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Anemia among pregnant women in internally displaced camps in Mogadishu, Somalia: a cross-sectional study on prevalence, severity and associated risk factors
Ramla Hussein Ahmed1,
Asha Abdirahman Yussuf1,
Asma Abdikarin Ali1,
Sowdo Nuur Iyow1,
Maryan Abdulahi3,4,
Lul Mohamud Mohamed1,2 &
Mohamed Hayir Tahlil Mohamud1,5
Anemia in pregnancy is a serious global public health problem in most developing countries and a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. Somalia which already had very high maternal mortality ratio of 829 per 100,000 live births, pregnant women in internally displaced camps (IDPs) remain at most exposed. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence, severity and associated risk factors of anemia among pregnant women in internally displaced camps in Mogadishu, Somalia.
A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among 383 households in the most IDP settled districts in Mogadishu. Every pregnant mother in these sampled households who was voluntarily consented was targeted. A sample of blood was also taken by pricking the fingertip and inserted into hemoglobin meter. Those with Hb < 11 g/dl from hemoglobin meter had been taken another sample of 3 cc blood and put into EDTA tube for CBC analysis to identify the type of anemia. Data on risk factors were collected using structured pretested questionnaire via an interview. Collected data was coded and entered in SPSS- Version 22 for analysis. Descriptive analysis, bivariate chi-square and multivariate logistic regression were done.
The overall prevalence of anemia among study participants was 44.4% (95%CI: 39.5-49.3%), where severe and moderate anemia were 11.8 and 47.0% respectively. In addition all anaemic cases were microcytic hypochromic anemia. Young maternal age, low Family income, fewer/zero parity, being at third or second trimesters, lack of ANC attendance during pregnancy, lack of iron supplementation during pregnancy, taking tea immediately after meal during pregnancy, lower/zero frequency of daily meat and vegetables consumption during pregnancy were associated risk factors of anemia.
The anemia prevalence from this study was severe public health problem. Several factors were found to be associated with anemia during pregnancy. Measures has to be taken to curb the problem by including them mass iron supplementation and health education towards identified risk factors.
Anemia is a public health problem that affects 1.62 billion people worldwide, which corresponds to 24.8% of the world population [1]. It is characterized by reductions in hemoglobin concentration, red-cell count, or packed-cell volume.
Anemia is a common health problem for women and children of developing countries [2, 3]. (WHO) has defined anemia during pregnancy as hemoglobin (Hb) concentration less than 11 g per deciliter (g/dl) [4]. Pregnant women in developing countries are prone to anemia due to low socioeconomic conditions. The poor nutritional intake, repeated infections, frequent pregnancies and low health-seeking behaviors are associated with anemia [2, 5]. It is estimated that 40% of pregnant women globally are anemic, with iron deficiency anemia being the most common type [6]. Annually, nearly 510,000 maternal deaths occur worldwide, associated with childbirth or early postpartum complications. Approximately 20% of this maternal death is caused by anemia; the majority of this is taking place in developing countries [7]. Of the 41.8% of pregnant women it affects globally, the highest prevalence are in Africa (57.1%) which corresponds to 17.2 million [5].
Anemia in pregnancy is associated with increased risk of preterm birth and low birth weight babies [8,9,10,11]. Preterm and LBW are still the leading causes of neonatal deaths in developing countries [12]. It has also been associated with increased risk of intrauterine deaths (IUFD), low APGAR score at 5 min, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) which is a risk for stunting among children of less than 2 years [8, 9, 13].
Pregnant women in refugees and internally displaced camps are the most vulnerable once, not only for the morbidity and mortality of anemia alone but many other diseases and conditions. A report from Dadab refugee camp in Kenya shown that all maternal deaths reported in 2008, anemia accounted 55% of them [14]. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, severity and associated risk factors of anemia among pregnant women in internally displaced camps in Mogadishu, Somalia.
A community based cross-sectional study was carried out from February to July 2020 to determine the prevalence, type, severity and risk factors of anemia among pregnant women living in IDP camps in Mogadishu-Somalia.
Study population and setting
Recurrent droughts and conflicts in many parts of the country forced many people to displace internally. Most displaced settlements locate in the outskirts of Mogadishu, especially in the districts of Deynile, Kaxda and Hodan which were all under this study. As the data from the (Internal Displacement Profiling, 2016) showed, the IDP population comprises 33% of all households (or 151,861 individuals) in Daynile district, followed by Kaxda 19% of all households (or 88,091 individuals) and Hodan 17% of all households (or 83,374 individuals).
Outcome variable
The outcome variable of this study is anemia. Anemia in pregnancy is defined as Hb status less than 11 g/dl. On the bases of its severity, anemia was categorized as severe anemia (< 7.0 g/dl), Moderate anemia (7.0-9.9 g/dl) and Mild anemia (10.0-10.9 g/dl) [15].
Independent variables
Sociodemographic variables
Included women age (14-21 years, 22-29 years, 30-37 years and 38-45 years), educational status (illiterate, informal education, primary education and secondary & above education), occupation (employed and Housewife) and daily family income (≤ $1 dollar, $1-3 dollars and > $3 dollars).
Obstetric variables
Included parity (0, 1-3 and > 3), pregnancy trimester (First, second and third), birth space (< 2 years and ≥ 2 years), ANC visit during current pregnancy (never visited, 1-3 visits and > 3 visits) and Iron supplementation during current pregnancy (Yes and No).
Dietary variables
Included consumption of tea immediately after meal (Yes and No), frequency of daily meat consumption (None, one time, two times and three times) and frequency of daily vegetable consumption (None, one time, two times and three times).
Sample size determination and sampling procedure
The sample size was calculated using single proportion formula (n = [(zα/2)2 × (1-p)]/d2) with the level of confidence of a 95, 5% margin of error, 36.1% prevalence of anemia in pregnant women from study in South Sudanese Refugees in Pugnido, Western Ethiopia refugee camps [1] and a 10% nonresponse rate which yielded 393. Out of the 17 districts in Mogadishu, three periphery districts where most IDP settlements locate have been selected for this study. These districts were Deynile where IDP settlements comprise (33%), Kaxda (19%) and Hodan (17%) (Internal Displacement Profiling, 2016). Based on this proportion, the sample size was allocated into 27% (107 households) to Kaxda, 47% (185 households) into Deynile and 26% (101 households) into Hodan. Households in each of these sampled districts were selected using systematic random sampling technique, where every 3rd household were chosen (Fig. 1).
Study flow chart
Sample collection and processing procedure
Pregnancy of the mother was confirmed through LNMP method if she was in the first trimester or abdominal examination if in second and third trimester. For the confirmed consented pregnant women information on Socio-demographic, obstetric and dietary intake was collected using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed into English then translated to Somalia then back to English. A sample of blood was also taken by pricking the fingertip after use of septic technique, then test strip was inserted into the device and the results were then recorded. Those with hemoglobin level less than 11 g/dl from hemoglobin meter results had been taken another sample of 3 cc blood through venepuncture and put into EDTA tube for CBC analysis to identify the type of anemia. Throughout the sample there was no difference in the results from the hemoglobin meter and CBC analysis. Every subject's sample and her questionnaire were labelled into unique identification number. After the test, pregnant women who were mild to moderate anemia were given iron supplement (Two times daily oral iron and folic acid supplementation with 60 mg of elemental iron and 400 μg folic acid for a period of 3 months with follow up) and health education. Those with severe anemia were given health education and facilitated to come into Banadir Hospital immediately via an ambulance for further investigations and treatments. Finally, Participants whose CBC analysis was < 11 g/dl were regarded to be anemic.
Data analysis and processing
The collected data was coded and entered in SPSS- Version 22 for analysis. Descriptive analysis such as mean, standard deviation, frequency and percentages was performed to summarize the socio demographic, obstetric, and nutrition related data.
A bivariate chi-square analysis was used to determine the significance of the associations between the variables. Variables with a p-value ≤ 0.2 were taken into multivariate level. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed using the Backward stepwise regression method to control potential confounding variables. Furthermore, correlation between the explanatory variables was assessed to test multi-collinearity. VIF > 5 were considered the existence of Multicollinearity between the explanatory variables. Finally, the strength of association was measured by adjusted odds ratios with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for exposure variables and the outcome variable (Anemia). P-value< 0.05 was regarded statistically significant in all conditions of the analysis.
Data from 383 study participants were included in the analysis out of 393 calculated samples, with 97.5% response rate.
Socio demographic and obstetric characteristics
As shown in Table 1 the Mean ± SD age of subjects was 26.10 ± 6.54 years. Nearly two-third of the participants (243, 63.4%) were housewives. Majority of the participants (279, 72.8%) were illiterate and only two participants (0.5%) completed secondary or higher education. The Mean ± SD of participants' daily income was 2.26 ± 1.09 USD per day with majority (308, 80.4%) had 1-3 dollars per day. In parity, 60.1% (230) of the women had more than three children with the Mean ± SD parity of 4.7 ± 3.23 children. In addition about two-third of the subjects had birth space of less than 2 years from the current pregnancy (229, 66.8%). Although majority of the subjects were in their Second and third trimesters (38.4 and 36.0%) respectively, more than half (220, 57.4%) never visited ANC during the current pregnancy. That leads only 38.1% to take Iron supplements.
Table 1 Socio-demographic and Obstetric characteristics of pregnant women in IDPs of Mogadishu, 2020
Prevalence, severity and type of Anemia among study participants
The overall prevalence of anemia among pregnant women living in Internally Displaced camps of Mogadishu, Somalia was found to be 44.4%(170/383) with the mean (±SD) Hb concentration of 10.37 (±1.93) g/dL. Among them, severe anemia was 11.8% (20/170), moderate anemia was 47.0% (80/170) and mild anemia was 41.2% (70/170). All anaemic pregnant women had microcytic hypochromic anemia (170/170). The mean (±SD) of anemia from Hb meter was 9.019(±1.0772) g/dL while the mean (±SD) of anemia from CBC was 9.315 (±1.2795) g/dL. The overall mean (±SD) Hb concentration of all subjects was 10.37 (±1.93) g/dL. (Table 2).
Table 2 Prevalence, Severity and Type of Anaemia among pregnant women in included in the study in IDPs of Mogadishu, 2020
Multivariate logistic regression
Age, Family income and parity were all had a negative association with anemia, that is an increase on age, daily family income and parity by a unit would likely to decrease the risk of being anemia by a factor of 0.967, 0.717 and 0.878 respectively (p-value< 0.05).
Pregnant women in the third and second trimesters were 4.48 and 2.66 times respectively more likely to be anaemic than those with first trimester [(AOR: 4.483; 95% CI: 22.384-8.431; P-value = 0.001); (AOR: 2.666; 95% CI: 1.466-4.848; P-value = 0.001)]. Pregnant women who never visited ANC during pregnancy were found seven times more likely to be anaemic compared to those who had more than three visits (AOR: 6.707; 95%CI; 1.390-32.352; P-value = 0.018). Pregnant women who did not take iron supplement during their pregnancy were two times more likely to be anaemic compared than those who took it (AOR: 2.166; 95%CI: 1.410-3.327; P-value 0.001). Pregnant women who took tea immediately after meal were 3.4 times more likely to be anaemic than those who had no (AOR: 3.430; 95% CI: 2.004-5.873; P-value = 0.001). A decrease in the frequency of daily meat intake during pregnancy were found to be associated with increased risk of anemia, women who had None, once and twice a day were 19.595, 15.633 and 12.554 respectively more risk to be anaemic than those who had three times per day [(AOR: 19.595;95% CI: 2.264-169.606; P-value = 0.007); (AOR: 15.633;95% CI: 1.992-122.700; P-value = 0.001); (AOR: 12.554;95% CI: 1.536-102.633; P-value = 0.018)]. Similarly, A decrease in the frequency of daily vegetable consumption during pregnancy were found to be associated with increased risk of anemia, In addition, that is women who never took green vegetables or took once in a day during their pregnancy were twelve and five times more likely to be anaemic respectively than those who took more than three times per day during their pregnancies [(AOR: 11.976; 95% CI: 4.569-31.391; P-value = 0.001); (AOR: 5.475; 95% CI: 2.413–12.423; P-value = 0.001)]. (Table 3).
Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression results of factors associated Anemia among pregnant women in included in the study in IDPs of Mogadishu, 2020
The overall prevalence of anemia among the subjects of this study was found to be 44.4% (170/383) with the mean (±SD) Hb concentration of 10.37 (±1.93) g/dL.
Based on WHO cut off values, anemia prevalence in this study is regarded as severe public health problem [16]. The overall prevalence of anemia among all pregnant women in Somalia was declining slowly from 50.0 to 46.8% between 1990 and 2016 [17]. The anemia prevalence of this study, 44.4% was higher than the findings in a study conducted in South Sudanese refugees in Pugnido at western Ethiopia (36.1%) [1], Southeast Ethiopia 27.9% [7], Palestinian refugees in Occupied Palestinian Territory, 38.6% [18], South Sudanese refugee living in refugee camps of Uganda (36.3%) [19] and Malaysia (35.0%) [20]. This difference might be due to timing and methodological difference, for example the studies conducted at South Sudanese refugees, Pugnido, western Ethiopia and Palestinian refugees in Occupied Palestinian Territory was facility based conducted at 2015 and 2006 respectively. Other study conducted at South Sudanese refugee in New Caseload of Uganda [19] was a large sample size study done at 2007 while the Southeast Ethiopia study [7] was facility based for residential pregnant women. Same was the Malaysian study [20] although it was targeted residential population in additional to these differences, displaced people in these areas may have better aid and other facility access than IDPs in Somalia.
This prevalence was slightly lower than 2016 World Bank report on "prevalence of anemia among pregnant women in Somalia" (46.8%) [21]. This is may be due to that pregnant women in IDPs are very vulnerable groups with no access to balanced diet, poor access to health and low knowledge. It was also lower than other studies conducted in Dadab refugee camps (75%) [22] and Saharawi refugees in Algeria (55.1%) [23]. This might be due to timing; for example, reports from Dadab refugee camps was conducted in 2008 while the study on Saharawi refugees in Algeria [23] was large sample sized study conducted at Refugee Camps, Tindouf, Algeria.
Moderate anemia was the common form of anemia in this study with 47% of the pregnant women. Moderate anemia was also reported as the major form of anemia among pregnant women from studies conducted in Saharawi refugees in Algeria, (25.5%) [23], Eastern Sudan (52.4%), Wolayta Sodo Town, Southern Ethiopia (60%) [24], Karnataka, India (50.4%) [25] and West Algeria (49.5%) [26]. There were many other studies where mild type of anemia was the predominant form, these were included a study conducted in 2015 at South Sudanese refugee living in refugee camps of Uganda, (89.2%) [1], Southeast Ethiopia study, (55%) [7], Palestinian refugees in Occupied Palestinian Territory, (35%) [18], South Sudanese refugee in New Caseload of Uganda (86.2%) [19], Tikur Anbessa, Addis Ababa Ethiopia (80.9%) [27] and Kakamega, Eastern Sudan (52.4%) [28]. The possible sources of inconsistency with the study done in Sudanese refugee living in refugee camps of Uganda might be time it was conducted, 2015 and since it was facility based. The other study in Southeast Ethiopia study was small sample sized facility based that did not include IDP or refugee. Studies on Palestinian refugees in Occupied Palestinian Territory and Kakamega, Eastern Sudan used different cut-off points for mild (9-10.9) and moderate (7-8.9) while Tikur Anbessa, Addis Ababa Ethiopia study was facility based on non IDP/refugee pregnant women that also excluded any pregnant women who were recently transfused, or had chronic medical diseases, diagnosed hemoglobinopathies, or who had early bleeding or antepartum hemorrhage.
Considering the morphological classification of anemia, all the patients had microcytic hypochromic anemia (170/170). This is in agreement with a report from Turkey [29] and West Algeria [26]. This is also in line with WHO report [16] that the commonest cause of anemia in pregnancy is nutritional problem especially iron deficiency.
Socio-demographic factors can play a big role in determining anemia among pregnant woman. In this study only maternal age and daily family income were significantly associated with Hb status. Anemia was significantly more prevalent among young pregnant women (AOR: 0.967; 95% CI: 0.937-0.9981). Similarly pregnancy anemia was 28.3% more prevalent among women with family income ≤$1 per day than those >$1 per day (AOR: 0.717; 95% CI: 0.577-0.891). Age and family were documented as important risk factors of anemia among pregnant women in different literatures [1, 29]. Poor income leads to limited access to nutritious diets and is associated with poor eating habits that might lead to anemia. On other hand, If an adolescent girl becomes pregnant, the mother and foetus will compete for nutrients to support their rapid growth which in turn increases her vulnerability for anemia [30]. Insecurity in the area of IDP camps, aid shortage and mismanagement of aid distribution creates families not only to rely on aid donation. Hence financial constraints are challenging to access and afford nutritious foods [31]. Other socio-demographic factors like educational level and occupation were found as insignificant predictors of anemia in this study but were significant in other studies [32, 33].
Many obstetric characteristics play an important role in determining Hb status through increasing requirement for iron or depletion of its storage. In this study anemia were 4.48 (AOR) and 2.66 (AOR) more prevalent in pregnant woman with third and second trimesters respectively compared to those in the first trimesters. Because the requirements for absorbed iron increase from 0.8 mg/day in the first trimester to 7.5 mg/day in the third trimester [34, 35]. This finding was in line with WHO report [36]. Parity was found to have a negative association with anemia (AOR = 0.878), that is anemia were more prevalent among nulliparous women (or women with fewer children) compared to multiparous. This is may be that less parity women are less expert in pregnancy related complications with addition; more 95% of the subjects in the study had no basic education and all were poor IDPs. They may feel more difficult in the morning sickness that may lead to refuse the available food with no other option of choice. In contrast the higher party women may have higher experience in pregnancy, morning sickness, anemia and its management. This finding was consistence in studies in Ethiopia [37], Ghana [38] and Turkey [29].
According to the WHO [36], an increase in ANC attendance during pregnancy may decrease the risk of maternal mortality and morbidity including pregnancy anemia. In this study, pregnant women who had zero ANC visits or 1-3 ANC visits were 6.7 and 3.5 times more likely to be anemic respectively compared those who had more than three visits. This is consistence with many literatures that shown an increase in ANC attendance during pregnancy is associated with a decrease of risk of pregnancy anemia [39, 40].
Inadequate consumption and improper dietary habit with respect to the necessary micronutrient during pregnancy can increase the risk of developing anemia. The result of this study shown that anemia was 2.266 more prevalent in pregnant women who did not take iron supplements during pregnancy than those who had (AOR = 2.166; 95% CI: 1.410–3.327). this is because Requirements for absorbed iron increase in an average of ~ 4.4 mg/day in the entire gestation period [34, 35]. In the current study, tea intake immediately after meal had been associated with increased risk of 3.4 times to be anaemic (AOR: 3.430; 95% CI: 2.004–5.873). This was concordant with the findings from Sudanese Refugees in Pugnido at Western Ethiopia [1], West Arsi Zone in Ethiopia [41] and Fayoum Governorate in Egypt [42]. Frequency of daily meat and vegetable intake were found to be positive predictors of anemia, where pregnant women with higher frequency of meat consumption or higher frequency of vegetable consumption had lower risk of anemia (P-value< 0.05). Same result was documented in study conducted in Bangladesh [43], Nepal [43]. This is because meat and vegetables are sources of iron [43, 44].
This study showed the burden and risk factors of anemia among the most vulnerable population groups, pregnant mothers, in IDPs camps where there is scarcity of literature. It may also help policymakers to develop strategies to prevent and reduce this burden. However; the study has some limitations that need to be taken into account when interpreting the study results. First, the study was done only three internally displaced camps in Mogadishu; therefore we cannot generalize the finding from this study to all internally displaced pregnant women in Somalia. Second, the study did not include Malaria and HIV tests or even stool examinations for parasitic tests which would be possible explanations for some findings. Even the history of fever for malaria and loose stool for GI parasites was not taken. Third, no physical examination was done. Forth, the CBC analysis was made only for the patients with for Hb meter <11 g/dl.
Prevalence of anemia from this study was a regarded as severe public health problem based on WHO cut off values. The severity of the anemia was moderate form. All anaemic pregnant women had microcytic hypochromic anemia. maternal age, daily family income, parity, pregnancy trimesters, frequency of ANC attendance, iron supplementation, tea intake immediately after meal, frequencies of meat and vegetable intake were associated risk factors of anemia among pregnant women in IDP camps in Mogadishu-Somalia. Awareness creation on the consequences of anemia during pregnancy should be given to IDP women in child bearing age in general and pregnant women in particular. Measures has also be taken to curb the problem by including them mass iron supplementation and health education towards identified risk factors.
The datasets used and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
AOR:
Adjusted Odds Ratio
ANC:
Antenatal care attendance
CBC:
GI:
Hb:
IDP:
LBW:
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El Ashiry A, El Ghazali S, Habil I. Prevalence and determinants of anemia in third trimester pregnancy in Fayoum governorate-Egypt. Acta Medica Mediterranea. 2014.
Bhargava A, Bouis HE, Scrimshaw NS. Dietary intakes and socioeconomic factors are associated with the hemoglobin concentration of Bangladeshi women. Econometr Stat Comput Approach Food Health Sci. 2006:105–12. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812773319_0007.
Sinawangwulan IP, Dewi YLR, Wekadigunawan C. Association between socio-demographic, nutrition intake, cultural belief, and incidence of Anemia in pregnant women in Karanganyar, Central Java. J Matern Child Health. 2018;03:128–57. file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/93-207-3-PB.pdf.
We appreciate all the investigators' efforts in data collection. We acknowledge all Jazeera University laboratory technicians for their helpful guidance and consultants. As well thanks all study participants.
The study received no funding from any agency.
Faculty of Medicine & Surgery, Jazeera University, Mogadishu, Somalia
Ramla Hussein Ahmed, Asha Abdirahman Yussuf, Asma Abdikarin Ali, Sowdo Nuur Iyow, Lul Mohamud Mohamed & Mohamed Hayir Tahlil Mohamud
Paediatric Department, Jazeera University Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
Lul Mohamud Mohamed
Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Dr Sumait Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
Maryan Abdulahi
Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia
Research Unit, Jazeera University, Mogadishu, Somalia
Mohamed Hayir Tahlil Mohamud
Ramla Hussein Ahmed
Asha Abdirahman Yussuf
Asma Abdikarin Ali
Sowdo Nuur Iyow
Mohamed Hayir conducted the data analysis and prepared the manuscript. Dr. Maryan and Dr. Lul supervised data collection, checked laboratory results and contributed to the design of the study. Dr. Asha, Dr. Asma, Dr. Ramla and Dr. Sowdo conducted data collection, laboratory investigations, Software data entry and preliminary analysing. All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Correspondence to Mohamed Hayir Tahlil Mohamud.
Researchers confirm that all methods used in this study were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. The study was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Jazeera University (reference number: 2020[007]). All participants provided written informed consent, and the ethics committee approved the procedures. If subjects were under 18 or illiterate, informed consent was obtained from their legal guardians.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests
Additional file 1.
Ahmed, R.H., Yussuf, A.A., Ali, A.A. et al. Anemia among pregnant women in internally displaced camps in Mogadishu, Somalia: a cross-sectional study on prevalence, severity and associated risk factors. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 21, 832 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-021-04269-4
Jazeera University


These heavy duty leveling Mounts have a removable rubber pad which makes them perfect for wood or tile floors. They come standard on our Mixer Tables and Computer Workstations. They have the same 3/8-16 threaded stems which means that they will fit any Sound Anchor Studio Stand.


What should I know about applying for an FHA mortgage? FHA home loans differ from their conventional counterparts in many ways including a lower down payment requirement, generally more forgiving credit requirements, and occupancy rules.
November 2, 2017 - What should I know about applying for an FHA mortgage? FHA home loans differ from their conventional counterparts in many ways including a lower down payment requirement, generally more forgiving credit requirements, and occupancy rules.
For maximum financing, FHA loan rules say FICO scores of 580 or better are required. However, lender standards may be higher-check with your chosen financial institution to see what FICO score minimums apply there.
For best results, you should plan to begin the FHA loan application process with no less than 12 consecutive calendar months of on-time payments for all financial obligations including rent/mortgage payments. Those 12 months should be up to and including the month you apply for the loan.
Most FHA mortgage loans today (with certain exceptions listed in the FHA loan handbook for transactions on tribal lands or Hawaiian homelands) require an Up Front Mortgage Insurance Premium (UFMIP) and an annual mortgage insurance premium which is paid in installments over 12 months. The monthly payment is considered part of your monthly mortgage obligation.
FHA "forward mortgages" or purchase loans can be made only for the amount of the mortgage plus approved add-ons to the loan amount; UFMIP, certain closing costs, etc.
Forward loans will not result in cash back at closing time unless you are due a refund for something paid up front but later financed into the loan. FHA forward mortgages cannot be used as a personal loan-some want to apply for more than the transaction requires and take the excess in cash. This will not happen with FHA mortgages.
The FHA loan minimum down payment requirement for forward mortgages is 3.5% of the adjusted value of the home. Some make higher down payments due to credit issues as a "compensating factor". Some want to know if there is a no-money-down option with FHA mortgages, but the only kind of zero down payment FHA new purchase loan available is intended to assist victims of a natural disaster in a federally declared disaster area.
FHA home loans-new purchase mortgages, One-time Close construction loans, 203(k) rehab loans, and others-require the borrower to be an owner/occupier of the property secured by the FHA mortgage. When it comes to U.S. residency issues, the borrower(s) do not have to be United States citizens. FHA loan rules state that the applicant must be in the U.S. legally and have documentation to prove it. That means resident aliens and nonresident alien loan applicants are permitted. Documentation of legal status is required.


text:
Building Cultural Bridges Between Ukraine and Cyprus: The Cyprus Institute and the V.I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine Establish Research and Educational Ties
The two Institutions have signed a MoU for the joint Ukrainian-Cyprus project "18th Century Cyprus Through Vasiliy Barskyi's Eyes"
From left top: Prof. Liubov Dubrovina (VNLU), Mr. Dmytro Stankevych, Dr Mia Trentin (CyI), Mr. Ruslan Nimchynskyi, Dr Nicolas Jarraud (CyI), Prof. Costas N. Papanicolas (CyI) and Dr Nikolas Bakirtzis (CyI), and on the right: Page from Barskyi's manuscript featuring a drawing of the monastery of St. Mamas in Morfou
The Cyprus Institute (CyI) and the V.I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine (VNLU) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to collaborate on joint Ukrainian-Cyprus research and educational activities that highlight the historical and cultural relations between the two countries.
As a first step, a pilot collaborative project will focus on the travel accounts of Vasiliy Barskyi, a Ukrainian monk who visited Cyprus in the 18th century. With the support of the Embassy of Ukraine in Republic of Cyprus, researchers from Ukraine and Cyprus will study and digitize the well-known manuscript "Travels of Vasiliy Grygorovych Barskyi to the Sacred Places of the East: 1723-1747" of the famous monk and pilgrim, who travelled across Eastern Europe and the Eastern Mediterranean in the 18th Century describing holy places and pilgrimage sites. Among his destinations he visited was Cyprus, producing wonderful descriptions and drawings of his travels.
CyI and the V.I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine will cooperate for supporting further research on the history and culture of Cyprus and Ukraine using Barskyi's travels to communicate the cultural relations between the two countries. The interdisciplinary study of Barskyi's passage through Cyprus has been a focus of interest and work by researchers from the Andreas Pittas Art Characterization Laboratories (APAC) / Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center (STARC) of The Cyprus Institute.
The signing of this MoU will ensure free access to the Manuscript and Vasiliy Grygorovych Barskyi's drawings for researchers from Ukraine and Cyprus, through CyI's DIOPTRA - the Edmée Leventis Digital Library for Cypriot Culture, and through UKRAINICA - the Digital Library of the Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine. Researchers from VNLU will lead the digitization of the Manuscript in collaboration CyI experts. Further analyses by CyI researchers will study aspects of the materiality and technique of the important document.
The signing ceremony of the Memorandum of Understanding took place at The Cyprus Institute's facilities in Athalassa, on Thursday 17, February 2022, and was signed by Prof. Lyubov Dubrovina (Director General of VNLU) and the President of The Cyprus Institute, Professor Costas N. Papanicolas.
The ceremony was addressed by H.E. Mr. Ruslan Nimchynskyi, Ambassador of Ukraine to the Republic of Cyprus, the Director of the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus, Dr Marina Solomidou-Ieronymidou, the General Director of the V.I. Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine, Prof. Lyubov Dubrovina, and CyI President, Prof. Costas Papanicolas. Assoc. Prof. Nikolas Bakirtzis and Post-Doctoral Fellow, Mia Trentin had the opportunity to briefly present the project to the participants.
In his welcoming address, H.E. the Ambassador of Ukraine to the Republic of Cyprus, Mr. Ruslan Nimchynskyi, noted that the signing of the Agreement between the Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine and The Cyprus Institute is particularly significant for both sides, at least for two reasons – it proves the existence of long historic ties between our nations, while promising to lift the veil of unknown facts in the history of Ukraine-Cyprus relations, and secondly – starting this project is very symbolic as in two days, on 19th of February, Ukraine and the Republic of Cyprus will mark the 30th anniversary of the establishment of bilateral diplomatic relations. The Ambassador wished the participants success in their endeavours and fruitful implementation of the project leading to new discoveries.
Dr Solomidou-Ieronymidou stated that the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus is particularly looking forward to the opportunities that this collaboration will provide. She also expressed her support to this effort, and wished that this will be only the beginning of exciting research and education opportunities. She concluded that this Agreement is a way for Cyprus and Ukraine to come closer through shared histories and cultural experiences.
In her address, Director General of Vernadskyi National Library of Ukraine Prof. Lyubov Dubrovina placed emphasis on the importance of Barskyi's travel and the related focus of the joint Ukrainian-Cyprus Project, its results and the significant value it will provide for historical and scientific-cultural studies.
Speaking at the ceremony, Prof. Papanicolas stated that despite the fact that Ukraine is currently going through a very difficult situation, this MoU is a sign of hope for a peaceful and prosperous future based on culture and history exchange between our people and nations. This MoU effectively establishes and formalizes a bridge between Cyprus and Ukraine for the exchange of research and education, while promoting cultural heritage, as a vehicle for scholarly synergies of great significance.
You can watch the full ceremony and the press conference here.
https://www.cyi.ac.cy/index.php/in-focus/building-cultural-bridges-between-ukraine-and-cyprus-the-cyprus-institute-and-the-v-i-vernadskyi-national-library-of-ukraine-establish-research-and-educational-ties.html#sigProGalleriae4a2c4b6f9
Watch Euronews coverage of the event, below (Greek language):
Discover CyI on YouTube
Read the Euronews article.

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Week 51 – Merry Christmas!
There are two holidays that make me think of turkey… and Christmas is definitely one of them! So, I hope all of you followers out there have a Merry Christmas and enjoy this Christmas Turkey!


NetStreams SportsHub is a new live sports Addon for all the sports fans out there. This Addon has sections for watching live football streams and live sports channels. The Sports Channels section is Offline at the moment and we hope it will be up and working soon as it is a new Addon. Make sure you have F4M Tester Addon installed on your Kodi. You can follow NetStreams SportsHub on Twitter for more updates.


text:
Canonization is the act by which a Christian
Christianity is a monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus as presented in canonical gospels and other New Testament writings...
church declares a deceased person to be a saint
A saint is a holy person. In various religions, saints are people who are believed to have exceptional holiness.In Christian usage, "saint" refers to any believer who is "in Christ", and in whom Christ dwells, whether in heaven or in earth...
, upon which declaration the person is included in the canon, or list, of recognized saints. Originally, individuals were recognized as saints without any formal process. The process is most commonly used in, although not limited to, the Catholic Church.
Canonization, whether formal or informal, does not make someone a saint: it is only a declaration that the person is a saint and was a saint even before canonization.
Historical development of the process
The first persons whom the Christian Church honored as saints were the martyr
A martyr is somebody who suffers persecution and death for refusing to renounce, or accept, a belief or cause, usually religious.-Meaning:...
s. Pious legends of their deaths were considered to affirm the truth of their faith in Christ, and formalization and celebration of these legends served to legitimize and propagate the doctrines of the Church and serve as examples.
The Latin Rite Canon of the Mass
Mass (liturgy)
"Mass" is one of the names by which the sacrament of the Eucharist is called in the Roman Catholic Church: others are "Eucharist", the "Lord's Supper", the "Breaking of Bread", the "Eucharistic assembly ", the "memorial of the Lord's Passion and Resurrection", the "Holy Sacrifice", the "Holy and...
contains the names only of martyrs, along with that of the Virgin Mary and, since 1962, that of Saint Joseph
Saint Joseph is a figure in the Gospels, the husband of the Virgin Mary and the earthly father of Jesus Christ ....
By the fourth century, however, "confessor
Confessor
-Confessor of the Faith:Its oldest use is to indicate a saint who has suffered persecution and torture for the faith, but not to the point of death. The term is still used in this way in the East. In Latin Christianity it has come to signify any saint, as well as those who have been declared...
s"—people who had confessed their faith not by dying but by word and life—began to be venerated publicly. Examples of such people are Saint Hilarion
Hilarion was an anchorite who spent most of his life in the desert according to the example of Anthony the Great.-Early life:Hilarion was born in Thabatha, south of Gaza in Syria Palaestina of pagan parents. He successfully studied rhetoric with a Grammarian in Alexandria. It seems that he was...
and Saint Ephrem the Syrian
Ephrem the Syrian
Ephrem the Syrian was a Syriac and a prolific Syriac-language hymnographer and theologian of the 4th century. He is venerated by Christians throughout the world, and especially in the Syriac Orthodox Church, as a saint.Ephrem wrote a wide variety of hymns, poems, and sermons in verse, as well as...
in the East, and Saint Martin of Tours
Martin of Tours
Martin of Tours was a Bishop of Tours whose shrine became a famous stopping-point for pilgrims on the road to Santiago de Compostela. Around his name much legendary material accrued, and he has become one of the most familiar and recognizable Christian saints...
and Saint Hilary of Poitiers
Hilary of Poitiers
Hilary of Poitiers was Bishop of Poitiers and is a Doctor of the Church. He was sometimes referred to as the "Hammer of the Arians" and the "Athanasius of the West." His name comes from the Latin word for happy or cheerful. His optional memorial in the Roman Catholic calendar of saints is 13...
in the West. Their names were inserted in the diptych
A diptych di "two" + ptychē "fold") is any object with two flat plates attached at a hinge. Devices of this form were quite popular in the ancient world, wax tablets being coated with wax on inner faces, for recording notes and for measuring time and direction.In Late Antiquity, ivory diptychs with...
s, the lists of saints explicitly venerated in the liturgy
Liturgy is either the customary public worship done by a specific religious group, according to its particular traditions or a more precise term that distinguishes between those religious groups who believe their ritual requires the "people" to do the "work" of responding to the priest, and those...
, and their tombs were honoured like those of the martyrs. Since the witness of their lives was not as unequivocal as that of the martyrs, they were venerated publicly only with the approval by the local bishop
A bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. Within the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox Churches, in the Assyrian Church of the East, in the Independent Catholic Churches, and in the...
This approval was required even for veneration of a reputed martyr. In his history of the Donatist heresy
Heresy is a controversial or novel change to a system of beliefs, especially a religion, that conflicts with established dogma. It is distinct from apostasy, which is the formal denunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is irreverence toward religion...
, Saint Optatus
Saint Optatus
Saint Optatus, sometimes anglicized as St. Optate, was Bishop of Milevis, in Numidia, in the fourth century, remembered for his writings against Donatism.-Biography and context:Optatus was a convert, as we gather from St...
recounts that at Carthage
Carthage , implying it was a 'new Tyre') is a major urban centre that has existed for nearly 3,000 years on the Gulf of Tunis, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC...
a Catholic matron, named Lucilla, incurred the censures of the Church for having kissed the relic
In religion, a relic is a part of the body of a saint or a venerated person, or else another type of ancient religious object, carefully preserved for purposes of veneration or as a tangible memorial...
s of a reputed martyr whose claims to martyrdom had not been juridically proved. And Saint Cyprian
Cyprian was bishop of Carthage and an important Early Christian writer, many of whose Latin works are extant. He was born around the beginning of the 3rd century in North Africa, perhaps at Carthage, where he received a classical education...
(died 258) recommended that the utmost diligence be observed in investigating the claims of those who were said to have died for the faith. All the circumstances accompanying the martyrdom were to be inquired into; the faith of those who suffered, and the motives that animated them were to be rigorously examined, in order to prevent the recognition of undeserving persons. Evidence was sought from the court records of the trials or from people who had been present at the trials.
Saint Augustine of Hippo
Augustine of Hippo
Augustine of Hippo , also known as Augustine, St. Augustine, St. Austin, St. Augoustinos, Blessed Augustine, or St. Augustine the Blessed, was Bishop of Hippo Regius . He was a Latin-speaking philosopher and theologian who lived in the Roman Africa Province...
(died 430) tells of the procedure which obtained in his day for the recognition of a martyr. The bishop of the diocese in which the martyrdom took place set up a canonical process for conducting the inquiry with the utmost severity. The acts of the process were sent either to the metropolitan
Metropolitan bishop
In Christian churches with episcopal polity, the rank of metropolitan bishop, or simply metropolitan, pertains to the diocesan bishop or archbishop of a metropolis; that is, the chief city of a historical Roman province, ecclesiastical province, or regional capital.Before the establishment of...
or primate
Primate (religion)
Primate is a title or rank bestowed on some bishops in certain Christian churches. Depending on the particular tradition, it can denote either jurisdictional authority or ceremonial precedence ....
, who carefully examined the cause, and, after consultation with the suffragan bishops, declared whether the defunct was worthy of the name of 'martyr' and public veneration.
Acts of formal recognition, such as the erection of an altar
An altar is any structure upon which offerings such as sacrifices are made for religious purposes. Altars are usually found at shrines, and they can be located in temples, churches and other places of worship...
over the saint's tomb or transferring the saint's relics to a church, were preceded by formal inquiries into the sanctity of the person's life and the miracles attributed to that person's intercession.
Such acts of recognition of a saint were authoritative, in the strict sense, only for the diocese
A diocese is the district or see under the supervision of a bishop. It is divided into parishes.An archdiocese is more significant than a diocese. An archdiocese is presided over by an archbishop whose see may have or had importance due to size or historical significance...
or ecclesiastical province
Ecclesiastical Province
An ecclesiastical province is a large jurisdiction of religious government, so named by analogy with a secular province, existing in certain hierarchical Christian churches, especially in the Catholic Church and Orthodox Churches and in the Anglican Communion...
for which they were issued, but with the spread of the fame of a saint, were often accepted elsewhere also.
In the Catholic Church (both the Western and Eastern Churches) the act of canonization is reserved to the Holy See
The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Catholic Church in Rome, in which its Bishop is commonly known as the Pope. It is the preeminent episcopal see of the Catholic Church, forming the central government of the Church. As such, diplomatically, and in other spheres the Holy See acts and...
and occurs at the conclusion of a long process requiring extensive proof that the person proposed for canonization lived and died in such an exemplary and holy way that he or she is worthy to be recognized as a saint. The Church's official recognition of sanctity implies that the persons are now in heavenly glory, that they may be publicly invoked and mentioned officially in the liturgy
of the Church, most especially in the Litany of the Saints
The Litany of the Saints is a sacred prayer of the Roman Catholic Church, the Western Rites of the Orthodox Church, and some Anglican Churches. It is a prayer of invocation to the Triune God, and prayers for the intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Angels and all the martyrs and saints...
. Other Catholic churches still follow the older practice (see, for instance, below on the practice of the Orthodox Church).
In the Catholic Church, canonization involves a decree that allows veneration of the saint in the liturgy
of the Roman Rite
The Roman Rite is the liturgical rite used in the Diocese of Rome in the Catholic Church. It is by far the most widespread of the Latin liturgical rites used within the Western or Latin autonomous particular Church, the particular Church that itself is also called the Latin Rite, and that is one of...
throughout the world. For permission to venerate on a local level, only beatification
Beatification
Beatification is a recognition accorded by the Catholic Church of a dead person's entrance into Heaven and capacity to intercede on behalf of individuals who pray in his or her name . Beatification is the third of the four steps in the canonization process...
is needed, not canonization.
Medieval procedure
In the Medieval West, the Holy See
began to be asked to intervene in the question of canonizations, so as to ensure a more authoritative decision. The canonization of Saint Udalric, Bishop of Augsburg, by Pope John XV
Pope John XV
Pope John XV , Pope from 985 to 996, succeeding Boniface VII . He was said to have been Pope after another Pope John that reigned four months after Pope John XIV and was named "Papa Ioannes XIV Bis" or "Pope John XIVb"...
in 993 is the first undoubted example of a papal canonization of a saint from outside Rome. (Some historians maintain that the first such canonization was that of Saint Swibert by Pope Leo III
Pope Saint Leo III was Pope from 795 to his death in 816. Protected by Charlemagne from his enemies in Rome, he subsequently strengthened Charlemagne's position by crowning him as Roman Emperor....
in 804.) Thereafter recourse was had with greater frequency to the judgment of the popes. Walter of Pontoise
Walter of Pontoise
Saint Walter of Pontoise was a French saint of the eleventh century. Born at Andainville, he was a professor of philosophy and rhetoric before becoming a Benedictine monk at Rebais...
was canonized by Hugh de Boves, the Archbishop of Rouen
Archbishop of Rouen
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rouen is an Archdiocese of the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church in France. As one of the fifteen Archbishops of France, the ecclesiastical province of the archdiocese comprises the majority of Normandy....
in 1153; Walter was the last saint in Western Europe
Western Europe is a loose term for the collection of countries in the western most region of the European continents, though this definition is context-dependent and carries cultural and political connotations. One definition describes Western Europe as a geographic entity—the region lying in the...
to have been canonized by an authority other than the pope. "The last case of canonization by a metropolitan is said to have been that of St. Gaultier, or Gaucher, abbot of Pontoise, by the Archbishop of Rouen. A decree of Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III , born Rolando of Siena, was Pope from 1159 to 1181. He is noted in history for laying the foundation stone for the Notre Dame de Paris.-Church career:...
, 1170, gave the prerogative to the pope thenceforth, so far as the Western Church was concerned."
In 1173 Pope Alexander III
, after reprimanding certain bishops for having permitted veneration of a man who was far from being a saint, decreed: "You shall not therefore presume to honour him in the future; for, even if miracles were worked through him, it is not lawful for you to venerate him as a saint without the authority of the Catholic Church."
The procedure initiated by the text of Alexander III, confirmed by a bull
Papal bull
A Papal bull is a particular type of letters patent or charter issued by a Pope of the Catholic Church. It is named after the bulla that was appended to the end in order to authenticate it....
of Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III was Pope from 8 January 1198 until his death. His birth name was Lotario dei Conti di Segni, sometimes anglicised to Lothar of Segni....
in the year 1200, issued on the occasion of the canonization of Saint Cunegunde, led to increasingly elaborate inquiries.
Roman Catholic procedure since 1983
Pope John Paul II's
Blessed Pope John Paul II , born Karol Józef Wojtyła , reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church and Sovereign of Vatican City from 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005, at of age. His was the second-longest documented pontificate, which lasted ; only Pope Pius IX ...
apostolic constitution
An apostolic constitution is the highest level of decree issued by the Pope. The use of the term constitution comes from Latin constitutio, which referred to any important law issued by the Roman emperor, and is retained in church documents because of the inheritance that the canon law of the...
Divinus Perfectionis Magister of 25 January 1983, and the norms issued by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints
Congregation for the Causes of Saints
The Congregation for the Causes of Saints is the congregation of the Roman Curia which oversees the complex process that leads to the canonization of saints, passing through the steps of a declaration of "heroic virtues" and beatification...
on 7 February 1983, for its implementation on diocesan level continued the work of simplification already initiated by Pope Paul VI
Paul VI , born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini , reigned as Pope of the Catholic Church from 21 June 1963 until his death on 6 August 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII, who had convened the Second Vatican Council, he decided to continue it...
. In particular, the reforms eliminated the office of the Promoter of the Faith (Latin: promotor fidei), popularly known as the Devil's advocate
In common parlance, a devil's advocate is someone who, given a certain argument, takes a position he or she does not necessarily agree with, just for the sake of argument. In taking such position, the individual taking on the devil's advocate role seeks to engage others in an argumentative...
, who was required to present a case against canonization. Possibly as a result, the rate of canonization increased markedly after 1983.
"Servant of God" The process leading towards canonization begins at the diocesan level. A bishop
with jurisdiction—usually the bishop of the place where the candidate died or is buried, although another ordinary can be given this authority—gives permission to open an investigation into the virtues of the individual, responding to a petition by members of the faithful, either actually or pro forma
The term pro forma is a term applied to practices or documents that are done as a pure formality, perfunctory, or seek to satisfy the minimum requirements or to conform to a convention or doctrine...
. This investigation may open no sooner than five years after the death of the person being investigated. However, the pope has the authority to waive this five year waiting period, as was done for Mother Teresa
Mother Teresa , born Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu , was a Roman Catholic nun of Albanian ethnicity and Indian citizenship, who founded the Missionaries of Charity in Calcutta, India, in 1950...
by Pope John Paul II
, and for Lúcia Santos
Lúcia Santos
Lúcia de Jesus dos Santos – Sister Mary Lucy of Jesus and of the Immaculate Heart, better known as Sister Lúcia of Fátima – was a Roman Catholic Discalced Carmelite nun from Portugal...
and for John Paul II himself by Pope Benedict XVI
Benedict XVI is the 265th and current Pope, by virtue of his office of Bishop of Rome, the Sovereign of the Vatican City State and the leader of the Catholic Church as well as the other 22 sui iuris Eastern Catholic Churches in full communion with the Holy See...
. Normally, a guild or organization to promote the cause of the candidate's sainthood is created, an exhaustive search of the candidate's writings, speeches and sermons is undertaken, a detailed biography is written and eyewitness accounts are gathered. When sufficient information has been gathered, the investigation of the candidate, who is called "Servant of God", is presented by the local bishop to the Roman Curia
The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Catholic Church, together with the Pope...
—in particular, the Congregation for the Causes of the Saints—where it is assigned a postulator
Postulator
The person who guides a Cause for beatification or canonization through the judicial processes required by the Roman Catholic Church is known as the postulator. The qualifications, role and function of the postulator are spelled out in the Norms to be Observed in Inquiries made by Bishops in the...
, whose task is to gather further information about the life of the Servant of God. Religious orders who regularly deal with the congregation often have their own designated postulator generals.
"Declaration 'Non Cultus'" At some point, permission is then granted for the body of the Servant of God to be exhumed and examined, a certification ("non cultus") is made that no superstitious or heretical worship or improper cult has grown up around the servant or his or her tomb, and relics are taken.
"Venerable/Heroic in Virtue" When enough information has been gathered, the congregation will recommend to the pope
The Pope is the Bishop of Rome, a position that makes him the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church . In the Catholic Church, the Pope is regarded as the successor of Saint Peter, the Apostle...
that he make a proclamation of the Servant of God's heroic virtue
Heroic virtue
Heroic virtue is a phrase coined by Augustine of Hippo to describe the virtue of early Christian martyrs and used by the Roman Catholic church. The Greek pagan term hero described a person with possibly superhuman abilities and great goodness, and "it connotes a degree of bravery, fame, and...
(that is, that the servant exhibited the theological virtues of faith, hope and charity, and the cardinal virtues of prudence, justice, fortitude and temperance, to a heroic degree). From this point the one said to be "heroic in virtue" is referred to by the title "Venerable
The Venerable is used as a style or epithet in several Christian churches. It is also the common English-language translation of a number of Buddhist titles.-Roman Catholic:...
". A Venerable has as of yet no feast day, no churches may be built in his or her honor, and the church has made no statement on the person's probable or certain presence in heaven, but prayer cards and other materials may be printed to encourage the faithful to pray for a miracle
A miracle often denotes an event attributed to divine intervention. Alternatively, it may be an event attributed to a miracle worker, saint, or religious leader. A miracle is sometimes thought of as a perceptible interruption of the laws of nature. Others suggest that a god may work with the laws...
wrought by his or her intercession as a sign of God's will that the person be canonized.
"Blessed" Beatification is a statement by the church that it is "worthy of belief" that the person is in heaven, having come to salvation. This step depends on whether the Venerable is a martyr
or a "confessor".
For a martyr, the Pope has only to make a declaration of martyrdom, a certification that the venerable gave his or her life voluntarily as a witness for the faith and/or in an act of heroic charity for others.
If the Venerable was not a martyr – all non-martyrs are "confessors" as they "confessed" or bore witness to their faith by how they lived their lives – it must be proven that a miracle has taken place by his or her intercession: that is, that God has shown a sign that the person is enjoying the Beatific Vision by God performing a miracle in response to the Blessed's prayers. Today, these miracles are almost always miraculous cures, as these are the easiest to establish based on the Catholic Church's requirements for a "miracle." (The patient was sick, there was no known cure for the ailment, prayers were directed to the Venerable, the patient was cured, the cure was spontaneous, instantaneous, complete and lasting, and doctors cannot find any natural explanation.)
This allows beatification
, giving the venerable the new title "Blessed" (abbreviated "Bl.") or, in Latin, Beatus or Beata. A feast day will be designated, but its observance is normally restricted to the Blessed's home diocese, to certain locations associated with him or her, and/or to the churches or houses of the blessed's religious order, if they belonged to one. Parishes may not normally be named in honor of a Blessed.
"Saint" (contracted "St" or "S.") To be canonized a saint, at least two miracles must have been performed after death. Canonization is a statement by the church that the person certainly enjoys the Beatific Vision
Beatific vision
The beatific vision - in Christian theology is the ultimate direct self communication of God to the individual person, when she or he reaches, as a member of redeemed humanity in the communion of saints, perfect salvation in its entirety, i.e. heaven...
. The saint is assigned a feast day which may be celebrated anywhere within the Catholic Church, although it may or may not appear on the general calendar or local calendars as an obligatory feast, parish churches may be built in his or her honor, and the faithful may freely and without restriction celebrate and honor the saint.
In the case of persons that common usage has called saints from "time immemorial" (in practice, since before 1500 or so), the Church may carry out a "confirmation of cultus", which is much simpler. For example, Saint Hermann Joseph
Hermann Joseph
Saint Hermann Joseph, O.Praem., was a German Premonstratensian canon regular and mystic. Never formally canonized, in 1958 his status as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church was formally recognized by Pope Pius XII.-Life:...
had his veneration confirmed by Pope Pius XII
The Venerable Pope Pius XII , born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli , reigned as Pope, head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of Vatican City State, from 2 March 1939 until his death in 1958....
In the case of the Eastern Catholic Churches, individual churches sui juris retain, in theory, the right to glorify (see next section on Eastern Orthodox practice) saints for their own jurisdictions, though this has rarely happened in practice.
Although a recognition of sainthood by the Pope does not directly concern a fact of divine revelation, it must still be "definitively held" by the faithful as infallible under (at the very least) the Universal Magisterium of the Church
Infallibility of the Church
The Infallibility of the Church is the belief that the Holy Spirit will not allow the Church to err in its belief or teaching under certain circumstances...
since it is a truth connected to revelation by historical necessity.
The glorification
-Catholicism:For the process by which the Roman Catholic Church or Anglican Communion grants official recognition to someone as a saint, see canonization.-Eastern Orthodox Church:...
of saints in the Orthodox Church differs from Roman Catholic tradition in practice. The official recognition of saints grows from the consensus of the church.
It is believed that when an individual who has been sanctified by the grace of the Holy Spirit
Holy Spirit is a term introduced in English translations of the Hebrew Bible, but understood differently in the main Abrahamic religions.While the general concept of a "Spirit" that permeates the cosmos has been used in various religions Holy Spirit is a term introduced in English translations of...
"falls asleep in the Lord", God may or may not choose to glorify the individual through the manifestation of miracle
s. If so, the devotion to the saint will normally grow from the "grass roots" level.
Eventually, miracles will have grown to such a degree that a formal Service of Glorification will be scheduled. A glorification may be performed by any bishop
within his diocese
. Often there will be a formal investigation to be sure that the individual is Orthodox in their faith, has led a life worthy of emulation, and that the reports of miracles attributed to their intercessions are verifiable. The glorification service does not "make" the individual a saint; rather, the Church is simply making a formal acknowledgement of what God has already manifested.
s need no formal glorification; the witness of their self-sacrifice is considered sufficient.
Timothy Ware
Kallistos Ware is an English bishop within the Greek Orthodox Ecumenical Patriarchate and one of the best known contemporary Eastern Orthodox theologians. From 1982 to his retirement in 2001 he held the position of Bishop of Diokleia...
(Bishop Kallistos of Diokleia) has written about canonization in Orthodoxy: "In private an Orthodox Christian is free to ask for the prayers of any member of the Church, whether canonized or not. It would be perfectly normal for an Orthodox child, if orphaned, to end his evening prayers by asking for the intercession not only of the Mother of God and the saints, but of his own mother and father. In its public worship, however, the Church usually asks the prayers only of those whom it has officially proclaimed as saints; but in exceptional circumstances a public cult may become established without any formal act of canonization."
Rarely, the Orthodox Church adopts a Roman Catholic saint who was canonized after the Great Schism of 1054
The East–West Schism of 1054, sometimes known as the Great Schism, formally divided the State church of the Roman Empire into Eastern and Western branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively...
, as it did Hungary's King Stephen I in 2000, who had been previously canonized by Pope Gregory VII
Pope Gregory VII
Pope St. Gregory VII , born Hildebrand of Sovana , was Pope from April 22, 1073, until his death. One of the great reforming popes, he is perhaps best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy, his dispute with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor affirming the primacy of the papal...
Since the English Reformation
English Reformation
The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church....
, only Saint Charles Stuart
Charles I of England
Charles I was King of England, King of Scotland, and King of Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. Charles engaged in a struggle for power with the Parliament of England, attempting to obtain royal revenue whilst Parliament sought to curb his Royal prerogative which Charles...
has been canonized in the Church of England
The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England and the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The church considers itself within the tradition of Western Christianity and dates its formal establishment principally to the mission to England by St...
and the Anglican Communion
Anglican Communion
The Anglican Communion is an international association of national and regional Anglican churches in full communion with the Church of England and specifically with its principal primate, the Archbishop of Canterbury...
. National Anglican churches have their own calendars
The calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a liturgical year by associating each day with one or more saints and referring to the feast day of said saint...
of saints and other holy men and women. Some more recent people, while not officially declared saints, have been added to certain Anglican national calendars for commemoration; for example, C. S. Lewis
Clive Staples Lewis , commonly referred to as C. S. Lewis and known to his friends and family as "Jack", was a novelist, academic, medievalist, literary critic, essayist, lay theologian and Christian apologist from Belfast, Ireland...
(November 22) and Martin Luther King, Jr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for being an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the...
(April 4).
Independent and Continuing Anglican churches also have their own calendars of saints. The African Orthodox Church
African Orthodox Church
The African Orthodox Church is a primarily African-American denomination founded in the United States in 1921. It has approximately 15 parishes and 5,000 members, down significantly from the time of its greatest strength....
, an independent African-American Anglican denomination, is well known for having canonized St. John Coltrane. Since then the Episcopal Church has also added him to their list of "historic black saints".
Lutheran practice
As stated in the Augsburg Confession
Augsburg Confession
The Augsburg Confession, also known as the "Augustana" from its Latin name, Confessio Augustana, is the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran reformation...
article 21 (1530), Lutherans, while including many traditional saints days on their lectionary
A Lectionary is a book or listing that contains a collection of scripture readings appointed for Christian or Judaic worship on a given day or occasion.-History:...
and respecting them as examples of faith, do not accept the concept of canonization or the Roman Catholic concept of sainthood. However, the Lutheran church does celebrate saints with different feast days according to their Calendar of Saints
Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)
The Lutheran Calendar of Saints is a listing which details the primary annual festivals and events that are celebrated liturgically by some Lutheran Churches in the United States. The calendars of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and the Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod are from the...
List of canonizations
List of Christian saints after 450 A.D. (incomplete list)
List of Christian saints before 450 A.D.
André Vauchez
André Vauchez is a French historian specialising in the medieval spirituality. He has studied at the École normale supérieure and the École française de Rome...
, La sainteté en Occident aux derniers siècles du Moyen Âge (1198–1431) http://www.publications.ecole-francaise.it/cgi-bin/ecole-francaise/details.cgi?address=&request=1%253d1003%25204%253d2%2520%2520%2522vauchez%2522&visrequest=%253cspan%2520class%253dvisrequestuse%253eAuteur%253c%252fspan%253e%253d%2520%2522%253cspan%2520class%253dvisrequestval%253evauchez%253c%252fspan%253e%2522&listrequest=&database=&item=17&format=&previous=&sort=1003+4+31&template=&stateless=1, Rome, 1981 (BEFAR, 241) [Engl. transl. : Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages, Cambridge, 1987 and Ital. Transl. : La santità nel Medioevo, Bologne, 1989]
Divinus Perfectionis Magister Apostolic Constitution of Pope John Paul II (English)
Congregation for the Causes of Saints Vatican Website
Historical Sketch of Canonization Friarsminor.org
What does "Glorification" mean? Fr. Alexey Young
Glorification of Saints – Russian Orthodox Church Archpriest Georgiy Mitrofanov
The blood of martyrs is the life-giving seed of Christianity! Glorification of saints in the 20th century
On the Glorification of Saints Protopresbyter Michael Pomazansky
Glorification of St. John Maximovitch Discussion and photos
The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.


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Justin Bieber would very much like the world to know how good at basketball he is. The only problem is that he's not particularly good at basketball. His latest salvo in what feels like a Hundred Years War is this totally casual appearance on Venice Beach.
ESPN Radio host Michael Grady noticed Biebs pull up with a security guard and announce that he had next. We'll show you the picture of Bieber gamely gamboling up the blacktop a little behind the play. That's definitely him, by the way.
He's been trying to convince us that he can actually play for years. Deadspin has an excellent compilation of his shamefully staged and generally embarrassing attempts to trick the American (and Canadian, we guess) public into acknowledging his basketball talent. The only problem is that we have footage of him playing against people that are kind of trying. Even then, in a celebrity all-star game, he's not that good.
The problem with playing basketball against people that let you win is that you can never trust your actual talent level. He might have a couple moves, like an in-and-out dribble and a crossover, but he doesn't have a good jumpshot and he's too short to finish around the rim. You could just take him in the low block all day and he'd have no answer. That's partially not his fault; he's 5'9". But his j needs work and I'm just the man to help.
Bieber, consider this an invitation: I will fix your ugly jumpshot for the price of a few million dollars. Think about it: You'll finally be able to be good at one aspect of basketball.
Also, he peed his pants today, we think. The whole thing is distressing.


text:
Q: volley - json caching is not working properly Server sends me json object, expiration and ETAg.. I want to Voley save this object in cache and in next request for this object use request to the server including ETag in the header. If response will be 304 Not Modified, then it should use cached resource and if it will be 200 OK, it should use new resource from the server.
Volley doesn't send request at all (if the cache isn't expired) or if it is expired it sends new request with If-None-Match + etag string.. and server always response with 200

A: Volley will not issue a request to server at all if it detects that cache entry has not expired yet. Here are some code excerpts to prove it:
// If it is completely expired, just send it to the network.
if (entry.isExpired()) {
    request.addMarker("cache-hit-expired");
    request.setCacheEntry(entry);
    mNetworkQueue.put(request);
    continue;
}

And:
if (!entry.refreshNeeded()) {
    // Completely unexpired cache hit. Just deliver the response.
    mDelivery.postResponse(request, response);
} else {
    // Soft-expired cache hit. We can deliver the cached response,
    // but we need to also send the request to the network for
    // refreshing.
    request.addMarker("cache-hit-refresh-needed");
    request.setCacheEntry(entry);

    // Mark the response as intermediate.
    response.intermediate = true;

    // Post the intermediate response back to the user and have
    // the delivery then forward the request along to the network.
    mDelivery.postResponse(request, response, new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                mNetworkQueue.put(request);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                // Not much we can do about this.
            }
        }
    });
}

You might want to control resource expiration on your server by setting max-age at Cache-Control or Expires headers in order to tweak cache on client side.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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