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The Afghan government on Sunday hailed a meeting of Afghan politicians and members of the Taliban in the Gulf state of Qatar as a crucial step in promoting peace and reconciliation in the country but once again reiterated that face-to-face talks between the Afghan government and the Taliban were a must to end the ongoing conflict in the country.
Almost 50 delegates from Afghanistan and 17 representatives of the Taliban have attended a two-day intra-Afghan dialogue in Doha, co-hosted by Germany and Qatar, which kicked off on Sunday.
The presidential spokesman told media that the meeting could be evaluated as a progress and an opportunity for those Afghans who are present there in the meeting to share their ideas with each other.
Meanwhile, The German envoy for Afghanistan said that country's future cannot be imposed from the outside, it can only be determined by Afghans themselves. "We understand that making peace won't be easy. Your country is at the crossroads of competing for regional and international interests. But outside factors can only result in conflict if Afghans are divided. When Afghans stand united the region will recognize that its interests are best served by a stable and peaceful neighbor," he said.
Indeed, peace is the only wish of Afghan people, as they have been the victim of war for more than four decades. They have always supported peace building efforts in the country and have welcomed the imitated peace by any side. To end fighting in Afghanistan and secure a sustainable representative government for Afghans, Afghan government, its neighbors and the international community have continually tried encouraging Taliban members to work with the Afghan government.
But Taliban has mounted their pressure during the talks and have done so in an unconstrained manner, using brutal tactics such as attacks on schools and hospitals, and the assassination of influential figures. They have applied these tactics to keep the Afghan government and its partners busy or distracted while they continued to carry out military operations, and causing more casualties of the ANDSF, which are the true sons of Afghanistan and shedding their blood only to protect people and their beloved country.
No one in this country opposes to peace; it is the greatest desire of the people of Afghanistan and their basic need for peace, but the people of Afghanistan are not willing to sacrifice all the achievements of past years and endure the peace that is created by aliens.
Afghans have been calling upon Taliban to understand the reality on the ground and try to avoid aliens' interreference on peace talks, and unconditionally pave the way for intra-Afghan talks to overcome all the challenges and differences as government of Afghanistan has time and again showed readiness for such talks.
Meanwhile the different strata of the society who also participated in Doha talks have said that persuaded Taliban to join the intra-Afghan talks, which is the only and last solution to the ongoing conflict in the country.
US should remain committed to its Afghanistan pledges, experts
Time for seminaries' reformation in Pakistan
Saida Ahmadi November 4, 2018
Intra-Afghan dialogue only way to reach peace
Saida Ahmadi January 30, 2019
UN sanctions against Daesh-K
Saida Ahmadi May 18, 2019


Tomato 'Garden Gem' produces loads of snack-size fruit. Fruit is firm, juicy, and has a well balanced flavor. This is a great variety because it has the great flavor of heirlooms with modern disease resistance. It does well in heat and humidity and will produce tomatoes over an extended length of time.
Plant tomato plants in well-drained soil and keep them well-watered but not soggy, watering at the soil level rather than with an overhead sprinkler as much as possible. Place a tomato cage over the plant when you first plant it to provide support, or use another trellising method. You may want to choose an organic fertilizer formulated specially for tomatoes. Sufficient calcium in the soil prevents Blossom End Rot, a common tomato ailment. You may also try the old Romence Gardens trick of placing a couple of Tums tablets in the soil to help with this.


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Core approach
Leveraging GIS technology to combat invasive conifers
Use of GIS technology and 3D Mapping increases the efficiency of eradication efforts, and effectively communicates the scale of the problem to stakeholders. This has had a direct impact in securing more funding for this essential biosecurity operation.
The Mid Dome Wilding Trees Charitable Trust appointed Boffa Miskell to deliver the strategic goal of eradicating wilding trees from the Mid Dome area in Southland. Boffa Miskell designs an operational plan, manages all aspects of its delivery, and assists with funding bids and wider promotion of the control Programme.
Programme manager Marcus Girvan says, "We are closely involved with research and development of new control techniques, and we carry out trials to measure efficacy and efficiency. To date we have aerially sprayed over 900 hectares of dense wilding trees, and carried out ground and aerial spot spraying control over many thousands of hectares."
Presenting this information in a 3D web view gives a better understanding of the immense scale and challenging topography of the Mid Dome site. It shows the areas where work was previously completed, the type of control scheduled, and as the control work is undertaken the platform is updated to show progress.
"A fundamental requirement of the geospatial component of this project was that the final output had to be intuitive to use and readily accessible without installing specialist software," says GIS Specialist Brian McAuslan.
Hi-resolution aerial photography of the site was commissioned and this was used to digitise areas around infestations. Management tools, aerial photography, infestation areas and control programs are loaded into the web viewer.
"With this data the programme team can view any part of the site," says Brian. "They are able to review its previous or projected control to monitor progress, and project partners and stakeholders can easily understand the rationale behind decision-making."
Additionally, the technology enables a more engaging display of data and better communication of the Operational Plan with the Trust, stakeholders, and politicians such as Minister for Conservation, Eugenie Sage; which allows us to showcase the professionalism of the Programme.
Marcus says, "The big breakthrough in landscape-scale wilding tree management will be the development of algorithms to interrogate multispectral imagery and detect wilding conifers in the landscape and to map their distribution in GIS. If we can get this technology working at scale, we can not only tell our control contractors exactly where the trees are, but we can measure our success over time and make accurate control-cost forecasts. It will be a game-changer."
Find out more Innovative accommodation on Mid Dome for biosecurity contractors >
Mid Dome Wilding Trees Eradication Programme >
Services Management and Monitoring >
Sector Primary production and Industry >
For further information please contact Brian McAuslan or Marcus Girvan
© Boffa Miskell 2017

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


HOW CAN WE REDUCE THE GO TO MARKET TIME?
Cloud on-boarding in the past few years has really revolutionized the industry and also given a concrete platform to answer this question. In order to push code from developers' machines to cloud/on-prem infrastructure, there are a lot of tools and platforms available in the market such as Jenkins, Octopus Deploy, TeamCity, VSTS etc. Being a developer, what I look for is which tool/ technique can get the job done with efficiency, reliability and minimum effort. When we are on client projects we have limited time, and no matter the developer he or she will appreciate if most of their time is spent on business requirements, understanding, development, and testing, rather than configuring build/release tools.
I have tried my hands on a few of the above-listed tools, I would say each of them, be it Jenkins/Octopus Deploy/TeamCity/VSTS, have their own strengths and weaknesses. In my opinion, VSTS has all the tools and features which can go to market for any project/technology with the least effort.
I already assume that you have a VSTS account, if not it's simple. Go to VSTS and create a new account. You will need a Hotmail/Outlook account for that.
Below is a quick guide to how we can configure a project for VSTS Continuous Integration, for demo purposes I am using ASP.NET MVC project. But if you are building project in any technology/ platform such as .NET/Java/Mobile/Docker etc VSTS has full support for each.
Let us create a simple vanilla ASP.NET MVC project. Build and run it. I have made some text changes in the default template of Index page as below.
Connect Visual Studio to VSTS using Team Explorer.
Go to solution control explorer and right click in the right pane and select Add Items to Folder.
Once the code is checked in from VS, you can navigate to VSTS and select code Menu item from breadcrumb.
Go to Build tab now and click New definition.
Now we will select Build Template. VSTS out of the box gives you a long list of ready-made templates which you can use off the shelf to configure VSTS CI, as in the image below. In our case, we will select an Empty template and configure it for our project.
Let's add a few tasks to our definition. Just like any .Net project first we need Nuget packages, then Build solution using MSBuild and finally on success, the artifacts are pushed to either debug or release folder in the bin. Similarly, we will add NuGet Task, VS Build task, Copy Build Files task and Publish Files task to build a simple template for building and packaging of our MVC project.
Let's now configure each of the tasks selected as below.
As in step 9, we have already configured all the tasks, the next step is to test if all the configuration works as desired. If they do, at the end of the build we will have a successful result. In the build result, we will have an artifact tab with deployable artifacts.
Below is the screenshot for build logs pushed in real-time to the browser. This is really helpful as it gives details about what is happening behind the scene and what task is currently in execution.
In our first build, NuGet restores failed.
What it states is it is unable to restore a few of the packages from NuGet repo. A quick workaround is when you check the code in step 3, check in all the Included and Excluded files as below.
With this, we have achieved successful Continuous Integration implementation. If you want to push the envelope a bit more the next step is implementing deployment. Including deployment in CI can be a valid scenario but is not always preferred. It is valid for cases where you do not need any workflow for release or you do not have many controlled release environments. In order to implement release it's simple -- we just need to add a release task, for this demo we will take the MVC Website artifacts and deploy in Azure web app.
First, you need to add a new app service to Azure, for the demo we are adding VSTSDevOpsCI. If you do not have an account it is simple just create new Azure account (please use the same Hotmail/Outlook account details you created above, this will make things easy later), you will get $250 worth of credits to your subscription as a complimentary first-month benefit. Add a new Web App.
Once your Azure account is connected to VSTS, you can access all resources in your Azure subscription using the server endpoint created in VSTS.
Add a new Azure App Service task to build definition.
Let try to queue a new build. If all goes well will have the MVC website deployed to VSTSDevOpsCI app service after CI is complete.
You can check the URL the website is running on Azure.
In order to do a quick test, let's make some changes in our VS code and check in again. It should update the website in Azure.
In order to accomplish the above release per the check-in requirement, we need to update a simple setting in build definition as below. Go to trigger tab and check Enable continuous integration checkbox.
Let's update the code in VS and check-in.
Build gets queued as soon as check-in is complete.
As below, Build number 12 is successful.
So, lets get an Azure website to check if the changes are reflected. Yes they are: the heading has Version 1.0 added.
As you can see, it's very simple to configure CI in VSTS and if your project has a simple release plan then the release can be integrated into the same build definition. Now if you don't want to deploy your artifacts in Azure, but instead on AWS or OnPrem server, there is a wide range of solutions to this problem. You can download artifacts using VSTS APIs and deploy to the desired environment. A better approach is you can get a copy of VSTS build agent. The build agent setup for your collection can be download for the VSTS portal. Install the agent on one of your AWS/ OnPrem servers and then instead of using Azure as a deployment point you can use File transfer task or Powershell task to deploy in the desired IIS folder. The avenues are endless -- VSTS is very mature now and the VSTS team has already addressed most of the regular CICD challenges experienced by any project team. If you don't get an off the shelf task for your requirement you always have PowerShell/batch task options to build one.


text:
10.4236/ajps.2017.85069
Effects of Combined Application of Inorganic Fertilizer and Organic Manures on Nitrogen Use and Recovery Efficiencies of Hybrid Rice (Palethwe-1)
Kyi Moe1,2*#, Kumudra Win Mg2*, Kyaw Kyaw Win2, Takeo Yamakawa3
1Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
2Department of Agronomy, Yezin Agricultural University, Yezin, Myanmar
3Plant Nutrition Laboratory, Division of Molecular Biosciences, Department of Biosciences & Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
Received: March 3, 2017; Accepted: April 18, 2017; Published: April 21, 2017
We conducted two field experiments to investigate combined effects of organic and inorganic fertilizers on nitrogen use and recovery efficiencies of hybrid rice (Palethwe-1) during dry and wet seasons, 2015. Four levels of inorganic fertilizer (0%, 50%, 75%, and 100% NPK), based on recommended rates of 150 kg N ha−1, 70 kg P2O5 ha−1, and 120 kg K2O ha−1, were used with cow manure, poultry manure, and vermicompost (5 t・ha−1each) in a split-plot design with three replicates. In both seasons, with 50% NPK, the N uptake level achieved with poultry manure was similar to that obtained with 75% and 100% NPK. The greatest N use, internal, agronomic N use, and recovery efficiencies were obtained with 50% NPK + poultry manure, but were similar to those obtained from cow manure and vermicompost subplots. As the amount of applied N from organic and inorganic fertilizer increased, the N use efficiency and related parameters decreased, due to similar yields among plots with different NPK application levels. Poultry manure resulted in the highest significant correlations between applied N and N accumulation, followed by cow manure and vermicompost, in both seasons. Neither chemical fertilizer nor organic manure alone led to optimum N use and N recovery efficiencies. The combination of 50% inorganic fertilizer (75 kg N ha−1) and poultry manure (5 t・ha−1) enhanced the N uptake, the N use and recovery efficiencies of hybrid rice. Cow manure (5 t・ha−1) in combination with 75% inorganic fertilizer (112.5 kg N ha−1) was an adequate substitute for reduced chemical fertilizer usage. Therefore, this study highlighted combined application of inorganic fertilizers and organic manures had the benefits not only in reducing the need for chemical fertilizers but also in improving N uptake by hybrid rice (Palethwe-1) leading to the better environment.
Nitrogen Uptake, Nitrogen Use Efficiency, Nitrogen Recovery Efficiency, Agronomic Nitrogen Use Efficiency, Hybrid Rice
Currently, global crop production requires inputs of roughly 105 million tons of nitrogen (N), 20 million tons of phosphorus (P), and 23 million tons of potassium (K) [1] . The recovery efficiency of applied fertilizer is low: ≤50% for N, <10% for P, and ~40% for K [2] [3] . However, in recent years, sustainable agriculture has received considerable attention from environmentalists, agriculturists, and consumers [4] .
Rice constitutes one of the most important staple foods for over half of the world's population [5] . It is widely consumed by people throughout the world, irrespective of their race, religion, or political association [6] . In the central dry zone of Myanmar, rice is grown as a rain-fed crop, but is grown as an irrigated crop in areas where irrigation is available. The dry zones of the country are characterized by clay, sandy loam, and sandy soils that include gravel. According to Hadden [7] , soil series in dry zones are of low fertility with low organic matter content. Moreover, K levels in agricultural plots located in dry zones are low.
N is required for all non-legume crops on all soil types. In rice cultivation, it is usually applied in the form of inorganic fertilizer, whereas the straw, which is used for animal feed, is seldom returned as the fertilizer to rice fields. This has contributed to a progressive decline in important soil components in agricultural land, a situation worsened by soil-intensive cropping and the use of high doses of chemical fertilizers with little or no addition of organic manure. Consequently, previous fertile soils have become degraded, with limited organic matter and nutrient contents.
In Myanmar, as in other areas of the world, inappropriate fertilization and the excessive use of N fertilizer have resulted in considerable N losses through ammonia (NH3) volatilization and leaching [8] [9] . Consequently, nitrogen use efficiencies (NUEs) are as low as ~35% (15% ± 20% lower than other major rice growing countries) [9] . One of the main challenges in field management is to reduce the amount of N fertilizers applied in the field while avoiding N deficiency of the soils. Among the measures recommended for lowering N losses and enhancing NUE are the application of N at a later growth stage [8] , adjusting the N rate based on chlorophyll readings [10] , applying controlled-release N fertilizer [11] , using urease inhibitors [12] , planting highly efficient rice varieties [13] , and combined organic and inorganic fertilizer applications [14] .
Glaser et al. [15] concluded that losses of soil organic matter can only be replenished in the short term by the application of organic matter such as manures. However, organic manures may be of relatively low nutrient content and thus unlikely to meet the requirement of high-yielding rice varieties when used alone. The combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers increases nutrient synchrony and reduces losses by converting inorganic N to organic forms [16] , leading to sustainable productivity [17] [18] . Narwal and Chaudhary [19] reported that the combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer accelerates microbial activity, increases NUE, and enhances the availability of native nutrients to plants, resulting in higher nutrient uptake rates. A later study confirmed that, to provide plant nutrients in readily available forms and maintain good soil health, resulting in optimum yields, agricultural fields should be treated with both organic manures and inorganic fertilizers [20] .
As demonstrated by Zadeh [21] , farmyard manure not only acts as a source of N and other nutrients, but also increases the efficiency of applied N. Cow manure contains sufficient amounts of N and K as well as fibrous materials that favorably regulate soil moisture and temperature in addition to preventing weed growth on soil surfaces [22] . For rice production, cow manure, but also poultry manure, is a good source of organic matter and can play a vital role in improving soil fertility, by supplying nutrients, especially N, sulfur (S), K, and zinc (Zn) [23] [24] . Vermicompost has also been considered as a soil additive to reduce the use of mineral fertilizers, because it provides nutrients in the required amounts and increases both cation-exchange and water-retention capacities [25] . The application of fertilizers and manures of different composition will differentially influence the physical and chemical properties of the soil but ultimately enhance its biological activities [26] .
In rice, NUE is the main parameter used to determine nutrient uptake [27] . In Asia, N fertilizer use is very high but in rice cultivation it is inefficient, as only 30% - 40% of the applied N is recovered [28] . The low NUE of rice reflects N loss in soil-plant systems, which has been explained not only by the dependence solely on chemical fertilizer application, but also by volatilization of NH3, loss of nitrate (NO3) from leaching, inadequate soil conditions, surface run off, soil erosion, environmental factors, and the use of nitrification inhibitors [29] .
Thus, not surprisingly, annual rice production is facing a sustainability problem due to production practices that often result in the indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides [30] [31] [32] [33] . Alternative methods of rice production that are more economical and sustainable and can simultaneously improve NUE and minimize N losses are therefore needed. A possible approach to improving soil fertility and thereby crop productivity is the utilization of organic wastes, farm yard manure (FYM), compost, vermicompost, and poultry manures including their combined application with inorganic fertilizers. The use of organic matter to meet the nutrient requirement of crops would not only contribute to sustainable rice production but also ease the economic burden on poor farmers, who are unable to afford the increasingly costly chemical fertilizers. In fact, one of the few constraints on the use of fertilizer in crop production is its increasing cost [34] . In this study, we investigated the effects of organic fertilizer, alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizer, on N uptake (NU), NUE, and the N recovery efficiency (NRE) in the hybrid rice variety Palethwe-1.
2.1. Experimental Site
Two field experiments were conducted on the farm of the Department of Agro- nomy, Yezin Agricultural University, Nay Pyi Taw Division, Myanmar (19˚10'N, 96˚07'E) to study the combined effects of various organic manure and inorganic fertilizer levels on NUE and NRE of hybrid rice (Palethwe-1) (Figure 1). The first experiment (dry season) was conducted from January to April 2015 and the second (wet season) was conducted from August to November 2015.
Figure 1. Location of experimental site in Yezin Agricultural University, Nay Pyi Taw.
2.2. Experimental Design and Treatments
A split-plot design with three replications was used in the two field experiments. The size of each experimental plot was 3 × 5 m. The distances maintained between two replications and two plots were 2 and 0.5 m, respectively. Plots treated with inorganic fertilizers (NPK), applied in proportions of 0%, 50%, 75%, and 100% based on the recommended rates of 150 kg N ha−1, 70 kg P2O5 ha−1, and 120 kg K2O ha−1, were designated as the main plots. Plots treated with organic manures (cow manure, poultry manure, and vermicompost; 5 t・ha−1 each) and the no organic manure control, were designated as subplots. The position of each treatment was not changed between the first and second field experiment.
The land was irrigated so as to be easily plowed, subsequently harrowed, and then divided into four parts (as the main plot area) for the application of the different inorganic fertilizers levels. Each main plot was divided into four subplots. Double bunds were created to prevent seepage between adjacent plots. The full amount of organic manure was applied during land preparation. Inorganic fertilizer consisting of urea (as the N source) and muriate of potash (K2O source) was applied in three equal splits: one third before transplanting (baseline), one third at the active tillering stage, and one third at the panicle initiation stage. The full amount of triple superphosphate (P2O5 source) was applied as the basal dose.
2.3. Soil Sampling and Analysis
Baseline soil samples were collected from eight locations in the experimental field at a depth of 0 - 15 cm using a soil sampling tube (5 cm diameter). The samples were spread out, air dried at room temperature, crushed by hand, sifted through a 2-mm mesh sieve, and then analyzed for their physical and chemical properties.
The soil pHH2O (1:5, soil:water) in mass ratio was measured using a pH meter F-51 HORIBA and the 4A1-1:5 soil water suspension method [35] . Available N (mg kg−1) was extracted using the alkaline permanganate method [36] , and available P (mg kg−1) was analyzed using the 9C-Olsen P-Malachite green method [37] and a PD-303UV UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Available K (mg kg−1) was measured after its extraction using 1 N ammonium acetate [38] followed by atomic absorption flame emission spectrophotometry (AA-6200, Shimadzu). The amount of organic matter (%) was determined using Tyurin's method [39] , and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) using the leaching method [40] . Soil samples were analyzed at the Department of Agricultural Research (DAR) Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar.
2.4. Organic Manure Analysis
The cow manure, poultry manure, and vermicompost were placed in a temperature controlled oven and their nutrient contents then extracted for gravimetric analysis [41] . Total N was analyzed using the Kjeldahl method [42] , followed by Kjeldahl digestion and distillation in a Vapodest 20 s distillation system (Gerhardt, Apparate GmbH & Co. KG, Germany). Total P was determined using the molybdovanadate-phosphoric acid method [43] and quantitated using a Jenway 6305 UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Total K was analyzed according to the wet digestion method [44] followed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry on an novAA 400 apparatus, and total S was determined using the turbidimetric method [45] and a Jenway 6305 UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Organic carbon was measured by the loss on ignition method [46] using a temperature-controlled oven (muffle furnace). The chemical composition of the organic manures (Table 1) was determined at the DAR.
2.5. Crop Management
The rice cultivated in this study was the hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) variety Palethwe-1. It is widely used in Myanmar because of its high potential yield. Rice seeds obtained from the farm of Yezin Agricultural University were soaked in water for 24 h and then incubated at 25˚C for 48 h. The sprouted seeds were sown on a well-prepared seed bed using the wet bed method of the International Rice Research Institute. The water level was gradually increased depending on the seedling height. On day 23, the seedlings were transplanted to hills with a spacing of 20 × 20 cm and two seedlings per hill. During the growing season, irrigation as well as insect, disease, and weed control were performed according to standard cultural practices. The plants were harvested at crop maturity, ~92 days after transplantation, in both seasons.
2.6. N Uptake Analysis of Straw and Grain
Samples obtained from two hills in each plot 2 - 3 cm above ground were oven-dried at 70˚C for 48 h and ground to a fine powder. The N contents of the straw and grain in the samples were analyzed separately using the Kjaldehl distillation method [42] and a Gerhardt Vapodest 20 S (Gerhardt, Apparate GmbH & Co. KG, Germany) at the DAR. Total NU was calculated as the sum of the products of the biomass and the straw and grain concentrations and expressed as kg・ha−1.
2.7. Computation of NUE and Related Parameters
The amount of applied N from the inorganic fertilizer and the organic manures was calculated. Based on the total NU of rice plants, NUE [47] was calculated as follows:
Table 1. Chemical compositions of different organic manures for field experiments.
Source: Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory, Soil Science Section, Soil Science, Water Utilization and Agricultural Engineering Division, Department of Agricultural Research (DAR).
and the internal efficiency (IE) [48] as:
Agronomic N use efficiency (AUE) [49] was defined as:
The NRE [50] was calculated as follows:
The data were evaluated using an analysis of variance. Means comparison among treatments were subjected to Tukey's HSD test at the 5% probability level. The analyses were carried out using STATISTIX 8 software (Analytical Software, Tallahassee, FL, USA).
3.1. Soil Analysis
The physicochemical properties of the surface (0 - 15 cm) soil at the experimental site are shown in Table 2. The experimental soil was slightly acidic (pH 6.6) under yearly rice cultivation, with a low level of organic matter (1.8%) and a low CEC (8 cmol(+)/kg). There were moderate levels of available N (73 mg∙kg−1) and available P (20 mg∙kg−1), but a low level of available K (77 mg∙kg−1). An evalua-
Table 2. Physical and chemical properties of the surface (0 - 15 cm) profile of soil at the experimental site.
tion of the soil data based on a previous report of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources [51] showed that the soil (sandy loam) was of poor quality.
3.2. Effect of the Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on NU
The differences in NU as a function of inorganic fertilizer level and organic manure type were significant (p < 0.01). The interaction effect of the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers was significantly higher (p < 0.01) during the dry than the wet season (Table 3).
During the dry season, NU was highest (162.21 kg・ha−1) in the combined 100% inorganic fertilizer + poultry manure plot (I100-Op) (Figure 2(a)). A similar NU level (143.83 kg・ha−1) was determined in the 100% inorganic fertilizer + vermicompost plot (I100-Ov) and in the 75% inorganic fertilizer + poultry manure plot (I75-Op, 146.65 kg・ha−1). NU was lower (140.22 kg・ha−1) in the 100% inorganic fertilizer + cow manure plot (I100-Oc) but higher than achieved with inorganic fertilizer alone (I100-O0, 116.85 kg・ha−1). With 50% NPK, NU of 136.11 kg・ha−1 was achieved in combination with poultry manure (I50-Op) was similar to that obtained with I75-Oc, I100-Oc, and I100-Ov. By contrast, a decrease in the amount of chemical fertilizer could not be compensated by vermicompost (I75- Ov, 116.28 kg・ha−1; I50-Ov, 116.83 kg・ha−1). However, NU in the I75-Oc and I50-Oc subplots (140.15 and 126.36 kg・ha−1, respectively) was higher than in the combined vermicompost subplots for both I75 and I50. In the complete absence of inorganic fertilizer, optimal NU was not achieved with cow manure, poultry manure, or vermicompost (85.00, 98.72, and 90.00 kg・ha−1, respectively).
The trends in the NU during the wet season were similar (Figure 2(b)), with the highest value achieved with I100-Op (137.23 kg・ha−1), followed by I75-Op (130.97 kg・ha−1) and I50-Op (130.09 kg・ha−1). When half the amount of inorganic fertilizer was used (I50), poultry manure provided a similar NU to that determined with I100-Op (137.23 kg・ha−1). Lower values were achieved with I100-Oc (124.71 kg・ha−1), I75-Oc (122.44 kg・ha−1), and I50-Oc (121.68 kg・ha−1) but the NU of the cow manure-treated subplots was consistently higher than that of the
Table 3. Probability values using ANOVA of nitrogen use efficiency and related parameters of hybrid rice (Palethwe-1) in both season (dry and wet season), 2015.
NU = Nitrogen uptake, NUE = nitrogen use efficiency, IUE = internal use efficiency, AUE = agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, NRE = nitrogen recovery efficiency, ns = non-significant difference.
Figure 2. Nitrogen uptake of hybrid rice (Palethwe-1) as affected by combined application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers in (a) dry season and (b) wet season, 2015. The histograms with the same letter are not significantly different by the Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). The bar on each histogram indicates standard deviation. The numbers followed by I show the percentage of NPK applied based on 150 kg N ha−1, 70 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 120 kg K2O ha−1. I = Inorganic fertilizer; Oc = cow manure, Op = poultry manure and Ov = vermicompost.
Ov-treated subplots, even at the highest inorganic fertilizer level (I100-Ov, 120.13 kg・ha−1).
3.3. Effect of the Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on NUE
In both seasons, the differences in NUE among inorganic fertilizer levels and among organic manures were significant (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively) (Table 3). As the amount of inorganic fertilizer increased, the NUE of the subplots treated with combined organic and inorganic fertilizer decreased (Figure 3(a) and Figure 3(b)). At 50% NPK, the highest NUE value of 104.13 kg grain ha−1 (kg N applied)−1 was obtained with I50-Op, with similar efficiencies of 102.93 and 101.65 kg grain ha−1 (kg N applied)−1 measured in the I50-Oc and I50-Ov subplots, respectively (Figure 3(a)). NUEs were lower in the I75-Oc, I75-Op, and
Figure 3. Nitrogen use efficiency of hybrid rice (Palethwe-1) as affected by combined application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers in (a) dry season and (b) wet season, 2015. The histograms with the same letter are not significantly different by the Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). The bar on each histogram indicates standard deviation. The numbers followed by I show the percentage of NPK applied based on 150 kg N ha−1, 70 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 120 kg K2O ha−1. I = Inorganic fertilizer; Oc = cow manure, Op = poultry manure and Ov = vermicompost.
I75-Ov subplots [75.45, 77.34, and 81.02 kg grain ha−1 (kg N applied)−1, respectively], but also lower in the I75-O0 subplot [80.30 kg grain ha−1 (kg N applied)−1]. The application of any of the manures in combination with 100% NPK during the dry season resulted in NUEs that were lower than those of any of the other tested conditions.
During the wet season, all of the NUEs obtained in the combined applications of organic and inorganic fertilizer were very similar to those of the dry season. The highest NUE was that of the I50-Op subplot [99.00 kg grain ha−1 (kg N applied)−1] followed by the I50-Ov [96.51 kg grain ha−1 (kg N applied)−1] and I50-Oc [91.00 kg grain ha−1 (kg N applied)−1] subplots. The NUE achieved with the various combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizer correlated negatively with the amount of applied inorganic fertilizer (Figure 3(b)).
3.4. Effect of the Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the IE
The IE, defined as the grain yield per total N uptake, was significantly (p < 0.01) influenced by both organic and inorganic fertilizer application during both seasons. The interaction between organic and inorganic fertilizers was also significant (Table 3). The highest IE value was 73.37 kg grain (kg NU)−1 in the I50-Ov subplot, followed by 71.88, 68.23, 69.40, 71.90, 70.12, and 67.65 kg grain (kg NU)−1 in the I50-Op, I50-Oc, I75-Op, I100-O0, I100-Oc, and I100-Ov subplots, respectively, with higher, albeit similar grain yields per increasing NU. The IE values in fields treated only with inorganic fertilizer decreased gradually with decreasing amounts of NPK, from 71.90 kg grain (kg NU)−1 in the I100-O0 subplot, to 60.00 and 48.88 kg grain (kg NU)−1 in the I75-O0 and I50-O0 subplots, respectively. In the presence of 50% NPK, the grain yields (kg) per NU (kg) obtained with I50-Op, I50-Oc, and I50-Ov were similar to those of I75 and I100 plus any of the organic manures (Figure 4(a)).
During the wet season, the IE of the I50-Op subplots was also the highest [85.00 kg grain (kg NU)−1], with a slightly lower value in I75-Op subplots [76.00 kg grain (kg NU)−1]. An increase in the amount of inorganic fertilizer to I75 and I100 resulted in similar yields in the fields treated with the organic manures (Figure 4(b)). The IEs of Oc and Ov were the same in both seasons regardless of the inorganic fertilizer level.
3.5. Effect of the Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on AUE
The AUE was significantly influenced by inorganic fertilizer application (p < 0.01) during both seasons, but was influenced by organic manure only during the dry season (Table 3). The maximum AUE [62.62 kg additional grain yield (kg N applied per∙ha)−1] was achieved in the I50-Op subplot, but with similar values of 56.25 and 55.37 kg additional grain yield (kg N applied per∙ha)−1 determined in the I50-Oc and I50-Ov subplots, respectively. A 50% NPK application alone resulted in a lower AUE [I50-O0, 22.22 kg additional grain yield (kg N applied per∙ha)−1]. As the amount of applied N from inorganic fertilizer and organic manures increased, the AUE decreased gradually, due to the similar yields among I50, I75, and I100 subplots treated with the different manures. The lowest AUE was that of the I100 plus manures subplot, because of the high inputs of N from both organic and inorganic fertilizers vs. the grain yield (Figure 5(a)). The overall trends in the AUE during the wet season were the same, with the highest value in the I50-Op subplot [45.00 kg additional grain yield (kg N applied per∙ha)−1] followed by 40.00 and 39.95 kg additional grain yield (kg N applied per∙ha)−1 for the I50-Oc and I50-Ov subplots, respectively (Figure 5(b)).
3.6. Effect of the Combined Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers on the NRE
The application of inorganic fertilizer significantly influenced the NRE, both during the dry (p < 0.01) and the wet (p < 05) seasons. The differences in the NRE achieved with the different manures were also significant (p < 0.01). The NRE was highest in the I50-Op subplot [51.25 kg additional NU (kg N applied)−1] but the differences compared to the other subplots were not significant with values of 45.63, 43.66, 44.61, and 43.95 kg additional NU (kg N applied)−1 for I50-Oc, I75-Oc, I75-Op, and I100-Op, respectively. Generally, the NRE decreased steadily with increasing amounts of N from organic and inorganic fertilizers. In the sandy loam soil, the high losses of N in I100-Oc, I100-Op, and I100-Ov resulted in lower NREs of 32.96, 43.95, and 35.08 kg additional NU (kg N applied)−1, re-
Figure 4. Internal use efficiency of hybrid rice (Palethwe-1) as affected by combined application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers in (a) dry season and (b) wet season, 2015. The histograms with the same letter are not significantly different by the Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). The bar on each histogram indicates standard deviation. The numbers followed by I show the percentage of NPK applied based on 150 kg N ha−1, 70 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 120 kg K2O ha−1. I = Inorganic fertilizer; Oc = cow manure, Op = poultry manure and Ov = vermicompost.
Figure 5. Agronomic N use efficiency of hybrid rice (Palethwe-1) as affected by combined application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers in (a) dry season and (b) wet season, 2015. The histograms with the same letter are not significantly different by the Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). The bar on each histogram indicates standard deviation. The numbers followed by I show the percentage of NPK applied based on 150 kg N ha−1, 70 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 120 kg K2O ha−1. I = Inorganic fertilizer; Oc = cow manure, Op = poultry manure and Ov = vermicompost.
spectively) (Figure 6(a)).
During the wet season, the highest NUE was also in the I50-Op subplot [48.06 kg additional NU (kg N applied)−1], in accordance with its higher NU. Nonetheless, similar NREs of 43.98 and 37.96 kg additional NU (kg N applied)−1 were obtained in the I50-Oc and I50-Ov subplots, respectively. Because of the high N losses, the NREs in the I75 plus manures and I100 plus manures subplots were lower. In the subplots treated with 100% inorganic fertilizer alone, the NRE was lower [24.11 kg additional NU (kg N applied)−1] than in the I50-Op [48.06 kg additional NU (kg N applied)−1] subplot (Figure 6(b)).
Figure 6. Nitrogen recovery efficiency of hybrid rice (Palethwe-1) as affected by combined application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers in (a) dry season and (b) wet season, 2015. The histograms with the same letter are not significantly different by the Tukey HSD test (p < 0.05). The bar on each histogram indicates standard deviation. The numbers followed by I show the percentage of NPK applied based on 150 kg N ha−1, 70 kg P2O5 ha−1 and 120 kg K2O ha−1. I = Inorganic fertilizer; Oc = cow manure, Op = poultry manure and Ov = vermicompost.
4.1. Beneficial Effects of Combined Inorganic and Organic Fertilizer Application
This study compared the effect of inorganic fertilizer application, as recommended by Myanmar's DAR for the hybrid rice variety Palethwe-1 (150 kg N ha−1, 70 kg P2O5 ha−1, 120 kg K2O ha−1), with that of the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in terms of NU, NUE, and related parameters. Generally, hybrid rice with a high yield potential has high nutrients requirements. However, the use of large amounts of inorganic fertilizers, including N fertilizers [52] , alone causes high losses and a low recovery of N, especially in sandy loam soil such as that of the study site. These high N losses lead not only to a low NUE but also to environmental pollution and high costs to farmers.
Our study showed that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer effectively enhances the NUE of hybrid rice, as the maximum NUE was achieved in the I50-Op subplot in both seasons. The higher NU achieved with I50-Op resulted in a larger yield, as a high NUE was generated with less N loss, presumably due to the higher nutrient availability and major nutrient content of Op. In fact, this manure had the highest nutrient content of all tested manures. Its use as a soil amendment for agricultural crops was previously shown to provide appreciable quantities of all important plant nutrients [53] . The application of organic manure not only increases NU through mineralization but also reduces N losses from the soil [54] . However, in this study, the NUEs for I50-Oc and I50-Ov were generally lower than the NUE of Op, due to their lower NPK content. In this study, as the amount of inorganic fertilizer was increased, the NUE of each combined application steadily decreased, with a very low NUE recorded in the I100-O0 subplot. This result was consistent with the previously reported low NUE of chemical N fertilizer due to heavy losses [55] . By contrast, Xu et al. [56] reported a higher NUE following the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers than with chemical fertilizers alone. In fact, the yields obtained in the I50, I75, and I100 subplots to which manures were added did not differ substantially. A similar trend was seen in terms of NU, with the maximum value occurring with I100-Op, which suggested that the use of Op with chemical fertilizer can minimize N losses. However, with 100% inorganic fertilizer alone, NU was low and N losses were high, resulting in yields lower than those achieved with I100-Op, I100-Oc, and I100-Ov. Myint et al. [57] concluded that the high level of plant available nutrients in organic manure was a product of slow nutrient release throughout the growing season. Liu et al. [58] reported that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers improved the NUE of fertilizer N and reduced N losses; however, in the subplots without inorganic fertilizer (I0-Oc, I0-Op, and I0-Ov), NU in both seasons was low, which demonstrated that organic manure alone cannot provide optimum NU and high grain yields. This finding is in agreement with that of Bair [59] , who found that for sustainable crop production higher crop yields were not possible using organic manure alone.
4.2. Correlations between Applied N and N Accumulation in the Treated Subplots
The correlation coefficient (R2) between applied N and N accumulation among the subplots treated with organic and inorganic fertilizer was significant (p < 0.05) (Table 4). In both seasons, applied N correlated positively with N accumulation for each combined application, especially in the Op subplot, in which the strongest the correlation was measured for both the dry and the wet season. Generally, the NU of applied manures depends on their mineralizable N content, which together with the nutrient content is higher in poultry manure than in
Table 4. Regression equations and coefficients of determination between applied N (kg・ha−1) and N uptake (kg・ha−1) of hybrid rice (Palethwe-1) as affected by combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers in both season (dry and wet season), 2015.
y = N accumulation (kg・ha−1), x = Applied N (kg・ha−1), ** indicates significance at p = 0.01, * indicates significance at p = 0.05.
cow manure or vermicompost [60] .
However, in the subplots receiving inorganic fertilizer alone, the correlation between applied N and N accumulation was relatively weak, reflecting N losses from the sandy loam soil. Together, these results recommend the use of combined applications of organic and inorganic fertilizer, especially Op, to maximize NU and therefore the yield of hybrid rice (Palethwe-1).
The IE of Palethwe-1 hybrid rice was highest in the I50-Op subplot, because of the higher grain yield and higher NU. With the application of increasing amounts of inorganic fertilizer, the IE decreased, as the yields of the manure-treated I50, I75, and I100 subplots were similar. The lower NU of the Oc and Ov subplots accounted for their lower IEs, which were still higher than the IE in the subplots treated with inorganic fertilizer alone (I50-O0, I75-O0, and I100-O0). Liu et al. [61] also reported that the integrated use of organic waste and chemical fertilizer was more effective than either one alone.
A lower AUE was obtained only for 100% inorganic fertilizer alone whereas the values with I100-Oc, I100-Op, and I100-Ov were similar. Although the amount of applied N from organic and inorganic fertilizer was maximized, the yields of the different subplots were similar. Thus, half the amount of inorganic fertilizer resulted in the maximum AUE in both seasons when poultry manure was also applied. This result demonstrates that the maximum yield of hybrid rice depends on the application of the optimal amount of applied N from organic as well as inorganic fertilizer. In addition to N, organic manure provides important micronutrients and increases the CEC of soil, which in turn improves nutrient availability and, in combination with inorganic fertilizers, enhances plant growth and grain yield [62] . The higher grain yield associated with the higher NU correlated with the higher recovery efficiency of the applied N. The high NRE of the I50-Op subplot may have been due to the delayed the conversion of organic N to mineralizable N, leading to slow N release and a better match between the N supply and demand of hybrid rice. Poultry manure acts as a slow-release fertilizer, supplying nutrients, especially N, on a continuous basis throughout the growing season [63] . However, with the combined application of I75 and I100 and Op, Oc, or Ov, high N losses were incurred. A decrease in the nutrient recovery percentage with increasing levels of fertilizer application was also reported by Culley et al. [64] , Motavalli et al. [65] , and Cusick et al. [66] , and low NRE in rice plants treated with cow manure was reported by Uenosono et al. [67] and Nishida et al. [68] , among others.
In our experiments, 5 t∙ha−1 of each manure (cow manure, poultry manure, and vermicompost) was combined with different amounts of inorganic fertilizer. Both cow and poultry manures are readily available in Myanmar and are thus economical for the country's farmers. The use of vermicompost is less wide spread because of inadequate production and the high cost. Efficient and inexpensive methods of organic and inorganic fertilizer application are important for Myanmar farmers. Our results demonstrate that 50% inorganic fertilizer applied in combination with manures, especially poultry manure, is sufficient to provide high but economical hybrid rice yields. Specifically, in the central dry zone of Myanmar, the use of I50 (75 kg N ha−1) + Op (5 t poultry manure ha−1) will greatly enhance the NU, NUE, and NRE of hybrid rice. If poultry manure is not easily available, cow manure (5 t∙ha−1) plus I75 (112.5 kg N ha−1) is the next best alternative for reducing chemical fertilizer use. Antil and Singh [69] also reported that the application of organic manures, such as cow or poultry manure, in conjunction with mineral fertilizer was very effective in sustaining crop productivity. Moreover, the integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers also has environmental benefits, as it reduces both chemical fertilizer usage and N losses, and allows for sustainable crop production [70] . Further evaluation of the different available manures and their interactions with inorganic fertilizers, together with the development of new rice varieties, will lead to continued improvements in rice production throughout the world.
This study was supported by Japanese Government (MEXT) Scholarship Program 2016-2019, Japan. We thank to Dr. Kyaw Kyaw Win (Professor) and Kumudra Win Mg (M. Agr. Sc), Department of Agronomy, Yezin Agricultural University, Myanmar for their contribution to this research.
Conflict of Interest: Disclosure Statements
I have disclosed that there are no conflicts of interest regarding publication of this article.
Moe, K., Mg, K.W., Win, K.K. and Yamakawa, T. (2017) Effects of Combined Application of Inorganic Fertilizer and Organic Manures on Nitrogen Use and Recovery Efficiencies of Hybrid Rice (Palethwe-1). American Journal of Plant Sciences, 8, 1043-1064. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2017.85069
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58. Liu, C.A., Li, F.R., Zhou, L.M., Zhang, R.H., Yu, J., Lin, S.L., Wang, L.J., Siddique, K.H.M. and Li, F.M. (2013) Effect of Organic Manure and Fertilizer on Soil Water and Crop Yields in Newly-Built Terraces with Loess Soils in a Semi-Arid Environment. Agricultural Water Management, 117, 123-132.
59. Bair, W. (1990) Characterization of the Environment for Sustainable Agriculture in the Semi-Arid Tropics. In: Singh, R.P., Ed., Sustainable Agriculture Issues, Perspective and Prospects in Semi-Arid Tropics, Academic Press, Hyderabad, 90-128.
60. Eghball, B., Wienhold, B.J., Gilley, J.E. and Eigenberg, R.A. (2002) Mineralization of Manure Nutrients. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 57, 470-473.
61. Liu, J.R., Zhang, D.Y. and Zhou, W. (1990) The Effect of Mixed Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers to Paddy Soil (The Third Report). Acta Agriculturae Universitis Jiangxiensis, 12, 37-42.
62. Rani, R., Srivastava, O.P. and Rani, R. (2001) Effect of Integration of Organics with Fertilizer N on Rice and N Uptake. Fertility News, 46, 63-65.
63. He, Z. and Zhang, H. (2014) Applied Manure and Nutrient Chemistry for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment. Springer, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, New York, London.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8807-6
64. Culley, J.L.B., Phillips, P.A., Hoare, F.R. and Patni, N.K. (1981) Soil Chemical Properties and Removal of Nutrients by Corn Resulting from Different Rates and Timing of Liquid Dairy Manure Applications. Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 61, 35-46.
https://doi.org/10.4141/cjss81-005
65. Motavalli, P.P., Kelling, K.A. and Converse, J.C. (1989) First-Year Nutrient Availability from Injected Dairy Manure. Journal of Environmental Quality, 18, 180-185.
https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1989.00472425001800020009x
66. Cusick, P.R., Kelling, K.A., Powell, J.M. and Muñoz, G.R. (2006) Estimates of Residual Dairy Manure Nitrogen Availability Using Various Techniques. Journal of Environmental Quality, 35, 2170-2177.
https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2005.0287
67. Uenosono, S., Nagatomo, M., Takahashi, S., Kunieda, E. and Yamamuro, S. (2004) Evaluation of Nitrogen Availability of Composted Poultry and Sawdust Cattle Manures Labeled with 15N on Paddy Field Rice. Japanese Society of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 75, 313-319.
68. Nishida, M., Moriizumi, M. and Tsuchiya, K. (2005) Changes in the N Recovery Process from 15N-Labeled Swine Manure Compost and Rice Bran in Direct-Seeded Rice by Simultaneous Application of Cattle Manure Compost. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 51, 577-581.
69. Antil, R.S. and Singh, M. (2007) Effects of Organic Manures and Fertilizers on Organic Matter and Nutrients Status of the Soil. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 53, 519-528.
70. Khan, A.R., Sarkar, S., Nanda, P. and Chandar, D. (2001) Organic Manuring through Gliricidia maculata for Rice Production. International Centre for Theoretical Physics (UNESCO and IAEA), Trieste, Italy Int. Rep. IC/IR/2001, 10, 1-4.
*Equally contributed to this research.
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Oregon Tech reduces tuition increase after successful negotiation with the HECC
May 14, 2022 | Community News, Klamath Falls Breaking News | 0
May 13, 2022, Klamath Falls, Ore. – Oregon Institute of Technology (Oregon Tech) announced that the University will reduce its proposed tuition increase to 4.5%, instead of the previously announced rate increase of 6.6%. The announcement is based on adjustments to the Higher Education Coordinating Commission (HECC) funding model.
After the April board meeting, Oregon Tech continued working with colleagues at the HECC to better understand details of how the new funding allocation model was implemented and whether it is achieving expectations. Following a series of discussions with Oregon Tech leadership and HECC executive staff, the HECC agreed to revise formula weights for select allied health programs. During a joint meeting last week with HECC staff, financial representatives from Oregon's other six public universities unanimously supported the revision.
Oregon Tech trustees reviewed the revised funding at a special meeting today and voted to reduce the earlier approved tuition increase to 4.5% with a .5% mandatory fees increase.
"While some regional universities saw significant increases in funding for the 2021-23 biennium as a result of the November 2020 formula revision, Oregon Tech's funding was reduced, imposing considerable strain in meeting our student needs," said Oregon Tech President Dr. Nagi Naganathan. "At this point, Oregon Tech feels comfortable saying we can now expect at least $1.2 million in funding to be restored to our fiscal year 2023 budget. This restored funding will directly benefit our students, who are our top priority."
Board Chair Jessica Gomez commended the work to revise the formula. "Oregon Tech administration has been working for months to help protect our students from unnecessary tuition increases," said Chair Gomez. "I want to thank Vice President John Harman, Assistant Director of Budget Anna Clark, Director of Institutional Research Farooq Sultan, and other staff who continued to work in the background to make this happen and HECC for recognizing the need."
President Naganathan says the University will continue to pursue opportunities to build alternative revenue streams and to achieve more efficient operations while maintaining quality degree programs and a rewarding student experience.
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What files are open? Who is connected to the file server? Those informations might be useful for backing up, maintaining or restarting your file server. To accomplish this task run Get-SmbOpenFile to show the path of the share, the open files and the connected user.
To show only connections for a specific file share run Get-SmbOpenFile with Where-Object.
My next task is to close those open files. First, I look for the FileId.
Securing Active Directory: Who can add computers to the domain? Only the domain admin?
How can an ordinary user be allowed to use these cmdlets?


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Улот — іспанський муніципалітет і місто в провінції Жерона, Каталонія. Столиця регіону Ла-Гарроша, має населення 36 716 habitantes. Він особливо відомий своїми природними пам'ятками; Недаремно вся його муніципальна територія знаходиться в межах природного парку вулканічної зони Ла-Гарроша. Найвідоміші та найбільш відвідувані вулкани (всі згаслі) — це Санта-Маргарита, Кроскат і вулкан Монсакопа, також відомий як Сант-Франсеск. Кроскат відомий тим, що місцевість «розрізана» і геологічні шари можна чудово оцінити, а біля її підніжжя розташований Ботанічний сад природної рослинності Улот. Буковий ліс Хорда також викликає великий інтерес, величезний вишуканий буковий ліс, де можна загубитися та прогулятися, як пішки, так і на велосипеді, верхи або в екіпажі.

Географія
Муніципалітет Улот має площу 29,12 км², межує з муніципалітетами Ла-Валь-де-Біанья (північ), Сан-Хуан-лес-Фонтс (північ і схід), Санта-Пау (південний схід), Лас-Пресас і Валь-де-Бас (південь) і Ріудаура (схід). Місто розташоване у високій долині річки Флувія, яка його перетинає.

Муніципалітет складається з міста Олот (столиця регіону), старих міст і районів (Сант-Рок-д'Олот, Сант-Крістофоль-де-ле-Фонтс, Сант-Андреу-дель-Колл, Клозеллс), які утворюють міську агломерацію навколо міста; різні урбанізації (les Fonts, Mas Bernat, les Planoles тощо); і старий муніципалітет Батет-де-ла-Серра, який був незалежним до 1971 року.

Історія
Перші історичні відомості про місце Улот (Olotis) з його старовинною церквою Санта-Марія, розташоване на території Бас, містяться в наказі про підтвердження власності, який король Карлос Лисий зробив у 872 році в прихильність абата Кластера Сант-Аніол д'Агуха. Століттям пізніше, у 977 році, граф-єпископ Міро передав монастирю Кампродон і монастирю Бесалу кілька алодій, розташованих у парафії Сан-Естебан-де-Олото. Ці перші дві новини розкривають існування організованого ядра з двома церквами: Санта-Марія та Сан-Естебан.

Після евакуації французів 12 березня 1814 року в місті було проголошено Конституцію 1812 року, яка наступного дня була урочисто приведена до присяги. На негайних виборах для формування міської ради доктор Естев Рока був призначений мером. Через кілька днів після відновлення абсолютизму міська рада знову відповідала олдерменам 1808 року. Так почався період політичної нестабільності та боротьби між лібералами та абсолютистами, який тривав кілька років і глибоко відобразився на Улоті.

Примітки

Посилання

 Sitio web del Ayuntamiento de Olot

Ґарроча

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Y-City News
National anti-bullying speaker helps students, parents 'unload the baggage'
Tom Thelen demonstrates ways to combat bullying using the help of students.
Christine Holmes
By Jessica Johnston, Reporter
Tom Thelen, a nationally recognized anti-bullying speaker and author, visited Maysville schools Tuesday to deliver a message to bullies, victims and parents alike.
Maysville Local Schools is taking school culture into its own hands, or rather, the students' hands. Superintendent, Ruth Zitnik, is leading an initiative, along with a student leadership group, to change the culture in her district.
"As they (students) started talking about the need to be the change, we found Tom Thelen's whole program really fit what we thought we needed," Zitnik said. "We have researched a lot of different programs but the main focal point of his is about the student empowerment, the child really being able to become victim-proof by being able to handle situations."
While Thelen spoke to all Maysville students throughout the day, he also held a community and parent session Tuesday evening to take the message one step further. His question for parents and adults was, "How can we, as adults, help kids who are going through bullying?"
"Bullying is a power imbalance, it's about a power grab and just because two students have an argument doesn't mean it's bullying," Thelen said. "Bullying is when one person tries to take that power and … it's usually repeated or has the potential to be repeated."
Adults are able to help students who may be a victim of bullying by being a trusted adult, Thelen said. Trusted adults can provide an outlet to help students manage bullying situations and help them unpack the "baggage" of life they may be carrying around in their backpacks.
Additional baggage can be packed onto children from the adults in their life, Thelen said. There's a level of stress that can be put on a child as a result of their parent or guardian's misappropriation of stress and anxiety onto their children. The added stress can cause more anxiety for students who already deal with tough situations outside of the home.
Thelen said that helping students put their situations in perspective and not giving a reaction to bullies is one of the best things they can do. Taking back the power they lose to bullies by not giving a reaction is important.
In an effort to combat bullying in the South Zanesville area and in the Maysville School District, Team Coby has also become an active organization that is also spreading the anti-bullying platform.
Team Coby members were seen wearing their neon yellow shirts during Thelen's community presentation Tuesday night.
The group was formed last year after a 6th grade Maysville student, Coby Bleakney, died by suicide as a result of bullying. Bleakney's mother now leads the initiative to eliminate bullying across all platforms, social media included.
Thelen mentioned cyber-bullying as one of the main ways that bullies are presenting themselves today. He called bullying-related suicides among students "bullycides."
"I think it's hard enough living in real life much less thinking that this digital life is real when in fact, it doesn't reflect reality sometimes." Thelen said. "And our kids need to keep that in perspective."
While Thelen was able to present to Maysville students throughout the day Tuesday, the anti-bullying education doesn't stop there.
"This is just the beginning, so as we go through this school year, the kids will be experiencing the curriculum items he talked about," Zitnik said. "So, there are videos that then have discussion questions and some role playing and talking about how we feel and how we deal with those feelings."
The district has adopted the program into its school, but many students have helped to implement the anti-bullying message. Students on the leadership team designed T-shirts and a floor sign to promote the anti-bullying stance throughout Maysville classrooms.
Maysville's student-designed "#BE THE CHANGE" seal greets all who enter through the 6-12 building's main doors.
"I think what is most in my heart is that the kids have been really spearheading so much of this," Zitnik said. "And even if you look on the floor when you come in the front of our building, just the big sticker that's now on the floor represents everything that we've been talking about, inclusivity caring and supportive culture, talking about how we treat one another."
Maysville local schools
Muskingum County race for sheriff will be contested for first time in over a decade
Babysitter's adult son takes sleeping child to garage-area with intent to conduct sexual acts
Drivers identified in SR-93 crash
Two taken to hospital following three vehicle accident that shut down SR-93
Portion of Maple in the dark Sunday evening


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Russian Footballer Faces Punishment for Criticizing Putin's Virus Response
Yevgeny Frolov said that Putin has failed to take tangible action to support businesses and the population amid the health crisis. vk.com/rpl
A Russian football player for FC Krylia Sovetov in the city of Samara faces punishment from his team after he harshly criticizied President Vladimir Putin and other Russian authorities over their response to the coronavirus pandemic.
Goalkeeper Yevgeny Frolov, 32, made the comments in a Sunday interview with sports journalist Sergei Yegorov. He described the Russian authorities' response toward the coronavirus crisis as inconsistent and accused Putin of making "nonsense" statements and empty promises.
Putin's Business Tsar Attacks Economic Lockdown
In a statement Monday, FC Krylia Sovetov said Frolov had violated the terms of his contract by giving an unauthorized interview and had damaged the team's interests as a result.
The Russian Premier League club added that it does not share Frolov's opinion and that the goalkeeper "will be punished according to the club's policy." The sports news website Championat.com reported that Frolov could be fined over his comments.
In his interview with Yegorov, Frolov said that Putin has failed to take tangible action to support businesses and the population amid the health crisis.
"What the president says on television is all nonsense. There are no real actions. When talking to real businessmen, one can learn that banks will never issue soft loans and will not give a [loan] delay. Credit holidays? They're not here. The president said 'you must,' but no one listens to him," the football player said.
He also accused some institutions, especially in Moscow, of working only "for themselves, for those who are in power," saying that "ordinary people" can only expect "fines and penalties."
"We are forced to stay at home, and there is no help from the state," he said. "Yes, and we are being fined [for going out]. People have no money, and the average fine is 5,000 [rubles]. People are going a second month in a row without a salary. This is not the case in Europe. And we see how our police work: They just twist people's hands or hit them in face and take them away."
"As in the days of serfdom, one has no rights or freedoms," he added. "You are a slave. At the same time, no lawmaker in the State Duma has offered to cut their own salaries," he said.
As of Tuesday, the Samara region has confirmed 272 cases of the infection and five coronavirus-related deaths. Nationwide, Russia has reported 93,558 coronavirus infections and 867 deaths.
Read more about: Sport , Coronavirus , Putin
stumbling block
9 Russian Regions Still Waiting for Vaccine Rollout – Putin
Putin linked the delays to "problems with logistics, distribution [and] locations."
back to the field
Russian Football League to Restart Despite Rising Infections
The remaining matches will be held without spectators.
Russia Braces for Worst as Coronavirus Spreads to Hinterland
The spread has prompted President Vladimir Putin to warn of "extraordinary" scenarios.
worsening trend
Russia's Coronavirus Outbreak Is 'Changing for the Worse,' Putin Warns
Putin has previously dismissed fears of a coronavirus outbreak, saying the situation in Russia was "under control."


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Home News & Events Headlines 2018 Jul 3
Leave Fireworks to the Professionals
As we make our final preparations to celebrate the Fourth of July, the Anne Arundel County Fire Department reminds every one of the dangers associated with illegal fireworks and the improper use of legal ground-based displays.
According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), fireworks start an average of 18,500 fires per year, including 1,300 structure fires, 300 vehicle fires, and 16,900 outside and other fires. These fires caused an average of three deaths, 40 civilian injuries, and an average of $43 million in direct property damage. On average, 250 people go to the emergency room every day with fireworks-related injuries around the July 4th holiday. Injuries from the intense heat of fireworks typically harm the eyes, head, hands, arms or legs. Some burns leave disfiguring scars that last a lifetime.
Fireworks have been the cause of injuries and fires in Anne Arundel County:
July 4, 2017- Fire Investigators investigated two separate cases in which individuals received injuries from fireworks and were driven by friends to Baltimore Washington Medical Center. One person suffered a hand injury when they picked up a firework that landed near them and it exploded. A second person received burns to their chest when they lit a roman candle.
June 2016- A 19-year-old man using a legal sparkler device purchased in Anne Arundel County was injured when the device malfunctioned and exploded in his face. The patient received eye injuries and concussive ear injuries.
January 2016- five people were injured in Arnold when an illegal firework (mortar), was placed into the wrong size PVC pipe being used as a launch tube. The mortar became lodged in the launch tube and exploded, sending shrapnel in all directions.
July 2014- The improper and dangerous use of legal sparklers inside a dwelling caused a fire in a Hanover, which caused $50,000 damage. During the investigation of the fire, Fire Investigators discovered illegal fireworks within the home which were confiscated and a citation issued to the occupants for possession of illegal fireworks.
June 2013- Improperly disposed of fireworks caused a dwelling fire near Annapolis, which did $250,000 in damage.
July 2008- a home in Odenton sustained damage in a fire caused by a 12-year-old occupant using fireworks in his bedroom
Despite federal and state regulations on the type of fireworks available for sale to the general public, even those fireworks that are sold legally carry an elevated risk of personal injury. For example, sparklers, which are legal in the majority of states, burn at temperatures nearing 2000°F. Their colorful sparks distract from the potential dangers and sparklers are predominately used by young children.
The Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC) 2017 Fireworks Report included the following findings:
Fireworks were involved in an estimated 12,900 injuries treated in U.S. hospital emergency departments during calendar year 2017.
Of the fireworks-related injuries sustained, 70 percent were to males, and 30 percent were to females.
Children younger than 15 years of age accounted for 36 percent of the estimated 2017 injuries. Fifty percent of the estimated emergency department-treated, fireworks-related injuries were to individuals younger than 20 years of age.
Children 10 to 14 years of age had the highest estimated rate of emergency department-treated, fireworks-related injuries (5.9 injuries per 100,000 people). Young adults 20 to 24 years of age had the second highest estimated rate (5.8 injuries per 100,000 people).
There were an estimated 1,200 emergency department-treated injuries associated with sparklers and 300 with bottle rockets.
The parts of the body most often injured were hands and fingers (an estimated 31 percent); head, face, and ears (an estimated 22 percent); legs (an estimated 17 percent); eyes (an estimated 14 percent); and arms (an estimated 6 percent).
Fireworks can be dangerous and deadly. The safest way to enjoy them is through public displays conducted by professional pyrotechnicians hired by communities over July 4th or at other times during the year. Parents need to be especially vigilant during this period in assuring that children do not possess dangerous fireworks or mishandle legal ones.
A list of area 4 th of July celebrations can be found at the State of Maryland Tourism site http://www.visitmaryland.org/article/4th-of-july-celebrations.
Topics: Fire Department, Press Release


Sure, this tragic tale took place in Switzerland, but Miami is home to almost as many dolphins as it is to techno DJs, and it's a sad reminder that the two should never, ever be mixed.
The Connyland aquarium and amusement park decided it would be a good idea to host a two-day rave on their property, and told animal rights activists that their dolphin's enclosures, only 50 meters from where the rave was to be held, were designed to be soundproof.
So the rave went on, and hard techno music blasted for 16 total hours at the park.
"The sound levels which would have been heard by the dolphins is comparable with that of a pneumatic drill on top volume," Andreas Morlok, an animal rights activist told The Daily Mail. "Before the event we warned of these noise levels and the damage which could be done and called for the event to be called off."
At first the dolphins seemed unaffected and were forced to continue on performing at the park. However, according to The Local, about 20 days later, Shadow, an 8-year-old dolphin, was found disoriented and agitated in his pool and eventually died a few hours later.
Now animal protection groups claim that the non-stop noise and stress from the rave may have damaged Shadow's immune system.
World Radio Switzerland now reports that a second dolphin also died from similar mysterious symptoms over the weekend.
Though an official cause of death won't be available for a few weeks, it seems it's a safe beat that dolphins and techno don't mix.


All-Weather and Carpeted Floor Mats: Which Do You Choose?
It can be a hard decision between carpeted floor mats and all-weather ones. How are you supposed to choose what's right in Chandler, OK? At Patriot Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram, we recommend looking at what it is that you really want for your floor mats.
If you want to make sure that you have the best-looking floor mats with a personalized touch, carpeted mats are a great choice. They come in almost every color, allowing you to match your interior. Embroidered names and logos can often be added, too.
If you want to make sure that your mats are clean, no matter what they experience, all-weather ones might be the better choice. Since they're rubber, they can be hosed off quickly. While they only come in a few colors, they can withstand snow, rain, mud, and anything else that might make it into your vehicle based on where you live.


"When oil prices rise due to geopolitical concern and not due to demand and supply and fundamentals, it can not be reasonable", a source familiar with Iranian thinking said of the current rally.
The IEA is anxious that we will see demand destruction because of higher oil prices.
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries and other large oil producers led by Russian Federation, have agreed to cut their combined oil output by 1.8 million bpd to reduce bloated global oil inventories and support prices.
"In these early days, there is understandable uncertainty about its potential impact on Iran's oil exports, which are now about 2.4 mb/d", the IEA noted.
Mihir Kapadia, CEO and founder of Sun Global Investments, agrees that geopolitical tensions are driving energy prices higher, with unrest is building in Venezuela ahead of this weekend's presidential elections. Oil markets reacted bullishly, with worldwide benchmark Brent crude rising about 8 percent to $71 a barrel.
"Supply concerns are top of mind after the US left the Iran nuclear deal", said Norbert Ruecker, head of macro and commodity research at Julius Baer Group Ltd.in Zurich.
It's also a busy morning in the City, with estate agent Foxtons warning that the London property market remains "very challenging", Ocado landing a partnership with United States retailer Kroger, and Mothercare announcing the return of once-sacked CEO Mark Newton-Jones.
Analysts project that oil exports from Iran could be reduced by about 0.5 million barrels a day as South Korea and Japan trim their imports, said analysts for J.P. Morgan in a recent report. However the IEA - which advises oil-consuming nations - has warned that prices are high enough to hurt consumption, and trimmed its forecasts for demand growth. At what point does the price of oil cut demand.?
A huge boom in oil prices over the past year - with prices rising 75 percent since last July - will also likely have an effect on demand. There's no guarantee that the Saudis will step in to increase production and make up for Iran's lost barrels-after all, the Kingdom has not expressed concerns over the declines in Venezuela. The IEA noted that the last time sanctions were imposed in 2012 until 2015, production from the world's fifth-largest producer fell by about 1.2 million barrels a day (mb/d) "but only time will tell the extent of the disruption this time round".
For the fifth straight month, OPEC in March set a fresh record for complying with its agreed oil-production cuts, with the goal of re-balancing the market finally in sight.
The agency trimmed its 2018 world demand growth projection by 40,000 barrels a day to 1.4 million a day, projecting total consumption at 99.2 million barrels a day. The results have seen United States oil imports fall back, with China now overtaking the U.S. as the world's largest oil importer, and the USA acting as the global swing oil producer, taking that mantra from OPEC.
OPEC, for its part, estimated that the excess oil inventories in the OECD had shrunk to just 9 million barrels. The high price of Brent is attracting US exports.


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Attorney Joe Tamburino Weighs In On Upcoming Jayme Closs Case
The young man accused of kidnapping Jayme Closs and murdering her parents will make his first court appearance this upcoming Monday in a Wisconsin courtroom. In order to learn more about what to expect from his court appearance and subsequent case, CBS Minnesota news called on Attorney Joe Tamburino to explain.
Jake Patterson, the 21-year-old man accused of kidnapping Jayme Closs, is currently being held at the Barron County jail, where he will reside until his court appearance. Although Wisconsin law permits video court appearances, Patterson's lawyers shared their desire for their client to appear in person. While they did express their faith in the justice system's ability to hold a fair trial for their client, Patterson's lawyers did not share any specific plans.
Attorney Tamburino was called in as a trusted authority in the upcoming criminal defense case, and he told CBS Minnesota what to expect from the Closs case. Tamburino said, "In Wisconsin, when you're charged with first-degree murder it's a life sentence and he's going to have two charges plus the kidnapping charges."
Patterson will make an initial appearance on Monday, Attorney Tamburino explained, "and the prosecutor could request he be held without bail for a short period of time." Attorney Tamburino explained that, usually, the prosecutor will request that the accused be held on bail for a couple of months, or may request a bail large enough to ensure that he, Patterson, will not get out.
When asked what he expects from the case, Attorney Tamburino explained that he thinks the formal criminal complaint will be the most revealing. The formal criminal complaint, Tamburino explains, should reveal the "surrounding facts – the allegations—because a prosecutor could put in the complaint as many facts as he or she wishes."
The case will become clearer as time goes on and more details come to the surface. Attorney Tamburino points out that Jayme Closs is only a child and is unlikely to submit to a full questioning by investigators right off the bat.
To learn more about the case, or to read Attorney Joe Tamburino's full statements, visit CBS Minnesota online.
Interested in learning more about murder charges or the potential repercussions of a kidnapping conviction? Contact Caplan & Tamburino Law Firm, P.A. to speak with our Minneapolis criminal defense lawyers.
February 08, 2022 Kim Potter May Have Strong Grounds for Appeal, Attorney Tamburino Tells StarTribune Read More
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Bordley Township Project is a community archaeology project based in the Yorkshire Dales,working in a relatively remote area on the watershed between Airedale and Wharfedale. With a history dating back to the Stone Age. the Township's surviving features include enclosures, stone circles, drovers roads and packhorse routes, monastic remains, medieval buildings, and lead and coal mining. The archaeology, history and landscape are currently being investigated, thanks to a generous Heritage Lottery Fund grant. Group members (mainly volunteers) research historical documents, record buildings and other features in the landscape, and learn new skills such as the professional surveying of features.


text:
Fellers ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Bonner Fellers (1896–1973), US-amerikanischer Offizier, zuletzt Brigadier General
 Rich Fellers (* 1959), US-amerikanischer Springreiter

Siehe auch:
 Falera, Gemeinde in Graubünden (deutsch Fellers)


Taipei, July 23 (CNA) Shares in Taiwan moved slightly higher Monday as contract chipmaker Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC) continued its upward movement from the earlier session, offsetting the impact of losses suffered by optoelectronics firms and other stocks, dealers said.
The limited gains on Monday also reflected fears that the local main board could suffer a major technical pullback as the benchmark weighted index moves closer to the critical 11,000-point mark, they said.
In addition, the market remains skittish after U.S. President Donald Trump said last week that his administration is prepared to impose tariffs on all Chinese imports to the U.S. -- up to US$500 billion -- if necessary, they added.
The weighted index on the Taiwan Stock Exchange (TWSE) or the Taiex ended up 14.78 points, or 0.14 percent, at 10,946.89, after moving between 10,901.75 and 10,984.84, on turnover of NT$146.33 billion (US$4.78 billion).
The market opened down 2.65 points and fell in the early morning session, but with TSMC continuing to rise on follow-through buying from the earlier session, the Taiex returned to an uptrend and rose to the day's high at around 10 a.m., dealers said.
However, with the Taiex moving closer to the psychological 11,000-point level, some investors shifted to the sell side, weakening gains by the end of the session, they said.
"There is strong technical resistance ahead of the 11,000-point mark," Hua Nan Securities analyst Kevin Su said. "It was no surprise that the main board fell into consolidation mode after Friday's (0.89 percent) gain."
"Moreover, uncertainty over trade disputes continues to impact investor sentiment, preventing many investors from chasing prices at the moment," Su said, adding that was why turnover on Monday fell below the daily average of about NT$150 billion seen in the previous five sessions.
Buying of shares in TSMC, the most heavily weighted stock on the local market, helped the main board close above the previous closing level, although the gains were capped, Su said.
TSMC gained 1.47 percent to close at NT$241.00 with 52.20 million shares changing hands after a 5.79 percent increase on Friday, following the chipmaker's issuing of third quarter sales guidance that was in line with market expectations.
Under performing the broader market, shares in Largan Precision Co., a smartphone camera lens supplier to Apple Inc., lost 1.80 percent to end at NT$5,175.00, and rival Genius Electronic Optical Co. also shed 5.12 percent to close at NT$472.50.
Also in the electronics sector, integrated circuit designer MediaTek Inc. lost 3.04 percent to end at NT$272.00, and touch panel maker TPK Holding Ltd. fell 6.19 percent to close at NT$63.60.
Non-tech stocks closed mixed with Formosa Plastics Corp. up 0.93 percent to end at NT$108.50, Formosa Chemicals & Fibre Corp. up 0.88 percent to close at NT$114.00, but food brand Uni-President Enterprises Corp. down 0.87 percent to end at NT$80.10.
LCY Chemical Corp. gained 10 percent, the maximum daily increase, to close at NT$52.50 after U.S.-based investment firm KKR signed a deal to acquire the company for NT$47.8 billion.
"Consolidation is expected to continue without any new incentives for investors to trade," Su said. "Investors have to watch closely upcoming economic data in the U.S. market such as durable goods sales in the week, which could move Wall Street."
According to the TWSE, foreign institutional investors bought a net NT$6.72 billion worth of shares on the main board Monday.