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Jasenovac was het grootste concentratiekamp en vernietigingskamp in Kroatië tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Het werd opgericht onder het leiderschap van Ante Pavelić door de Ustašabeweging in augustus 1941, en in april 1945 werd het grotendeels door de kampbewakers vernietigd in een poging het bewijsmateriaal te vernielen.

Jasenovac was een complex van vijf grotere en drie kleinere kampen, verspreid gelegen over een gebied van ruim 200 vierkante kilometer langs de rivier de Sava. Het grootste deel van het kamp lag bij de stad Jasenovac, zo'n 100 kilometer ten zuidoosten van Zagreb.

In Jasenovac werden voornamelijk Serviërs en zigeuners omgebracht, en vaak op gruwelijke manier verminkt. Vooral bekend zijn de praktijken waarbij de kampbewaarders wedstrijden hielden wie in een bepaalde tijd de meeste gevangenen kon ombrengen. Miroslav Filipović was daar een van de kampbeulen.

Het aantal slachtoffers van Jasenovac tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog is niet precies bekend. Schattingen van enkele tienduizenden tot aantallen dicht bij een miljoen worden gehoord. Tijdens het Joegoslavië van Tito werd een getal van 500.000 - 600.000 als officieel aantal Servische slachtoffers aangehouden, 35.000 Joden en 80.000 zigeuners.

Achtergrond
De Onafhankelijke Staat Kroatië (vaak NDH genoemd, Nezavisna Država Hrvatska) werd opgericht op 10 april 1941, na de invasie van Joegoslavië door de Asmogendheden.
De nationalistische Kroaat en fascist Ante Pavelić, die in Italië in ballingschap had gezeten, werd aangesteld als Poglavnik ("leider") van de door Ustaša geleide NDH. De NDH combineerde vrijwel geheel tegenwoordig Kroatië, Bosnië en Herzegovina en delen van Servië in een "Italiaans-Duits protectoraat". De NDH voerde vervolgens genocidaal beleid uit tegen de Servische, Joodse en Romabevolking die in de nieuwe Staat woonde. Dat gebeurde vooral in het gedeelte waar Duitse troepen waren gelegerd. De Asmogendheden hielden tijdens het bestaan van de NDH aldaar bezettingstroepen gestationeerd, de Italianen in het zuidwestelijk deel, de Duitsers in het noordoosten. Het dagelijks bestuur bestond echter vrijwel uitsluitend uit Kroaten, onder hen monniken en nonnen.

NDH-wetgeving
Een van de eerste decreten die werden uitgegeven door Ante Pavelić betreft de aanname van de racistische ideologie van nazi-Duitsland door de Ustaša. Daarna werden de vrijheden van de Joden ingeperkt en hun bezittingen in beslag genomen. Dit werd gevolgd door een decreet over "de bescherming van de Staat" op 17 april 1941, dat voor landverraad de doodstraf voorschreef. Deze wet had terugwerkende kracht en de arrestaties en veroordelingen begonnen direct. Vervolgens werd ook het Cyrillisch alfabet verboden, dat werd gebruikt door de Servische bevolking. Verder konden alleen Ariërs staatsburger van de NDH worden en bescherming van de Staat genieten. In juli 1941, toen de bestaande gevangenissen de groeiende aantallen niet meer aankonden, werd een begin gemaakt met de voorbereidingen voor het concentratiekamp.

Invloed van nazi-Duitsland
In een toespraak die Hitler hield op 21 juli 1941 tijdens een ontmoeting met Slavko Kvaternik, minister van de Kroatische strijdkrachten, zei hij:De Joden moeten worden verdreven, of - als ze geen gevaar voor de samenleving vormen - worden opgesloten in concentratiekampen en nooit meer vrijgelaten.

Tijdens de Wannseeconferentie bood Duitsland hulp aan bij het gevangennemen en transporteren van Joden naar Jasenovac.
De uitroeiing van Serviërs in Jasenovac werd in gang gezet door de Duitse generaal Paul Bader. Hoewel Jasenovac werd uitgebreid werd de leiding ervan gezegd dat "het concentratie- en werkkamp Jasenovac geen oneindig aantal gevangenen kan vasthouden". Het bleek dat de Ustaša zich drukker maakte om uitroeiing van Serviërs dan van Joden, en dat druk van Italië en de Katholieke Kerk hen afleidde van het ombrengen van Joden. Toen overigens duidelijk werd op welke wijze de Ustaša bezig ging om zich van de Serviërs te ontdoen, werd dit door sommige Duitsers als een probleem ervaren. De Duitse generaal Edmund Glaise-Horstenau rapporteerde aan zijn meerdere in Duitsland over de manier waarop de Ustaša de Servische bevolkingsgroep terroriseerde.

De nazi's overwogen de mogelijkheid om Joden van Kroatië naar Auschwitz te brengen, niet alleen omdat het uitmoorden daar makkelijker uitvoerbaar was, maar ook omdat ze dan de bezittingen van de slachtoffers zelf konden houden. Nu kwamen deze bij de Kroaten of Italianen terecht. Jasenovac bleef echter tot augustus 1942 een kamp waar Joden die niet gedeporteerd konden worden, werden geïnterneerd en gedood.

Dit blijkt ook uit een rapport dat door Hans Helm aan Adolf Eichmann werd gestuurd, waarin gezegd werd dat de Joden eerst in Stara-Gradiška werden verzameld, en dat Joden die dwangarbeid moesten verrichten in kampen van de Ustaša (Jasenovac en Stara Gradiška) niet werden gedeporteerd. Helm had tot taak Joden te deporteren naar concentratiekampen. Hij werd in december 1946 in Belgrado berecht, samen met andere SS- en Gestapo-hooggeplaatsten en veroordeeld tot de strop.

Oprichting en functioneren

Het Jadovno-vernietigingskamp was het eerste vernietigingskamp van de Ustaša. Jadovno werd operationeel in mei 1941 maar werd in augustus dat jaar weer gesloten, bij de komst van Italiaanse bezettingstroepen in dat gebied. De laatste geïnterneerden werden vandaar overgebracht naar Jasenovac. Jasenovac was een complex van vijf kampen verspreid over een gebied van ruim 200 km². De maximale capaciteit was 7.000 gevangenen, de normale bezetting was rond 4.000 gevangenen tegelijkertijd. Het werd gebouwd tussen augustus 1941 en februari 1942. De eerste twee kampen bevonden zich in Krapje (10 km west van Jasenovac) en in Bročice. Ze werden in augustus 1941 door gearresteerde Serviërs en Joden gebouwd. Een aantal van hen was waarschijnlijk afkomstig uit het opgeheven Jadovno-vernietigingskamp. Beide kampen werden weer gesloten in november 1941 omdat de locaties ongeschikt bleken wegens overstromingen van nabije rivieren. Besloten werd de kampen zover mogelijk te ontmantelen en de gevangenen alles naar Jasenovac te laten dragen, voor de bouw van kamp III. Vooraf liet commandant Luburic 600 tot 700 zwakke gevangenen doden die hij niet in staat achtte mee te verhuizen. De ongeveer 700 overige gevangenen brachten de materialen over, na de verhuizing waren van hen nog 250 over.

Drie kampen functioneerden tot het eind van de oorlog:
 Ciglana (Jasenovac III) Dit was het grootste kamp, het lag direct ten noorden van Jasenovac. Het kamp had een oppervlakte van 150 hectare, de noord- en oostzijde waren elk ruim 1300 meter lang. De zuidgrens werd gevormd door de rivier Sava. Een (bestaande) steenfabriek werd de belangrijkste werkplaats. Een beschrijving van de plattegrond is bekend van de Onderzoekscommissie (1946).
 Kožara of kamp IV bevond zich in het stadje Jasenovac en bestond uit een leerlooierij met verblijfsruimten. De gevangenen hier werden wat beter behandeld dan die in kamp III omdat het van belang was dat het Kroatische leger lederen producten van goede kwaliteit verkreeg.
 Stara Gradiška (Jasenovac V). Dit kamp werd gevestigd in een bestaande gevangenis, 30 km ten oosten van Jasenovac. Hier werden vooral vrouwen en kinderen ondergebracht.

Executieplaatsen bevonden zich bij Mlaka, Jablanac, Donja Gradina en Dubica.

Het kamp werd gebouwd en geleid door Departement III van de Ustaša nadzorna služba, (UNS), een speciale politie-afdeling van de NDH. Vjekoslav "Maks" Luburić stond aan het hoofd van de UNS. Personen die het kamp geleid hebben zijn onder anderen Miroslav Filipović-Majstorović en Dinko Šakić. Filipović kwam aanvankelijk als gevangene, via de gevangenis van Zagreb, in Jasenovac terecht. Hij was veroordeeld voor misdaden in de omgeving van Banja Luka, waarbij hij zelfs in de ogen van de toenmalige machthebbers te ver was gegaan. Toen de kampleiding merkte over welke "kwaliteiten" hij beschikte, klom hij op in hun rangen en was enige tijd commandant in Jasenovac en Stara Gradiška.
Voor het beheer werden ook andere Ustaša-bataljons, politie-eenheden, Bosnische moslims, Duitsers en Hongaren gebruikt. De Ustaša martelde en executeerde mannen, vrouwen en kinderen. Het grootste aantal slachtoffers waren Serviërs, verder Joden, Roma en dissidente Kroaten en Bosnische moslims. Dat waren partizanen of hun aanhangers, door de Ustaša "Communisten" genoemd.

De meesten werden gedood op executieplekken nabij het kamp: Granik, Gradina, en elders. Wie niet werd gedood beheerste een vak waaraan behoefte bestond: dokter, elektricien, schoenmaker, smid etc.

Kampbevolking

De slachtofferlijst van het "Jasenovac Memorial Area" bestaat voor ruim 56% uit Serviërs, 45.923 van het totaal van 80.914. In veel gemeenten van de NDH hingen waarschuwingsposters, dat als Serviërs zich niet tot het katholicisme bekeerden, ze naar een kamp zouden worden gedeporteerd. Het doden bereikte een hoogtepunt in de zomer van 1942, toen tienduizenden Servische dorpelingen naar Jasenovac werden gedeporteerd tijdens en na gevechten tegen de partizanen in het Kozara-gebied (in Bosanska Krajina). Ze werden zonder aanklacht opgepakt en vaak direct geëxecuteerd met machinegeweren. Naast gewone burgers waren eind 1941 ook drie Servisch-Orthodoxe bisschoppen en honderden priesters vermoord.

De tweede slachtoffergroep in grootte waren Joden, de schatting loopt uiteen van 8.000 tot rond 25.000. De totale Joodse bevolking in Kroatië bedroeg voor de oorlog 37.000.

De meeste executies van Joden in Jasenovac vonden plaats vóór augustus 1942. Daarna deporteerde de NDH hen naar Auschwitz. De Joden werden eerst vanuit alle delen van Kroatië in Zagreb verzameld, en vanuit Bosnië en Herzegovina in Sarajevo. Van daaruit kwamen ze naar Jasenovac. Kleinere aantallen kwamen daar ook rechtstreeks naartoe.
Zigeuners in Jasenovac bestonden zowel uit Roma en Sinti; ze kwamen uit verschillende gebieden in Bosnië, vooral de regio Kozara. Ze werden ondergebracht in afdeling III-C, waar voeding, water, onderdak en sanitair nog beneden de lage standaarden van de rest van het kamp lagen. De aantallen vermoorde zigeuners worden geschat op 20.000 tot 50.000. Een andere schatting noemt ongeveer 26.000 Roma-slachtoffers in Kroatië, van wie 8.000 tot 15.000 in Jasenovac. Hun vooroorlogse aantal in Bosnië en Kroatië is niet goed bekend door gebrekkige registratie van deze bevolkingsgroep.

Anti-fascistische gevangenen bestonden uit diverse politieke en ideologische tegenstanders van het Ustaša-regime. Hun behandeling was gelijk aan de anderen, al werden bekende communisten direct geëxecuteerd. Beschuldigde Ustaša- of politiemensen, of anderen die in opvattingen dicht bij de Ustaša stonden zoals Kroatische boeren, werden op gunstiger voorwaarden vastgehouden en kregen na enige tijd amnestie. De leider van de verboden Boerenpartij, Vladko Maček, zat van oktober 1941 tot maart 1942 in Jasenovac waarna hij huisarrest kreeg.
Uniek onder de fascistische staten tijdens WO-II was, dat Jasenovac een dependance-kamp speciaal voor kinderen kende in Sisak. Ongeveer 20.000 Servische, Joodse en Roma-kinderen kwamen daar om.

Massamoorden en wreedheden

Volgens Jaša Almuli, voormalig voorzitter van de Servisch-Joodse gemeenschap, was Jasenovac een afschrikwekkender kamp dan de meeste Duitse. In de nazomer van 1942 werden tienduizenden etnische Serviërs uit de Kozara-regio in Bosnië opgepakt, waar de NDH tegen partizanen vocht. De meeste mannen werden in Jasenovac vermoord, de vrouwen gingen naar werkkampen in Duitsland. Kinderen werden vermoord of in katholieke weeshuizen ondergebracht. Honderden met buiktyfus besmette gevangenen zouden naar een ander kamp zijn overgebracht met het doel de ziekte verder te verspreiden.

Op de avond van 29 augustus 1942 deden bewakers een weddenschap wie de meeste gevangenen kon doden. Petar Brzica schepte op dat hij er 1360 de keel had doorgesneden.

Andere deelnemers die bekenden te hebben meegedaan waren Ante Zrinušić-Sipka, die er 600 doodde, en Mile Friganović, die een gedetailleerd verslag van het incident gaf. Hij gaf toe zelf rond de 1100 gevangenen te hebben gedood onder wie de bejaarde Vukasin Mandrapa; deze werd gedwongen Ante Pavelić te zegenen. Na iedere weigering werd hem eerst een oor, daarna de neus afgesneden, daarna de ogen uitgestoken. Dit incident werd gadegeslagen door dokter Nikolić. Er bestaan twijfels over de historiciteit van Vukasin.

Srbosjek

De Ustaša doodde gevangenen onder andere met een mes, de "Srbosjek" ("Serb-cutter").

Het werd van origine gebruikt voor korenschoven. Producent was de Duitse Gebrüder Gräfrath in Solingen-Widdert. Het werd met lederen banden en een koperen plaat aan de hand gebonden om snel te kunnen werken (schoven opensnijden vóór het dorsen).

Systematische verdelging van gevangenen
Sterke mannen die een internering van drie jaar of minder konden verwachten, moesten aan het werk. Alle anderen waren bestemd voor systematische uitroeiing.

Er werden verschillende methoden toegepast:
Crematie: De Ustaša cremeerde gevangenen levend, soms gedrogeerd. Ook lijken werden verbrand. In eerste instantie werden hiervoor vanaf januari 1942 de ovens van een baksteenfabriek gebruikt. In Gradina, aan de overkant van de Sava, werden crematoria gebouwd. Een deel van de lijken werd begraven en later in de oorlog weer opgegraven.
Vergassing en vergiftiging: De Ustaša probeerde giftig gas te gebruiken om gevangenen in Stara Gradiška om te brengen. Eerst gebeurde dit met behulp van een gaswagen, die ze gebruikten voor de vrouwen en kinderen die uit Djakovo waren gekomen. Later werden vaste gaskamers gebruikt met Zyklon B en zwaveldioxide.

Met de hand werden executies verricht door gebruik van messen, zagen, hamers e.d. Dit werd op diverse plaatsen toegepast:
Granik: Dit was in kamp III een plek aan de Sava waar boten werden gelost. Vjekoslav Luburić bedacht een plan om de loskraan als galg te gebruiken, zodat de lichamen in de rivier konden worden gedumpt. In de herfst kwamen de NCO's van de Ustaša iedere avond, zo'n 20 dagen aaneen met namenlijsten van mensen die werden opgesloten in het magazijn, uitgekleed, vastgebonden, geslagen en naar Granik gebracht, waar ze met gewichten verzwaard en na een klap met een stomp voorwerp in de rivier werden gegooid. Later werden ze in paren aan elkaar gebonden en met opengesneden buik levend in de rivier gegooid.
Gradina: De Ustaša gebruikte velden in de buurt van de dorpen Donja Gradina en Ustica, waar ze een stuk land met ijzerdraad omheinden. De Ustaša slachtte de gevangenen af met messen of sloeg hun schedels in met hamers. De Roma die in het kamp aankwamen werden hier geliquideerd. Voor het zover kwam werkten de mannen aan een dijk en de vrouwen in de graanvelden. Gradina en Ustica werden massagraven van de Roma. Sommigen van hen werden eerst gebruikt als grafdelvers. De verdelging op die plek nam zodanig toe dat het de belangrijkste killing-ground in Jasenovac werd. Ook in Ustica en Draksenic kwamen massagraven.
Mlaka en Jablanac: Werkplaatsen voor de vrouwen en kinderen uit de kampen III en V, maar ook plaatsen waar velen van hen werden geëxecuteerd op de oever van de Sava.

Hulp van landgenoten
In juli 1942 lukte het Diana Budisavljević, met hulp van de Duitse officier Gustav von Kotzian, toestemming te krijgen om kinderen uit het Stara Gradiška-kamp te plaatsen. Met hulp van het ministerie van Sociale Zaken kon zij opvang regelen in onder andere Zagreb. Ze redde met een aantal helpers duizenden vooral Servische kinderen het leven.

Het Rode Kruis is verweten onvoldoende hulp te hebben geboden aan de nazi-slachtoffers. De plaatselijke vertegenwoordiger, Julius Schmidllin, werd benaderd door de Joodse gemeenschap, die financiële hulp zocht. De organisatie hielp met het vrij krijgen van Joden uit kampen en besprak met de Kroatische regering een bezoek aan Jasenovac. Dit werd uiteindelijk toegestaan in juli 1944. Het kamp werd voorbereid op de komst van de delegatie zodat niets belastends werd gevonden. Verzetsgroepen onder de bewoners werden geholpen door contacten onder de Ustaša. Een van de groepen, werkzaam in de leerlooierij, kreeg hulp van de Ustaša-dokter Marin Jurcev en zijn vrouw. De leerlooierij en een ziekenhuis voor de Ustaša waren gevestigd buiten de kampen, in het dorp. Dit bood mogelijkheden voor contacten tussen gevangenen en burgers. De dokter en zijn vrouw werden hiervoor later op bevel van Dinko Šakić opgehangen, zoals iedereen die schuldig werd bevonden aan collaboratie met gevangenen.

Einde van het kamp
In april 1945, toen de partizanen het kamp naderden, probeerden de beheerders de gruwelen uit te wissen en getuigen uit de weg te ruimen door het dodenkamp op volle capaciteit te laten draaien. Op 22 april kwamen 600 gevangenen in opstand; 516 werden gedood en 84 ontsnapten. Die datum is de herdenkingsdag geworden van Jasenovac en alle slachtoffers van de Ustaša. Op 23 april werd Stara Gradiška bevrijd door Joegoslavische troepen, op 2 mei werd Jasenovac bevrijd. De Ustaša hadden kort ervoor het kamp verlaten na de overgebleven gevangenen te hebben gedood en de gebouwen in brand te hebben gestoken. De bevrijders zagen slechts ruïnes, as, rook en de skeletten van honderden slachtoffers. De maanden erna werd het terrein grondig vernield en opgeruimd door krijgsgevangenen. De vier meter hoge muur eromheen werd gesloopt.

Aantal slachtoffers
Sinds de Tweede Wereldoorlog zijn door onderzoekers diverse schattingen gedaan van het aantal doden in Jasenovac, variërend van 30.000 tot 1,1 miljoen. De meeste tegenwoordige bronnen zitten rond de 100.000. Het bepalen van aantallen wordt bemoeilijkt doordat een deel van de kampadministraties, zo die werden bijgehouden, zijn vernietigd en onderzoekers jarenlang geen toegang kregen tot archieven. Ook is sprake van tegengestelde belangen van de erbij betrokken bevolkingsgroepen, de Kroaten en de Serviërs.

De Jewish Virtual Library stelt dat "de betrouwbaarste cijfers" het aantal Serviërs die door de Ustaša zijn gedood, op 330.000 tot 390.000 in totaal schatten. Daarvan zouden 45.000 tot 52.000 in Jasenovac zijn vermoord. Historicus Tomislav Dulić trekt het vaak genoemde getal van 700.000 voor Jasenovac in twijfel, maar stelt dat een aantal van 100.000 het toch een van de grootste kampen in Europa maakt.

Tegenwoordige bronnen

Documentatiemateriaal uit de tijd van het kamp is afkomstig van de betrokken partijen: Kroaten, Duitsers en Italianen aan de ene en partizanen en geallieerden aan de andere kant. Duitse generaals gaven rapporten over aantallen door aan Duitsland terwijl de oorlog voortging. Ze noemden verschillende aantallen Serviërs, Joden en anderen, die door de Ustaša waren gedood in de Onafhankelijke Staat Kroatië. Alexander Löhr noemde 400.000 Serviërs; Lothar Rendulic 350.000 en Edmund Glaise von Horstenau rond 300.000 (allen in 1943); Ernst Fick noemt een aantal van 600.000 tot 700.000 (tot maart 1944). Hermann Neubacher calculeert een totaal aantal slachtoffers van 750.000.

Italiaanse generaals en het Vaticaan meldden aantallen in dezelfde orde van grootte, bijvoorbeeld 350.000 etnische Serviërs per eind 1942 (Eugene Tisserant). De Ustaša gaf zelf grotere schattingen van het aantal door hen omgebrachte personen. Maks Luburić, hoofd van alle Kroatische kampen, zei:Hier in Jasenovac hebben we er meer afgeslacht dan waar het Ottomaanse Rijk toe in staat was tijdens hun bezetting van Europa.

Joegoslavische en Kroatische schattingen
Een rapport van de "Nationale Commissie van Kroatie voor onderzoek naar misdaden tijdens de oorlog" (15 november 1945), ingesteld door de regering van Joegoslavië onder Josip Broz Tito, gaf een indicatie van 500.000–600.000 doden in Jasenovac. Shelach schreef dat rond de 300.000 lichamen zijn gevonden en opgegraven.

In 1964 maakte het Joegoslavische Bureau voor de Statistiek een lijst met WO-II-slachtoffers met 597.323 namen; met een schatting van het aantal dat ontbrak op 20–30% geeft dat een totaal van 750.000 tot 780.000. Daarbovenop komt nog een schatting van 200.000 voor het aantal omgekomen collaborateurs. Het aantal dat voor Jasenovac wordt genoemd is 59.188, waarvan 33.944 Serviërs.
De tweede editie van de Vojna enciklopedija (1972) (Oorlogsencyclopedie) herhaalde de getallen van de Nationale Commissie: 600.000 in Jasenovac tot 1943. De Jasenovac Memorial Site, gesponsord door de Kroatische regering, claimt dat recent onderzoek een aantal slachtoffers van 80.000 tot 100.000 aangeeft.

Forensisch onderzoek in de jaren 60
Op 16 november 1961 organiseerde een commissie van voormalige partizanen uit Bosanska Dubica een onderzoek rond Donja Gradina, geleid door plaatselijke bewoners die geen experts waren. Ze openden drie massagraven en op grond van het feit dat er nog 120 niet-onderzochte graven zijn, extrapoleerden ze het aantal slachtoffers naar 350.800. In reactie kwamen wetenschappers naar het gebied. Dr. Alojz Šercelj begon met voorbereidend graafwerk om de meest waarschijnlijke graflocaties te vinden. Tussen 22 en 27 juni 1964 groeven ze in Jasenovac lichamen op en pasten Vida Brodar, Anton Pogačnik en Srboljub Živanović van de universiteiten van Ljubljana en Novi Sad steekproeven toe. Ze onderzochten zeven massagraven met in totaal de resten van 284 mensen. Ze concludeerden dat het hele Jasenovac-complex 200 dergelijke graven zou kunnen hebben.

In 1989, vlak voor het uiteenvallen van Joegoslavië, publiceerde de Servische dokter en antropoloog Srboljub Živanović wat volgens hem de volledige resultaten van 1964 waren. Die waren volgens hem "achtergehouden door de regering van Tito uit naam van gelijkheid en broederschap om minder nadruk te leggen op de misdaden van de Kroatische Ustaša".

In november 1989 zei hij op televisie dat hun onderzoek resulteerde in een slachtoffertelling van meer dan 500.000, met een realistische schatting van 700.000–800.000 en dat in elk massagraf 800 skeletten lagen. Vida Brodar leverde als commentaar dat het onderzoek nooit in enige telling had geresulteerd, en dat deze aantallen manipulaties van Živanović waren; hij toonde daarbij een kopie van het onderzoeklogboek. De Kroatische historicus Željko Krušelj bekritiseerde Živanović publiekelijk en betichtte hem van fraude.
In een publicatie uit 2006 geeft Živanović als slachtofferaantal voor de gehele NDH 330.000 - 390.000 Serviërs, 32.000 Joden en 26.000 Roma.

Schattingen door Holocaust-instituten
Het Yad Vashem Center stelt dat "meer dan 500.000 Serviërs werden vermoord (in de gehele Onafhankelijke Republiek Kroatië), 250.000 werden verbannen, en 200.000 werden gedwongen Katholiek te worden."

In de Encyclopedia of the Holocaust, schreven Menachem Shelach en Israel Gutman:Ongeveer 600.000 mensen werden vermoord in Jasenovac, vooral Serviërs, Joden, zigeuners en politieke tegenstanders van de Ustaša-regering. Het aantal Joden lag tussen 20.000 en 25.000, meest vermoord tot augustus 1942. Daarna begon de deportatie van Kroatische joden naar Auschwitz.

Per 2009 gaf het United States Holocaust Memorial Museum een schatting dat de Ustaša tussen 66.000 en 99.000 mensen (vooral Serviërs) in Jasenovac vermoordde, en dat gedurende de Ustaša-periode een totaal van 330.000 tot 390.000 etnische Serviërs en meer dan 30.000 Kroatische Joden werden gedood, hetzij in Kroatië, hetzij in Auschwitz-Birkenau. Voor de oorlog woonden ongeveer 40.000 Joden op het grondgebied van de NDH. De schattingen van het aantal Joodse slachtoffers lopen minder ver uiteen dan van het aantal Servische of Roma.

Statistische schattingen
In de jaren 80 zijn berekeningen gemaakt door de Servische statisticus Bogoljub Kočović, en de Kroatische econoom Vladimir Žerjavić. Zij claimden dat het totale aantal slachtoffers in Joegoslavië minder was dan 1,7 miljoen, de officiële schatting in die tijd. Beiden concludeerden dat het aantal rond de 1 miljoen zou liggen. Kočović schat dat van het totaal, tussen 370.000 en 410.000 Serviërs stierven in de Onafhankelijke Staat Kroatië. Žerjavić stelt het aantal slachtoffers in Kroatië op 300.000 tot 350.000 van wie 80.000 in Jasenovac en een vergelijkbaar aantal in andere kampen en gevangenissen in Kroatië.

Žerjavić publiceerde in die jaren twee boeken waarin hij voor Jasenovac het aantal van ongeveer 83.000 noemde, waarvan 50.000 Serviërs. Žerjavić's onderzoek werd bekritiseerd door Antun Miletić, directeur militare archiven, die in 1997 voor Jasenovac het aantal 1,1 miljoen noemde. In de Introductie van het rapport van de Onderzoekscommissie (1946) worden de calculaties van Živanović ook bestreden. Dr. Milan Bulajić, een Servisch onderzoeker en historicus, voormalig directeur van het Museum of the Victims of Genocide in Belgrado, blijft vasthouden aan een hoger aantal van 500.000 - 600.000; de Encyclopedie van het Lexicografisch Instituut van Zagreb (1958) noemt volgens hem dezelfde aantallen. Na zijn pensioen publiceerde een onderzoeker van het museum samen met een Kroatische co-auteur een boek over de oorlog; zij geven voor Jasenovac een aantal slachtoffers van ongeveer 100.000.

Slachtofferlijsten
Het "Jasenovac Memorial Area" beschikt over een namenlijst (tot maart 2013) bevattende 83.145 slachtoffers, van wie 47.627 Serviërs, 16.173 Roma, 13.116 Joden, 4.255 Kroaten, 1.128 Bosnische moslims en 266 Slovenen. Het totaal bestaat uit 20.101 kinderen (onder de 14) en 23.474 vrouwen. De lijst is aan bijwerking onderhevig, in 2007 stonden er 69.842 namen op.
Antun Miletić, een onderzoeker bij de militaire archieven in Belgrado, heeft sinds 1979 gegevens over Jasenovac verzameld. Zijn lijst bevat de namen van 77.200 mensen, van wie 41.936 Serviërs.
In 1997 stelde het Museum van Genocideslachtoffers in Belgrado 10.521 Joodse slachtoffers vast, met de volledige namen.
In 1998 publiceerde het Bosnisch Instituut de "uiteindelijke" lijst slachtoffers van het kamp Jasenovac (opgesteld in 1992). Deze lijst bevatte de namen van 49.602 mensen, van wie 26.170 Serviërs, 8.121 Joden, 5.900 Kroaten, 1.471 Roma, 787 Bosnische moslims, 6.792 niet vast te stellen identiteit en nog een aantal "overigen".

Kampbeheerders en hun lot
 Eugen Dido Kvaternik, hoofd van de binnenlandse veiligheisdienst van de NDH. Hij was hoofd van alle kampen op het grondgebied van de NDH tot 1943. Na de oorlog emigreerde hij naar Argentinië, waar hij in 1962 omkwam bij een verkeersongeluk.
 Andrija Artuković was ontwerper en ondertekenaar van de meeste decreten als gevolg waarvan genocide en terreur werden uitgevoerd tegen de bevolking van Kroatië, op grond van ras, geloof, ideologie of nationaliteit. Van oktober 1942 tot april 1943 was hij minister van Religie en Onderwijs. Na de oorlog vluchtte hij via Ierland naar de Verenigde Staten waar vertegenwoordigers van de Katholieke Kerk de overheid ervan overtuigden dat hij was gevlucht voor de communisten. Pas na een wetswijziging kon hij in 1986 worden uitgewezen naar Joegoslavië. Hij werd veroordeeld tot de doodstraf wegens oorlogsmisdaden. Wegens zijn leeftijd en gezondheid werd de straf niet voltrokken, hij stierf in 1988.
 Miroslav Filipović-Majstorović, een Ustaša berucht om zijn periode als commandant in Jasenovac en Stara-Gradiška, tevens franciscaner priester, bijgenaamd Broeder Satan. Werd gevangengenomen door Joegoslavische communistische troepen. Werd berecht en geëxecuteerd in 1946; toen hij werd opgehangen droeg hij zijn priestergewaad.
 Vjekoslav Luburić was commandant van de Ustaška Odbrana (verdediging), daarmee verantwoordelijk gehouden voor alle misdaden onder zijn gezag in Jasenovac begaan, dat hij 2 tot 3 keer per maand bezocht. Vluchtte naar Spanje waar hij in 1969 bij een aanslag omkwam.
 Dinko Šakić vluchtte naar Argentinië, werd na uitlevering in 1999 berecht en veroordeeld tot 20 jaar celstraf door Kroatië. Hij stierf in 2008 in de gevangenis. Zijn vrouw Nada, die ook bewaker was, was een halfzuster van Luburić. Argentinië wilde haar niet uitleveren, ze werd nooit berecht.
 Petar Brzica was een Ustaša-officier die in de nacht van 29 augustus 1942 naar werd beweerd meer dan 1.360 mensen doodde. Zijn maten deden mee aan de competitie kelen doorsnijden. Over zijn leven na de oorlog is niets bekend.
 Ljubo Miloš, tweede commandant van Jasenovac en voormalig commandant van de Lepoglava-gevangenis, werd geëxecuteerd door partizanen.
 Ivica Matković, prominent Ustaša-lid, geëxecuteerd door partizanen.

Bekende overlevenden
 Egon Berger, Jood, auteur van 44 maanden in Jasenovac.
 Ante Ciliga, Kroatisch politicus en schrijver. Ciliga was voormalig communist die fervent nationalist werd; hij werd na relatief korte tijd vrijgelaten.
 Natko Devčić, componist, Kroaat.
 Grgo Gamulin, kunsthistoricus, universitair professor en schrijver, Kroaat.
 Vladko Maček, Kroatisch politicus, voorzitter van de Kroatische Boerenpartij.

Bekende personen van wie familieleden omkwamen in Jasenovac:
 Dragoslav Bokan, Servische filmregisseur en schrijver; verloor zijn grootvader en overgrootvader van moederskant.
 Zdravko Dimić (1926/1993), Servische JNA/generaal, verloor een tante en drie ooms.
 Bakir Izetbegović, Bosnisch politicus, verloor een oom van moederskant.
 Mak Dizdar, Bosnisch dichter, verloor moeder en zus Refika.
Asim Ferhatović, Joegoslavisch voetballer, verloor broer Mehmed.

Gedenkplaats

Nadat Franjo Tuđman in 1990 werd gekozen tot president van Kroatië, kwamen revisionistische standpunten over de geschiedenis van het kamp op de voorgrond. De status van de gedenkplaats werd verlaagd naar die van een natuurpark en er werd gesnoeid in de fondsen. Na de onafhankelijkheid van Kroatië in 1991 bevond het terrein zich in twee verschillende landen. Het grootste deel ligt in Kroatië maar Donja Gradina ligt in Bosnië, toen nog deel van Joegoslavië.

Simo Brdar, assistent-directeur van de Jasenovac Memorial Site, betwijfelde of de Kroatische autoriteiten genegen waren om de voorwerpen en het documentatiemateriaal van het kamp te behouden. In augustus 1991 bracht hij een deel ervan over naar Bosnië. In de Kroatische Onafhankelijkheidsoorlog vernielden en plunderden Kroatische troepen het gedenkterrein en museum. Na een maand werden ze verdreven door het Joegoslavisch Volksleger. Brdar verzamelde wat nog over was en hield het achter tot 1999 toen het een plaats kreeg in de archieven van de Republiek Srpska.

Eind 2000 werd de collectie overgebracht naar het United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, na overeenstemming met de regering van Srpska. Een jaar later bracht het USHMM de collectie weer over naar Kroatië, naar de Jasenovac-gedenkplaats.

Het Jasenovac-herdenkingsmuseum heropende in november 2006 met een nieuwe tentoonstelling, ontworpen door de Kroatische architecte Helena Paver Njirić. Boven de expositieruimte bevinden zich glazen panelen met de namen van slachtoffers. Njirić won de eerste prijs van de 2006 Zagreb Architectural Salon.
De nieuwe tentoonstelling werd echter "nieuwerwetse rommel" genoemd door Efraim Zuroff, en bekritiseerd wegens het weglaten van alle moordwerktuigen van de Ustaša. Ook een uitleg op panelen van de ideologie die leidde tot de misdaden ontbrak.

Op 17 april 2011, tijdens een herdenkingsceremonie, waarschuwde de voormalig president van Kroatië Ivo Josipović dat er "pogingen waren om het aantal slachtoffers van Jasenovac drastisch te reduceren". Bij dezelfde gelegenheid zei de premier Jadranka Kosor, "er is geen excuus voor de misdaden en daarom verwerpt de Kroatische regering iedere poging de geschiedenis te herschrijven en de fascistische ideologie en extremisme te rehabiliteren ... Pavelić's regime was een regime van slechtheid, haat en intolerantie".

Literatuur
 Holocaust research project

 Glenny, Misha; The Balkans (1804-2012); Granta, Londen (2012);

Naziconcentratiekamp in Kroatië
Vernietigingskamp


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SKF NOTE: Excerpt #6 from Freddie Gruber's interview with Scott K Fish circa 1983.
This entry was posted in Audio, SKF Blog and tagged Freddie Gruber, Modern Drummer, Scott K Fish, SKF Blog, Teaching. Bookmark the permalink.


A girl or unmarried woman, usually one of several, who accompanies a bride on her wedding day.
The principal unmarried attendant of a bride.
A married woman serving as chief attendant to a bride.
Bridesmaid dresses - a few tips.
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MCB 150 Frequently Asked Questions - For the question "Which one of the following players in the E. coli DNA mismatch repair system possesses the ability to hydrolyze a phosphodiester linkage in a molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid?", why is the answer DNA Pol III, and NOT DNA Pol I? Don't they both hydrolyze phosphodiester linkages in the 3'-5' direction, but DNA Pol I, can also do it 5'-3'?
For the question "Which one of the following players in the E. coli DNA mismatch repair system possesses the ability to hydrolyze a phosphodiester linkage in a molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid?", why is the answer DNA Pol III, and NOT DNA Pol I? Don't they both hydrolyze phosphodiester linkages in the 3'-5' direction, but DNA Pol I, can also do it 5'-3'?
The key part of this question is the phrase "E. coli DNA mismatch repair system". Yes, DNA Polymerase I can indeed hydrolyze phosphodiester linkages in both the 3' to 5' and 5' to 3' direction, but is it part of the mismatch repair system? No, it does not play a role in mismatch repair. DNA Polymerase III is the enzyme that fills in the vacant DNA after an exonuclease has stripped out the region of unmethylated DNA around the error. DNA Pol III is an acceptable answer to this quiz question because it is involved in mismatch repair. Exonuclease and MutH are also acceptable answers for this quiz question.
For the exam, remember that an answer choice may be technically correct, but it won't be the right answer unless it answers the question.


text:
#bookstagram
Per Petterson broke onto the international fiction scene with his 2006 novel Out Stealing Horses. I didn't discover him, however, until a holiday in Bergen sent me in search of an iconic Norwegian writer.
Out Stealing Horses is a novel about boyhood, fathers, and loss. Timelines loop like the Glomm River through the forest, heedless of country borders or wartime alliances. It's a novel like Petterson himself: deeply Norwegian.
Early November. It's nine o'clock. The titmice are banging against the window. Sometimes they fly dizzily off after the impact, other times they fall and lie struggling in the new snow until they can take off again. I don't know what they want that I have. I look out the window at the forest. There is a reddish light over the trees by the lake. It is starting to blow. I can see the shape of wind on the water.
Per Petterson, Out Stealing Horses (Vintage 2006)
Petterson lives outside of Oslo in a stretch of the river that sounds very much like the setting of this novel. He describes it as back bush, close to the Swedish border, on a bend of the Glomm River. He lives in a farmhouse among chickens and trees, snow and water. The way Petterson describes it in Out Stealing Horses, life on the river sounds idyllic.
We heard the rain battering the roof and it rained on the river and on Jon's boat and on the road to the shop and on Barkald's meadows, it rained over the forest and the horses in their paddock and all the birds' nests in all the trees, over moose and over hare, and on every roof in the village, but inside the cottage it was warm and dry.
This is the summer idyll of 15 year old Trond Sander. The year is 1948. The place is his father's cabin near the river. It's where Trond's father comes to think. He's good with his hands. Other men look up to him. He is a man of many talents.
Jacob was his name for all the fish, whether in the sea-salt Oslo fjord at home with his chest right over the rail and his face in a scornful smile at the water, with a playfully boxing fist over the deep; just you wait, Jacob, now we're coming to get you, or in the river here that came flowing in a semicircle crossing the border from Sweden and down through this village and back into Sweden a few kilometres further south.
It is the last summer Trond will see his father.
The title comes from an early scene in the novel. Trond and his friend Jon are up to no good. They've decided to go steal horses. They don't mean to keep them, of course. It's not much more than a kind of equine joyriding. Their fathers would be appalled but they're not to know.
The phrase takes on a new meaning when Trond learns of his father's wartime experiences though Petterson had no intention to write about the war.
"When I started Out Stealing Horses, I had no idea that the war would be in that book. Then some friction crept in – an unease between the two fathers. And I thought to myself: what can that be? Well, this is the 1940s. It has to be something about the war. Shit. I'll have to write about the war. Then I have to do research, and I hate research. Of course, now it seems that the war is essential to the story."
Per Petterson interviewed by James Campbell, "A Life in Writing: Per Petterson" in The Guardian, 3 Jan 2009
Petterson doesn't plot. Instead, he works sentence by sentence toward the meaning of his work. The effect is surprising as Petterson tells his tale along two different timelines: the 15 year old Trond and the 66 year old Trond. We learn little of what has happened to Trond in the 50 odd years in between. Just a glimpse of some tragedy that has compelled Trond to return to the place where he feels most at home: a cabin by the river.
All this makes for slow reading. The plot doesn't heave like a sea monster. The characters do not shapeshift. We never do find out what happened to Trond's father. Is he alive? Is he dead? It hardly matters. Petterson is writing about the sorrow of an adolescent, a boy on the brink of manhood whose grief leaches into his bones.
Petterson suffered a similar catastrophic loss when his parents, brother and cousin died in a ferry fire. It's tempting to graft Petterson's personal grief onto this novel but that would do his writing a gross injustice. Petterson can write luminously, especially when describing his beloved countryside. For that alone, the read is worth it.
Outside, the blue hour has arrived. Everything draws closer: the shed, the edge of the wood, the lake beyond the trees, it is as if the tinted air binds the world together and there is nothing disconnected out there.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
PiArmada Gets Intelligent
Just under a month since the previous release, ZOmegaZ has released the latest version of PiArmada, an open source project to recreate Armada. Once again it has had since significant upgrades, most significant of all an AI opponent.
AI: There is now a simple AI algorithm implemented. It builds mines where profitable, builds shipyards when needed, and moves the carrier around to the right places to do so, reloading on resources when necessary. All fighters explore. Shipyards build medium fighters unless your carrier has been seen, in which case they build bombers. All bombers are immediately sent to attack your carrier when spotted. Obviously this could stand some improvement, but it's definitely playable. PiArmada now qualifies as an actual game!
Zoom: Wasn't as hard as I expected. Icons all stay the same size, only their relative positions change. As a side effect, the center gridlines are now highlighted, giving you more of a reference point when scrolling.
Resolution Switching: The options screen now allows you to pick among three resolutions, and to switch between fullscreen and windowed mode. If you play at 1280x1024 zoomed all the way out, you can see the whole sector at once. Kinda nifty.
The full list of changes can be found in the readme.txt file. There are also big changes for the future, with integration with the Vega Strike engine being a key feature. The objective is to bring Armada style battles to PiArmada when fighters clash at a nav point. Not bad for a project which first became known to us less than six weeks ago. You can download the new version from Sourceforge.
Free Ultima Online Trial Begins
FilePlanet is hosting a promotion with Electronic Arts to bring people a free 15 day trial of Ultima Online Gold. Gold is a fancy way of saying Ultima, plus the first five expansion packs (through Age of Shadows). A credit card is required to simplify billing you after the free trial ends. UO is a good game that might be fun for a two week playthrough however.
LOAF recently suggested a bunch of Wingnuts get together and role play a group of stranded Confederation pilots in the Ultima universe.
Watch the skies! Beware! These huge birds may be those that are called Kilrathi, a mysterious race that only the wisest of sages are privy to. Written about in the ancient tomes, and prophesied of in the most secret of scrolls, the Kilrathi are said to be a race from beyond the skies, from between the stars. Most of the educated scholars who have heard of them, believed them to be fairy stories, conjured to frighten the young ones. But by the virtues, today I believe, and I warrant by the end of today, so shall all of you.


HTLV-1 is a retrovirus that infects CD4-positive cells and leads to Adult T-cell leukemia by constitutive activation of nuclear factor kappa B. Ascorbic acid (AA) is an essential nutrient that possess anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity against a number of malignant cell lines. This study delineates the effect of AA on Tax protein expression as well as NF-κB and MMP9 activity in two HTLV-1-positive leukemia cells (HuT-102 and C91-PL).
Methods: The cytotoxic and antiproliferative effect of AA were studied by LDH release and MTT tests, respectively. The proteins expression level was assessed by western blotting. RT-PCR was used to study mRNAs level. Finally, ELISA/EMSA and Zymography were used to evaluate NF-κB and MMP-9 activities, respectively.
Results: Cell lines were treated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of AA for 48h and 96h, which resulted in a significant inhibition of proliferation at a concentration of 50μg/ml at 96h in both cell lines. The same concentration inhibited Tax protein expression as well as the NF-κB nuclearization and DNA binding activity. The inhibitory effect of AA on MMP9 protein expression and activity started at 100μg/ml and 50μg/ml in HuT-102 and C91-PL cells respectively, with no effect at the transcriptional levels of MMP-9 in either one of the two cell lines.
Conclusion: These results indicated that while AA exerted its anti-proliferative effect on the NF- κB activation pathway by suppressing Tax expression, its effects on MMP9 seemed to be independent of this mechanism and follow a different approach.
Key words: Acute T-cell leukemia, Human T-cell Lymphotrophic Virus type I (HTLV-1), Tax, NF-κB pathway, Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), Ascorbic Acid (AA).
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a fatal heterogeneous autosomal recessive disorder, characterized by progressive bone marrow failure, congenital defect and cancer predisposition. Cell culture from FA fibroblast (FAF) displays certain abnormalities as compared to normal human dermal fibroblast (NHDF). This prompted us to investigate the effect of a novel nutrient mixture (NM) containing ascorbic acid, lysine, proline and green tea extract, which has demonstrated a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, on FAF compared to NHDF.
Roomi MW,Bhanap B, Roomi NW, Niedzwiecki A, Rath M.
Aim: Fanconi anemia is a rare genetic disorder with high propensity for development of cancers, such as aplastic anemia, leukemia and head and neck cancers. Collagen digesting matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes have been implicated in for their role in various malignancies and to promote metastasis.
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Inhibits Tax-dependent Activation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B and of Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 in Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus-1 Positive Leukemia Cells.
Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention: APJCP (Impact Factor: 1.27). 01/2014; 15(3):1219-1225.
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant polyphenol molecule from green tea and is known to exhibit antioxidative as well as tumor suppressing activity. In order to examine EGCG tumor invasion and suppressing activity against adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), two HTLV-1 positive leukemia cells (HuT-102 and C91- PL) were treated with non-cytotoxic concentrations of EGCG for 2 and 4 days.
Aim: Fanconi Anemia, an autosomal recessive disorder, is characterized by chromosomal abnormality leading to birth defects, progressive bone marrow failure, and a high probability of developing malignancy at an early age. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and myeloid leukemia are the major causes of cancer related morbidity and mortality in Fanconi anemia patients.


text:
Tal Cohen
#24 Midfielder - Arizona
Hometown: San Rafael, CA
High School: Terra Linda
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03/05/2016 Boston College W 16-5 0 0 0 0 0
03/13/2016 @ UNLV L 6-8 0 0 0 0 0
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04/09/2016 Grand Canyon L 10-11 0 0 0 0 0
04/16/2016 Arizona State L 5-9 0 0 0 0 0
05/09/2016 @ Boston College L 3-14 0 0 0 0 0
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02/22/2015 San Diego W 16-5 0 0 0 0 0
03/05/2015 Simon Fraser W 14-5 0 0 0 0 0
03/13/2015 Texas W 11-1 0 0 0 0 0


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Home › Forums › Inspiration / Mussar › MOSHIACH HAS ARRIVED IN YERUSHALAYIM!!
This topic contains 20 replies, has 14 voices, and was last updated by Gadolhadorah 3 weeks, 3 days ago.
You barely started your day when you make a quick check of the news and the first bold flashing headline in the leading article, that you notice was just posted literally half a minute ago, states that Moshiach has just arrived in Yerushalayim.
A) You chuckle at the gag.
B) You go: OMG! IT'S FINALLY HAPPENED!! as you start looking around for a few things you'll need to take to Yerushalayim.
Joseph, there will be a major shofar blowing that will be heard all around the world. My assumption is the Internet and all social media will stop working due to yitami chataim min haaretz.
And what do you mean barely started your day? You're not touching the computer until after shacharis and learing in the beis midrash for an hour.
If there are other pseudonyms lurking in the closet I'd be very, very suspicious. Very.
I'd open up a Rambam in hilchos melachim and make sure he did what he was supposed to. Alive? Built the beis hamikdosh? Ok, he's my king. Otherwise, update the wikipedia page of false moshiachs and add another one.
I'll take a bus to Yerushalayim. If he's not Moshiach, I can always take a bus home.
For many of us, we spend our day waiting and hoping. We plan simchas hoping that the family abroad will be here to join us, as moshiach will bring them.
This isn't a joke or a thread. It's our lives.
On a separate note, don't forget that it's easier than ever to hear shofar around the world. We have all heard the recording of Rav Goren blowing shofar from the Kotel. When people feel the geulah, they prepare for it. They keep a bag packed. They invest in developing EY.
When they planned the high speed rail to Yerushalayim, this was part of the plan. When they plan the high capacity cable car and light rail in Yerushalayim, they are planning for moshiach. The only question is if you will join us.
You've given yourself away as a Haimishe, or Poilisher, or Chassidisher, or whatever you want to call it. But you're not the Litvak you pretend to be on the other thread. The word it Yitamu. Also you're an Am Haaretz, as evidenced by your complete lack of knowledge of the different Shitos on the process of Bias HaMoshiach, and the various stages involved. I can elaborate later.
I have a secret to tell you all.
I have built a suitable Bais Hamikdash out of a plethora of multicolored LEGO pieces. I have forced all the nations of the world to declare me as their king on SIMS.
And now I shall rule the soggy land of internet fiefdom in peace and prosperity.
Our brains are so limited in that we think that the way the news of mashiahs arrival well be shared on the internet. HaShem has made many miracles in the past and with the a rival of mashiach He can to make miracles to announce Mashiach's presence. I can assure you, you will find out with out the use of internet! And may that special day come reel quick!!
Some are still looking in all the wrong places and taking a lot of the mesorah too literally. And no, there is no concensus on how we will know and when we will know Moishiach has either arrived or is on his way. You can assume its not a bunch of guys waving yellow flags on Eastern Parkway or the 880 AM traffic reporter breaking in to the news with an alert about a really ehrliche looking yid wearin a long-white kittel bloking traffic on the Belt Parkwayriding a white donkey and heading to JFK for a flight to EY. NOr will you read about in a push message from YWN.
There is a regular weekly show motzi shabbos called "Moishiach in the Air" that will give you a certain spin on moishiach's arrival. There are equal numbers of Litvish views on the inyan of moishiach, none of which can be said to be the "prevailing" or "concensus" view.
We will find out in a much faster and easier way than needing towait for the headlines, phone calls etc.
we will all know at the same moment at the same split second he arrives wheather it's through the shofar sound in the entire world or any other way it says, and the eagles ready to take you to yerushalaim will also be a teltale fact.
i have a strong feeling that at that moment the last thing you'll be thinking of is the news/headlines/whatssapp notifications and calls. most likly you'll forget your phones and internet at home while we rush to yerushalayim.
If it will be so obvious to everyone, as various above posters are claiming (in different ways), how were any of the multiple false Moshiachs ever able to fool so many people, including great talmidei chachomim?
And you taka have the chutzpah to think we will all find out through the media??
BigBrisket: Its not a matter of "chutzpah" to assume not everyone will find out about Moishiach's arrial via social media. Can you imagine the poor guy who has unknowingly "blocked" Moishiach from his iphone because he was sick and tired of getting all these schneuring soliciations using some variation of the word "moishiach" in the subject line.
there were not that many false mashiachs that were reel enough that the rabanim got convinced. When it did happen, it was in a very difficult time for klal yisroel but there were still rabanim that were able to understand that it was not the real thing, just the yidden were despret to get out of the hard matziv that they were in that they did not think to much about it and just followed along with it. When mashiach comes for real, we will know its true from the rabanim that say that it is real!


Does Windows 7 support Visual Basic 6 Runtime?
I've been searching for a while but can't seem to find an answer. I have Windows 7 and I'm wondering if Visual Studio 6 Runtime is supported or not. We have several legacy apps that we don't want to rewrite. Can someone point me in the right direction?


Recently the increasing prevalence of gastrointestinal diseases, including neoplasm, has resulted in the necessity of characterising not only the tumours, but also healthy mucosa. Research into the morphological changes of healthy mucosa under different experimental conditions, including drugs, special diets and the use of probiotic bacteria, is greatly facilitated by the availability of animal models. In spite of the widespread use of mice in gastrointestinal research, there is a lack of information on the qualitative and quantitative histological characteristics of the intestinal mucosa of the mouse. The aim of this study was to assess the morphological characteristics and the postnatal development of the small intestine of wild type mice — C57BL/6J. The mice were aged either 5 weeks or 12 weeks. The 12-week-old mice had been weaned at the age of 5 weeks. After dissection the small intestine was divided into 5 equal portions and randomly chosen microscopical sections from each were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The parameters describing the morphology of the small intestine (villus height, depth of the crypt, villus width near the crypt, width of the villus connective tissue near the crypt, thickness of the muscular layer and the height of the enterocytes and their nuclei) were evaluated under a light microscope. In both age groups the height and width of the villi decreased, while the thickness of the muscular layer increased in the distal direction. The height of the enterocytes decreased and the height of the enterocyte nucleus increased towards the colon in both age groups. The depth of the crypts was greater in the younger animals than in the older ones. Our data provides the baseline morphological description of the small intestinal mucosa in wild type mice, strain C57BL/6J, which can be used as a reference for testing the influence of drugs, toxins, nutrients and inborn mutations on the mouse intestine.


Androscoggin Valley Council of Governments is soliciting proposals for the collection of organics waste at transfer stations and recycling facilities throughout our region consisting of Androscoggin, Franklin, and (most of) Oxford Counties.
There will be a pre-bid meeting held on May 11 at 2:30 PM at Androscoggin Valley Council of Governments, 125 Manley Road, Auburn ME. All questions will be addressed at this meeting.


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Reducing the amount of desert dust swept onto snowy Rocky Mountain peaks could help Western water managers deal with the challenges of a warmer future, according to a new study led by researchers at NOAA's Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) at the University of Colorado Boulder.
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A new study shows that water vapor high in the sky and the temperature at the Earth's surface are linked in a "feedback loop" that further warms our climate. Published today, this study gives the first estimate of the size of the feedback's effect, which may help researchers improve modeling to better understand climate change.
$2 million Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health XPRIZE Launched
XPRIZE (www.xprize.org), the global leader in incentivized prize competitions, announced the launch of its next major competition: the $2 million Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health XPRIZE. The Wendy Schmidt Ocean Health XPRIZE aims to spur global innovators to develop accurate and affordable ocean pH sensors that will ultimately transform our understanding of ocean acidification.
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Momodu, R. New AU-RECs relationship needed for integration. GREAT Insights Magazine, Volume 5, Issue 4. July/August 2016.
Africa must face the stark reality that integration is the fastest and surest pathway to building strong national economies. To ensure success in re-orienting and re-directing the continent towards this fundamental paradigm shift, a rethinking and re-tweaking of the institutional relationship between AU member states, the AU and RECs must first take place.
Too many analysts are quick to conclude that African integration has been and is still low given the lofty aspirations of the African Union (AU) and the respective Regional Economic Communities (RECs). It is pertinent for any assessment or evaluation on integration to bear in mind that integration all over the world is a long journey, a marathon not a sprint. The current Brexit saga that will see Britain pulling out of the European Union (EU), speaks volumes of the slippery steep slope of integration. Even if Britain pulls out of the EU that will not mean that EU integration has failed because the dynamics of integration would always feature negotiations and re-negotiations, alignment and realignments of terms of engagement.
It is an undisputable fact, which has been a core finding of most recent studies on the state of integration in Africa, that the role and responsibilities of member states is fundamental to the effectiveness of AU Commission (AUC) and the RECs. The member states are critical in addressing the ever present tension between supranationality and national sovereignty and the courage to move towards collective sovereignty. It has become imperative for Africa to answer the question 'what is the value of protecting national sovereignty with poor economies, conflict ridden societies and weak global influence?' Africa must face the stark reality that African integration is the fastest and surest pathway to building strong national economies.
Consequently, there is an urgent need for a change of mindset of African leaders and people to begin to see continental integration as indeed an economic and development pathway; and model for national economic growth, inclusive and sustainable development of each and all African countries regardless of their current economic development, population and level of natural resource endowment. In this regard, the AUC and RECs are best placed to popularise the new thinking of promoting integration as the most pragmatic pathway to economic growth and development of Africa. To ensure success in re-orienting and re-directing the continent towards this fundamental paradigm shift in words and actions, a rethinking and re-tweaking of the institutional relationship between AU and the RECs must first take place. It is only a more organic relationship between the AU and RECs that will produce the kind of cooperation that will drive transformative and collective integration. This may require revisiting the Lagos Plan of Action and the Abuja Treaty as pathways and stages to delivering Agenda 2063; and accelerating and sustaining integration.
One of the sources of tension undermining more effective cooperation between the AU and RECs, which needs to be resolved as a precondition to accelerating continental integration, is the need for absolute clarity of roles and responsibilities between AU member states, the AU and the RECs. This will at least minimise tension, competition and sometimes division and sectional conspiracy. The clarity of the different roles, responsibilities, obligations (financial and no financial) and corresponding institutional architecture to drive the often contested and tensed tri-lateral relationship must be sorted out and captured in no less a legal text than the Constitutive Act of the AU and similar treaties of the RECs. Fortunately, the approval by the AU Heads of States and Government to review the AU Constitutive Act provides a golden opportunity.
A more effective AU-RECs cooperation will easily and quickly be able to deliver some highly impactful and transformative low hanging fruits that will accelerate African integration such as: more liberal visa regime to promote free movement of people, goods and services of all Africans in all African countries; the African passport; mobility of labour to manage the huge unemployment of the burgeoning youth bulge of most African countries; systematic and structured engagement with the youths and boosting intra-African trade. Others include: the establishment of an annual African Forum by the AU to effectively engage with African private sector and other actors; and the establishment of an AU-RECs continental mechanism and building capacities for multi-lateral negotiations. In addition, the immediate implementation of some other key Agenda 2063 flagship projects, such as Integrated High Speed Train Network to connect all African capitals and commercial centres; formulation of an African Commodities Strategy and development of the Grand Inga Dam project should be prioritised and fast tracked.
The current buzz and euphoria about Africa rising, the optimism around Agenda 2063 and the hope of the AU and the RECs accelerating African integration will come to naught if Africa does not resource (financial, material and technical) its integration organisations and agendas. The excuse (not a reason) that Africa does not have the kind of resources to self fund its own integration and development agenda is no longer tenable or fashionable against the growing evidence of the huge amount of financial and non financial resources lost by the continent through illicit flows of financial resources, skewed commodity pricing, unfair trade regimes, fraudulent mining contracts and more. Africa needs to address and block the many sources of leakages and waste to change the long-standing narrative of the African paradox of 'rich Africa, poor Africans'.
African Professionals Expertise Volunteer Assistance Programme.
The establishment and deployment of RECs Liaison Officers to the African Union may have been done almost quietly under the Capacity Building Progamme of the African Peace Facility funded by the EU in 2007 but today this cooperation mechanism may be adjudged the most critical factor in the AU-RECs relationship. The mandate of the RECs Liaison Office to the AU was expectedly expanded beyond peace and security by the AUC and RECs Chief Executives in January 2009, in line with the provision of the Protocol on the Relations of AU and RECs (2008). Nine years after, the impact of the RECs Liaison Officers to the AU in promoting synergy between RECs and AUC policies and programmes is undeniable as a comparative study on the state of cooperation between AU and RECs pre-deployment of RECS Liaison Office to the AU and now will show that these six Liaison Offices of ECOWAS, SADC, COMESA, EAC, ECCAS and IGAD have profoundly increased the level of cooperation in all areas of integration.
Indeed, the greatest unintended result is that these Offices not only represent their RECs at the AU but to all diplomatic missions and inter-governmental organisations based in Addis Ababa. This has greatly increased the scope of responsibilities and level of representation of these offices and officers as critical elements in African and international multilateral diplomacy beyond the initial mandate and projection. However, the RECs' Liaison Offices to the AU experience two main challenges: one, that the exchange of Liaison Officers between the AU and the RECs is secretariat to secretariat and so focuses mainly on technical and operational collaboration, whereas the greater need is for the AU and the RECs to harmonise their policy and decision-making processes to promote collective decision making and responses in all areas of integration.
The second major challenge is the fact that these offices are still funded almost entirely by the EU under successive African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA) Support Programme of the African Peace Facility except for ECOWAS that partly funds a greater share of its office's operations and activities. It is imperative that RECs begin to walk the path of self funding of their offices since these offices should outlive EU funding and should be indeed permanent representative offices.
AU primary responsibility in unifying and articulating African voice: The ways and means of achieving this onerous task could include the AUC encouraging member states to institute joint or integrated UN/AU/RECs desk offices in foreign affairs ministries to ensure coordinated national interface with the UN, AU and the RECs. In addition, the establishment of a formal virtual platform or forum of African Ambassadors/Permanent Representatives to RECs, AU and UN to interface with AU Commission towards ensuring Africa speaks with one voice and acts together at the UN, AU, RECs and other international and global platforms is proposed.
Single AU/REC legal text: An immediate step should be the adoption of a single AU legal text (perhaps based on the Abuja Treaty), which will clearly state the division of roles and responsibilities between the AU member states, the AU and RECs and will cover all aspects of regional and continental integration. The new framework should recognise RECs as part of AU decision-making structures.
Regional (RECs) experts/ministers specialised technical committees (STCs) and summits feeding into AU Summit: this implies the harmonisation of RECs and AU statutory meetings at expert, ministerial and heads of state summit. The proposal is to have RECs/regional meetings and summits discuss, deliberate and make recommendations, which will feed into continental decision-making processes with the RECs giving progress reports at AU executive councils and summits. This will promote joint ownership of regional and continental integration agenda by the AU and RECs.
AU/RECs Commissioners/Department Forum/Interface: To complement the twice a year AU/RECs/UNECA/AfDB Chief Executives Coordination meeting the proposed Commissioners' Forum will be convened on a departmental basis, which will mean AUC/RECs commissioners of different sectors will meet separately to discuss and plan jointly for the next year. This will help to create space and opportunities for synchronisation of efforts in all sectors of integration.
Adoption of the Coalition of the Willing and Ready approach: consensus should not mean all in total agreement at all times. Since 'seeing is believing', the approach of 'Coalition of the Willing and Ready' will be more effective to get member states genuinely interested and committed to accelerated continental integration to subscribe to different initiatives based on their own priorities, thus building a critical mass.
AUC/RECs 'Board of Directors' model governance structure: perhaps the most radical proposal and potentially most pragmatic and effective way to fast track African integration and development would be the establishment of a common AUC/REC governance management structure. The proposed structure would operate like the Board of Directors model where the AUC Chairperson and the Chief Executives of RECs will oversee the management and execution of jointly agreed and planned programmes of RECs and AU summit decisions. This 'Board of Directors' of RECs AUC Chief Executives will report directly to the RECs and AU Ministerial Councils and be accountable to the RECs and AU summits.
From the above it is clear that Africa (governments, AU and the RECs) needs to take some firm decisions and be ready and bold enough to walk the talk. Such decisions include reducing dependency on external partners and thus AU and RECs should start developing a gradual and phased exit strategy from foreign aid (especially as corruption feeds foreign aid); concerted efforts to reverse the illicit financial flows from the continent, re-negotiating fraudulent mining contracts, increasing domestic mobilisation of resources to fund integration and national development, the movement towards pooled sovereignty for the sake of integration; collective negotiations and bargaining at the global stage, accelerating intra-Africa trade and promotion of good governance (including prudent management of natural resources and minimising corruption) to drastically reduce conflicts on the continent. It is imperative that the AU and the RECs should always keep their eyes on the ball: keeping the African people at the centre and heart of integration in addressing the African paradox of 'rich Africa, poor Africans'.
It will amount to stating the obvious: that all the proposals above will just be wishes on paper if the AU and RECs cannot increase their level of self-funding of regional and continental integration activities to ensure ownership and independence of thought, agenda and action. The AU and RECs powered by their member states need to do things differently, not to do the same things the same way and expect different results. Lastly, there is need to reiterate that integration should be the main economic and development strategy for Africa and so African integration is too critical to be left to the diplomats.
Raheemat Momodu is Head ECOWAS Liaison Office to the African Union.
Photo: 17th Ordinary African Union Summit in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea. Credits: Embassy of Equatorial Guinea, flickr.com.


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Fortunately, I get to answer "yes" to all of these questions, and I have my very loyal client base to thank for this. I have clients who have stayed with me, no matter where I've gone, and came with me when I started Spark, without a second thought. This is definitely a testament to their loyalty and to the friendships I have built with many of my clients, but this is also a direct result of the fact that I insist on outstanding customer service in everything I do at Spark. And where did I learn this? Believe it or not… at McDonald's!
The first real job I ever had was working as a cashier at my local McDonald's in high school. To this day, I believe that the 3 years I spent working at McDonald's taught me everything I needed to know about customer service, managing my clients and ensuring a satisfied customer every time.
The Customer is NOT Always Right….but Why? A large portion of the training at McDonald's revolved around teaching staff the detailed policies and procedures behind their practices. This meant that all employees were equipped with the explanation for why we do the things we do when we have to say "no" to a customer. To this day, having practices and processes that make sense and having detailed understanding of our practices, allows me to explain to clients why we cannot do things a certain way. Rather than just saying "No, we cannot do that", having the ability to explain the rationale and logic behind the "No", oftentimes is all I need to be able to diffuse a situation so we can move forward towards finding a solution.
You never know what kind of day they have had. One of the things we were trained to do when dealing with a nasty customer at McDonald's is to not only walk a mile in their shoes, but try to imagine where those shoes may have been. Most of the time, when a difficult client seems to be taking out their frustrations on you, it never is really about you. A great tip for remembering this and not getting caught up in an escalated, confrontational situation is to put yourself in their shoes – but then imagine where those shoes may have been. One of the tricks we used at McDonald's was to imagine that nasty customer, having just come from the doctor's office where they found out their child is sick, or they just lost their job or they just had to put their dog down. When you think about it like that, all you want to do is raise your customer service game and try to turn their day around. Try this next time you have an angry customer, sponsor or vendor on the phone. It is amazing what a quick shift in your perspective can do to turn the interaction around into a more positive, solution-based conversation.
Look for those "Magic Moments". At McDonald's, management was always watching for "Magic Moments" when a crew member could go above and beyond the call of duty to turn a customer's day around. To this day, I still look for opportunities to go above and beyond for the client. Is it staying up that extra hour to get something done for them a day early? Is it working a little bit over the holidays to beat a deadline? Or is it giving out an extra happy meal toy? It is all the same thing. These little gestures and love that you put into your work really do pay off. It is evident to your customers when they can see that you care, and it shows in the results.
We're On the Same Team. It was imperative when dealing with customers that they understood we were not working against them, we were on the same team as them, trying to accomplish a common goal. We were trained to never to take an opposing view of the customer, but to use terms like "we will try to make something work for you" or "I understand your frustration and here is how I can help." It is sometimes easy to forget when you are dealing with that difficult client that they are only being difficult because they care about the outcome as much if not more so than you do, because they have a vested interested. Once you remind yourself that you are all working together for a common objective, it is easier to work with them to come to a solution that will work for everyone. Your clients' success is your success, so why get in the way of that?
The basics of customer service and client management that were instilled in me at the age of 15 have stayed with me to this day. Whether you are serving French fries, or planning events, the fundamental ideas of collaboration, working together with your client and shifting your perspective to look at challenges as opportunities really does go a long way towards building customer satisfaction and client retention.


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My Top 5 Favorite Horror Games of ALL TIME!
Posted on October 31, 2019 by Bradley Keene
Happy Halloween, folks! As many of you know, my gaming diet largely consists of JRPGs, point-and-click adventure games, and survival horror, so to celebrate my favorite holiday, I wanted to do a quick rundown of my top five favorite horror titles of ALL TIME.
This type of list always seems easy in theory but narrowing it down to just five games really, really sucked. I feel like so much is being left out! But, alas, let's carve this pumpkin. Or, as my uncle would say when I was a kid, "it's time to make the fuckin' donuts."
5 – Clock Tower 3
With an underappreciated level of character animation, Clock Tower 3 remains the best (and only) magical girl horror game of all time and it perfectly captures what was so endearing about the PS2 era.
The story is absurd, with the game's protagonist able to chain serial killers to the floor and defeat them with a magical bow, while slowly uncovering her family's dark secrets and the cause of her mystical powers. Seriously, it's some Sailor Moon horror shit and I am here for it.
Solve puzzles, evade murderers, and witness the stupidity of your childhood best friend.
4 – Fatal Frame II: Crimson Butterfly
A series that's been mostly forgotten over the years, especially here in the west, Fatal Frame (Project Zero elsewhere in the world) was a unique take on the horror genre back when it started on the PlayStation 2. Rather than blasting away zombies, which had become commonplace, Fatal Frame's vulnerable heroines thwarted ghostly evil with a magical camera.
Fatal Frame 2 is one of the most perfect horror games I've played, absolutely nailing the spooky atmosphere of an abandoned Japanese village and dripping the narrative through muffled audio diaries and flashbacks. It basically took everything that made Fatal Frame great and doubled down. The ghosts were more interesting, yet equally startling to bump into the moment you switched from third- to first-person whenever you whipped out the Camera Obscura.
It's just a masterclass in Japanese horror, and although all of the games are good in their own right, I think the series never topped the second entry.
3 – Bloodborne
Some may dispute the notion that Bloodborne is a horror title, but I beg to differ. Just because a game is an action RPG doesn't make it any less of a horror game — take Vampyr or Vampire the Masquerade: Bloodlines, for example. And, according to the Bloodborne wiki, the aesthetic was heavily inspired by horror writers like H.P. Lovecraft and Bram Stoker, and I'd even go as far as to say Robert W. Chambers and Ambrose Bierce as well.
Bloodborne has its roots in horror, especially cosmic horror. There are eldritch terrors around every corner and the entire narrative has this otherworldly moon monster thing going on. But, I digress.
Bloodborne is just an incredible game (a horror game). The aggressive combat is my favorite of any From Software game, the enemy designs are goth-as-fuck and imaginative on a level I've never seen before, and the gothic European architecture brings the labyrinthine nature of Yharnam to life in a way that makes it feel just as much a character as anyone you'd meet along the way.
2 – SOMA
Frictional Games already established themselves as cosmic horror geniuses with Amnesia: The Dark Descent, which also brought with it the big Let's Play boom on YouTube a decade ago. Gone are the gothic castles and creepy monsters, but SOMA cranks the atmospheric storytelling and sheer sense of claustrophobia and dread to a whole new level.
This first-person narrative masterclass has you delving into the concept of consciousness, mortality, and what defines us as human beings. It's not your average scare-a-minute fright fest, but that's not to say the scares aren't there. SOMA is just the perfect balance of in-game frights and uncomfortable thinking on your behalf. And man, that ending.
While other first-person horror developers have since come along and eaten their lunch (namely Bloober Team and Red Barrels), Frictional Games still knows what goes into crafting a damn fine experience and SOMA will forever hold a place in my jet black heart.
1 – Silent Hill 2
Forever my favorite horror game of all time, Silent Hill 2 has it all. The story is fucked up with a big reveal that puts BioShock's to shame, the atmosphere, and design of the town is a giant chef's kiss, and Akira Yamaoka's soundtrack is uncomfortably beautiful in its execution.
For the most part, the Silent Hill series centers itself around a cult-like storyline as the root of the city's problems, but Silent Hill 2 is instead a character study on grief and how it can really fuck a person up. James is vulnerable in the loss of his wife, but it's what happened leading up to that event that's truly shocking. Nobody is perfect.
What about you, folks? What are some of your favorite horror games? I hope you all have a happy Halloween and enjoy some horror with your candy. Just… check it for razor blades.
Tagged halloween, horror, top horror games
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8 thoughts on "My Top 5 Favorite Horror Games of ALL TIME!"
mattdoylemedia says:
Project Zero, the original, always stood out for me. That thing was so different from what I was used to, and all the better for it. There's always more ropes…
It really was a wholly unique concept since we were all used to fixed camera angles and not having to face our fears head on in first person.
And armed with just a camera too.
I'm so glad SOMA made the list! That game left me thinking for weeks afterwards… in a way, the question it makes you ask yourself are far more scary than the monsters you encounter in the dark.
Agreed! And I still think about that ending.
SOMA resides in my top 10 best narratives in gaming, rubbing elbows with my beloved FFVII. It took me over a month to be able to sleep soundly after that, and I still can't write about it after dark because fuuuuuck that lol. I shelved the review for it only because I needed to focus on other things.
At first I was like, "What could possibly top SOMA??" but SH 2 is more than allowable.
SOMA is a god damn masterpiece and I'm so glad you are understand that lol.
Whenever I see anyone talking about brains in jars or the concept of consciousness, I spread the good word!


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Douce (1943)
Odette Joyeux, Madeleine Robinson, Marguerite Moreno, Jean Debucourt, Roger Pigaut
Tom Neal, Ann Savage, Claudia Drake, Edmund MacDonald, Tim Ryan
1940s, Film noir
Cheers for Miss Bishop (1941)
Tay Garnett
Martha Scott, William Gargan, Edmund Gwenn, Sterling Holloway, Dorothy Peterson
The Reckless Moment (1949)
James Mason, Joan Bennett, Geraldine Brooks, Henry O'Neill, Shepperd Strudwick
1940s, Columbia Pictures, Film noir
The Terrible Parents (1948)
Jean Marais, Josette Day, Yvonne de Bray, Marcel André, Gabrielle Dorziat
The Set-Up (1949)
Robert Ryan, Audrey Totter, George Tobias, Alan Baxter, Wallace Ford
1940s, Film noir, RKO Radio Pictures
The Body Snatcher (1945)
Boris Karloff, Bela Lugosi, Henry Daniell, Edith Atwater, Russell Wade
1940s, RKO Radio Pictures
Tokyo Joe (1949)
Stuart Heisler
Humphrey Bogart, Alexander Knox, Florence Marly, Sessue Hayakawa, Jerome Courtland
The Vampire's Ghost (1945)
John Abbott, Charles Gordon, Peggy Stewart, Grant Withers, Emmett Vogan
Republic Pictures
Flying Tigers (1942)
John Wayne, John Carroll, Anna Lee, Paul Kelly, Gordon Jones
Belle Starr (1941)
Irving Cummings
Randolph Scott, Gene Tierney, Dana Andrews, Shepperd Strudwick, Elizabeth Patterson
1940s, 20th Century Fox
Commandos Strike at Dawn (1942)
John Farrow
Paul Muni, Anna Lee, Lillian Gish, Cedric Hardwicke, Ray Collins
1940s, Columbia Pictures
Les dames du Bois de Boulogne (1945)
Paul Bernard, María Casares, Elina Labourdette, Lucienne Bogaert, Jean Marchat
Mr. Peabody and the Mermaid (1948)
William Powell, Ann Blyth, Irene Hervey, Andrea King, Clinton Sundberg
1940s, Universal Pictures
Cluny Brown (1946)
Charles Boyer, Jennifer Jones, Peter Lawford, Helen Walker, Reginald Gardiner
Invisible Agent (1942)
Edwin L. Marin
Ilona Massey, Jon Hall, Peter Lorre, Cedric Hardwicke, J. Edward Bromberg
The Spoilers (1942)
Ray Enright
Marlene Dietrich, Randolph Scott, John Wayne, Margaret Lindsay, Harry Carey
1940s, Universal Pictures, western
The Lost Moment (1947)
Robert Cummings, Susan Hayward, Agnes Moorehead, Joan Lorring, Eduardo Ciannelli
The Mad Ghoul (1943)
David Bruce, Evelyn Ankers, George Zucco, Robert Armstrong, Turhan Bey
Boris Karloff, Bela Lugosi, Stanley Ridges, Anne Nagel, Anne Gwynne


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Being acquainted with the concepts and terms of finance and business, and the capability to present them in a well-versed and simple language to the readers, Jim earned this position of Senior Content Writer in our organization. Having an interest in ongoing political affairs, Jim also puts forth his standpoints pertaining to it.


text:
InitiativesMorocco, Green Energy Bridge Between Europe and Africa (The Parliament Magazine)
Morocco, Green Energy Bridge Between Europe and Africa (The Parliament Magazine)
Brussels – Morocco has become a green energy bridge between Europe and Africa, wrote the European publication "The Parliament Magazine".
In a contribution signed by Ghalia Mokhtari, climate and energy specialist at the Moroccan Institute for Strategic Intelligence (IMIS), the European magazine emphasized that Morocco is today a leader in the renewable energy sector in North Africa and in the African continent as a whole.
Thanks to its privileged geographical location with access to the Mediterranean and a very long coastline on the Atlantic, the Kingdom is well equipped to achieve its ambition of becoming a real Mediterranean energy hub and key partner of Europe, according to the publication.
For the magazine, developing a regional energy strategy in partnership with the European Union, in particular a green strategy, would enable Morocco to play a major role in the creation of a Mediterranean energy hub in southern Europe, "guarantor of energy security of Europe and the world".
In addition, facilitating South-South cooperation – among developing countries – would also benefit countries of the North, which, in exchange for technical and financial assistance, often benefit from projects which they help to develop, because their counterparts in the South are becoming major energy suppliers, it explained.
"The Parliament magazine" recalled that Morocco has already taken measures to achieve its objective of partnership with Europe, with the announcement of the Morocco-Nigeria gas pipeline project in 2016, which will help position the Kingdom as a hub between the southern shore of the Mediterranean and African energy-exporting countries.
Japan, Thailand Agree to Launch New Energy Initiative to Promote Decarbonisation
Mohammed VI Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art Becomes First Museum in ...
Mohammed VI Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art Goes Green
US to Invest $14Bln to Strengthen Supply Chain, Defense against Climate Change
Gas: Chariot Announces Completion of Drilling Operations (Statement)
2021 Joins Top 7 Warmest Years on Record: WMO
ExxonMobil Plans to Reach Net-Zero Emissions by 2050
EU Adopts New Investment Guidelines to Perform Green New Deal
Morocco Re-elected to Council of International Maritime Organization for 2022-2023 Period
China's Hebai Deploys over 600 Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles for Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics
Sustainable Irrigation: Morocco Willing to Share its Experience with African Countries (Minister)


In the rabbit blood stream, plasminogen circulates as two glycoforms, plasminogen I (PLG-I) and plasminogen II (PLG-II), in a molar ratio of 1:2.2. To compare their relative behaviors toward a site of vascular injury, radiolabeled samples of PLG-I and PLG-II were coinjected intravenously into NZW rabbits before inducing a de-endothelializing (balloon catheter) injury to the thoracic aorta. At various times (5 to 60 minutes) after injury, each rabbit was anesthetized and exsanguinated, the aorta was excised, and the radioactivity per centimeters squared of aortic intima-media (IM) was measured relative to that of blood at exsanguination. The uptake of iodine 125-labeled PLG-I and iodine 131-labeled PLG-II showed that the IM was essentially saturated by both glycoforms by 30 to 40 minutes after injury. Extrapolation of the flux rates to 1 minute after injury indicated that the uptake of PLG-II (2.4 pmol/min/cm2) exceeded PLG-I (0.5 pmol/min/cm2) almost five-fold. This result is consistent with an earlier report (Metabolism 1994;43:1430-7) that PLG-II is released by the liver and catabolized in vivo approximately five times faster than PLG-I. By molar comparison, the flux of total plasminogen (ie, PLG-I plus PLG-II) into the injured aorta wall in vivo was 2.4 times greater than that for prothrombin. Assuming both zymogens are converted to their respective proteases within the wound site, then approximately 2 to 3 molecules of plasmin are released for each molecule of thrombin in vivo. The possible significance of this plasmin:thrombin ratio is discussed in respect to the turnover of fibrin(ogen) within the site of vascular injury.