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St Andrew's Church
The foundation Stone of St Andrew's Church was laid on 20th May 1926 by Cecil, The Bishop of Southampton in the presence of Samuel Falle, Dean of Jersey and Rev. H.W. Quarrie, Vicar and can be seen on the outside of the west wall of the church. The church was built by F. Farley & Son, a local firm, whose offices can still be seen across the road. It is built in the beautiful Jersey pink granite like most churches in Jersey.
The Inner Porch was presented by Ernest Farley, Easter- 1938, and the chimes in the Tower were presented to the church by Ella Hamon in August 1938 whilst the clock was presented in memory of William Keough by his Wife Nellie in 1952. The tower was restored in 1994 through the generosity of May Nicolle who died in 1991 aged 99.
On entering the church, the first thing you will probably notice is the wonderful east window depicting the Resurrection which is in memory of Mrs Quarrie, the wife of the first Vicar of this church. The granite Font is dedicated to the memory of Rev. Quarrie who was the inspiration and moving light in building this church, whilst still being Vicar of the first. St. Andrew's Church which was on the Esplanade, St. Helier. Two of the windows on the North side of the church are of denser glass showing that they are much older than the rest, but these were only installed in 1994 and came from an older church, the St. Jame's Church , St Helier which has now become an Art Centre
The Choir Pews came from St. Helier's Church when they decided to replace them and the Organ came from the first St. Andrew's Church on the Esplanade and was built by Alfred Olknow at his workshop ill St. Mark's Road, St. Helier, Jersey, in 1885. There are several others made by him in the Channel Islands.
On the North wall by the door there is a plaque in memory of the "Old Contemptables " British Expeditionary Force 1914 of the First World War and their Colours are laid up on the right of the Altar. Also on this tall is another plaque in remembrance of " Jack Counter V.C ". A member of this Church who died in 1970. A small housing estate is named after him and can be seen across the park.
The chair near the Altar was presented to the church in memory of Herbert Charles Collett. a valuable member of this church who was killed 8 July 1944.
The most notable window on the South side is what is known as the Children's Window and the 'Mothers and Toddlers' service is held in that area every Thursday afternoon - this is a very lively service as there can be up to 25 or so children!
The door near the Children's Window leads to our Community Centre which was built in 1976 with funds raised by the congregation. The basement beneath the hall was converted to provide meeting rooms in 2007 which are now used for many activities including various youth clubs.
A more detailed chronology
The history of the Church of St Andrew in Jersey is interesting for many reasons. Not only that it started in a carpenter's shop in 1850 but also the fact that in 2005 it still has in the congregation people who used to attend the old St. Andrew's Church on the Esplanade in St. Helier.
We will try to trace the movements and activities in date order.
1850 The Rev. A. Bibby hired a room in Castle Street which had been a carpenters' shop and before that a Roman Catholic chapel. Later it became a public house and in 2001 a suite of offices.
1854 From this humble start sprang the Chapel of St. Andrew on the Esplanade, St. Helier when the Rev. Philippe Filleul and others purchased a piece of land for this purpose. It became a Chapel of Ease of St. Helier with a Curate. It was intended to serve the large sea-faring population in that area.
1869 On September 6th 1869 the Rev. Filleul and others conveyed the land and the Church of St Andrew to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners and on the 16th September 1869 the Church was consecrated by the Right Reverend Vincent William Ryan, D.D. From that time the priest-in-charge was no longer a second curate but a Vicar.
1870 By Order in council dated 22nd February 1870 the Ecclesiastical District of St. Andrew was created.
1871 Quite separately, a mission church was established in wooden premises alongside HopeVilla on Mont Cochon under the jurisdiction of all Saints Church in the Parade.
This subsequently became known as First Tower Church.
St. Andrew's Church district, around the Esplanade, embraced 533 houses and a population of 4,262. The church's activities included:- Day School for 66 Children.
Sunday School with 20 teachers. There were 90 children in the morning and 176 in the afternoon, a Lending Library, Girls' Friendly Society, Temperance Society, District Visiting Society, Sick Scholars Fund, Dorcas Society (which made garments and helped the needy at Christmas), and Blanket Charity (which lent bedding to "the respectable poor" during the six winter months).
1881 Herbert William Quarrie, later to become the first Vicar of St. Andrew's, was born in Ulverston near Barrow-in-Furness.
1899 'that upon such consecration and a virtue of the of the provisions of section 13 of The Church Building Act 1845 (8 and 9 Vict.c.70) which said Act was registered upon the records of the Island of Jersey by Act of the Royal Court of Jersey dated 29th June 1899, the freehold of the site of the said Church of St. Andrew vested ipso facto in the Rector of the Parish of St. Helier as the incumbent for the time being of the Church to which the said Church of St. Andrew was a Chapel of Ease.
Upon the creation of the Ecclesiastical District of St. Andrew, the freehold of the site of the Church of St. Andrew became and was vested ipso facto in the Vicar of the Church of St. Andrew and his successors for ever.
1906 Rev. Samuel Falle was appointed Dean of Jersey. Rev. Herbert William Quarrie was appointed his assistant as curate at the Town Church.
1910 The boundaries of the Ecclesiastical Districts of St. Andrew's and Al1 Saints were altered on 19 July 1910.
1911 Tuesday 9th May 1911 Gervaise Le Gros, son of Jean offered to John Edwin Pinel Esq. Connetable of the Parish of St. Helier and Elias Pequin Falle Esq. one of the procureurs du Bien Public of the Parish of St. Helier "to seed gratuitously to the parish to be used as a garden and public recreation ground the land on which is the Cromlech situated near First Tower in the Vintaigne du Mont Cochon..........provide that. To resign to the Ecclesiastical District of the district of St. Andrew, all and as much land as may lie to the east of the road that will be established alongside the property of the said M. Renant and to allow them free access to the said church by the said roads, the said Giervaise Le Gros Esq. in his capacity of Lord of the Manor of Prieur du Mont Cochon, abandoned in perpetuity in favour of the said parish all the Seignorial Rights that he might have on the said land so that it will remain free and discharged in perpetuity of all flights, dues and Services."
1911 The Revd H W Quarrie was appointed as Vicar of St. Andrew's Church on the Esplanade.
1914 The First World War was declared. Some time during the War Rev. Quarrie had to serve as a Chaplain to the Forces.
1921 Further land was given for the building of the new church and Rev. Quarrie was given the special charge of building St. Andrew's at First Tower where the district was developing rapidly. In contrast, by the mid 1920s, the decline of the shipping industry had caused the church near the harbour to outlive its original purpose. Legal hitches greatly increased difficulties and hindered the progress with the building of the new church owing to the fact that we have our own Canon Law locally and laws passed on the mainland do not apply in Jersey.
1926 The Foundation Stone of the new church at First Tower was laid on 20th May 1926 by The Bishop of Southampton, The Right Rev. Cecil Boutflower, D.D. who had arrived in the Island the previous morning, 19th May 1926 aboard the s.s St. Helier.
1927 The first portion of the church building was consecrated on 26th September.
1928 The last service at the old St. Andrew's Church on the Esplanade was held on April 1st. The interior was stripped and some features including the organ, which had been built by local craftsman Alfred Olknow at his workshop in St. Marks Road, St. Helier, in 1885, and the font were moved to the new church. The choir stalls and priests' desks in the new church had come from St. Helier's Church. At some time the old wooden church on Mont Cochon was handed over to St. Andrew's to be used as a church hall.
In the Parish Magazine of January 1928:- "We extend a particularly warm welcome to the men and boys of the old St. Andrew's choir who loyally stuck to the ship in new waters. The new choir is strong and keen, and we look forward to great results. The new and smart scarlet cassocks have been greatly admired."
1929 The remaining portion of the church building was consecrated on May 19th.
1931 On December 17th the old St Andrew's Church on the Esplanade was deconsecrated.
1934 The building that had housed the old church on the Esplanade was sold and converted to a warehouse and later a car saleroom.
1938 At Easter the inner porch of St Andrew's was presented by Ernest Farley.
The church tower, now completed, was consecrated on 3rd June by the Lord Bishop of Winchester in the presence of the Dean of Jersey, the Very Rev. M. Le Marinel, many of the island clergy and a large number of the congregation.
In August the chimes (records and amplifier) in the tower were presented by Ella Hamon.
As soon as the church debt had been cleared, the congregation began fund raising tobuild a new church hall to replace the former wooden All Saints Mission Hall on Mont Cochon which had been used as a hall for many years by St Andrew's. Fetes, bazaars and sponsored walks were held. It was not all work, as the boys' choir had a football team, and there was a Youth Club and a Tennis Club, all attached to the church. It was a very lively church.
1939 Beautiful stained glass east window was given by the Vicar in memory of his wife, and was consecrated on Easter Day.
The church was now complete except for the flooring and permanent pews.
The Second World War was declared in September so fund raising was limited untilthe end of the war. Two War Working Parties, Senior and Junior, were set up.
1940 On July 1st, the Germans invaded the island and Rev. Quarrie described this "a time of unparrelled gravity" in his Vicar's letter in the Year Book of 1940-1941. Mr. E. J. Bisson gave the church his harmonium, powered by foot pedals, to use when the electricity was cut off which allowed the services to continue. Many activities carried on as normally as possible. During the Occupation Rev. Quarrie was chaplain to H.M, Prison, and only relinquished this in 1960, after twenty years.
1945 On Sunday April 1st, before Liberation, Rev. Quarrie decided to hand over the Easter Offerings of the congregation to the International Red Cross Fund. £160 was raised and this was described as "a handsome sum" in the Evening Post report. Liberation came on 9th of May and Special Services of Thanksgiving were held. A total of £60. 3s. 5d.was sent to St Dunstan's which were the Christmas collections over the war years, even during the Occupation.
1948 On Sunday, May 30th, a new granite Pulpit was dedicated by the Right Rev. Bishop Lang. The inscription is:- This pulpit is a gift from friends in recognition of Rev. Herbert W. Quarrie's services to St. Andrew's Church. May 1948.
1952 The clock on the tower was presented in memory of Mr William Keogh by his wife Nellie.
1962 On July 25th it was the fiftieth anniversary of the Rev. Quarrie's institution as Vicar of St Andrew's Church. Under the patronage of The Right Rev. S. F. Allison, D.D. Lord Bishop of Winchester, a special appeal fund was launched for the completion of the Vicar's life's work by the building of a vicarage and hall. The Dean of Jersey, The Very Rev. Canon A. S. Giles, said in his letter "what better way to commemorate his jubilee than by offering him a token of the esteem in which he is held?".
1967 Rev. Quarrie retired at the age of 82 having been Vicar of St Andrew's for 55 years. The congregation had however dropped in numbers and the announcement of the retirement of Rev. Quarrie had brought a new challenge to the congregation as we had no Vicarage (Rev. Quarrie lived in his own house). We had to stop raising funds for the hall and concentrate on raising funds to complete the building of the Vicarage before a new vicar could be appointed.
The Rev, Dr. Fred C. Olliver was appointed as Ministre Desservant for a few months.
1968 Rev. George Dockrell was appointed Vicar and was inducted as Vicar of the Church of St. Andrew on Friday evening the 1st November. The ceremony was conducted by the Dean of Jersey, the Very Rev. Alan S. Giles. After the ceremony, the congregation was invited to a reception in the First Tower School Hall.
Rev. Dockrell introduced the Family Services on the first Sunday of the month and the Toddlers Services on Thursdays. The morning services were changed to start at 10.30 a.m. instead of at 11 a.m. The Mothers Union increased in numbers and a Youth club was started; also a Young Wives Group. The choir increased to 29 members. Having paid in full for the new Vicarage, fundraising restarted for the hall but was again stopped in order to raise funds for a major overhaul of the organ. The raising of funds for the repair was a success, the total cost being about £2,300. We then began raising funds for the hall and this time we managed to complete the project. It was during this period that Rev. Dockrell suggested that we were becoming too inward looking and we all agreed that we would give a special collection once a month to a charity, either local or overseas. This continues.
A book could be written about the hard work and upsets, the rejected plans both by the committee and the IDC, but also about the wonderful fellowship and friends made running Coffee Mornings, Jumble Sales, Charity Walks, collecting old newspapers etc. etc. The congregation increased in numbers to over 100.
1976 The 20th May was the 50th Anniversary of the Laying of the Foundation Stone of the church. The Lieut.- Governor General Sir Desmond FitzPatrick dug out the ceremonial square of turf for the new Church Hall in the field alongside the church to the south. A Flower Festival was held in the church for four days to help raise further funds.
The Rev. Herbert William Quarrie died on June 9th at the age of 94. He had lived at Eulah, Mont Cochon, which for many years was used by him as the vicarage. For many years he was looked after by his sister, but following her death, Mrs Falle, widow of Dean Falle, looked after Mr Quarrie in his declining years. The funeral was held at St. Andrew's Church on Monday, June 14th and the service was conducted by Rev. George Dockrell. In his address, the Dean of Jersey, the Very Rev. Tom Goss, said that Mr Quarrie had been fortunate to have been discovered and nurtured by Dean Samuel Falle. The parish of St Andrew had benefited enormously from a very great priest.
1977 The old wooden St Andrew's Church Hall (formerly All Saints Mission Hall) and No. 1 Hope Villas, Mont Cochon (the caretaker's house) was sold. The new Community Centre was now completed. Total cost was £128,000 of which £12,500 was donated by the States of Jersey; £10,000 by the Parish of St Helier, and the remainder by donations and fund-raising events.
1978 30th November. The Church Hall, now known as the St. Andrew's Community Centre, was officially opened by the Lieut. Governor General Sir Desmond Fitzpatrick. The Dean of Jersey, the Very Rev. Tom Goss, after a brief address, blessed the building. A plaque commemorating the Opening with a list of the committee members is displayed in the foyer. The hall was straight-away requested by different organisations and clubs for various events. Thursdays were reserved for Church activities.
1980 On Sunday, January 6, a congregation of over 200 of the regular worshippers attended a Family Service to say goodbye to Revd Dockrell who was resigning and going back to England with his family. After a lively service the congregation moved into the Community Centre. There, Mr C. Glendewar, Almoner, welcomed all those present, especially three past Churchwardens, Mr W. P. Le Marquand, Mr E. de la Haye and Mr R. E. Bisson, all of whom had worked with the Vicar. A carriage clock, suitably inscribed, and a cheque were presented by the other Church Warden, Mr Phil Perchard, as a token of appreciation for all the work Mr Dockrell had done over the past eleven years. He also announced that the debt on the community centre had been fully paid - a remarkable achievement in such a short time.
1980 The Rev. Desmond Springham was appointed Vicar and in July was given a hearty welcome to this parish at a service of Induction, conducted by the Dean, the Very Rev. Tom Goss. Mr Springham came from the parish of Worthing, in Basingstoke, where he was Vicar of three churches for 14 years and had responsibility for 20,000 parishioners. The St Andrew's congregation continued to grow to about 150 plus every Sunday, with a Sunday School of over 30 children and a choir of 20. It was during this period mat we started the Church Holidays, with visits to Lee Abbey in Devon, and then to Highlands, Corbiere, Jersey. Fellowship Lunches were started on the first Thursday of each month of October to May. These are for the over 60s of the congregation and people living nearby, whether they come to St Andrew's or not.
Rev. Springham became the new Editor of The Pilot, the Church of England's local monthly magazine.
1986 On Sunday, 19th September, a brand new granite font was dedicated to the memory of Rev. Quarrie. The special service was attended by the Very Rev. Basil O'Farrell, Dean of Jersey. The font was bought for about £2,000, collected over the years by the congregation. It was designed by Jerseyman, Mr Cyril Warreny and made in Cornwall.
1987 The "Great Storm" in October brought down many trees near the church but, thankfully, no damage was done to the building.
1994 The tower was restored through the generosity of May Nicolle who died in 1991 aged 99. Mrs Carol Springham, wife of the Vicar, qualified as a Lay Reader.
1995 The Sunday School was running out of space, so an application was made to erect a portakabin temporarily within the existing ear park, which was granted. On 22nd April an "Occupation Jersey Evening" was held in the hall to celebrate 50 years of Liberation.
1997 Rev. Springham retired on 27th April, and returned to England.
Rev. John Davies was appointed Minister Desservant and Rev. Geoffrey Baker and some of the local retired clergy also helped between the months of April and October.
1997 In October Rev. Michael S. Taylor was chosen as Parish Priest of St Andrew's and on 9th October a Service for the Appointment was held.
1999 The Institution and Induction Service of Rev. Michael Stewart Taylor B.Th. as Vicar of St Andrew's was held on 1st February 1999.
2001 The 75th Anniversary of the Laying of the Foundation Stone was held from Friday 18th to Sunday 20th May. On the Friday and Saturday the church was open to view Floral and Static Displays and on Sunday at 10.30 a.m. a Service of Celebration was held in the presence of His Excellency Air Chief Marshal Sk John Hutton KBE, CB. Lieutenant-Governor of Jersey. At 6.30 p.m. there was another Service of Celebration with Hymns new and old.
2004 This was the year when further fund raising was started in order to create rooms in the basement under the hall.
2005 Toddlers Services, Junior Church, Youth Group and Club, House Groups, Alpha courses, Fund Raising events, The Open Book at First Tower School, Monday Fellowship, Fellowship Lunches, and Choir are continuing. The commencement of creating the new rooms in the basement of the hall is now near.
2007 The new rooms under the hall were officially opened in April.
2013 Using funds bequeathed to the Church for the purpose of refurbishment we embarked on a project to replace the inside porch area of the church with glass doors. The dark wooden panels were removed and replaced with glass and beech panelling creating an open and bright welcome area to the church.
Christ is and has been the Corner Stone of all that has been, and will be, done. Glory be to God.


Wild Roots mixed age outdoor preschool program is for children 2 1/2 to 6 years old.
The mixed age classes meet Monday through Friday, from 8:45am-1:00pm. Children may be enrolled to attend for 2 to 5 days per week.
Applications received by April 1, 2019 receive priority, with rolling enrollment thereafter as long as space is available. Early application (February) is advised.
To learn more and to apply, please visit our Application & Enrollment page.
Wild Roots also offers a Kindergarten class for 5-6 year olds, which is enrolled full time, 5 days per week. Learn more about the full time Kindergarten class here.


Having a pet or an animal is always a good thing especially because it allows you to get the advantage of enjoying yourself with them. When you are able to take good care of the animals, they will be of advantage to you. There are people today who are protecting the rights of animals and you need to know about them. David Keith Wills is among these people who have been able to protect the animal-rights and been a member of a number of places. The information in this article helps you to understand more about him in detail. One of the things that he has done is to be a contributor and this is something that he is done from being a very young age. He has been an important contributor with the Humane Society of America. There is a lot of difference that has come because of the work that Keith Wills has been doing especially with such organizations that change the plight of animals.
It is been able to work across different states on the United States and in addition to that, all over the globe. The efforts that he has done both domestically and internationally have been very important in the protection of endangered species that are dying all over the world. He has also been able to contribute a lot of work in the regards to Alaska and some actionable plans have been taken. Some of these efforts have been in the protection of different types of dogs that have been used in ivory trade in countries like Zambia. The improvement of the conditions of these animals is also one of the things that he has been able to do very successfully. One thing that you can be very sure of is that aquatic farming is very sustainable and that is one of the areas that David Keith Wills has also been able to pursue. In regards to aquatic farming, David Keith Wills has been able to use his business side to ensure that he has been something that is sustainable. David Keith Wills Maryland has also contributed to books that have been able to detail the kind of work that he has been doing.
There are very many homeowners who usually keep pets for very many reasons. Some of the reasons that make home owners keep pets include the love their children have for pets and the love that the home owners have for different kinds of pets. If you know very well that you could use a pet in your house but you would rarely be there for it, you should see to it that you buy it a toy. So many people find this fact overwhelming simply because people never know that pets should also have toys. The toys will go a very long way in ensuring that the pet does not get bored. Choosing the right toy for a pet is not that easy. This is because there are several things that you will have to look into before you pick the toy. The following article seeks to educate people on how they could buy the right toys for their pet.
Firstly, see to it that you look carefully into the size of the toy. Always ensure that the size of the toy you plan on getting your toy is appropriate. If you are getting the pet a ball, you should ensure that they are large enough to be carried around but not too small. The reason as to why you should never get your pet toys that are too small is because they can easily be swallowed or even get to choke the pet.
The second tip to buying the right pet toy is doing one's homework well. It is very vital for one to research well in order to find the best kind of toy for your pet. Researching is not something so difficult. You could always begin your research from the online platforms. The internet is the best place simply because it avails so many toys for pets that one could simply select from. The other reason that makes the internet the best tool of research when it comes to pet and toys matters is the reviews from different clients or customers who posted of their experiences with the pet toys that you would come across in the internet.
Eventually, you should put into consideration the energy of your pet. If you know very well that your pet is really energetic, you should ensure that you get them the kinds of toys that match their energy. The important thing when getting your pet a toy is that you should ensure the toy is comfortable.
Pets are domestic animals that make us feel happy since they are friendly and adorable to stay with. Pets make us know and learn a lot about the behaviors of animals which is very interesting. With pets around us life tend to be very fun and alive as this awesome creatures make us smile all through due to their cheeky nature. Pets have a right to be treated with respect and be taken care of with a lot of seriousness and not mistreating them regardless.
By taking care of our pets it means we have a heart and understand they too have their rights, therefore, making them stay healthy should be our business. How to keep our pets healthy by feeding them with healthy foods healthy living is part of nature for all creatures and healthy pets are happy pets since they will stay away from any health risks. People should have a better menu for their pets and this should be done on daily basis not forgetting this are animals that depend on us on their survival. Actually it should be our business to make our pets comfortable away from any stress. You will notice a pet is treated badly from its health. Whatever you use on feeding the pet will automatically show from the appearance of its health the more nutritious the healthier the pet.
We have raw pet foods which are used in feeding the pets raw food is good for pets due to its immune boosting nature. Raw food are rich in fighting illness and this is because the rawness has live nutrients that are strong enough in fighting illness. Fleas and ticks can be disgusting and very unhygienic that's why raw pet foods are designed to fight all that due to its natural ingredients.
Raw pet food is perfect for your pet's stomach and also will helps in digestion thus your pet will always have low odor poop. Bad breath in pets can be irritant and disgusting but the raw food the pet will always have fresh breath. The products of Organic Pet Food Utah are known to enhance digestion and this is one of the reasons why they are liked so much. The tummy of your pet will stay healthy away from any constipation by feeding it with organic food. Organic food for pets is suitable in controlling allergies it is good for sensitive pets that have allergy issues this is one way of preventing allergies, there is nothing negative about organic foods since they are known to be overall nutritious, organic foods are healthy and very recommendable for all pets.
The other best dog breed that you should purchase is the Maltese. The Maltese is one of the oldest breeds of dogs that is suitable for apartment living. It is what for you to know that the Maltese is going to offer you the best company and will be kind to you. With the Maltese, you're not going to incur a lot of costs because it does not require a lot of maintenance.
Another best dog breed that you should buy as soon as possible is the Chihuahua. You'll find that that the Chihuahua lives for a very long time and it is usually very friendly. Because the Chihuahua is a very healthy dog, it means that you're going to spend little costs for its medication. Because of their small size, Chihuahua makes them to be portable and this means that you can carry them anywhere that you go to.
When you want to buy the best dog breed, then it is advisable for you to consider purchasing the Portuguese water dog. If you want a dog that is going to offer you the best company, then you should consider buying the Portuguese water dog and you will find it beneficial if you have allergy because they are hypoallergenic. If you also love going fishing, then the Portuguese water dog is going to come in handy because it helps you to herd fish. Other best dog breeds which you could purchase may include the Golden Retrievers, Huskies and Poodles. Be sure to check out this page if you want to learn more about other top dog breeds that you should buy.
Every pet owner wants only the best products for their pets. If you are shopping for pet products, then the best stores that you can find everything that your pet needs is in online stores. There are many quality pet products offered in online stores including dog food, dog treats, pet toys and accessories, breastplates, scratch pads for cats, dental products, dog blankets, flea medications, and many others. It is very convenient to get the things that you need for your pet in an online pet store. Below are some of the reasons why you should buy products from your online pet store.
One reason to buy from a reputable online pet store is that they offer you the best brands for their products. One of the regular items being purchase in online pet stores is branded dog food. If you want to give your dog the best nutrition, then go for quality, branded dog food which you can purchase at your online pet store.
It is very convenient to buy pet products from your online pet store. You dont have to think of the hassle of driving to the nearest pet store if you run out of dog food or things that you dog needs. IN a single website, you can find all the pet products that you will need. In your own comfortable space at home you can spend time checking out the products that you need for your pet.
It's definitely your responsibility as a dog owner to take good care of your pet's health for it to be healthy always. Doing so is not just about giving your dog some foods or exercise regularly. Caring of dog depends on its general health and age as well. Aside from that, it can be driven by your social as well as work schedule. It's truly hard to take good care of a dog. So you need to ensure that you follow all the given tips below so your dog can live a healthy, happy and also longer life.
The dogs are really incredible communicators, on the off chance that you focus. Well that is true ever since their puppy and even up to their elder years. Anytime of the day, you get to notice the demeanors they are showing. In case they are changing, it could mean a change in their health. Watch out for lessened energy, unusual growth, absence of typical spark in the eye, a lackluster coat, anxiety or restlessness, excessive weight loss/gain and many more. In the event that you own a dog as of now, you'll comprehend what I mean. Whatever it is, you need to immediately go to your dog's healthcare professional and make sure to seek advice.
With this routine, your dog come to comprehend their role in the family. You must make a daily routine (morning, afternoon and also night) that your pet would be excited about, let us say for instance. Morning strolls as well as light playtime. Feeding is another thing. When it comes to feeding time and also amounts, it changes depending on age as well as health of your dog. Potty time is one other thing you need to include in your daily routine. Also, potty time will depend on your dog's age and health as well. The other routines to do is creating an evening playtime and also bedtime on time.
This is turning into the very much wanted means for your pet dog to be trained and also be housed indoors. It's very true that kenneling is great for dogs most of all if its properly installed, the likelihood is that your dog will love eat as they would think it as comfortable and most of all safety place to live in. It is very essential for your dog most of all the puppies to have them run around the house because they can be very difficult to be trained. The kennel speaks to a positive place for you to put your puppy or dog between potty or feeding trek and furthermore a place for the older dogs to rest, chill or just relax. When having a kennel, do consider the size of it and most of the size of your dog.


elevation: 2,437 m. height gain: 477 m.
The false summit up ahead.
Bike/Hike: We biked part of the road, with a trailer attached we hauled our little pup, too young to exert and stress his joints. The biking stopped where it steepens to gain the false summit. It was snowing fat flakes when I bolted for the summit, Fab and Lincoln followed behind at a pup pace and reached the false summit in time to see me at the top.
Lincoln going up to the false summit.
Moose from the false summit.
A closer look at the fire lookout.


"A light Jell-O salad, great for summer barbecues or with Christmas dinner!"
In a small saucepan, heat 1 cup reserved pear juice to boiling. Pour over lime gelatin in a small bowl; stir until dissolved. Set aside.
In a large bowl, beat cream cheese with milk until smooth. Blend in gelatin mixture. Chill in the refrigerator until partially thickened, about 20 to 30 minutes.
In a small bowl, mash pears until smooth. Fold pears and whipped topping into gelatin mixture. Pour into a mold. Chill until set, about 2 to 3 hours.
I tried this recipe for Christmas dinner and it was absolutely delicious - EVERYONE went back for seconds, even my husband who normally doesn't care for gelatin dishes.
Maybe I'm just not a jello mold fan, but I didn't like this at all and neither did ANY of the 10 guests over for Easter. Half of them wouldn't even try it based on the looks alone.
This was SOOOOO good! Creamy and sweet. I used sugar free jello, reduced fat cream cheese, and lite cool whip. My husband who can't stand anything "light" loved this!! WOW!
Probably would not have added the entire container of cool whip....3/4 would have been perfect.
I made this recipe for Thanksgiving. The Mold came out perfect. It looked so pretty on our table. But the best part it tasted great.


Motor Retainers for 24mm Motors (2 Pack, Estes). Two-part retainer - threaded part is glued to the outside of 24mm Motor Tube (fits our T-50H Tube) and the other piece screws onto it to hold the motor in place during the ejection charge. Can be retro-fitted onto many models that are already built as long as the end of the engine tube is exposed far enough (about 1/2" or longer). For use with 24mm motors only. Comes with two sets per package.


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The 1-hour equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level (LAeq,1h) at 1/3-octave frequency bands at various gain settings for the earbuds (open symbols) and supra-aural (SA) headphones (solid symbols). dBA indicates A-weighted decibels.
Mean (circles) (SD; [error bars]) of the hearing thresholds before (preexposure) and after (postexposure) listening to 1 hour of music at measured frequencies for both earphone styles and different gain settings. HL indicates hearing level.
Mean (circles) (SD [error bars]) of the amplitude (black lines) and noise levels (blue lines) of the transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions before (preexposure) and after (postexposure) listening to 1 hour of music at frequency bands with center frequencies from 1.0 to 4.0 kHz are reflected for both earphone styles and different gain settings. SPL indicates sound pressure level.
Mean (circles) (SD [error bars]) for the amplitude (black lines) and noise levels (blue lines) of the distortion product otoacoustic emissions before (preexposure) and after (postexposure) listening to 1 hour of music at measured frequencies for both earphone styles and different gain settings. SPL indicates sound pressure level.
Artist, Song Title, Track Duration, and Noise Exposure per Track at Gain Setting 100% of the iPod Nano
Free-Field Corrected 1-Hour and 8-Hour Equivalent Continuous A-Weighted Noise Exposure Level
One-Hour Equivalent Continuous A-Weighted Noise Exposure at Different Gain Settings of the iPod Nano
Percentage of STSsa for the Control Group and Noise Exposure Groups
Percentage of SESsa for Both OAE Types
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Adolescent Medicine Audiology and Hearing Environmental Health Otolaryngology Pediatrics
Keppler H, Dhooge I, Maes L, et al. Short-term Auditory Effects of Listening to an MP3 Player. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;136(6):538–548. doi:10.1001/archoto.2010.84
Short-term Auditory Effects of Listening to an MP3 Player
Hannah Keppler, MS; Ingeborg Dhooge, MD, PhD; Leen Maes, MS; et al Wendy D'haenens, MS; Annelies Bockstael, MS; Birgit Philips, MS; Freya Swinnen, MS; Bart Vinck, MS, PhD
Author Affiliations: Ear, Nose, and Throat Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;136(6):538-548. doi:10.1001/archoto.2010.84
Objectives To determine the output levels of a commercially available MPEG layer-3 (MP3) player and to evaluate changes in hearing after 1 hour of listening to the MP3 player.
Design First, A-weighted sound pressure levels (measured in decibels [dBA]) for 1 hour of pop-rock music on an MP3 player were measured on a head and torso simulator. Second, after participants listened to 1 hour of pop-rock music using an MP3 player, changes in hearing were evaluated with pure-tone audiometry, transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions, and distortion product otoacoustic emissions.
Participants Twenty-one participants were exposed to pop-rock music in 6 different sessions using 2 types of headphones at multiple preset gain settings of the MP3 player.
Main Outcome Measures Output levels of an MP3 player and temporary threshold and emission shifts after 1 hour of listening.
Results The output levels at the full gain setting were 97.36 dBA and 102.56 dBA for the supra-aural headphones and stock earbuds, respectively. In the noise exposure group, significant changes in hearing thresholds and transient-evoked otoacoustic emission amplitudes were found between preexposure and postexposure measurements. However, this pattern was not seen for distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitudes. Significant differences in the incidence of significant threshold or emission shifts were observed between almost every session of the noise exposure group compared with the control group.
Conclusions Temporary changes in hearing sensitivity measured by audiometry and otoacoustic emissions indicate the potential harmful effects of listening to an MP3 player. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term risk of cumulative noise exposure on the auditory system of adolescents and adults.
It is well known that excessive occupational noise exposure can lead to noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Furthermore, the impact of recreational noise exposure on the auditory system is a cause for concern. This recreational noise exposure includes exposure to loud music or even participation in nonmusical activities (eg, practice of noisy sports). In the mainstream media, an increase in prevalence of NIHL owing to recreational noise exposure is assumed. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, performed between 1988 and 1994, estimated a 12.5% prevalence of a noise-induced threshold shift in at least 1 ear of 6- to 19-year-old US children.1 Recently, however, no increasing prevalence of hearing loss among US young adults (age, 17-25 years) was reported for hearing tests performed between 1985 and 2004.2 This lack of hearing deterioration is most likely explained by the fact that recreational noise exposure is insufficient to cause widespread hearing loss. It is possible that recreational noise exposure occurs only for a small period in life, probably between 5 and 10 years.3 Moreover, a greater public awareness of the potential harmful effects of recreational noise exposure might have increased the use of hearing protection and/or induced an alteration in noise exposure habits. It is also possible that it is too soon to detect the permanent effects of recent advances in personal music player (PMP) technology.
The technical evolution, from the introduction of the Sony Walkman to the MPEG layer-3 (MP3) player, has contributed to the current popularity of PMPs. There has been not only a miniaturization of the devices but also an improvement in storage and battery capacity as well as online availability of music and podcasts. Theoretically, PMP users are potentially at risk for NIHL because maximum output levels of digital music systems are reported to range from 100.0 to 110.5 A-weighted sound pressure levels (SPLs) (measured in decibels [dBA ])4 or from 101 to 107 dBA5 using real ear measurements or a head and torso simulator (HATS), respectively. Moreover, it was found that the maximum output levels were a mean of 5 dB higher than those for portable CD players.5 However, the estimation of risk criteria should be based on user-preferred listening levels and duration of exposure. Risk assessment ranges from 0.065% to 30%.6-11 The variability could be explained by the definition for NIHL and the damage-risk criteria for hearing loss, which are directly adopted from occupational settings. Epidemiologic research revealed significant poorer hearing thresholds caused by listening to PMPs for more than 7 h/wk compared with those using PMPs for 2 to 7 h/wk or the controls.12 Also, a decline in click-evoked otoacoustic emissions was significantly correlated with a history of PMP use.13 Others found no significant hearing deterioration caused by PMPs,14 and, moreover, PMPs were considered less risky to hearing than nightclubs or discotheques.15,16 Nevertheless, there seems to be a general consensus that PMPs are potentially hazardous for hearing.
Excessive noise exposure can lead to metabolic and/or mechanical effects resulting in alterations of the structural elements of the organ of Corti.17 The primary damage is concentrated on the outer hair cells, which are more vulnerable to acoustic overstimulation than inner hair cells.18 Otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are thought to reflect the nonlinear active processes of the cochlea based on the motile activity of the outer hair cells. Therefore, an amplitude reduction or loss of OAEs may reflect outer hair cell damage due to noise exposure.19 The OAEs can be used to assess existing subclinical outer hair cell change and preclinical frequency-specific hearing loss.20 Additional research regarding the usefulness of OAEs to detect minimal cochlear damage after loud music exposure is needed on a short-term as well as on a long-term basis.
The purpose of the present study was to measure the A-weighted equivalent SPLs of a commercially available MP3 player on a HATS using 2 different headphone styles at various preset gain settings. Furthermore, the short-term effects on the auditory system of young adults listening to the MP3 player for 1 hour were evaluated.
Output measurements
Recording Equipment, MP3 Player, Headphones, and Music
Output measurements were conducted in a quiet room with the right ear simulator (Type 4158c) of a HATS Type 4128c (Brüel & Kjær, Nærum, Denmark). The microphone's response was registered using a Modular Precision Sound Analyzer Type 2260 Investigator (Brüel & Kjær) set at fast exponential time weighting. Calibration of the ear simulator was performed daily with a pistonphone Type 4228. Both the overall equivalent continuous A-weighted SPL (LAeq,T) and the 1/3-octave band level (dBA) between 0.2 and 10.0 kHz were of interest.
An iPod Nano 2 GB MP3 player (model A1199, second generation; Apple Inc, Cupertino, California) was bought for measurement purposes only, and the battery of the iPod was fully charged each time. The volume bar on the display was marked carefully to ensure reproducible measurements at gain settings 50% to 100% of the volume bar with a 5% step size. Two different types of headphones were coupled to the pinna of the HATS: the stock iPod earbuds (Apple Inc) and supra-aural OMX 52 Street Clip-on headphones (Sennheiser Inc, Wedemark-Wennebostel, Germany). According to the manufacturers, the frequency ranged from 0.02 to 20 kHz for the earbuds and from 0.017 to 21 kHz for the supra-aural headphones. The impedance of both earphone types was 32 Ω.
The music sample consisted of 17 songs from the CD Afrekening Volume 37 (PIAS, Brussels, Belgium), which is a compilation CD from the hit lists of a popular Flemish radio station. The genre of the CD can be described as pop-rock, and all participants enjoyed listening to this music compilation. In Table 1, the artist name, song title, and duration of each track are provided. The compilation lasted exactly 1 hour, 1 minute, and 55 seconds, or 3715 seconds (reported from here on as 1 hour). The iTunes software (Apple Inc) was used to convert the tracks into an MP3 format at a bit rate of 160 kB/s.
The measurements were analyzed using Noise Explorer Type 7815 software, version 4.5 (Brüel & Kjær) and exported to Excel spreadsheets (Microsoft Inc, Redmond, Washington). The LAeq,T was calculated where T represents 1 hour for the whole CD and Tt, the duration of a track. Although the effect of noise on the auditory system of humans is more accurately described using the SPL at the eardrum, free-field–related SPLs normalized to 8 hours are commonly used for comparing the data with criteria stipulated in the European Directive 2003/10/EC regarding noise exposure of workers.21 Therefore, the LAeq,8h of 1 hour of music exposure through an MP3 player was calculated as LAeq,8h = LAeq,Te + 10 log10(Te/To), where Te is the actual exposure (1 hour) and To is the reference duration (8 hours). Moreover, the at-ear SPL was converted to the free-field–related SPL by means of a head-related transfer function, which includes the effects of the head, torso, pinna, ear canal, and ear simulator. Hammershoi and Moller22 derived standard free-field-front head-related transfer function data at 1/3-octave frequency bands, which are used in the present study.
Hearing measurements
First, the noise exposure group listening to pop-rock music for 1 hour included 10 men and 11 women aged 19 to 28 years. Second, the control group included 14 men and 14 women, also ranging in age from 19 to 28 years. All voluntarily participated in the study, which was approved by the local ethical committee, and gave their informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants were enrolled in the study if they had no recent history of ear disease and no noise or music exposure during the past 48 hours. Furthermore, normal otoscopic examination was necessary, and only ears with type-A tympanogram, measured with an 85-dB SPL probe tone at 226 Hz, and a normal ipsilateral acoustic reflex threshold at 1000 Hz were included (TympStar; Grason-Stadler Inc, Eden Prairie, Minnesota).
A maximum of 6 sessions of listening to an iPod Nano MP3 player were completed by the noise exposure group with at least 48 hours between 2 successive sessions. To reduce variability in listening levels, 4 sessions were conducted at preset gain setting 50% or 75% with the stock iPod earbuds or supra-aural Sennheiser headphones. Then, 2 additional sessions with both headphone styles were conducted at a gain setting of more than 75%, which was individually determined and defined by the participant as a loud but comfortable setting. Six participants did not listen to music at a gain setting higher than 75% because these higher gain settings were no longer comfortable for them. The remaining 15 participants listened at gain setting 90% (1 man and 2 women) or 100% (6 men and 6 women). Hearing status was evaluated before and after 1 hour in both groups by pure-tone audiometry, transient-evoked OAEs (TEOAEs), and distortion product OAEs (DPOAEs). All hearing tests were conducted in a double-walled sound-attenuated booth. Only 1 ear per participant was tested at random to obtain an equal number of left and right ears per sex. Because the number of participants was too small to account for the effect of test order, a fixed order was used. The TEOAEs were conducted first, followed by DPOAEs and pure-tone audiometry. After the listening session, hearing tests were immediately performed, and it was possible to keep the test duration within 10 minutes. The design of the study is summarized in Table 2.
Pure-tone air conduction thresholds were obtained using the standard clinical modified Hughson-Westlake method with a 5-dB step size at octave frequencies from 0.25 through 8.0 kHz in complement with half-octave frequencies 3.0 and 6.0 kHz (Orbiter 922 Clinical Audiometer with TDH-39 headphones; Madsen Electronics, Taastrup, Denmark). All participants had normal hearing during the preexposure measurements; ie, hearing thresholds equal to or better than 25-dB hearing level at all tested frequencies. An ILO (Institute of Laryngology and Otology) 288 USB II module (Otodynamics Ltd, Herts, England) in complement with the ILO software, version 6, and DPOAE probe was used for both OAE measurements. Probe calibration was performed at the beginning of each session using the 1-cm3 calibration cavity provided by the manufacturer. First, for TEOAEs, the nonlinear differential method of stimulation with rectangular pulses of 80 μs at a rate of 50 clicks per second was applied. Clicks were evoked with an intensity of 80 ± 3-dB peak SPL, and registration was stopped after 260 accepted sweeps. The noise rejection setting was set at 4 mPa (46.0-dB SPL). The emission and noise amplitudes at half-octave frequency bands with center frequencies 1.0, 1.4, 2.0, 2.8, and 4.0 kHz were calculated by the ILO software. The TEOAEs were considered present if the emission amplitude relative to the noise floor (signal to noise ratio) within each corresponding half-octave frequency band was greater than 0 dB. When the criterion was not met at preexposure measurements, the emission and noise amplitudes were treated as missing data. Across half-octave frequency bands, 1.55% of the data points were treated as missing data. In some cases, TEOAEs could be considered present at preexposure measurements but were below the noise floor at postexposure measurements. To ensure use of more data, the postexposure emission amplitudes were substituted for the postexposure noise floor if this noise floor was smaller than the preexposure emission amplitude. When the postexposure noise floor exceeded the preexposure emission amplitude, the preexposure and postexposure measurement emission and noise amplitudes were considered to be missing data. This substitution was limited so that detectable changes were not the consequence of fluctuations in the noise floor. This resulted in 1.38% of the additional data points being treated as missing data and 1.03% substitutions. Second, DPOAEs were evoked using 2 primary frequencies, f1 and f2, with f2/f1 = 1.22 and primary frequency f2 ranging from 0.842 to 7.996 kHz. Primary tone level combination L1/L2 = 75/70-dB SPL was used to ensure an optimal signal to noise ratio and reduce the amount of missing data. Furthermore, a noise artifact rejection level of 4 mPa (46.0-dB SPL) was applied. The emission and noise amplitudes were averaged into half-octave frequency bands, where f2 ranged from 0.842 to 1.189 kHz, 1.297 to 1.542 kHz, 1.682 to 2.181 kHz, 2.378 to 3.084 kHz, 3.364 to 4.362 kHz, 4.757 to 6.727 kHz, and 7.336 to 7.996 kHz, respectively, for half-octave frequency bands with center frequencies 1.0, 1.4, 2.0, 2.8, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 kHz. The DPOAEs were considered present if the emission amplitude was larger than the noise level (signal to noise ratio >0 dB) within each corresponding frequency region. When this criterion was not met at a particular frequency, emission and noise amplitudes were treated as missing data for the preexposure and postexposure measurements. In total, 3.52% of the data points across frequencies were considered to be missing data. The TEOAE and DPOAE data analysis techniques have been described elsewhere.23
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software, version 15 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois). Three-way repeated-measures analysis of variance with measurement (preexposure vs postexposure), gain setting (50%, 75%, and >75%), and type of headphones (earbuds vs supra-aural headphones) was conducted to evaluate the changes in audiometric thresholds or OAE amplitudes. When the significance level was reached (P < .05), post hoc least significant difference (LSD) test with Bonferroni correction was executed between the conditions of interest (ie, preexposure and postexposure measurements). Second, the recovery of hearing thresholds or OAE amplitudes between the first and each subsequent preexposure measurement was analyzed by 1-way analysis of variance using P < .05 and a post hoc LSD test. Third, based on the standard error of measurement (SEM) from the control group, significant threshold shifts (STSs) for pure-tone audiometry as well as significant emissions shifts (SESs) were derived. The SEM estimates the magnitude of significant changes within a subject. It is calculated as SEM = s√(1 − ICC), where s represents the standard deviation of all measurements and ICC is the 2-way random intraclass correlation coefficient between the preexposure and postexposure measurements. The 95% confidence interval of the minimal detectable difference was calculated as 1.96√2SEM and can be considered a real change in a participant's score above measurement error. The minimal detectable difference was rounded up to the next step size: 5-dB hearing level for pure-tone audiometry and 0.1-dB SPL for OAEs. The percentage of significant shifts was determined in the control group, as well as in each session of the noise exposure group. Missing data reduced the valid number of cases for the calculation of the percentage to at least 26 and 14 ears for the control and noise exposure groups, respectively. These missing data were caused by the data-cleaning process and the absence of data from 6 individuals who did not listen at gain settings above 75%. Because the preexposure measurements were subtracted from the postexposure measurements, positive or negative results were possible. Therefore, an STS– or SES+ was defined as an improvement in hearing, whereas an STS+ or SES– represented a deterioration in hearing. Then, across frequencies, six 2 × 2 contingency tables using a χ2 test were calculated (P < .05) to evaluate whether the occurrence of hearing deterioration differed between the control and each session of the noise exposure group. Finally, the odds ratios were determined as the odds of hearing deterioration in the noise exposure group divided by the odds of hearing deterioration in the control group.
At gain settings 50% to 100%, the LAeq,1h of the iPod Nano ranges from 76.87 to 102.56 dBA for the earbuds and from 71.69 to 97.36 dBA for the supra-aural headphones (Table 3). For these gain settings, the earbuds were a mean (SD) of 5.55 (0.59) dB (range, 4.77-6.34 dB) higher than the supra-aural headphones. The 1/3-octave spectrum of both headphone styles at full gain setting is illustrated in Figure 1. At all 1/3-octave frequency bands, the output levels of the earbuds exceeded those of the supra-aural headphone except at 2.5 kHz. A distinct peak in the spectrum of the supra-aural headphones was seen at this frequency band. Table 1 summarizes the LAeq,T for the whole CD and per track for both headphone styles at the full gain setting of the iPod Nano. The difference between the quietest and loudest tracks is 9.32 dB for the earbuds and 10.82 dB for the supra-aural headphones. Conversion of the LAeq,T for 1 hour of pop-rock music to an 8-hour free-field corrected equivalent continuous SPL revealed levels for gain settings 50% to 100% ranging from 61.18 to 87.43 dBA and from 51.61 to 77.11 dBA for the stock iPod earbuds and the Sennheiser supra-aural headphones, respectively (Table 2).
Noise Exposure Group
Figure 2 displays group mean audiometric thresholds for preexposure and postexposure measurements, different headphone styles, and gain settings. A 3-way repeated-measures analysis of variance showed a significant 1.12-dB and 1.17-dB deterioration in hearing thresholds between preexposure and postexposure measurements at 0.25 kHz (F1,14 = 7.00; P < .05) and 8.0 kHz (F1,14 = 4.92; P < .05), respectively. There were no significant main effects at other frequencies. There was a significant 2-way measurement × headphone interaction only at 2.0 kHz (F1,14 = 16.10; P <.001). A Bonferroni correction was applied to the results of the post hoc LSD test. Therefore, the familywise significance level P < .05 was divided by 2, representing the 2 comparisons of interest, yielding a significance level of P < .025. The hearing threshold deteriorated significantly (P < .025) with 1.78 dB between the preexposure and postexposure measurements for the supra-aural headphones. Furthermore, there was no significant 2-way interaction for measurement × volume nor was there a 3-way interaction.
Figure 3 shows the group mean TEOAE amplitudes for different headphones and gain settings at preexposure and postexposure measurements. Three-way repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated significant decreases in TEOAE amplitudes of –0.47 dB and –0.70 dB, respectively, at 2.0 kHz (F1,14 = 6.89; P < .05) and 2.8 kHz (F1,14 = 25.49; P < .001). There were also significant measurement × volume interactions at 2.8 kHz (F2,28 = 7.45; P < .01) and 4.0 kHz (F2,26 = 6.55; P < .01). The post hoc LSD tests with Bonferroni correction were used to establish the gain setting contributing to the measurement × volume interaction. Because 3 comparisons were of interest, a significance level of P <.017 was used, but no significant changes could be established. In addition, there were no other significant 2-way or 3-way interactions.
Group mean DPOAE amplitudes for earbuds and supra-aural headphones at gain settings 50%, 75%, and more than 75% for the preexposure and postexposure measurements are shown in Figure 4. There were no significant changes in DPOAE amplitudes for the main effect or for the 2-way interactions measurement × headphones or measurement × volume. However, there was a significant 3-way interaction at 8.0 kHz (F2,22 = 4.65; P < .05). For the post hoc LSD tests, a significance level of P < .008 after Bonferroni correction (6 comparisons) was used. No significant effect could be established.
One-way analysis of variance with a post hoc LSD test revealed no significant differences between the first and each consecutive preexposure measurement for hearing thresholds or for TEOAE and DPOAE amplitudes at any test frequencies.
The SEMs for pure-tone audiometry indicate higher variability at the lowest frequencies, 0.25 and 0.5 kHz, and highest frequencies, 6.0 and 8.0 kHz (Table 4). Despite this frequency dependency, the STSs equal 10 dB for all frequencies owing to rounding up to the next step. The χ2 test revealed statistically significant differences in incidence of STS+ between the control group and each session of the noise exposure group except for the comparison between the controls and the session with earbuds at gain setting 75%. The odds for hearing deterioration were 4.40 and 3.97 times greater in the noise exposure group with earbuds at 50% (χ2 = 22.19; P <.001) and above 75% (χ2 = 17.00; P <.001), respectively, compared with the control group. For the supra-aural headphones, these odds were 3.87, 2.18, and 3.67 times larger for the noise exposure group with supra-aural headphones at 50% (χ2 = 19.28; P <.001), 75% (χ2 = 5.47; P < .05), and above 75% (χ2 = 17.92; P < .001).
Table 5 shows the SEMs, SES criteria, and percentages of SESs– and SESs+ for the TEOAEs and DPOAEs at each half-octave frequency band. First, for the TEOAEs, the SEMs, and accordingly the SESs, are larger at the lowest frequency bands. The SES criteria range from 1.6 to 2.6 dB. Statistically significant results were found for the incidence of SESs– between the control group and each session of the noise exposure group except for the session with the supra-aural headphones at gain setting 75%. The SESs– were 0.44, 0.30, and 0.35 times more likely for the noise exposure group compared with the controls for the session with earbuds at 50% (χ2 = 6.07; P < .05) and 75% (χ2 = 12.25; P < .001) and supra-aural headphones at 50% (χ2 = 9.33; P < .01), respectively. For the highest gain settings, the odds were 4.70 and 5.96 times greater in the noise exposure group with earbuds (χ2 = 11.30; P < .001) and supra-aural headphones (χ2 = 14.40; P < .001), respectively, compared with the control group. Second, the SEMs for DPOAEs are considerably higher at half-octave frequency bands 1.4 and 8.0 kHz. Accordingly, the SES criteria ranged from 0.9 to 3.2 dB. The χ2 test was statistically significant for all comparisons between the control group and each session of the noise exposure group. The deterioration in DPOAEs was 2.64, 3.00, and 7.72 times higher for the noise exposure group with earbuds at 50% (χ2 = 12.22; P < .001), 75% (χ2 = 15.36; P < .001), and above 75% (χ2 = 47.60; P < .001), respectively, than for the control group. Accordingly, the odds for SESs– were 2.36, 3.88, and 4.31 times greater for the supra-aural headphone sessions at 50% (χ2 = 8.75; P < .01), 75% (χ2 = 23.51; P <.001), and above 75% (χ2 = 24.56; P <.001), respectively.
The popularity of PMPs has caused a widespread concern regarding their potentially hazardous effects on hearing. Literature regarding temporary hearing damage after listening to PMPs revealed some shortcomings, as well as considerable variability in methodological design. First, only a few studies account for the test-retest variability of the measurement technique by including a control group24 or considering threshold shifts of at least 10 dB to be significant.25 Second, user-preferred listening levels were generally determined with standard supra-aural headphones,26-28 earbuds,29 or user-preferred headphones25 and were measured on an artificial ear with coupler25 or via a miniature microphone in the external ear canal.26,27,29 These levels were mostly free-field corrected.26-28 Remarkably, 1 study on temporary threshold shift24 did not perform output measurements to relate with the changes in hearing. Third, music exposure ranged from 1 hour to 3 hours with different genres of music.24,25,30 Finally, changes in hearing sensitivity were mainly examined by means of audiometry; only 1 study measured synchronized spontaneous OAEs and DPOAEs following 30 minutes of rock music at 85 dBC (C-weighted).29 Considering the differences in methods among and even within studies (eg, music genre varying among participants), it is difficult to make general statements regarding the short-term effects of listening to PMPs. Therefore, the present study evaluated the temporary changes in hearing by pure-tone audiometry, TEOAEs, and DPOAEs after 1 hour of listening to 1 music sample via multiple preset gain settings on 1 type of MP3 player and 2 different provided headphone styles. In the present study, no significant changes were seen between preexposure measurements, which indicates that the threshold and emission shifts were temporary and that these shifts recovered to preexposure baseline measurements between the sessions.
The results of this study revealed a statistically significant main effect preexposure and postexposure for the TEOAEs at 2.0 and 2.8 kHz, whereas no significant mean changes were found for the DPOAEs. However, the odds ratios of hearing deterioration in the noise exposure group compared with the control group were higher for the DPOAEs than the TEOAEs. Also, the occurrence of significant DPOAE shifts were mostly seen at 6.0 kHz, which has been previously reported.29 A possible explanation for the difference in sensitivity for NIHL between the OAE types can be explained by the higher test-retest reliability of DPOAEs compared with TEOAEs31 and by the generation mechanism of both OAEs. In the present study, DPOAEs were measured at 8 points per octave to preserve their frequency specificity and then averaged into half-octave frequency bands. Hence, reliability was increased, and the shift required to be significant was reduced. As such, the sensitivity of DPOAEs to detect minimal cochlear damage may be higher than at individual frequencies in DPOAE measurements.29 Moreover, direct comparison with TEOAEs in half-octave frequency bands from 1.0 to 4.0 kHz became possible. Three of 5 half-octave frequency bands had lower SEM values for the DPOAEs than the TEOAEs but failed to reveal any significant mean changes in cochlear function after noise exposure. This might indicate that the generation mechanisms seem to be the dominating factor. The OAEs are a mixture of emissions produced by linear reflection and nonlinear distortion.32 Because of these differences in generation mechanisms between the OAE types, it is plausible that outer hair cell damage after noise exposure is better detected with TEOAEs than with DPOAEs. This is consistent with the hypothesis of Shera.32 However, DPOAEs were measured with the primary tone level combination L1/L2 = 75/70-dB SPL. At these high-level primaries, test-retest reliability of DPOAE amplitudes is higher33 but their sensitivity for inner ear changes might decrease.34 Primary tone levels in the range of 60/35-dB SPL or 55/30-dB SPL are suggested. However, the delivered stimuli of the DPOAEs are restricted to 40-dB SPL for the ILO 288 USB II module, making use of this range of stimuli levels impossible. Moreover, by reducing the stimulus levels, the signal to noise ratio lowers and, consequently, the amount of missing data would increase, which was obviously not desired in the present study. Furthermore, it must be emphasized that hearing measurements were conducted in a fixed order. Therefore, it is possible that TEOAEs and DPOAEs, even within the 10 minutes after the listening session, were performed at different points in the recovery process,35 which could also explain the difference in sensitivity of both types of OAEs to noise exposure.
There was also a statistically significant worsening of audiometric thresholds after the listening sessions at 0.25 and 8.0 kHz. Increased SEM values were also noticed at these lowest and highest frequencies. The tension of the headband and resiliency of the earphone cushion can result in a small displacement of the earphone, which could be a source of variability between preexposure and postexposure measurements. For OAEs however, it is possible to control the probe fitting to some extent using the stimulus check procedure, which visualizes the stimulus oscillogram and spectrum. A biphasic stimulus oscillogram without a significant amount of ringing and a flat stimulus spectrum should be aimed for at the first measurement in one ear. At any successive measurement, a similar stimulus pattern should be achieved. Besides this test-retest variability, audiometry is clinically measured with a 5-dB step size. Thus, although there is a smaller test-retest variability at the midfrequencies 1.0 to 4.0 kHz, only changes in hearing thresholds of at least 10 dB can be considered to be significant owing to this step size. This possibly explains why small changes in hearing sensitivity cannot be detected using audiometry. Furthermore, audiometry requires a subjective response by the participant and assesses the entire auditory system. In contrast, OAEs are an objective measure of the cochlear integrity, and are able to detect inner ear changes before hearing is affected. LePage36 mentioned the theory of hair cell redundancy and hypothesized that a small amount of hair cell damage is not detected by audiometry because only a few cells are needed for hearing at threshold. However, the TEOAE stimulus activates all outer hair cells, and, therefore, even a small amount of hair cell damage reduces the TEOAE amplitude. Again, it must be emphasized that hearing measurements were conducted in a fixed order, and there could be a slight underestimation of the amount of temporary threshold shift because of this methodological design.
Besides these main effects, there was a statistically significant deterioration of the hearing thresholds at 2.0 kHz between the preexposure and postexposure measurements for the supra-aural headphones. The 1/3-octave spectrum of the supra-aural headphones shows a higher peak around 2.5 kHz, which could attribute to this interaction effect. The difference in spectra can largely be explained by the differences in physical and electronic coupling between the 2 earphone styles. The resonance of the concha using the supra-aural headphone can result in a resonance peak at approximately 2.5 kHz. Nevertheless, the odds for hearing deterioration were almost equal for both headphone styles compared with the control group. For OAEs, no statistically significant measurement × headphone interactions were found across half-octave frequency bands. So, although the earbud had on average 5.5-dB higher output levels and different spectral composition than the supra-aural headphones, using earbuds did not result in larger mean shifts or in higher incidence of temporary threshold or emission shifts.
No statistically significant measurement × volume interaction effects were found for pure-tone audiometry or for the OAEs. However, the highest odds for OAE deterioration were seen at gain settings above 75% compared with the control group, which was not seen for pure-tone audiometry. Previously, A-weighted free-field maximum SPLs measured using an acoustic manikin reached 101 to 107 dBA for MP3 players.5 Also, the maximum SPLs for an MP3 player with earbuds reached 110.5 dBA.4 It is, however, not clear whether this maximum level was determined by the device or the maximum tolerable level for the author. Nevertheless, our MP3 player did not reach such levels. There are several possible explanations. First, Hodgetts et al4 used real ear measurements to determine the output level, implying the possibility that individual ear canal acoustics could be responsible for the higher output level. Second, the output level can differ across manufacturers,37 and, finally, a French law38 states that the maximum output level of MP3 players should be limited to 100-dB SPL. Therefore, it could be possible that the European iPods have a lower output level compared with those manufactured for markets outside Europe.
Conversions of the 1 hour of pop-rock music from the iPod Nano at maximum gain setting to an 8-hour free-field corrected equivalent SPL were 77 and 88 dBA for the Sennheiser supra-aural headphone and stock iPod earbuds, respectively. These levels exceed the 75-dBA level, which represents negligible risk for acquiring NIHL and, for the stock iPod earbuds, the lowest threshold for action (80 dBA) as stated in the European Directive.21 Some authors do not justify the extrapolation of occupational risk criteria to leisure noise exposures owing to the differences in spectral and temporal pattern.30,37 Because the regulation is based on the exposure level and duration of noise exposure and no criteria are available for leisure noise exposure, an LAeq,8h of 80 dBA using a 3-dB exchange rate is, with some reservations, applicable to the results of PMPs. However, other standards (eg, those of the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration) use a 5-dB exchange rate, which could be more appropriate for music than the 3-dB exchange rate.28 In the present study, the equivalent SPL was integrated for the duration of the whole CD and, hence, accounted for the quiet pauses between songs. This is more representative than measuring the output per track or for a specified period. However, the criterion does not account for longer listening sessions or for user-preferred listening levels, which depend on the presence of background noise,11 the type of music,37 the earphone style,37,39 and the personal music device.37 The output levels measured in the present study are limited to the specific type of MP3 player and headphone styles used, although both were chosen on the basis of the "best sale" recommendation of a Belgian consumer's guide and their popularity. The iPod Nano shows a linearity in the volume control, whereas this is not necessarily the case for other devices.28 The difference in output levels between the earbuds and supra-aural headphones confirms the results of Fligor and Cox37 but is less pronounced. Furthermore, the current levels are limited to the music sample used in the study, which was also selected because of its popularity but cannot be generalized to other music genres. Also, even within the same genre, differences of 9.32 and 10.82 dB are noticed between the quietest and loudest tracks.
The goal of the present study was to evaluate the temporary changes in hearing after 1 hour of listening to an MP3 player. Possibilities for future research include an analysis of sex differences in temporary hearing deterioration after noise exposure. Furthermore, the development of a permanent threshold shift cannot be predicted from the initial temporary threshold shift, but, considering the reduction in hearing sensitivity after listening to a PMP, these devices are potentially harmful. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term risk of cumulative recreational noise exposures. A careful inventory of the leisure activities and corresponding listening habits as well as hearing tests should be conducted with a representative sample. Based on the results of the present study, we recommend using OAEs in complement with audiometry for the assessment of hearing status.
Correspondence: Hannah Keppler, MS, Ear, Nose, and Throat Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium (hannah.keppler@ugent.be).
Submitted for Publication: August 4, 2009; final revision received December 8, 2009; accepted January 27, 2010.
Author Contributions: Ms Keppler and Drs Dhooge and Vinck had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Study concept and design: Keppler, Dhooge, and Vinck. Acquisition of data: Keppler. Analysis and interpretation of data: Keppler, Maes, D'haenens, Bockstael, Philips, and Swinnen. Drafting of the manuscript: Keppler, Maes, D'haenens, Bockstael, Philips, and Swinnen. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Dhooge and Vinck. Statistical analysis: Keppler. Administrative, technical, and material support: Keppler, Maes, D'haenens, Bockstael, Philips, and Swinnen. Study supervision: Dhooge and Vinck.
Financial Disclosure: None reported.
Funding/Support: This study was funded in part by an Aspirant Scholarship of the Research Foundation, Flanders, Belgium (Ms Keppler). The Department of Information Technology (Acoustics), Faculty of Engineering, Ghent University, provided the recording equipment to measure the output levels of the MP3 player.
Previous Presentation: Results of this study were presented in part at the biennial meeting of the Royal Belgian Society for Ear, Nose and Throat, Head and Neck Surgery; June 23, 2007; Namur, Belgium.
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This is an age-old question – If we have a good God, then how could a good God allow evil to exist?
Good question. And like most really good questions, there are very few answers.
The reason this question has been asked so much over the centuries is because there isn't a good answer. And I don't have a good answer either.
Someone asked me this questions today during a bible study. My answer went something like this – Because God is love. And love doesn't force its way into others or force others to do things. That wouldn't be love. Love invites, but doesn't force. Love allows. And sometimes that's really painful. But would it be love if God forcefully changed humanity instead of inviting us to relationship with God?
Is it a good answer? I don't know. But it is my attempt to rationalize why evil is allowed to exist. And maybe that's the problem. We think we have to have all the answers to life's many questions. Including the questions that have no real answer.
You want a real honest answer to the question of why evil is allowed to exist? Because it is. It's a part of our existence and is comes from sin.
That's probably not a satisfying answer to anyone, yet, it's probably closer to the truth than anything else I've heard. And even then, it's still way off the mark.
But this hits a wider issue – difficult questions and problems. Things like why violence happens, why abuse occurs, why wars break out, why senseless murders and mass shooting happen. Too often we want a silver bullet solution – something that seemingly makes sense and can solve the problem.
The problem with this is that all of these problems involve people. And people are complicated and messy. If we could legislate away evil, then we would have by now. If there was a nice easy fix, then I figure we would have done it by now.
Do you see why a simple solution to this problem isn't so simple. It's mixed up with a whole bunch of issues. You can't just address one and think that it will be that simple. This requires a change in culture, which doesn't have over night. It requires a change in attitude. It requires a change in how we view our neighbor and who our neighbor is. It requires a change of the heart and mind.
But we'd rather not deal with that – we'd rather just deal with the material. It's much easier to control. But it will never solve the problem. It's much more complex than that. It's about humanity.
Good answers, Matthew. Or at least as good as we can expect. I would also say that 'evil' is human-based and God does not override free-will; we do it to ourselves.
On the related question, 'Why does God allow suffering?', I think there is a similar answer: God does not interfere with physics–the physics of a living planet with hurricanes, volcanoes, tsunamis, floods, drought, and fires. The same with illness and disease. God does not micro-manage the world to avoid suffering.
I'm with you on both of those. I think that's the essence of what love is ultimately. Not force, but invitation.


Self Description: I am a bright person, who always try to change the world for the better and I hope this will come to me). I always try to follow the path of cultivation in order to get all the benefits of life. I easily adapt to any society, and always carry positive to others, even when I myself is not very good. Enough tolerant and attentive to other people. And also I am very purposeful and now my goal is to search for my man and create a family.
Comments: I'm looking for the perfect man. The ideal man, in fact, may not even know that he is perfect. He never even thought about it. He just lives. Lives according to the laws that dictates his mind, conscience and soul. The ideal man does not throw words to the wind. For me, my man will always be perfect! Even in the most difficult moments. The main thing is that he was honest with me and never closed his heart!


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I've not really posted anything for a while. The main reason behind this is that I've not really done anything interesting, especially on the exercise front. See, the thing is, I came to the start of November with a training plan, and two days into it I quit. Deleted it.
"Two days! That's pathetic!" I hear you cry (quietly, from a long way away). On the surface yes, but I had a damn good reason. I just wasn't excited by it.
In the Chris Hoy book (or maybe the Bradley Wiggins one), Chris(Bradley) said that training plans had to be exciting. If they weren't exciting you might trudge through them, but you would be looking for excuses. My plan for next year looked very similar to what I did for this year, and I needed a change, or a break.
So, onto Training Peaks I went and removed all the workouts that I'd carefully constructed. Sigh of relief. No getting up at 0615 to ride 42km to work, then ride 42km back. No 4 hour zone 2 rides on a Saturday. No tempo rides on a Sunday.
Instead I've been following the Bart Simpson inspired "Do What You Feel" plan. I've been doing some strength work in the gym. Going for runs, just because I feel like it. Night-trail-running with a torch, avoiding the werewolves. Watching Buffy from the comfort of the turbo trainer. "Core and More" classes. Hell, tonight I even went for a bike ride. Radical.