text:
I Am George Washington Book
The young Ulysses did go by his middle name as a boy (according to legend, he disliked the initials H.U.G.), but the moniker.
For myself, the timing could not be any better, given the recent launch of my new book. There are numerous panel discussions.
George Washington was one of the greatest leaders the world has ever known. He was never afraid to be the first to try something, from exploring the woods around his childhood home to founding a brand new nation, the United States of America. With his faith.
Stephen Voss was a student at the George Washington University when he first encountered bonsai. "It was sort of a respite from my professional work. I primarily am a portrait photographer and my.
Washington Post reporter Jason Rezaian, who spent 18 months detained in an Iranian prison before his release in January, will write a book about his ordeal for Ecco. absurdity of its security.
OUR MAN Richard Holbrooke and the End of the American Century By George Packer Richard. many wrenching plots in the book.
"I am devoted to make sure our hospice is the best in the country. Education: Master's in health services administration from George Washington University and a bachelor's in health care management.
The book's jacket shows Trump as George Washington crossing the Delaware. Logically I can process him, but emotionally I struggle. On the one hand, I am terrified many days that he is president of.
In comparison with other publishing controversies attracting ire online, such as Keira Drake's YA novel The Continent, which was slammed for its "white saviour" narrative, and picture book A Birthday.
May 31, 2016 · -I Am George Washington is a biographical depiction of George Washington's life in a child-friendly way. The book is from George Washington's perspective, and he recounts his life from childhood all the way up to his time as the president.
We can all be heroes. That's the inspiring message of this New York Times Bestselling picture book biography series from historian and author Brad Meltzer. Learn all about George Washington, America's first president. George Washington was one of the greatest leaders the world has ever known.
Bitsy Ballerina Book. $ 10. I Am George Washington · Quick shop · I Am George Washington. $ 15. I Am Abraham. I Am Martin Luther King, Jr. $ 15. I Am Amelia.
His next book is about the shared foreign policy legacy of Dwight Eisenhower, George H.W. Bush and Barack Obama. May 7 at.
Biblio has over 100 million new, used and rare books for sale in every category. A Sacred Union of Citizens George Washington's Farewell Address and the. I am again called upon by the voice of my country to execute the functions of its.
I am George Washington (Ordinary People Change the World) [Brad Meltzer, Christopher Eliopoulos] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. We can all be heroes. That's the inspiring message of this New York Times Bestselling picture book biography series from historian and author Brad Meltzer. Learn all about George Washington
The Congressional delay in certifying George Washington's election as. Thomson began by declaring, "I am honored with the commands of the Senate to wait.
Jan 30, 2019. The First Conspiracy: The Secret Plot to Kill George Washington. to Kill George Washington by Brad Meltzer and Josh Mensch (Flatiron Books, 2019). While I am not sure that capturing Washington would have necessarily.
Get this from a library! I am George Washington. [Grace Norwich; Anthony VanArsdale] — Provides an introduction to the life of the Revolutionary War general and first U.S. president.
George Washington coach Mike Lonergan faces accusations of verbal. I have a long record of graduating student-athletes who go on to be successful in life. I am proud of my student-athletes' success.
The Great Depression Videos Nov 13, 2018 · As we've seen with the 2008 Great Recession and the stock market ups and downs the past few weeks, our society will never be immune to negative economic outcomes.Whether it be a stock market crash or a foreign attack on our banking systems, there are a variety of potential situations that could
Mar 21, 2011. An excerpt from the book. 'Inventing George Washington' by Edward G. Lengel – Review MARCH 21, 2011. I feel myself a very coward.
Apr 19, 2016. A new book called First Entrepreneur: How George Washington Built. [email protected]: I'm guessing Washington would have been in.
Jul 28, 2018. One morning at breakfast he wonders what George Washington ate for his own breakfast. He has read all the books in his school library about George Washington, but. But it doesn't matter to me; I am sure George is black.
Sep 06, 2016 · Parents need to know that I Am George Washington is part of the Ordinary People Change the World series by author and History Channel host Brad Meltzer and illustrator Christopher Eliopoulos. Like other entries in the popular series, it uses comic-book-like images and speech balloons to tell much of the story.
Feb 28, 2017 · Happy {belated} Presidents Day! Due to some computer problems I was not able to upload this on President's Day when I recorded it. I hope that you will still enjoy learning a.
About I am George Washington. We can all be heroes. That's the inspiring message of this New York Times Bestselling picture book biography series from historian and author Brad Meltzer. Learn all about George Washington, America's first president. George Washington was one of the greatest leaders the world has ever known.
Why Did Woodrow Wilson Propose The Fourteen Points The 2021 date proposed for a Greenland independence vote provides an eerie. Borders can therefore either change violently, or can be softened through devolution. Devolution is why the Basques and. What Is Direct Relief From The Great Depression The nation was in the depths of the Great. the Depression. Enrollees earned $30 a month, of
Aug 23, 2015. Even today, George Washington remains one of the most important people in U.S. history. Joseph Ellis is a historian and prize-winning author who wrote a book called "His Excellency: George Washington. I'm Anne Ball.
And, indeed, over the past week, some cracks appeared in the event's foundation: Onstage at George Washington University. over her bruises and hopes things will get better soon. I am sure that the.
But when "The Revenant," the highly anticipated new film adapted from Michael Punke's book, had its big opening in L.A. then transferred to George Washington University to study international.
He would later graduate from Ole Miss School of Law in 1949 and receive his Master of Laws Degree from George Washington.
[Joseph J Ellis] — Drawing from the newly catalogued Washington papers at the. This was the first of two books I'm currently reading about George Washington.
Discover details about the life and career of George Washington, a military and. He retired early, but awoke around 3 a.m. and told Martha that he felt sick.
Feb 5, 2013. Volume 2 ("George Washington in the American Revolution 1775-1783") was. I found a book dealer in NJ (I'm in San Francisco) who dealt.
Feb 6, 2019. 6, 2019 | Updated 8:59 a.m. ET Feb. 17, 2019. Video: Mary Calvi's novel on George Washington's first love. Journalist Mary Calvi has written a new book, called "Dear George, Dear Mary: A Novel of George Washington's.
I Am #5: George Washington [Grace Norwich] on Amazon.com. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. The inspiring tale of an American hero's journey to become the first President of the United States. Just in time for President's Day
whom we shall welcome to a participation of all our rights and privileges…" (George Washington) "Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free…" (Inscription on Statue of.
Jan 5, 2012. The book, as I'm sure you would assume, is a biography of George Washington Carver. All that many people know of Carver is that he figured.
. Washington. 8.99. George Washington A Photographic Story.jpg. 6.00. George Washington and the Generals Dog.jpg. 18.00. I Am George Washington.jpg.
Jan 16, 2019. The First Conspiracy: The Secret Plot to Kill George Washington by Brad. The steady drumbeat of doom begins to feel strained, and the.
The Czech author Milan Kundera began his 1979 novel, "The Book of Laughter and Forgetting," by describing. to justify.
Dec 20, 2015. –George Washington Gómez, Américo Paredes. My mother gave me the book. She wanted me to see a part of myself, the Mexican part of.
In the production of Lin-Manuel Miranda's Hamilton that's currently touring the country, George. to think that I am the face of the progress being made by Asian-American actors," he tells me. "Most.
The artist and academic most recently directed the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design at George Washington University. Commenting on his new role, Sethi said: "I am honored to become a part of.
Like it or not (usually not), what happens in Washington. Against Tyranny From King George to the Deep State." (Lee always.
He delivered them in lectures and courses at his George Washington. is not a book that understates its purpose. ("Take a plain sheet of paper, ordinary letter size, and write on it in large letters.
Sep 20, 2010. George Washington scales new heights. "It is quite certain that no writer of Washington's biography has seen this book. was just a hundred and thirty-five words long; he said, more or less, Please, I'm doing my best.
War hero George Washington uses his progressive ideals to become the first president of the United States, earning the nickname "Father of his Country.". I Am #5 I Am George Washington. By Grace Norwich. Grades. Other Books You Might Like Related Book Resources.
"I am My Dear Marquis with the truest affection. The letter, along with the original papers of George Washington, Benjamin.
An Indigenous People's' History Of The United States That they're still here is one of the underlying themes of this road trip. But, as Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz writes in An. Other articles where History of United States is discussed: United States: History: The territory represented by the continental United States had, of course, been discovered, perhaps several times, before the voyages of Christopher Columbus.
Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site
George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal To Fort Lee


text:
NewsWorld
news, world
Five critically endangered eastern black rhinos from wildlife parks in three European countries have been transported to Rwanda's Akagera National Park. Two male and three female eastern black rhinoceroses were released into protective enclosures on Monday and will eventually be introduced into open plains to increase the genetic diversity of the park's rhino population. The eastern black rhino is in critical danger of extinction with about 1,000 remaining in the wild, the International Union for Conservation of Nature says. The five rhinos from European zoos and safari parks will bring to 20 the number of eastern black rhinos in Akagera Park after a number of the rhinos were delivered from South Africa in 2017. More than 50 black rhinos once lived in Akagera's savannah habitat, which is considered excellent for black rhinos, but their numbers declined due to wide-scale poaching and the last confirmed sighting of a rhino was in 2007. "This unique achievement represents the culmination of an unprecedented international effort to improve the survival prospects of a critically endangered rhino subspecies in the wild. Their arrival also marks an important step in Akagera's ongoing revitalization, and one that underscores the country's commitment to conservation," Jes Gruner, Akagera Park manager, said. African rhinos remain under intense pressure from poachers who kill them to meet demand for their horns in illegal markets, primarily in Vietnam and China. Rwanda is actively promoting tourism as part of its recovery from the genocide 25 years ago, in which some 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed. The five eastern black rhinos were came from the Safari Park Dvur Kralove in the Czech Republic, Flamingo Land in Britain and Ree Park Safari in Denmark. Australian Associated Press
https://nnimgt-a.akamaihd.net/transform/v1/crop/frm/silverstone-feed-data/a9e17a16-b3a3-4f4a-bf64-507e772ad17d.jpg/r0_74_800_526_w1200_h678_fmax.jpg
Black rhinos shifted from Europe to Rwanda
The five rhinos will live in Rwanda's Akagera National Park.
Five critically endangered eastern black rhinos from wildlife parks in three European countries have been transported to Rwanda's Akagera National Park.
Two male and three female eastern black rhinoceroses were released into protective enclosures on Monday and will eventually be introduced into open plains to increase the genetic diversity of the park's rhino population.
The eastern black rhino is in critical danger of extinction with about 1,000 remaining in the wild, the International Union for Conservation of Nature says.
The five rhinos from European zoos and safari parks will bring to 20 the number of eastern black rhinos in Akagera Park after a number of the rhinos were delivered from South Africa in 2017.
More than 50 black rhinos once lived in Akagera's savannah habitat, which is considered excellent for black rhinos, but their numbers declined due to wide-scale poaching and the last confirmed sighting of a rhino was in 2007.
"This unique achievement represents the culmination of an unprecedented international effort to improve the survival prospects of a critically endangered rhino subspecies in the wild. Their arrival also marks an important step in Akagera's ongoing revitalization, and one that underscores the country's commitment to conservation," Jes Gruner, Akagera Park manager, said.
African rhinos remain under intense pressure from poachers who kill them to meet demand for their horns in illegal markets, primarily in Vietnam and China.
Rwanda is actively promoting tourism as part of its recovery from the genocide 25 years ago, in which some 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus were killed.
The five eastern black rhinos were came from the Safari Park Dvur Kralove in the Czech Republic, Flamingo Land in Britain and Ree Park Safari in Denmark.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
John E. Hoover: Kelvin Sampson's dramatic turnaround at Houston has OU, NBA flavor
John E. Hoover
Houston head coach Kelvin Sampson talks to his team during practice for the NCAA men's college basketball tournament Thursday, March 21, 2019, in Tulsa, Okla. (AP Photo/Charlie Riedel)
TULSA — How far has Kelvin Sampson brought basketball at the University of Houston?
The Cougars have the nation's best record (31-3) and a 3-seed going into Friday's first-round NCAA Tournament game against Georgia State at the BOK Center.
Considering the breadth of the wilderness in which the program has wandered for most of the last two decades, saying Sampson has brought the Cougars all the way back is not hyperbole.
It's Houston's highest seed since 1984, the program's first back-to-back NCAA Tournament trips since 1982-84, and the Cougars' first outright conference championship since 1984.
When superlatives like "first time since Phi Slama Jama" are invoked, that's a long, long way.
"It's been tough — and fun," Sampson said Thursday. "I've enjoyed every step of this adventure, this journey that we've been on, getting this program back going."
Senior guard Galen Robinson remembers games at Texas Southern University, two miles away, with no students — and really, no crowd at all.
"Looking back at everything and how far we've come as a program, it's really nothing short of a blessing," Robinson said.
While the Cougars' new Fertitta Center — and, to a lesser degree, Sampson's program — was under construction, UH fans were hard to come by.
"I remember we had to go to frat houses and knock on peoples' doors and tell them, 'Come to the game,' " Robinson said. "They'd tell us, 'We're coming,' just to get us off their doorstep. And then they still wouldn't come to the game.
"I could hear my mom's voice (during games) — 'Come on G, push the ball!' — like, I can't even hear her anymore.
"Coach Sampson, that's the dude. That's the guy."
From 1994-2006, Sampson elevated Oklahoma to Final Four heights, including 11 NCAA Tournament appearances. In 2008, he was sanctioned by the NCAA after two seasons at Indiana, and he set off for the NBA. He never intended to return to college basketball and didn't miss the game, but he eventually returned to college when Houston hired him in 2014.
That first season was bumpy, 13-19, but he has won at least 21 games each year since, steadily building a new tradition at UH. Last year the Coogs were 27-8. This year, they're one tournament win away from a 32nd victory — the program's first since 1984.
Sampson had a good gig in the NBA and was in no hurry to leave. As Houston was interviewing him, he was interviewing Houston.
"We had to get some things ironed out, find out what their commitment was," Sampson said. "Even then, for a year and some change we played all our home games at Texas Southern University."
Eventually, the Fertitta Center came to fruition (it opened this season at a cost of $60 million and crowds of 6,052; capacity is 7,035). That added to the plush, $25 million Guy V. Lewis Development Facility nearby, which opened in 2015, Sampson's second season.
Those two facilities, Sampson said, were game-changers after that rough start. His commitment to winning at a high level became a steady stream of constructive complaints. That ruffled some feathers, but it also got the attention a program like Houston needed — and deserved.
"When we brought kids on campus, we didn't have anywhere to take them," Sampson said. "… When you're recruiting a young man, he's taken other visits to other schools, so when he comes to your school he's going to compare.
"There was a lot of frustration. I got frustrated with people. I said, 'What are we doing here? You guys say you want to win, but what are you doing to win?' I know a lot of people were probably frustrated with me … I don't know if 'demand' is the right word. We kept saying, 'We have to do this.'
"I think the worst thing you can say to someone is, 'Well, this is what we've always done,' especially when you haven't had success. If that's what you've always done, let's stop right there. Let's evaluate what you just said. So we had to change our attitudes. Before you can change attitudes, you have to change behavior. That was the biggest thing in Houston was changing the behavior."
Under Guy Lewis, Houston was good but became a powerhouse in early 1980s with legends like Hakeem Olajuwon, Clyde Drexler and others. Those high-flying Cougars went to the went to back-to-back Final Fours, were a miracle putback away from winning a national championship in 1983-84 and earned arguably the greatest nickname in the history of American sports: Phi Slama Jama.
But Lewis' last two teams went just 16-14 and 14-14, beginning a three-decade slide into mediocrity. Six coaches — including Drexler, whose two teams from 1998-2000 went 10-17 and 9-22 — could muster only moderate success, mostly by Tom Penders (121-77 in six seasons from 2004-10).
Things didn't change right away even after the school hired a coach of Sampson's pedigree. But they did change eventually. Sampson can be persuasive.
"I know our people that follow us are sick of me saying this, but our administration is the reason why," he said. "They stepped up. Before I got there, every four years they'd fired a coach. They didn't change anything. They were going to fire me in four years, too. I wasn't interested in going in that situation."
Sampson said when he left Indiana for the NBA, he lost interest in college hoops. But he was too busy learning an entirely new level of the game, with nuances he'd never considered.
"Sometimes you don't know what you don't know," Sampson said. "I don't think I was a good enough coach to help an NBA team win a game when I first got to that league.
"I think my 'hello' moment was when I was in San Antonio with Pop (Gregg Popovich), and Mike Budenholzer and Bret Brown and Donnie Newman were doing all the scouting reports. So when you've been a head coach your whole career, you've never seen another guy do it. I was head coach when I was really young, so I had to experiment and fail and fail and fail and figure it out.
"Just the freedom, the delegation that Pop gave his assistants and how they came up with how to guard actions on their own — it was their decision. That jumped out at me. I'd never done that before. I'd made all the decisions.
"I said, 'Wow, man, I got a lot to learn. These guys are way smarter than I am.' "
While Sampson was relearning the game at the NBA level, the Cougars were searching for that one coach who could remake the program and restore the roar.
Sampson said Houston's plight could be traced back to the dissolution of the Southwest Conference and UH's omission from the merger with the Big 12.
"I think Houston kind of become a little bit of an orphan," Sampson said. "… You know, fans, they want to connect to something. When they moved conferences, I think they lost a little bit of the fan base. I think the administration, I don't think, valued basketball enough, and I don't think they invested. I think that's where it starts."
Inclusion into Conference USA didn't move the fan base. Neither did a migration to the American Athletic Conference — at first. In 2013-14 and 2014-15, Houston had fallen so far it wasn't even very competitive in that league, going just 8-10 and 4-14 in its first two seasons.
But then Sampson got things rolling, and the Cougars have gone 54-18 in AAC play in his last four seasons. The fan base is back.
"What coach Lewis did with Elvin Hayes and that group, what he did with the Phi Slama Jama era people can identify with," Sampson said. "There was a history. It had been done. When something has been done before, it can be done again. It's just a matter of getting the right pieces and people together, and that's what we did."
Columnist John E. Hoover is co-host of "The Franchise Drive" every weeknight from 6-8 on The Franchise in Oklahoma City and Tulsa, and appears throughout the day on other shows on The Franchise. Listen at fm107.7 in OKC, fm107.9/am1270 in Tulsa, on The Franchise app, or click the "Listen" tab on The Franchise home page. Hoover also covers the Big 12 for Sporting News and Lindy's magazine and is a feature writer for Sooner Spectator magazine. Visit his personal page at johnehoover.com.
Related Items107.7 The Franchise107.9 The FranchiseAmerican Athletic ConferenceBig 12 ConferenceBilly DonovanBOK CenterBrett BrownGregg PopovichHome - 1st StripHouston basketballHouston CougarsHouston RocketsJohn HooverKelvin SampsonKevin McHaleMarch MadnessMike BudenholzerNBANCAA TournamentOklahoma City ThunderOklahoma SoonersOU BasketballSan Antonio Spurs
John E. Hoover @JohnEHoover
John Hoover wrote for the Tulsa World for 24 years before joining The Franchise, where he was co-host of "Further Review" and "The Franchise Drive." Now he's The Franchise college football insider: Oklahoma's state Heisman rep, a voter in the FWAA Super 16 poll, an FWAA media access liaison, and a Big 12 writer at Sporting News and Lindy's preseason magazine. In his time at the World, Hoover won numerous writing and reporting awards, including in 2011 National Beat Writer of the Year from the Associated Press Sports Editors for his work covering the Oklahoma Sooners. From 2012 to 2016, Hoover was the World's lead sports columnist and won national awards in 2012 and 2014 from the National Athletic Trainers Association for reporting on sports medicine and in 2015 won first place in sports columns from the Oklahoma Society of Professional Journalists. After receiving a journalism degree from East Central University, Hoover worked at newspapers in Ada, Okmulgee, Tahlequah and Waynesville, Mo. He played football at Ada High School and grew up in North Pole, Alaska. Hoover and his family live in Broken Arrow.
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Police in Burnaby, B.C. have made a break in a murder mystery. In July 2017, 13-year-old Marrisa Shen vanished. Her body was found in a park, and no arrests were ever made -- until now. As Paul Johnson reports, a man who came to Canada from Syria has been charged with first-degree murder.
The mother of murdered Burnaby teen Marrisa Shen will get a translator in court.
Shen's mother requested for a Mandarin interpreter earlier this month so she can understand court proceedings in her daughter's case.
Although she wasn't granted one right away, Attorney General David Eby says it's important the family have one.
"You have a family that has obviously suffered a terrible tragedy, and trying to understand even just the court process when English isn't your first language can be extremely difficult," Eby said.
The man charged in her death, Ibrahim Ali, has had an Arabic interpreter for his pre-trial court appearances.
Shen's body was found in Burnaby's Central Park in July, 2017, just hours after her mother had reported her missing.
After several public pleas for information, Ali was charged in the killing of the 13-year-old in September.


Jubila Singers presents a one hour free concert of unusual a cappella music from around the world in the beautiful acoustics of the large and stunning Catholic Church in Woy Woy. We are singing songs from ancient Denmark and contemporary Greece, Hebrew and African to a dramatic shape note song from The Sacred Harp. All welcome. Easy parking.
Following glowing reviews for their last concert Plainscapes, Bel a cappella close their 2016 concert season with The Divine Liturgy.
The concert will be held at 8pm on Saturday 19 November in the Crypt of St Mary's Cathedral - St Mary's Rd, Sydney and features works by Alfred Schnittke and Sergei Rachmaninov.
Come and hear one of the greatest and most beautiful choral works of the 20th Century.
Duruflé's sublime Requiem will be sung liturgically in the Requiem Eucharist for All Souls' Day by The Choir of St James'.
Phoenix Choir's annual Christmas concerts are a regular feature of the Blackheath Calendar. This year they welcome back special guests Blackheath Public School children's choir led by Jenny Lanyon to join them in a program featuring the Christmas music from Handel's Messiah and other pieces to celebrate the season. Musical director Rowen Fox is preparing the choir for a full Messiah performance on Palm Sunday 2017.
Phoenix Choir's annual Christmas concerts are a regular feature of the Katoomba Calendar. This year they welcome back special guests Blackheath Public School children's choir led by Jenny Lanyon to join them in a program featuring the Christmas music from Handel's Messiah and other pieces to celebrate the season. Musical director Rowen Fox is preparing the choir for a full Messiah performance on Palm Sunday 2017.
Illumina SA Inc present their final two concerts for 2016.
The first performance of "Celebrate!"will be held at St Michael's Lutheran Church, Balhannah Road, Hahndorf, on the 20th November from 2:30pm the second concert is at the Burnside Uniting Church, Portrush Road, Tusmore also from 2:30pm.
Join The Jacobean Singers once again for their annual Christmas concert: A Festival of Nine Lessons and Nine Carols.
The concert will be held at St Augustine's Catholic Church (Eaton Street, Balmain) at 3:00 pm on Saturday 17th December 2016.


text:
package org.uberfire.security.impl.authz;

import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Set;

import org.jboss.errai.common.client.api.annotations.Portable;
import org.jboss.errai.security.shared.api.Group;
import org.jboss.errai.security.shared.api.Role;
import org.jboss.errai.security.shared.api.identity.User;
import org.uberfire.security.authz.AuthorizationPolicy;
import org.uberfire.security.authz.Permission;
import org.uberfire.security.authz.PermissionCollection;

@Portable
public class DefaultAuthorizationPolicy implements AuthorizationPolicy {

    DefaultAuthorizationEntry defaultEntry = new DefaultAuthorizationEntry();
    private Set<DefaultAuthorizationEntry> entrySet = new HashSet<>();

    public DefaultAuthorizationPolicy() {
    }

    protected DefaultAuthorizationEntry registerAuthzEntry(DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry) {
        entrySet.add(entry);
        return entry;
    }

    protected DefaultAuthorizationEntry getAuthzEntry(Role role) {
        for (DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry : entrySet) {
            if (entry.getRole() != null && entry.getRole().equals(role)) {
                return entry;
            }
        }
        // If no entry is registered then register a brand new one based on the default
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = defaultEntry.cloneInstance();
        entry.setRole(role);
        return registerAuthzEntry(entry);
    }

    protected DefaultAuthorizationEntry getAuthzEntry(Group group) {
        for (DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry : entrySet) {
            if (entry.getGroup() != null && entry.getGroup().equals(group)) {
                return entry;
            }
        }
        // If no entry is registered then register a brand new one based on the default
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = defaultEntry.cloneInstance();
        entry.setGroup(group);
        return registerAuthzEntry(entry);
    }

    @Override
    public Set<Role> getRoles() {
        Set<Role> result = new HashSet<>();
        for (DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry : entrySet) {
            if (entry.getRole() != null) {
                result.add(entry.getRole());
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public Set<Group> getGroups() {
        Set<Group> result = new HashSet<>();
        for (DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry : entrySet) {
            if (entry.getGroup() != null) {
                result.add(entry.getGroup());
            }
        }
        return result;
    }

    @Override
    public String getRoleDescription(Role role) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(role);
        return entry.getDescription();
    }

    @Override
    public void setRoleDescription(Role role, String description) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(role);
        entry.setDescription(description);
    }

    @Override
    public String getGroupDescription(Group group) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(group);
        return entry.getDescription();
    }

    @Override
    public void setGroupDescription(Group group, String description) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(group);
        entry.setDescription(description);
    }

    @Override
    public int getPriority(Role role) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(role);
        return entry != null ? entry.getPriority() : 0;
    }

    @Override
    public int getPriority(Group group) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(group);
        return entry != null ? entry.getPriority() : 0;
    }

    @Override
    public void setPriority(Role role, int priority) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(role);
        entry.setPriority(priority);
    }

    @Override
    public void setPriority(Group group, int priority) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(group);
        entry.setPriority(priority);
    }

    @Override
    public PermissionCollection getPermissions(Role role) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(role);
        return entry.getPermissions();
    }

    @Override
    public PermissionCollection getPermissions(Group group) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(group);
        return entry.getPermissions();
    }

    public void addPermission(Permission permission) {
        defaultEntry.getPermissions().add(permission);
    }

    public void addPermission(Role role, Permission permission) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(role);
        entry.getPermissions().add(permission);
    }

    public void addPermission(Group group, Permission permission) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(group);
        entry.getPermissions().add(permission);
    }

    public void setPermissions(Role role, PermissionCollection collection) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(role);
        entry.setPermissions(collection);
    }

    public void setPermissions(Group group, PermissionCollection collection) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(group);
        entry.setPermissions(collection);
    }

    @Override
    public void setHomePerspective(Role role, String perspective) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(role);
        entry.setHomePerspective(perspective);
    }

    @Override
    public void setHomePerspective(Group group, String perspective) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(group);
        entry.setHomePerspective(perspective);
    }

    @Override
    public String getHomePerspective(Role role) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(role);
        return entry.getHomePerspective();
    }

    @Override
    public String getHomePerspective(Group group) {
        DefaultAuthorizationEntry entry = getAuthzEntry(group);
        return entry.getHomePerspective();
    }

    @Override
    public String getHomePerspective(User user) {
        String lastHome = getHomePerspective();
        int lastPriority = Integer.MIN_VALUE;

        if (user.getRoles() != null) {
            for (Role role : user.getRoles()) {
                String home = getHomePerspective(role);
                if (home != null) {
                    int priority = getPriority(role);
                    if (lastHome == null || priority > lastPriority) {
                        lastHome = home;
                        lastPriority = priority;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        if (user.getGroups() != null) {
            for (Group group : user.getGroups()) {
                String home = getHomePerspective(group);
                if (home != null) {
                    int priority = getPriority(group);
                    if (lastHome == null || priority > lastPriority) {
                        lastHome = home;
                        lastPriority = priority;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        return lastHome;
    }

    @Override
    public void setHomePerspective(String perspectiveId) {
        defaultEntry.setHomePerspective(perspectiveId);
    }

    @Override
    public String getHomePerspective() {
        return defaultEntry.getHomePerspective();
    }

    @Override
    public PermissionCollection getPermissions() {
        return defaultEntry.getPermissions();
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
[DEADLINE EXTENDED: 10 March] Request for Proposal: Supporting the effective and meaningful participation of civil society in the UNGA 2021 High Level Meeting on AIDS (HLM)
Wednesday, February 24, 2021 by Admin Filed in: Notice
The provider shall be a civil society or community led organization operating in the fields of global health, HIV, international development and human rights, with proven expertise in regional or global HIV work, particularly with key populations, and in advocacy with governments and UN agencies.
The work of the selected organization in partnership with relevant stakeholders will contribute to the achievement of the following expected collective outcomes:
1) The multistakeholder task force is formed with broad representation and is fully operational in time to inform and advise the preparation of the interactive multistakeholder hearing.
2) MSTF functions and duties are effectively and successfully discharged, to support effective and meaningful contribution and participation of civil society and communities in the preparations of and during the HLM.
3) The interactive multistakeholder hearing provides a fruitful space where civil society and communities can interact with Member States and share their perspectives and inputs to the 2021 HLM.
4) Civil society participation in the 2021 HLM is effective and meaningful. The voices and perspectives of the communities and organizations of people living with, at risk of and affected by HIV, including key populations and other vulnerable populations are included and heard at the HLM meeting. Their needs and proposals are reflected, to the extent possible, in the political declaration that is expected to emerge from the meeting.
DEADLINE (EXTENDED) for submission is on 10 March 2021, 23:59 Geneva
Please click on the links below for more information:
https://ungm.in-tend.co.uk/unaids/aspx/ProjectManage/128
https://www.ungm.org/Public/Notice/123287
Joint letter from Civil Society and Key Populations communities from Central, Eastern European and Central Asia region to support Global AIDS Strategy zero draft
sent 12th of February, 2021
To: To UNAIDS Strategy Team and UNAIDS PCB members
CC: DXD Programme UNAIDS, DXD MER UNAIDS
We are writing to you today as representatives of regional, national and local civil society organizations, key population communities and networks to welcome the zero draft of the Global AIDS Strategy and to express our support to the efforts of UNAIDS Strategy Team, UNAIDS Secretariat and Co-Sponsors, PCB member states, and global experts community in developing the draft Strategy.
The CEECA civil society and key populations communities support the ongoing efforts in relation to the Strategy development and its framing using the lens of inequalities. While there are noticeable gaps in the result areas, which we will push for inclusion, we should not backtrack on already agreed language enshrined in the 2016-2021 UNAIDS Strategy, including naming key populations and addressing key contextual challenges in effective HIV response, which specifically affect the CEECA region. We want to express a need to emphasize the centrality of communities and key populations in the global response to HIV in the Global AIDS Strategy.
We stand together and counter any moves to further delay this process or dilute the current zero draft. Particularly, we stress the following:
We commend the transparent and consultative process leading to an ambitious and comprehensive zero draft of the Global AIDS Strategy. We actively participate in the process by providing content and recommendations based on best practice and lessons learned from the implementation of the previous UNAIDS Strategy. The process is and must stay transparent and inclusive, and voices of communities and key populations must be heard and listened to.
We welcome the fact that the zero draft is grounded in principles of comprehensive, data- driven and evidence-based approaches to the HIV response and inclusive of Universal Health Coverage values. These principles and values cannot be diluted.
We welcome the draft strategy central focus on human rights and gender equality. They are crucial to ending AIDS in our region where the epidemic is still growing, especially among key populations who continue to experience barriers in access to health and social services. We recommend not to merge human rights and gender equality in result area 5 and strongly support the separation of the pillars dedicated to human rights and gender.
We strongly support joint actions of Co-Sponsors in addressing human rights and gender- based violence as a key obstacle to ending AIDS. The Global AIDS Strategy needs to be a joint Strategy, not limited only to sole objectives of the UNAIDS programme.
We fully support the holistic and comprehensive approach to address all key social, legal and epidemiological factors in a country context. As we know from our everyday work in HIV prevention, treatment and care, effective help to people needs to go beyond narrow biomedical interventions and must include legal help, social adaptation and protection, and community support. Sexual and reproductive health and rights, gender-based components and harm reduction services are essential part of the comprehensive HIV response.
Provision of cost-effective, comprehensive, evidence-based, needs and data driven HIV interventions for people using drugs, gay men and other men who have sex with men , trans* people, sex workers, women, adolescents and youth, migrants and inmates are core to ending AIDS in countries with epidemic concentrated in these populations. Providing focused health and social support for those in grater needs could not be interpreted as discrimination or cultural intolerance.
For us as representatives of the CEECA region it is important to support equality, human rights and gender equity as key values for our societies. Human rights of all citizens must be protected even if it means challenging some of the traditional social practices or religious and societal prejudices.
Criminalization, discrimination and stigmatisation of key populations in the CEECA region are the main drivers of the HIV epidemic in our countries. Non-repressive drug policies and decriminalization of drug possession and personal use will remove key barriers for people using drugs in access to health, medical and social support, which will ensure effective action to end AIDS in countries with high HIV prevalence and incidence among people using drugs.
We believe that fully and sustainably funded and properly implemented new Global AIDS Strategy has a potential to finally end AIDS in our region. This can only happen if community and key population voices are heard and listened to, communities , human rights, prevention and gender equality are at the front and centre of the Strategy and evidence-based HIV intervention are recognised, accepted and sustainably funded and implemented across the EECA region.
Signatories:
A.O. PULS Comunitar, Moldova
AFEW International
AIDS Action Europe
Alliance for Public Health
Charitable organization "All-Ukrainian League "Legalife"
Civil Organization "Volunteer", Tajikistan
Civil Organization "Era of Mercy", Ukraine
Civil union "Centre for development and social support to the population "My Home",Kazakhstan
CO 100 PERCENT LIFE
ECOM - Eurasian Coalition on Health, Rights, Gender and Sexual Diversity
Eurasian harm reduction association (EHRA)
Eurasian Key Populations Health Network (EKHN)
Eurasian Women's network on AIDS (EWNA)
Harm Reduction NGOs Coalition "Outreach"
HPLGBT - Civil Organization
Regional Expert Group on Migration and Health
Rights Reporter Foundation
Svitanok Club, Ukraine
The European AIDS Treatment Group
Union for HIV prevention and Harm Reduction, Moldova


text:
Coke's Commentary on the Holy Bible
Esther petitions for her own life, and that of her people, whose destruction Haman had designed. The king, enraged, orders him to be hanged on the gallows which he had prepared for Mordecai.
Before Christ 474.
Esther 7:4. But if we had been sold for bond-men, &c.— Would to God we had been sold for bond-men and bond-women! then I would have held my peace: although our enemy is not of so much worth that damage should be brought on the king. Houbigant. Esther means, that Haman was not a man of such consequence as to countervail the infamy which would fall on the king, and the loss which his kingdom would sustain, by the sacrifice of a whole nation to his resentment.
Esther 7:7. The king—went into the palace-garden— Partly as disdaining the company of so infamous a person as Haman; partly to cool and allay his spirit, boiling and struggling with a variety of passions; and partly to consider within himself the heinousness of Haman's crime, the mischief which himself had nearly done by his own rashness, and what punishment was fit to be inflicted on so vile a miscreant.
Esther 7:8. Haman was fallen upon the bed whereon Esther was— It was a custom among the Persians, as well as other nations, to sit, or rather lie, upon beds when they ate or drank; and therefore, when Haman fell down as a suppliant at the feet of Esther, and, as the manner was among the Greeks and Romans, and not improbably among the Persians, embraced her knees, the king might pretend that he was offering violence to the queen's chastity; not that he believed that this was his intention; but in his furious passion he turned every thing to the worst sense, and made use of it to aggravate his crime. The king's design was evident enough from his words; and therefore they immediately covered Haman's face. As the dignity of a prince made the being arrayed in his clothes a mighty honour, so it should seem it did not allow of a malefactor's setting eyes upon him. The majesty, at least, of the kings of Persia did not allow of this, as appears in the case of Haman, whose face was covered as soon as the courtiers perceived Ahasuerus looked upon him in that light. Some curious correspondent examples have been produced from antiquity, and may be met with in Poole's Synopsis; but, perhaps, it may be amusing to find that this custom still continues; as well as useful to ascertain more clearly the meaning of covering the face, which has been differently understood by learned men. I shall therefore set down, from Bishop Pococke's Travels, the account that he gives of an artifice by which an Egyptian bey was taken off. It was this: a man, being brought before him like a malefactor just taken, with his hands behind as if tied, and a napkin put over his head, as malefactors commonly have, when he was brought before the bey, suddenly shot him dead. The covering of Haman's face, then, was the placing him before Ahasuerus as a malefactor to hear his doom, who had just before been considered as the king's confident. See Observations, p. 282 and Explication des Textes Difficiles, p. 261.
Esther 7:10. So they hanged Haman, &c.— I cannot pass over the wonderful harmony of Providence, says Josephus, Antiq. 50:11; 100:6 without a remark upon the Almighty power and admirable justice of the wisdom of God, not only in bringing Haman to his deserved punishment, but in entrapping him in the very snare which he had laid for another, and turning a malicious invention upon the head of the inventor. Well says the heathen poet,
———Nec lex est justior ulla Quam necis artifices arte perire sua.
No law is more just, than that the workers of wickedness should perish by the means of their own subtilty.
Bishop Patrick observes on this wonderful deliverance of the Jewish nation, that though in the whole there was no extraordinary manifestation of God's power, no particular cause or agent which was in its working advanced above the ordinary pitch of nature, yet the contrivance and suiting of these ordinary agents appointed by God, is in itself more admirable than if the same end had been effected by means which were truly miraculous. That a king should not sleep, is no unusual thing; nor that he should solace his waking thoughts by hearing the annals of his own kingdom, or the journals of his own reign, read to him: but that he should lie awake at that time, especially when Haman was watching to destroy the Jews; that in the chronicles of the kingdom they should light on that place where Mordecai's unrewarded services were recorded; that the king should forthwith resolve thereupon to do him honour; that Haman should come in at the very moment when he was so disposed; should ignorantly determine what honour should be done him, and be himself appointed to that ungrateful office: all this, no doubt, was from the keeper of Israel, who neither slumbereth nor sleepeth, and was truly marvellous in his people's eyes.
Coke, Thomas. "Commentary on Esther 7". Coke's Commentary on the Holy Bible. https://www.studylight.org/commentaries/eng/tcc/esther-7.html. 1801-1803.


Hexmag magazines are made from durable, lightweight polymer material and are designed to function perfectly in most AR-10 Series A, DPMS LR-308 or SR25 compatible rifles. They feature a raised hexagon pattern for superior grip and secure handling, a USGI spec stainless steel spring and an anti-tilt follower. The tool-free latch plate design makes disassembly fast and easy. The Hexmag HexID color identification system makes ammo recognition simple.
Not compatible with Armalite "B" Series AR10 rifles.


Critical legislation is moving through the Congress that will have a direct impact on the continued efforts of Everglades protection.
The United States Capitol. Washington, D.C.
Congress is in the midst of considering the Water Resources Development Act (WRDA). This legislation is vital—not only to America's Everglades, but also for many water priorities all across the nation. WRDA is how Congress gives approval for projects that will restore the Everglades. In 2000, the WRDA legislation approved the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan, the over-arching blueprint for restoring America's Everglades. Now, Congress must authorized the individual projects that are part of the larger restoration plan that are ready to go. The bill that passed the Senate in May of 2013 includes four projects: the C-43 Reservoir Project along the Caloosahatchee River, Broward County Water Preserve, Biscayne Bay Coastal Wetlands Project and the C-111 Spreader Canal Western Project.
In the coming months, the U.S. House of Representatives will introduce a new version of WRDA; it is the Foundation's hope that the Central Everglades Planning Project (CEPP) is included. The task of ensuring the inclusion of CEPP in the next WRDA bill relies solely upon the South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) and the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE).
The SFWMD and the USACE played key roles in the passage and execution of the historic Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan in 2000 that was supported by former Florida Governor Jeb Bush, and signed into law by President Bill Clinton.
Sunrise over Everglades National Park.
Over the last 13 years, Florida and Washington have worked to move restoration steadily forward, but this process has reached a critical juncture: in a recent assessment of the state of the Everglades ecosystem, the National Academy of Science (NAS) reported that the Everglades, a World Heritage Site, is in major need of additional water.
This is a direct result of the loss of millions of gallons of water each year that are discharged to the Gulf and the Atlantic Ocean via two major South Florida estuaries. The reason for these discharges links back to the seasonally reoccurring themes of lack of water storage during the Florida wet season, and the inability to move enough water southward through the ecosystem during the dry season.
CEPP is the answer to providing the necessary infrastructure to move, clean and provide water to the central Everglades. But more importantly, CEPP provides critical water flow needed by Everglades National Park, colloquially known as "Everglades National Parched" by members of the Florida environmental community.
Next month, the state will move one step closer to finalizing CEPP, as the South Florida Water Management District becomes the "local sponsor" of the project and authorizes its support. Furthering CEPP's position in the governmental process, the project will then be sent to Congress.
The action taken by the SFWMD sends a powerful message that the 13-year federal/state partnership is strong, and that the protection of America's Everglades remains a priority.
Written by Eric Eikenberg. Photos by Jessica Hodder.


text:
VideoInterview 5/29/20
Stanley Tucci and Daveed Diggs on quarantine cocktails and Central Park
Marah Eakin
Bob's Burgers creator Loren Bouchard has always cast a bit against type. Take, for instance, Dan Mintz, the very…
TV ReviewsPre-Air 5/22/20
Central Park hits some stellar high notes, but isn't a showstopper just yet
Though past Loren Bouchard projects Home Movies and Bob's Burgers harbor few similarities (beyond H. Jon Benjamin's…
Stanley Tucci wraps his forearms around the perfect martini for James Corden
With people breaking quarantine to top up their Campari and brand-specific vermouth reserves after Stanley Tucci's…
Bob's Burgers' Loren Bouchard addresses male actors playing women in Apple TV+ cartoon Central Park
Today, Apple held a Television Critics Association panel for its upcoming Apple TV+ animated series Central Park,…
The Kingsman prequel is trading out Harry and Eggsy for a little Kick-Ass
William Hughes
We've known for a few months now that the next movie in Matthew Vaughn's profane spy send-up series Kingsman probably…
When Romance Met Comedy 11/9/18
The Devil Wears Prada pulls off the perfect romantic comedy look, even though it really isn't one
One of the things you quickly learn when you write an ongoing column about romantic comedies is…
VideoAsk Around 9/13/18
Emma Thompson, Stanley Tucci and the team behind The Children Act on what makes this story special
Baraka Kaseko
and Marah Eakin
Named for the landmark 1989 Parliamentary Act (but not based on a true events), The Children Act follows British…
SNL host Sam Rockwell dances through a musical tribute to fellow character actor Stanley Tucci
Character actor all-star and recent Golden Globe winner Sam Rockwell's first Saturday Night Live hosting gig saw the…
TV ReviewsBoJack Horseman 9/3/17
At last, we see who and what BoJack Horseman—and BoJack Horseman—truly are
Les Chappell
"You know what your problem is? You want to think of yourself as the good guy. Well, I know you better than anyone,…
TV ReviewsFeud 4/23/17
Feud ends up being about much more than a feud
Gwen Ihnat
When Ryan Murphy first started Feud, going off of the first few episodes, it seemed to be a delightful, wholly…
The Supermanual 4/12/17
Abraham Erskine
AV Club Staff
Who he is: Dr. Abraham Erskine
Interview 4/10/17
Feud's Stanley Tucci on donning a fat suit and dropping the C-word
Stanley Tucci is a man who values a good costume. This isn't surprising given his oeuvre: He's donned couture in The…
TV ReviewsFeud 4/9/17
Feud explores how low people are willing to go to make it
The length of the Feud series enables us to see what life was like for these creative performers and artists as they…
Feud showrunner says last night's big C-word wasn't "gratuitous"
The first installment of Ryan Murphy's newest anthology series, Feud, kicked off last night with an attempted bang:…
Stanley Tucci won't do a Devil Wears Prada sequel, is totally down for Transformers 5
Welcome to The Tour Of Tucci, The A.V. Club's regular round-up of all the hottest news concerning everybody's…
Great Job Internet 6/24/16
Read This: Behold the power of Meryl Streep in this The Devil Wears Prada history
For some of us The Devil Wears Prada is the movie we watch every damn time it's on cable. The don't you dare call it…
Big Night is a food-film classic good enough to devour
Nick Schager
Every day, Watch This offers staff recommendations inspired by a new movie coming out that week. This week:…
TV ReviewsBoJack Horseman 7/19/15
BoJack Horseman: "Still Broken"
Caroline Framke
"There's no shame in dying for nothing. That's why most people die."
Contest 6/18/15
Chicago, see Kate Winslet in A Little Chaos early and for free
Cameron Scheetz
Apparently, in the buttoned-up world of 17th Century France, even the effortlessly classy and graceful Kate Winslet…
Stanley Tucci also joins Beauty And The Beast, sadly not as the title characters
Just when we thought casting for the new live-action remake of Beauty And The Beast was complete and we could retire…


text:
Q: alternative to setrowsdata in Google Apps Scripts Writing to a Google Spreadsheet from Google App Scripts is described here:
https://developers.google.com/apps-script/storing_data_spreadsheets#writing
Which includes details of the setRowsData method.
I was wondering if there was a method for just setting an individual cell in the spreadsheet.  I've searching Google and SO, but can't find anything yet.  I'm guessing perhaps that setRowsData is the only way to go, but if there's an alternative setCellData call or similar I'd love to hear about it.
Many thanks in advance
p.s. profusely sorry if this isn't the right place to ask, but the Google App Script team is directing all questions to SO

A: The Range.setValue service to set a value of a cell. The range should be defined to the cell, for instance, the follwing code does it.
var range = SpreadsheetApp.getActiveSheet().getRange("A1");

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Connor Vanderweyst/Columbia Basin Herald Moses Lake senior Eric Shaporda (center) signs his national letter of intent to Whitworth University with his father Igor Shaporda and mother Galina Shaporda.
MOSES LAKE — Relatives and coaches shuffled in and out of pictures as Eric Shaporda sat in front of a circular table, his future laying in front of him — literally and figuratively.
Shaporda, accompanied by his parents, sister, grandparents and coaches, signed his national letter of intent to play soccer for Whitworth University Saturday in the Moses Lake High School office.
That windy afternoon was the culmination of a years long dream.
Shaporda is a senior forward on this year's iteration of the Chiefs.
Head coach Richie Ramirez highlighted Shaporda's intelligence — on an off the pitch — as a trait that will allow him to adjust smoothly to college athletics.
Shaporda is the first player under Ramirez — in his second season as head coach — to commit to a program at the university level.
"This is an accolade for Moses Lake High School," Ramirez said.
Whitworth wrapped up its 2018 season with a 5-11-4 record, graduating seven seniors.
Shaporda's goal-scoring should help the Pirates improve in 2019.
Win or lose, Shaporda is eager to continue playing.


text:
Mangrove forests, also called mangrove swamps, mangrove thickets or mangals, are productive wetlands that occur in coastal intertidal zones. Mangrove forests grow mainly at tropical and subtropical latitudes because mangroves cannot withstand freezing temperatures. There are about 80 different species of mangroves, all of which grow in areas with low-oxygen soil, where slow-moving waters allow fine sediments to accumulate.

Many mangrove forests can be recognised by their dense tangle of prop roots that make the trees appear to be standing on stilts above the water. This tangle of roots allows the trees to handle the daily rise and fall of tides, which means that most mangroves get flooded at least twice per day. The roots slow the movement of tidal waters, causing sediments to settle out of the water and build up the muddy bottom. Mangrove forests stabilise the coastline, reducing erosion from storm surges, currents, waves, and tides. The intricate root system of mangroves also makes these forests attractive to fish and other organisms seeking food and shelter from predators.

Mangrove forests live at the interface between the land, the ocean, and the atmosphere, and are centres for the flow of energy and matter between these systems. They have attracted much research interest because of the various ecological functions of the mangrove ecosystems, including runoff and flood prevention, storage and recycling of nutrients and wastes, cultivation and energy conversion. The forests are major blue carbon systems, storing considerable amounts of carbon in marine sediments, thus becoming important regulators of climate change. Marine microorganisms are key parts of these mangrove ecosystems. However, much remains to be discovered about how mangrove microbiomes contribute to high ecosystem productivity and efficient cycling of elements.

Overview

There are about 80 different species of mangrove trees. All of these trees grow in areas with low-oxygen soil, where slow-moving waters allow fine sediments to accumulate. Mangrove forests grow only at tropical and subtropical latitudes near the equator because they cannot withstand freezing temperatures. Many mangrove forests can be recognised by their dense tangle of prop roots that make the trees appear to be standing on stilts above the water. This tangle of roots allows the trees to handle the daily rise and fall of tides, which means that most mangroves get flooded at least twice per day. The roots slow the movement of tidal waters, causing sediments to settle out of the water and build up the muddy bottom. Mangrove forests stabilise the coastline, reducing erosion from storm surges, currents, waves, and tides. The intricate root system of mangroves makes these forests attractive to fishes and other organisms seeking food and shelter from predators.

The main contribution of mangroves to the larger ecosystem comes from litter fall from the trees, which is then decomposed by primary consumers. Bacteria and protozoans colonise the plant litter and break it down chemically into organic compounds, minerals, carbon dioxide, and nitrogenous wastes. The intertidal existence to which these trees are adapted represents the major limitation to the number of species able to thrive in their habitat. High tide brings in salt water, and when the tide recedes, solar evaporation of the seawater in the soil leads to further increases in salinity. The return of tide can flush out these soils, bringing them back to salinity levels comparable to that of seawater. At low tide, organisms are exposed to increases in temperature and reduced moisture before being then cooled and flooded by the tide. Thus, for a plant to survive in this environment, it must tolerate broad ranges of salinity, temperature, and moisture, as well as several other key environmental factors—thus only a select few species make up the mangrove tree community.

A mangrove swamp typically features only a small number of tree species. It is not uncommon for a mangrove forest in the Caribbean to feature only three or four tree species. For comparison, a tropical rainforest biome may contain thousands of tree species, but this is not to say mangrove forests lack diversity. Though the trees are few in species, the ecosystem that these trees create provides a habitat for a great variety of other species, including as many as 174 species of marine megafauna.

Mangrove plants require a number of physiological adaptations to overcome the problems of low environmental oxygen levels, high salinity, and frequent tidal flooding. Each species has its own solutions to these problems; this may be the primary reason why, on some shorelines, mangrove tree species show distinct zonation. Small environmental variations within a mangal may lead to greatly differing methods for coping with the environment. Therefore, the mix of species is partly determined by the tolerances of individual species to physical conditions, such as tidal flooding and salinity, but may also be influenced by other factors, such as crabs preying on plant seedlings.

Once established, mangrove roots provide an oyster habitat and slow water flow, thereby enhancing sediment deposition in areas where it is already occurring. The fine, anoxic sediments under mangroves act as sinks for a variety of heavy (trace) metals which colloidal particles in the sediments have concentrated from the water. Mangrove removal disturbs these underlying sediments, often creating problems of trace metal contamination of seawater and organisms of the area.

Mangrove swamps protect coastal areas from erosion, storm surge (especially during tropical cyclones), and tsunamis. They limit high-energy wave erosion mainly during events such as storm surges and tsunamis. The mangroves' massive root systems are efficient at dissipating wave energy. Likewise, they slow down tidal water enough so that its sediment is deposited as the tide comes in, leaving all except fine particles when the tide ebbs. In this way, mangroves build their  environments. Because of the uniqueness of mangrove ecosystems and the protection against erosion they provide, they are often the object of conservation programs, including national biodiversity action plans.

Distribution

Worldwide there are about 80 described species of mangroves that live along marine coasts. About 60 of these species are true mangroves which live only in the intertidal zone between high and low tides. "Mangroves once covered three-quarters of the world's tropical coastlines, with Southeast Asia hosting the greatest diversity. Only 12 species live in the Americas. Mangroves range in size from small bushes to the 60-meter giants found in Ecuador. Within a given mangrove forest, different species occupy distinct niches. Those that can handle tidal soakings grow in the open sea, in sheltered bays, and on fringe islands. Trees adapted to drier, less salty soil can be found farther from the shoreline. Some mangroves flourish along riverbanks far inland, as long as the freshwater current is met by ocean tides."

Mangroves can be found in 118 countries and territories in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
The largest percentage of mangroves is found between the 5° N and 5° S latitudes. Approximately 75% of world's mangroves are found in just 15 countries. Estimates of mangrove area based on remote sensing and global data tend to be lower than estimates based on literature and surveys for comparable periods.

In 2018, the Global Mangrove Watch Initiative released a global baseline based on remote sensing and global data for 2010. They estimated the total mangrove forest area of the world as of 2010 at , spanning 118 countries and territories. Following the conventions for identifying geographic regions from the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, researchers reported that Asia has the largest share (38.7%) of the world's mangroves, followed by Latin America and the Caribbean (20.3%), Africa (20.0%), Oceania (11.9%), and Northern America (8.4%).

Sundarbans
The largest mangrove forest in the world is in the Sundarbans. The Sundarban forest lies in the vast delta on the Bay of Bengal formed by the super confluence of the Brahmaputra and Meghna rivers with distributaries of the Ganges. The seasonally flooded Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests lie inland from the mangrove forests on the coastal fringe. The forest covers  of which about  are in Bangladesh.

The Sundarbans is intersected by a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant mangrove forests. The interconnected network of waterways makes almost every portion of the forest accessible by boat. The area is known as an important habitat for the endangered Bengal tiger, as well as numerous fauna including species of birds, spotted deer, crocodiles and snakes. The fertile soils of the delta have been subject to intensive human use for centuries, and the ecoregion has been mostly converted to intensive agriculture, with few enclaves of forest remaining. Additionally, the Sundarbans serves a crucial function as a protective barrier for millions of inhabitants against floods that result from cyclones.

Four protected areas in the Sundarbans are listed as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Despite these protections, the Indian Sundarbans were assessed as endangered in 2020 under the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems framework. There is a consistent pattern of depleted biodiversity or loss of species and the ecological quality of the forest is declining.

Ecosystem
The unique ecosystem found in the intricate mesh of mangrove roots offers a quiet marine habitat for young organisms. In areas where roots are permanently submerged, the organisms they host include algae, barnacles, oysters, sponges, and bryozoa, which all require a hard surface for anchoring while they filter-feed. Shrimp and mud lobsters use the muddy bottoms as their home. Mangrove crabs eat the mangrove leaves, adding nutrients to the mangal mud for other bottom feeders. In at least some cases, the export of carbon fixed in mangroves is important in coastal food webs. Mangrove plantations host several commercially important species of fish and crustaceans.

In Puerto Rico, the red, white, and black mangroves occupy different ecological niches and have slightly different chemical compositions, so the carbon content varies between the species, as well between the different tissues of the plant (e.g., leaf matter versus roots). There is a clear succession of these three trees from the lower elevations, which are dominated by red mangroves, to farther inland with a higher concentration of white mangroves.

Mangrove forests are an important part of the cycling and storage of carbon in tropical coastal ecosystems. Knowing this, scientists seek to reconstruct the environment and investigate changes to the coastal ecosystem over thousands of years using sediment cores. However, an additional complication is the imported marine organic matter that also gets deposited in the sediment through the tidal flushing of mangrove forests.

Mangrove forests can decay into peat deposits because of fungal and bacterial processes as well as by the action of termites. It becomes peat in good geochemical, sedimentary, and tectonic conditions. The nature of these deposits depends on the environment and the types of mangroves involved. Termites process fallen leaf litter, root systems and wood from mangroves into peat to build their nests. Termites stabilise the chemistry of this peat and represent approximately 2% of above ground carbon storage in mangroves. As the nests are buried over time this carbon is stored in the sediment, and the carbon cycle continues.

Mangroves are an important source of blue carbon. Globally, mangroves stored  of carbon in 2012. Two percent of global mangrove carbon was lost between 2000 and 2012, equivalent to a maximum potential of  of CO2 emissions. Globally, mangroves have been shown to provide measurable economic protections to coastal communities affected by tropical storms.

Biodiversity

Birds
Heterogeneity in landscape ecology is a measure of how different parts of a landscape are from one another. It can manifest in an ecosystem from the abiotic or biotic characteristics of the environment. For example, coastal mangrove forests are located at the land-sea interface, so their functioning is influenced by abiotic factors such as tides, as well as biotic factors such as the extent and configuration of adjacent vegetation. For forest birds, tidal inundation means that the availability of many mangrove resources fluctuates daily, suggesting foraging flexibility is likely to be important. Mangroves also offer estuarine prey items, such as mudskippers and crabs, that are not found in terrestrial forest types. Further, mangroves are often situated in a complex mosaic of adjacent vegetation types such as grasslands, saltmarshes, and woodlands, and this can mean that flexibility in foraging strategy and choice of foraging habitat may be advantageous for highly mobile forest birds. Relative to other forest types, mangroves support few bird species that are obligate habitat (mangrove) specialists and instead host many species with generalised foraging niches.

Bird sanctuaries
Mangrove forests are home and sanctuaries for many of aquatic bird species, including:
 Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary
 Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary
 Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary
 Pichavaram
 Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary
 Sundarbans National Park

Fish
The intricate root system of mangrove forests makes them attractive to adult fish seeking food and juvenile fish seeking shelter.

Mangrove crab holobiont
Mangrove forests are among the more productive and diverse ecosystems on the planet, despite limited nitrogen availability. Under such conditions, animal-microbe associations (holobionts) are often key to ecosystem functioning. An example is the role of fiddler crabs and their carapace-associated microbial biofilm as hotspots of microbial nitrogen transformations and sources of nitrogen within the mangrove ecosystem.

Among coastal ecosystems, mangrove forests are of great importance as they account for three quarters of the tropical coastline and provide different ecosystem services. Mangrove ecosystems generally act as a net sink of carbon, although they release organic matter to the sea in the form of dissolved refractory macromolecules, leaves, branches and other debris. In pristine environments, mangroves are among the most productive ecosystems on the planet, despite growing in tropical waters that are often nutrient depleted. The refractory nature of the organic matter produced and retained in mangroves can slow the recycling of nutrients, particularly of nitrogen. Nitrogen limitation in such systems may be overcome by microbial nitrogen fixation when combined with high rates of bioturbation by macrofauna, such as crabs and lobsters.

Bioturbation by macrofauna affect nitrogen availability and multiple nitrogen related microbial processes through sediment reworking, burrow construction and bioirrigation, feeding and excretion. Macrofauna mix old and fresh organic matter, extend oxic–anoxic sediment interfaces, increase the availability of energy-yielding electron acceptors and increase nitrogen turnover via direct excretion. Thus, macrofauna may alleviate nitrogen limitation by priming the remineralisation of refractory nitrogen (that is, the nitrogen that can't be biologically decomposed), reducing plant-microbe competition. Such activity ultimately promotes nitrogen recycling, plant assimilation and high nitrogen retention, as well as favours its loss by stimulating coupled nitrification and denitrification.

Mangrove sediments are highly bioturbated by decapods such as crabs. Crab populations continuously rework sediment by constructing burrows, creating new niches, transporting or selectively grazing on sediment microbial communities. In addition, crabs can affect organic matter turnover by assimilating leaves and producing finely fragmented faeces, or by carrying them into their burrows. Therefore, crabs are considered important ecosystem engineers shaping biogeochemical processes in intertidal muddy banks of mangroves. In contrast to burrowing polychaetes or amphipods, the abundant Ocipodid crabs, mainly represented by fiddler crabs, do not permanently ventilate their burrows. These crabs may temporarily leave their burrows for surface activities, or otherwise plug their burrow entrance during tidal inundation in order to trap air. A recent study by Cuellar-Gempeler and Leibold showed that these crabs can be associated with a diverse microbial community, either on their carapace or in their gut.

The exoskeleton of living animals, such as shells or carapaces, offers a habitat for microbial biofilms which are actively involved in different N-cycling pathways such as nitrification, denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). Colonizing the carapace of crabs may be advantageous for specific bacteria, because of host activities such as respiration, excretion, feeding and horizontal and vertical migrations. However, the ecological interactions between fiddler crabs and bacteria, their regulation and significance as well as their implications at scales spanning from the single individual to the ecosystem are not well understood.

Biogeochemistry

Carbon cycle

Mangrove forests are amongst the world's most productive marine ecosystems, with net primary productivity (NPP) in the order of 208 Tg C yr−1. Mangrove forests achieve a steady state once the forest reaches maximum biomass at around 20–30 years through a constant process of mortality and renewal so, assuming the living biomass is not becoming more carbon dense, then carbon has to be lost at a rate equal to the amount of carbon fixed as NPP. Hence this productivity is either retained within the mangrove forest, as a standing stock of live material such as wood, buried in sediments, or exported to neighbouring habitats as litter, particulate and dissolved organic carbon (POC and DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), or lost to the atmosphere.

The out-welling hypothesis argues that export of locally derived POC and DOC is an important ecosystem function of mangroves, which drives detrital based food webs in adjacent coastal habitats. Export of mangrove carbon has been estimated to make a significant trophic contribution to adjacent ecosystems. The theory of outwelling is supported by mass balance evaluations that show the amount of carbon fixed by mangroves normally greatly exceeds the amount stored within the forest, although the scale of outwelling varies considerably between forests, due to differences in coastal geomorphology, tidal regimes, freshwater flow and productivity.

In the 1990s, global estimates could account for 48% of the total global mangrove primary production of 218 ± 72 million tons C yr−1 (see diagram on the right). By incorporating information on carbon burial,  efflux and carbon outwelled as leaf litter, POC and DOC, the remaining 52% was thought outwelled as DIC, though there was insufficient data to confirm this. More recent assessments of DIC export at two sites in Australia supported the estimates of Bouillon et al. in 2008, although in 2014 Alongi suggested that only 40% of NPP was exported as DIC.

Nitrogen assimilation
Mangrove forests and coastal marshes are typically considered N-limited ecosystems because of their high primary production. Therefore, mangrove plants are highly efficient at utilising soil nitrogen, making them an important sink for excess nitrogen from upstream. However, different mangrove species may still utilise nitrogen at different efficiencies, even though they share similar nitrogen pathways (see diagram on right). Reported nitrogen assimilation rates in mangrove plants ranged from 2 to 8 μmol g−1 h−1 under ambient nitrogen conditions, and 19 to 251 μmol g−1 h−1 when the nitrogen supply was unlimited.

In addition to species variation, different environmental conditions can also affect the nitrogen assimilation rates in mangrove plants. Because Cl− ions can reduce protein synthesis and nitrogen assimilation, soil pore water salinity appears to be a negative factor that significantly alters the nitrogen uptake rates of mangrove plants.

Exploitation and conservation

Adequate data is only available for about half of the global area of mangroves. However, of those areas for which data has been collected, it appears that 35% of the mangroves have been destroyed. Since the 1980s, around 2% of mangrove area is estimated to be lost each year. Assessments of global variation in mangrove loss indicates that national regulatory quality mediates how different drivers and pressures influence loss rates.

Shrimp farming causes approximately a quarter of the destruction of mangrove forests. Likewise, the 2010 update of the World Mangrove Atlas indicated that approximately one fifth of the world's mangrove ecosystems have been lost since 1980, although this rapid loss rate appears to have decreased since 2000 with global losses estimated at between 0.16% and 0.39% annually between 2000 and 2012. Despite global loss rates decreasing since 2000, Southeast Asia remains an area of concern with loss rates between 3.6% and 8.1% between 2000 and 2012. By far the most damaging form of shrimp farming is when a closed ponds system (non-integrated multi-trophic aquaculture) is used, as these require destruction of a large part of the mangrove, and use antibiotics and disinfectants to suppress diseases that occur in this system, and which may also leak into the surrounding environment. Far less damage occurs when integrated mangrove-shrimp aquaculture is used, as this is connected to the sea and subjected to the tides, and less diseases occur, and as far less mangrove is destroyed for it.

Grassroots efforts to protect mangroves from development and from citizens cutting down the mangroves for charcoal production, cooking, heating and as a building material are becoming more popular. Solar cookers are distributed by many non-government organizations as a low-cost alternative to wood and charcoal stoves. These may help in reducing the demand for charcoal.
 In Thailand, community management has been effective in restoring damaged mangroves. Also, production of mangrove honey is practiced, as a way to generate sustainable income for nearby people, keeping them from destroying the mangrove and generate a short-term revenue.
 In Madagascar, honey is also produced in mangroves as a source of (non-destructive) income generation. In addition, silk pods from endemic silkworm species are also collected in the Madagascar mangroves for wild silk production.
 In the Bahamas, for example, active efforts to save mangroves are occurring on the islands of Bimini and Great Guana Cay.
 In Trinidad and Tobago as well, efforts are underway to protect a mangrove threatened by the construction of a steel mill and a port.
 Within northern Ecuador, mangrove regrowth is reported in almost all estuaries and stems primarily from local actors responding to earlier periods of deforestation in the Esmeraldas region.

Mangroves have been reported to be able to help buffer against tsunami, cyclones, and other storms, and as such may be considered a flagship system for ecosystem-based adaptation to the impacts of climate change. One village in Tamil Nadu was protected from tsunami destruction—the villagers in Naluvedapathy planted 80,244 saplings to get into the Guinness Book of World Records. This created a kilometre-wide belt of trees of various varieties. When the 2004 tsunami struck, much of the land around the village was flooded, but the village suffered minimal damage.

Ocean deoxygenation
Compared to seagrass meadows and coral reefs, hypoxia is more common on a regular basis in mangrove ecosystems, through ocean deoxygenation is compounding the negative effects by anthropogenic nutrient inputs and land use modification.

Like seagrass, mangrove trees transport oxygen to roots of rhizomes, reduce sulfide concentrations, and alter microbial communities. Dissolved oxygen is more readily consumed in the interior of the mangrove forest. Anthropogenic inputs may push the limits of survival in many mangrove microhabitats. For example, shrimp ponds constructed in mangrove forests are considered the greatest anthropogenic threat to mangrove ecosystems. These shrimp ponds reduce estuary circulation and water quality which leads to the promotion of diel-cycling hypoxia. When the quality of the water degrades, the shrimp ponds are quickly abandoned leaving massive amounts of wastewater. This is a major source of water pollution that promotes ocean deoxygenation in the adjacent habitats.

Due to these frequent hypoxic conditions, the water does not provide habitats to fish. When exposed to extreme hypoxia, ecosystem function can completely collapse. Extreme deoxygenation will affect the local fish populations, which are an essential food source. The environmental costs of shrimp farms in the mangrove forests grossly outweigh the economic benefits of them. Cessation of shrimp production and restoration of these areas reduce eutrophication and anthropogenic hypoxia.

Reforestation

In some areas, mangrove reforestation and mangrove restoration is also underway. Red mangroves are the most common choice for cultivation, used particularly in marine aquariums in a sump to reduce nitrates and other nutrients in the water. Mangroves also appear in home aquariums, and as ornamental plants, such as in Japan.

The Manzanar Mangrove Initiative is an ongoing experiment in Arkiko, Eritrea, part of the Manzanar Project founded by Gordon H. Sato, establishing new mangrove plantations on the coastal mudflats. Initial plantings failed, but observation of the areas where mangroves did survive by themselves led to the conclusion that nutrients in water flow from inland were important to the health of the mangroves. Trials with the Eritrean Ministry of Fisheries followed, and a planting system was designed to provide the nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron missing from seawater.

The propagules are planted inside a reused galvanized steel can with the bottom knocked out; a small piece of iron and a pierced plastic bag with fertilizer containing nitrogen and phosphorus are buried with the propagule. , after six years of planting, 700,000 mangroves are growing; providing stock feed for sheep and habitat for oysters, crabs, other bivalves, and fish.

Another method of restoring mangroves is by using quadcopters (which are able to carry and deposit seed pods). According to Irina Fedorenko, an amount of work equivalent to weeks of planting using traditional methods can be done by a drone in days, and at a fraction of the cost.

Seventy percent of mangrove forests have been lost in Java, Indonesia. Mangroves formerly protected the island's coastal land from flooding and erosion. Wetlands International, an NGC based in the Netherlands, in collaboration with nine villages in Demak where lands and homes had been flooded, began reviving mangrove forests in Java. Wetlands International introduced the idea of developing tropical versions of techniques traditionally used by the Dutch to catch sediment in North Sea coastal salt marshes. Originally, the villagers constructed a sea barrier by hammering two rows of vertical bamboo poles into the seabed and filling the gaps with brushwood held in place with netting. Later the bamboo was replaced by PVC pipes filled with concrete. As sediment gets deposited around the brushwood, it serves to catch floating mangrove seeds and provide them with a stable base to germinate, take root and regrow. This creates a green belt of protection around the islands. As the mangroves mature, more sediment is held in the catchment area; the process is repeated until a mangrove forest has been restored. Eventually the protective structures will not be needed. By late 2018,  of brushwood barriers along the coastline had been completed.

A concern over reforestation is that although it supports increases in mangrove area it may actually result in a decrease in global mangrove functionality and poor restoration processes may result in longer term depletion of the mangrove resource.

National and international studies
In terms of local and national studies of mangrove loss, the case of Belize's mangroves is illustrative in its contrast to the global picture. A recent, satellite-based study—funded by the World Wildlife Fund and conducted by the Water Center for the Humid Tropics of Latin America and the Caribbean (CATHALAC)—indicates Belize's mangrove cover declined by a mere 2% over a 30-year period. The study was born out of the need to verify the popular conception that mangrove clearing in Belize was rampant.

Instead, the assessment showed, between 1980 and 2010, under  of mangroves had been cleared, although clearing of mangroves near Belize's main coastal settlements (e.g. Belize City and San Pedro) was relatively high. The rate of loss of Belize's mangroves—at 0.07% per year between 1980 and 2010—was much lower than Belize's overall rate of forest clearing (0.6% per year in the same period). These findings can also be interpreted to indicate Belize's mangrove regulations (under the nation's) have largely been effective. Nevertheless, the need to protect Belize's mangroves is imperative, as a 2009 study by the World Resources Institute (WRI) indicates the ecosystems contribute  to  million per year to Belize's national economy.

In May 2019, ORNL DAAC News announced that NASA's Carbon Monitoring System (CMS), using new satellite-based maps of global mangrove forests across 116 countries, had created a new dataset to characterize the "distribution, biomass, and canopy height of mangrove-forested wetlands". Mangrove forests move carbon dioxide "from the atmosphere into long-term storage" in greater quantities than other forests, making them "among the planet's best carbon scrubbers" according to a NASA-led study.

See also

 Ecological values of mangroves
 Mangrove restoration
 Mangrove tree distribution
 Freshwater swamp forest

References

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
2019 NJCAA Indoor Track & Field Rating Index – Week 2
By Matt Schaefer, USTFCCCA January 30, 2019
http://www.ustfccca.org/2019/01/featured/2019-njcaa-indoor-track-field-rating-index-week-2
NEW ORLEANS – Two new teams claimed the top spot in the nation in both the men's and women's rankings in the latest edition of the NJCAA National Indoor Track & Field Rating Index released by the U.S. Track & Field and Cross Country Coaches Association (USTFCCCA) on Wednesday.
The men from Cloud County (Kan.) CC and the women from Barton (Kan.) CC jumped into the No. 1 spot in their respective ratings, the first time either program has held the top spot in the country in school history.
NJCAA DIVISION I INDOOR TRACK & FIELD RATING INDEX TOP 5 – MEN
Cloud County (Kan.) CC
Barton (Kan.) CC
Iowa Central CC
Coffeyville (Kan.) CC
Monroe (N.Y.)
CLICK HERE FOR NATIONAL RATING INDEX SUMMARY
CLICK HERE FOR REGIONAL RATING INDEX SUMMARY
NJCAA DIVISION I INDOOR TRACK & FIELD RATING INDEX TOP 5 – WOMEN
New Mexico JC
Keep checking back as more will change as we get ready for the 2019 NJCAA Division I Indoor Track & Field Championships which take place March 1-2 in Pittsburg, Kansas on the campus of Pittsburg State University.
MEN'S STORY
Cloud County (Kan.) CC is the No. 1 team in the country for the first time in program history after an impressive showing at the Jayhawk Classic this past weekend.
There were numerous standout athletes from the meet as the group was led by Lesley Mahlakoane (now first in the nation in the 600), Santino Kenyi (first in the 1000), Tanner Brown (first in the heptathlon), Dennis Kiptoo (second in the 3000 and fourth in the 1000), Saba Khvichava (third in the 1000) and Peter Ackah (fourth in the long jump).
Cloud County registered 354.19 points in this edition of the ratings.
Improving one spot to No. 2 was Barton (Kan.) CC with 301.48 points after competition at the Black & Gold Premier, hosted by the University of Iowa.
The Cougars got top performances out of Alencar Pereira (third in the weight throw), Davonte Burnett (fourth in 60), Nathan Good (fourth in the 800) and the 4×400 relay which is now tops in the country.
Dropping two spots was No. 3 Iowa Central CC with 250.78 points after also being at the Black & Gold Premiere. Caden Fenchel was the top performer at the meet for the Tritons and now slots in as fourth in the shot put.
Remaining steady in the No. 4 spot was Coffeyville (Kan) CC with 244.43 points. The program spent the past weekend at the Pittsburg State University Invite and had multiple top contributors.
Top marks from the weekend came from Don'Drea Swint (now first in the nation in the 60), Chris Banks (first in the high jump), Dodley Thermitus (fourth in the triple jump), Darius Clark (fifth in the long jump) and Brandon Patterson (fifth in the shot put).
Jumping up two was Monroe (N.Y.) with 200.01 points. The Mustangs competed at the Boston University John Thomas Terrier Classic.
The group got top ranked performances out of Llyod McCurdy (first in the triple jump) and Thapelo Makofane (second in the 1000).
It is the best ranking for the program since achieving the No. 5 spot twice during the 2015 season.
The rest of the top-10 was rounded out by No. 6 South Plains (Texas), No. 7 Colby (Kan.) CC, No. 8 Western Texas, No. 9 Vincennes (Ind.) and No. 10 Iowa Western CC.
WOMEN'S STORY
For the first time in program history, Barton (Kan.) CC is the No. 1 team in the country after it picked up 315.39 points in this edition of the ratings. The Cougars spent the past weekend at the Black & Gold Premier, hosted by the University of Iowa and saw top performances across multiple disciplines.
Latavia Maines is now first in the nation in the shot put, Deborah Giffard is third in the 60, Cadeebra Calcote is fourth in the 800, Kameliah Style is fourth in the weight throw and the 4×400 unit leads the country after the successful meet.
Slotting in behind them was No. 2 New Mexico JC with 310.87 points. It was a one-spot fall from the program's previous rank.
Top performances from the past weekend spent at the Pittsburg State Invitational came from Demisha Roswell (now first in the 60H) and Victoria Villanueva (first in the pole vault).
Ascending four spots to No. 3 was Monroe (N.Y.) after it picked up 228.75 points.
The group was at the Boston University John Thomas Terrier Classic this past weekend and got top performances from Avon Samuels (first in the country in the 400), Faten Laribi (first in the 800), Joanna Archer (second in the 800), Sharon Chumo (second in the 3000) and Malethabo Seema (third in the 800). The 4×800 and DMR units also lead the nation. It was the best mark received by the program since it achieved the feat during the opening four weeks of the 2016 season.
Dropping a single-spot to No. 4 was Iowa Central CC with 204.88 points.
The Tritons competed at the Black & Gold Premiere and saw top-ranked performances in Lea Grady (fourth in the shot put) and Maddie Schmoker (fifth in the weight throw).
Cloudy County (Kan.) CC moved up one to No. 5 and received 166.57 points after having a great weekend at the Jayhawk Classic.
To go with broken school records, Deya Erickson now leads the nation in the 60H, Jacqueline Pokuaah is third in the long jump and Sophie Jebose is fourth in the pole vault. It is a new program-best mark for highest rank received.
The top-10 was completed by No. 6 Iowa Western CC, No. 7 Cowley (Kan.), No. 8 Central Arizona, No. 9 South Plains (Texas) and No. 10 Highland (Kan.) CC.