StarTech sent their new SATSAS425BK hot swap enclosure after the recent review of the StarTech SATSASBAY425 unit. Both enclosures allow for four 2.5″ devices to occupy one 5.25″ bay. The big benefit here is that one can attain a higher level of density, especially with SSDs and turn 5.25″ bay slots into something more relevant for today's use cases. Much of the feedback on the SATSASBAY425 was that it lacked locking mechanisms on the drive sleds and that it still used 7-pin SATA/ SAS connectors instead of a single SFF-8087 connector.
Overall, this provides a good mix of drive connectivity alongside a fairly fast test platform. Personally, I like to label trays to ensure I know exactly which controller they are hooked into and what drive or RAID array they belong to in the OS. Being able to easily trace hardware to software layers is always a best practice.
Traditionally 5.25″ bays were a common hard drive form factor until about the days of the Quantum Bigfoot in the mid-1990's. Since then the 5.25″ bays have been normally reserved for full size optical drives. With hot swap drive enclosures, these 5.25″ bays can be re-purposed to accommodate either 3.5″ or 2.5″ drives. Using 4-in-1 and 6-in-1 hot swap enclosures, a user can get much higher drive densities out of traditional server and tower enclosures when using 2.5″ drives. The StarTech SATSAS425BK is a standard black coloring which matches today's almost defacto server coloring.
Each drive tray on the StarTech SATSAS425BK has a locking mechanism that prevents accidental removal of a hot swap drive in the enclosure. Placing that locking mechanism in the locked position prevents the tray lever from being activated.
I did want to highlight that the StarTech SATSAS425BK has four drive trays that are very minimalistic. Basically they have the latching mechanism, the lock, and a piece of metal to secure the drive onto. Installation in this type of tray is very simple as all screws are attached between the bottom of the drive and the metal part of the sled. Some other designs require screws to be installed on both sides of drives which generally take a few seconds longer to service.
Inside the StarTech SATSAS425BK we see four power plus SATA/ SAS combination connectors and a PCB that has status LEDs (the light from which are passed underneath the drive trays via pieces of plastic.) One thing you can see from the interior shot is that the only guide rails are those at the bottom of each of the four 2.5″ drive slots. This means that installation of the drive trays requires one to slide the tray along the bottom guide rail. Since there is no top guide rail, this is a bit trickier but not overly difficult.
The rear of the enclosure uses a four pin Molex connector for power. Data is handled by the SFF-8087 port making it very easy to connect two cables to this enclosure and have power and data connections for four 2.5″ devices. One can see that unlike the SATSASBAY425, the StarTech SATSAS425BK has only one fan in the rear of the chassis. When looking at cooling, I would strongly suggest this is best for SSD applications as there is ample room atop the 2.5″ drives for some heat to radiate and then be expelled out of the rear of the enclosure using this fan. With that being said this is not the wind tunnel of airflow that we used to see with older generation 15K RPM SAS drives.
Having used both, I think the StarTech SATSASBAY425 is a great device, but I prefer the SATSAS425BK because it is much easier to use. First, drive installation requires four screws to attach to the no nonsense drive tray. Second, the single 4-pin Molex power connector and the single SFF-8087 data connector make installation very simple, especially since one can use a standard SFF-8087 to SFF-8087 cable commonly used with RAID controllers. Compared to individually wiring drives, whereas one would need to connect four power connectors and four 7-pin data connectors otherwise the SATSAS425BK requires only two. Third, adding the drive tray locking mechanisms helps secure drives from accidental disturbance when being transported to the data center and when drives need to be swapped. Having hot swap chassis in place of traditional 5.25″ optical media drives makes a lot of sense these days, and the StarTech SATSAS425BK is an excellent option for those looking with a retail price of around $70.
Hard to understand model names but I prefer this to the other startech one you reviewed.
What kind of drive heights does this 4 bay unit support? I know the 6 bay units are capped at 9.5mm but what about these 4 bay units? I was looking at some of the thicker 2.5″ drive options and wondering.
The enclosure with the SFF-8087 port supports 15mm drives (this includes the new WD "Green" 2tb 2.5″ drive, among others).
– sas enclosures feature connectors for the 2nd data channel sas hdds usually have?
. driving activity, failure and drive locator leds.
These info come in hand when you have a degraded raid 5 array and want to locate the faulty drive.
Hardware controllers (like the lsi or hp Pxxx ones) directly use the enclosure (via SES) to indicate the faulty drive.
If every review of drive enclosures does not get the max points because these features are missing, maybe then the manufacturers will spend the additional dollar and integrate the enclosure chip.


Ally opens up to Caroline, Maya remains suspicious, and Liam waits for Hope.
At Forrester Creations, Hope tries to explain to Wyatt how the pregnancy scare affected Liam. He wants to be clear about the ultimatum - if she shows up for dinner, she's officially dating both of them. Hope confirms it. Wyatt's frustrated. He asks what she'll do. She doesn't know. Wyatt tells her if she keeps looking back to the past, she'll miss the future, which is right in front of her. He urges her to go tell Liam she's committed to him. They kiss. In the boardroom, Caroline and Brooke talk to Ally about the bedroom line. Ally was flattered by Oliver suggesting she could model it. Maya walks out to the corridor. Carter follows - he realizes she's still concerned about Oliver's recording. Once alone in the office, Caroline grills Ally, who tells her she has a secret - she had her first kiss and thinks she may have a boyfriend. She confesses it's Oliver. "He's everything." Caroline is happy, but warns her to be careful not to lose herself in it. Meanwhile, Maya finds Oliver in the studio and asks him about easing Ally past her comfort zone. He insists she's special. Maya pleads with him not to take advantage of her. Oliver admits dating a Forrester strengthens his position, but insists he genuinely likes Ally. Outside, Quinn tries to talk to a distracted Wyatt, who tells her Liam is demanding equal time with Hope. He shares the details of the ultimatum. Quinn is appalled. She asks if he'll go set Liam straight, or should she? Brooke is with Hope in her office and they discuss Hope's dilemma. She's not comfortable with dating two brothers, or prepared to call it off with Wyatt. She's also not sure she's ready for Liam to move on for good. Brooke offers to tell Liam to back off, but Hope declines. Brooke advises her to follow her instincts. Later, Maya and Carter talk in an office about Oliver. She says she believes he likes Ally, but worries about her innocence. She doesn't have a good feeling about it. Ally meets Oliver in the studio and he shows her the video from the pool. Ally says she can't stop thinking about him. They kiss.
Hope makes her decision about Liam's ultimatum.
Two people get passionate in a setting meant for romance.
B&B Recap: A New Beginning.


We always find ourselves slightly unnerved by this brand. We really, really want to love it and we feel that we should, but we can only barely bring ourselves to glance at it occasionally. Of course, here in the land of the vulgar, brands like this reign supreme. Fabulous cars, fabulous yachts, fabulous homes and they all shop at brands like this (we know because the locals are wearing this stuff). Got a spare 2.5 million Euro? Then why not bag yourself a fabulous tiny broom cupboard sized studio apartment while you are here?


text:
Africa writes back European ideas of African illiteracy are persistent, prejudiced and, as the story of Libyc script shows, entirely wrong
Africa writes back
"European ideas of African illiteracy are persistent, prejudiced and, as the story of Libyc script shows, entirely wrong
D Vance Smith 17 June 2021
Four different writing systems have been used in Algeria. Three are well known – Phoenician, Latin and Arabic – while one is both indigenous to Africa and survives only as a writing system. The language it represents is called Old Libyan or Numidian, simply because it was spoken in Numidia and Libya. Since it's possible that it's an ancestor of modern Berber languages – although even that's not clear – the script is usually called Libyco-Berber. Found throughout North Africa, and as far west as the Canary Islands, the script might have been used for at least as long as 1,000 years. Yet only short passages of it survive, all of them painted or engraved on rock. Everything else written in Libyco-Berber has disappeared.
Libyco-Berber has been recognised as an African script since the 17th century.But even after 400 years, it hasn't been fully deciphered. There are no long texts surviving that would help, and the legacy of the written language has been one of acts of destruction, both massive and petty. That fate, of course, is not unique. It's something that's characteristic of modern European civilisation: it both destroys and treasures what it encounters in the rest of the world. Like Scipio Africanus weeping while he gazed at the Carthage he'd just obliterated, the destruction of the other is turned into life lessons for the destroyer, or artefacts in colonial cabinets of curiosities. The most important piece of Libyco-Berber writing was pillaged and sold to the British Museum for five pounds. It's not currently on display.
But Libyco-Berber also reveals a more insidious kind of destruction, an epistemological violence inflicted by even the best-intentioned Europeans. There are numerous stories of badly educated, arrogant Europeans insisting that Africans not only never did, but never could, write books. Even as sensitive a philosopher as the French sociologist and theorist Pierre Bourdieu, who had deep personal ties to Algeria, and who supported the Berber/Amazigh cultural movement, could essentially make the same assumption. He insisted that the Kabyle people, whom he lived among and studied for years, were pre-literate, although they used (and still do) the characters of Libyco-Berber. Bourdieu's is a cautionary tale for intellectuals who are committed to social activism. The passion – the need – to do what's right is all too often steered by the conviction that, precisely because we're intellectuals, we know what's right. For Bourdieu, for example, the very ability to think, to reflect about what's right, is tied to literacy.
But Bourdieu's observational mistake – the idea that the Kabyle weren't literate – is actually not his most consequential misapprehension. That would be the idea that literacy is a supreme cognitive and cultural achievement. It's one of the means by which universities shore up the value of their intellectual work – they police grammar, philology, literacy – in short, they define and champion rigour and 'standards'. For those of us brought up within that system – even brought up, as I was, in a former colony (Kenya) – those standards might appear to be value-neutral. But they're value-neutral only because they annihilate even the possibility of other values, of other modes of thinking or being. When Bourdieu went from the elite École Normale Supérieure to a Kabyle settlement, he saw, ultimately, the absence of what made the university, and his own mind, what it was. That supposed absence is the product of intellectual arrogance, yes, but it's also part of a European cultural heritage.
There's a depressing familiarity to the assumption made by Europeans that Africa is a site of lack. But that supposed lack is something that Europe has counted on since the destruction of Carthage. Indeed, the destruction of that ancient city by lake Tunis could lay claim to being the very lack at the centre of European intellectual culture. But that's another story. At one point, Carthage was poised to become the greatest empire on Earth. It failed only because the great Carthaginian general Hannibal didn't destroy Rome itself when he invaded Italy. If Hannibal had succeeded, Punic rather than Latin might have been the language of European intellectuals until the post-Enlightenment. Bourdieu's own language might not have been a 'Romance' language at all, and his most famous term, 'habitus', might have been a Punic word. But then his whole project wouldn't have assumed Africa to be a place deficient of literacy. Bourdieu might have been studying pre-literate Romans instead – or never have had the chance, as a member of a pre-literate group in the remote mountains of southern France.
When the Romans destroyed Carthage in 146 BCE, its libraries of Punic literature were either burned or dispersed among nearby Numidian leaders. A few of these were later translated into Latin, although none of them have survived, and there are only allusions to what might have been in them. The only exception is a treatise on farming by a Carthaginian writer named Mago, which was translated into Latin and widely quoted. But Mago's treatise itself hasn't come down to us. As a spoken language, Punic survived for several hundred years. Augustine, growing up in what's now Algeria, was certainly acquainted with it, and referred to it later in life as 'our' language, the language of we 'Africans'. He even defended it against some snob in the city of Madauros, where he'd attended grammar school: 'Many words of wisdom have been committed to memory in Punic books,' he said, 'as is disclosed by very learned men.'
Punic also survived in numerous inscriptions in stone throughout North Africa and the Mediterranean, as far east as the Anatolian plateau in Turkey. Most of these inscriptions are on funerary stelae, stone slabs that marked graves. They tend to name the deceased person (and sometimes his or her ancestry) and include a short prayer or dedication to a god. They might sometimes imply that a child sacrifice has been made to the god of Carthage, Baal Hammon, or to the city's goddess, Tanit. (There's still debate about whether Carthaginians really practised child sacrifice; explicit accounts are written by outsiders and, because no other texts survive, the only Punic accounts are the brief and enigmatic references on these stelae.) A second, and much smaller, kind of Punic inscription are temple tariffs, which list what portions of animal sacrifices belong to the priests. Because Punic is a Semitic language, it didn't take very long for surviving inscriptions to be translated. Somewhere around 10,000 Punic inscriptions have been discovered so far and more are turning up, especially on seals and coins from archaeological digs. These appear frequently on the commercial and grey markets. As I write this, there is a Carthaginian coin for sale on eBay – for under $200 – with a single Punic letter on it.
Limestone votive stela (c2nd century BCE) displaying 4 lines of neo-Punic inscription. In addition, a symbol of the goddess Tanit is flanked by caducei while above them are astral symbols. Courtesy the British Museum
From these meagre remnants the language was reconstructed, although the surviving texts don't really amount to a 'literature' as such. In fact, the Classics scholar Denis Feeney has argued that the destruction of Carthage goaded the Romans into thinking of their language in exceptional terms, as a language that was, after the Punic Wars, the language of an empire. Rome needed texts that befitted the dignity of a world empire and so, by the time of Augustus, the great epic the Aeneid was written about the founding of Rome. Its first half is the story of how Aeneas left behind Carthage, whose queen, Dido, destroyed herself out of fury and grief. She embodies the trauma of a culture destroyed in a war that gave Rome supremacy over the Mediterranean.
As Augustine attests, Punic didn't disappear suddenly in a violent conflagration. It disappeared gradually, in the kind of disdain and neglect for which Augustine called out his colleague. But even Augustine's championing of Punic sounds defensive. He doesn't talk about why he thinks it's important, or even what kind of wisdom he finds in it. He has to appeal to unnamed scholars to back him up. Whatever wisdom was in them remains lost, and Augustine is probably the last writer with any knowledge of Punic to mention it as a spoken, living language. In the middle of the 6th century, the Greek historian Procopius refers somewhat vaguely to people near the Strait of Gibraltar still speaking 'Phoenician'. After that, Punic passed almost entirely into silence.
'Civilised' traces of cultural practices across Africa were supposedly the remnants of 'white' refugees from Atlantis
The only fragment of Punic text that anyone could claim to understand for the 1,200 years after Procopius last mentions it appears in a play by the Roman satirist Plautus (from whose plays William Shakespeare borrowed heavily for his early comedies). In his Poenulus, the character Hanno is a Carthaginian who speaks 10 lines of Punic. Plautus translates it, and for more than a millennium that provided the only knowledge of what Punic might have been like. Plautus wrote only a phonetic equivalent of Hanno's speech, so the Punic script itself remained undeciphered until the French scholar Jean-Jacques Barthélemy published an alphabet in 1758.
Punic is an 'African' language in the sense that it's a dialect different from 'Phoenician', which was spoken and written throughout the Mediterranean in antiquity. What Roman Africans meant by 'Africa' isn't always clear: sometimes they meant the tiny original foothold that Rome had, the province of Afer; sometimes they meant the territory not occupied by Numidia to the west, Egypt to the east and Nubia to the south; sometimes they meant the general sweep of what they knew of the continent as a whole.
For some, Punic might be a precariously 'African' language because Phoenician was dispersed well beyond Africa. That idea could be rooted in a deep assumption that civilisations in Africa are always to be regarded as originating elsewhere. When the Europeans came upon the magnificent medieval ruins of Great Zimbabwe in the 1870s, they had a great deal of difficulty in accepting that they could have been built by the ancestors of the Shona people who still lived there. They had so much difficulty, in fact, that they hypothesised – or even believed – that they had to have been built by a white – indeed Anglo-Saxon – race. Given that there's absolutely no evidence that Anglo-Saxons ever inhabited sub-Saharan Africa until the 17th century, that posed a problem. It was a problem that was solved by arguing that the Phoenicians had colonised southern Africa centuries before. That was a solution only because the Phoenicians were regarded, for the purposes of this theory, as white.
The late-19th-century English writer Rider Haggard suggested in a series of historical fantasies about Great Zimbabwe that these Phoenicians were actually Carthaginians – but Carthaginians who were emphatically not 'African', not in the sense that they were of the same race as the ancestors of the Shona. The absurdity of this chain of reasoning is demonstrated by the eminent anthropologist Leo Frobenius, who believed that the 'civilised' traces of cultural practices found across Africa were the remnants of refugees from Atlantis, who were effectively 'white', and who also founded Carthage. For Frobenius, it was axiomatic that any kind of long-term cultural continuity could come only from 'without', as he termed it: 'seed indigenous to the soil' will be 'forgotten'. Long-term traces of culture, for Frobenius, could have come only from outside Black Africa.
Libyco-Berber makes it very difficult to insist that no writing in Africa could have been indigenous. There are two theories about the age of old Lybic script. If it's derived from Punic, then it couldn't be older than the 10th century BCE, when Phoenicians arrived in North Africa. If Lybic script developed from pictographs, then it could be much older. Pictographs still on rock faces in the High Atlas mountains of Morocco could be older than 1,000 BCE, although it might be impossible to establish exactly how old they are. As with the question of whether Punic can be considered an African language, the relation between pictographs and Libyco-Berber itself is riddled with assumptions about the general conditions of literacy and forms of representation in North Africa across the centuries.
The newest inscriptions date from the 4th and 5th centuries CE, but the great 14th-century Arabic sociologist and historian Ibn Khaldun might have been describing a Lybic inscription that, he reported, included the name Suleiman. If he was right, that inscription suggests that the Lybic script was used after the arrival of Islam in Morocco in 680 CE, and possibly during Ibn Khaldun's lifetime. Another possibility is that it never really did die out. One of the newer inscriptions was found in the tomb of a woman known as Tin Hinan, buried in the 4th century. Today she's regarded by the Tuareg in the Hoggar Mountains of Algeria as their ancestral matriarch. Writing of Libyco-Berber in her book So Vast the Prison (1995), Assia Djebar says: 'Our most secret writing, as ancient as Etruscan or the writing of the runes, but unlike these a writing still noisy with the sounds and breath of today, is indeed the legacy of a woman in the deepest desert.'
The Hoggar Mountains in Algeria. Photo by DeAgostini/Getty
The name 'Libyco-Berber' is really just the name of the supposition that modern Tamazight (Berber) languages descend from it. Two other names, Numidian and Old Libyan, are used less frequently, but they don't smuggle in the assumption that we know much about the language itself because of the continuity of the script. The script it was written in, however, has been taken up recently as the official script of the Amazigh movement in the Maghreb, which is fighting for greater recognition of the Tamazight-speaking peoples. They call the script tifinagh, a word that's often taken to mean 'Punic letters'; -finagh is derived, perhaps, from Latin punicus. Another etymology argues that it's the plural form of afnegh in Tamazight that means letter/character/sign; the verb 'to write' is efnegh. The first derivation frontloads the supposition that the script is derived from Punic writing; and, to separate both its form and its origin from Carthage, scholars tend to use the terms Libyc or Lybico-Berber to describe the ancient script.
Europeans have long found it difficult to believe that tifinagh is actually a script at all. A number of scholars who study the tifinagh-like designs that both Amazigh and Tuareg women use deny that these designs should properly be called 'writing' because they never have been. Berber dialects, as Susan Searight asserted in her 1984 book on Moroccan tattooing, 'are not written down, and in fact never do seem to have been.' Some anthropologists conceded that the designs that Amazigh women use might be related to the ancient script, but that it was no longer really writing. They were just 'part of the repertoire of the designs relating to Berber art used in pottery decorations and tattoos', as Yasmina Djekrif argued in 2007. In 1968, Victor Englebert called the chin tattoos of Berber women the 'Remnants of a lost script … the last symbols of a tongue still spoken by the hill tribes but no longer written.' These designs remain, for some contemporary scholarship, precisely art – that is, form that doesn't directly mean something. It is, in other words, just art.
Writing, it was long believed, was something that Africans simply couldn't do
The history of modern European encounters with the Lybic script is a history of neglect, false assumptions and outright destruction. Evidence was overlooked, lost or obliterated. A Numidian prince named Atban was buried in a magnificent tomb around the time of Carthage's destruction. A plaque in the tomb, written in both Punic and Lybic, was discovered in 1631 by Thomas d'Arcos, who sent a transcription of it to a friend in France, where it lay neglected for a couple of centuries. The inscription's next fateful encounter occurred in 1842, when Thomas Reade, Napoleon's former jailer on St Helena, noticed it while he was the British consul in Tunis. Reade, whom a British officer once called aptly a 'Nincumpoop', tore the tomb down to get at the plaque and sold it to the British Museum for five pounds. He destroyed another plaque in doing so, but this surviving plaque, having been written in both Lybic and Punic, ultimately proved to be the key to deciphering Lybic.
Reade's 'Nincumpoop' respect for what even he thought was 'old African' writing is an egregious example of the violence with which Europeans frame the potential of African premodern writing. Sometimes the violence is more symbolic, as was the case with Bourdieu. His extensive fieldwork among the Kabyle group of the Amazigh – an ethnically Berber people who live in Kabylia, in the Tell Atlas mountains – formed the basis for theories that would help shape contemporary thought: the habitus, the field of practice, symbolic capital, symbolic violence. Bourdieu was an ardent supporter of the Algerians in their war for independence, and he later assisted with the burgeoning movement of Amazigh identity and self-determination – which included the revival and widespread adoption of tifinagh.
So it's especially surprising that Bourdieu referred to the Kabyle as a 'society without writing'. For one thing, the Kabyle had had a written body of customary law for at least 130 years. French archives contain letters from Kabyle leaders and French colonial officers from the 1840s, from the Kabyles hired to record decisions made by and in the Bureaux Arabes, and a few poems written in Kabyle Berber. In a later work explicitly concerned with education – La reproduction (1970) – Bourdieu almost completely ignores Algeria, except to mention that Koranic schools beat their students, and to cite himself in a note on the social capital that a primary or secondary school diploma in Algeria gave graduands. There's a substantial archive of poems, stories and texts on religion, grammar and medicine dating from the 17th century from the Anti-Atlas region of Morocco. And, of course, there's the persistent presence of tifinagh and its ancestral memory of Lybic script.
Why would a thinker as sympathetic to the Kabyle as Bourdieu neglect so much evidence that, if they were, in fact, illiterate – and they were not – one could more accurately describe them as post-literate? Literacy, for Bourdieu, is no neutral or inert feature of culture. It's ultimately the way that people come to a full consciousness of themselves, the way in which they can develop fully formed symbolic cultures. If you hear a hint of Hegelian teleology behind this, you're probably right. You're also right if you associate the undeveloped literacy of the Kabyle with Hegel's own declaration that the peoples of Africa couldn't fully enter into history.
Writing, it was long believed, was something that Africans simply couldn't do. No one stated this more emphatically and confidently than the British explorer Hugh Clapperton, who in 1826 told Alaafin Majotu, king of the Yoruba Oyo empire, that he was 'not like a black man, who has no book to write'. That declaration is so oblivious and arrogant that it doesn't need a label on its case in the museum of colonial racisms. But other cases do. What I'm writing here is, in fact, just such a label on the Bourdieu display. In making the Kabyle a kind of historical artefact, a society from the past, Bourdieu just repeats, in another form, the Hegelian lie that Africans don't have history.
Bourdieu missed, accidentally or not, a lot of evidence of literacy that would have complicated his theoretical work. But it would perhaps have been no more than an inconvenience. After all, proverbial sayings probably contained knowledge old enough to have been unaffected by the arrival of literacy along with colonialism. Proverbs exist because writing didn't. Bourdieu's overlooking the many forms of writing that could be found in modern Kabylia is not just nitpicking, an anecdote about how one of the greats fudged his work. Bourdieu's blindness to African writing is bound up with ideas about history as progress, ideas that are strangely discordant with Bourdieu's own opposition to colonial domination in Algeria. The denial of a writing that had existed for several thousand years is part of a systematic and philosophical embrace of a European historical vision: of history as the movement from the primitive and childlike other to a mature and modern self – which is found only in Europe.
In one extraordinary passage, Bourdieu uses the metaphor of child development to discuss the supposed awakening that literacy brings:
the shift from a mode of conserving the tradition based solely on oral discourse to a mode of accumulation based on writing, and, beyond this, the whole process of rationalisation that is made possible by (inter alia) objectification in writing, are accompanied by a far-reaching transformation of the whole relationship to the body, or more precisely of the use made of the body in the production and reproduction of cultural artefacts. This is particularly clear in the case of music, where the process of rationalisation as described by Weber has as its corollary a 'disincarnation' of musical production or reproduction (which generally are not distinct), a 'disengagement' of the body which most ancient musical systems use as a complete instrument.
Even if Bourdieu hadn't invoked the German sociologist Max Weber, the underlying assumptions of Marxist historiography – that history is a dialectical elaboration, a development – are clear. Storytelling is replaced by something like capitalism, the 'mode of accumulation' and the 'production and reproduction' that writing allow. But Bourdieu does mention Weber, and in doing so implies that what's being developed is more than just economic institutions: it's the 'process of rationalisation'. Weber means by this something like the overwhelming array of bureaucratic and technological mediations that seem inescapable in European and American modernity, if not almost everywhere in the world. But Bourdieu's use of the term here also implicates a corollary assumption about the Kabyle: that they lack this 'rationalisation', even that they lack the faculty of fully 'developed' reason itself. Bourdieu is of course not overtly, or even consciously, endorsing crude historical schematisations of cultural development, but those schematisations are the consequence of thinking about writing without asking about its history. Merely to ask 'When does writing begin?' or 'How does knowing how to write change things?' is to require some kind of narrative of fulfilment or completion.
Bourdieu's discussion of writing here doesn't concern how writing is taught. But his discussion, pressured by the underlying logic that sees pre-literacy as a kind of 'potentiality', turns to a discussion of scenes of pedagogy. To explain how a society possesses knowledge without 'rising to the level of discourse' or even, more scandalously, rising to 'consciousness' itself, Bourdieu turns to the education of children. He doesn't treat them as an example, strictly speaking, but as an explanation of the mechanisms by which an entire people could function without having access to 'discourse' or 'consciousness': children mimic actions, or learn 'gnomic poems, songs, or riddles' that embody a 'small number of principles'. The seductive sheen of Bourdieu's prose tends to distract one from the surprisingly crude colonialist tropes about Africans in this single passage: they lack the capacity for reason, they lack complex institutions, they prefer storytelling to technology, their base of knowledge is meagre, they're natural mimics, they live much more fully in the body than in the mind.
Even when one tries to stand outside the policing of literacy, one cannot
Among other things, this story is a rebuke to scholarship. It tends to find what reproduces itself, what confirms its already underlying suspicions. It tends to re-sacralise itself, that is, to keep alive the medieval distinction between the holy orders and the laity. It was the difference between theology and practical belief, and it's perpetuated by the idea, which goes back to the temples of Thoth in Egypt, that only a priestly class can truly read, that writing is best kept within a sacred precinct.
Even intellectual enquiry motivated by – or at least committed to – revolutionary principles, like Bourdieu's certainly was, goes in search of knowledge that was there all along. It finds what has always marked the gap between sacred institutions and the laity: literacy. And literacy is imagined not just as the ability simply to read. It is hedged around with restrictions and rank: think about what it implies for Joe Biden to have called Barack Obama articulate, or what it means to worry about ending a sentence with a preposition. Even when one tries to stand outside the policing of literacy, one cannot. Every English professor in the anglophone world has had someone say to them that they'd better watch what they say: not because of its content, but only because of its form – because of what, finally, doesn't really matter.
Djebar's So Vast the Prison imagines the fate of Nubian writing outside of the search for 'literacy' by scholars who follow only the 'traces left by clerks and notaries'. Their archive is impoverished not because it doesn't contain much. It's impoverished because there's so much more that it could contain. For Djebar it includes, above all, an ancestral writing that lives in 'the intractability and mobility of a people who, in a gesture of supreme elegance, let their women preserve the writing while their men wage war in the sun or dance before the fires at night.'
However, as the rest of Djebar's book makes clear, this arrangement is anything but elegant. The dissymmetry of gender relations forces women out of the public spaces, cut off from the spectacular self-display of men at war and in the dance. It forces, and allows, a once-public language to become private, intimate and unknown to much of the population. For Djebar, this writing is also her ownwriting: 'as I wrote,' she says, 'I recalled myself.' French and Arabic, the 'paternal' languages in her book, are consequently the languages of forgetting, precisely because they're the languages that insist on being seen and heard. The terrible irony, of course, is that Djebar can tell us, we non-tifinagh readers, only in French. We might have no choice but to use the language of the academy ourselves, but Djebar's book shows us the necessity of humility, of listening for the silences where the language of the other might be. Her book – and the negative example of Bourdieu's work – indicts those of us who wage scholarship as if it alone made a difference, whether by writing books to be read by specialists, or by thinking our radical pedagogy is the pinnacle of radicalism, or by saving the world one Facebook post at a time.
But we also need to look for wisdom where institutions train us not to expect it. The other seductive legacy of Bourdieu's work is his theory that the old Marxist superstructure actually did matter a great deal – what Bourdieu called social capital was one of the propulsive forces of culture. In many ways, because of his audience – especially in the US, where French theorists tended to be read only by academics – Bourdieu's work on social capital amounted to a theory of university power. That is, a theory that universities had power to change because they taught, and reproduced, knowledges that live more fully in the mind than in the body. They reproduce the kind of blindness that would make Bourdieu assume from the start that the Kabyle had never been literate.
Academic friends have expressed surprise when I tell them about spending time listening to local activists talk to, and about, the people who live around us in the decayed industrial city where I live. Their sentiment runs something along the lines of 'I suppose activism can be local too.' The trick for intellectuals is to imagine continually what's actually obscured by what we read: the languages of people who don't read Antonio Gramsci, or Paulo Freire, or Fred Moten. Darren Green, an extraordinary activist in Trenton, New Jersey, walks around 11 public housing projects every day, several of them more than once, to talk with, and listen to, the people who live in them. He likes to say that the elderly are like walking bookshelves. As the example of Bourdieu shows, even the most intellectually committed, even the smartest – perhaps especially the smartest – of us can all too easily overlook the script of those lives, the language that might remain hidden for too long."
Posted by John H Armwood II at 10:36 PM

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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24News.ca
ASIRT clears officers who shot man who was firing arrows at them
Category: Canada News
Published Tuesday, February 2, 2016
WETASKIWIN, Alta. -- The agency that reviews officer-involved shootings in Alberta has ruled Mounties were justified in shooting and wounding a man who fired arrows at them from a crossbow, narrowly missing one officer.
The Alberta Serious Incident Response Team says RCMP were called to an apartment in Wetaskiwin, Alta., just before 4 a.m. on March 24, 2015, after receiving reports of a fight between a woman and a man.
The woman fled the apartment and called police, advising them the man had a crossbow and was looking for a fight.
At the same time, the man sent a text to an associate saying that police were coming and that he would be "fighting till I die."
After a brief standoff, the man left the suite, using the bow -- also known as a compound bow -- to fire at officers and taunting them, inviting them to fire back.
RCMP yelled at the man to drop his weapons but he wouldn't comply and two officers fired, striking him once in the upper body.
The man was rushed to hospital and underwent surgery.
The investigation found arrows an area behind where the officers had been positioned.
"A compound bow and arrow is a potentially lethal weapon and, depending on the bow and arrow, has the capacity to penetrate police body armour," ASIRT said in a news release.
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The search has resumed for a Roaches Line man who went missing as a blizzard intensified in eastern Newfoundland early Friday afternoon. Bay Roberts RCMP, the Avalon North Wolverines Search and Rescue and a CH149 Cormorant from 9 Wing Gander are all part of the search for 26-year-old Josh Wall, as is an RCMP police dog. Source
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TORONTO -- Thousands of residents in Newfoundland and Labrador are without power as they attempt to dig out from a record-breaking snowfall before another storm hits the region Sunday night. According to Newfoundland Power, over 3,000 people remained in the dark Sunday morning as temperatures dipped to -20 C with the wind chill and the threat of another 10 to 15 centimetres of snow loomed in Sunday night's forecast. Source
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More than 150 elders from five northern Alberta First Nations have contributed to a new tool designed to preserve Cree words and phrases. The free app, KTCEA Elders Speak, is a product of the Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council Education Authority, which oversees six schools within five northern Alberta First Nations: Peerless Trout First Nation, Whitefish Lake First Nation, Loon River First Nation, Lubicon Lake Band, and Woodland Cree First Nation. Source


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Oregon State women: Beavers don't look like No. 3 in close win against Colorado
Beavers remain unbeaten this season
Oregon State women: Beavers don't look like No. 3 in close win against Colorado Beavers remain unbeaten this season Check out this story on statesmanjournal.com: https://www.statesmanjournal.com/story/sports/college/oregon-state/2020/01/05/live-updates-oregon-state-womens-basketball-battles-colorado/2819552001/
Pete Martini, Salem Statesman Journal Published 11:29 a.m. PT Jan. 5, 2020 | Updated 3:36 p.m. PT Jan. 5, 2020
Colorado's Emma Clarke (3) and Oregon State's Taylor Jones (44) fight for possession of a rebound during the first half of an NCAA college basketball game in Corvallis, Ore., Sunday, Jan. 5, 2020. (AP Photo/Amanda Loman) (Photo: Amanda Loman, AP)
CORVALLIS — The Oregon State women's basketball team didn't look like the No. 3 team in the country Sunday against Colorado.
Far from it.
The Beavers finally came to life in the fourth quarter at Gill Coliseum on Sunday to hold off pesky Colorado, 72-60, and remain unbeaten this season.
"In the conference this year, every game is going to be an absolute war," Oregon State coach Scott Rueck said. "All you have to do is watch Colorado for a minute, and you see how hard they play, how physical they are — that's their identity."
Colorado's Mya Hollingshed (21) defends against Oregon State's Kennedy Brown (42) at the basket during the second half of an NCAA college basketball game in Corvallis, Ore., Sunday, Jan. 5, 2020. (AP Photo/Amanda Loman) (Photo: Amanda Loman, AP)
Colorado bounced back after ugly loss
Colorado looked inspired Sunday against the Beavers just two days after being crushed 104-46 by No. 2 Oregon in Eugene.
After falling behind early, Oregon State made a 25-9 run to finish the first half and take a 40-30 halftime lead.
But the Beavers shot just 2 of 17 in the third quarter to let the Buffaloes cut the lead to 50-46 heading into the fourth quarter. Oregon State outscored Colorado 22-14 in the fourth to put the game away.
Colorado's Emma Clarke (3) defends against Oregon State's Mikayla Pivec (0) during the first half of an NCAA college basketball game in Corvallis, Ore., Sunday, Jan. 5, 2020. (AP Photo/Amanda Loman) (Photo: Amanda Loman, AP)
Pivec the hero for Beavers
The hero for the Beavers was senior guard Mikayla Pivec, who finished with 16 points, 15 rebounds and eight assists in 40 minutes.
"I don't like close games in the fourth quarter, so I was just trying to create as much separation as possible," Pivec said. "I do get tired, yeah, but you just don't think about that. You think about how you can help the team each possession."
Destiny Slocum led Oregon State with 18 points, and Taylor Jones added 16 points and 10 rebounds.
The Beavers are 14-0 overall, and now 2-0 in the Pac-12 after sweeping Utah and Colorado this weekend.
Oregon State head coach Scott Rueck discusses a call with a referee during the second half of an NCAA college basketball game against Colorado in Corvallis, Ore., Sunday, Jan. 5, 2020. (AP Photo/Amanda Loman) (Photo: Amanda Loman, AP)
Tough Pac-12 this season
Oregon State is one of four Pac-12 teams ranked in the top-10, along with No. 2 Oregon, No. 5 Stanford and No. 10 UCLA.
"This program's M.O. is to be tough and grind out wins, and that's what we've done in, well, forever," Rueck said. "It's what you have to do in this conference, so we're built for that."
The Beavers next go on the road to face Arizona on Thursday and Arizona State on Sunday. Oregon State is back home on Jan. 17 against California and Jan. 19 against Stanford.
"It was a great lesson for us," Rueck said. "We learned on the fly."
Pete Martini covers high school and college sports for the Statesman Journal. You can contact Pete at pmartini@StatesmanJournal.com, 503-399-6730 and follow @PeteMartiniSJ
In-game live updates
BEAVERS BEAT COLORADO
Oregon State beats Colorado, 72-60, to improve to 14-0 overall and 2-0 in the Pac-12.
BEAVERS LEAD AFTER THREE
Oregon State leads Colorado 50-46 after three quarters.
COLORADO STARTS HOT
Colorado is on a 7-3 run to start the third quarter. The Beavers lead 43-37, with 7:23 left in the third quarter.
BEAVERS ON A RUN
In the final 8:28 of the first half, the Beavers went on a 23-9 run. Overall, it was a 25-9 run by OSU to finish the half.
SLOCUM LEADING THE WAY
Destiny Slocum has 12 points to lead the Beavers in the first half. Mikayla Pivec has eight points for OSU.
BEAVERS LEAD AT HALFTIME
Oregon State leads Colorado, 40-30, at halftime.
BEAVERS RALLY TO TAKE LEAD
Oregon State now leads Colorado, 26-25, with 5:58 left in the second quarter.
BEAVERS REALLY STRUGGLING
Oregon State trails Colorado 16-10, with 1:37 left in the first quarter.
BUFFALOES STRIKE FIRST
Oregon State trails 2-0, with 9:12 left in the first quarter.
FOLLOW HERE FOR LIVE UPDATES
Follow here throughout the game for live updates.
OREGON STATE BATTLES COLORADO
The No. 3 Oregon State women's basketball team faces Colorado at noon today at Gill Coliseum. The Beavers are 13-0 overall, 1-0 in Pac-12 play, and Colorado is 12-1 overall, 1-1 in the conference.
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While in France I happened on the Paris Airshow. It was totally unplanned. It was a bit freaky that Angie and I were able to get there and be part of the world's largest commercial airshow that happens every two years. Where else can we see the latest Mig 29 Fighter demonstrated a few minutes after the Eurofighter Typhoon? I swear those jets are so loud you might think they run on sound power! The whole show is (of course) very impressive; the low-slow demo of the Airbus 380 was particularly impressive.


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11 Jan 2018 // Market Trends // Comments OFF
Georgia's leading airports now handle four million passengers a year; 43% traffic growth in 2017; growing demand for European services
Wizz Air announced back in October that from the start of S18 it would base a second A320 in Kutaisi. Seen showing this news are Kate Aleksidze, CEO of United Airports of Georgia, and George Michalopoulos, CCO of Wizz Air. The aircraft will allow the carrier to open new routes to Wroclaw, Prague, Paris Beauvais, Barcelona and Rome Fiumicino. Kutaisi Airport handled over 405,000 passengers in 2017, an increase of 49% when compared to the total it welcomed in 2016.
Located on the eastern edge of Eastern Europe, Georgia, the host country of CONNECT 2018, is a nation that is on the move, and this is clearly evident with the increase in passenger numbers through its three leading airports – Tbilisi, Batumi and Kutaisi – all of which are seeing phenomenal changes due to the nation's growing relations with the EU and other European countries. anna.aero recently conducted an analysis of European markets from Georgia with regards to visitor numbers, and the results showed that between 1 January and 30 September 2017, a total of 263,600 EU citizens visited Georgia, up 25% when compared to the same period of 2016. This does not take into account the growing number of visitors to Georgia from European nations that are not part of the EU. Among the nations to show increased visitation to Georgia during that time period analysed included Germany, the UK, Netherlands, Spain and Austria, all of which saw their visitor numbers to the nation increase by over 30% during the first nine months of 2017.
Now over four million passengers per annum
2017 was a fantastic year for Georgia's three leading airports, with the trio handling over 4.06 million passengers, an impressive 43% increase in traffic when compared to the 2.84 million they greeted in 2016. The growth rate encountered last year is the best that Georgia's airports have recorded since the turn of the decade. Batumi saw the biggest growth, with traffic up by 59% in 2017, followed by Kutaisi which witnessed passenger numbers increase by 49%, and then Tbilisi, up by 40%. It should be noted that 2017 was the first year to see Georgia's airports handle more passengers than the overall population size of Georgia, a total which currently stands at 3.72 million according to UN statistics.
Source: Georgian Civil Aviation Agency.
In terms of growth over recent years, the most noticeable airport in Georgia is Kutaisi, a facility which reopened in 2012 after renovation. It then processed 187,939 people in 2013, its first full year of operation following its reopening. Last year it greeted 405,173 passengers, meaning that in the past four years the airport's annual passenger throughput has increased by 116%, resulting in an average annual increase of 29%.
Eastern and Western Europe both seeing double-digit growth
Last year seat capacity to Eastern Europe from Georgia increased by 32%, with one-way seats passing the one million mark for the first time. Western Europe also encountered double-digit growth last year, with its offering up 22% to over 600,000 one-way seats. When combining the two data sets, it shows that seat capacity between Georgia and Europe passed 1.78 million one-way seats in 2017, up 28% from 1.40 million in 2016, the best year for growth during the time frame analysed.
Source: OAG Schedules Analyser data.
In terms of seat capacity split by airports, it is no surprise to see that the capital city Tbilisi is the leader, with it occupying 78% of seat capacity to Eastern Europe last year, up from 73% in 2016, while in 2017 it commanded 74% of seats to Western Europe. While the latter figure shows that Tbilisi is the market leader from Georgia to Western Europe, its market share in this sector dropped from 82% in 2016, a result of the growing presence of Kutaisi, an airport which has increased its market share of seat capacity between Georgia and Western Europe from 6.4% in 2016 to 18% in 2017.
Kutaisi and Tbilisi equal for EU connections
One of the major advantages for Georgia in recent years is that it has started visa-free travel for citizens of EU nations, which has allowed the country's visitor numbers to boom in the past few years. With regards to EU connections, Kutaisi and Tbilisi are showing to be equal in terms of links to EU airports for the summer season, with both having 11 routes each when referring to OAG schedules for August last year. However for the winter season Kutaisi has more EU links than Tbilisi, with data for January showing that it has routes to 10 EU airports, while Tbilisi has just eight. Despite Kutaisi currently being the third busiest airport in terms of passenger numbers in Georgia, for European connections it leads the way to Italy, the UK and Hungary, with it also having a large share of seats to Germany (49% of one-way seats in 2017), Poland (42%) and Greece (33%).
Along with the 12 European nations in the graph above, Georgia is also connected to Armenia, Lithuania, Cyprus, the Netherlands, Austria and the Czech Republic with regular services in 2017.
16 European services scheduled for launch in 2018
Georgia, as of January, is scheduled to welcome 16 new European connections in 2018 (one not to an EU airport – Kazan), eight each from Tbilisi and Kutaisi. These services also include sectors to Spain and Slovakia, unserved country markets from Georgia last year. A breakdown of the routes can be seen in the table below. Along with these European services, only one other route is planned from Georgia in 2018, with this being a key link for Kutaisi, with it welcoming flydubai from its hub in June.
Days of operation
25-Mar Wizz Air (W6) Kutaisi (KUT) Riga (RIX) 3,7
Georgian Airways (A9) Tbilisi (TBS) Barcelona (BCN) 3,7
Bologna (BLQ) 3,6
Bratislava (BTS) 4,7
Brussels (BRU) 4,7
26-Mar Berlin Schönefeld (SXF) 1,3,5
27-Mar Cologne Bonn (CGN) 2,4
Paris CDG (CDG) 2,5
28-Mar Kazan (KZN) 1,5
31-Mar Wizz Air (W6) Kutaisi (KUT) Wroclaw (WRO) 2,6
17-May Athens (ATH) 4,7
Paris Beauvais (BVA) 2,4,6
Rome Fiumicino (FCO) 4,7
18-May Barcelona (BCN) 1,3,5
19-May Prague (PRG) 2,6
15-Nov Vienna (VIE) 2,4,6
Source: Wizz Air and Georgian Airways booking engines. Data retrieved 10 January 2018.
As can be seen from the new routes being planned from Georgia, they are all with based carriers Georgia Airways and Wizz Air. With their growing presences, it would appear that now is the optimum time for more airlines to enter this growing market before both gain unassailable market shares. It appears however that the success being observed in Georgia is not going unnoticed, with Blue Air, one of Europe's fastest-growing airlines, operating two flights to Tbilisi from Bucharest on 3 and 10 of February. While these flights are not part of the regular programme, they are bookable on the carrier's website. Perhaps testing the market for a more regular service?
Wizz Air launched flights between Kutiasi and Berlin Schönefeld on 23 September 2016, an airport which will gain a link to Tbilisi in 2018 thanks to Georgia Airways. German visitor numbers to Georgia increased by over 30% between January and September 2017, with the country also being the leading EU nation from Georgia, with over 114,000 one-way seats being offered last year. Along with Schönefeld, Cologne Bonn will also welcome Georgian Airways in 2018.
ATH BCN BLQ Blue Air BRU BTS BUS BVA CDG CGN FCO Georgia Georgia Airways KUT KZN PRG RIX SXF TBS VIE Wizz Air WRO


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There are 58 training programs accredited by the Commission for Massage Therapy Accreditation/Approval in the United States. They provide a minimum of 500 hours of massage training. Certified therapists have graduated from these programs and passed the national certification examination for therapeutic massage. They are also required to participate in continuing education programs to keep their skills current.
Stroking in smooth movements, kneading to loosen muscles, rubbing or friction with the practitioner using both hands back and forth in opposite directions, and striking (tapping or chopping the body with fingers or hands) are all used in combination. These movements help relax the body, increase circulation, and improve drainage in the lymphatic system.
Douglasville Douglas 30134 Georgia GA 33.7606 -84.7477
A good massage therapist will never force pressure into the muscle. They will continue to apply pressure until the muscle pushes back against them. The muscle will then slowly begin to release and allow the therapist to move along it. The pressure used should not be painful, but should walk a fine line between pleasurable release of tension and a pain-blocking response from the body (tensing up).
John Staughton is a traveling writer, editor, and publisher who earned his English and Integrative Biology degrees from the University of Illinois in Champaign, Urbana (USA). He is the co-founder of a literary journal, Sheriff Nottingham, and calls the most beautiful places in the world his office. On a perpetual journey towards the idea of home, he uses words to educate, inspire, uplift and evolve.
Atlanta Fulton 30311 Georgia GA 33.723 -84.4702
Alpharetta Fulton 30023 Georgia GA 33.8444 -84.474
Several mechanisms for deep massage's natural stress-relieving effects include its ability to dilate blood vessels and also lower activity of the limbic system (including the hypothalamus), which is responsible for autonomic nervous system regulation and cortisol secretion. Massage has been shown to improve relaxation by boosting activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, as measured by heart rate, blood pressure and heart rate variability. (8, 9)
Somatoemotional release. Mental and emotional context is a major factor in how we experience pain. Painful sensations are unusually good at stimulating catharsis — the expression of strong or repressed emotion. — because physical pain often strongly "resonates" with emotional pain.12 For instance, the pain of an injury may blur together with the emotional frustrations of functional limits and rehab. That's a basic example, and much more complex interactions between emotional and physical pain are obviously possible. Whether it is the clear goal of therapy, or simply a natural side benefit, experiencing very strong sensations can certainly be a meaningful part of a personal growth process "just" by changing your sense of yourself, how it feels to be in your skin, and perhaps bumping you out of some other sensory rut.13
Roswell Fulton 30076 Georgia GA 34.0213 -84.3104
Deep Tissue Massage Designed to release tight, fatigued muscles and joints, this specialized massage focuses on detailed therapeutic muscle work by using stronger pressure on specific areas and working the deeper layers of muscle tissue. Includes a pain relief topical treatment to provide the most benefit during and after your massage. 60/90 Minutes $115/$149
Peachtree City 30270 Georgia GA 33.3968 -84.59
Thank you so much for your article The Pressure Question in Massage Therapy. I just read it all. I went for a sports massage two weeks ago as I was recommended to have one as it was suggested it might help with tight calves, a side effect of some other injuries I have. I've been for sports massages many, many times before over the years. This one was one of the most painful experiences of my life — when I got home I was almost sick and felt in shock. My right achilles tendon was raging and it's been bad ever since. It hurt so much when it was done (like someone was sticking knives in) and I kept asking if it was meant to hurt. I wish I'd just stopped the session or objected but I didn't. It used to be a bad injury that affected me walking for about 6 months so I'm just devastated about this. I can hardly bear to put shoes on and its all this time on. I know there are good practitioners out there but experiences like this just make me want to stay away. I wish I'd gone to a "gentle" one.
According to practitioners, foot reflexology is a simple, non-invasive method to help balance the body. It has been described as a natural therapy that requires the application of a specific type of pressure on particular areas of the feet. It gets its school of thought from the principle that there are reflexes in the feet which correspond to every part of the body, so by understanding the "maps," you can do anything from relaxation to improved circulation, and also add a general feeling of wellness. It's like a massage for your feet…that affects your whole body!
Deep Tissue Massage also has incredible health benefits. The release of habitually tight muscles relieves chronic pain and speeds the healing of injuries. Balanced posture improves organ function and athletic performance. Overall, it relieves the stress and energy drain of chronically tight muscles improving general health and well-being for long term wellness.
As we age, our nerve endings become less sensitive in many parts of our body, particularly in our extremities. That being said, reflexology has been connected with stimulating more than 7,000 different nerve endings in a single session, thereby increasing their function and reactivity. Opening and cleaning out neural pathways can help improve functionality and flexibility in many areas around the body. Neural pathways are like muscles, so it is good to work them once in a while to keep them sharp!
Cumming Forsyth 30041 Georgia GA 34.2037 -84.1031
Massage of Chinese Medicine is known as An Mo (按摩, pressing and rubbing) or Qigong Massage, and is the foundation of Japan's Anma. Categories include Pu Tong An Mo (general massage), Tui Na An Mo (pushing and grasping massage), Dian Xue An Mo (cavity pressing massage), and Qi An Mo (energy massage). Tui na (推拿) focuses on pushing, stretching, and kneading muscles, and Zhi Ya (指壓) focuses on pinching and pressing at acupressure points. Technique such as friction and vibration are used as well.[70]
Brooks Fayette 30205 Georgia GA 33.2984 -84.4769
Specialized massage tables and chairs are used to position recipients during massages. A typical commercial massage table has an easily cleaned, heavily padded surface, and a horseshoe-shaped head support that allows the client to breathe easily while lying face down and can be stationary or portable, while home versions are often lighter weight or designed to fold away easily. An orthopedic pillow or bolster can be used to correct body positioning.
Reflexologists posit that the blockage of an energy field, invisible life force, or Qi, can prevent healing. Another tenet of reflexology is the belief that practitioners can relieve stress and pain in other parts of the body through the manipulation of the feet. One claimed explanation is that the pressure received in the feet may send signals that 'balance' the nervous system or release chemicals such as endorphins that reduce stress and pain. These hypotheses are rejected by the medical community, who cite a lack of scientific evidence and the well-tested germ theory of disease.[9]
You may also have your own unique trouble spots, perhaps from past injuries. A massage therapist can pay special attention to these areas, monitor them for developing problems, and help keep them in good condition. An experienced massage therapist can also compliment treatment received from other health care professionals for various injuries. You may also have your own unique trouble spots, perhaps from past injuries. A massage therapist can pay special attention to these areas, monitor them for developing problems, and help keep them in good condition. An experienced massage therapist can also compliment treatment received from other health care professionals for various injuries.
AD 1779: Frenchman Pierre-Martial Cibot publishes 'Notice du Cong-fou des Bonzes Tao-see' also known as "The Cong-Fou of the Tao-Tse", a French language summary of medical techniques used by Taoist priests. According to Joseph Needhan, Cibot's work "was intended to present the physicists and physicians of Europe with a sketch of a system of medical gymnastics which they might like to adopt—or if they found it at fault they might be stimulated to invent something better. This work has long been regarded as of cardinal importance in the history of physiotherapy because it almost certainly influenced the Swedish founder of the modern phase of the art, Per Hendrik Ling. Cibot had studied at least one Chinese book, but also got much from a Christian neophyte who had become expert in the subject before his conversion."[14]
Adairsville Bartow 30103 Georgia GA 34.3595 -84.9176
My massage therapist has been doing massages for 30 years. He is really aggressive. I thought that I was going to die. The pain was so intense that I honestly feel that it was worse than having children. When the massage was complete, I felt relaxed. When I got home I felt exhausted, like I had been in a major accident. Truthfully I feel like crap. I ache from head to toe, what the heck is this? I feel absolutely horrible. I had a bath before bed and it did help somewhat. But this morning I still feel like hell …
Glenn Heard 30219 Georgia GA 33.1572 -85.1706
Massage therapy catered specifically to you and what your body needs. Intuitively knowing which style of massage to use from from a wide array of options such as shiatsu, deep tissue, lomilomi, Swedish, prenatal, acupressure, reflexology and many more I am Passionate about offering the service of massage creating an integrative, therapeutic, lasting experience.
Research shows that firmer massages with more pressure can result in a significant reduction in arthritis pain compared to lighter massages. Lighter massage tends to be arousing (not relaxing) because often the heart rate goes up. However, with moderate pressure, heart rate usually goes down, and this stimulates relaxation and reduced tension. (13)
Earliest discovery of reflexology was found in Egypt based on the observation of daily life activities including the medical practices.1 Other studies have reported that reflexology emerges from China for the last 5000 years ago but there is no documentation found, so with the finding of hieroglyphic mural in the pyramid located in Saggara, reflexology is considered as a part of Egyptian culture from 2330 BC.3 At the late of 14th century, reflexology was already applied throughout the Europe with another name; zone therapy.9 Father of modern reflexology, Dr. William Fitzgerald (1872–1942) has discovered that zone therapy has been used by Aboriginal American.9 Jenny Wallace from North American Indians tribes used pressure at the feet as one of the sources of healing process.9 Fitzgerald study has brought reflexology practice to be widely used in the United States.3 The discovery of zone therapy was developed from the finding of pressure applied on many parts of body such as hands, nose, ears, and many more can relieve pain sensation.10 Dr. Joe Shelby Riley from Washington has conducted many studies of therapy including reflexology and has used this therapy for many years.9 Eunice Ingham (1879–1974) has worked together with Dr. Riley in 1930's as the therapist and work greatly to help people understand reflexology.8 She shared the technique of reflexology with others by writing many books such as "Stories the Feet Can Tell, Stories the Feet Have Told, and Stories the Feet Are Telling".9 Reflexology has greater recognition after the emergence of another eminent woman in this therapy world with her book; "Helping Yourself with Foot Reflexology" which reached more than 500,000 copies sold.9
Integrative Reflexology is defined as "massage therapy-based reflexology, practiced as both energy work and bodywork." Integrative reflexology is an holistic discipline which uses the therapist's hands to apply alternating and firm pressure to stimulate physiological changes in the body. The therapist activates the zone reflex points and meridian points to create beneficial responses in the nervous, electrical and chemical systems of the body. Integrative Reflexology allows the body to relax by releasing tension and improving blood flow. It helps the body to adjust to its own healthy balance.
Shannon Floyd 30172 Georgia GA 34.3333 -85.2337
Reflexology is an alternative medicine system that claims to treat internal organs by pressing on designated spots on the feet and hands; there is no anatomical connection between those organs and those spots. Systematic reviews in 2009 and 2011 found no convincing evidence that reflexology is an effective treatment for any medical condition. Quackwatch and the NCAHF agree that reflexology is a form of massage that may help patients relax and feel better temporarily, but that has no other health benefits. Our own Mark Crislip said, "The great majority of studies demonstrate reflexology had no effects that could not be replicated by picking fleas off your mate…And it has no anatomic or physiologic justification."
"The number one thing therapists should do to protect themselves from injury is avoid doing too much work," says Bykofsky. She also recommends not over-scheduling, working too many hours, or holding too many deep massage sessions a week. Also, take advantage of other "tools" at your disposal, such as different parts of your hands and arms, using them for leverage to take some of the pressure off your thumbs.
Elementary Reflexology™ is a form of reflexology incorporating energy balancing with point specific work. Integrating the ancient art of Ayurvedic reflexology with the modern energetic principles of Polarity, and is based on the concept of the inter-relationship of the five elements: Ether, Air, Fire, Water, and Earth. What sets Elemental Reflexology™ apart is its foundation in the assessment and balancing of these five elements. Elemental Reflexology™ is focused exclusively on the feet, because in polarity, they are the most negative pole in the body-the place where energy is the most dense and tends to crystallize and become blocked. Working on the feet frees up this stagnant energy, allowing it to be released and flow freely throughout the body. This process is suited for all ages and many conditions.
Prenatal massage can be a safe way for women to get a massage during pregnancy. It can help reduce pregnancy body aches, reduce stress, and ease muscle tension. You can get a massage at any time during your pregnancy. However, many facilities, especially in the United States, do not offer massages to women in their first trimester due to the risk of miscarriage during this time.
Post-event massage is usually given 1–2 hours after the competition is over in order to give dilated blood vessels a chance to return to their normal condition. Post-event massage is light and gentle in order not to damage already stressed muscles. The goal is to speed up removal of toxic waste products and reduce swelling. Very light effleurage will decrease swelling while light petrissage will help clear away toxins and relieve tense, stiff muscles. Post-event massage can be self-administered on some parts of the body, such as the legs.
Couples massage takes place in a room that is, at the very least, large enough for two massage tables, which is the typical set-up in a day spa. On the other hand, resort and hotel spas often create elaborate environments where couples can not only have side-by-side spa treatments, but also take a bath together, get pedicures, spend time in a steam shower, or lounge by a fire after the treatment.
The significant difference in the two approaches is their effect on these layers. A Swedish technique uses lubricant to glide over the layers – whether that be on a superficial layer (light pressure) or a deeper layer (firm pressure). There may also be kneading of the muscles, vibration or percussion to stimulate the muscles, and passive and/or active joint movements. All of these techniques serve to increase circulation of blood and lymph, soften and relax the tissues, reduce cortisol levels in the body (the stress hormone), and provide a generalized sense of relaxation for the client.
Jenkinsburg Butts 30234 Georgia GA 33.3224 -84.0287
In massage therapy, so much can be achieved while inflicting only good pain on patients that bad pain must be justified by vivid, quick, and somewhat lasting benefits — which is a high bar to clear. All health care practices must be justified by benefits. As risk and pain and expense increase, the benefits must also. There is simply no point in tolerating — and paying for — painful treatment without an obvious return on the investment.
Some possible justifications for painfully intense massage (these aren't endorsements) include the destruction of motor end plates to "de-activate" trigger points; somatoemotional release (pain often strongly "resonates" with strong emotions like grief); moving tissue fluids; or just creating a strong, novel sensory experiences (which may have many subtle benefits).
Dallas Paulding 30157 Georgia GA 33.9045 -84.8621
Copyright 2017, Zeel Networks, Inc., 45 West 45th Street, 16nd Floor, New York, NY 10036. ZEEL®, Z®, ZEEL SPA®, ZEEL CONCIERGE®, BLOCK PROJECT®, MASSAGE ZEELOT®, MASSAGE ON DEMAND®, WE "HEART" MASSAGE®, THE MASSAGE EXPERTS®, RELIEVING THE SIDE EFFECTS OF LIFE®, WE'VE GOT YOUR BACK®, and THE MOST TRUSTED NAME IN MASSAGE® are trademarks of Zeel Networks, Inc. Zeelously Made in NYC. The contents of the Zeel web site are for informational purposes only. None of the information on the site should be construed or used as professional medical advice or consultation. Please read our terms of use for more information.
Cumming 30128 Georgia GA 34.2088 -84.1351
Continuing education is important to stay abreast of the evolving field of sports medicine. In addition, sports massage therapists must have a strong understanding of the demands that sports put on the body, both physically and mentally. Because I also train and race, I feel better able to understand body mechanics—including common injuries and performance goals—which gives me the opportunity to communicate and share my experience as well as my skills to help athletes reach their
When you are looking for massage therapy, be sure to check which type of massage a practitioner can provide. Match that with the benefits you hope to get from the massage session. You may want to chat with several different practitioners to find the one who understands your needs and is used to working with people with similar goals. Be sure also to discuss any allergies, such as to scents or plant oils, so your massage will be relaxing and beneficial without that concern.
© 2004-2019 Massage Heights Franchising, LLC. All Rights Reserved. The Massage Heights trade name and logo may not be reproduced by any means or in any form whatsoever without express written permission from Massage Heights Franchising, LLC., 13750 US Hwy 281 North, Suite 230, San Antonio, Texas 78232 *Introductory rate valid for Members and first-time Guests only. Actual massage time is 50 or 80-Minutes hands-on. Additional local taxes and fees may apply. Gift Cards may be used to purchase any service or product, do not expire, must be presented at time of service, are not refundable, non-redeemable for cash. Massage Heights is not responsible for lost or stolen cards. Rates and services may vary by location. Each Massage Heights Retreat is independently owned and operated by franchisees of Massage Heights Franchising, LLC. | Website by Giles-Parscale
Imagine there is a connection between zones of your feet and hands that represent certain areas of your body that can be adjusted or managed through these zones. A lot of the theory behind reflexology has to do with aligning your qi, but even for those who normally don't invest much in this discipline, there are plenty of studies that have supported the claims of reflexologists.
Most sports massage therapists will wear a white coat or uniform. This projects a professional image. It will also prevent unsightly oil stains on clothes. When you are referred to a massage therapist by a doctor or other qualified person then you should expect their instructions to be carried out to the letter and not added to or altered by the massage therapist.
Reflexology has been chosen by most people to treat their body health problems because it offers high level of safety and effectiveness. It also offers natural treatment without consuming drugs and it is easy to use.1 Learning reflexology and its application is quite easy, there is no limitation for people to apply it anytime and anywhere.1 Its effectiveness in treating the root of some diseases may lead to many benefits in health concern such as it helps in easing day-to-day stresses and alleviates the effects from injury and illness.1 However, it is not used in diagnosing processes.11


So, now that you've read the last two posts, you're convinced! You're going to change what your pet is eating. That's great! But there are things you need to know to avoid trouble.
The first thing to remember when switching your pet's diet is that time is on your side. Except in rare cases, it is not an urgent matter, and you can—and should—take plenty of time to make the change.
Many pets are used to having food available day and night (often called a "free choice" or "free feeding" schedule). Their guardians may have tried switching; they put a bowl of new food down, the animal turns up its nose, and therefore they conclude that their pet is too finicky and "can't" switch foods. This is faulty logic; and there are multiple reasons why it fails.
• These animals, especially cats, are never hungry enough to try anything new. What if your kid comes home from school, eats a package of cheese and crackers and a handful of cookies, then doesn't want to eat broccoli at dinner? While I sympathize (I hate broccoli!), I am not surprised. There's no motivation—in this case, the primary one needed is hunger!
• Many times an animal will be intrigued and eat the new food the first time or two, so you run out and buy three cases of it. Then they won't eat it again. This is very common with cats. No one knows for sure why they do this, but it may be because variety is the very thing they're craving—and now you've served the same thing three times in a row! Yuck!
• There is a vast difference between foods. If a pet has been eating inexpensive, high-carb dry food and suddenly switches to a grain-free dry, or to canned, this is a huge shift in protein, fat, and carbohydrate proportions, as well as very different quality ingredients. This can cause a seriously upset tummy.
The first step, for free fed pets, is to go to a timed meal schedule, where you leave the food out for an hour in the morning and again for an hour in the evening, but put it away the rest of the time. Believe me, your pet will not starve to death in 12 hours, or 14 hours, or even 18 hours if you have to work late. Now your pet will be hungry at meal time, and thus more willing to try new things. This is particularly critical when switching from dry to wet food with a finicky eater.
Carnivores typically eat until they're full, and then sleep it off before going hunting again. This gives their tummies time to rest between meals. This may be an important factor in preventing intestinal problems such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
With a timed meal schedule, you don't have to worry so much about restricting the amounts you feed (especially with wet food); most animals will eventually self-regulate very well on this schedule.
When you decide to make the transition from one food to another, particularly dry food, plan ahead. You don't want to run completely out of one food and just slap down a bowl of something new in front of Fluffy's nose. The normal bacteria in the gut are keyed to one type of food, and it takes time for the populations to shift enough to efficiently digest a new food. A sudden switch can cause tummy upset, which can lead to rejection of the food, as well as extremely unpleasant messes in the house!
If adding canned food or switching from dry to canned, this is also the time for an abundance of caution. These two forms of food are so different, that it will take some getting used to on the part of your pet's tummy.
Once canned food is a regular staple, it doesn't seem to be a problem to change flavors as often as every meal.
With dry food, for most dogs a four or eight-day changeover works best. Young dogs usually adjust quickly; older dogs may need a little more time. For the first day (or two), feed 75 percent old food mixed with 25 percent new food. Then 50 percent each of old and new food, then 25 percent old food and 75 percent new food, and finally all new food. This gives the dog's resident gut bacteria time to gear up to handle the new ingredients properly.
Many cat guardians have tried—and failed—to switch their cat to a better diet. A primary reason for that is the tendency of cats to turn their noses up at any new food. Cats often require more a more gradual (that is, sneaky) approach, with more intermediate stages over two to three weeks.
Next time, we'll talk about what to do when your finicky eater refuses to touch a new food no matter what, and what to do if problems occur during the switch.
"Dogs will eat anything." That's what I thought until I met Elvis, a husky-white shepherd mix. A pickier critter you never will find—he'd rather starve than eat anything he isn't in the mood for. Elvis taught me that a dog can be as finicky as the most persnickety cat, so the following tips and tricks can be applied to dogs and cats alike.
Although it's true for any species, it's particularly true for cats that their food preferences are formed during kittenhood. In fact, many cats who have eaten only dry food their whole lives simply don't recognize anything else as "food." In any case, getting a fussy pet just to change brands or flavors can be a major challenge. Animals prefer routine and dislike change in general, and messing with their dinner habits may not be welcome. But it is almost always possible to convert a dog or cat to a better diet.
Planning and patience are the keys to a successful switch. Even if your pet is one that eats everything with gusto, bear in mind that changing too fast can cause big tummy upset—and plenty of business for the carpet cleaners!
If you're adding raw food, or switching from dry to canned, homemade, or raw, use caution and go very slowly. These forms of food are so vastly different that it will take some serious getting used to on the part of your pet's tummy. In the case of dry food, it may be easier to switch to canned food first, and then move to raw or homemade later, if you desire. Just getting a dry-food addict to eat a good quality canned food is a worthwhile improvement!
* Start with plain meat, without veggies or supplements.
* Lightly brown the meat.
* Sprinkle a handful of kibbles on top of the new food.
* Smear some meat baby food on top (favorites are chicken, turkey, and ham).
* Drizzle a little tuna juice or chicken stock over the new food.
* Try both chunky (slices, shreds, nuggets, etc.) and paté type canned foods.
* Try different flavors or different brands.
* Crush the dry food into crumbs. Make tiny, bite-sized meatballs of the new food, and roll them in the crumbs. For a cat or tiny dog, don't overestimate–keep the meatballs itty bitty!
Flower essences can help your pet to keep an open mind and be more willing to try new things.
If you're converting a cat, make sure he's eating at least a little at each meal. If not, take a step backwards in terms of percentages, or offer his favorite food by itself. Cats (especially overweight cats) can get into big trouble if they miss even two or three meals—they can quickly develop hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver disease). It is expensive to treat, and not all cats survive.
* Make the switch extra-slowly.
* Decrease the amount of new food and go back to a larger proportion of the old food.
* Add a digestive enzyme supplement. You can get one made for pets, or use a human version from the health food store. Plant-based enzymes work best for most pets, but some dogs do better with pancreatic extracts. The crucial enzymes are protease, lipase, amylase, and cellulase.
* Add probiotics and prebiotics. Probiotics are "friendly" bacteria such as L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum that help balance the gut's bacterial population. Prebiotics are special nutrients (oligosaccharides, such as Chicory or FOS) that keep the colon lining cells healthy.
For the first two weeks after completing the changeover to the new food, closely monitor your animal's appetite, stool quality and energy level, and be alert for unusual symptoms-–itchiness, runny eyes, diarrhea-–that could be telling you the food is not right for him. (Of course, if you see problems earlier, stop the changeover and go back to the old food. Try another brand, or a more gradual switch.) Eventually, you'll be able to settle on a reasonable assortment of different foods you can use in rotation.
Remember, variety is critically important in your pet's diet. As tempting as it is to stick with one brand or recipe or flavor that your pet prefers, be sure to mix it up with different meats and veggies. This ensures that your pet is getting a good balance of nutrients, vitamins, and minerals.
As always, your companion's skin and coat quality, energy and activity level, and appetite are the best indicators of whether the food is compatible with his system and providing ample nutrition.
Thank you for this information, it was definitely very helpful. This is my first time visiting your blog and I will be checking back in for sure. Thanks again.
My cats refuse to eat a new food. I want to switch them from Natural Balance to something organic or just simply higher-quality (with no recalls…), but my cats absolutely REFUSE 100% to switch, no matter what I do. I've switched them in the past by just trying new brands until they'd eat one. If they don't like it, I won't make them eat it or starve/trick them into doing so. I'm still searching for a new food. Thankfully, there is a large variety to choose from now!
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