text:
Summer Music
Classical Music Folk, Country, and World Hip-Hop Jazz, Blues, and Soul Rock and Pop
Folk, Country, and World
Hear the best songs from Chicago's Bloodshot records over 20 years—and a word from local up-and-comer Ryley Walker.
By Erin Osmon
Ryley Walker
The young man with the road-weary voice and knack for lovelorn songs is already earning comparisons to the American folk greats.
Combine the dexterity of guitarist John Fahey and the eclecticism of the late singer Tim Buckley and you get Ryley Walker, the 24-year-old who has recently broken out of Chicago's indie folk scene to build a fan base from Reno to Raleigh. "I don't want a regular job," he says. "I want to play the game, get out and talk to people, and make it happen."
As a kid in Rockford, Walker found inspiration at CD Source, a small independent shop in town. "I remember buying Black Unity by Pharoah Sanders," he says. "I got into these weird sounds at a young age." That urge to explore, combined with a natural talent on guitar (honed with lessons since age 12), helped Walker develop his remarkable, mature-beyond-his-years sound.
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At 18, he decamped for Chicago to study music at the University of Illinois, a stint he says lasted "about 10 minutes." Instead, Walker spent most of his free time playing house shows, including many at the now-shuttered Mopery, a DIY space on Milwaukee Avenue. "I was this 18-year-old dingus, a total freak, and I saw Mike Forbes [of the band Tiger Hatchery] wailing on the sax," recalls Walker. "I'd never seen anything like that before."
From there, Walker began collaborating with members of the experimental- and free-jazz scenes, playing everywhere from dingy basements to the avant-garde music hub Constellation. His road-worn voice and finger-style guitar soon earned him comparisons to such folk icons as Fahey and Bert Jansch. But it was his unique blending of the American songbook with out-there free-jazz flourishes that set him apart. Walker had an early fan in Dustin Drase, founder of the local cassette label Plus Tapes, who met the singer at Pitchfork Music Festival in 2010 when Walker handed him a self-recorded demo. "At first I thought he was trolling me because I'm a huge John Fahey fan," Drase recalls. "But then I realized it was all original."
Plus Tapes released Walker's first solo recording, The Evidence of Things Unseen, in 2011. The cassette sold out within weeks. It didn't take long for bigger labels to come calling. Walker soon inked a deal with the San Francisco label Tompkins Square, and in April he released his first full-length album, All Kinds of You. The recording reveals Walker's tender side: Lush strings and intricate guitar lines layer over his smoky vocals on "The West Wind" and "Great River Road," two gorgeous acoustic tales of pastoral wanderings.
Walker is already thinking about his next record, which he says will be a return to his improvisational roots. "Each song is like its own ecosystem," he explains. "When you add another element, it takes on a life of its own. But the one true love is the improvisation, which is this really beautiful and Zen-like thing."
Walker performs at West Fest on July 12.
Photo: Courtesy of artist
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A catalytic converter (colloquially, "cat" or "catcon") is a device used to reduce the toxicity of emissions from an internal combustion engine and also the sound level of the engine.
It functions by having the exhaust gas of the engine flow through various layers of mesh, which react to the gasses and removed certain compounds from the emissions (carbon dioxide and other hydro carbons).
The very nature of the air passing through the cats' slows the air and therefore places a flow restriction within the system.
Further to this resonators are similar to cats, only they reduce the sound level but have noe effect on the gasses.
Throught the years impreza's have had varying numbers of cats and also the position of them has varied.
Classic (pre 2001) normaly have 2 cats in there system, one in the down pipe section (where the exhaust takes the exiting gases from the turbo down the side of the engine), and then one in the centre section of the exhaust (as it travels along the underside of the car to the back box.
new age, (2001 on) have three cats in the exhaust system, one in the up pipe (where the exhaust exits the engine and goes up into the turbo) and then two others in the same layout as the classic impreza.
A commonly carried out modification is to remove the cats from the exhaust system to improve performance. By removing the restriction on the exhaust system flow rates are increase so the engine has an increased airflow allowing the ecu to add more fuel and therefore increasing performance.
This also allows a custom ecu map (see ecu ifno) to be adjusted further and also increase performance further.
While the advantages are shown, there are however a few drawbacks.
First off, alot of countries have guidlines as to what and how much gas's can be released by a car, by removng the cat's the gases return to as they are out of the engine and may no longer be within these guidlines.
Sports cats/highflow cats are available ,which are less restrictive than normal cats, which will remove the gases, but they still contain a restriction.
You forgot to add the disclaimer that its bad for the environment.
I,am new to this site but i need your help, i have an 06 impreza wrx, engine mods include plugs,k&n filter,turbo back through exhaust.My problems have only just started after fitting the decat downpipe where i've got what looks like a transmision light on the dash which only appeared after the car sort of back fired lost power for a second and became slightly louder.This happend about 50 miles after downpipe was fitted.at first i thought it was a one off but when i get the revs up high the engine keeps cutting out for a second unless i feed the power slowly.
The 06 WRX has a unique exhaust in that it's downpipe is both the downpipe and catpipe sections. Your car could be in limp mode caused by the lack of a catalytic converter in the downpipe.
02-05 Impreza have a CEL fix. This fix stops the CEL from appearing. I don't think The 06+ currently have a electrical fix.


Deeper Roots takes on a theme this week… one that has us on the road, the rails, the ocean deep, and soaring in the clouds. We speak, of course, of our modes and muse of transport in music. There's a variety of styling to be had including blues from Snooks Eaglin and Lightnin' Hopkins, 50s country from Cowboy Copas and Bonnie Guitar, pop sounds from Jo Stafford and the Modernaires, and a host of others that all support the theme of the day. Tune in for another roots-infused Wednesday evening on KOWS, the heart and voice of West Sonoma County, California.
The second installment in our exploration of the Alan Lomax book of the same name, this time focusing our energies on tradition in gospel and spiritual. Leader-chorus work songs to lighten the load of heavy labor; dancing songs to quicken the spirit on those rare holidays; and spirituals to replace their lost African religions and to console in times of physical torment and spiritual degradation are all captured here, including the stories and lineage behind the original pieces. We'll hear from a diverse selection of performers including The Dixie Jubilee Singers, Odetta, Nina Simone, Tom Waits, Eva Cassidy, and many others.
35 Willie Eason With The Campbell Brothers When The Saints Go Marching In Sacred Steel – Live!


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Bernie Sanders campaign requests Iowa recanvass, says 'errors and inconsistencies are ripe for review'
Nick Coltrain
U.S. Sen. Bernie Sanders submitted Monday a list of 25 precincts and three satellite caucus locations he wants reviewed, arguing that, if corrected, their results could tilt the national delegates at stake in Iowa in his favor.
The Iowa Democratic Party set a deadline of noon Monday for a recanvass request. It extended the deadline to request a recanvass after a cascade of events — from a malfunctioning reporting app and overwhelmed call center to apparent errors in the data itself — delayed a release of preliminary results until several days after last week's caucuses.
"While a recanvass is just the first step in the process and we don't expect it to change the current calculations, it is a necessary part of making sure Iowans can trust the final results of the caucus," Bernie 2020 senior adviser Jeff Weaver said in a statement. "Our volunteers and supporters worked too hard, and too many people participated for the first time to have the results depend on calculations that even the party admits are incorrect. Once the recanvass and a subsequent recount are completed in these precincts, we feel confident we will be awarded the extra national delegate our volunteers and grassroots donors earned."
► MORE:Pete Buttigieg joins Bernie Sanders in requesting partial recanvass of Iowa caucus results
► MORE: Inside the Iowa Democratic Party's 'boiler room,' where 'hell' preceded the results catastrophe
The preliminary results reported by the party show former South Bend, Indiana, Mayor Pete Buttigieg with a narrow lead over Sanders in state delegate equivalents and delegates to the Democratic National Convention, where the party's presidential nominee will be formally selected this summer.
According to the Sanders campaign, mathematical errors and inconsistencies in tabulations give Buttigieg too many state delegates and Sanders too few — enough to make a difference in the ultimate winner here.
"These errors and inconsistencies are ripe for review because their correction would change the national delegate allocation by moving, at a minimum, one (national pledged) delegate from Mayor Buttigieg to my campaign," Sanders wrote in a letter to Iowa Democratic Party Chair Troy Price.
A recanvass is a hand-audit of caucus math worksheets and reporting forms to ensure they were tallied and reported correctly.
The party confirmed Monday afternoon it received a request for a recanvass from both the Sanders and Buttigieg campaigns. In total, the campaigns are requesting a recanvass of 143 precincts. If the party accepts the requests, it will analyze the selected precincts and correct inconsistencies between reported results and the official record of reported results.
Price has said that the final results reported by precinct chairs — even with glaring errors in the underlying math — are legally binding, limiting what changes the party can make.
► MORE: Iowa caucus 2020: What is a recanvass? How is it different than a recount?
"The math worksheet is actually a legal document," Price said at a Friday news conference. "It's signed by the precinct chair and the precinct captains — the campaign representatives in those precincts. And so we are not allowed to change that. We have to report out what's reported to us."
The Iowa Democratic Party has 48 hours to accept or reject the requests. If it accepts the campaigns' requests, it will give an anticipated timeline for review and estimated cost to the campaigns for the review.
That would almost certainly move back final results from Iowa's first-in-the-nation nominating contest to after the results of New Hampshire's second-in-the-nation contest, a primary election, are known. The New Hampshire vote is Tuesday.
► MORE:Why isn't there a winner of Iowa's Democratic caucuses
The Associated Press, used by multiple news organizations to call election winners, has said since Feb. 3 caucus that the Iowa race was too close to call. On Monday, a week after Iowans caucuses, it still could not determine a winner.
"Even when the vote count in Iowa does come to an end, it may not be fully accurate," said David Scott, a deputy managing editor at AP who oversees the cooperative's coverage of polling and elections. "We continue to see irregularities in the results provided by the Iowa Democratic Party and unless they are resolved, we will remain unable to call the race."
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Nick Coltrain is a politics and data reporter for the Register. Reach him at ncoltrain@registermedia.com or at 515-284-8361.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Ali Ozgenc's Newsletter Archive
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Hello and welcome to my Nuzzel newsletter! Ali Ozgenc (Innovation Management Consultant, Columnist. Speaker on innovation, strategy, and business transformation. Angel Investor. StartUp Scout. Founder of Algoritma.)
Former World Bank president faults Trump's China policy
The Financial Times – James Politi in Washington – Dec 4, 2019, 5:30 PM
Robert Zoellick, a former World Bank president who has served in past Republican administrations, has delivered a public rebuke of Donald Trump's China policy, warning the president risks pushing Beijing toward a parallel system that would clash…
Nominate Your Top Tech Of The Year: Digital Trends' Reader's Choice Award
Digital Trends – Mathew Katz – Dec 4, 2019, 9:00 AM
Digital Trends prides itself on the way it tests products, from phones to laptops to video games. We've already announced our top product picks for the year, but there's one thing that's still missing: our readers. This year, we want you to…
Chicago Cops Use Social Media to Track Grieving Families of Gunshot Victims
OneZero – Elizabeth King – Dec 4, 2019, 8:04 AM
It was below freezing in Chicago on December 12, 2017 when a 23-year-old man was fatally shot in the abdomen while standing on the sidewalk. In the days following the victim's death, the Chicago Police Department (CPD) gathered information about…
Countries vow to press ahead with digital taxes despite US threat
The Financial Times – Tim Bradshaw, Global Technology Correspondent – Dec 4, 2019, 8:29 AM
The White House's threat of retaliation against countries trying to raise taxes on US tech companies has been rebuffed around the world, as Canada, Austria and Indonesia joined the UK in pledging to press ahead with new digital levies. Boris…
The Best Tech You Can Buy In 2019: Smartphones, Laptops, TVs, More
Digital Trends – Digital Trends Staff – Dec 4, 2019, 9:00 AM
Wireless earbuds are widely available, and widely awesome. Laptops have become multi-core performance monsters. And OLED televisions are now visual stunners that deliver dreamy picture quality with only the most minor drawbacks. That's good news…
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text:
621 Werdandi è un asteroide della fascia principale del diametro medio di circa 27,15 km. Scoperto nel 1906, presenta un'orbita caratterizzata da un semiasse maggiore pari a 3,1177496 UA e da un'eccentricità di 0,1476560, inclinata di 2,31915° rispetto all'eclittica.

Il suo nome fa riferimento a Verdandi, una delle tre Norne della mitologia norrena.

Bibliografia

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni

Corpi celesti scoperti nel 1906
Werdandi
Werdandi

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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City begins programme to provide information about pork origin in labels
A consumer checks information about the origin of pork sold at Co.opmart Gò Vấp supermarket. The city yesterday began a programme to electronically provide such information in packaging labels. — VNS Photo
HCM CITY — The HCM City Department of Industry and Trade yesterday inaugurated a system that enables consumers to check the origin of pork they buy at nearly 350 modern outlets.
Managed by the departments of Industry and Trade, and Agriculture and Rural Development, the sub-department of Animal Health and the city's High Technology Association, it allows consumers to find out the origin of pork from electronic labels stuck on the packaging.
The labels contain all information about the meat, including the animal breeding process, slaughterhouse and markets where it is sold.
The sellers taking part in the programme include Co.opmart and Co.opXtra, Co.opFood, SatraFood, Big C, Lotte Mart, Auchan, Aeon-Citimart and Queenland.
Đào Hà Trung, chairman of the HCM City High Technology Association, said to get the information about the pork, consumers should download the QR Code decoding application from www.te-food.com to their devices, open the app on their phones and focus the device's camera on the barcode area on the label to read the results.
Alternatively, they can use a device installed near the pork counter to read the information.
Nguyễn Ngọc Hòa, the department's deputy director, said based on the results of the first phase the programme would be expanded to traditional channels later.
Phạm Thành Kiên, the department's director and head of the project, said it is one of several important measures to reduce the amount of unsafe meat.
The municipal government expects the programme to be successful and to expand it to cover other essential products in future, he said.
If consumers seek to consume more products with clear origin, they would help gradually push unsafe food out of the market, he said. — VNS
HCM City
origin of pork
QC code


Apartment on lake Como, Lombardy, Italy, sale.
Charming apartment in Lenno in close proximity, restaurants and beach, promenade and shops. The complex has a spacious swimming pool and a sun lounger area. Since this is a secondary property, the tax on the purchase will be lower.
Entrance, living room with kitchen and access to a spacious terrace overlooking the lake, 1 bedroom, bathroom with shower and balcony. Attic floor - 1 bedroom and a bathroom with a bath. Parking place on the territory of the complex.
Estimated cost when renting in high season 1100 euros per week, in the middle - 900 euros per week.


it's time to break out the beads and those Mardi Gras Masks & Contumes for Put-in-Bay Ohio's version of this annual event.
It's Time for the Put-in-Bay Mardi Gras Weekend! Bring the Beads, Bring your costumes but more importantly bring yourselves for this fun-filled event! This weekend is another favorite for those about to exchange their vows to host their Bachelor & Bachelorette parties! Mardi Gras is a fun event for all age groups! Put-in-Bay Resort and the Put-in-Bay Visitors & Convention Bureau are the sponsors for the event.


Australian Perth Mint Gold. Gold Bars & Rounds. Perth Mint Gold Bars. America the Beautiful Coins. 90% & 40% US Silver Coins. Australian Perth Mint Silver. Cast & Hand Poured. To honor the first president of America, George Washington on his bicentennial birthday. The Washington quarters were released in 1932. Although the Washington quarters are minted till. Random dates will be chosen based on availability. Mint issues can be from the Philadelphia (no mint mark), Denver (D), and/or San Francisco. (S) based on availability. Designer of coin – John Flanagan. Content of each coin is 0.1808 Troy Ounce of 90% pure silver. Total weight 7.15 Troy Ounces. Is fully committed to its customers by providing a vast variety of quality products. At one of the most affordable prices in the market thereby helping our customers achieve economic. We also have a strong online presence and provide our customers an easy and secure online. We are always striving to be better! By purchasing from Bullion Exchanges, you are agreeing to all of our Terms and Policies. Bullion Exchanges reserves the right to refuse or cancel any order reviewed by our Compliance Team, which are deemed questionable or have increasing potential risk for being fraudulent. All customers are subject to a review at our own discretion, in which additional information, identification and/or documentation, may be requested. A prompt response would help expedite the fulfillment of your order. Packages are no longer insured if the tracking information shows the package is delivered. We will only be liable to cover packages that are lost in transit or damaged. There are no exceptions to this policy. Once an order is placed, it cannot be modified or cancelled. Using high definition digital video, we record the packing of our products to affirm accuracy. Bullion Exchanges reserves the right to refuse or cancel any order reviewed by our Compliance Team, which are deemed questionable or have potential risk for being fraudulent. There are no exceptions. The submission of an order and subsequent receipt of a confirmation locks in your order and affects our metal hedging requirements and thus we are unable to make any price adjustments. Our in-house numismatist staff assign conditions to all products. The condition assigned to the products is derived from industry-wide standards. Please keep in mind that most images are stock images, and therefore you should not expect to receive the pictured products. Silver products, and some gold as well, may exhibit milk spots, and/or toning, which are normal and do not change the condition described in the listing, nor the value of the product. Coins that are holdered by one of the major grading companies are graded based on the condition they were in at the time of grading. However, at times, coins do tend to develop spotting or toning which are a normal happenstance in coins. Please keep in mind, the appearance of the toning and/or milk spots does not mean that the coin is not the grade specified on the actual slab. In instances where there is a discrepancy where the customer believes to be unjust, please refer to the grading companys guarantee policy. Both NGC and PCGS have a program where they will compensate the owner of the current coin if they believe the coin deserves a lower grade than it had originally received. Please note, bullion coins, bars and rounds are mass-produced and are not struck to the same quality standards as collector coins. These bullion products are not certified and therefore will not always be 100% perfect. All sales are final and therefore in cases when a product is offered on a Deal Price, previously locked-in orders for that product will not be subject to price reductions or cancellations. Bullion Exchanges reserves the right to cancel sales that may or may not have typography issues within the listings, pricing inaccuracies, systematic faults by our system, and/or errors caused by eBays system, without further notice. Purchasing bullion and/or coins involves price risk, and the purchaser assumes all such risk. We do not offer or make price adjustments based on the market fluctuations of precious metals, or for any other reason. We will never ask the customer to pay more for a product if the price significantly increased, so please refrain from requesting price adjustments after market prices decrease. The item "$10 Face Value Washington Quarters 90% Silver 40-Coin Roll (Circulated)" is in sale since Thursday, April 11, 2019. This item is in the category "Coins & Paper Money\Bullion\Silver\Coins". The seller is "bullion.exchanges" and is located in New York, New York. This item can be shipped to United States.
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HarrisCountyTX.gov
Harris County A to Z
Court Agenda
County Directory
County Holiday
Probate Court No. 1
HomeFormsDocket ScheduleFAQCourt StaffRegistration for Court Appointments
Local Rules & Jurisdiction E-filing InformationHelpful GuidelinesPro Se Applicants PolicyStandards for Attorney FeesLinks
Judge Michael Newman
201 Caroline, Ste. 680
Houston TX, 77002
Office Hours: 8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m.
Docket Schedule
Court Staff
NEW!!! JBCC Criminal Background Check, Training and Registration for Guardians
Attorney Fee Standards effective June 1, 2019
Docket Schedule :
Probate:
Monday at 8:30 a.m.
(Attorney only docket)
Tuesday at 8:00 a.m.
Wednesday at 9:00 a.m. and 1:30 p.m.
Heirship:
Wednesday at 10:00 a.m. and 2:30 p.m.
Guardianship:
Scheduling Conferences:
Thursday at 10:00 a.m.
Ancillary Docket:
Tuesday at 10:30 a.m. and Thursday at 1:30 p.m. (effective in July)
Submission Docket:
2nd & 4th Thursday of the month at 10:00a.m.
Pre-Trial and Status Conferences:
Thursday at 10:00 a.m.
Show Cause Docket:
ANNOUNCEMENT!!!! We are pleased to announce that Ms. Patricia ("Susie") Rowley will be joining Harris County Probate Court No. 2 as Associate Judge and Staff Attorney, effective June 3, 2019. For the past 17 years, Ms. Rowley has served Harris County Probate Court No. 1 as Staff Attorney and Probate Coordinator. Ms. Rowley is an honors graduate form the University of Houston (Downtown) where she majored in Applied Microbiology. Ms. Rowley received her law degree from South Texas College of Law in 1999.
Effective March 2019 Judge Newman will hold Probate of Will Dockets at the Humble Annex Pct 4, Pl 2, 7900 Will Clayton Parkway, every first Monday of the Month at 10:30 a.m.
Notice: Please refer to the County Clerk's Office Probate page for signed orders and Probate Court Settings for Docket Settings.
ALL DOCUMENTS ALONG WITH EXHIBITS SHOULD BE E-FILED AS "ONE LEAD DOCUMENT". PROPOSED ORDERS SHOULD BE FILED AS A SEPARATE "LEAD DOCUMENT".
Docket Schedule (PLEASE CALL US AT THE ABOVE NUMBER TO SET ALL HEARINGS(NOTICE OF HEARING IS NOT SUFFICIENT)-THEY CAN'T BE SET VIA THE INTERNET)
If interested in becoming a court visitor and assisting with the monitoring of wards, please contact Monique Gonzales.
Attorney Ad Litems: If you are current on your certifications and are registered with our court, there is no need to re-register yearly. Please do notify the court of any address changes or if you no longer wish to receive appointments.
Registration for Court Appointment for Court 2 (2).pdf
NewmanAnnouncement re JP Hearings.pdf
Registered Ad Litem List (All)
Delayed Birth Certificates
New Requirement for Probating a Will as a Muniment of Title
Standing Order in Limine for Jury Trials
Fees to be Paid from Harris County
For suggestions or comments regarding this site please email us at webcomments@hctx.net.
The information contained in this site was valid at the time of posting. Harris County assumes no liability for damages incurred directly or indirectly as a result of errors, omissions or discrepancies. Moreover, Harris County is not responsible for the content nor endorses any site which has a link from this page. For additional information please review our Privacy Policy and our Accessibility Statement.


As New Old Stock, published by the E.F. Schumacher Society in 1989.
This book details some of the economic views of decentralist Ralph Borsodi. A rebuke of Keynesian economics and a record of his attempt to create an alternate currency.
In the early 1970's, Schumacher Center founder Robert Swann worked with Ralph Borsodi to issue Constants, a commodity-backed currency, on an experimental basis in Exeter, New Hampshire. The Exeter experiment began in April 1973 and ran for over a year, circulating almost 100,000 Constants in Exeter, Borsodi's hometown. Borsodi and Swann were two of the most influential intellectual leaders of the community land trust movement in the United States. Together, they established the International Independence Institute in 1967 to provide training and technical assistance for people who were interested in promoting rural development.


text:
Дмитро Олександрович Жикол ( 26 січня 1995, Київ) — український футболіст, півзахисник «Чайка».

Біографія
Народився 26 січня 1995 року в Києві. З семи років займався в ДЮФШ «Динамо». Перший тренер — Олександр Шпаков. У віці 15-ти років перейшов до дитячої школи «Княжа», де навчався протягом двох років.

2012 року став гравцем київського «Арсеналу», де провів рік у команді U-19 (28 матчів, 2 голи) і ще півроку в команді U-21 (13 матчів, 1 гол).

На початку 2014 року перейшов у «Севастополь» і до кінця сезону зіграв у 9 матчах молодіжного чемпіонату. Після розформування «Севастополя» отримав статус вільного агента і влітку 2014 року уклав контракт з «Динамо» (Київ). У чемпіонаті молодіжних команд U-21 за «динамівців» дебютував 26 липня 2014 року у матчі проти «Ворскли» (1:0). Всього за сезон зіграв у 16 матчах молодіжної першості.

Влітку 2015 року був заявлений за «Динамо-2» у Першу лігу. Дебютував у дорослому рівні 27 липня 2015 року в матчі 1 туру проти «Тернополя» (2:1), вийшовши на заміну на 82 хвилині замість Дієго Суареса і в компенсований час забив переможний гол.

Примітки

Посилання

Уродженці Києва
Українські футболісти
Футболісти «Арсенала» (Київ)
Футболісти «Севастополя»
Футболісти «Динамо-2» (Київ)
Футболісти «Поділля» (Хмельницький)


text:
Arts Council in the frame for cut of RTE's money from Sotheby's art sale: The Arts Council is to get half the proceeds of two artworks that RTE is putting up for auction at Sotheby's next month. Following queries by The Sunday Times last week, the council did some research in its archives and discovered it had helped RTE to buy Tain, a tapestry by Louis le Brocquy; and a 1967 abstract painting by William Scott.
13.10.2019, The Sunday Times: Arts Council in the frame for cut of RTE's money from Sotheby's art sale
Is Brexit London's loss and Paris's gain?: "Paris had everything, lost it, and is trying hard to get it back and seize its chances." So said the Salzburg, Paris and London dealer Thaddaeus Ropac at this year's Art Business Conference, during a discussion about the impact of Brexit on Europe's art market.
11.10.2019, The Financial Times: Is Brexit London's loss and Paris's gain?
12.10.2019, The Guardian: Paris art scene roars back to life … with a little help from Brexit
Paris Internationale — a killing time at the fair with new dynamism: Five years after its launch, the cutting-edge contemporary art fair Paris Internationale is cementing its place in the French capital's art scene. "Not many people thought the project would survive, back in 2015, but here we are. It's enormously satisfying," says Clément Delépine, the fair's co-director.
11.10.2019, The Financial Times: Paris Internationale — a killing time at the fair with new dynamism
Famous Welsh religious revival painting 'Salem' saved for nation: The institution in Aberystwyth agreed a deal by private treaty for an undisclosed amount ahead of the scheduled sale at Rogers Jones in Cardiff on October 19. It was due to be offered with an estimate of £40,000-60,000.
11.10.2019, The Antiques Trade Gazette: Famous Welsh religious revival painting 'Salem' saved for nation
Fiac art fair director Jennifer Flay on the challenges ahead: Jennifer Flay, the director of Fiac (Foire Internationale d'Art Contemporain), insists that France's most important modern and contemporary art fair can weather future storms.
11.10.2019, The Financial Times: Fiac art fair director Jennifer Flay on the challenges ahead
Money laundering, trafficking, ivory: crackdown on art crime intensifies: Pressure on the UK's art trade is increasing as it faces a wave of legislative changes and increased attention from enforcement agencies. As UK courts introduced new sentencing guidelines for criminal damage to heritage assets on 1 October, the trade was counting down to the anti-money-laundering regulations that are coming into force in January and pushing for a judicial review of the contentious Ivory Act 2018.
10.10.2019, The Art Newspaper: Money laundering, trafficking, ivory: crackdown on art crime intensifies
The Prolific Forger Whose Fake Old Masters Fooled the Art World: Eric Hebborn, who died in 1996, is widely considered to be the greatest art forger of modern times. By his own estimate, he created over 1,000 forgeries. Only a handful of these works have been exposed as fakes, in places like the National Gallery of Denmark and the Morgan Library & Museum, after passing through the finest auction houses in the world. Some of the most notable artists Hebborn claimed to have forged, in addition to Brueghel and Van Dyck, include Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot, and Peter Paul Rubens.
10.10.2019, Artsy: The Prolific Forger Whose Fake Old Masters Fooled the Art World
Unprecedented decision of German Nazi-looted art panel: The recent case before the German Advisory Commission involving the painting Uhlans on the March by Hans von Marées was a first of its kind on a number of counts. The Commission is the body that hears claims for the restitution of Nazi-looted artworks. The claim had been brought in 2017 by the beneficiaries of the estate of a former Jewish art dealer operating in Germany in the 1930s named Max Stern. The Stern beneficiaries consist of three universities (McGill and Concordia Universities in Montreal and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem) and have been represented by the Max Stern Art Restitution Project since 2002. The beneficiaries have so far recovered about 20 of approximately 200 works once belonging to Stern's dealership.
08.10.2019, The Institute of Art and Law: Unprecedented decision of German Nazi-looted art panel
Original Van Dyck portrait discovered after online debate: A 17th-century portrait of a member of the Spanish royal family, which has always been considered to come from the studio of Anthony van Dyck, has been confirmed as a piece by the artist himself.
08.10.2019, The Guardian: Original Van Dyck portrait discovered after online debate
08.10.2019, The Antiques Trade Gazette: Art dealers help discover original Anthony van Dyck portrait in Liverpool gallery
Leonardo da Vinci work 'too fragile' to be transported to France: A blockbuster exhibition of Leonardo da Vinci's works at the Louvre could be without one of his most famous works after an Italian court suspended its loan to the Paris museum following a last-minute legal challenge.
08.10.2019, The Guardian: Leonardo da Vinci work 'too fragile' to be transported to France 09.10.2019, The Art Newspaper: Italian court blocks loan of Leonardo's Vitruvian Man to Louvre
Tania Bruguera, Hito Steyerl and Other Leading Art World Figures Demand MoMA Divest From Private Prisons: The letter, published on New Sanctuary Coalition, states that MoMA uses financial services company Fidelity Investments, which owns stocks in private prison companies, to oversee its pension fund. Earlier this year, a campaign was launched against Larry Fink, a MoMA board member and CEO of BlackRock. The letter states Fink is the second largest shareholder of prison companies, GEO Group and Core Civic. More than 220 artists, academics and curators – including artists Tania Bruguera, Mika Rottenberg, Hito Steyerl – have signed the open letter, which demands that MoMA and Fink divest from prison companies.
11.10.2019, Frieze: Tania Bruguera, Hito Steyerl and Other Leading Art World Figures Demand MoMA Divest From Private Prisons
New U.S. Tariffs Could Hit Some Prints, Photographs from Germany, United Kingdom: A decision in a 15-year trade dispute between the United States and the European Union about the manufacturing of airplanes could result in a price hike for American buyers of certain types of photographs and prints.
11.10.2019, Art News: New U.S. Tariffs Could Hit Some Prints, Photographs from Germany, United Kingdom
After the Release of a New Movie on a Notorious Art Fraudster, the FBI Is Seeking the Owner of a Dubuffet Painting Connected to the Case: Earlier last week, the Department of Justice sent out a press release seeking the owner of a painting by Art Brut master Jean Dubuffet, Site avec 5 personnages (1981), which was seized as part of a long-running case against a notorious former art dealer named Michel Cohen, who fled charges in the US after defrauding clients out of $50 million.11.10.2019, Artnet: After the Release of a New Movie on a Notorious Art Fraudster, the FBI Is Seeking the Owner of a Dubuffet Painting Connected to the Case
Following Censorship Allegations, Aichi Triennale Reopens Controversial Exhibition, Puts Back on View Works Removed by Artists: A prolonged battle that had at its core allegations of "censorship" has come to an end, at least for now. The organizers of the 2019 Aichi Triennale in Japan have reopened the controversial "After 'Freedom of Expression?'"—a mini-exhibition within the triennial that looked at the history of censorship of artworks in the triennial's home country. The organizers also put back on view works by a group of artists who had signed an open letter calling the closure "censorship" and demanding that their works be removed from the exhibition in a stand of solidarity.
09.10.2019, Art News: Following Censorship Allegations, Aichi Triennale Reopens Controversial Exhibition, Puts Back on View Works Removed by Artists
12.10.2019, The Art Newspaper: Aichi Triennale show embroiled in censorship row reopens—but only for visitors selected by lottery
'The Colonial Effect on Us Is Huge': Why Congolese Collector Sindika Dokolo Sees Restitution as a Way to Remake African Identity: The question of whether Western museums should return works of African art to their home countries is vexed and hotly debated. But the mega-collector Sindika Dokolo thinks there's a simple question that should be driving restitution determinations today: Was the object obtained legally?
08.10.2019, Artnet: 'The Colonial Effect on Us Is Huge': Why Congolese Collector Sindika Dokolo Sees Restitution as a Way to Remake African Identity
Feminist exhibition in China suddenly axed following alleged governmental pressure: A group exhibition in Shanghai exhibiting young feminist artists was suddenly cancelled ahead of China's National Day on 1 October. We | Woman: One is not born a woman, but rather becomes one was slated to run at a space in Shanghai's art district M50 from 30 September to 4 October. A participating filmmaker, who wishes to remain anonymous, says that she was informed by the organisers of the cancellation only the day before the show was scheduled to open.07.10.2019, The Art Newspaper: Feminist exhibition in China suddenly axed following alleged governmental pressure
Annual conference of the International Catalogue Raisonné Association:
The first annual conference of the International Catalogue Raisonné Association (ICRA) will take place on Friday 22 November 2019 at Christie's, 9-15 Ryder Street, London SW1Y 6PY from 9.30am to 7pm. The conference offers a full day of presentations and panel discussions by international experts working on the catalogue raisonné projects. The price of the ticket is £250 and includes lunch and evening networking drinks. Discounts are on offer for members of ICRA. To apply for membership or to buy tickets for the conference, please visit www.icra.art.


in the rolling hills of wine.
The manor House of Petrolo, built on the first half of XVIII century by Architect and fine Artist Massimiliano Soldani Benzi. A mansion of unique charm, union of art and history, enhanced by the typical landscape of rolling Chianti Hills. The Villa boasts private pool, tennis court and daily cleaning service.
Being on a hillside, the house enjoys breathtaking panorama of the Val d'Arno valley, especially from it's natural terrace with private swimming pool. A lovely cottage, 4 bedrooms and 4 bathrooms ensuite.
The farmhouse is surrounded by the Petrolo olive trees and vineyards with a wide view of the rolling hills around us, a nice private garden and a gorgeous swimming pool shared with apartments Feriale I and II. 5 bedrooms and 4 bathrooms.
The farmhouse is surrounded by the Petrolo olive trees and vineyards. Has a gorgeous swimming pool and a wide panoramic view of the surrounding woods and of the Val d'Ambra. Feriale I is the top floor apartment, Feriale II is placed on the ground floor. 5 bedrooms and 4 bathrooms.
This apartment, placed on the ground floor of house Feriale, has a nice welcoming pergola for meals "al fresco". Placed beside our organic olive groves the house has a gorgeous swimming pool, shared with house Vigna and Feriale I. 2 bedrooms.
This Leopoldinian farmhouse from 1800 is placed in front of the Bòggina vineyard that produces our best Sangiovese wine. The house is surrounded by a large garden and has a swimming pool for exclusive use. Away from main streets you would be at walking distance from the local village of Mercatale Valdarno (500 m). Up to 7 bedrooms and 6 bathrooms.


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Giants QB Daniel Jones ruled out for 3rd straight week
Dec. 17, 2021 at 12:33 pm Updated Dec. 17, 2021 at 12:34 pm
TOM CANAVAN
EAST RUTHERFORD, N.J. (AP) — New York Giants quarterback Daniel Jones has been ruled out for the third straight game because of a neck injury.
The announcement came was not surprising, considering Jones has not been cleared for contact since sustaining the injury in a win over the Philadelphia Eagles on Nov. 28.
Earlier this week, coach Joe Judge said veteran backup Mike Glennon would start for New York (4-9) against the NFL East-leading Dallas Cowboys (9-4) on Sunday at MetLife Stadium.
The bigger concern for Judge is the Giants' COVID-19 cases, including cornerbacks Adoree Jackson and Aaron Robinson, safeties Xavier McKinney and J.R. Reed. Practice squad defensive back Natrell Jamerson also tested positive on Friday.
McKinney, who leads the team with five interceptions, is in the COVID-19 protocol because he has said he is not vaccinated. He has been isolated and will play if he continues to have negative tests for COVID-19, Judge said.
"This is something that everyone in the league's dealing with," safety Logan Ryan said Friday. "Like I said, you can go out there at practice and only have five DBs today, what can you really get done and whatnot? Honestly, this is a pandemic that is out of our hands. You have to be willing to adapt, adapt or die honestly. You have to be willing to adapt and that's what we're doing."
Judge said Friday he wasn't planning on any of the other players on the COVID-19 list being available Sunday, though he said it is possible they could test out and play.
Besides the COVID1-9 guys, Judge said several players had flu-like symptoms Friday. He said they were being tested for the coronavirus, but noted it's flu season.
Defensive backs Steven Parker and Jarren Williams, linebackers Reggie Ragland, Benardrick McKinney and Elerson Smith, and placekicker Graham Gano all were on the injury report on Friday with an illness.
For the game, guard Ben Bredeson (ankle) is doubtful, while receiver Sterling Shepard (calf) and defensive linemen Austin Johnson (foot) and Leonard Williams (triceps) are questionable.
The Giants held a walk-through on Friday and planned to do a little more on Saturday to catch up. Judge plans to take a closer look at Leonard Williams then to see if his star lineman is ready.


This playful cat has its own name and personality. Kabamaru is the leader of the group, taking good care of his friends. "Kaba" in Japanese means "hippo" and "maru" means "round." He is named that because he is a bit of a slow walker.
This ceramic cup is 6 oz and is microwave and dishwasher safe.


"They fell in love with the sky, and in turn, each other. A promise is made, and one day they will fly together with their own wings."
Aoi Minase is a boy who returns with shattered dreams to his wind-swept hometown of Kazegaura. There, atop a hill lined with windmills, he encounters a wheelchair-bound girl, Kotori Habane, and a beautiful, white glider soaring through the sky. Together they decide to revive their school's defunct Soaring Club in order to ride the "Morning Glory," a phantom cloud carried on the wind that blows across Kazegaura. This is a tale of youth, a tale of boys and girls who loved the sky.
If My Heart Had Wings features five heroines, a wonderful story, and is fully compatible with all versions of Windows.


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In the past decade, Bangalore's food scenario has witnessed a revolution; eateries specialising in different international cuisines have mushroomed across the City, and with them has come a world of opportunities in terms of flavours, spices and textures.
The once-popular burger took a backseat as Bangaloreans began to flirt with a line-up of dishes from around the world — the Sichuanese cooking of China, delicate Thai curries and even Spanish rices.
Over the years, however, it seems that cuisines have developed into fads of a sort, remaining popular for a while before giving room to the next infatuation. Metrolife speaks to a few Bangaloreans to find out more about trends in food.
Vibhuthi Bane, a chef, believes that Chinese — one of the first loves of the City in terms of international cuisine — became popular among the masses about seven years back. "It became more easily accessible, with small joints specialising in Chinese food too," he says, adding that one of the main reasons for this popularity was that local chefs began to 'Indianise' Chinese dishes by adding plenty of spice to them.
The other cuisine which he pegs as becoming a hot favourite overnight is Thai. "Thai flavours are actually very close to Indian ones. They use bird chilli, ginger and galangal in their cooking, which aren't dissimilar from what we use in ours," he explains.
However, it's evident that Bangaloreans have now moved on from their fried rices and green curries. Vrinda, a law student, believes that the latest trend to hit the City is the hot flavour of Mexican cooking. "'Taco Bell' opened here over a year back, and we have plenty of restaurants specialising in Tex-Mex cuisine.
The important thing is that these outlets are extremely affordable for the masses. What's more, Mexican cuisine is growing beyond just nachos and tacos — people are beginning to discover dishes like fajitas and piri piri as well," she says.
Vibhuthi believes that Mexican food lends itself easily to the Indian palate.
"Traditionally, their dishes have a lot of pork. But chefs here have catered to Indian tastes by dispensing with that and instead using plenty of beans and paprika spice," he explains.
Middle-Eastern cuisine isn't far behind. Sushil Unni, who works in the food and hospitality industry, points out that it's becoming quite the rage in the City.
"Lebanese food is definitely becoming popular in the City. There are plenty of Indians who have worked in the Middle East, and they're the ones who set up counters serving that cuisine here. Now, one can find shawarma almost everywhere" he points out. He's quick to add that Middle-Eastern food is not only easily accessible, but also affordable in Bangalore. "It's growing in terms of kiosks and counters, rather than fine-dining restaurants," he observes.
And what could the next big thing be in the world of food? Vibhuthi believes he has the answer. "Japanese. Sushi and sashimi have already become hits in the west.
They have rice, which is a staple here, and vegetarians can go for dishes which have avocado and asparagus. Besides, there's a lot of opportunity in terms of seafood, since Japanese cooking uses fish and crab meat. It caters to a variety of people," he concludes.


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HomeNewsPricing
Used car buyers set to cash in as ex-finance cars flood the market
Used car buyers set to cash in as ex-finance cars flood the market product 2019-08-13 08:20:00 https://uk.motor1.com/news/364802/used-buyers-ex-finance-flood/ Pricing, car sales, used cars, finance
CarGurus says now is the time to capitalise on the finance boom of 2016.
Second-hand car buyers could be set to cash in this year as a huge influx of ex-finance vehicles floods the used market, a leading online marketplace has said.
More on buying used cars:
One in 10 used cars bought without a viewing
Forbidden fruit tops most wanted used car in Britain
CarGurus says there is currently a surge in dealer stock, as many of those who signed up for personal contract purchase (PCP) or personal contract hire (PCH) agreements in 2016 are now returning their vehicles. That year was a record-breaking one for the car sales, but some 86 percent of those sales were made up of finance contracts - many of which run for three years. As a result, CarGurus says the market is now becoming awash with good condition, low mileage, three-year-old cars.
In fact, the company says many of the 2.9 million cars registered in 2016 will be hitting the used car market in 2019. On CarGurus alone, the number of low mileage, three-year old used cars listed on the site has more than doubled, up 137 percent since 2016.
That means - at least in theory - that the basic economic principle of supply and demand should help customers find better deals on well-maintained three-year-old cars. However, CarGurus warns that customers might still need to be "savvy" to ensure they're getting a good deal.
The company recommends a thorough check of any used vehicle's history to ensure it has been properly serviced and maintained, as well as doing some due diligence on the dealer to ensure they are reputable. The firm also suggests being wary of pricing, as financed vehicles tend not to be the cheapest on the market, due in part to their low mileage and the fact they are generally in good condition.
"While 2016 proved to be the year of the new car, 2019 could be very much the year of the used car with a vast swathe of ex-finance contract vehicles heading back into dealer stock." said Chris Knapman, editor of CarGurus UK. "Buying a three-year-old car now makes sense as there will be a consistent turnover of high-quality vehicles that are being returned or traded in by their original owners at the end of PCP contracts.
"The bonus of buying ex-finance vehicles is they are often well-maintained with comparatively low mileage because of the finance contract terms and conditions. However, as with any used vehicle purchase, buyers should always shop with care and research their potential purchase thoroughly and CarGurus can help, using its search function to compare potential purchases, to show whether the advertised price represents a good deal."
car sales used cars finance


I'd still have liked to be able to express gratitude properly, I wonder who released this share. "Thanks to whoever is behind this release!", as i say in such cases!
By the same artist, I also share Koizome Marking (246 pictures), ChichiKoi (224 pictures), Wakaranai Yo Kurogawa-san, Onee-chan No Oshigoto, Lesson For Me, Princess Training, Horoyoi Cherry-Pick, Double Lesson, Fortune Lovers, Sweet March and Moody Home Teacher.
Hmmm, … NOW I'll have to modify my collection via creating a folder containing all translated works to date by Okumoto-san, instead of grouping them with "one-shots" – to do later.
While, in the real world, it's "be indecisive, so that you don't get any girl and life almost not metaphorically spits on you".


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Willibald der Zauberlehrling war eine langjährige, jeweils einseitige Comic-Serie in der österreichischen Kinderzeitschrift Wunderwelt. Sie erschien über 10 Jahre lang bis Anfang der 1960er. Ursprünglich in vier horizontalen Zeilen, bestand die Seite ab 1953 aus drei senkrecht angeordneten Bilderfolgen mit darunter stehenden ironischen Reimen vom Illustrator Prinz.

Autor und Illustrator war der Maler und Schriftsteller Peter Paul Prinz (* 1925), der zunächst beim Konkurrenzblatt Kinderpost gearbeitet hatte, aber 1948 zur neu gegründeten Wunderwelt wechselte. Ab 1964 arbeitete Prinz als Werbegrafiker in der Industrie.

Inhalt
Zu Beginn der langjährigen Serie bestritt der kleine Willi seine gezeichneten Abenteuer allein, doch bald stand ihm der hochgewachsene Zaubermeister Hokus zur Seite. Prinz nannte die Serie zunächst Willi und Hokus. Dem Meister gab er, der auch die prägnant-humorvollen Verse verfasste, als Markenzeichen eine lange, spitze Zaubermütze, die mit geheimnisvollen Zeichen gespickt war, und einen langen blauen Mantel.

Willi sollte bei Hokus allmählich die Kunst des Zauberns lernen, doch diesem misslangen seine Hexereien meist trotz des gewaltig inszenierten, mit Töpfen und Dämpfen angereicherten Hokus-Pokus fast immer. Doch der aufgeweckte Lehrling Willi konnte die Situation fast immer retten.

Um der Comicserie nach Jahren neue Spannung zu verschaffen, erfand ihr Schöpfer den schnurrbärtigen und bösartigen Vetter Pokus. Mit funkelnden Augen ging Pokus seine Quertreibereien an, musste aber regelmäßig die Segel streichen und seine Niederlagen eingestehen.

Weblinks

 Inhaltliche Zusammenfassung der Wunderwelt-Serie

Willibald
Comicstrip


Great job, super people to work with, experts at their craft, completed at a fair price, Thank you for the quality work! We will hire again.
As a homeowner in Georgia, you probably know that the heavy precipitation and Georgia clay soil can be problematic for your foundation. When moisture overtakes the soil around your home, you can be left facing extensive consequences, such as bowing basement walls, water leaks, interior wall cracks, or a leaking chimney. With a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean, Georgia is also vulnerable to hurricanes, so it's important to be prepared and have a solid foundation and protection against leaks. When disaster strikes, CHANCE's trained professionals are here to help you choose the best solution for your situation. We offer several foundation systems for home elevation, all of which offer a versatile continuous system that provide higher strengths in supporting the weight of your home, corrosion protection in high water tables and resistance to buckling by increasing lateral load capacities. When you work with a Certified CHANCE Installer, you'll enjoy peace of mind—that unique feeling of confidence that comes when you know the job will be done right—the first time.


Baia Sonambula is specifically located in the first dune behind the main swimming beach in Tofo. The guesthouse consists of three sea view rooms and two non-sea view rooms, all with en-suite bathrooms. It is recommended to travelers who search for Western conveniences within an African ambiance.
I am interested in this holiday!


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Transnational Criminal Organizations in Brazil and the Southern Cone
You are here: American University Centers Latin American and Latino Studies Transnational Criminal Organizations in Brazil and the Southern Cone
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Wildlife Trafficking & Illegal Logging in Latin America
Transnational Criminal Organizations in Brazil & the Southern Cone
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In recent years, economic and political changes in Brazil and Latin America's Southern Cone have provided opportunities for transnational criminal organizations (TCOs) to strengthen their presence in the region. In some cases, this has included the cooptation of the political system and building of alliances with political actors to facilitate the production and movement of illicit goods and to promote the interests of a reconfigured elite. This corruption threatens to undermine the region's young democracies, which are only now entering their second generation of electoral politics. In addition to the security concerns posed, the expanding presence of TCOs in Brazil and the Southern Cone negatively impacts U.S. economic interests. Illicit businesses that sell counterfeit items, launder money, or participate in racketeering unfairly compete in the market, putting legal enterprises at a disadvantage and preventing effective functioning of the economy.
With a grant awarded from the U.S. Department of State, CLALS has launched a two-year project intended to provide a detailed snapshot of the extent and operation of transnational criminal organizations in Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay.
The goal of this project is to map the independent and collaborative activities of currently active TCOs, and interdiction efforts, in these three countries and the Tri-Border Area, in order to improve understanding of criminal dynamics in the region and beyond. Specifically, it will investigate the scope and scale of TCO operations, the range of criminal activities engaged in by TCOs, types of trafficked goods, trafficking routes, transit points, money laundering processes, and the extent of involvement of corrupt officials. In so doing it seeks to provide new insights and recommendations on the impact of these TCOs for US security and economic interests, and to inform decision-making regarding the allocation of law enforcement resources, intervention strategies, and anticipation of future threats.
This project is a collaboration between CLALS and InSight Crime, a non-profit journalism and investigative organization hosted by CLALS and with an office in Medellín, Colombia, that specializes in organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean. This initiative is led by CLALS Director Eric Hershberg, InSight Crime Co-Director Steven Dudley, and AU School of International Service Associate Professor Matthew Taylor.
Wildlife Trafficking and Illegal Logging in Latin America


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Merlin Sheldrake reveals the complexity of the fungal world
Read the full transcript of our Science Focus Podcast interview with fungi expert Merlin Sheldrake – listen to the episode at the bottom of the page.
By Amy Barrett
28th September, 2020 at 08:00
Merlin Sheldrake: At the moment, I'm talking about the book all the time. So I'm not actually doing active research at the moment because I'm busy on the book promotion circuit.
Amy Barrett: When did the book come out?
MS: It came out on the 3rd in England, but it came out in May in the States.
AB: And what has the reception been like?
MS: It's been very encouraging. People seem to have an appetite for the subject, which is gratifying and wasn't something that I'd expected.
AB: Because the research into fungi is one of the most under researched areas, I have I got that right?
MS: Yeah, we know very little about them, relatively speaking. I mean, we still know a decent amount and there are plenty of fungal biologists. But compared to, say, our knowledge of plants or animals, we mean that we know very little.
AB: Why do you think that is?
MS: There are a few reasons. One is technological: it's only in the last few decades that technologies like DNA sequencing have been invented and have become widely applicable.
And these technologies grant us access to two fungal lives in a way we simply didn't have before. So we can grind up the DNA in a teaspoon of soil and we can work out who's there, which fungi are there. We can describe communities in different places. We can we can look at what those communities are doing. And this means that the subject of fungi has just opened to enquiry in a different way.
Then there's other reasons, too. I think taxonomically and there's been a an entrenched bias against fungi because they were considered to be plants until the 60s when they won their independence. Taxonomically speaking. And so when you wanted to study plant fungi in the past, there wasn't a Department of Fungal Sciences at university. You'd have to study it in the plant sciences department. So, it was occupying some dusty wing of plant sciences rather than being its own study. So, I think that's restrict to funds and it's restricted to students and and general expertise.
So there's a few there's a few other possible reasons as well. But those are the main ones, I think.
AB: So really, as recently as is the 60s, we didn't actually consider them to be different to plants?
MS: Well, they were considered to be fungi, but fungi themselves were considered to be a type of plant. So it fell broadly under the umbrella of botany.
AB: And so what is it about them that makes that incorrect? What is it about them that means that they're neither plant nor animal?
MS: So when you look at the evolutionary tree, the line of descent, of which fungi are a part, they make up their own kingdom of life. So it's as broad and busy a category as animal and plant, but a distinct kingdom. And they're unlike plants in the sense that they don't photosynthesise. So photosynthesis being this metabolic miracle where plants are able to eat light and carbon dioxide from the air.
So they have to do what animals do, which is to find food in the world and digest it and absorb it. But there's somewhat more like plants and animals because most of them live in a sessile way. They live embedded in their environments and have to grow places. They can't go places in the same way that animals can with their twitchy, muscular bodies.
AB: And how old are fungi as a kingdom?
MS: At the moment, the best estimates are just over a billion years. But that keeps changing. You know, depending on when new fossil evidence comes to light. A new analysis of the genetics comes to light. There's a finding from 2.4 billion years ago in lava of fossil organisms who look just like fungi. They have the same branched mycelium structure.
This is a contentious finding because it would suggest that fungi had arisen many times earlier than what we currently think. But whether they are actual fungi or just a different kind of, mycelial organism is in dispute. So we're not sure.
AB: That word 'mycelial' – what does that mean?
MS: So when we think of fungi, most people think of mushrooms, which are the just the fruits of fungi. So most fungi live most of their lives as branching fusing networks of tubular cells known as mycelium and mycelium is analogous to the tree on which the apples grow. And you imagine how little we'd know about this apple tree if all we saw of it with the apples that pushed their way through the ground once a year and the rest was underground. So fungi live most of their lives concealed from view and mycelium is their main way of life.
AB: So do all species produce mushrooms?
MS: Very few do, relatively speaking. The fungal kingdom is enormously diverse. There's a best estimates are about 2.2 to 3.8 million species, of which we've described only about six to eight per cent of them. So we know only that much about the fungal kingdom. So of those 2.2 to 3.8 million, only about 20,000 to 30,000 produce mushrooms. So mushroom-forming fungi are in the great minority.
AB: If I'm out and I see a mushroom, that's only a very small portion of the fungus. So how far could that mycelial network be stretched underneath the mushroom that I'm seeing?
MS: Mycelium is like trees, which can vary enormously. From sort of shrubby, small trees to giant redwood sequoias. Mycelium too varies enormously. You have some fungi that form mycelium which lives as ephemeral puffs on specks of house dust and doesn't range very far. You have mycelial networks which are some of the largest organisms in the world. There's one in Oregon that sprawls across 10 square kilometres and is somewhere between 2,000 and 8,000 years old. So there's enormous diversity of lifestyle.
AB: And underneath us, what are the fungi actually doing?
MS: All sorts of things. So one of the big ecological roles that fungi play is as decomposers. So if fungi weren't decomposing the dead bodies of animals and plants, the world would be piled kilometres deep in bodies. So a lot of what fungi do in their decompositional role is something we don't notice because we live in the space that decomposition leaves behind.
We see the decomposition only by the emptiness which remains. And so it's easy for us to take it for granted. But in fact, this fungal decomposition of wood and other rotting matter is a very significant part of the big biogeochemical cycles that swarm around the planet.
So other roles they play – they have symbiotic relationships with plants. So almost all plants depend on. Symbiotic fungi that live in their roots and which lace out into the soil and which supply the plant with nutrients like minerals, like nitrogen or phosphorus and water, and also protect the plant from disease. And the plant in exchange feeds the fungi with energy containing compounds that it's made in photosynthesis. So sugars or lipids, for example.
And this relationship is very ancient and really lies at the root of all recognisable life on land because the ancestors of plants would not have made it out of the water were it not for these alliances. These ancient alliances with their fungal partners. So that's another major role that these fungi underground will be playing.
AB: So they wouldn't have made it out of the water because they wouldn't have been able to take these nutrients from the soil themselves?
MS: Yes. So the ancestors of plants would have been that freshwater algae, sort of puddles of photosynthetic tissue used to stewing in a nutrient broth, a watery nutrient broth, which would have been their home. And as they washed up onto these soggy shores of lakes and rivers, they faced a new type of challenge. There was light and carbon dioxide in abundance.
But to scavenge their nutrition from the ground was something they'd never had to do before. And fungi are masters at this kind of scavenging. And so at this point, the fungi and the algae sort of struck up a relationship and the fungi would have behaved like the root system of these early plants. And in fact, plants didn't evolve roots for another 50 million years.
So fungi behaved as plants' root systems for 50 million years until plants could evolve their own.
AB: You've mentioned there was a fungi-like creature found in lava. Is it that fungi can live in places where no other organism could survive?
MS: Yes. So you have fungi living in extreme environments, for sure. And there are other organisms that also live in extreme environments. There are various types of bacteria or archaea, which are also very extremeophilic. But fungi can live in unusual places in some ways because they form lichens, which are a symbiotic organism made up of a fungal partner, or several fungal partners, and a photosynthetic partner or several photosynthetic partners.
And lichens, you'll have seen them, those tufty scaly organisms that coat fence posts and roofs and gravestones and walls and tree trunks. These lichens can live in extremely inhospitable places because the fungus and the photosynthetic partners, they form a kind of micro ecosystem. A summary of life on Earth with the fungus doing this digesting, and the photosynthetic organism doing the photosynthesis. And together they make a little biosphere and can survive in the most unexpected places.
So when a volcano throws up a new island in the Pacific Ocean, lichens are some of the first things to move in. And they can make a life on this bare, solid rock. The fungus can digest minerals from the rock and the photosynthetic partner can make energy from sunlight. And so you would find lichens on these very newly exposed surfaces. You'd also find them prospering as crusts on the scorched ground of most deserts where they stabilise the surface of deserts. So lichens are very fascinating creatures with very extreme tastes.
AB: Do you find any fungi in the sea?
MS: You do, yes. Relatively little is known about marine fungi, but there are fungi found in samples of sulphurous sediment taken from far below the surface of the ocean. And there are fungi that weave their way through coral reefs and live on the bodies of marine crustaceans, amongst other places.
AB: That's amazing. And for you, what is it like to be a researcher looking at fungi? Do you get to go and see them all over the place or do you find that you're sitting in a lab?
MS: So when I was doing a lot of my work in Panama, in tropical forests in Panama, I was studying these relationships between plants and their symbiotic root fungi or mycorrhizal fungi as they're known. And I would be in the forest a lot. I would be taking samples in the forest. I had also experiments in greenhouses, growing plants with different types of fungus and seeing what happened to them.
And then I would also be in the lab dealing with these samples. But then for writing the book, when I was writing the book, I travelled much more widely and I went to visit lots of different people studying fungi from all sorts of points of view. And from excursions I had a much broader range of experience, including, for example, truffle hunting in Italy with some very secretive truffle hunters who search for the very prized and elusive white truffle which has never been cultivated and so has to be found in the wild.
AB: What is different about truffles? What makes them so desired?
MS: In some senses, because the truffles have made themselves desirable, because truffles are the underground fruiting body of certain types of fungi, root fungi, mycorrhizal, fungi. But underground, these truffles, these fruiting bodies, they're unavailable to wind currents that might spread their spores if they're a more conventional mushroom. And they are invisible to the eyes of animals.
And so they have to spread their spores. They produce these very amazing aromas which can filter through the damp soil, travel through the air in the forest and catch the attention of an animal who will then go out of its way to find the truffle, dig it up and eat it and then carry it's spores away and deposit it in its faeces in some other place.
So truffles have made themselves attractive because their lives depend on it. And so you can think of these truffle aromas really as an evolutionary portrait in scent of animal fascination. And humans are part of that animal fascination like shrews, squirrels, pigs, dogs, mice, everything else that eat truffles. We do, too.
And some of these truffles, like the white truffle, have particularly prized flavours. And so humans dig them up and have whole industries built around them. They have to be served on a plate within about 48 hours of finding them in the ground because that aroma is made by a living process. So you can't dry a truffle. So humans have developed special packing chill to transportation systems, ways of rushing them through customs and getting onto plates in other countries, all within 48 hours or so.
So we do a lot to disperse these organisms. In fact, we urgently disperse these organisms because their flavours are so attractive to us.
AB: Why is it that they can't be cultivated then?
MS: Some of them can. Some types of the cheaper melanosporum or the perigord black truffle can be cultivated with some degree of success. The white truffle, it's very hard because we don't understand enough about how it forms relationships with its host trees. So you can get a host tree to have the mycelium of this white truffle growing on its roots. But when we plant that out in in a natural environment, then it just won't fruit.
So we don't understand what it is that this symbiosis needs in order to fruit. There are too many variables. We haven't got this in hand yet. And it's mostly because we don't understand the sex life of these truffles. It's all about these different relationships. The truffle's relationship with the tree. The truffle's relationship with other truffles of the opposite mating type. So there is a cascade of relationships that humans are struggling to understand.
AB: Aside from the truffle, obviously we know of yeast, but are there any other fungal species that we interact with on a daily basis?
MS: Yeast are a big one. We have yeast coating our body. We have yeast living inside us, lining our orifices. Yeast play a major role in human culture, baking and brewing, being major examples. So, yes, yeasts are often an underrated agent in human life and the history of civilisation.
But apart from that, every time you interact with a plant, whether you eat it, you plant one, you buy one. There are fungi involved in that plant's life from the beginning until the moment you eat it. Most plants have fungi living in their leaves and in their shoots as well as in their roots. And so plant life is also fungal life. And of course, people eat fungi for food, mushrooms.
But then in the world of drugs, fungi pay an enormously important role. So penicillin is a very famous story where a mould, as part of its antibacterial defence system, produced this compound, penicillin, which humans were able to repurpose and use to defend ourselves also from bacteria.
But there are others besides, there's cyclosporin, which is a immunosuppressant drug which makes organ transplants possible. There's statins, the cholesterol lowering statins. Taxol, the blockbuster anti cancer drug, psyilocybin, the psychedelic recently found to alleviate anxiety and depression. So there's a very long list of drugs derived from fungi which really play a major role in society.
AB: But there are of course fungi that are dangerous to us and animals.
MS: Yeah. There is some poisonous fungi, which means if you are foraging for fungi, then you need to be very sure that what you're picking is what you think it is.
But fungi have a reputation for being poisonous, which is perhaps disproportionate to the number of poisonous species that there are. But foraging for mushrooms, you do have to make sure that you know positively what you are eating. They call it positive identification, rather than knowing that it's not that, it's not that, you have to know that it is this. So poisons is another thing that they do.
AB: On foraging, what's different about the ones that we would go out and forage than the ones that I might buy in the supermarket?
MS: So, on the whole, supermarket mushrooms are a species called agaricus bisporus, and cremini mushrooms, those supermarket button mushrooms, and portobello mushrooms – they're all the same species of mushroom just at different life stages. So it's a clever racket that has been developed to pass these off as actually different mushrooms when they're just the same species at different points in its lifecycle.
So these mushrooms are some of the less nutritious and medicinal mushrooms around, but they're just very easy to grow. So they were some of the first that people were able to cultivate on a large scale.
But there are many other types of mushroom which are also cultivatable, which you can buy in different shops, too and a growing number of supermarkets like shiitake, lion's mane and oyster mushrooms, and these are more medicinal and more nutritious as well. So mushroom cultivation is really booming right now. And hopefully we'll see more and more diversity of mushrooms in our shops as this continues.
AB: And how far back in human history does our relationship with fungi go?
MS: Very far back. I mean, as long as we've defended on plants for our nutrition, we've also depended on fungi. So you can go right back to long before humans were humans. But then there are lots of other examples of involvement of fungi in human history. There's a study that came out quite recently which analysed the tooth plaque enamel of some Neanderthal skeletons. And one of these Neanderthals had a tooth abscess, judging by the state of its teeth and this individual, and not the others, had been eating an antibiotic producing mould which suggested knowledge of its medicinal properties.
This is tens of thousands of years before. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. So fungi use in medicine stretches along way back. As a fire starter, as a way to hold fire, a kind of tinder and a coal holding material, a way to transport fire, played a very important part as well.
And as psychedelics in some cultures in middle America, the use of psilocybin containing mushrooms as a sacrament, as a cultural tool of experiencing all sorts of non-ordinary states of consciousness, mushrooms stretch back to 3,000 years at least. So there's a there's a long entanglement of human lives and fungal lives. It's not going to stop either.
AB: What does the future look like for our relationship with fungi?
MS: There are all sorts of fascinating possibilities and fascinating realities happening really quite quickly. So some fungi produce these medicinal compounds and a mycologist called Paul Stamets in America has found that antiviral compounds produced by certain species of fungi can help bees to overcome colony collapse disorder, which is a really major threat to all human life on the planet. And if you feed these bees with these medicinal extracts from fungi, then they live for much, much longer time. So that's one avenue, a kind of medicinal wing of the medicinal mushroom story but applied to but applied to bees.
There are other aspects of medicinal fungi that will play really important roles as anti cancer drugs, antivirals, antibiotics and immune-supporting compounds. It's a huge and rapidly expanding field.
And then as building materials, you can encourage mycelium to grow in damp wood, sawdust, sort of ground corn stalks, agricultural waste, basically. And you can create blocks or boards a bit like wood composites. And these can be used in all sorts of places. IKEA are re-envisaging their packaging as mycelial packaging. Dell, the computer company, already ship thousands of servers a year in mycelial packaging.
A leather-like material made from fungal mycelium is picking up speed and looks set to revolutionise the fashion industry. And so these are really exciting possibilities and will help to disrupt some of the really polluting industries and use renewable materials in their place. So, these are just a few of the ways that that humans are striking up new types of relationship with fungi.
AB: And will climate change have any impact on fungi?
MS: Absolutely. Yeah. So there will be a number of fungi which are forced into very difficult situations because of climate change and the range shifts of their host plant species. Some will adapt. Some won't.
For example, as plants are forced to move up or down latitudes because of climate change, their fungal partners will either be able to make that journey with them or not if the plants aren't able to move themselves.
Lots of fungi will thrive in disturbed environments. So during the last major extinction, the one that wiped out the dinosaurs when an asteroid hit modern day Mexico. The blankets of ash that covered the planet killed off a lot of the forests, and so this global compost heap was a fine breeding ground for all these decomposing fungi who had a kind of field day, a field period, when there was just huge amounts to decompose. So decomposers thrive in this kind of disturbed environment. Some fungi will not thrive in that kind of disturbed environment. So there are many ways to be a fungus in many ways, fungi to respond to global heating and environmental breakdown.
AB: So will fungi outlive us?
MS: Well, I would say almost certainly.
AB: And do you ever see that there could be a world without fungi?
MS: It would not be recognisable to us, certainly. So, if you look back in the history of life and imagined replaying the tape of the history of life without fungi as part of that story, there would be life. But it would be totally unrecognisable. And we certainly wouldn't be here. And so moving forwards, it's very hard to imagine a world without fungi either.
AB: And for you, what would you say is so fascinating about fungi, why have you chosen them to focus on?
MS: There are so many reasons. I find that thinking about fungi makes the world look different. These organisms have the power to change the way that we think and feel and imagine. For example, when you realise that the underground between plants, there are these large networks through which all sorts of nutrients and materials, water and signals are passing. When you realise that the history of life is a history of symbiosis in which fungi had played major roles, then things start to look different.
When I walk around outside, I experience it differently knowing that this is going on. So I found this very fascinating and also fascinating because it helps me to understand these seething, entangled networks, which really is how life works. So when you think about ecology, which is the relationships that formed between organisms and their environments and organisms and other organisms, these fungal networks form literal, enduring, persistent connections between organisms.
They embody this basic principle of ecology. And so I find them really helpful organisms just to keep my attention on the relationships between things, and on the interconnectedness of these life forms. And so it helps me to keep that picture large and to avoid tunnelling too rapidly into narrow, reductive stories.
AB: And fungi can help trees communicate between each other, right?
MS: Yes. So the fungi that helped plants and the ancestors of plants out of the water, 500 million years or so ago. These fungi don't just form relationships with one plant. They're promiscuous. And so they can form relationships with more than one plant. And plants are also promiscuous and can form relationships with more than one type of fungus.
And the result is these overlapping, shared fungal networks shared between plants and as well as nutrients which can pass through these networks, there have been very good studies that show that you can have the signalling compounds passing between these between these plants.
If you have two plants grown next to each other and they're either allowed to share a fungal network or they're not allowed to share, and you expose one of those plants to aphids, which are a pest. You don't expose the other plant to aphids. Then the plants that share a fungal network and then the second plants, if they share a fungal network will regulate its defensive responses, although it has not itself experienced the aphid attack, which indicates that somehow through the network, information is passing. Exactly in what form this information is passing, we're not yet sure, but it's very clear that it does take place.
AB: I think lots of us have taken to gardening more recently, than we might have done in the past. Should we be considering the fungal composition of our soil, in my house plants?
MS: Well, I mean, I personally find it helpful to do so. And in reality, in one's garden, most people probably aren't applying a huge number of chemicals and inorganic products, which would potentially disrupt the fungi. If you're going to spray your garden with fungicide, of course, that would really interfere with these symbiotic relationships that the plants need to survive. And that would be if you're spraying your garden with fungicide, and you find out about this symbiotic fungi, then maybe it would be helpful, maybe you might choose to not spray the fungus side on your plants, and that could be you make a difference.
But I think probably for many people who are gardening, who aren't using these methods and there's not been not much that you would do differently apart from really attend to the health of the soil. And compost, for example, is really good for these relationships rather than chemical, inorganic fertilisers.
But just knowing that these plants that you can see growing in front of you are growing out of this relationship, that what you see is the outcome of one hundreds of millions of years' old relationship, that these plants are, in fact, algae, which have evolved to farm fungi and fungi that have evolved to farm algae. You know, this is a really big thought for me at least.
AB: Do you have a favourite species?
MS: Oh, no, I'm terrible at favourites, it depends on the day of the week and weather. Today, I'd say Maitaki, which are really beautiful, Hen of the Woods as they're sometimes known. They're very delicious mushrooms that are also quite medicinal.
AB: So when I'm next out on a walk, what can I look for in order to appreciate the fungi that maybe I can't see?
MS: So you can look for mushrooms, that's one thing you can easily do. And looking for mushrooms is something you sort of open your senses to. You know, sometimes you can just see them growing. But if you're really looking for them, you can walk slowly. You can slightly blur your eyes to give you a bigger field of view. Mushroom hunters describe 'getting their eyes on', you know, "I haven't got my eyes on yet, so I missed that". And so it's quite fun to to try and drop into that state.
And apart from mushrooms, there's lichens. Lichens are very common and most of the time we pass over them without giving them a thought. If you see lichens growing, then an even better if you look at lichens with a small hand lens, they become worlds, total continents, on an unfamiliar atlas. Astonishing to get lost in their forms and colours. So that's one way.
And any time you see a plant, you're seeing the outcome of this fungal association. Rotting, anything decomposing, rotting logs and any when you see fallen autumn leaves and you lift them up and you see where they're becoming soil, that frothing wilderness of decomposition and microbial activity. So there are all these different ways that we can learn to notice fungi.
AB: And there's any life lessons that we can take from fungi, what would you say they would be?
MS: Fungi raise lot of questions. So one question that they raise is to do with individuality. We're used to thinking of ourselves as neatly bounded individuals and fungi can make questions of some of the categories that we use to organise our lives. Now, given a piece of a fungal network, a mycelial network, you can take any fragment of that and it will turn into an entirely new mycelial network. And you can do that potentially forever. So under the right conditions, you can think about these fungi as immortal.
But these fungal networks can also fuse other fungal networks to make larger fungal networks. And so where does one start and where does one stop? And you have a fungus living inside an insect and changing its behaviour, which they do sometimes. And you have this astonishing fusion of a fungus with an animal and behaving in a new a new kind of way. And so lichens as well.
You know, these are composite organisms expressing themselves in ways that they would not do if they were growing alone. And like the chemical elements of hydrogen and oxygen which come together to make water, which is completely unlike hydrogen or oxygen, both of the explosive gases. Lichens come together to form these organisms, which are completely unlike their constituent members.
So these fungi play games with individuality that really challenge us to think about how it is that we impose our categories and concepts on the world.
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Editorial Assistant, BBC Science Focus
Amy is the Editorial Assistant at BBC Science Focus and looks after all things books, culture and media. She is also a regular interviewer on the Science Focus Podcast. Her interests range from natural history and wildlife, to women in STEM and accessibility tech.
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