Method and apparatus connecting a semiconductor die 24 with a direct lead frame 14 by mounting the semiconductor die 24 on a mechanical die support 22 and using the support 22 to align bonding pads 26 on the die 24 with flexible, tapered inner leads 30 of the lead frame 14. The direct lead frame 14 has flexible tapered leads 30 to directly bond a semiconductor die 24 with the lead 20 that will ultimately form the external package lead 36. The leads 20 derived from the lead frame stock are made more flexible in the direction in which they are to be moved for bonding to a semiconductor die 24 by making the leads 20 narrower in thickness as well as in width. This structural change may be accomplished by one or more chemical step-etchings or by machining.
This invention relates generally to lead frames and, more particularly, to apparatus and methods for directly connecting a lead frame to a semiconductor device.
Various methods have been proposed for providing electrical connections between the bonding pads of an integrated microcircuit and the external package leads. Traditionally this connection has been achieved by establishing a very fine wire contact between the bonding pads of the semiconductor device and the narrow lead fingers of a lead frame, where the lead frame fingers would gradually widen and become substantial enough to form the external package leads. This wire bonding technique involves the thermocompression bonding of extremely fine wires to the points to be interconnected. However, this method is time-consuming and expensive, particularly when it is realized that for a 64-lead device, for example, 128 separate bonding steps are needed, each of which requires - the careful positioning of the partially assembled device in the bonding apparatus.
Considerable attention has been devoted to trying to extend the internal portions of the package leads and tapering the lead ends in width to provide bonding tips which are small enough for attachment directly to the bonding pads of the semiconductor device. Previously this approach has not been successful, due primarily to the fundamental difference in structural specifications required for external package leads as compared with the specifications required of internal leads bonded to the ohmic contact areas of a microcircuit.
For example, the use of external package leads made of 10 mil thick Kovar has become a standard practice for many devices. However, efforts to bond 10 mil Kovar leads directly to the electrodes of an integrated circuit have proved disappointing. High-speed techniques for gold or aluminum wire bonding such as thermocompression and vibratory pressure welding do not readily produce a reliable bond when applied to metal leads as thick as 10 mils or when applied to metal leads which are less ductile than gold, aluminum or copper, for example. Even when acceptable bonds are initially formed using a 10 mif thick lead frame, the leads are very susceptible to inadvertent detachment from the die as a result of subsequent stresses introduced by normal handling and incidental flexing of the assembly.
It has also been proposed to replace bonding wires with individual rigid metal clips for interconnecting the bonding pads of the semiconductor circuit with the external leads. While this approach may be advantageous for some applications, it has not been found to reduce the cost of assembly substantially.
One proposed solution to the problem disclosed in U.S. Patent 4,028,722 to Helda is to simultaneously bond all leads of a first frame member to the corresponding bonding pads of a semiconductor integrated circuit chip. This first framemember is of relatively lightweight construction, suitable for vibratory pressure welding. The leads of this first frame member are then bonded to the leads of a second, relatively heavier frame member, whose heavier sheet metal stock is suitable for external package leads. The supportive framework of the first frame member is subsequently removed.
Other typical lead frame designs include those of U.S. Patent 4,137,546 to Frusco and U.S. Patent 4,280,132 to Hayakawa, et al. The former teaches long internal leads held structurally rigid by scored, detachable tabs. The latter patent involves a traditional wire bonded lead frame having improved blocking members to prevent mold spread.
As integrated circuit technology advanced, requiring more electronic devices on a smaller silicon chip, other possibilities for connecting to the semiconductor bonding pads were explored. One method which has gained wide acceptance, at least for relatively low lead-count semiconductor devices, is tape automatic bonding or TAB. This technique involves making flexible lead carrier tape having a photolithographically produced printed circuit pattern of conductive flexible foil thereon which is very accurate. In contrast to the lead frame thickness, the thicknes of the TAB foil leads is typically in the range of about 0.5 to 2.0 mil, often about 1.4 mil. This reduced size permits TAB foil leads to be used on smaller, more closely spaced bonding pads of the increased density integrated circuits. For an overview of tape automated bonding technology, see T.G. O'Neill, "The Status of Tape Automated Bonding", Semiconductor International, February, 1981, pp. 33-51.
A number of patents have issued on TAB technology. Not surprisingly, given the very small dimensions of the flexible foil TAB leads, a concern in many of these patents is how to keep the fragile leads from bending. For example, see U.S. Patent 4,312,926 to Burns which teaches the use of an interior tear strip which holds the leads in a planar orientation during handling and bonding, which is subsequently removed. U..S. Patent 4,330,790 also to Burns relates how a semiconductor device which has been gang bonded to a continuous tape contact finger pattern may be encapsulated via a metal package cup.
An improvement of the interior tear strip holding frame scheme mentioned in U.S. Patent 4,312,926 above is seen in U.S. Patent 4,380,042 to Angelucci. Alternate methods of protecting and holding the leads in place along their outside ends (as opposed to their interior ends) are evident in U.S. Patent 4,466,183 to Burns. However, in practice it has been discovered that in using the foil lead patterns to bond to the semiconductor product pads, the leads, being of uniform thickness, are much too thin to serve as external package leads to be plugged into a printed circuit board, for instance. Typically, this problem has been solved by wire bonding the exterior or outside foil pattern leads to the internal ends of the leads of a larger, thicker lead frame in which the exterior or outside leads are substantial enough to serve as external package leads. For example, see U.S. Patent 4,331,740 to Burns for a description of how these tape leads must be connected to a secondary lead frame. Thus, although the TAB foil leads solve the problem of connecting to smaller and more closely spaced integrated circuit bonding pads, due to the small flexible foil leads, they are not so versatile as to get away from the expensive, time-consuming task of wire bonding.
A few patents have been found which concern, to a very limited extent, the narrowing in the thickness dimension of leads to be connected to the bonding pads of an integrated circuit. U.S. Patent 4,331,740 to Burns teaches a TAB tape having a very small, narrowed portion designed to be severed after bonding of the leads. Similarly, tape leads which have been pinched in their thickness dimension to facilitate eventual breakage are disclosed in FIG. 5-C of U.S. Patent 4,234,666 to Gursky. In neither of these two cases does the lead thickness narrowing extend beyond the point at which breakage is desired.
U.S. Patent 4,411,719 to Lindberg in FIG. 5 discloses leads which have been varied in thickness in very specific spots creating holes or troughs, apparently to provide bonding bumps on the tape leads rather than on the integrated circuit bonding pads, and to facilitate registration of the bumped lead on the bonding pad through a miniature physical alignment. Another structure using bumped tape which gives the impression that part of the rest of the lead is narrowed, when in fact only a bump has been placed on the end of the lead finger is taught by U.S. Patent 4,312,926 to Burns.
Another patent of interest is U.S. Patent 3,627,901 to Happ which discloses in FIGs. 3, 5 and 7 interior leads of a lead frame which have been reduced in thickness to provide an empty volume within the lead frame to accomodate the volume of an inverted semiconductor device.
Another problem in the packaging of integrated circuits concerns the careful handling of-the very tiny chips or dice, particularly with respect to positioning them to correspond accurately to the lead frame to which they are going to be connected.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to completely avoid the necessity for employing wire bonding, with its multi-step, time and expense requirements, at any step in the packaging and lead connection process.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a technique for connecting leads to the small, closely spaced bonding pads of current semiconductor products.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a means for directly connecting the integrated circuit die bonding pads with the external package leads with one only contact.
Yet another object of the invention is to provide direct lead frame that requires a minimum of processing prior to bonding to the semiconductor die.
Still another object of the invention is to provide a method of interconnecting a lead frame and a semicondcutor die so that the semiconductor die bonding pad pattern may be precisely aligned with the pattern of inner lead ends of the lead frame by using a mechanical support for the die.
In carrying out the above and other objects of the present invention, there is provided, in one form, a method for connecting a semiconductor device or die to a direct lead frame using a mechanical die support. First, the semiconductor die is mounted on a mechanical die support. Next, the semiconductor die is positioned beneath a direct lead frame by manipulating the mechanical die support so that the pattern of bonding pads correspond to and are registered beneath a plurality of tapered flexible inner electrical lead tips. In these descriptions, "tapered"- refers to a reduction or narrowing in thickness as well as in width. Finally, the tapered flexible inner electrical lead tips are gang bonded to the plurality of bonding pads on the semiconductor device. Semiconductor die/direct lead frame assemblies made by the method of this invention are also described.
FIG. 6 illustrates a block schematic plan view of a credit card bearing a semiconductor die connected to a lead frame constructed in accordance with the present invention.
Shown in FIG. 1 is a segment of a continuous rigid lead frame strip 10 provided with a plurality of indexing sprockets 12, which is also provided with a plurality of sequentially arranged lead frames 14. A single direct lead frame 14 is illustrated in FIG. 1. Within each lead frame 14 is a detailed lead frame conductive pattern 16 which is a geometric arrangement of a plurality of finger-shaped leads 20 for making electrical contact with the semiconductor die 24 as well as for terminating in the eventual external package lead ends 36. The finger-shaped leads 20 run from an aperture 18 for receiving a semiconductor die 24 to the outer edges of the direct lead frame 14. Typically, the aperture 18 is positioned at or near the center of the lead frame conductive pattern 16. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that only a few finger-shaped leads 20 are illustrated in FIG. 1 for the sake of clarity. The number of leads 20 in a lead frame 14 could be one hundred or more. The initial method of fabrication of the leads 20 is immaterial to the invention. They may be chemically etched or mechanically stamped according to well-known processes.
The semiconductor die 24 is first mounted on a mechanical die support 22 before being bonded or connected to the leads 20. Using the mechanical die support 22 as the mount for the integrated circuit greatly facilitates handling and alignment of the tiny IC chip. In addition, the presence of the mechanical die support 22 protects the semiconductor die 24 and its lead connections to some extent. Otherwise, the semiconductor die 24 may be left dangling from the leads 20 without support.
Mechanical die support 22 may be a backside electrical contact of some sort, a mechanically bonded armature or a heat spreader device. FIGS. 1 and 2 actually show a heat spreader for mechanical die support 22. Of course, the other primary function of a heat spreader support 22 is to serve as a heat sink to dissipate heat generated by the integrated circuit during operation.
One of the primary features of the invention may be seen from FIG. 1, namely that only one lead is necessary to run from the semiconductor die 24 to the external lead ends 36. Thus, no wire bonding is necessary at any point from the circuit to the external package plugs, greatly reducing the number of processing steps, as well as reducing the time and expense spent on interconnecting each semiconductor product. The entire assembly of semiconductor die 24, heat spreader 22 and lead frame 14 may be termed a semiconductor die/direct lead frame assembly.
Shown in FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the direct lead frame 14, semiconductor die 24 and heat spreader support 22 taken substantially on line 2-2 of FIG. 1. The support position of mechanical die support 22 is clearly seen in FIG. 2. It will be appreciated that the thicknesses of lead frame 14, semiconductor die 24 and support 22 are greatly exaggerated in FIG. 2 relative to their width for clarity.
Shown in FIG. 3 is a partial cross-sectional view oriented similarly to FIG. 2 but providing much more detail with respect to how lead 20 is connected to semiconductor die 24 mounted upon heat spreader or mechanical die support 22. Semiconductor die 24 is provided on its topmost layer with a plurality of terminals or bonding pads 26 which are electrically connected to the integrated circuit imbedded in the semiconductor die 24. The bonding pads 26 are, strictly speaking, various metallization layers built up over the imbedded integrated circuit terminals as is well-known in the art. It is customary in the production of the semiconductor product to also put "balls" or "bumps" 28 of material on the bonding pads 26 to facilitate interconnection with leads 20. In the instance where the TAB technique is employed, gold and copper bumps 28 are typically employed, preferably gold. The use of gold bumps makes the TAB process adapted for thermocompression bonding of the lead 20 to the bonding pad 24. Occasionally, the lead tip surfaces are "bumped" instead of the bonding pads. While thermocompression bonding has certain process advantages, such as a lower temperature, over solder reflowing, it also has the disadvantage of requiring soft, ductile (and therefore precious and expensive) metals such as gold. In trying to reduce the costs of semiconductor products, the use of expensive metals should be minimized. Additionally, thermocompression bonding runs the risk of crushing the bonding pad and gold bump into the silicon base substrate forming an active device. Thus, it is preferable in many instances to avoid thermocompression methods and use solder reflow techniques to form the connection. No possibly harmful compressive force is used and the surface tension of the molten solder precisely aligns the end of lead 20 over bonding pad 26. Thus, solder reflowing techniques are preferred herein and are made possible by using lead frames instead of TAB foils which are made out of more expensive metals. Lead frames may be made from alloy 42, copper alloy, either with or without tin plating, which are relatively less expensive metals. Thermocompression and solder reflow bonding techniques are well-known processes in the art and will not be discussed in further detail herein. It is also well-known to plate the underside of leads 20 with metals such as copper, gold or tin to facilitate the bonding. Additionally, techniques to passivate and/or protect the actual bonding pad 26 (typically aluminum) with diffusion barrier metal or adhesion metal layers of various types are well-known to those skilled in the art.
FIG. 3 illustrates the variable thickness of lead 20, an important feature of the invention. As noted previously, lead frame metal is ordinarily rigid and thick as required for suitable external lead ends 36. Even the shrinking or narrowing of the width of leads 20 as they approach aperture 18 from the edges of the direct lead frame 14 as seen in FIG. 1 is not enough to make the leads flexible or ductile enough for direct attachment to the bonding pads 26 by either solder reflowing or thermocompression techniques. However, it has been surprisingly discovered that if the thickness of the leads 20 is reduced, that cantilevered flexible inner electrical lead tips 30 result which are adapted for the direct connection described above. The relatively rigid primary lead portion 32 is unreduced from its original thickness in any way. By way of contrast, cantilevered and tapered flexible inner electrical lead tip 30 has had its thickness reduced appreciably. Preferably, the thickness of cantilevered flexible inner electrical lead tip 30 is at least 50% of the thickness of rigid primary lead portion 32. It will be understood that the terms "rigid" and "flexible" are used in a relative sense. "Rigid" primary lead portion 32 may be perceived as very thin and flexible to human senses, but would in fact be too rigid to be bonded properly. If the lead is "flexible" then it is of sufficient vertical mobility to bond properly.
Shown in both FIGS. 3 and 4 is a segment of a finger-shaped lead 20, from the side in FIG. 3 and from the bottom in FIG. 4. The cantilevered flexible inner electrical lead tip 30 has been step-etched into the bottom of lead 20. The method of fabrication of lead tip 30 is immaterial; it may be created by machine tooling, chemical mask etching or other means well-known in the art. It should be noted from both FIGS. 1 and 3 that inner electrical lead tip 30 is cantilevered out over or into aperture 18 so as to properly contact bump 28 and bonding pad 26.
Shown in FIG. 5 is a foreshortened three-quarters view of an alternate embodiment of finger-shaped lead 20 of the present invention. It should be noted that the lead 20 has sections of three different thicknesses to provide an ever-narrowing lead as it points toward aperture 18 with ever- increasing flexibility. The thickest section is the unmodified portion of lead frame 14 lead 20 designated as rigid primary lead portion 32. After appropriate processing, such as chemical mask etching, intermediate lead portion 34 of intermediate thickness may be formed. Finally, lead 20 terminates in subsequently step-etched cantilevered flexible inner electrical lead tip 30 as described previously. Intermediate lead portion 34 may be desirable as the lead 20 also narrows in width dimension so that too sharp a change in thickness and relative flexibility with accompanying its risk of breakage would not occur. The number of steps to reduce thickness and provide flexibility is arbitrary and depends on the situation. The length of lead 20 that needs to be tapered and thinned is also somewhat arbitrary as long as increased flexibility is attained.
It is readily apparent that the thickness of lead 20 could be reduced by other techniques to give side profiles other than the ones illustrated herein. For example, instead of a stepped reduction in thickness, this dimension might be smoothly or gradually reduced resulting in a thin, wedge- shaped profile. As chemical mask etching is a well- practiced art in the semiconductor industry, it is expected that step-etching leads 20 would be easier initially than a gradual reduction in thickness which may have to be done by machine tooling. After assembly, the entire connected semiconductor device would be encapsulated, if desired, as is well-known in the art through plastic injection molding. The external lead ends would be shaped or bent if necessary, to form the desired dual in-line package (DIP) or plastic leaded chip carrier - (PLCC) configuration in accordance with design specifications.
Shown in FIG. 6 is a schematic plan view of a "smart" credit card 38 employing leads 20 in accordance with the present invention. In this embodiment, the two leads 20 would make up the entire representation of direct lead frame 14 and lead frame conductive pattern 16. Aperture 18 may be defined as the space between and beneath cantilevered flexible inner electrical lead tips 30. In general terms, a semiconductor die 24 is mounted on a semiconductor die support 42. Semiconductor die support 42 performs the same support function of and is analogous to mechanical die support 22. Die support 42 may also be adapted to serve as a heat sink mechanism, if necessary. The die support 42 bearing semiconductor die 24 is in turn mounted within credit card body 40. As described above, the semiconductor die 24 is provided with terminal bumps 28 which are ultimately bonded to flexible inner electrical lead tips 30 of finger-shaped leads 20. Connection with an outside device is provided by external lead ends 36 which are relatively thicker than thin flexible inner lead tips 30. Finally, the semiconductor die 24 and leads 20 would be encapsulated using materials 44 and techniques well-known in the art.
It may be seen from-FIG. 6 that leads 20 may be of curved rather than straight configuration, and may also taper gradually in thickness along their length from relatively thick external lead ends 36 to very thin inner lead tips 30, in contrast to the stepped profile seen in FIG. 5. The other advantages of the invention may also be seen in the embodiment of FIG. 6. For instance, only one connection per lead is required in contrast to the previous technique using wire bonds and at least one, if not more, outer lead bond before the external package lead is reached.
In practice, the method of this invention begins by mounting semiconductor die 24 on mechanical die support 22, or in the case of "smart" credit card 38 on semiconductor die support 42. The mechanical die support 22 or die support 42 is then manipulated until the pattern of the plurality of bonding pads 26 on the surface of semiconductor die 24 are aligned with or registered with the pattern 16 of the plurality of tapered flexible inner lead tips 30. Finally all of the inner lead tips 30 are simultaneously or "gang" bonded to the semiconductor die 24 bonding pads 26 in proper registration. The tapered nature of the inner lead tips 30, particularly in thickness, permits their flexible bending to the pads 26 during bonding.
It will be appreciated that the method of this invention could be carried out as a continuous sequence. In fact, the individual lead frames 14 would not necessarily have to be separated from continous rigid lead frame strip 10. A group of interconnected lead frames 14 and semiconductor die 24 and protective, heat spreader supports 22 could be handled together, or even shipped together on a portion of continuous rigid lead frame strip 10.
gang bonding the plurality of tapered flexible inner electrical lead tips 30 to the plurality of bonding pads 26 in proper correspondence.
gang bonding the plurality of tapered flexible inner electrical lead tips 30 to the plurality of bonding pads 26, in proper correspondence.
sequentially positioning the plurality of semiconductor die 24 one each beneath a plurality of rigid lead frame conductive patterns 16 linearly attached on opposite sides to one another to form the lead frame strip 10, for positioning and registering, by manipulating the heat spreader mechanical die support 22, the plurality of bonding pads 26 on each semiconductor die 24 to correspond with a plurality of tapered flexible inner electrical lead tips 30 of the individual lead frame conductive pattern 16; and sequentially gang bonding the plurality of tapered flexible inner electrical lead tips 30 to the plurality of bonding pads 26 in proper correspondence.
positioning the semiconductor die 24 beneath the direct lead frame 14 by manipulating the heat spreader mechanical die support 22 such that the plurality of bonding pads 26 correspond to and are registered beneath a plurality of tapered flexible inner electrical lead tips 30 of the lead frame 14; and gang bonding the plurality of tapered flexible inner electrical lead tips 30 to the plurality of bonding pads 26 in proper correspondence.
tapered flexible inner electrical lead tips 30 having a reduced width and thickness from the rigid primary lead portions 32 in a common plane with said aperture 18 for connecting to the plurality of bonding pads 26 on a semiconductor die 24.
7. The semiconductor die/direct lead frame assembly of claim 5 in which the width and thickness of said finger-shaped leads 20 are reduced in one or more steps.
8. The semiconductor die/direct lead frame assembly of claim 5 in which the width and thickness of said finger-shaped leads 20 are reduced gradually.
9. The semiconductor die/direct lead frame assembly of claim 5 in which the thickness of the cantilevered flexible inner electrical lead tips 30 is 50% or less of the thickness of the rigid primary lead portions 32.
Inventor name: LIN, PAUL T.


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Home » Musical Biographies - B, 1
Celebrated Italian dramatic composer. Born in Sicily. His father, who was an organist, was his first teacher. Later he was sent to the Conservatory at Naples, by a Sicilian nobleman, who was impressed by his talent. Bellini's instruction at Naples was not at all thorough, the Conservatory, under the direction of Zingarelli, being very poorly managed. It is probable that he got his best training from his study alone of the great masters. Bellini began composing very early, his first work being instrumental and sacred productions. Among them was a symphony for full orchestra, two masses, a cantata and several songs. At the age of twentyfour his first opera, Adelson e Salvina, was produced at the theatre of the Conservatory. Babbaja, the manager of the San Carlo Theatre at Naples and La Scala at Milan, was present at this performance and immediately commissioned Bellini to write an opera for the former house. The result was Bianca e Fernando, which was so successful that Bellini received another commission, this time for Milan, and, in 1827, II Pirata was produced at La Scala and was a brilliant success. These operas of Bellini's, with their simple melodies, were a great contrast to the florid music at that time the fashion in Italy, and they became very popular. In 1833 Bellini went to England, where he remained for a short time, afterward going to Paris, where he settled and was gaining popularity, when his early death, in 1835, cut short his career. The other works of Bellini, besides the operas already mentioned, are La Straniera, which was very successful; Zarra, said to have been a failure; Beatrice di Tenda, also unsuccessful; Montechi e Capuleti, a great favorite in Italy; La Sonnambula, considered his masterpiece; Norma, considered by Bellini is best work and a great favorite with musicians; and I Puritani, his last opera. Bellini's operas are especially noted for their lovely melodies, whose chief characteristics are simplicity, grace and tunefulness. In harmony, orchestration and dramatic effect Bellini's operas are weak, but for the ordinary hearer this is more than balanced by their beauty of melody. Bellini was buried in Paris, but his remains were afterward removed to Catania, Sicily, his native place, on the forty-first anniversary of his death.
‹ Belleville-Oury, Emilie up Bemberg, Herman ›

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Helping others create website personas is fun and useful, but what about my website?
Are there ever any short cuts to generating leads?
Lead generation can be a headache to small businesses, especially at the beginning before you get a chance to spread word-of-mouth. So what are your options as a small business looking to reach new audiences? Inbound marketing and SEO is one thing, but how about the more traditional ways of obtaining data? This post lists your options for data providers, with pros and cons.


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Views. November 24, 2021
Church not as committed to economic pastoral 35 years later, say panelists
The U.S. bishops' pastoral letter "Economic Justice for All" looked at the church's vision of economic life, beginning with a discussion of Christian principles and their role in economic matters.
Inside the Capitol: Legalizing sports wagers — entertainment or enslavement?
Legalizing sports betting, already a prominent topic of legislative discussion, has been pushed to the front of the 2022 session chatter, with both Republicans and Democrats signaling their support.
Greg Erlandson: Communion lessons
"There are two ways that ongoing faith formation is likely to touch the majority of Mass-attending Catholics: the homily and Catholic media."
Effie Caldarola: Where do we find joy?
"The key question is, Where do we find the peace and joy that surmounts … nagging anxieties? How do we make Jesus our center?"
Eucharistic Revival. Views. November 7, 2021
The U.S. bishops' draft document on the Eucharist contains many moving quotes and passages that all of us could benefit from contemplating every time we go to Mass.
From the Editor. Last Word. November 7, 2021
Joe Towalski: 'Civilize it' initiative offers lesson in listening
By Joe Towalski
"We Catholics can, and should, be role models for others in how to listen and dialogue in service to the truth and the common good."
Views. November 5, 2021
Laura Kelly Fanucci: This holiday season, remember it's not about you
"You have to expend energy: Family life requires give and take. At every age, we offer what we can to fill each other's needs."
Inside the Capitol: Beyond Respect Life Month
"As faithful Catholic citizens, we need to be an alert voice that builds relationships with legislators in order to be a credible witness at any appointed time."


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Orlando theme parks get set to launch cool, new summer attractions
There is no sound quite like that of children expressing their delight for the arrival of summer – except maybe when they're told they're going to Orlando for vacation. The number one tourist destination in the U.S. continues to draw tens of thousands of visitors to its many attractions, the most popular of which are theme parks.
This year the big three – Walt Disney World, Universal Orlando, and SeaWorld Orlando – are prepared to entertain crowds with exciting new experiences of monstrous proportions that are definitely more than meets the eye.
1 SeaWorld Orlando – Antarctica
SeaWorld Orlando will soon debut a "cool" new way to beat that heat inside Antarctica: Empire of the Penguin, a new "realm" that's the theme park's largest expansion in the company's 50-year history. Featuring an iceberg-themed area, restaurant, and high-tech new immersive trackless ride that drops temperatures in the 30's (colder than Florida gets in the winter), Antarctica will certainly turn heads when it officially debuts on May 24.
The attraction is topped with 50-foot peaks that aims to bring guests to the South Pole – a far stretch from Orlando's tropical climate. The Empire of the Penguin ride will be filled with colorful visuals as guests soar on high-tech vehicles through icy environments, following a penguin named Puck.
"It's unlike anything else in the world," said SeaWorld Orlando president Terry Prather. "This new attraction is something that could only be created by SeaWorld because of our expertise with animals." SeaWorld's attractions are always more than just thrills, also including environmentally-conscious messages.
Each area of our park tells a chapter in the SeaWorld story through our connections to nature," Prather said. "Antarctica's chapter is about the strength and power of family – the human family and the penguin family. Antarctica also tells a very different visual story of scale, realism and detail yet to be seen at SeaWorld. It is completely immersive, you are entering a different continent when you walk into the space. It's really the next chapter for our company."
2 Universal Orlando – Transformers: The Ride 3D
Those looking for the biggest new thrills will find them at Universal Studios Florida on June 20 when Transformers: The Ride 3D opens. This highly-anticipated attraction has already been a hit at Universal's parks in Singapore and California, and is now set to debut in Orlando as the best of its kind.
"It's been such a phenomenon in our two other parks," said senior vice president of Universal Creative, Thierry Coup. "The response has been tremendous. There's a huge fan base for Transformers. […] It brings us the ability to put our guests in that world."
3DAntarticaBeyond Summer 2013californiafloridaGeorge KalogridisMonstrous SummerorlandopixarSeaworldThe Wizarding World of Harry Pottertheme parksUniversal CreativeUniversal OrlandoUSAWalt Disney WOrld


Starting this month, I'll be writing a regular wine column for Edible Orlando, Central Florida's quarterly magazine covering local food and drink.
When Managing Editor Pam Brandon told me about this issue's theme, "Happy Healthy 2019," she said she'd understand if I couldn't fit wine under that umbrella. But I immediately thought it could be a great fit for a piece on natural wine (read it here!).


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Flinders Ranges and Outback
Murray River, Lakes and Coorong
Yorke Peninsula
Places to go and visit in South Australia
Maps and brochures
Study, work or volunteer
Visa, customs and quarantine
Weather and alerts
Plan your trip to South Australia
Tours and experiences
What to do in South Australia
Lake Bumbunga, Clare Valley
South Australias Pink Lake Bucket List
Magenta veins criss-cross South Australia's landscape, leading to spectacular pink lakes. See them yourself with South Australia's bucket list.
No, your eyes do not deceive you. And no, we haven't gone crazy in Photoshop. South Australia is home to some of the world's most vibrant pink lakes, stunning travellers with their dreamlike hues, set against the greens, blues and reds of regional South Australia.
Of course, there's a logical explanation behind nature's strawberry milkshakes. It's the lakes' high salinity levels, combined with the presence of salt-loving algae and pink bacteria known as halobacteria that turn them bright pink. The less water in the lake, the more concentrated the salt and the brighter the colour.
But enough with the details. It's time to hit the road and start exploring our lakes for yourself. From the Eyre Peninsula to the Outback, here are our top five South Australian pink lakes.
1. LAKE MACDONNELL, EYRE PENINSULA
Mother Nature's full palette is on show at the Eyre Peninsula's Lake MacDonnell with a super-high salt concentration resulting in some seriously intense colours. At the end of this road lies Eyre Peninsula's beautiful Cactus Beach: an oceanic wonderland, drawing surfers from across the world to its powerful breaks and Southern Ocean swells.
Lake MacDonnell is a 1 hour and 30 minute flight then a 45 minute drive from Adelaide.
2. LAKE BUMBUNGA, CLARE VALLEY
Less than two hours' drive from Adelaide, Lake Bumbunga's bubble gum shores draw an eclectic crowd from casual photographers to high-end fashion brands. Located in Lochiel, the lake is known to change colour from pink, to white, to blue, depending on the salinity of the water throughout the year. Head north-east from Lake Bumbunga and you'll find yourself in the famed Clare Valley wine region where you can quench your thirst with colour-coordinated rosé from Mr Mick, Kilikanoon or Jim Barry.
Lake Bumbunga is a 1 hour and 40 minute drive from Adelaide.
3. LAKE EYRE, OUTBACK SOUTH AUSTRALIA
The pale pinks, oranges and yellows of Lake Eyre epitomise Outback South Australia. Usually a giant salt pan, Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre occasionally fills with water thanks to summer rainfall further north, creating a desert oasis which can truly be appreciated when seen from the air on a scenic Wrightsair flight.
Lake Eyre is a 6 hour drive (or a 1 hour and 30 minute flight) to Roxby Downs from Adelaide.
4. LAKE HART, OUTBACK SOUTH AUSTRALIA
As spectacular by night as it is by day, Woomera's Lake Hart is a must-visit while trekking across the Outback on the Explorer's Way road trip. Once one of Australia's most prized salt deposits, Lake Hart was at the centre of a thriving industry in the 1930s. Today, it draws visitors for its isolation and natural beauty and can be spotted from the comfort of Great Southern Rail's Ghan as it snakes its way along 2,979km of rail between Darwin and Adelaide.
Lake Hart is a 5 hour and 30 minute drive from Adelaide.
5. LAKE ALBERT, FLEURIEU PENINSULA
Along the Mighty Murray River lies a bright pink paradise. Lake Albert's incredible colour is the result of millions of tiny micro-organisms that produce beta-carotene, turning it pink when they thrive. This area also serves as the northern gateway to the Coorong National Park – a long, narrow ribbon of saline wetlands, salt pans, coastal dunes and wild beaches that stretch over 150 kilometres from the Fleurieu Peninsula to the Limestone Coast.
Lake Albert is a 1 hour and 40 minute drive from Adelaide.
KEEP EXPLORING SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Pink lakes are just a tiny taste of what regional South Australia has to offer. Wilderness awaits just minutes' drive away from Adelaide.
Trek across the rugged, ancient outback, swim at picture-perfect beaches, come face-to-face with roos, koalas, sea lions and great white sharks (in the safety of a Jaws-resistant cage, of course) or treat your stomach to some of the world's best food and most awarded wine.
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ezMail is a service that provides printers with an affordable and measurable email marketing platform. While ezMail continues to be available for existing customers, we are no longer accepting new ezMail customers because we're now unveiling a new breed of Print Management Information System (Print MIS) called Odyssey. Not only does Odyssey manage the day-to-day activities of print production, but it also will include a marketing suite (including email!) that communicates with your customers and prospects at every stage of the print-buying cycle – before, during, and after the print order.
Marketing campaigns in Odyssey will deliver automated, yet personalized marketing emails at just the right time, and Odyssey's Contact Relationship Management (CRM) tools will use email as one of the channels to communicate with your customers about their printing needs.
In other words, email will be a BIG part of Odyssey! You won't want to miss this. You can follow Odyssey's progress at mi4p.com/mis.
Nothing changes! As an existing (legacy) ezMail customer, you can continue to use ezMail to create and deliver email campaigns, both for yourself and your customers.
ezMail will continue to be made available as-is for existing ezMail customers, and Odyssey's marketing suite (currently in development) will provide a more robust marketing technology, creating even more opportunities to sell more printing to your customers.


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'WICKED' AWESOME
David NicholsonDaily Press
Go green.
The phrase could describe a certain football team or an environmentally friendly ad campaign. But this week it belongs to "Wicked," the smash Broadway musical opening Wednesday in Norfolk's Chrysler Hall.
Green is the skin color of Elphaba, the name of the wicked witch who lives in Oz. She's the creation of Gregory Maguire, whose 1995 novel, "Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West," inspired the musical. Maguire based her name on the initials of writer L. Frank Baum, who started it all with "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" more than 100 years ago.
Maguire's "Wicked" tells the story of the love-hate relationship between Elphaba and Glinda, the good witch, long before Dorothy and her menagerie arrive on the scene.
Whether audiences have come to "Wicked" through Baum's series of Oz books, Maguire's novel or the classic 1939 Judy Garland movie, the musical is a runaway success. It opened on Broadway in October 2003 with a reported $14 million investment and has grossed more than $1.4 billion worldwide. Companies have sprung up in Chicago, Los Angeles, London, Stuttgart, Melbourne and Tokyo, all under the watchful eye of the "Wicked" creators.
Norfolk is a stop on the second national tour, and the show will play 24 performances here. In the past, Hampton Roads audiences have turned out in record numbers for other blockbuster shows like "The Phantom of the Opera" and "The Lion King." John Rhamstine, director of Norfolk's cultural facilities, says "Wicked" is looking strong as well.
"We've sold 70 percent of the seats," he says, "After the first week of performances and word of mouth spreads, we're hopeful the show will be 100 percent sold out.
"There's a gross potential here of more than $4 million," says Rhamstine. "It's one of the biggest we've ever had for Chrysler Hall."
"Wicked" has music and lyrics by Stephen Schwartz, best known as the composer of "Godspell" and "Pippin." Schwartz read Maguire's novel while on vacation and eventually acquired the rights for the musical. Writer Winnie Holzman was hired to develop the book, and producer David Stone was brought in early on to help guide the project to Broadway.
"I always understood the story we were telling," says Stone "In the novel, Maguire writes about what is wicked. Here, it's more about friendship, and what is wicked and what is good."
"Wicked" the musical departs somewhat from Maguire's novel. In workshops before the show opened, Stone learned that audiences lost interest whenever one or both of the witches left the stage. "The most important part of the story was the relationship between the two women," he says.
Audiences will find many references to the classic Wizard of Oz tale in this musical adaptation. In "Wicked's" opening scene, for example, the citizens of Oz gather to celebrate the death of Elphaba, and Glinda descends in her bubble to report of the witch's melting by Dorothy. But the scene then shifts back to Elphaba's birth and her unhappy childhood. She meets Glinda in college, where the two women share a suite. At first they mistrust each other but eventually form a friendship.
"The story is really centered around Elphaba and Glinda, and the way the two women relate to one another," says Marcie Dodd, who plays Elphaba in the current tour. "Theirs is a very passionate relationship. They hate each other so much in the beginning."
Dodd has appeared in other "Wicked" productions and has played Elphaba on Broadway. She's grateful for the opportunity because "there are not many great roles out there for women to play. I think I connect to her because, like her, I didn't quite fit in as a kid," she says. "In the role, I go from happiness to anger to anguish. Emotionally, it's a real journey for her, and it explains why the green witch becomes who she is."
Schwartz' pop-music composing style and some colorful production numbers choreographed by Wayne Cilento have added to "Wicked's" appeal.
"The audience response has been amazing," says Dodd. "People come back to see it because there is always something new to see."
What: "Wicked"
When: Opening Wednesday and continuing through May 31. Performances at 8 p.m. Tuesdays-Fridays, 2 and 8 p.m. Saturdays, and 1 and 6:30 p.m. Sundays.
Where: Chrysler Hall, Norfolk
Tickets: $30-$125 through Ticketmaster or by calling 800-745-3000.


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Gryllus darwini är en insektsart som beskrevs av Otte, D. och Peck 1997. Gryllus darwini ingår i släktet Gryllus och familjen syrsor. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Endurando with LABEL Belgian Enduro Cup : We certify to propose you 100% Enduro Track to discover or training ! Have a funny day on the bike with locals guides!
The Amblève Legend Endurando is organized by Team Bang at the request of the municipality as part of Vélove.
Concept: Outing to the cool in the footsteps of the legendary Enduro Legend with 2 guides per group maximum of 10 people. By offering the possibility to ride on tracks that are not used in the enduro but also to roll without stress of the chrono as well as to simply discover the enduro and a very beautiful region.
No registration on the spot! A refueling is planned on the course with a sandwich.
Foresee: Enduro MTB, helmet, gloves, knee pads, elbow pads, dorsal and gear for punctures.
Briefing at 9:00 AM ; be there on from 8:00 to 8h45 for welcome.


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what animals live in the coral reef
Many animals attach themselves to the reef covering nearly every square inch. This means the reef receives less pressure from fishermen than the coral reefs located closer to population centers. We haven't even BEGUN to classify ALL OF the dazzling array of life that the coral reef habitat supports. Learn all about coral and why warming waters threaten the future of the reef ecosystem. To report sick, injured or dead marine animals call the Wildlife Hotline on 1300 130 372. Turtle grass looks like broad ribbons of leaves. Watch our live web cam of the Monterey Bay Aquarium's coral reef exhibit, ¡Viva Baja! - Sea grasses live in between the coral reefs, and they transfer nutrients to the coral. Seeing a coral reef is like finding a treasure under the sea. Believe it or not, you can actually see this coral reef biome from space! ... Cyanobacteria live in water and can produce their own food. Coral polyps, the animals primarily responsible for building reefs, can take many forms: large reef building colonies, graceful flowing fans, and even small, solitary organisms.Thousands of species of corals have been discovered; some live in warm, shallow, tropical seas and others in the cold, dark depths of the ocean. Thousands of different kinds of animals and fish live in and around coral reefs. In fact, this reef is visible from space. read more Coral Reef Animals All sorts of animals live around a coral reef. Our Coral Seas exhibit features over 250 animals, including clownfish, leopard sharks, and eels! Coral itself is made up of marine organisms from the class Anthozoa and exist as small sea anemone–like polyps. Find out more › Coral reef; Coral is made of the hard skeletons of millions of tiny sea animals that protects their soft bodies. Coral belongs to the class Anthozoa in the animal phylum Cnidaria, which includes sea anemones and jellyfish. They eat fish ,muscles, and zoo plankton.They live in Coral Reefs all around the world.Sea Anemone's need saltwater and fish and zoo plankton to survive. Quizard. Some of the most colorful animal species in the world make their home among the coral. Life on a coral reef is both bizarre and beautiful! 1 0. Nearly every phylum of invertebrate animal has a member living on the coral reef. Along with other members of the trigger family, the clown is an aggressive feeder. Sea Anemones are invertebrates.You will only see a Sea Anemone if you go scuba diving in a coral reef… However, its stems are fragile, and often break off during storms. In the coral reef, it is known that the clown triggerfish is used to deter potential predators. THOUSANDS and possibly MILLIONS of species live in the coral reef habitat. | California Academy of Sciences It seems JavaScript is either disabled or not supported by your browser. Sea Anemone's are carnivores. In terms of fish, some of the most commonly encountered are parrotfish, wrasses, damselfish, snappers, grunts, and barracudas. Favorite Answer. Banded sea krait Well, our reefs are home to over 260 species of tropical fish and around 80 species of coral, not to mention countless other invertebrates. Location, flora and fauna and the importance of New Caledonia Coral Reef: The Barrier Reef from New Caledonia is considered to be the second double barrier reef from the world after Belize. Video length: 15:54 minutes. Lv 7. Some of the most strange and interesting creatures in the world live here. As you might have guessed, this massive organism provides food and shelter to a large number of animals.. The grass can grow up to 14 inches long. Great Barrier Reef Animals – The Great Barrier Reef, found off the coast of Queensland, Australia is the largest structure on earth, made from living specimens. Relevance. In particular, countless species of invertebrates live and feed on the coral or the nutrients it generates. How many species of animals live in coral reefs? Coral reefs are large underwater structures composed of the skeletons of coral, which are marine invertebrate animals. About 5,000 species of mollusks live on the reef. what kind of fishes live in the coral reef im working on a project and i need to make a weird creature out of these things but i need to put it seomewhere to live but i was thinking maybe the coral reef but i dont know what kind of animals live in the coral reef? What is a coral reef? Answer Save. More than 1,500 fish species live on the reef, including the clownfish, red bass, red-throat emperor, and several species of snapper and coral trout. Bizarre and Beautiful Coral Reef Animals. Dive underwater to meet some of the many creatures that inhabit a coral reef. The coral reef, the "rainforest of the sea," is a rich environment that is home to hundreds of different species. The corals benefit, in turn, as the algae produce oxygen, remove wastes, and supply the organic products of photosynthesis that corals need to grow, thrive, and build up the reef. Ocean: There is only one ocean on the Earth, but we divide it into sections to make it easier to talk about and to describe. This includes many different types of corals such as star coral, brain coral, column coral, cactus coral, and finger coral. Others live alone, hiding in gaps in the reef. Shoal grass is the most grass-like looking out of the other types of sea grass. Reef Animals. Reefs are formed of colonies of coral polyps held together by calcium carbonate. It extends over 1,200 miles and it is a great attraction for many tourists that come to this area. Coral reefs are warm, clear, shallow ocean habitats that are rich in life. This display also hosts daily talks and feeds so that you can learn more about coral species and how they live together in the coral reef! A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Most coral reef animals, making up the reef itself, are filter feeders and they eat the microorganisms that live in the water surrounding them. -Zooxanthellae lives inside the polyps in coral. 7 Answers. Video: What Animals Live in a Coral Reef? The blades of Shoal grass are stiff and flattened. The world of the coral reef is one of the most diverse ecosystems on our planet. Sponges › Staghorn coral. Coral organisms, called polyps, can live on their own, ... Coral polyps are actually translucent animals. Animals Clown triggerfish. These marine invertebrate animals have hard exoskeletons made of calcium carbonate, and are sessile, meaning permanently fixed in one place. Residing within the coral's tissues, the microscopic algae are well protected and make use of the coral's metabolic waste products for photosynthesis, the process by which plants make their own food. Ahermatypic corals must feed for themselves as other animals do. Coral reefs are some of the most diverse ecosystems in the world. Lastly, students will be highly entertained by the remarkable array of animals that call a coral reef home. Life on the Edge. oh and what r some other cool places in the ocean like maybe other things that a fish can live in i need itfor a project thank u In this slideshow you can explore some of the oddest and most amazing ones there are to see. Shoal Grass and Turtle Grass are two types of plants that live in the coral reef. The Great Barrier Reef is home to a stunning array of animals, from microscopic plankton to whales weighing more than 100 tonnes. The reef's massive structure is formed from coral polyps, tiny animals that live in colonies; when coral polyps die, they leave behind a hard, stony, branching structure made of limestone. Coral reefs are made up of colonies of hundreds to thousands of tiny individual corals, called polyps. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, whose polyps cluster in groups. Around a coral reef live many animals such as sponges, mollusks, crustaceans, sea anemones, a wide variety of fish, and even the coral itself is an animal. From parrotfish that cover themselves in a blanket of their own mucus to tiny pygmy sea horses, there are some bizarre sea creatures that live in coral reefs. Coral reefs also provives homes and shelter for an abundance of fish and crustaceans etc. More than just fish and coral. Some reef fish swim in groups called shoals as they nibble the corals, or take tiny bits of food from the water. Their natural lives are spent in close family groups caring for their young and each other. Sponges are simple animals that live by pumping water through their bodies, filtering out morsels of food. It is shameful to think that mankind hunted most of these magnificent animals to the brink of extinction. Reef building corals are also hermatypic - a condition where they are in a symbiotic relationship with another species called a zooxanthellae. What animals live in the coral reef? 17 Endangered Animals in Coral Reef, further information about how many endangered animals which live around coral reef in ocean ecosystems. The most diverse coral reef is found around Indonesia. A healthy coral reef system can support a huge number of aquatic animal life. It is called the Great Barrier Reef. New Caledonia Coral Reef . 1 decade ago. Corals are found all over the world's oceans. Introduce vocabulary such as adaptations, camouflage, symbiotic, and nocturnal. These animals have exhibited remarkable abilities to communicate and learn. Is there any animals endanger in the coral reef? Built over thousands of years by tiny calcium-producing organisms, the reefs are a haven for countless thousands of life forms, some of which seem totally alien in form. Coral can be found all over Earth where it is just the coral animal itself - these species are called ahermatypic. In exchange the protection the coral provides, the Zooxanthellae provides the coral with needed nutrients. The sheer number of life forms on the reef rivals even that of the tropical rain forests. Their songs can be heard echoing for miles beneath the waves. Their roots are adapted to … The largest coral reef biome in the world is found in the Northeast of Australia. Staghorn coral grows very quickly, and is very common on the reef. 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'Security Incident' at Algeria Gas Field
Jan 16, 2013 | News
Oil giant BP experienced what it called a "security incident" at a gas field in Algeria, following reports Islamist militants seized five Japanese nationals, a French citizen and an Irish man from the facility today.
"We can confirm that there has been a security incident this morning at the In Amenas gas field in the eastern central region of Algeria. We have no more confirmed details at this time," BP said in a statement.
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BP said UK authorities are aware of the incident. BP did not say whether foreigners were taken away from the facility, only that the company was "setting up a helpline for relatives."
Diplomatic and local sources said earlier on Wednesday the militants had seized foreigners at the field.
The field, located close to the border with Libya, operates as a joint venture including BP, Norwegian oil firm Statoil and Algerian state company Sonatrach.
BP said the field was approximately 1,300 km from the capital, Algiers.
One official said the Algerian army had since surrounded the militants and their hostages and negotiations had started.
The Foreign Office in the UK said: "The British embassy in Algiers is aware of the incident and is liaising with local authorities."
Ireland's Department of Foreign Affairs (DPA) confirmed a 36-year-old married man from Northern Ireland, travelling on an Irish passport, was one of the victims.
Japanese, Norwegian and French nationals were also part of the group.


The health of banks in the Ninth District has nearly returned to levels seen before the financial crisis. This improvement has been driven by increased capital levels and fewer "problem" loans. Unfortunately, the level of bank earnings continues to remain depressed relative to precrisis conditions. In this article, we explore the sources of bank earnings and describe the major changes that have occurred in the composition of bank earnings over the past 15 years.
A variety of metrics can be used to quantify bank earnings, but one useful summary measure is the return on average assets (ROAA). This item is simply the net income earned by the bank over the year divided by the average size of the institution over the same period. The chart below shows the ROAA at the median (middle) bank in the Ninth District since 2000.
Notice that the ROAA for the median bank in the District was generally above 1.2 percent during the first half of the 2000s, and a typical level before the financial crisis (for example, during the 2005–2006 period) was roughly 1.3 percent. This measure of earnings fell sharply during the crisis—bottoming out at 0.7 percent at the end of 2009—and has slowly recovered since then. The recovery has slowed in the past two years, and the ROAA at the median bank has been flat over this period at 1.1 percent. This is roughly 20 basis points below the precrisis levels.
Focusing on ROAA is useful since this measure can easily be separated into the key revenue and expense components that comprise the metric. For example, the table below shows the contribution to ROAA from the primary drivers of total revenue and expense at the typical Ninth District bank in 2005 and in 2017.
Revenue at the typical District bank, measured as a percentage of average assets, has fallen from 6.9 percent in 2005 to 4.7 percent in 2017. While all of the components of revenue listed above have declined over this period, the largest contributor has been interest income from loans. This result highlights the familiar challenges banks have faced in the current low-interest rate environment. At the same time, banks have benefited on the expense side in this environment, but the reduction in interest expense has not completely offset the revenue loss. Also of note is the lower level of noninterest expense, which includes items such as compensation costs and employee benefits. This suggests that banks have become more efficient operators over the period.


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City Hall Station
A beautiful and abandoned New York subway station from 1904, complete with chandelier.
City Hall Station Joe Wolf (CC BY-ND 2.0)
Elizabeth K. Joseph (CC BY 2.0)
Rhododendrites (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Subway Train in the Station Mike H (Atlas Obscura User)
Steps from Platform to Ticket Hall Mike H (Atlas Obscura User)
Skylight above Platform Mike H (Atlas Obscura User)
Top Places in New York
Billy's Antiques and Props
Life Underground Sculptures
Freedom Tunnel
The first New York City subway was built and operated by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and opened on October 27, 1904, to the joy of New York elevated train and streetcar riders.
The City Hall station on the IRT local track was lavished with fine architectural details, including glass tiles and large chandeliers. However, the Gustavino vaulted ceilings and skylights were lost on busy commuters, and the stop was one of the least-used in the system. It was the only station that did not have turnstiles installed by 1923, and the nearby Brooklyn Bridge stop was frequented by the express train and closer to connecting streetcars.
Because of the curved platform, cars with center doors could not be used at this station unless they had specially modified door controls which allowed just the end doors to be opened. In 1945, the station was closed when platforms along the line were being lengthened to accommodate longer trains, and the number of passengers using this station dwindled to very few.
Another factor leading to the decline of the station's use was the fact that a person boarding the train at City Hall with a station intended destination below City Hall or in Brooklyn would wind up on the uptown platform at the Brooklyn Bridge station. They would then have to go upstairs and down to the downtown platform to continue their journey. It was much easier to walk the short distance at street level to the Brooklyn Bridge station.
Up until the late 1990's the passengers on the Lexington Avenue Local (today's 6 train) had to disembark from the train at the Brooklyn Bridge stop. That is no longer the case. The skylights have been reopened, and the station lights turned back on. While passengers can not get out of the train and experience the City Hall Station as they once might have, they can stay on the train as it loops around on those tracks and heads back north.
The New York City Transit Museum hosts periodic tours of the abandoned station; however, you must be a member of the museum to attend. Check the website for details.
If you will be staying on the downtown 6 train after it leaves the Brooklyn Bridge station, it is best to be in the 7th, 8th or 9th car as the train operates very slowly around the curve in front of the City Hall station. Tour tickets are $50, and regular adult membership to the museum is $60.
Only in Queens: Tasting Our Way Through New York's Most Diverse Borough
subways subterranean infrastructure subterranean sites abandoned architectural oddities architecture
Rebekah Otto
Seth Teicher, Mike H, offtrackplanet, Annetta Black, erjeffery See All +
m mbison
littlebrumble
Annetta Black
wythe
Seth Teicher
o offtrackplanet
j jrc2692
Habicurious
A Allan
erjeffery
M Mike H
f fosterc827
http://www.columbia.edu/~brennan/abandoned/cityirt.html
http://www.forgotten-ny.com/SUBWAYS/newcityhall/newcityhall.html
http://www.nycsubway.org/perl/stations?5:979
https://www.nytransitmuseum.org/oldcityhall/
Near Center St & Chambers St
African Burial Ground Memorial National Monument
Tunnel Number 3
The Sugar House Prison Window
This memorial attraction maintains the memory of slavery's legacy in the creation of New York.
Deep under Manhattan is the largest construction project in city history. So far, the project has taken the lives of 23 workers, or "a man a mile."
An odd, ancient window that may have once been part of a brutal prison is embedded in the side of New York's Police Plaza.
This beautiful building in the heart of Manhattan's Financial District was empty for decades.
Crystal Palace Subway
A relic of Victorian grandeur hides beneath a busy South London road.
Moscow Metro Stations
The gorgeous entrances into the city's underbelly look more like grand halls than subway stops.
The Cincinnati Subway
An abandoned relic of the city's failed experiment with below ground transit.
Rove Tunnel
Longest canal tunnel in the world, abandoned in the 1960s.
Appears in 6 Lists
30 Unexpected Places to Have a Joyful Adventure in New York City
Sponsored by Volkswagen
10 Secrets of the New York City Subway
Stand clear of the closing doors, please.
Isaac Schultz December 31, 2019
The World's Top 100 Wonders in 2018
The strange and unusual places Atlas Obscura readers wanted to visit most in 2018.
Atlas Obscura December 13, 2018
New York's Top 18 Wonders of 2018
The strange and unusual places Atlas Obscura readers wanted to visit most in the Big Apple in 2018.
Atlas Obscura November 12, 2018
New York City History, Hidden In Plain Sight
Walk on by these iconic locations.
Larissa Hayden February 8, 2018


It's pretty well-documented that the people with the least are more likely to share what they have than the 1%ers.
-so moving. He said "I'm trying to worship our Creator through food". His response to a time when he himself had no money is to create a world of beauty. Meanwhile the far right religious Trumpies try to foist their Hell minds on the rest of us.
OMG! Started watching the PBS special on Mr. Rogers and on his first national show in 1968 was a segment on a border wall and fear of change in the backdrop of the Vietnam War. More than 50 years later and we are still dealing with an outmoded, ineffective, inhumane and racist idea if a border. Sometimes I just can't.
At least 25 Russian kids are infected with a type of tapeworm that causes potentially fatal infections in the lungs and/or liver.
The food contractor lost their lucrative contract w academy and PUTINS CHEF ends up with it.
Where boundaries mean nothing to them.
Where their goal is to mentally exhaust you, gas light you and pretty much it's all about them.
Essentially avoid them at all cost.
It is kinda hard to ignore what the President is doing. I think he qualifies to be an emotional vampire besides Narcissist and a pathological liar. So advice to stay away from them does not work for our whole Country.
Just about sure both saw me as non-white. Allow me to just repeat it was fun responding. I'm sure you can imagine those details. If more people post after I included the fact I was "a 72-year-old white woman, not that it should matter," I'll have more fun with 'em.
Check out the SNL skit on the Women of Congress; it is funny and kickass.
Trump might be in jail by the time Election Day comes, Elizabeth Warren said on her first full day of campaigning.
So… Trump voters are finding out now that their tax returns are upside down and that they owe money for the first time in 10 years. They're now discovering they voted for a conman.
Am I supposed to feel bad for them?
I don't feel bad for them at all. In fact I urge all Trump supporters to buy as many MAGA hats as possible, use up all their savings …. to help pay for Trump family's legal fees (read that somewhere).
I remember when the 2017 tax law for the rich and infamous was made law that there were serious (bad) consequences for many ordinary Americans that would take effect when they file 2018 tax returns in 2019 and even worse consequences are slated to occur after the 2020 elections for the same kind of effect when voters file their 2020 returns in 2021. Very careful timing to give the GOP cover for the 2018 and 2020 elections. Deliberately timed. Let's surprise them and send the GOP, including the liar-in-chief, packing when we vote in 2020!
Is the Obama Diary no longer on Twitter?
I checked it a couple of weeks ago, and it's not there now.
The sound of dog tags chiming was the only indication we had, years ago, that our beagles had managed to get a platter full of cooked beef short ribs onto the floor to be eaten in record time. They even got their mess all cleaned (licked) up before we caught them. Both were very happy that evening even if we weren't.
Mrs. O. is at the Grammys!!!
OMG! She's on the stage!!!!
I saw that; the crowd went wild when Michelle tried to speak. She had to get them to calm down. Queen!
Yep! We all ❤❤❤❤ Mrs. O!
Yep we do love her.
A moment of great beauty and goodness … people know ….
Nine minutes in and the queen, Michelle Obama is on stage with Jennifer Lopez, Lady Gaga, Jada Pinkett Smith, and Alicia Keys.
I'm so glad I decided to DVR the Grammys!
I am not a fan of JoLo's hat. It took me a long while to tell whom she was.
I was turning the tv and came across the Grammys and guess who I saw? Our one and only …..Michelle Obama. If I knew she was going to be up there I would have been watching.
I miss seeing her. I miss her.
A factoid on Walter Jones: he's one of just five House Republicans who voted NO on ACA repeal + tax law.
He criticized both from the right.
"Women need to 'STEP UP'? What the hell does that mean? "PAY TO PLAY?
Love this! She's doing a great job too!
The audience response to our Forever FLOTUS show how much we miss the Obamas in the White House.
Michelle Obama – thanks to all who posted about her on the Grammys!
I love that Michelle Obama just randomly shows up at the Grammys looking like Album of the Year.
There are real issues facing our country right now — wages, healthcare, climate change — all bigger than @realDonaldTrump's name calling.
I've seen comment from several Democrats about the passing of Republican Congressman Walter B.Jones of Farmville N.Carolina. I've seen were Speaker Pelosi tweeted about him.
WATCH: We featured Jeffery Redding, the teacher who was just honored at the #GRAMMYs on @CBS. He won this year's Music Educator of the Year.
Approximately 22 Veterans a day commit suicide.
Would at least 22 of my Twitter friends please copy and tweet? (Not RT).
(L-R) Lady Gaga, Jada Pinkett Smith, Michelle Obama, and Jennifer Lopez walk onstage during the 61st Annual GRAMMY Awards at Staples Center on February 10, 2019 in Los Angeles, California.
Host for the #Oscars? How about @MichelleObama?
Q: They say you oppose legalizing weed.
KAMALA HARRIS: That's not true.
HARRIS: And look, I joke about it — half-joking — half my family's from Jamaica. Are you kidding me?
Q: Have you ever smoked?
When fires ravaged parts of Tenn in 2016, Dolly Parton gave $1k/month to every homeless family until they could get back on their feet. She has used her fame to spread a message of love/acceptance.
thanks to Deutsch for saying.
-heh maybeTrump's conspiracy to dismantle U.S. rule of law and the Constitution is giving global real estate crooks a bad name!
Bravi!! Hit Trump and his donors in their pockets right off the bat.
Says he's immune and he may be lucky so far. But are we/his children immune to whatever illness he may be carrying?
–Mega Duh. From the mid-19th century the germ theory of disease is so thoroughly documented. Is why we have Immunology and great detailed understanding of how our bodies battle viruses and bacteria.
What is the right wing game here? Is it a pox on you situation? Is the President professing not to believe in the dangers of HIV Aids when he fires his Advisory Board? Or is the new generation supposed to be magically immune to that too.
If I met him my hands would immediately go behind my back to avoid shaking his germy hands!


In Chinese medicine, the health of the skin is a reflection of internal bodily wellness or imbalance. In order to address wrinkles and aging skin it is necessary to attain true balance and wellness throughout all of the energetic organ systems which may contribute to lusterless, dry, aging skin.
In Chinese medicine, the Spleen is in charge of holding bodily elements up; therefore, if someone had, for example, a prolapsed organ, a TCM doctor would suspect Spleen Qi Deficiency. In the same regard, sagging skin is not looked at as the result of gravity, or else everyone's skin would sag at the same rate; rather, the Spleen energetic organ system is not working at its full potential.
As we age, life stressors consume Yin according to TCM; Yin has moistening qualities, and its depletion can be reflected as dryness in the body and of the skin. Additionally, Blood is a Yin quality and is vital in its role in nourishing the skin.
In TCM, the nourishment brought in from food called Gui Qi combines with the oxygen breathed in by the Lungs to produce abundant Blood. We all know that smoking cigarettes speed the outward appearance of aging, but Lung Qi Deficiency in general will attribute to signs of aging.
The beautiful rosy skin seen at birth and throughout our youth is attributed to abundant Blood circulating throughout the body. Blood is a Yin substance and is vital in delivering nutrients to the cells necessary for good health reflected in a vibrant complexion and beautiful hair.
Improper eating, poor food choices, and over-consumption of alcohol can deplete Stomach Yin which helps to keep the stomach in Yin Yang balance. Chronic Stomach Yin Deficiency will develop in to Stomach Heat reflected in the face because the stomach channel (as in acupuncture meridian upon where acupuncture points lie), runs through the face. Because the Stomach and Spleen energetic organ systems are paired, the Spleen is often compromised when the Stomach Yin is damages. The Spleen is in charge of holding Blood in the vessels so redness in the face or broken blood vessels are a reflections of an imbalance of the Earth Element.
Toxins can be found in chemicals, pesticides, cleaning products, soaps, shampoos, and even the air we breathe and are difficult to avoid. In most cases the body can eliminate toxins through natural avenues of elimination. However, if the organs responsible for elimination are compromised, or if the body is exposed to more toxins than it can process, these toxins can accumulate and ultimately damage skin.
While western medicine views age spots, or liver spots, as the accumulation of melanin from sun exposure, TCM might view them as Qi Stagnation causing accumulations caused from Liver Qi Stagnation.
While dark patchy skin pigmentation is referred to as a 'pregnancy mask', it can also be seen during menopause with Kidney-Liver imbalances.
Consider our organic Free and Easy Wanderer formula with our organic Yin Valley formula!
Pure essential oils are able to penetrate the dermal layer of the skin and enhance Blood flow and detoxification of the skin tissue enhancing the natural glow of skin and minimizing signs of dryness such as wrinkles.
In Chinese medicine, chronic stress consumes Yin accelerating the aging process by making us dry and brittle rather than moist and supple. A deep wrinkled crevice between the eyebrows is a diagnostic signal in TCM of Liver Qi Stagnation.


Marjory Stoneman Douglas Hockey advances to the USA High School National Championships in Virginia to compete against other top teams around the country.
"The boys are so excited and we are so very proud of them," said team spokesperson Melissa Luboff.
Led by Head Coach Alan Luboff and Assistant Coaches Robert Leon and Matthew Smith, the Douglas team is one of two teams in the State that will advance to the USA Hockey High School National Championships said Luboff.
"It is a huge accomplishment for our team since we rarely practice and are funded solely by our families," she said.
Nationals are being held in Reston, Virginia on March 17-21, and the team is hoping to raise money through various fundraisers to help defray the costs of travel. The first fundraiser is at Wings Plus on Wednesday, March 2 from 4 p.m to closing where proceeds of all sales will go towards the team when you mention Douglas Hockey.


ACO is pleased to announce that conductor George Manahan will join the orchestra as Music Director. His tenure will begin with the 2010-11 season, during which he will lead all three of ACO's concerts presented by Carnegie Hall in Zankel Hall. Mr. Manahan will also continue in his post at New York City Opera, where he is in his twelfth season as Music Director. He will be ACO's third Music Director since its inception in 1977, following founding conductor Dennis Russell Davis (1977-2002) and Steven Sloane (2002-2006).
As Music Director of ACO, George Manahan joins the orchestra's unique leadership structure, which, in keeping with the ensemble's mission, includes not only the conductor but composers as well. Mr. Manahan has worked closely with Artistic Director Robert Beaser and Creative Advisor Derek Bermel in shaping the 2010-11 concert season, which will continue the orchestra's focus on emerging and mid-career American composers, combined with works by seminal composers such as Charles Ives, Jacob Druckman, and John Luther Adams. The season will also see the continuation of ACO's Playing it UNSafe program, the nation's first professional laboratory for the creation of cutting-edge new orchestral music; as well as the world premiere of the second work commissioned as part of ACO's innovative partnership with luxury goods company LVMH Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton. The new orchestral work will reflect on the theme of "A Greener New York City," emphasizing the connection between new music and the issues of today.
George Manahan has had an unusually wide-ranging career, embracing everything from opera to the concert stage, the traditional to the contemporary. His most recent appearance with ACO was in February 2009 at Carnegie Hall's Zankel Hall. Mr. Manahan led a concert of world premieres, which included the much-praised multimedia works BREAKDOWN!by Margaret Brouwer and Kasumi, Rand Steiger's Cryosphere, and Fang Man's Resurrection. In 2006, he workshopped and led performances of music by emerging composers Anna Clyne, Fang Man, Robert Gates, and Paul Richards during ACO's Underwood New Music Readings. On May 21 and 22, he will again lend his leadership to promising up-and-coming composers during ACO's 2010 Underwood New Music Readings at Columbia University's Miller Theatre. In addition to his work with ACO, in fall 2010, he furthers his commitment to working with young musicians by joining the Manhattan School of Music faculty as Director of Orchestral Studies.
At New York City Opera, Mr. Manahan helped envision the organization's groundbreaking VOX program, a series of workshops and readings that have provided unique opportunities for numerous composers to hear their new concepts realized, and introduced audiences to exciting new compositional voices. In addition to established composers such as Mark Adamo, David Del Tredici, Lewis Spratlan, Robert X. Rodriguez, Lou Harrison, Bernard Rands, and Richard Danielpour, through VOX Mr. Manahan has introduced works by composers on the rise including Adam Silverman, Elodie Lauten, Mason Bates, and David Little.
George Manahan's passion for the music of our time was ignited in 1980 when he was chosen as the Exxon Arts Endowment Conductor of the New Jersey Symphony. He made his mark on the opera world in his debut with the Santa Fe Opera, conducting the American premiere of Arnold Schoenberg's Von Heute Auf Morgen. His wide-ranging recording activities include the premiere recording of Steve Reich's Tehillim for ECM; recordings of Edward Thomas's Desire Under the Elms, which was nominated for a Grammy; Joe Jackson's Will Power; and Tobias Picker'sEmmeline. His enthusiasm for contemporary music continues today; he has conducted numerous world premieres, including Charles Wuorinen's Haroun and the Sea of Stories, David Lang's Modern Painters, and the New York premiere of Richard Danielpour's Margaret Garner.
In 2009, Mr. Manahan conducted the sold-out world premiere of Ask Your Mama! at Carnegie Hall. An exuberant multi-media setting of Langston Hughes's poem, the work is a collaboration among Emmy Award-winning composer Laura Karpman, renowned soprano Jessye Norman, the Orchestra of St. Luke's, and members of The Roots. Ask Your Mama! took Los Angeles audiences by storm when it was performed at the Hollywood Bowl, with the jazz world's stunning Nnenna Freelon joining the cast. It will be recorded in spring 2010, and will be performed elsewhere across the country this year.
Mr. Manahan has also conducted the symphonies of Atlanta, San Francisco, Milwaukee, Indianapolis, Columbus, and New Jersey, as well as the National Symphony Orchestra, The Juilliard School and Manhattan School of Music symphonies, the Warsaw Philharmonic, and at Music Academy of the West and the Aspen Music Festival. He appears regularly with the opera companies of Santa Fe and Portland, and Glimmerglass Opera. He has led the opera companies of Seattle, Chicago, Opera Theatre of St. Louis, Opera National du Paris, Teatro de Communale de Bologna, the Bergen Festival (Norway), the Casals Festival (Puerto Rico), and Minnesota Opera, where he served as principal conductor. As music director of the Richmond Symphony (VA) for twelve years, where he also appeared as piano soloist, he was honored four times by the American Society of Composers and Publishers (ASCAP) for his commitment to 20th century music.


Note the exact symptoms caused by the problem with the appliance. Use all of your senses to assess the appliance: does something smell funny, look bent, sound different, vibrate too much, too hot, etc.
Check for external factors. Is the appliance properly installed, does the appliance have the correct voltage supplied to it, etc.
Check for internal and external physical damage such as broken parts, burnt elements or wires, oil leaks, etc.
Make sure the controls are on the proper setting.
Operate the appliance and let it run through its cycle. Check the cycle operation against the operational sequence described in the owner's manual.
Using the information from the preceding steps, isolate the suspect circuit or mechanical system and identify the faulty component.
Have more questions? Would you like to discuss something with our experts? Give our team a call!


text:
Mapleton é uma cidade localizada no estado americano de Kansas, no Condado de Bourbon.

Demografia
Segundo o censo americano de 2000, a sua população era de 98 habitantes.
Em 2006, foi estimada uma população de 97, um decréscimo de 1 (-1.0%).

Geografia
De acordo com o United States Census Bureau tem uma área de
1,3 km², dos quais 1,3 km² cobertos por terra e 0,0 km² cobertos por água.

Localidades na vizinhança
O diagrama seguinte representa as localidades num raio de 20 km ao redor de Mapleton.

Ligações externas

Cidades do Kansas