sold, the investor has a right to exchange his or her coin for the market price of that asset. Hence, the supply of oil rises, the price declines, communities prosper, and investors get a healthy return. If they do not, there is a mechanism within the coin-value determination that adjusts for the poor judgment of the investor and devalues the coin. So, it behooves owners of the coin to choose fruitful projects.
Posted in: E-commerce, Intellectual Property, Internet Law and Technology
Blockchain's Legal Issues – Part I
This week our focus shifts to a topic buzzing about the modern world. We have written on numerous occasions about cryptocurrency, but we have not discussed more pointedly the technological mechanism that yields it – i.e., the blockchain. A complex, decentralized technology with the power, accuracy, and security to replace traditional financial systems, blockchain is the process that gives cryptocurrencies their true mechanism and value. Its international scope can pose jurisdictional questions, its decentralized nature can puzzle tort plaintiffs, and the enforceability of "smart contracts" is an issue of first impression for most courts. Additionally, lines must be drawn with regard to intellectual property.
To provide a brief background, the blockchain is the structure by which value is produced and conserved in cryptocurrencies. Through a complex system of checks and balances, rewarded for solving algorithms, "miners" validate transactions by mathematically verifying them against previous transactional history of the asset in question. A "block" is created when transactions consolidate after nodes in a given network unanimously corroborate their veracity. From the block, the "miners" compete to solve a highly complex algorithm; the winner receives a coin and the block is added to a "chain." An innovation has thus emerged onto which legal institutions must overlay their concepts.
Firstly, blockchain disputes run up against jurisdictional issues. The ubiquitous and decentralized nature of the blockchain requires careful consideration of the relevant contractual doctrines. Applying the rules of whatever jurisdiction in which each node transacts would pose two problems: (1) the location of the transaction in question would be incredibly difficult to pinpoint; and (2) requiring compliance with every single potential location's rules would be overwhelmingly unwieldy. Therefore, choosing a governing law for the entire network is essential to ensure certainty.
Europe's New Copyright Law and Its Effects on the Internet
This week's article explores the European Union's brewing copyright law and its possible effects on the internet. Proponents intend for the law to modernize and suit copyright law for the digital age. Critics say the law will make the internet substantially less free. Today we discuss the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, and more specifically, three of its most recently approved provisions that could pose problems to internet freedom: its right for press publishers, its filtering obligations, and its text-and-data-mining stipulations.
The law's right for press publishers would allow news companies to collect compensation when their stories are shared on social media platforms. Known as the "link tax," it would require platforms to purchase a license to post current-events information coming from news institutions. Current copyright law already protects journalistic articles as literary works; republishers must ask permission to use such content. The proposed right, however, effectively expands this protection to data and facts that have already been published. Whereas only creative descriptions or puns in headlines are now protected, mere non-creative fact could be too; this would effectively hold information for ransom. The purpose of copyright law is to grant a limited monopoly over specific creative works and original ideas. To extend the law to envelop full ideas or factual content is nonsensical, and stymies the very processes copyright is meant to assist. Rather than foster innovation by protecting its fruit, the law would chill it by stealing its raw material. It would obstruct citizens from running businesses and from creating original products using factual information. In a region without the First Amendment, there is cause for concern.
The law's filtering provision would require all website hosting providers to use filtering software that checks content against a database of copyright material. As the law stands, platforms such as YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter are not liable for the copyright infringement of their users, as long as when they are notified of it, they take it down. The users who post it, however, are still liable to authors or authorship-rights holders. The current law attempts a balance between honoring the investment of creative authors and promoting innovation through the spread of information. The "notice and takedown" process allows rights holders to notify the platform, requires that the platform take action but only once it's told, and reminds users that they may ultimately be held accountable for infringement; this spreads liability out somewhat evenly. The proposed version would subject this process to automation. This would nominally place the majority of liability on platforms by forcing them to monitor content proactively. However, the users and their speech will feel the brunt due to the platforms' much stricter resultant guidelines. The arbiter of this would be a machine, checking content against a copyright database, which would include factual material. The necessary software also doesn't exist—allowed uses of copyrighted content like parody or criticism would be at risk because artificial intelligence cannot distinguish them from infringement. This imperils important content such as university lectures, for example.
Posted in: Government, Intellectual Property and Internet Law
Copyright Laws: What is Protected When It Comes to Clothing?
Published on: October 30, 2017 | by Law Offices of Salar Atrizadeh
Now, by closing out this month and a deep dive into the future of copyright law comes a slightly more obscure reference to a recent change we've covered previously. Namely, what is, and what is not, protected under copyright when it comes to clothing? We now know that cheerleading uniforms are protected. However, what about bananas? An odd question, but one that the courts will be looking at as a recent case has been filed regarding the design and sale of banana costumes and has prompted questions in a Post-Star Athletica world. Is this the limit to Star Athletica? Has Justice Sotomayor's comment about killing knockoffs come true already? Is it possible that the follow-up question to Star Athletica may be a banana battle?
The Now-Settled Case
The now-settled case was between Rasta Imposta, and Kmart, which is a subsidiary of Sears. Rasta Imposta had sold a banana costume and had good business relations with Kmart until Kmart notified Rasta Imposta that it would not be purchasing its costumes any longer.
Copyright Laws: What Is Fair Use and Parody?
In general, parody is a well-tested defense to copyright infringement claims. For example, legal cases involving Barbie Girls and Pretty Women have hammered in the points quite definitively, though the question of what exactly is parody has persisted throughout the years. Generally, it would be seen as something that ridicules the original work. So, using the comical characters from the Game of Thrones to ridicule the current state of politics is probably fair use.
Recently, the question has popped up with a new and stranger answer that makes the situation complex. What is this potential new parody standard? How has it changed with time? Does this new standard go where it has never gone before?
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Please take a look at the services I offer. They are all proven ways of helping people through problems and issues in their lives. They have results.
We can work within just one type or incorporate others. It can be both cost effective and dynamic to combine approaches in a tailor-made way.
I view issues from a starting of how you think and behave. My training and approach is strongly influenced by cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), especially Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT). I then look to address recurring and unhelpful thought and behaviour patterns.
Please read through my information on each and contact me for more information.
CBT is usually a short-term talking psychotherapy that typically lasts between 10 to 20 weeks, although can be a lot shorter. It can also be a longer-term therapy, depending upon the issue and your needs.
In CBT, we work together and take an approach focused on actions. This is based on the idea that our unwanted thoughts, feelings, emotions and behaviours are maintained by what we believe about ourselves, others and the world around us. We look at how these unhelpful beliefs were created, how they are maintained and how they can negatively impact life today.
By identifying and then changing these unhelpful beliefs, you can expect, for example, to feel better, achieve your goals and live a happier and more fulfilled life.
If you are feeling or acting in a way that you don't like, but have been unable to change, CBT will help you to identify and challenge what isn't working for you. And at the same time, it will help you to identify and reinforce new, rational beliefs that lead to healthier feelings, emotions, thinking and behaviours.
CBT deals mainly with the present and how problems are playing out in your life today. That's not to say that the past isn't important or that we gloss over it, we do not and we explore it as thoroughly as it needs to be. But in general, we concentrate on the present and look at problems as they impact today.
Each of us has the capacity to create, control and change our emotional states. Whilst it is impossible to change the past, it is always possible to change what you tell yourself about it. And in the present, if you change your unhelpful core beliefs, whether about yourself, others or the world around you, you will change the way you act, feel and think, both now and in the future.
What is the research basis for CBT?
CBT is supported by clinical research and substantial evidence base supporting its effectiveness. It is used extensively by the NHS and recommended by NICE (National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence), for many emotional and psychological problems, including treatment for anxiety disorders, stress and depression.
Studies have shown that CBT helps around 70-80% of people. If you can accept that although life events clearly have an influence, it is not the event itself that disturbs you, but what you tell yourself about it that disturbs you, then you are more likely to be in that group.
Not only can CBT provide huge relief, it is often instrumental in helping you regain control and manage your life as you wish to.
Counselling helps you to move forward with your life and aims to help you gain perspective on what is troubling you. It provides you with neutral, safe and confidential space to talk about your life and anything that may be confusing, painful or uncomfortable.
Counselling allows you to talk with someone who is trained to listen attentively and to help you improve things and who has no other agenda than a genuine desire to help you. As a counselor I am is specifically trained to work with people who are struggling with a psychological or emotional difficulty and understand that this can sometimes be frightening and lonely. I work to understand you from your point of view and to see the world through your eyes. I also look beyond the presenting problem to possible underlying causes.
The central aim of counselling is to support you to understand or make sense of these and as a result, ease or change your relationship to the personal pain you are experiencing. We work to change your beliefs, thinking and behaviour to that which is more productive for you.
Counselling is an interactive process that enables you to look at many aspects of your life, relationships and yourself that you may not have considered before or been able to face. Together we identify what might be stopping you from reaching your full potential and what action you might need to take to change your situation.
You are choosing to seek help and are free to choose the right counsellor and the right type of therapy for you. One sign of a good counsellor is that they will be happy to talk you about the type(s) of therapy they practice (jargon free) and discuss how this might work with your problem. There should be no aura of mystery or vagueness.
My counselling approach is predominantly influenced by cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Once we have sufficiently addressed your emotional problems, you may decide that you want to work towards some personal objectives, and if so, CBT and/or coaching are ideal ways to do this.
Hypnotherapy is a guided process of natural relaxation within the body and increased awareness within the mind. It allows your mind to focus inwards and concentrate, stepping over your conscious mind to access your subconscious. You are less aware of the outside world and more concentrated on inner thoughts and emotions, and the mind is more receptive to positive suggestion.
Hypnotherapy uses hypnosis as part the therapy process to facilitate change, achieve the goals we agree at the beginning of the session and support the resolving of underlying issues. So, positive ideas are suggested which lead to personal change and improvement.
It's a collaborative process where you are aware throughout the process and allow yourself to follow the guidance of the therapist by using your imagination to focus your mind to evoke positive emotions and rehearse behaviour change to make powerful and profound changes. Despite what is suggested on TV or stage, you cannot be made to do or think anything against your will or against your moral beliefs and everyone can, in principle, be hypnotised.
Hypnotherapy can be a standalone treatment or included as part of psychotherapy, counselling or coaching. On its own, hypnotherapy is probably one of the briefest forms of psychological therapy as it concentrates on defined, specific issues and outcomes and depending upon these, the average number of sessions is between four to six.
What is the evidence for hypnotherapy?
Thousands of positive research studies on hypnotherapy have been published. It was recognised as an effective treatment by the British Medical Association and American Medical Association in the 1950s and more recently, by the American Psychological Association (for obesity) and NICE guidance (for IBS) used by the NHS.
Cognitive behavioural hypnotherapy (CBH) combines cognitive and behavioural therapies with hypnotherapy. We use mental imagery, habit reversal, problem solving techniques and mentally rehearsing new behaviours as hypnotherapy allows thoughts, behaviours and perceptions to be more flexible.
Mindfulness is about learning to wake up to your life so that you are living it in this moment and so begin to untangle the patterns of stress and confusion that we all encounter, improving your ability to engage with our life as it is happening.
We live in such a fast-paced world that many of us live on auto-pilot, multi-tasking our activities whilst thinking about the dozen things, meaning we are only half aware of what we are doing and experiencing at any moment. This means that we can easily get triggered into stress, anxiety and low mood without knowing why or what we can do about it, get stuck and lose connection with ourselves and others too.
Mindfulness invites us to wake up and experience our life without judging it. This doesn't mean that you stop having judgemental thoughts. Rather, you begin to question whether those judgements are indeed facts. It offers a way of responding to life, so that rather than being constantly pushed and pulled by it, we can find ways of meeting our experience with more balance and ease.
Research has shown that mindfulness can help people reduce their stress levels and protect against depression, as well as manage other health conditions, including chronic pain, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia, eating disorders and addictions. It also improves the immune system and speeds healing. This technique is also now commonly found being used with children in schools and in the workplace.
Mindfulness techniques are usually taught during 6- 8 week group courses and I teach both Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in this way. Click here to see forthcoming courses.
MBSR uses simple meditation techniques and gentle movement to notice thoughts, emotions or sensations that arise in our mind and body and learning to be more present to these. MBCT teaches a simple yet radical shift in the relationship to the thoughts, feelings and bodily sensations that contribute to relapse in depression and anxiety.
I also teach these skills on a one-to-one basis and in small groups. In this setting, I draw on MBSR and MBCT as well as other meditation approaches, such as loving kindness, to create tailored meditation practices.
I can also include mindfulness techniques and teaching as part of my integrative therapy approach. I may suggest this to you as part of our work together and as part of your treatment plan. If you would like me to include mindfulness approaches in our sessions, please do ask. I am always happy to include these skills.
Life Coaching helps you challenge and change anything that is holding you back. It is a liberating and pragmatic journey of reflection, self-discovery and personal growth. It helps you gain clarity and direction for positive change. Coaching concentrates on solutions over problems.
Being results focussed, it helps you move through any challenges or obstacles currently stopping you from achieving what you want. Coaching can help you make decisions and reach goals. These might be related to family life, career, romantic relationships, weight management, spiritual or personal growth, hobbies or education.
Coaching is collaborative and supportive. It assists you to unblock your potential to improve the quality of your life, creating a life for yourself that is more fulfilling, balanced and purposeful. It is about moving from where you are now to where you want to be, so you set the agenda. Just believe or be open to believing that you can succeed. Empowering stuff!
How can Life Coaching help me achieve my goals?
If you already know your goal(s) that's great. If you are unsure, coaching can help you to define them. Indeed, you might have a nagging feeling that you are dissatisfied with areas of your life but not know exactly where or what to do about it. If so, we take a holistic view of your life to identify and prioritise these areas.
How can Life Coaching help with negative thoughts?
Whilst coaching is outcome focussed, it also works to challenge and work through negative thinking and limiting beliefs – that voice inside your head that prevents you from taking action. Indeed, we often think that we are not worthy of change, or we don't dare to believe that achieving our goal is possible and so we stay stuck. Acknowledging and challenging what keeps you stuck, frees you to start moving towards where you want to be.
For change to occur, you have to want it and be willing to take responsibility for necessary action, so your commitment is important. If something doesn't work, we reassess, viewing 'failure' as a new opportunity to learn and as valuable feedback. At all times you are supported on your journey.
The average number of sessions required is between six and eight. It is not unusual to achieve a goal, take a break to consolidate and build upon it, and then return to work on another goal. Goals can evolve or change too.


Chances are, if you haven't already, you're starting to think about what it means for your business to migrate to the cloud. Cloud adopters see various benefits from their technology; businesses' top-cited benefits in 2016 included 62% faster access to their infrastructure, 58% greater scalability and 52% reported they had increased availability to the network.
This infographic shows just 5 of the main benefits to an organisation when they move to the cloud.
If you're still a little unsure about what it means to 'move to the cloud', Microsoft have a free eBook available by following the link in the bottom of the infographic below, or you can give us a call and we'd love to run you through it all.


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Die Akademische Burschenschaft der Glanzenburger ist eine farbentragende, nichtschlagende Studentenverbindung in Zürich. Sie ist die einzige Burschenschaft des Schweizerischen Studentenvereins (Schw. StV) und wurde 1959 von Eugen Theodor Rimli als Katholische Burschenschaft der Glanzenburger gegründet.

Geschichte

Namensherkunft
Der Name der Burschenschaft geht auf eine mittelalterliche Burganlage der Freiherren von Regensberg zurück. Lütold V. soll 1240 das Städtchen Glanzenberg am gegenüberliegenden Limmatufer des heutigen Dietikon gegründet und die vorbestehende Burg Fahr («Glanzenburg») ausgebaut haben.
Glanzenberg und -burg wurden 1267/68 während der Regensberger Fehde von Graf Rudolf IV. von Habsburg im Auftrag der Stadt Zürich zerstört. 1301 verkaufte Lütold VIII. das Gebiet Glanzenbergs dem Kloster Fahr, das bis heute Grundeigentümerin ist. Die Burgruine ist heute ein kulturhistorisches Denkmal des Kantons Zürich.

Die Gründungszeit
Die Gründung der Burschenschaft ist eng verbunden mit der Person Eugen Theodor Rimlis. Nach einem Fuxensemester bei der AKV Alemannia zu Freiburg im Üechtland trat er während seines Studiums in Bonn in den 1930er Jahren der KDB Sigfridia bei. Zur Zeit deren Zwangssuspendierung 1936 durch das NS-Regime war er Ringführer im Ring Katholischer Deutscher Burschenschaften. Im selben Jahr wurde Rimli als Auslandkorrespondent wegen «unsachlicher, gehässiger Artikel in Schweizer Zeitungen» aus Deutschland ausgewiesen. Seine journalistische Tätigkeit setzte er anschliessend in der Schweiz fort.

Nach 1945 engagierte er sich für die Wiedergründung katholischer Burschenschaften, allen voran der KDB Sigfridia. Altherren aus den katholischen Burschenschaften Deutschlands und Österreichs sammelten sich während dieser Zeit in der Bodenseeregion im Philisterzirkel Alpenland, dem auch Rimli angehörte.

Auf Initiative Rimlis und unterstützt vom Philisterzirkel Alpenland wurde im Wintersemester 1955/56 in Zürich der Kontakt mit Studenten gesucht, um eine katholische Burschenschaft zu gründen. Im Sommer 1957 lernte Rimli den Verbindungsstudenten Adolf Alois Steiner kennen, der diese Idee ebenfalls unterstützte. Im Winter 1958/59 wurden mit Jacques Barman, Sándor Leitner und Hans Peter Held drei Studenten für die Gründung der Burschenschaft gefunden. Die Gründung der Katholischen Burschenschaft der Glanzenburger zu Zürich erfolgte am 17. Juni 1959 in der Gaststätte Winzerhaus in Weiningen ZH mit der Signierung ihrer Grundsätze durch die fünf Gründer.

Gründerjahre: 1959 bis 1973
Der Publikationskommers der Burschenschaft offenbarte das schwierige Verhältnis zu den zürcherischen Sektionen des Schweizerischen Studentenvereins (Schw. StV) und zum zürcherischen Corporationen Verband (CV), welche die Veranstaltung boykottierten. Der Schw. StV kritisierte die Aufnahme von Mitgliedern ungeachtet ihrer Nationalität oder politischen Einstellung durch die KB Glanzenburger. Die Burschenschaft stand aufgrund ihrer Traditionen und zahlreichen Auslandkontakte unter dem Eindruck, germanophil zu sein. Die Glanzenburger sahen aufgrund ihrer im allumfassenden Sinne katholischen und burschenschaftlichen Prinzipien den Schw. StV wiederum als zu konservativ, zu wenig studentisch korporativ und zu wenig international studentisch-solidarisch an. Die Öffnung des Schw. StVs gegenüber Ausländern am Zentralfest Sitten von 1962 führte zu keiner Entspannung der Beziehungen. Der zürcherische Senioren Convent der deutschsprachigen StV-Verbindungen beschloss 1964 den Boykott des 5. Stiftungsfests der KB Glanzenburger. Am 12. Juli 1964 lehnte der zürcherische CV einen allfälligen Beitritt der KB Glanzenburger ab. Ebenfalls im Sommersemester 1964 wurde ein Freundschaftsverhältnis zur KBStV Rhaetia München eingegangen.

Fokus auf Deutschland und Österreich
Die KB Glanzenburger suchte aufgrund der schwierigen Verhältnisse in Zürich den Kontakt zum Ring Katholischer Deutscher Burschenschaften (RKDB). An der Ringtagung des RKDB in München vom 5. bis 7. März 1965 wurde der Ring Katholischer Burschenschaften (RKB) als Dachverband gegründet, dem die Landesverbände katholischer Burschenschaften Deutschlands, Österreichs und der Schweiz angehören. Durch eine Regelung in den Statuten des RKB konnte die KB Glanzenburger als einzige katholische Burschenschaft der Schweiz mit einem Landesverband gleichgesetzt werden.

Die KB Glanzenburger engagierte sich stark für das Gelingen des RKB, doch bereits an dessen Ringtagung im Jahre 1966 zeichneten sich Schwierigkeiten für den Dachverband ab. Die Burschenschaften des neu gegründeten österreichischen Landesverbandes fanden kaum Mitglieder und mehrere Burschenschaften mussten inaktiviert werden.

Die KB Glanzenburger nahm an der ausserordentlichen vereinigten Ringtagung des RKDB und RKB im Jahr 1967 in Freiburg im Breisgau eine umfassende Reform der RKB-Statuten in Angriff. Die Landesverbände sollten zugunsten eines handlungsfähigen RKB abgeschafft werden. Der Dachverband sollte entnationalisiert und den einzelnen Burschenschaften die Wahl der Bezeichnung als deutsch, akademisch, schweizerisch etc. freigestellt werden. In der vorgelagerten Ringtagung des RKDB verhinderte eine nationalistische Sperrminorität gegen die Abschaffung des Deutsch im Verbandsnamen die nötige Vierfünftel-Mehrheit für die Annahme der Reform während anderthalb Tagen. Am zweiten Tag schritt deshalb die Vorortsburschenschaft KDB Sigfridia ein und unterbrach die Ringtagung des RKDB zugunsten der Eröffnung der Ringtagung des RKB. Darin hatte jeder Landesverband nur zwei Stimmen und die Reform wurde angenommen.

Da der RKB keine Befehlsgewalt über seine Landesverbände hatte, sondern lediglich ein Bindeglied freier und eigenständiger Burschenschaften zur Förderung des freundschaftlichen Zusammenhaltes darstellte, konnte die Reform nicht durchgesetzt werden. Der Versuch des Glanzenburgers Adolf Alois Steiner, die Verbandszeitschrift "Ring" in Anlehnung an die "Civitas "des Schw. StVs umzugestalten und dem RKB dadurch zum Durchbruch zu verhelfen, scheiterte. Mit dem darauffolgenden Rücktritt Steiners als Ring-Schriftleiter im Jahr 1968 setzte der allmähliche Ausstieg der KB Glanzenburger aus dem RKB ein.

Auch nach dem Austritt aus dem RKB blieb eine freundschaftliche Verbindung besonders mit der KDB Sigfridia zu Bonn im RKDB, was sich durch regelmässige, gegenseitige Teilnahme an verschiedenen Veranstaltungen in Bonn und Zürich ausdrückt.

Neuausrichtung und Verankerung in Zürich: seit 1973
Im Anschluss an den Ausbruch der Studentenunruhen von 1968, wurde der zürcherische CV 1969 aufgelöst. In dieser Zeit bestand aber auf Seiten der farbentragenden Studenten der Bedarf nach einem handlungsfähigen Verband, der ihre Interessen als Gegengewicht zu linken Studentengruppierungen zu wahren vermochte. Die Initiative zur Gründung eines neuen Verbandes ergriff die KB Glanzenburger im Wintersemester 1971/72. In der Folge gründeten, die Helvetia, die AKV Kyburger und die KB Glanzenburger die Vereinigung Couleurtragender Corporationen (VCC). Bereits nach dem Sommer 1973 ging aber nicht mehr viel Aktivität vom VCC aus, weshalb im November 1974 die farbentragenden Studentenverbindungen Akademisch Landwirtschaftliche Verbindung (ALV), SHV Rhodia, AV Welfen und Carolingia die Initiative zur Neugründung eines handlungsfähigen Verbandes ergriffen. Die KB Glanzenburger unterstützte von Anfang an die neue Initiative. Am 3. Februar 1976 fand die Gründerversammlung des Corporationen Convent Zürich (CCZ) statt, welchem die KB Glanzenburger am 19. Juni 1976 beitrat.

Bundesbrüderlicher Handschlag mit dem Schweizerischen Studentenverein
Persönliche Kontakte zwischen Mitgliedern des Schw. StV und der KB Glanzenburger trugen im Verlauf der 1960er Jahre dazu bei, dass sich ihr anfangs schwieriges Verhältnis entspannte. Der Austritt aus dem RKB und der Tod von Gründerbursche Rimli im Jahre 1973 führten zur Neuausrichtung der KB Glanzenburger auf den Schw. StV hin. Der neue Altherrenpräsident Fritz Bättig trat am 8. August 1974 mit dem damaligen Präsidenten des StV-Altherrenbundes Hans Bernet in Kontakt und nahm anschliessend auf offizielle Einladung hin am Zentralfest Baden von 1974 teil. 1975 wurde die Aufnahme von Beitrittsverhandlungen zum Schw. StV beschlossen. Bezüglich Mitgliedschaft wurde mit dem SchwStV vereinbart, dass alle aktiven Burschen automatisch Mitglieder des Schw. StV werden, Altherren diese Entscheidung aber freigestellt würde.

Hinsichtlich der Farben der KB Glanzenburger, die vom Schema des Schw. StV roter Mützen zu rot-weiss-grünen Bändern abwichen, wurde vom Schw. StV eine Farbenvariante gestattet, die unter grösstmöglicher Beibehaltung der ursprünglichen Farben der KB Glanzenburger die Zugehörigkeit zum Verband signalisieren sollte. Die Lösung bestand darin, das blaue Hinterkopf-Couleur der KB Glanzenburger durch ein weinrotes Couleur zu ersetzen und zusätzlich hinter den Bändern der Burschenschaft die Bänder des Schw. StV zu tragen. Am ausserordentlichen Cumulativ Convent vom 15. Mai 1976 wurde der Beitritt zum Schw. StV beschlossen und am 16. Juli 1976 am Zentralfest Altstätten erfolgte die Aufnahme.

Umbenennung in AB Glanzenburger: 2012
Die Frage nach dem Sinn des Katholischen im Namen der Burschenschaft wurde häufig aufgeworfen. Zahlreiche Diskussionen ergaben, dass man katholisch im altgriechischen Sinn als allumfassend sowie als Bekenntnis zur christlich abendländischen Tradition verstand.

Im Februar 2012 erfolgte die Umbenennung in Akademische Burschenschaft der Glanzenburger zu Zürich. Begründet wurde der Schritt damit, dass «Katholisch» ein falsches Bild von der Burschenschaft vermittle, da die interne Interpretation als allumfassend für Aussenstehende nicht offensichtlich sei und die Konfession noch bei keinem Kandidaten ein Argument gegen seine Aufnahme dargestellt habe.

Besonderheiten

Landesvaterstechen

Das Landesvaterstechen ist eine Tradition, die bis in die zweite Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts zurückreicht und der Huldigung von Landesfürst und Vaterland durch farbentragende studentische Landsmannschaften sowie Offiziere diente. Dabei werden die Mützen aller Teilnehmer während des Liedes «Alles schweige» auf spitze Degen gestochen, «geweiht» und anschliessend den sich gegenüberstehenden Stechenden wieder auf den Kopf gesetzt.

Die KB Glanzenburger kam mit dieser Tradition an ihrem ersten Stiftungsfest 1960 über katholische Burschenschafter aus Österreich in Kontakt. Als Bezeugung bundesbrüderlicher Treue fand sie Gefallen am Landesvaterstechen, musste das Ritual aber von einer Treuebezeugung gegenüber dem deutschen Vaterland in eine Treuebezeugung zur Schweiz uminterpretieren. So werden die in der schweizerischen Bundesverfassung verankerten Rechte und Freiheiten als Errungenschaft der modernen Eidgenossenschaft gefeiert.

Burschenschaftliches Prinzip
Unter dem Burschenschaftlichen Prinzip verstehen die Glanzenburger den Bezug zu den Idealen der Urburschenschaft auf der einen, eine besondere Interpretation des Lebensbund-Prinzips auf der anderen Seite. Die Glanzenburger identifizieren sich mit den Forderungen der Urburschenschaft nach Freiheit, Gleichheit, Demokratie und Republik.

Die Idee von einer Burschenschaft als allumfassende Bewegung wurde auf das Lebensbund-Prinzip, beziehungsweise die interne Organisation der AB Glanzenburger uminterpretiert. Das Allumfassende besteht darin, dass Aktivitas und Altherrenschaft im selben Verein und nicht in separaten Vereinen untergebracht sind. Diese Vereinsstruktur ist in der schweizerischen Verbindungslandschaft sehr selten und gilt im Schweizerischen Studentenverein (Schw. StV) als Alleinstellungsmerkmal der AB Glanzenburger. Praktische Konsequenz davon ist, dass Altherren dieselben Stimm- und Wahlrechte haben, wie aktive Burschen und von den Statuten gemeinsam mit den aktiven Burschen als «Burschen» betrachtet werden.

Erster dunkelhäutiger Student im RKB

Im Wintersemester 1963/64 wurde Aloysius Mubiru aus Uganda, welcher an der Universität Zürich Veterinärmedizin studierte, in die Aktivitas der KB Glanzenburger aufgenommen.
Mubiru war damit einer der ersten Dunkelhäutigen in einer Schweizer Studentenverbindung und der erste dunkelhäutige Student im Ring Katholischer Burschenschaften. Seine Mitgliedschaft bei den Glanzenburgern war gewissen Mitgliedern des Schw. StV zu dieser Zeit ein Dorn im Auge. Dass eine neue katholische Studentenverbindung es wagte, in ihre Reihen auch Ausländer, ja sogar dunkelhäutige Studenten, aufzunehmen, verstärkte die schon bestehende Rivalität zwischen der KB Glanzenburger und dem Schw. StV.

Für die Glanzenburger blieb Aloysius Mubiru, nachdem er sein Studium abgeschlossen und in seine Heimat zurückgekehrt war, für Jahrzehnte unauffindbar. Unter dem Eindruck des Terrorregimes von Idi Amin war eine Kontaktaufnahme für lange Zeit nicht möglich, und die Glanzenburger befürchteten, dass Mubiru nicht mehr am Leben sei. Als letzte Hoffnung beschloss die Verbindung, per Inserat in Ugandas grösster Zeitung nach Mubiru zu suchen, und hatte damit Erfolg. Nach mehreren Telefonaten und einem regen Briefwechsel besuchten am 21. März 2017 zehn Glanzenburger ihren Altherren Mubiru und seine Familie in Kampala.

Unkonventionelle Öffentlichkeitsarbeit
In den 2010er Jahren war die AB Glanzenburger vermehrt und teilweise auch sehr kontrovers in den Schweizer Medien vertreten. Unter anderem wurde die Aktion "Ein Prosit für jeden Fan", bei der es darum ging jedem Facebook Fan zuzuprosten, in der Tageszeitung 20 Minuten besprochen.
Die Wettbewerbsteilnahme von drei Glanzenburgern in Flausjacken an der Schweizer Ausscheidung zum Eurovision Song Contest 2014 unter dem Bandnamen "Arxplendida" resultierte in einem großen Medienecho und wurde auch international wahrgenommen. Die vielfältige Berichterstattung führte zu einem der besten Internetvoting Ergebnisse und zum Erreichen der Schweizer Zwischenrunde.
Wohl am kontroversesten diskutiert wurde die Spendensammelaktion im Jahr 2016 unter dem Titel "Saufen für den Frieden", bei der für das Schweizerische Rote Kreuz 10'000 CHF gesammelt wurden. Die Mitglieder der AB Glanzenburger verpflichteten sich pro eingegangenen 10 Schweizerfranken einen Deziliter Bier an einem Abend zu trinken. Die Meinungen zur Aktion gingen hier sehr weit auseinander. Während die einen es als gelungene, spassige und innovative Sammelaktion ansahen, kritisierten es andere als Verherrlichung des Alkoholmissbrauchs und Nonsens.

Engagement in den Dachverbänden
Im Corporationen Convent Zürich (CCZ) stellen die Glanzenburger seit den 1980er Jahren ununterbrochen eine Charge im fünfköpfigen Verbandsvorstand, darunter dreimal den Präsidenten. Im Schw. StV engagieren sich die Glanzenburger insbesondere seit der Jahrtausendwende stark und stellen innert sechs Jahren fünf Vertreter für den Vorstand des Gesamtvereins.

Bekannte Mitglieder
 Eugen Theodor Rimli, Schweizer Journalist und Verleger
 Franz Josef II. Fürst von und zu Liechtenstein
 Petrus Borne, Abt der Benediktinerabtei St. Mauritius in Tholey
 Bruno Beeler, Vizepräsident der CVP des Kantons Schwyz
 Hans Büchler, Kurator am Toggenburger Regionalmuseum in Lichtensteig

Siehe auch
 Liste der Studentenverbindungen in Zürich
 Liste der Burschenschaften

Weblinks
 Homepage der AB Glanzenburger
 Verzeichnis der Verbindungen der Universität Zürich

Literatur

 Referat von Dr. Peter Hess, Nationalratspräsident, anlässlich des Stiftungsfestes der Katholischen Burschenschaft der Glanzenburger zu Zürich

Einzelnachweise

Glanzenburger, AB
Glanzenburger
Glanzenburger, AB
Gegründet 1959

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
Q: Matrix Multiplication Composition from $\mathbb{R}^3 \to \mathbb{R}^3$ I've came with a very simple question, which asks to show that $A^3 = 0$, given that:
$$A(x,y,z)  = (ay+bz, cz, 0)$$
However, I don't comprehend how to multiply this $A$ times itself. I tried to multiply as a row vector times a column vector but it didn't get the same result.

A: Let $B$ be the matrix representation of the linear operator $A$.
$$B\begin{pmatrix} x\\y\\z \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} ay+bz\\cz\\0 \end{pmatrix}$$
$$B=\begin{pmatrix} 0&a&b\\ 0&0&c \\ 0&0&0 \end{pmatrix}$$
$$B^3=O$$
$$A^3=0$$
alternatively,
$$A^2(x,y,z)=(acz,0,0)$$
$$A^3(x,y,z)=(0,0,0)$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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We also provided Benfleet employees with the training and qualifications (Operator Competence through the QCF diploma) necessary to operate the facility, and prepared the management system that is a requirement under the environmental permit.


Funding for North Norfolk District Council services in 2017/18 will be reduced by an expected £104,000 following the Government's provisional finance settlement.
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As part of the country's counter measures, Sirleaf ordered schools across the country to remain closed and placed non-essential government workers on a mandatory three-day leave. She also ordered the closure of all markets along Liberia's border with Sierra Leone and Guinea.
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text:
It's Been 50 Years, Time to Drop The Conspiracy Theories
By denialism on November 22, 2013.
Today, newspapers including the NYT and WaPo are commemorating the 50th anniversary of Kennedy's death both on their front pages and opinion pages I was thinking if it's finally time to confront one of the most persistent, and widespread conspiracy theories out there - that of a larger conspiracy behind the Kennedy assassination.
However, I'm not interested in addressing specific allegations of the conspiracy theorists, as Fred Kaplan does or Vincent Bugliosi in his thorough debunking of JFK conspiracies and Oliver Stone's absurd JFK.(If you can find it it's great: Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy ) While Bugliosi's book is excellent, I can save your 50 bucks and hours of reading by summing up the central point - Conspiracy theorists have consistently fabricated, misrepresented, or misunderstood the relevant evidence to serve their interests, time and time again. And why should we be surprised? In our years of interacting with conspiracies from 9/11 truth to birtherism, the pattern is always the same. First comes the conclusion, then the evidence is bent, cherry-picked, falsified, or invented from whole cloth to fit that conclusion. Whether it's changing the position of the occupants of the car to create a bizarre ballistic trajectory, showing the undamaged side of a bullet in a photograph to suggest it was undamaged after its recovery, wrongly suggest Oswald or similarly competent shooter could not make the shot despite replication of the act and even improvement on his time and accuracy by other shooters, or any of the various tenuous links that show ties between Oswald and the CIA or the Soviets or the mafia or whatever, it's the same problem we've always seen with conspiratorial thinking. The only data that are incorporated are those that are convenient to the theory, and, in 50 years, there does not exist a solid, well-proven alternative explanation of the assassination or Oswald's involvement that explain the data.
We've seen 9 presidents since then, the fall of the soviet union, the advent of more modern forensic and technological analysis, and the evidence still overwhelmingly shows that Oswald, a Marxist, failed defector, crackpot and loser, bought a cheap rifle, made a failed attempt to assassinate Edwin Walker, successfully shot the president and wounded Governor John Connally, was seen leaving the scene, while fleeing got in an altercation with a police officer, who he shot in front of multiple witnesses, and was ultimately apprehended within hours by police. While his motivations will never be certain, his links to various governments, spy agencies, or criminal organizations remain unproven.
Despite 50 years, multiple changes of administrations, governments, investigations and re-investigations, there is still no better explanation than that a solitary loser shot a powerful, important man, because he wanted to make a statement, or because he could.
You understand the motivation of the conspiracy theorists in this case. It's such an unsatisfactory and disturbing revelation. Even small men, men like Oswald, can have a dramatic impact on history. And as we've seen in intervening decades various examples of actual government conspiracies, from anti-Castro assassination attempts to Iran-Contra, it seems like such a behavior is within the capacity of our government. Critically, this argument fails for three reasons. One, the government, as demonstrated by the common knowledge of these supposedly secret activities is completely incapable of keeping anything secret for anything but short periods of time, and certainly a secret as big as an internecine assassination by agents of our government would be virtually impossible to conceive, plan, or subsequently cover-up. Second, the physical evidence tying Oswald to the shooting is incontravertible, it was his rifle, his ammunition (also tied to the Walker attempt), his workplace, he was seen entering and fleeing the scene, and even shot a police officer in his attempt to flee. Third, the idea that anyone would rely on Oswald as an assassin is ludicrous. He wasn't some professional receiving guidance or pay from some well-equipped or funded organization. He bought a cheap rifle from a mail-order catalog, not because it would hide his tracks, but because he couldn't afford better (and it was tracked right back to him despite his attempt at using an alias). He wasn't even clever enough to arrange a straw purchase. He was a rabid Marxist and anti-fascist, not the type the CIA would employ to lick stamps, let alone carry out the highest-profile assassination in history.
After 50 years where is the solid data the conspiracy theorists have? Is Oliver Stone's JFK their best effort? If so then all they have is the story of a loony, homophobic southern prosecutor/media whore, whose failed attempts to link a presidential assassination to an unfortunate, and innocent businessman in New Orleans was glorified by the film-maker rather than condemned for being the worst kind of bigotry and incompetence. Jim Garrison is a dubious character to hang your hat on, with a prosecutorial career only exceptional for accusing dozens of people of various crimes, using dubious witnesses, and with no successful prosecutions (unless you count the one against him for defamation). His conspiracy theory was similarly ludicrous and tied together so many groups and agencies (from Earl Warren to NASA) the idea it could remain secret for 2 hours defies belief.
What else is there? In 50 years, what solid evidence of anyone but Oswald being involved is left? What incontrovertible data has arisen in 5 decades that is more plausible than Oswald as the shooter? Is it time to stop tolerating our nation's most socially-acceptable, loony conspiracy theory?
Conspiracy belief prevalence, according to Public Policy Polling is as high as 51%
And it may even be more when one considers that there is likely non-overlap between many of these conspiracies. It really is unfortunate that their isn't more social pushback against those that express conspiratorial views. Given both the historical and modern tendency of some conspiracy theories…
I reject your reality and I substitute my own
I don't know if this phrase ... ... originally from Adam Savage or if he's quoting someone. I think it might be his. Today, I was in an internet argument with someone (can you believe how many people on the internet are WRONG???) and I used a phrase like that. Then I instantly lost the argument…
JFK Slain
Today, in 1963, President John F. Kennedy was killed in Dallas. I have only the vaguest of memories of this event, but I do remember it. I remember being sent home from school, and I remember anguish and uncertainty, and I remember hearing the report of Kennedy's assasin, Lee Harvey Oswald, being…
Letting go of JFK
Few historical events are cloaked in as much confusion and controversy as the assassination of John Fitzgerald Kennedy. There's dueling government reports -- one concluded it was the work of a lone gunman, the other fingered an undefined conspiracy. Otherwise respectable researchers and journalists…
I can see your point but your point is just an opinion. some people care about the jfk assassination and will always search for the truth maybe you should respect our nations history.
By michael d mclaughlin (not verified) on 22 Nov 2013 #permalink
" some people . . . will always search for the truth"
Umm, I think Mark's point is that we got the truth decades ago, and the truth is simply that Oswald shot JFK.
"your point is just an opinion"
Some opinions are well-supported, and some are held only by crackpots. Lumping these together as both being "just an opinion" isn't very reasonable.
By Physicalist (not verified) on 22 Nov 2013 #permalink
Thank you Physicalist. Very well put. Respect for opinions, certainly doesn't mean all arguments are created equal. Particularly, in this case.
By fiscalist (not verified) on 22 Nov 2013 #permalink
By Lars Kvam (not verified) on 22 Nov 2013 #permalink
Thank you! You have perfectly summarized my own thinking....that people turn to conspiracy theories for very tragic events like this because the simple truth is more than they can bear from an emotional standpoint. Sometimes the simplest explanation is the correct on.
By JeffC (not verified) on 23 Nov 2013 #permalink
I would just love to know how Oswald, a mediocre marksman, according to the records of the Marines, was able to pull off shots that much more highly skilled shooters have been unable to replicate. Even under highly modified conditions.
By SeanW (not verified) on 23 Nov 2013 #permalink
Well supported evidence is what is still debateable. The oddity deaths of so many witnesses in such a short period erases a lot of evidence. 50 yrs still leaves many possible government officials still open to judgement and still alive. I will be more apt to believe judgements if, and when every government paper on the subject is open to the public. As long as even one related paper is kept under lock and key is, in itself,evidence of a conspiracy. I remember when a couple of different presidents promised to make all the related government files open to public. It is still not to this day. It is also time to put to rest the absurd trajectory of the one single bullet. Plus the complete illegal takeover of a lawful state investigation by the fbi..cia..judicial dept, all within a few hours of the death. Including taking the body, and any so called evidence with unprofessional rules of law enforcement.
By adm (not verified) on 23 Nov 2013 #permalink
Re SeanW @ #6
The notion that Oswald was a mediocre marksman is seriously in error. Oswald made sharpshooter at one point in his marine career. Sharpshooter is one step up from marksman, the lowest category.
Further, the notion that it was a difficult shot is untrue. I have visited the site of the assassination and observed Oswald' location and the approximate position of the limousine. In fact, it was a fairly routine shot that any competent rifleman could have made.
By colnago80 (not verified) on 23 Nov 2013 #permalink
Unfortunately, the investigation was significantly flawed, which opened the door to the conspiracy theorists.
1. The Warren Commission's accepting only the one bullet hypothesis was a mistake of monumental proportions. As the former Chief Medical Examiner of the City of New York, Milton Helpern, pointed out, Oswald would have had an opportunity for a shot about 1 second earlier then the earliest possible time opined by Arlan Specter, author of the one bullet hypothesis. As Helpern has pointed out, a bullet fired one second earlier would open the door to a two bullet hypothesis as the entire rational for the one bullet hypothesis was the finding by the FBI that Oswald would not have had time to fire a shot that hit Kennedy in the neck, worked the bolt action of the rifle and fire off a second shot that hit Connolly in the back, provided that one accepts Specter's time hypothesis of the first shot.
There are significant problems with the one bullet hypothesis, particularly relative to the condition of the bullet found on one of the stretchers on which Kennedy and Connolly were placed. There is also a problem with the apparent time interval between the latest time that Kennedy could have been hit and the time of a violent reaction by Connolly in response to his wounding, an interval of more then one second.
2. The autopsy on Kennedy was performed by pathologists who were unqualified in forensic pathology. Two of them had never conducted an autopsy on a gunshot victim while the third, Captain Finck, had performed a grand total of 5 such autopsies. Their performance has been heavily criticized by board certified forensic pathologists such as Milton Helpern, Michael Baden, and Cyril Wecht among others.
Re adm @ #7
It is also time to put to rest the absurd trajectory of the one single bullet.
The notion that the trajectory of the one bullet is absurd if piffle. The fact is that a careful reconstruction of the positions of Oswald, the limousine, Kennedy, and Connolly demonstrated conclusively that, provided the bullet was not deflected in passing through Kennedy's neck, it had to hit Connolly in the back. There was not other place for it to go. This is totally foolish argument. The condition of the bullet, which deflected twice upon hitting bone in Connolly, and the time interval between when Kennedy was struck and the violent reaction of Connolly are more serious issues.
"I would just love to know how Oswald, a mediocre marksman, according to the records of the Marines, was able to pull off shots that much more highly skilled shooters have been unable to replicate. Even under highly modified conditions."
As has been noted, he qualified as sharpshooter - his records waffled between that and marksman.
It is a lie that the shots have never been replicated. In one instance 8 of the 11 people who attempted a shot, with the same type of rifle, from the same distance, for CBS news, hit 2 of three shots, despite never having handled the rifle in their lives. Another person went 3 for 3.
The contention that the bullet that hit the president and governor had to make mysterious turns in order to do such is also based on a misconception. Kennedy's seat was roughly 8 inches higher than the governors. The bullet passed through Kennedy's neck, soft material, in a straight line. It began yawing when it exited and entered the air (hypothesized at the time of the investigation, behavior confirmed with modern ballistic testing procedures) and entered the governor's back at an angle. This was supported at the time by the fact that the hole in the governor's clothing was not circular but "ovalish", as was the entry wound in his back.
There is a common belief that Oswald's rifle was never tested, so there is no proof that the shell casings found with the rifle came from the rifle. That too is simply a lie by the conspiracy theorists: the rifle was tested. One of the shell casings found had a dimple near its neck: that was reproduced in the test firings from the rifle.
There is no problem in timing either: conspiracy backers jumped on the fact that the early analyses gave the maximum time span for the shots to be roughly six seconds. Recent analysis of the Zapruder film, on which the original analysis was based, found that the actual time span was more than two seconds longer, roughly 8.5 seconds. Adequate time to get the three shots off (one miss, two hits) even with a bolt action rifle.
Finally, referring to the bullet as "pristine" is foolishness of the highest order. The commonly distributed picture shows only one side, which has some marks but seems to be fine. The official photos also show the other side, which is deformed, with pieces missing. Saying that its condition is a problem not explained is a denial of facts.
And finally, there is no problem with Connaly's reaction time. Several analyses of the Zapruder film show that Kennedy was struck in the neck at roughly frame 222. The film shows his jacket lapel move at 224 and indicates that Connally began reacting by 225-226. To quote from one study:
I could observe what I would consider an involuntary and unusual motion of [Connally's] right hand and arm at 225. Before 225, his hand is hidden from Zapruder's view, down below the edge of the door. At 225-226 it can be seen to travel repidly (sic) upward until it is about level with his chin in 228. From 228-230 he flips his hat rapidly. At 229 it appears upside down in his hand with the thin edge of the brim extending toward Zapruder. By 230 the hat has flipped so that one can now see into it. This all takes place within less than 1/3 of a second so it would appear to be somewhat unusual."
Connally initially stated that he believed he had been hit at roughly frame 234: doctors believed the picked this time because it was likely he identified this from the film as being when he tried to breathe deeply with a destroyed rib and collapsed lung and remembered the result.
In short, Mark's comment that
Conspiracy theorists have consistently fabricated, misrepresented, or misunderstood the relevant evidence to serve their interests, time and time again.
rings especially true in this situation. It has been demonstrated for 50 years that people are perfectly willing to ignore facts and continue making things up and/or think logically (look at comments 1, 6, and 7 for examples). I'm resigned to accepting that it will continue to be this way for another 50 at least.
By dean (not verified) on 23 Nov 2013 #permalink
Re dean @ #12
1. The issue relative to a 2 bullet hypothesis is not the total time, it's the time between a proposed bullet 1 and a proposed bullet 2. In order to set the stage, we note that the 8mm Zapruder film had a frame rate of 18 frames per second. If bullet 1 stuck Kennedy in the neck at, say frame 202, the earliest claimed by Specter in the Warren report, and the latest it could have struck Connolly at frame 240, which is the beginning of a violent reaction by him, that's a maximum time interval of 2.1 seconds. FBI firearms expert experiments showed that a minimum of 2.4 seconds would be required to work the bolt action and fire a second shot. Therefore, if this construction is accurate, then a 2 bullet hypothesis is impossible. The time interval between frame 240 and frame 313, which is now taken to be the frame at which Kennedy was struck in the head, tis a time interval of 73 frames or 4 seconds, so Oswald could have fired a shot at frame 240, worked the bolt action and fired another shot at frame 313 easily.
The flapping lapel of Connolly's coat is the theory of Gerald Posner in his book, Case Closed. I did not find this theory very convincing.
2. Milton Helpern's theory was that the first shot that hit Kennedy in the neck was fired earlier the frame 202. He pointed out that, there was a hole in the foliage between the limousine and where Oswald was, at frame 185 so that Oswald had an open shot. If, indeed, the first shot was fired at frame 185 the time interval to the Connolly shot (assuming it occurred at frame 240) would be 65 frames or 3.5 seconds. Under this theory, Oswald could have fired the neck shot, worked the bolt action and fired the Connolly shot 3.5 seconds later.
3. The condition of the stretcher bullet has been an object of considerable debate. For instance, forensic pathologist Cyril Wecht is adamant that the damage is insufficient for a bullet that was deflected by twice striking bone in Connolly. Further, even if one rejects the frame 185 theory, there is still a time interval of 1 second or more between when Kennedy was hit and when Connolly was hit, indicating a delayed reaction on Connolly's part (I don't accept the Posner theory).
The bottom line is that the Helpern 2 bullet theory is just as feasible as the Specter 1 bullet theory. In either case, there is no need to bring in a second assassin.
It should also be noted that 8 board certified forensic pathologists examined the autopsy photographs and all agreed that all the wounds on both men were caused by bullets fired from the rear. This eliminates the railroad overpass and the grassy knoll theories.
Thank you Dean for your superb exposition on the whole matter. Regardless of the infinitude of murky scenarios one (or many) might believe or imagine about an assassination of a US President, this event was caught on film. The Zabruder film and the precise layout of Daily Plaza have been painstakingly recreated by Dale Meyers using a 3D computer graphics program which demonstrates unequivocally that the second shot that hit Kennedy in his upper back exited and hit Connelly. The precise projection of this bullet can be determined and shows to have come from that 6th Floor snipers nest. There is no leap of faith required to accept this. Nor is it in anyway implausible. If you are still searching for tiny apparent anomalies and ignoring the incontrovertible facts that are by now well established, it would appear you have a religious devotion to your own bias. This is an incredibly parochial error to make in an attempt to find the truth. As if your opinion couldn't be wrong. You serve as a terrible role model for young people. 'You ain't gonna make it with anyone anyhow.' - Beatles
By Robert Hilleary (not verified) on 23 Nov 2013 #permalink
The evidence show quite clearly that Oswald was the shooter.
However this does not mean that there was not a conspiracy. It is a fact that the CIA is withholding information that has on Gosling and there are several discrepancies with what the CIA says they know about Oswald and what the historical record says.
I'm not saying that the CIA set up the assassination, but it is very likely they are hiding something like Oswald was previously a CIA asset or something like that.
Most of the evidence is laid out in the excellent front line documentary Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/oswald/
By A H (not verified) on 23 Nov 2013 #permalink
A further note on the Helpern 2 bullet theory. As I and Dean have pointed out, given the position of the location where Oswald fired the neck bullet, the relative position of the limousine, the relative position of Kennedy and Connolly, the neck bullet had nowhere else to go but into Connolly's back. So how does Helpern explain that. He hypothesizes that the neck bullet was a short, and that it lost all its momentum passing through Kennedy's neck, ending up caught up in his tie. It then fell out onto the stretcher when Kennedy's body was lifted off (in fact, it is not known who was on the stretcher, Kennedy or Connolly). Thus, he opines that the bullet was the neck bullet, not the Connolly bullet. This eliminates the argument over the condition of the bullet as, if his hypothesis is correct, it was not deflected by bone and thus would not be expected to be severely deformed.
Let us imagine what would have happened if DNA analysis had been available in 1963. The blood and flesh on the bullet could have been subjected to a DNA analysis. If the one bullet hypothesis is correct, one would expect to see 4 alleles, two from Kennedy and two from Connolly. If the 2 bullet hypothesis is correct, one would expect to see only 2 alleles from either Kennedy or Connolly. Of course, this would not satisfy the critics as they would argue that either the DNA tests were phony or that the bullet was planted with blood from both victims added after the fact.
Is it true that national archives lost president kennedy s brain? Also the Stone mountain hearing which all major defence contractors attended right before the assasination? Kennedy wanted to shrink military budget to minimum...and was killed a week after he stated this?...I am sorry something fishy is going on.Then Robert killed for helping Israel obtain weapons...by a christian jordanian.....Robert had just started investigating big mafia families....dont forget "conspiracy" is not by definition nonsense....you can still go to prison for conspiracy..shalom
By james ainoris (not verified) on 24 Nov 2013 #permalink
I don't think it's intelligent to discount "conspiracy theories" as this article does. The truth of the matter is Building 7 was not hit by a plane and the building was in freefall which is congruent with controlled demolition. As far as the JFK assassination; you should read "Me and Lee" by Judyth Vary Baker.
By Jane Doe (not verified) on 24 Nov 2013 #permalink
"Building 7 was not hit by a plane"
Building 7 was located directly beneath the two that were hit by planes, and was pulverized and set on fire by the mountains of giant burning debris that had been falling onto it for hours.
"the building was in freefall which is congruent with controlled demolition"
No, being in freefall is congruent with FALLING. Everything falls "in freefall" unless there are external sources of either thrust or drag to speed it up or slow it down. So unless the original blueprints for WTC included rocket engines or parachutes this is a meaningless nonpoint. SEE ALSO: "the building collapsed into its own footprint!" - because the footprint was beneath the building, which fell down, instead of, what, falling over backwards like a domino?
By TTT (not verified) on 25 Nov 2013 #permalink
I thought Posner's Case Closed was the book that finally demolished the conspiraloons.
By Toby (not verified) on 26 Nov 2013 #permalink
Before deciding that it's time to put the Kennedy conspiracy theories to rest, can we work on ending the Lincoln assassination conspiracy theories, which I still hear people spouting? It's been well over 50 years on those...
By Michael Suttkus, II (not verified) on 26 Nov 2013 #permalink
I like the comments here. Some of the common tropes arose, and were dealt with expertly. Oswald was a perfectly capable shooter, and the shot was not that difficult. It has been replicated, multiple times, by unexperienced shooters and shooters with equivalent training, and improved upon. The Troofers showed up and demonstrated by their lack of understanding of physics why we should generally be suspicious of the wackadoo conspiracies. Most of the misunderstandings about the shooting, including the magic bullet, and supposed evidence the shooting was impossible from Oswald's location or with his skill, are just pervasive myths. The evidence is in. The shots were replicated, the path (or paths) were logical and ballistics are sound, the bullets came from his gun, that he ordered through the mail, he was tied to the scene, a previous assassination attempt on another public figure, and shot a cop while fleeing the scene. Oswald was the shooter.
@ A H, yes, it is impossible to rule out some tenuous connection between Oswald and various nefarious groups. Of note, the FBI had interviewed Oswald when he returned from the USSR, and in the immediate assassination aftermath, one of the supervising agents tried to destroy the evidence that they had interviewed him (in a bizarre attempt to cover their ass for missing out that they had checked out Oswald and dismissed him as a threat). Again, the evidence of this has come to light. Conspiracies do happen, the problem with conspiracy theories is that they are non-explanatory, they exist to justify an absence of evidence for a theory, rather than synthesize the available data. And the consistent fact is, secrets are hard to keep, criminal and government malfeasance gets leaked, declassified, and exposed. It's been 50 years. We know who deepthroat is, the Pentagon papers have been released, Oliver North traded arms for drugs, Clinton got a BJ, our top spy was nailing his biographer, and the NSA reads our email. What evidence is there our government can keep the lid on a can of tuna? No new data on a connection between Oswald and any external group is suggestive that there will never be further evidence of a conspiracy, and all the evidence available to date shows he was a lone nut. Alternative explanations are simply not plausible.
By denialism on 26 Nov 2013 #permalink
Re Mark @ #22
I generally agree with Mark's comment. However, the mistakes that were made during the investigation are what have opened the door for the conspiracy theorists like Mark Lane, Harold Weisberg, and Oliver Stone.
1. The Dallas police failed to consider the possibility that Oswald might have been a hired assassin and that the folks who did the hiring might want to eliminate him. Their carelessness in allowing him to be assassinated in turn by Jack Ruby has been highly flammable fuel that has fed the conspiracy fires.
2. The Government erred in allowing unqualified pathologists to conduct the autopsy on Kennedy. Their many mistakes, amply identified by board certified forensic pathologists like Milton Helpern, Michael Baden, and Cyril Wecht again served to fuel the conspiracy theorists.
3. The acceptance of the 1 bullet hypothesis without considering other possibilities, such as the Helpern 2 bullet hypothesis, again provided fuel for the conspiracy theorists who could point to the two apparent holes in that theory. These consisted of the time delay between Kennedy's reaction to the neck wound and Connolly's reaction to being hit in the back and the condition of the bullet found on the stretcher. Even if the Posner theory of the flapping lapel at frame 225 on Connolly's coat is accepted, there could be as much as a delay of 23 frames, some 1 5/18 of a second. Further, competent forensic experts like Cyril Wecht have opined that the condition of the bullet is not consistent with having been deflected twice by contact with bones.
As for the various conspiracy theories, the conspiracy theorists have produced scant evidence. In fact, most of them have been discredited by failing to criticize the phony investigation by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison, the basis for the pile of crap produced by Oliver Stone, the movie JFK.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Darell Krasnoff, managing director at Bel Air Investment Advisors, says headwinds abound but investors are still better off buying market dips rather than overpriced bonds.
What are the Bonds Saying about Market Risk?
Is this the beginning of a bear market for bonds?


You've been given a number written in expanded form. You have to write it in standard form, and in word form. The instructor does a nice job illustrating and explaining just how to do both of these operations.


text:
Lamar, William Details
Image of the signed register page for Lamar, William.
Giles K [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Henry W [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Bates [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Bell, Joshua [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Bleecker, H [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Bryaut, Walter A [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Bull, I [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Cole, John [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Eastman, C J [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Hewrtt, O W [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Howard [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Howard, Elizabeth [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Humphrey, Henry B [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Pappelmann, Henry [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Sanders, Elija [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Sargrut, Joseph [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Seyman [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Seyman, H S [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Seyman, Harris B [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Taylor, William [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
Thompson, Henry [Visit Date: 7/6/1844]
A [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Andrew [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
B [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Charity [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
John A [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
O W [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Thomas [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Y [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Beckett [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Beckett, John [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Beckett, Samuel [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Beckett, William [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Bigelow, F W [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Bigelow, George [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Chase [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Darby [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Darby, Betsy [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Darby, George [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Galleway, I H [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Gallinger, John [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Goff, Joseph [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Henry, Charles [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Hope, Adam [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Leighton, Elenor [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Martin, Silvester [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Patterson, Dan [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Ward [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
Ward, William [Visit Date: 7/7/1844]
We spent a great time in this museum, they have very interesting activities for families!
PA – Facebook review


Posted April 16, 2016 by Fat Finger & filed under Cool Technology.
Now, it seems, that tech utopia may not be beyond Google's grasp. Doctoroff and Alphabet C.E.O. and Google co-founder Larry Page are meeting to discuss the creation of a futuristic, tech-based city, code-named "Project Sidewalk," the Information reports. "A lot of people have tried it and haven't succeeded. Right now we're just building products and services but there are lots of lessons that can be learned from the past and we'll see what happens over time," Doctoroff previously told the Information. It's an ambitious plan—and if Page approves, Sidewalk Labs and Alphabet could begin looking for bids from different cities later this year. Alphabet has brought on board 100 expert city planners to design the city of the future, which Sidewalk Labs and Alphabet would build from scratch.
The new city would be a "test bed" for technological advancements including self-driving vehicles, super-fast Internet (think of Google Fiber), and all sorts of smart, Internet-connected devices. The Information reports that Denver and Detroit are being considered as test areas for Project Sidewalk. While Sidewalk Labs has been quiet about its projects, it has started worked on installing high-speed Wi-Fi hubs around New York City.
Alphabet isn't the first to dream of creating a tech utopia. PayPal co-founder and venture-capitalist Peter Thiel famously proposed a project called Blueseed, based out of his Seasteading Institute, to establish a floating libertarian island off the coast of California. The "world's first floating city" for "pioneers who wish to demonstrate new ways of living together" was successfully backed on Indiegogo in 2013, though plans to develop Blueseed were paused due to insufficient funding. Likewise, venture-capitalist Tim Draper had a plan several years ago to split California into six separate states, including a Northern California section that would be called Silicon Valley.


I thought I would spoil you by having a big comeback to youtube after my break with two collection videos right away! This must my very most requested video ever. Enjoy!
I had some trouble with the time jumps, so go to 9:20 for everything else than pencils.
Make sure to watch the video in HD to get the best experience.
If you have any questions or suggestions please leave a comment. I'll do my best to give you a good answer and always write down all suggestions!
Remember to always tag me (on Instagram, @Alwayscoloring) or share the link to the video, if you're coloring along from my tutorials or livestreams and share your work online.
I'm coloring live on Instagram as often as possible. My Instagram followers have been begging me to post my livestreams on youtube, so that's what I'll do.
You can see my livestreams and everything I'm coloring on my Instagram account.
The music in my videos is from http://www.bensound.com.