text:
A Deadly Selection
CALCULATED ESCAPE:Adapted from Y. Iwasa, et al., Proc R soc Lond B Sci, 270: 2573–8, 2003.In this example, genes can mutate at the rate u per gene, per cell division. Gross chromosomal changes occur at the rate p. For this tumor suppressor gene, TSP, Cancer cells have two functioning alleles prior to chemotherapy. Cell reproductive rates Ro-R4 are assumed equal, and a = R/(1-R). Therefore, the critical population size before escape from the therapeutic could happen, N*, can be represented
Mark Greener
CALCULATED ESCAPE:
Adapted from Y. Iwasa, et al., Proc R soc Lond B Sci, 270: 2573–8, 2003.
In this example, genes can mutate at the rate u per gene, per cell division. Gross chromosomal changes occur at the rate p. For this tumor suppressor gene, TSP, Cancer cells have two functioning alleles prior to chemotherapy. Cell reproductive rates Ro-R4 are assumed equal, and a = R/(1-R). Therefore, the critical population size before escape from the therapeutic could happen, N*, can be represented by the equation N* = 1/[a(1 + 2a)u(u + 2p)]. Supposing a given u and a given R, cancers with chromosomal instability, defined by increased rate p, have a much lower critical population size for escape from chemotherapy.
Natural selection remains modern biology's leitmotif 145 years after Darwin published On the Origin of Species: Tumor resistance offers a devastating reminder of its potency. Clinicians often hope they have...
CHANGES UNDER PRESSURE
Tumors can adapt while under selective pressure from anticancer drugs. James Goldie, clinical professor emeritus at the University of British Columbia, recalls treating a man with liposarcoma of the throat in 1969. Initially, the tumor responded to standard methotrexate doses of between 5 and 10 mg per day. After the disease recurred, 500 mg of methotrexate daily produced a "spectacular improvement." After a later recurrence, doses as large as 20,000 mg failed to stop tumor growth, Goldie says. "This terrible sequence of events was, and continues to be, the all too frequent outcome."
Developing mathematical representations of tumor resistance involves modeling systems researchers describe as both complicated and complex. Victorian engineers built complicated steam engines with thousands of precisely engineered, intricately linked working parts. But a steam engine does not adapt, evolve, or become more than the sum of its parts. In contrast, a tumor is complex. Its complicated molecular biology adapts, allowing the malignancy to escape pharmacological or natural regulation.
Intracellular and extracellular fluxes make mathematical analysis all the more difficult. "Malignant cells become genomically unstable as DNA replication runs amok," says Yves Moreau, University of Leuven, Belgium. "This instability means that there is not one model of the cell; the model itself is dynamic." Researchers have yet to develop a single coherent mathematical model of tumorigenesis, but they are beginning to model several key aspects of tumor development and the evolution of resistance.
Harvard University's Martin Nowak, for example, recently published a mathematical analysis that determines the probability that a cancer will produce mutations, enabling it to escape selection pressure.1 With colleagues at Kyushu University in Fukuoka, Japan, Nowak used a technique called multitype branching to analyze the impact of events that destabilize the genome. According to the model, cancers with unstable genomes (through nucleotide polymorphisms, gross chromosomal changes, or recombination, for example) show a lower critical population before resistance emerges, compared to wild type. The model allows researchers to estimate the probability of a treatment's success on rapidly evolving cells.
RELEVANT REDUNDANCY
Other models examine particular aspects of resistance. For example, redundancy protects cells against mutations: several genes may contribute to the same phenotype; the genome may contain several copies of the same gene; and redundancy in the genetic code (where multiple codons encode the same amino acid) minimizes the impact of mutation. These and other mechanisms allow biological systems to absorb and conceal genetic damage.
David Krakauer of the Santa Fe Institute argues that in rapidly dividing cells showing a "hypersensitivity to mutation," another strategy, converse to redundancy, might be just as important in ensuring tissue stability.2 Apoptosis offers an example of one of these so-called antire-dundancy mechanisms that remove rather than hide mutants.
Krakauer uses a mathematical quasi-species model to study antiredundancy.2 In it, cancer cells are modeled as if they behaved like a multitude of genetically heterogeneous variants, or so-called quasispecies, with copious mutations that could confer a selection advantage. "We need to be aware that at any one time a cancerous tissue is a highly heterogeneous mix of genetic strains, rather than a single mutant, and this has serious consequences for chemotherapy," he explains.
For example, apoptosis contributes to cancer pathogenesis, chemotherapeutic effectiveness, and tumor resistance, making it a crucial target for researchers. "Interfering with apoptosis is one of the key steps in transforming a cell into the malignant state," Goldie notes. Most cancer chemotherapeutics either interfere with DNA synthesis or damage the mitotic spindle, both of which can trigger apoptosis. Furthermore, blocking the transmission of proapoptotic signals might be, he says, "a very common" resistance mechanism.
MODELING ANGIOGENESIS
Researchers targeting angiogenesis may also find their mark through mathematical modeling, though it's far from being an easy shot. "Modeling angiogenesis involves describing a spatial population of tumor cells and their interactions," Moreau comments. "This type of mathematical modeling is notoriously difficult."
Wodarz and Krakauer used mathematics to show that genetic instability, which they define as an increased mutation rate among somatic cells, selects cell lines that promote angiogenesis. The mutated cells overcome the factors produced by nonmalignant tissue and tumor cells that inhibit blood vessel formation.3
To improve the models, Wodarz is currently examining the intricacies of cancer cells' dependence on the blood supply. "An intriguing example is breast cancer," Wodarz says. "Even if the tumor can initially be removed or destroyed, it can come back after 10 or 20 years. It seems that the cells are in some kind of dormancy, possibly because of the lack of blood supply, that prevents them from growing, but which might also prevent them from being eradicated by treatment or immunity."
Wodarz collaborates with other researchers to validate his models and predictions using in vitro, animal, and clinical studies. He says he's setting up a yeast lab to complement the theoretical work.
MATH BY THE BEDSIDE
Ultimately, of course, the models need to improve outcomes for cancer patients. This means, according to Moreau, uniting medical informatics and bioinformatics into a discipline he calls computational biomedicine.4 For example, microarray tests predicting prognosis or treatment response may include a few dozen molecular markers. This makes statistical models essential. "While physicians will never accept a computer program that decides which therapy should be applied to the patient, they will accept a diagnostic protocol that establishes that their patients' tumor is likely to be sensitive to this or that chemotherapy regimen," Moreau says.
Callaghan agrees that future mathematical models may help clinicians decide which drug combination to give a particular patient. Currently, he remarks, clinicians make many of these decisions empirically, by combining drugs with different resistance mechanisms, for example. Mathematical models could help design a drug combination that limits the risk of resistance and ensures the optimal pharmacokinetic profile. "Combining two drugs is complex enough, but the pharmacokinetics of three or four together is just a nightmare."
It'll be several years before these models move to the bedside. In the meantime, tumor resistance offers a poignant reminder of the potency and applicability of biology's leitmotif. Human interlopers can select some organisms' characteristics, such as a dog's shape or temperament, through selective breeding. But Darwin noted that natural selection is "immeasurably superior to man's feeble efforts." On the other hand, Darwin remarked that natural selection ensures "that the vigorous, the healthy, and the happy survive and multiply." For the host, at least, thriving cancer cells are hardly healthy. But the growing sophistication of mathematical models could eventually allow clinicians to predict when resistance is likely to occur and enable them to develop chemotherapeutic and other regimens that overcome this perennial problem.
Mark Greener biowriter@markgreener.fsnet.co.uk is a freelance writer in Cambridge, UK.
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text:
La trêve de Compiègne fut signée le . Charles VII de France rencontra le duc Philippe III de Bourgogne dans cette ville à proximité de laquelle Philippe II de France s'était égaré dans la forêt, quelques siècles plus tôt.

Historique
Après la bataille de Montépilloy, c'est dans cette ville de Picardie que fut signée une trêve qui prenait fin le .

Dans cette trêve Charles VII déclarait renoncer à continuer ses opérations militaires sur la rive droite de la Seine. Cette trêve exceptait de l'armistice Saint-Denis, qui était déjà pris, Saint-Cloud, Vincennes, Charenton et Paris .
En outre le roi de France acceptait que son cousin Philippe III, duc de Bourgogne envoya des troupes à Jean de Lancastre, duc de Bedford, afin si le besoin s'en faisait sentir, d'assurer la défense de Paris.
Les villes picardes de Compiègne, Pont-Sainte-Maxence et Senlis devaient être restituées par Charles VII à Jean de Lancastre, duc de Bedford.

Par cet engagement le roi de France se privait d'un moyen essentiel pour reconquérir la capitale.

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

Références

Traité de paix de la guerre de Cent Ans
1429
Trève de Compiègne
Trêve

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Home > Our Supporters > Impact > Expert Analysis / The Yezidis: Traumatic Memory and Betrayal
In the latest issue of Tel Aviv Notes, Idan Barir, a PhD candidate at TAU's Yavetz School of Historical Studies, examines how the persecution of the ancient, Kurdish-speaking Yezidi people in post-Saddam Iraq is strengthening their sense of distinctiveness from the wider Kurdish population.
A Yezidi woman offers chai to U.S. soldiers near the Sinjar mountain range along the Syria/Iraq border. Credit: James (Jim) Gordon/Wikimedia Commons
Northern Iraq has witnessed a chain of dramatic political and military developments in recent months that have thrown the entire region into a vortex. It is estimated that since the Islamic State (IS; formerly ISIS)'s takeover of Mosul on June 10, northern Iraq has seen a population displacement similar in scope to that which took place during the years following the American invasion of Iraq in 2003. The majority of those recently displaced belong to the main religious and ethnic minorities of the region that have inhabited the Mosul region for centuries. These include the Yezidis, who are probably ethnic Kurds and believers of a distinct ancient religion that has its roots in Zoroastrianism, which has historically made them a target for religious persecution.
One controversial aspect of Yezidi belief is based on the story that Tawûsê Melek ("The Peacock Angel"), the chief Yezidi angel, is said to have disobeyed God's (Allah's) order to bow down to Adam. This story is similar to the Islamic story of Iblis, or Satan, who disobeyed Allah's order and was cursed. The Yezidis are therefore considered by Islamists to be Satan worshippers, the worst kind of heresy. For this reason, they were targeted by the IS in a pre-planned and widely trumpeted massacre that shattered their communities.
On August 3, 2014, IS militants attacked and conquered the town of Sinjar, located at the southern foot of Mount Sinjar, a mountain range overlooking the plains of western Nineveh province, near the Iraqi-Syrian border. Sinjar is approximately fifty miles south of the southernmost point controlled by the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG). Shortly after the IS incursion, Kurdish Peshmerga forces, assigned by the KRG during the last decade to protect the Yezidi enclave of Sinjar, abandoned their positions, paving the way for an IS takeover of the town and the entire region. Some 500 Yezidis were killed during the IS attack, and tens of thousands of others, living in towns and villages to the south and north of the Sinjar range were forced to flee to the mountains to avoid being massacred by IS.[1]
As a result, 80,000 people were besieged on the arid slopes and ravines of Jebel Sinjar (Mount Sinjar). Surrounding them on all sides were IS militants, who had declared that they were planning a fatal "rendezvous" with the "Satan worshipping" Yezidis after the Eid al-Fitr holiday on July 28 (which marked the end of Ramadan).[2] For weeks Yezidi refugees desperately sought shelter from the desert sun and safety from unpredictable nightly attacks by IS militants designed to kill Yezidi men and kidnap their women, some of whom were sold as sex-slaves in the markets in IS controlled cities in Iraq and Syria.[3] Prolonged exposure to the extreme temperatures on the mountain resulted in many deaths from thirst, hunger, and disease, mainly among children and the elderly.[4]
Pictured: A Yezidi temple in northern Iraq. Credit: Danpanic77/Wikimedia Commons
Three weeks after the outbreak of the Yezidi massacre in Sinjar, YPG (Yekîneyên Parastina Gel; "People's Protection Units") fighters from Rojava (the Kurdish autonomous region in northern Syria) and PKK (Partiya Karkerên Kurdistan; "Kurdistan Workers' Party") fighters from Turkey, managed to rescue the majority of Yezidi refugees from Mount Sinjar. Yet there are still approximately 4,000 people on the mountain, half of which decided to stay in order to fight with Yezidi militias against IS.[5] The Mount Sinjar refugees were joined by another wave of refugees, who were fleeing the Shaykhan region. Shaykhan is in the vicinity of the Yezidi religious center in the valley of Lalish, some thirty miles to the northeast of IS-controlled Mosul. Like other non-Sunni Arab religious and ethnic groups inhabiting the Nineveh Plain, the Shaykhan refugees fled their towns and villages a week after the onset of the Sinjar atrocities, fearing that IS forces would be moving eastward to occupy the region.
The Syrian Kurdish fighters transferred many of the refugees to cities and Yezidi villages in Iraqi Kurdistan through Rojava territory. Yezidi relief groups and NGOs estimated that the number of Yezidi Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) from Sinjar and Shaykhan taking refuge in Iraqi Kurdistan was somewhere between 300,000 and 400,000.[6] Recently, some of the Shaykhan refugees were able to return to their homes, as they realized that the IS threat had receded partly due to the increase in American airstrikes. While some of the Yezidi refugees that remained in Iraqi Kurdistan found shelter in Yezidi homes, the vast majority of them are still on the streets, in public gardens and construction sites in Kurdistan with no permanent solution in sight.
The events in Sinjar shattered the delicate social fabric of the Yezidi community and split many families. At this stage, a dominant Yezidi discourse has emerged that depicts the Sinjar events as the 74th Firman in a long chain of Firmanat, aiming to annihilate Yezidis and to eradicate their religion. In the original Ottoman Turkish, the term Firman means a Sultanic decree, while in Yezidi collective memory this term is a synonym for campaigns of persecution and annihilation brought upon the community by outside forces. This Yezidi discourse seeks to redefine Yezidi identity through a sense of shared trauma that has emerged in the shadow of fear of religious persecution.
This discourse reflects a separatist trend in the Yezidi community, which seeks to free Yezidis from outside efforts to determine their communal identity and self-perception. Saddam's Baʿth regime, for example, referred to the Yezidis as "Umayyad-Arabs," claiming they were descendants of the Umayyad caliph Yazid ibn Muʿawiya. In practice, however, the regime questioned the loyalty of Yezidis and targeted them for taking part in the Kurdish national movement. The Kurds, on the other hand, have embraced the Yezidi community and referred to them as the "authentic Kurds," but in practice left them impoverished and marginalized in Kurdistan.
The new Yezidi discourse seeks to consolidate an alternative collective identity for a community all too familiar with oppression and disappointment, and to root it in the collective trauma of past persecutions. Thus, a new narrative emerged, which insisted that the Yezidis are a unique and distinctive people, different from the Kurds or any other nation, and ignored the existence of ethnic, linguistic, and cultural ties to other Iraqi ethnic groups.
This new identity discourse has gained significant traction among Yezidis since the American invasion of Iraq in 2003, in tandem with their growing fear, rooted in experience, that Muslim religious persecution is an existential threat for them in post-Saddam Iraq. These fears were realized when two villages near Sinjar were simultaneously attacked by the Iraqi al-Qaʿida branch in August 2007, resulting in the deaths of approximately 800 Yezidis and the complete destruction of the village centers.[7]
Since the August IS attack on Sinjar, the Yezidi separatist discourse has grown stronger. Yezidi activists affiliated with Kurdish political parties have gone absolutely silent following the IS attacks. Yezidi intellectuals and communal leaders have claimed that the Yezidi people have no friends and that even those pretending to be friends and defenders of the Yezidis are traitors, using the opportunity to harm Yezidis and benefit at their expense. Thus, while Yezidis blame IS for the atrocities perpetrated against them, they assign equal if not greater blame to the Iraqi Kurdistan leadership for abandoning them. For decades, leaders in Iraqi Kurdistan have promised to provide security and protection to Yezidis and treat them as if they were Kurdistan's own flesh and blood. However, Yezidis feel that during the community's decisive moment, KRG forces beat a hasty retreat and abandoned the Yezidis to a cruel fate.
Pictured: The Yezidi flag. Credit: Wikimedia Commons
An article written by a Yezidi writer using the pseudonym 'Abu Azad,' claims that "the evidence confirms that Serbest Bapiri [the Peshmerga and Kurdish Democratic Party offıcıal ın Sinjar] was behind the Sinjar catastrophe […] and that had the Peshmerga not withdrawn from Sinjar, the disaster would not have happened in the first place. Witnesses among survivors accuse Bapiri of carrying out a secret deal with IS, in which he would abandon the Yezidis in exchange for a safe retreat of his men from Sinjar. However, Abu Azad was quick to qualify his remarks, saying, "Muslim Kurds had no part in the Sinjar catastrophe and one must not blame them for the sins of a commander or an official who betrayed."[8] These reservations were probably added following the Kurdish claims that the Peshmerga withdrew from Sinjar for tactical reasons, to enable the provision of more advanced military equipment and to overcome the challenge of sending supplies inside the besieged enclave.
In an interview with the Kurdish-oriented Turkish newspaper Özgür Gündem, a Yezidi member of the Iraqi parliament, Viyan Dakhil, expanded the scope of the Yezidi narrative of betrayal and abandonment to include the Arab neighbors of Sinjar:
"Our neighbors betrayed us severely. They were the ones who brought ISIS to the region. They were supposedly our friends, acquaintances, and godfathers […] and we convinced ourselves that they would not do things like that, but when they attacked [us] it was devastating for us. [...] They demolished our homes in Sinjar and their men looted our possessions. They kidnapped women and killed men. All these are enormous tragedies, but ISIS is not our only problem – our Arab neighbors betrayed us severely." [9]
In sum, the ascent of IS, and the resultant calamity of Sinjar, has brought the Yezidi separatist discourse to center stage, as Yezidis seek to resolve their predicament. For most Yezidis, returning to their homes and lands in Shaykhan and Sinjar is no longer possible. Moreover, they believe that it will be virtually impossible to alleviate their plight within the framework of the Kurdish national movement and the KRG, which often expresses hostility and intolerance towards Yezidis. Hence, the Yezidi predicament should be resolved according to most Yezidis in alternative ways that do not include Iraqi Kurdistan.
In this context, Yezidi intellectuals and leaders, in Iraq and the diaspora, have been raising various alternative solutions for the Yezidis, some of which are extremely creative. At the forefront of these solutions is an old idea among minorities of the region: the establishment of a statelet for religious minorities in the Nineveh plain, protected by the international community and providing them full freedom from religious persecution or political pressure.
Another possible solution recently raised by Yezidi leaders is the resettlement of the entire Yezidi community in Armenia, currently home to a Yezidi community of about 40,000 people that enjoys relative protection from persecution and fair treatment by the Armenian authorities. Interestingly, Israel is also often mentioned as a possible long-term solution for the Yezidi community. Whatever solution is adopted, in order for it to be meaningful it will have to encompass the entire Yezidi community to ensure the preservation of its religious uniqueness and communal identity, and to provide protection to its members from the threat of annihilation.
Idan Barir is a Ph.D. candidate at the Yavetz School of Historical Studies, Tel Aviv University. The title of his master's thesis is, "This is Our Story: The Yezidi Cultural Movement and the Processes of a Collective Identity Construction among the Yezidis in Kurdistan and the Diaspora."
[1] Mohammed A. Salih and Wladimir van Wilgenburg, "Iraqi Yazidis: 'If We Move They Will Kill Us'," Aljazeera, August 5, 2014.
[2] Ali Sedo Rasho, "ʿAn Buʾs al-Ayzidiyya bayna Daʿish wal-Bayshmarka" [On the Yezidi Disaster: between ISIS and the Peshmerga], Al-Ḥiwar al-Mutamaddin, September 1, 2014.
[3] Ford Sypher, "Rape and Sexual Slavery Inside an ISIS Prison," The Daily Beast, August 28, 2014.
[4] Jonathan Krohn, "Iraq Crisis: 'It Is Death Valley. Up to 70 Per Cent of Them Are Dead'," The Telegraph, August 10, 2014.
[5] Spencer Ackerman, Mona Mahmood, Ian Saleh and Kenton Powell, "Yazidis Still Stranded on Mount Sinjar: 'We Need Weapons Now more Than Food or Water'," The Guardian, August 27, 2014.
[6] Detailed statistics on the current dispersal of Yezidi refugees in Iraqi Kurdistan were sent to me on August 22 by Khidher Domle, a Yezidi journalist and aid activist, who is currently coordinating aid efforts in the Yezidi village of Sharia.
[7] Idan Barir, "The Yezidis of Iraq: An Endangered Minority," Tel Aviv Notes, August 30, 2007.
[8] Abu Azad (pseudonym), "Limadha Karithat Sinjar?" [Why the Catastrophe of Sinjar?], Bahzani.net, August 14, 2014.
[9] Ersin Çaksu and Önder Elaldi, "Kirvelerimiz Ihanet Etti!" [Our Godfathers Betrayed Us!], Özgür Gündem, August 18, 2014.
TEL AVIV NOTES is an analytical update on current affairs in the Middle East, published by Tel Aviv University's Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, with the support of the V. Sorell Foundation.
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The April 2019 Wine Of The Month is Vintage Muscat wine. Available in our tasting room for $10 a bottle when you by 3 bottles.
The Muscat family of grapes include over 200 grape varieties. Belonging to the Vitis vinifera species that have been used in wine production and as raisin and table grapes around the globe for many centuries. Their colors range from white to yellow, to pink to near black. Muscat grapes and wines almost always have a pronounced sweet floral aroma. The breadth and number of varieties of muscat suggest that it is perhaps the oldest domesticated grape variety. There are theories that most families within the Vitis vinifera grape variety are descended from the Muscat variety. Some familiar Muscat wines from around the globe are the sparkling Muscato Asti (Italy), Liqueur Muscat (France), fortified Moscatels (Spain) and the ever-popular Muscato (Americas).
Vintage Muscat is Century Farm's version of the Muscato except that it is not overly sweet. The April 2019 Wine Of The Month has just enough sweetness to balance with the acidity. Very fruity on the front end with plenty of citrus on the mid-palate. A crisp, refreshing sipping wine.
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The back extension exercise is a maneuver utilized to work the erector spinae and other smaller stabilizing muscles of the back. Strengthening these muscles is important for a variety of reasons. Performing the back extension exercise properly will reduce the likelihood of injury and ensure that the target muscles are being worked. The back extension exercise is not safe for all individuals; there are important things to consider before performing the exercise.
Eight out of every 10 people can expect to experience low back pain at least once in his lifetime, according to doctors at the Cleveland Clinic. This high injury rate, coupled with the resulting days of lost productivity, make strengthening the back and preventing back pain an important priority in health and fitness.
To perform the back extension exercise, lie with your stomach flat on the floor. Your legs should be fully extended and your arms should be at the sides of your body. Now, slowly lift your upper body until your chest is 2 inches off of the floor. Hold this position for at least 30 seconds and then lower your body. Perform this maneuver at least five times. Make sure your spine is neutral as you lift your upper body off of the floor; do not arch your back.
Performing the back extension exercise in this manner will increase your ability to coordinate movement through your lower back. Other improvements include a stronger back and a back that has more endurance. Overall, these positives lead to better overall back posture, important for the prevention of back injury.
Some individuals should avoid the back extension exercise. Those who have a herniated disc should avoid this exercise as it may increase intervertebral pressure. Individuals who have sensitive spinal nerves should also avoid this exercise unless otherwise advised by a doctor. Individuals who are extremely overweight or have poor back control may not be able to do this exercise correctly and are prone to arching during the exercise. These people may be better served by using a back extension machine until their backs can handle the higher workload.
"Low Back Disorders: Evidence-Based Prevention and Rehabilitation"; Stuart McGill; 2007.
What Is the Antagonist Muscle Group for the Back Extension?


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Government and Politics (17)
New Zealand Army (17)
New Zealand Defence Force (17)
Operation Christchurch Quake (17)
New Zealand Defence Force: Photographs (x)
NZDF (x)
chemical toilets (x)
New Zealand Defence Force photograph 595
Unimogs in a loading area in Christchurch. The unimogs are being loaded with chemical toilets to be delivered to residents in Christchurch who do not have running water.
Judith Watts
10:28pm 4th March 2011
Operation Christchurch Quake, NZDF, New Zealand Defence Force, chemical toilets, New Zealand Army, unimog, Government and Politics
Ian Saunders, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, collecting a chemical toilet from the Army. Ian's suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Operation Christchurch Quake, NZDF, New Zealand Defence Force, chemical toilets, New Zealand Army, Government and Politics
Members of the New Zealand Army delivering chemical toilets to residents in an eastern suburb. The suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
NZ Army drivers planning a route for the delivery of chemical toilets. The toilets were delivered to residents in Christchurch who had been without water for ten days.
David Crockett, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, collecting a chemical toilet from the Army. David Crockett's suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Bob Sehumacher, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, going over paperwork with a member of the New Zealand Army. Bob Sehumacher is receiving a chemical toilet. His suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
South Island Operations Manager, Jeoff Barr, loading chemical toilets into a unimog in Christchurch. CPL Eddington is on the unimog helping. The chemical toilets were delivered to residents in Christchurch who had been without water for ten days.
Len Pettet, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, going over paperwork with a member of the New Zealand Army. Len Pettet is receiving a chemical toilet. His suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Loraine Pentecost, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, collecting a chemical toilet from the Army. Loraine Pentecost's suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Hazel Hampton, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, talking to a member of the New Zealand Army. Hazel Hampton is receiving a chemical toilet. Her suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
South Island Operations Manager, Jeoff Barr, loading chemical toilets into a unimog in Christchurch. The chemical toilets were delivered to residents in Christchurch who had been without water for ten days.
South Island Operations Manager, Jeoff Barr, loading chemical toilets into a unimog in Christchurch. PTE Taylor and PTE Dennis on the unimog help. The chemical toilets were delivered to residents in Christchurch who had been without water for ten days.
Hazel Hampton, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, filling out paperwork for a member of the New Zealand Army. Hazel Hampton is receiving a chemical toilet. Her suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Christopher Cole, a resident from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs, collecting a chemical toilet from the Army. Christopher Cole's suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.
Residents from one of Christchurch's eastern suburbs collecting a chemical toilet from the Army. Their suburb has been without water and power for over ten days.


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Alexander George ist ein US-amerikanischer Philosoph mit Forschungsschwerpunkten vor allem in der Philosophie der Mathematik und Sprachphilosophie. Außerdem ist er Schachkomponist.

Philosophie
Alexander George lehrt am Amherst College. Er erhielt 1979 in Columbia den Bachelor of Arts sowie an der Harvard University 1981 den Titel eines Lehrers der freien Künste und 1986 den Doktorgrad. 2001 wurde er am Amherst College zum Master of Arts ehrenhalber ernannt.

George gründete die Website askphilosophers.com, aus der das international erfolgreiche Buch What would Socrates say? (deutscher Titel: Was ist das Gegenteil von einem Löwen?) hervorging. Die Website ermöglicht es, philosophische Fragen an Professoren zu richten. Er verfasste außerdem ein Buch über Philosophie in der Mathematik und gab mindestens zwei weitere Bücher heraus.

Schachkomposition
Alexander George komponiert vor allem retroanalytische Aufgaben. Er gründete ein Internetforum für Schachkomposition.

Werke (Auswahl)
 mit Daniel J. Velleman: Philosophies of Mathematics, Basil Blackwell 2002
 "Skølem and the Löwenheim-Skølem Theorem: A Case Study of The Philosophical Significance of Mathematical Results," History and Philosophy of Logic, 6, 1985, 75–89
 "Whence and Whither the Debate between Quine and Chomsky?," The Journal of Philosophy, September 1986, 489–500
 "The Imprecision of Impredicativity," Mind, October 1987, 514-18
 "The Conveyability of Intuitionism, an Essay on Mathematical Cognition," The Journal of Philosophical Logic, 17, 1988, 133-56
 "Whose Language Is It Anyway?: Some Notes on Idiolects," The Philosophical Quarterly, July 1990, 275–298
 "How Not To Refute Realism," The Journal of Philosophy, March 1993, 53–72
 "Intuitionism and the Poverty of the Inference Argument," Topoi, 13, 1994, 79–82
 "Has Dummett Oversalted His Frege?: Remarks on the Conveyability of Thought," in Richard G. Heck, Jnr. (editor), Realism, Thought, and Language: Essays in Honour of Michael Dummett, Oxford University Press, 1997, 35–69
 "On Washing the Fur Without Wetting It: Quine, Carnap, and Analyticity," Mind, January 2000, 1–24
 "A Proof of Induction?," Philosophers' Imprint, Volume 7, Number 2, March 2007, 1–5

Quellen
 Profil am Amherst College

Schachkomponist
Philosoph (20. Jahrhundert)
Philosoph (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (Amherst College)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mann


The 21st century labor market is fast-changing, increasingly global, and technology driven. The skills you need to succeed include creativity, innovation, critical thinking, analytic problem-solving, communication, collaboration, multicultural and global understandings, and expressive and persuasive writing skills. Career advancement in an increasingly diverse global society requires the ability to work cooperatively and effectively with people from different cultures, ethnicities, and nationalities. The good news for sociology majors is that your studies are uniquely suited to help you develop the skills you need for a successful 21st-century career.


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When you are in the market for a robust and highly useful stainless steel eye-jaw swivel fitting, then why not go for one on our website here at Rope Services Direct. These swivel fittings incorporate an eye on one side and a jaw type fitting on the other to enable the fitting of different ropes etc. The central swivel point allows each end to rotate individually and positioned accordingly.
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Parents Say Scotch Plains Playground Equipment Is Too Hot To HandleSome like it hot! But apparently that doesn't apply to parents who take their children to a New Jersey playground where direct sunlight may have created a dangerous situation.
Nuclear Plant Supervisor Charged With Stealing EquipmentA maintenance supervisor at the Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant in Westchester County was arrested this week, on charges that he stole more than $50,000 of equipment and scrap metals from the plant.
New Legislation Requires Better Access To Taxis For Visually ImpairedMayor Michael Bloomberg on Wednesday signed legislation that will improve access to taxis for the visually impaired.
Liquidation Begins At All Borders BookstoresGordon Brothers Group, part of a group of liquidators leading the sales, says more than $700 million of the company's inventory, including books, stationery, music and movies will be sold.


Conservatives still making the wrong moves about AOC. We are behaving like the left did to donald trump in 2015-2016.
We need to start attacking her strengths and then show over time all her hypocrisy to start sowing some of that doubt. Then, the house of cards comes tumbling down on socialism, hopefully.
A good example is what the jobs creator network billboards in times square are doing.


The TSX was up 45 points this morning to 13,842 and trading volumes were down as U.S. stock markets remain closed for the Memorial Day long weekend. West Texas crude oil was down slightly but holding above $100 US a barrel, while spot gold was up $2 to $1,539 US an ounce. Helping keep the price of gold higher is the continuing debt crisis in Greece. "In Europe today, the prime topic of conversation continues to be Greece's debt problems, what type of restructuring may be needed if any and if problems could spread to other countries," said Colin Cieszynski, market analyst with CMC Markets Canada.
Imperial Metals stock was up almost 2% this morning, to $20.75, after the Vancouver-based company 's Friday Q1 report of adjusted net income of $13 million, or 35 cents a share, on revenue of $97.2 million. A year ago, the company — which operates the Mount Polley copper/gold mine in central B.C. and has a 50-per-cent interest in the Huckleberry copper/molybdenum mine in northern B.C. — reported adjusted net income of $7.7 million, or 22 cents a share.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Free Health Checkup Scheme in Punjab State
January 31, 2022 January 31, 2022 by pradhanmantriyojana
One of the major threats to any country is the diseases that take lives of the people immediately or eventually. So it is best to prevent them rather than struggling to cure them. Keeping this factor in mind the Punjab government has announced the launch of a Free Health Checkup scheme for all the people of the State who are above the age of 30. This scheme will be implemented soon in Punjab.
Under the leadership of Chief Minister, Mr. Parkash Singh Badal the Punjab government has launched this puclic welfare scheme that enables the people of Punjab to undergo an annual free checkup facility in the state.
As a part of this Free Health Checkup scheme all the residents of Punjab who are of or more than the age of 30 will provided with a complete medical checkup procedure. In this process they will be tested for diseases like kidney problems, anemia, diabetes, hypertension, heart problems, etc.
The main objective here to detect any symptoms of such health condition before they occur in a person so that it can be prevents with proper measures and controlled to the best possible extent.
The Punjab government is of the belief of the health experts that say that most of the diseases occur after the age of 30 and it is best to prevent or control them that their very initial stage. And this can happen only by going through regular checkups. So the Punjab government has taken the initiative of conducting free health checkups for the people of the state.
The free health checkups will be conducted once in a year so that all the people can be checked and determined for any major health condition. Special camp will be set up to carry out the medical test for the residents of Punjab who are above the age of 30.
This scheme is surely a beneficial one and will prove to be quite useful for the people of Punjab. Most people are reluctant in going through such test due to the money that these procedures involve. But with the government of Punjab providing the checkup facilities for free people can now conveniently go an annual medical checkup and know about their health condition through this.
If the government of Punjab is able to implement this scheme in a proper way then a lot of diseases can be prevent and controlled and a lot of lives can be saved. Also by opting for this facility the people of Punjab can save a lot of money that would go on various treatments as they could take necessary measure to prevent diseases. A lot of disease can be cure or prevented from taking a toll on the body if they are detected on an early age. The free medical checkups will help a lot in preventing lot of hazardous diseases. These tests will also help in understanding the quality of life of the people as the way a person lives his or her life reflects on their health.
With the launch of this health care scheme, the state government of Punjab shows its interest on offering quality health care facilities for its state people.
Nai Roshni Yojana
Swasthya Samiksha mobile app launched
Free Laptop and Tablet Distribution Yojana in UP
Free calling and internet in Goa
PM Awas Yojana for All


This is a republication of an original article written by David Bernstein, Executive Director of The David Project, in the Israel Campus Beat on Tuesday, June 14, 2011.
One of the more controversial tactics in a growing effort to counter the delegitimization of Israel is to "name-and-shame" — to go after those who actively delegitimize Israel and seek to delegitimize them.
The vast majority of Americans are more sympathetic to Israel than to Palestinians. The latest Gallup Poll from February 2011 showed that sympathy for Israel stands at a historic high of 63% compared to 17% for Palestinians. Sympathy for Palestinians has hovered between 10–20% in the past 30 years.
In the US, going on the attack could easily make us look overly aggressive — like Israel's detractors, who turn off the average American. Borrowing from the anti-Israel playbook, however tantalizing, is not the best strategy for the American scene.
The trick is to tar the delegitimizers as the anti-peace hate mongerers that they are, while minimizing the risks of alienating mainstream American support — to bring them down but avoid bringing ourselves down in the process.
David Bernstein is Executive Director of the David Project.


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Ondovoice » Learning » What is a Reform School? : History, Facts, and Secrets
What is a Reform School? : History, Facts, and Secrets
In the same way that jails help rehabilitate individuals who have broken the laws and statutes that govern human behavior, a reform school serves kids.
It acts as a rehabilitation center for teenagers who have broken the law before sending them to adult prison.
This article will give you some insights on all you need to know about the existence and functions of reform schools today.
What is A Reform School?
What is the Reform Schools History?
Where Did Reform Schools Start?
Do Reform Schools Still Exist?
How Do Reform Schools Work?
Social reformers established reform schools to reduce the molestation of younger criminal offenders by their older counterparts.
These schools have played an important role for many years.
A reform school, according to Wikipedia, is a penal institution for teenagers that operated primarily between 1830 and 1900.
From 1854 onwards, reform schools, or reformatories, existed in the United Kingdom and its member states as an alternative to adult prisons for young people convicted of a crime.
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Reform schools were a base of operations in the 1800s and early 1900s in the United Kingdom.
And their history can be traced back to the dissatisfaction of social reformers. These reformers believed that juvenile offenders should not be treated the same as adult offenders.
The reformers insisted that these juvenile offenders were sexually abused and molested by their older counterparts.
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And as a result, many of them were worse off when they were released than they were before they entered. This occurs as a result of their experiences.
The reform that established these schools in the early 1990s sought to establish a juvenile code first. This was later to be followed by a court. Then it sought to construct institutions where all of these juvenile offenders could be housed.
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The existence of reform schools can be traced back to the United Kingdom when sexual harassment occurred in prison.
There were two types of schools in the United Kingdom: reformatory schools and industrial schools.
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The industrial schools kept defenseless children from becoming criminals, whereas the reformatory schools served as rehabilitation facilities for juvenile offenders.
Crime rates continued to rise in the nineteenth century as more children roamed the streets despite the availability of paid employment opportunities for young people.
This sparked concern and the Parliament launched an investigation, changing the laws and making it mandatory for children to attend industrial schools.
As a result of the Parliament's decision, industrial and reform schools received adequate funding to address their issues.
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Yes, reform schools still exist, but due to uncontrolled sexual exploitation and molestation, they no longer operate in that juvenile structure.
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Many steps are being taken to enable youths to survive in a well-coordinated residential setting by limiting the growing population of these centers to a bare minimum.
Furthermore, to mitigate the situation, several institutions are now coeducational, giving these young people the opportunity to continue developing their character while learning.
Reform schools served as correctional facilities for teenagers who had committed certain crimes against society.
The difference in these schools is the age range of the students, so they function like juvenile detention facilities.
The indoctrination of these young people into various areas of productive learning, which helps them build skillsets to solve problems and provide them with a means of livelihood, is a significant difference.
Various methods, such as enhancing a less-restrictive setup that allows children to remain at home while participating in any of these schools, have added structure to the center, and a strict curfew is also part of the plan that will help achieve this goal.
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If you have been wondering or asking yourself what reform schools are, probably because you got to know about them from a friend or online, this article will serve you with enough details. Do you think you got all you need from this article you just read?
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Study Education
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UTI School Review 2022: Is Universal Technical Institute Legit or Scam?


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Calvin Evans
General Manager of Cottle & Cottle-Pearson Funeral Director & Embalmer
Calvin was raised in the piney woods of East Texas in San Augustine. His family was in the logging industry as well as farmers. He was one of six children and were raised in a very Christian oriented family. Calvin began his funeral service career in San Augustine at the Wyman Roberts Funeral Home as a part time employee in the summer of 1976. In 1987 he enrolled at Commonwealth Mortuary School in Houston. While attending school, Calvin worked at Earthman Funeral Home. After graduating from Mortuary School he moved to Nacogdoches and worked for Laird Funeral Home, then at the Cason Monk Funeral Home. In 2007 he moved to Temple and went to work for Harper-Talasek Funeral Home. In 2013 Calvin moved to Troup, Texas to become the general manager of Cottle Funeral Home, and the Cottle-Pearson Funeral Home in Overton, Texas.
Calvin's late wife was Sue Williford Evans. He has one daughter, a step-son, five grandchildren and two sisters.
Calvin said, "Even though he has seen a lot of changes in the funeral profession over the years, it still evident to me that you have to be compassionate, caring, hones and dedicated", in order to be successful in anything you do!
Dorothy Lacy
Receptionist & Visitation Attendant
Dorothy has lived in Troup for most of her life. She retired from the Troup Post Office as a mail-carrier. Dorothy is married to Jerry Lacy. They are members of the Mixon First Baptist Church. Their son was the late Billy Lacy of Troup. The Lacy's have two granddaughters.
Ronald Helm
Licensed Funeral Director / Apprentice Embalmer
Ron is the newest addition to the staff of Cottle & Cottle Pearson. Ron graduated from the Dallas Institute of Mortuary Science Online Program. He is a retired military veteran with 25 years of service to our country. He was awarded the Army Commendation Medal with "Valor" for actions taken against the enemy forces in Iraq, along with other distinguished awards for multiple deployments throughout his career. Ron served in three combat deployments and one peace keeping mission.
Ron is married to Laura (Willis) Helm. She is a native of Texas and Vice-Principal of Caldwell elementary Arts Academy in Tyler. They also have four nieces and one nephew in the area.
Melissa Peterson
Funeral Home Administrator
Melissa has recently returned to work at Cottle's in Troup. Previously she had been here for 8 years and we are glad to have her back! She has three children and is a member of the Tyler Christian Fellowship. Melissa was married to the late Sam Peterson.
Mary Leigh Dike
Mary Leigh lives in Overton. She married her high school sweetheart, Ronnie Dike. They have 3 amazing boys, who keep them busy.
They were foster parents for 8 years and took care of 26 kids in that time period. That was one of the best experiences of their lives. She has worked in administration for 20 years. She is a member of the Overton ISD school board.
She loves to watch her boys participate in all of their extracurricular activities and they love spending time as a family, fishing, camping, traveling, working on the farm. She loves volunteering in her community and helping others.
Robert Parrymore
Manager of Cottle-Pearson, Funeral Director & Embalmer
Robert has been a licensed funeral director/embalmer since 1991. He was born in Ft. Campbell, KY and grew up in Longview. He is the son of Bill and Carol Parrymore of Longview. After graduating from Pine Tree High School, Robert attended Kilgore College and graduated from the Dallas Institute of Funeral Service. In his spare time, Robert enjoys spending time with his family and friends including his two daughters Kaytlynn and Madalynn. He is also a Master Mason as well as a Shriner. Robert is currently the President of the Sharon Shrine Oriental Band.


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Is Kashmir Losing Memories To Covid-Catalyzed Dementia?
KO Web Desk | December 27, 2021
By Jahanuma Tahir
IN her late sixties, Nusrat Mir is reliving her "sweet sixteen".
The grandmother keeps revising her girlhood by strolling in her hometown meadow as a happy-go-lucky person.
But like her faint memory, the meadow she mentions has long faded in the city of Srinagar.
"It's all in her mind," says Nusrat's teacher son, Showkat Mir.
"While she even fails to recognize me, she abruptly drifts to that distant phase of her life and talks about the meadow and her friends. Barring that phase of her life, she doesn't remember anything else now. This forgetfulness has completely changed her. It's quite a slog to bring her to senses."
Nusrat was on medication for dementia before Covid came as a tormentor. She was badly bitten by the bug devouring her last bits of memory.
Her case has already alarmed medicos at a time when Kashmir's healthcare system is bracing for the new variant—Omicron.
The ripple effect of the previous strain is already leaving a debilitating impact on many Covid survivors—experiencing poor concentration, memory difficulties and other cognitive issues.
"These are the signs of dementia which deprive us from all those attributes that make us human," says Dr. Parvaiz Shah, a renowned neurologist of the valley.
"Dementia is a general term for the impaired ability to remember, think or make decisions that hinder a person's daily life. The disease is progressive due to irreversible decline in brain function which slowly interferes with a person's ability to carry out activities of normal daily living."
Dr. Shah informs that this neuropsychiatric disorder manifests primarily as disturbance in thought, memory and intelligence followed by adverse impact on conduct which can be of sufficient severity to interfere with social and occupational functioning.
"COVID-19 could aggravate this process and hasten cognitive decline, and then dementia," an anecdotal research notes. "If someone is destined to show dementia symptoms in his early 70s, and he already has these abnormal proteins and some issues going on with it, COVID-19 may come in and really fan these flames."
To understand the link between the Covid-catalyzed fading mindscape of the valley and the pandemic, Kashmir Observer got in touch with Dr. Parvaiz Shah.
Dr. Parvaiz Shah
Dr. Sahab, Kashmiri households are silently struggling with the cases like Nusrat Mir—the lady losing her memory and everything she once fought for. Is Covid really messing up with our memories now?
Well, yes, it's true that some of the Covid survivors may get the dementia-related changes earlier than expected. This is quite a departure from what we once know about dementia. As a neurodegenerative disorder, dementia is commonly seen above the age of 65 years.
But having said that, prevalence of dementia is still more in western hemisphere than in Asian countries.
But then doctors say that Kashmiris are now following and adopting western lifestyle and therefore matching their disease profiles as well. Is it true with dementia as well?
See, what's certain is that the prevalence of the disease has increased manifold in Kashmir with time.
Back in 2006, our epidemiological study in Hazratbal block of Srinagar found the disease in 100.57/100000 population. This figure was a notch higher than that of Dr. Sushil Razdan et.al who reported dementia as an uncommon disease in early eighties.
But now, many lifestyle issues, like lack of exercise, excessive smoking, depression, poor educational status and alcohol intake are believed to predispose to dementia.
So, it's clear that lifestyle change is robbing us of our memories now.
I mean, yes, dementia was once regarded as a rare disease in Kashmir. But now, it afflicts a sizable chunk of elderly population.
Even I come across on an average two to three such patients every week. This patient load can be attributed to the increased incidence of this disease as well as awareness about the disease both among the masses and healthcare professionals. Earlier, the patients with Alzheimer's used to be overlooked and underdiagnosed due to lack of awareness about the disease as well as suboptimal medicare facilities.
But how's dementia related to Alzheimer's?
Well, only Alzheimer's dementia accounts for 60-70 percent of all cases of dementia. In fact, Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia in western hemisphere with immense social impact.
Alzheimer's is more common in females and sometimes it may be seen in more than one member of a family. The patient with this disease presents with memory disturbances. Forgetfulness especially for recent events is the major symptom. The patients tend to forget small day to day happenings. Questions are repeated again and again. Speech also may be affected. And while the patient suffers immensely, his family undergoes more psychosocial trauma while attending to such a patient.
Talking about the suffering part of it, the case of Nusrat Mir and others tell us that their family members have to grapple with forgetfulness for recent events, progressive visual disturbance, behavioral abnormalities followed by loss of control over urine and stool. How much traumatic—or tormenting—dementia can get?
See, with the passage of time, the patient suffering from dementia loses comprehension about his/her family members and fails to recognize them. These patients need sustained and comprehensive medical care under one roof from a team of medical personnel, including a well-trained nurse.
But since it's impossible for the family to provide them adequate care at their respective homes, the need of the hour is to explore possibilities of institutional care to such patients which could to a large extent mitigate suffering of the family.
But can we somehow delay this disease?
Not definitely, however, the disease can be delayed if the people would get busy in intellectual pursuits like writing and mathematics. Dementia has been found to be less common in persons with such pursuits.
And what about Kashmir's celebrated cultural composition and its resilience to fight this malaise? Can it come to the rescue of the patients?
Yes, since the disease is already showing an upward trend, our society needs to be sensitized to the fact that declining intellectual functioning with age is not always normal. At the moment medical curriculum has been regularly updated so as to make doctors and other healthcare professionals sensitive to dementia-related disorders. We also need to create skill base in manpower to help people age with dignity and honour and provide them with best possible health care.
Talking about the current scenario where Covid is only creating forgetfulness, how severe has this mind-fading become?
As you are aware, dementia has proved to be a socioeconomic burden with comorbid health issues. However, there's no substantial scientific evidence in favor of Covid-19 infection predisposing to Alzheimer's dementia though brain may get affected in Covid-19 infection.
Current estimate indicates that around 50 million people worldwide are living with dementia. This number will double by 2030 and triple by 2050.
In my experience, I have been coming across dementia patients very frequently as compared to two decades earlier.
So what're some of the earlier signs of dementia?
Common presenting features of dementia include forgetfulness, decreased concentration, impaired judgement, misplacing of objects, hoarding, obsessive behavior, mood swings, confusion, language problems and occasionally hallucinations.
It's common to come across sun downing behavior (due to disturbed internal body clock) in dementia patients. On the contrary symptoms of dementia may worsen by change of place. Dementia patients tend to be more comfortable at their familiar places.
Late in the course of illness, the patients forget how to use common objects and tools. Vocabulary becomes restricted and conversation virtually incomprehensible. Patients may face difficulty in walking and ultimately lose the ability to stand or walk. Being forced to lie inert in bed, the patient may pass urine in the clothes. Depression with insomnia and anorexia also occurs apart from delusions and psychotic behavior.
Given this harrowing experience, do we have any hope to salvage memories?
See, as on date there's not much treatment for dementia. The patients need comprehensive care which is virtually impossible at home. A sizable number of cases need institutional care especially in advanced stages of the disease. Therefore, it's important to decrease the impact of disease by reducing the aggravating factors. Of course the patients are helped by early detection of the disease, exercise, good diet, vitamins and other neuroprotective drugs.
And while dementia doesn't cause death, it shortens life expectancy. The average lifespan of a dementia patient is 4-8 years but may go up to two decades.
But no matter what your age or stage of life is, you've power to change many variables that influences your brain health.
Fresh Snowfall In Gulmarg, Pahalgam In Kashmir


text:
Q: Lipschitz constant of function with compact support Consider the function $$f_{n}(x)=\min\{1, \frac{1}{\ln n}\ln_{+}\left(\frac{n^{2}}{|x|}\right)\}.$$ Clearly we have that $supp(f_{n})=B(0, n^{2})$ but is this function Lipschitz and if it is indeed, what is the Lipschitz constant? Can someone help?

A: In this answer How to show $\min\{f_1,f_2\}$ is Lipschitz when $f_1,f_2$ are Lipschitz? it was proved that the minimum of two lipschitz functions is lipschitz. Thus also the maximum of two lipschitz functions is lipschitz. Hence, your function is lipschitz. To compute the lipschitz constant you may use that your function is piecewise smooth and you can just compute the supremum of the derivatives (only the $\ln$ term will matter on its domain).
The function is constant except on $B(0,n^2)\setminus B(0,n)$. This means the lipschitz constant is equal to
$$ \max_{\vert x \vert\in [n, n^2]} \left\vert \nabla\left( \frac{1}{\ln(n)} \ln\left( \frac{n^2}{\vert x \vert}\right) \right) \right\vert
= \frac{1}{\vert \ln(n) \vert} \max_{\vert x \vert\in [n, n^2]} \left\vert\left( \nabla \ln\left( \frac{1}{\vert x \vert}\right) \right) \right\vert
= \frac{1}{\vert \ln(n) \vert} \max_{\vert x \vert\in [n, n^2]} \left\vert \frac{1}{\vert x \vert} \frac{x}{\vert x \vert}  \right\vert
= \frac{1}{\vert \ln(n) \vert} \max_{\vert x \vert\in [n, n^2]} \frac{1}{\vert x \vert} = \frac{1}{ \vert \ln(n) \vert \cdot n}$$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Hoàng Tiến Quyết a Vietnamese artist created curved paper origami using a difficult technique known as wet-folding. This technique adds element of sculpture and the result are remarkable.
The technique is difficult because the water need to be precise. Too little water and the paper dries before the folding is done; too much water, and the paper will rip.
Checkout some of his works below.
Also check out his Facebook account for more info.


A north politician has decided to hand back the gong she was given for her community work.
Highlands and Islands Independent MSP Jean Urquhart was made an MBE 25 years ago.
Mrs Urquhart accepted the accolade in 1990 for the work she and her late husband and others did in setting up The Ceilidh Place as a centre for the arts and tourism in Ullapool.
More than 20 years later, she was invited to accept an OBE for her public work – but this time she turned the offer down.
"By then I had a very different attitude towards what we should be doing as an award system and I did write about it at the time," she said.
And now she has decided to send her MBE back to the Queen.
Mrs Urquhart said there were two main reasons for her decision.
She said: "Firstly, it would be outrageous to say that what was happening at The Ceilidh Place was down to me as an individual. There are always other people making things happen.
"No one gets it for what they have done themselves, unless they have written a great novel single-handedly or something and I think this is a dilemma that many people face who receive these awards.
"I also think it's an outdated system. We may have a royal family, but we don't have a British Empire any more, though some people act as if we do.
It is not the first time Mrs Urquhart has courted controversy.
She left the SNP in 2012 in protest at the party voting for an independent Scotland joining Nato.
On the issue of awards, she said people should be recognised for their efforts, but believes there should be another way of doing it.


Indoor Pool-Party bei 31° Wassertemperatur und 38° Lufttemperatur mit Meerblick.
Zutritt bitte NUR MIT BADEOUTFIT ohne Straßenkleidung und Schuhen.
E: POOL PARTY: indoor, 31 ° water temperature and 38 ° air temperature with ocean views.
Access only with bathing suits and bathing slippers.
I: FESTA IN PISCINA: coperta a temperatura dell'acqua di 31 ° e temperatura dell'aria a 38 ° con vista sull'oceano.
Accesso solo in costume da bagno.
E: Daytime party depending on the weather on the beach.
I: Durante il giorno festa alla spiaggia a seconda del tempo.
Indoor Gala-Nacht im Kloster auf 2 Tanzflächen: "Sensual" and "Salsa all styles".
E: Indoor party in the monastery. 2 Dance Floors: "Sensual" and "Salsa all Styles".
I: Festa al coperto nel monastero. 2 sale di ballo: "Sensual" and Salsa all Styles".
Dance Shoes and Dance Outfit by Sabrosura (Milano) will complete the Spring Break.
Wellness Center, Bowling Bahn und wunderschöne Landschaft erwarten dich….
E: Wellness center, bowling alley and beautiful scenery are waiting for you….
Idyllische ****Eventlocation in einem renovierten Kloster aus dem 11. Jahrhundert.
E: Idyllic 4-star event location in a renovated monastery from the 11th century.
I: Location dell'evento idilliaco, 4stelle, in un monastero ristrutturato dell'XI secolo.


Criminal Law - The Law Offices of Gregory I. McMurray, P.C.
If you or someone you care about has been charged with a crime or arrested by the police, we understand that you are facing a stressful and uncertain future. The consequences of a criminal conviction can include jail or prison time, large fines and a mark on your record that can have a serious impact on your plans for the future.
At the Law Offices of Gregory I. McMurray, P.C., we are committed to providing answers to your questions and concerns. Oftentimes our clients come to us with misconceptions about the legal system. Our goal is to inform you of your options, guide you through the legal maze, and then relentlessly fight to win your case.
Whether you are in need of DUI defense, you are a parent concerned about a child who has been arrested with a drug crime, or a loved one is in need of dedicated criminal defense representation, we are here for you. Contact our Santa Barbara office to schedule a free initial consultation, either over the phone or in the office at 805-965-3703 or email us.


text:
Oatly Loses Lawsuit Against Family-Run Oat Milk Maker Glebe Farm
Alt ProteinAlt DairyFuture Foods
By Sally Ho Last updated Feb 25, 2022
Photo by Glebe Farm.
Oatly has lost its trademark lawsuit against Glebe Farm Foods, the British family-run company based in Cambridge behind the oat milk brand PureOaty. The Swedish food tech giant accused the brand of a trademark infringement last year. Now, the High Court judge has ruled in favour of Glebe, which described it as a "true David and Goliath battle".
Oatly brought legal action against Cambridgeshire's Glebe Farm last year, alleging that the company was taking "unfair advantage" of its famous oat milk drink when it rebranded its line of "Oat Drink" to be called "PureOaty". After a two-day court hearing in June, the High Court judge has now ruled in favour of the family-run farm, concluding that there was no "risk of injury to the distinctive character" of the Blackstone-backed and publicly traded brand.
Judge Nicholas Caddick QC noted that there were similarities between the two brands' packaging, especially in the use of the colour blue, but said that it was only "at a very general level".
"It is hard to see how any relevant confusion would arise from the defendant's use of the sign 'PureOaty'," said the judge. "On the facts of this case, I do not see that there is any risk of injury to the distinctive character of Oatly's marks."
Side-by-side of Oatly (L) and Glebe Farm's PureOaty (R). (Image: Oatly / Glebe Farm Foods)
'True David and Goliath battle'
In a social media post about the news, Glebe said: "In a complete victory, the judge has today dismissed all claims of trademark infringement levelled at our PureOaty oat milk by the multinational company Oatly."
The company went onto say that simply "look[ing] at the two packs side by side" made it obvious how "different these brands are, and how unnecessary this expensive legal action was."
"We want to thank everyone who have been supporting us throughout," the statement read. "Many people have described this as a true David and Goliath battle and it is great to see that smaller independent companies can fight back and win."
Glebe Farm is run by sibling duo Philip and Rebecca Rayner, who fought back against Oatly's lawyers' claims that the brand had infringed five of Oatly's trademarks, from its packaging that is "passing off" their PureOaty product as Oatly's.
Glebe Farm Foods team celebrating their win. (Image: Glebe Farm Foods)
Read: IP lawyer answers all your questions about the Oatly v. Glebe case
Oatly's response
Since the decision, Oatly has published a statement on its website, which reads: "The court case ended on June 10 and the verdict is now in. The court ruled in favour of Glebe Farm, the judge recognized Oatly's strong brand and uniqueness but felt the similarities weren't enough to rule in our favour.
"We've collected the main documents of the case for you to read as it was presented to the court. The reason is because we believe in transparency and we want you to be able to form your own opinion about the case."
The food tech giant did not comment further, simply providing documents related to the judgment and the arguments made by both parties.
Lead image courtesy of Glebe Farm Foods.
The IPCC Report Goes Live Today, And It's A Really Big Deal For Climate Change: But Why, Exactly? And Can You Trust It?
Lidl Expands Its Budget-Friendly Vegan Range Vemondo to UK and France
Alt Dairy


text:
Sinking Of The Titanic Essay
Sinking of the R.M.S. Titanic
The sinking of the Titanic was a historic day in the world because the supposedly unsinkable ship had fallen on its first journey. The Titanic sank in 1912 after it was said that it would stay afloat. The Titanic hit an iceberg and its watertight compartments flooded, causing it to sink. Barry O'Neill boards the Titanic to get to New York and his archenemies also board the ship, the Flynn family. The sinking of the Titanic caused Barry to fall in love with Pegeen Flynn, and he risked his life to save her. The Titanic could've survived if some human errors weren't made. In S.O.S. Titanic by Eve Bunting, the sinking of the Titanic is a crucial event that influences how Barry O'Neill perceives life to be too short, and he also realizes that his only way of being happy is to be home.
Many people on the Titanic needlessly died because of many lifeboat issues on the ship.
"There were not enough lifeboats on board to hold all the passengers and crew…" ("The Titanic – Lifeboats" n.pag.). The Titanic didn't have enough lifeboats …show more content…
Barry perceived that his only way to be happy would be to be home, with familiar things around him. Bunting says, "He [Barry] felt a terrible longing to be there, smelling the mustiness of the carpet…" (187). At first, Barry felt fine with being on the ship, he was going to see his parents in New York. Once he found out that the ship was sinking he began to want to go home, so he could be happy. The sinking of the ship made Barry think that life is too short. Bunting says, "…Barry saw the Titanic…a great sea creature, bellowing its death cries…" (199). Before the Titanic, Barry wasn't this dark, he was more optimistic. The sinking of the Titanic made Barry afraid for his life and he saw life as being too short. The sinking of the Titanic affected how Barry viewed things in his life and it affected his pursuit for
O Captain My Captain Poem Analysis
Sacrifices have to be made in order to obtain greatness This describes his stride as mournful which creates the feel of despair and gloom. It really shows the characters heartache over losing his leader in the process of conquering their dangerous quest. All of this descriptive information allows us to imagine what the ship may look like as it sails near land. You can hear the bells and cheers of the people crowding on the shore. You can also imagine how the captain looks, lying dead on the deck with cold, pale lips and blood around him.…
The Importance Of The Unsinkable RMS Titanic
Unfortunately, this cause many to go down with the ship to meet their deaths. As it was sinking, the first lifeboat left with 36 six seats empty; if they were filled to their full capacity, this would have only saved approximately 50% of the 1,552 people (Tibbals, 1997). After this disaster, it was part of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea that every vessel must now have enough lifeboat space for everyone on the ship (Bitette, 2016). C.) Perhaps if there were better communication in the early 1900s, this could horrible tragedy could have been prevented. After this accident, the Radio Act of 1912 was passed and it regulated radio frequencies between the U.S. Navy and ameture radio operators (about international ice…
The Titanic: The Tragedy Of The Titanic
Human beings often wonder what their fate is, whether good or bad, only time will tell. In the historic tragedy of the Titanic, nobody predicted the fate of the ship to be so disastrous. Tragic stories are told about how the Titanic sunk, thousands died for something they could not control. Many argue about the causes, misconceptions or implications on why/how it happened but all proof points to mother nature. The Titanic has a rich history, overcoming many difficulties shaped the ship to what it became.…
The Death Of The Titanic And The RMS Titanic
Titanic The RMS Titanic, a British passenger liner, tragically sank on the morning of April 15, 1912 in the North Atlantic Ocean. The ship sank to a depth of 12,415 feet (History of the Titanic). The Titanic collided with an iceberg on her maiden voyage from Southhampton, UK to New York City, US. More than 1,500 passengers and crew died as a result of this collision. This was one of the deadliest maritime disasters in modern history.…
Titanic Unsinkable Essay
However, husbands and brothers rushed and brought their family of women and children first to the lifeboats. Therefore, a large amount of women and children were saved on the Titanic. But other than that, it was up to them to save themselves. The biggest tragedy among the ship was the crew. A motto of staying together and helping the other passengers before themselves led to a significantly large amount of crew dying.…
Disasters Aren T Special Essay
The author watched his comrade suffocate to death because of the gas. Viewing things like that should not be considered normal as they don't happen on a daily basis. Moreover, the aftermath of a catastrophe is just as bad. For the citizens, they have to find a way to find food sources, jobs, fix housing, and deal with death of loved ones. For the soldiers, the have the horrific image of war in their minds replaying over and over…
The Consequences Of Nationalism In The Four Century World War
With this weaponry improvement, the war would stagnate because the soldiers would wait in the trenches (which were in horrible conditions) and when it was time to "go over the top" many would die. Not only did soldiers die by the enemy, but also by diseases. The moist and dirty conditions in the trenches would breed many diseases. With the war being devastating on the soldiers' moral, they lost their sense of nationalism and fervor for the war. For example, a French soldier and poet, Siegfried Sassoon wrote multiple poems throughout the war.…
Argumentative Essay On The Titanic
What does one think of when the name Titanic is said? That it was one of perhaps the most tragic events to have ever occurred on the sea? What is certain however is that it is one of the most remembered historical events to have ever occurred on the ocean and it is possible that the words "criminal negligence" come to one's mind however, people look at it most have no idea of the true reasons the Titanic sank and that is why several people over the years have delved into the mystery of what sank the ship God himself could not. Most believe it to be the one accomplishment of a lone iceberg what most do not know is that there was a fire burning in one of the worst areas a fire could have burned. This is no theory for many eyewitness accounts and logs prove this, there are even photos of where the fire had taken place on the starboard side of the ship.…
Titanic Reflection
Jack ends up dying from hypothermia and Rose notices a boat floating around to try and save anyone who is not dead yet. She blows a whistle and lets Jack go. She survived along with Caledon, but they never see or speak to one another ever again. However, in history has told us that although some of the movie is correct, not all of it is. In real life, Musical Times states that the band did play in waist high freezing water and at about two in the morning, approximately twenty minutes before the Titanic sank, the band began to play "Nearer, My God, to Thee".…
Case Analysis: The Sinking Of The Usss Indianapolis
Even today, the sinking of the USS Indianapolis is described by many people as the worst naval disaster of all time. This all started when the USS Indianapolis was sent on a secret mission. Everything turned on its head for the Indianapolis that fateful day. But even after the survivors were rescued,tragic things continued. There are quite a few survivors still alive today.…


This website contains all the possible domains in 1572 domain zones. Total domain count on this website is more than googol! Each domain has page with short description and direct links to domain's website, lookup and analytics websites.


On a New Orleans Kayak Swamp Tours you will create memories exploring the beauty of the swamps and plantations. Small groups led by amazing local eco-guides. Transportation available. We aim to provide the best kayak experience for each and every customer that comes our way. Your experienced guide will take you on an sit-on-top kayak adventure you won't forget!


Hi I get both ESA and DLA(previous to PIP). I have done for a long time, even before the Autism diagnosis, as I need support to do things. Read the forms well and be brutally honest. If you can't do something without support or someone with you then tell them in your own words, giving them an idea of what you go through.
I have been on DLA for about 10 years, I was on a lifetime award. I'm dreading the new PIP form when it drops through the letter box. It is supposed to turn up sometime now - I dread seeing the postman coming to our flat!
Hope you get wht you need.


text:
Q: How to add a schema to a Dataset in Spark? I am trying to load a file into spark.
If I load a normal textFile into Spark like below:
val partFile = spark.read.textFile("hdfs://quickstart:8020/user/cloudera/partfile")

The outcome is:
partFile: org.apache.spark.sql.Dataset[String] = [value: string]

I can see a dataset in the output. But if I load a Json file:
val pfile = spark.read.json("hdfs://quickstart:8020/user/cloudera/pjson")

The outcome is a dataframe with a readymade schema:
pfile: org.apache.spark.sql.DataFrame = [address: struct<city: string, state: string>, age: bigint ... 1 more field]

The Json/parquet/orc files have schema. So I can understand that this is a feature from Spark version:2x, which made things easier as we directly get a DataFrame in this case and for a normal textFile you get a dataset where there is no schema which makes sense.
What I'd like to know is how can I add a schema to a dataset that is a resultant of loading a textFile into spark. For an RDD, there is case class/StructType option to add the schema and convert it to a DataFrame.
Could anyone let me know how can I do it ?

A: When you use textFile, each line of the file will be a string row in your Dataset. To convert to DataFrame with a schema, you can use toDF:
val partFile = spark.read.textFile("hdfs://quickstart:8020/user/cloudera/partfile")

import sqlContext.implicits._
val df = partFile.toDF("string_column")

In this case, the DataFrame will have a schema of a single column of type StringType.
If your file contains a more complex schema, you can either use the csv reader (if the file is in a structured csv format):
val partFile = spark.read.option("header", "true").option("delimiter", ";").csv("hdfs://quickstart:8020/user/cloudera/partfile")

Or you can process your Dataset using map, then using toDF to convert to DataFrame. For example, suppose you want one column to be the first character of the line (as an Int) and the other column to be the fourth character (also as an Int):
val partFile = spark.read.textFile("hdfs://quickstart:8020/user/cloudera/partfile")

val processedDataset: Dataset[(Int, Int)] = partFile.map {
  line: String => (line(0).toInt, line(3).toInt)
}

import sqlContext.implicits._
val df = processedDataset.toDF("value0", "value3")

Also, you can define a case class, which will represent the final schema for your DataFrame:
case class MyRow(value0: Int, value3: Int)

val partFile = spark.read.textFile("hdfs://quickstart:8020/user/cloudera/partfile")

val processedDataset: Dataset[MyRow] = partFile.map {
  line: String => MyRow(line(0).toInt, line(3).toInt)
}

import sqlContext.implicits._
val df = processedDataset.toDF

In both cases above, calling df.printSchema would show:
root
 |-- value0: integer (nullable = true)
 |-- value3: integer (nullable = true)


text:
<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.1//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml11/DTD/xhtml11.dtd">

          <title>org.saddle.index.MelterLowerPriority</title>
          <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" />

      <link type="text/css" media="screen" rel="stylesheet" href="../../../lib/template.css" />

org.saddle.index

MelterLowerPriority

        trait

        MelterLowerPriority extends AnyRef

Lowest priority melter implicit instance takes two arbitrary types and produces a Tuple2

          Linear Supertypes

AnyRef, Any

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Melter, MelterLowPriority

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        makeMelter[A, B, C](fn: (A, B) ⇒ C)(implicit arg0: ST[A], arg1: ST[B], arg2: ST[C], arg3: ORD[C]): Melter[A, B, C]

Creates a new Melter instance from a function that implements the internal mechanics

Creates a new Melter instance from a function that implements the internal mechanics

A

Type of left operand

B

Type of right operand

C

Type of result

fn

A function from (A, B) => C

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        implicit
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        melt[A, B](implicit arg0: ST[A], arg1: ORD[A], arg2: ST[B], arg3: ORD[B]): Melter[A, B, (A, B)]

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text:
Westbevern (plattdeutsch Westbiäwern) ist ein Ortsteil von Telgte mit 3792 Einwohnern.

Lage
Westbevern liegt nördlich von Telgte an der Bever, die den Ort von Ost nach West durchfließt und hinter dem zu Westbevern gehörenden Adelssitz Haus Langen in die Ems fließt.

Westbevern grenzt neben Telgte an Greven, Ostbevern und Ostbevern-Brock.

Im Gebiet Westbeverns sind die Naturschutzgebiete Alte Beverwiese und Haus Langen ausgewiesen.

Geschichte

Westbevern wurde am 5. März 1818 auf Anordnung der Königlichen Regierung in Münster als selbständige Gemeinde geführt. Zu ihr gehörten neben dem Dorf "Westbevern" die Orte Vadrup und Brock.

Am 1. Januar 1975 wurde Westbevern im Rahmen der Gebietsreform in Nordrhein-Westfalen zwischen Ostbevern und Telgte aufgeteilt. Der Ortsteil Brock ging an Ostbevern.

Politik

Wappen
Blasonierung: "In Blau über eine Reihe schräggestellter goldener (gelber) Rauten, ein silbern (weiß) bewehrter goldener (gelber) Biber."
Das Wappen wurde 1968 angenommen. Der Biber ist ein "redendes" Symbol (vgl. Ostbevern). Die Rauten entstammen dem Wappen der Familie von Langen, frühere Besitzer des Hauses Langen.

Baudenkmäler

Mittelpunkt des Ortes ist die Pfarrkirche St. Cornelius und Cyprianus (Gemeinde St. Marien, Telgte). Der Unterteil des Turmes stammt aus dem 13. Jahrhundert, während das neogotische Langhaus 1897/98 errichtet wurde. Wertvollstes Stück der Kirchenausstattung ist der Gröninger Altar von 1631; er wurde vom Domdechanten zu Hildesheim und Münster Heidenreich von Letmathe gestiftet.

Zu Westbevern gehört der Adelssitz Haus Langen mit einer alten Doppelmühle unweit der Bevermündung in die Ems.

Verkehr

In Vadrup liegt der Haltepunkt Westbevern an der Strecke Wanne-Eickel–Hamburg. Hier verkehren Züge der Linie RB 66 zwischen Münster und Osnabrück. Seit Dezember 2019 besteht durch den Rhein-Haard-Express (RE 2) außerdem eine Direktverbindung mit Düsseldorf.

Persönlichkeiten
Der Springreiter und Olympiasieger Alfons Lütke-Westhues (1930–2004) wurde in Westbevern geboren, der Landrat und Domherr Maximilian von Elverfeldt (1763–1831) im Haus Langen.

Weblinks

 www.Westbevern.de – Seite des Heimatvereins Westbeverner Krink

Einzelnachweise

Geographie (Telgte)
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Kreis Warendorf)
Ort im Kreis Warendorf
Ort im Münsterland
Ort an der Ems
Gemeindeauflösung 1975


A photographic image can be a deep and captivating thing. Silent. Motionless. The study of a moment in time. The seed of a story. A window onto another world. Always leaving room for interpretation and imagination.
Photography is my passion. I love looking at photographs, creating my own, and sharing the experience with others. Through the CB1 Photography web site, I have the pleasure of showing you some of my work, and telling you the story behind the images.


text:
Alion to support Air Force Research Lab under $4.5M contract
Alion Science and Technology has won a $4.5 million contract to support the Air Force Research Laboratory.
Under the contract, Alion will research, develop, test and evaluate technologies that will bring enhanced command and control battle management to warfighters, the company said in a release.
This will entail designing, developing, testing and integrating services for the Holistic Waveform Development Kit Advanced Waveform Development Environment Ecosystem, which will enable rapid development of software-defined radio waveforms, Alion said.
The company will also support the FLEX Data Link, which supports multiple different data transmissions at the same time.