text:
Implied Terms In A Contract
By Snehil2022 | Views 3561
Through research, it is here established that what is a contract and what are the different types of a contract in how it can be performed in different situations. My research shows that how the implied contract arises, what is the difference between an implied contract and implied terms in a contract. This research reflects on types of contracts and how they are performed. It is here being stressed on which kind of contract will prevail if there is a dispute between implied contract and express contract and when will implied contract and express contract will applicable or in what situation.
A contract is defined under section 2(h) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, as it is stated that an agreement enforceable by the law is termed as a contract[1] so, in this sentence, it can be understood by diving into two part two, first is what is an agreement and second is that what is enforceable by the law. Further, Section 2(e) of the Indian Contract Act, 1872, defines that:
Every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other, is an agreement[2], and what is enforceable by the law is being provided by section 10 which state that:
All agreements are contract if they are made by the free consent of the parties competent to the contract, for a lawful consideration and with the lawful object, and are not herby expressly declared to be void [3].
In contract, a contract can be performed by two methods, and they are:
Express contract
Implied contract[4]
both of these kinds of contracts are defined in section 9 of The Indian Contract Act, 1872 the section says that:
In so far as the proposal or acceptance of any promise is made in word, the promise is said to be express. In so far as such proposal or acceptance is made otherwise than in words, the promise is said to be implied[5].
Simplifying, if any proposal or any acceptance is made in word, here word means either in written or in oral or in gesture, it is termed as an expressed contract, and if any proposal or acceptance is made in another way than a word (written and oral) like it can be performed by any conduct, is termed as an implied contract.
A, a person is playing in the ground and suddenly he got cardiac attack and he fall down, B another person who is also a doctor come to him and give him instant treatment to save him, another day B went to A house and asked for his fees, so here A cannot deny to pay his fees, court will say that this is an implied contract, a contract which is conducted by an act, to get more clarity of this lets thave second example, A, a person enters into a hair salon, sits down in a chair, and ask for a haircut and the barber did the same, so here A, enters into a contract as soon as he ask for haircut, this is an contract which is performed by conduct of an act. Implied contract are items that a court will assume are intended to be include in a contract, even though they are not expressly stated. Here, on the above observation we can conclude that implied contract is a non-verbal and unwritten and exits on the behavior of the parties.
Implied terms in a contract:
On the other hand, if we discuss about implied terms in a contract then implied terms occur because all the contract has some uncertainty like if someone is buying some product so it is understood that the product is defect free, this is just a situation like wise their specification like quality, quantity, measurement, weight, price.
Basically, all contracts are incomplete, there is no contract that covers every possible unknown future circumstance that may arise and those might have relevance to that contract. It happens that parties full fill all the terms and conditions that are in contract but it is not possible to cover each and every possible details.[6]
Implied contract allows parties to skip many negotiations or writings certain terms in the contract because it is legally presumed at time of entering into a contract. Proposal or acceptance is made otherwise in words, the promise is said to be implied.[7]
One question may arise here that if implied terms in a contract are not explicitly agreed to by the parties when they enter into contract. So how they get incorporated into contract? So, answer to this question is like that implied terms in a contract are type of compulsion, for instance if the buyer of a product it buying product the buyer will assume that it will be free from general defects, if seller is aware of frequent mechanical issue with that product, implied terms in a contract term would compel them to make those issues clear with the party. If we see. [8]
The Sales and Goods Act 1979, we will find that contract implies terms that the goods are reasonably fit for their purpose, conform to their description, the seller has right to sell and party opposite to contract doesn't have undisclosed rights over the goods, if we look into [9]The Supply of Goods and Service Act 1982, in this type of contract it is implied that work or service carried out under reasonable. The most used to example for implied contract is that birth in a country is an implied contract because citizenship is implied. So, each and every contract be it written and oral there is implied contract that carried out with the contract itself.
Devi prasad Khandelwal & Sons vs Union of India[10], AIR 1969 Bom 163.
It is observed that, it is matter of common experience that no contract can be made perfect, because parties to it may not at the stage of making it, provide for all the contingencies that may arise. It happens that parties to a contract may either through forgetfulness or through bad drafting fail to incorporate into the contract terms which had they adverted to the situation, they would certainly have inserted to complete the contract.
In such cases in order to give efficacy to the contract, the court will imply into a contract term which the parties have not themselves expressly inserted. The court are not to make or draft the contract between the parties, but only to interpret the contract already made. Only those rules and regulations will be implied on the parties whatever mentioned in the contract.[11]
Implied contracts can be performed in two ways:
Implied by fact
Implied in law
Implied by custom or trade usage
Implied by parties or implied by fact
Implied by parties or implied by fact means that performance of contract or judgement of contract is done on the basis of act or conduct of parties, or situation of fact. This is based on the common understanding of conduct done by the parties. For example, if you take an auto-rikshaw daily for your convenience and you are completely used to with driver of that auto-rikshaw then it might happen that you take sit on his vehicle, he will drop to your location without asking any things. Another instance is that if you arrive at the hair salon for your hair cut, it might be your usual hair salon, so here it expected that you will pay for the service that you will get from the salon, that things is implied in the fact only.
Haji Mohd. Ishaq vs Mohd. Iqbal and Mohd. Ali & Co[12], 1978, 2, SSC 493: AIR 1978 SC 798
In this case on the order of a go between man, certain goods were supplied by the plaintiff on his own account to the defendant. The defendant clearly and unerringly accepted the goods and paid to the plaintiff, a part of price. A liability to pay the balance was held to have arisen. The Apex court ruled that the defendant by the conduct of accepting the goods and never repudiating any of the numerous letter and telegram of the plaintiff demanding the money from them, clearly showed that a direct contract which in law was called an implied contract by the conduct.
To determine whether a term should be implied in fact, as summarized by Lord Simon in below case:
In BP Refinery Pty Ltd v. Shire of Hasting[13]
It must be reasonable and equitable
It must be necessary to give business efficacy to the contract, so that no term will be implied if the contract is effective without it
It must be so obvious that it goes without saying
It must be capable of clear expression
It must not contradict any express term of the contract.
Implied in law [14]
There are many instances or situation that is define in terms of contract by the drafting committee of Indian Contract Act, 1872. Implied law in contract rules a bit differently, actually this type of contract is called to 'quasi-contract'. Here, it is necessary to understand that what is meaning of 'quasi', it means almost or apparently but not really or as if it were.
A quasi contract exists by the order of contract of court but not by the agreement of the parties, courts create quasi contract to avoid the unjust enrichment of the party in a dispute owner payment for a goods or services or quasi contract is used when the court wishes to create an obligation upon a non-contracting party to avoid scuffle between parties, one things which very important to note in quasi contract is that here generally no consent is required, here obligation arises from the law. In legislation of contract quasi contract is defined in Chapter V which in itself state that Certain relation resembling those created by contract[15], in this chapter there are five section and they are from section 68 to 72 and they are as follows:
68. Claim for necessaries supplied to person incapable of contracting, or on his account.
69. Reimbursement of person paying money due by another, in payment of which he is interested.
70. Obligation of person enjoying benefit of non-gratuitous act.
71. Responsibility of finder of goods.
72. Liability of person to whom money is paid, or thing delivered, by mistake or under coercion.
And also,
In Transfer of Property Act, 1882[16], there are sections which help us to understand the implied law in contract and they are as follows:
55. Rights and liabilities of buyer and seller
65.Implied contract by mortgagor
108.Rights and liabilities of lessees
In The Sales of Goods Act, 1932[17] there are sections which help us to understand the implied law in contract and they are as follows:
14. Implied undertaking as to title, etc.
15. Sale by description
16. Implied condition as to qualify or fitness
17. Sale by sample
So, in all these conditions contract is created automatically or it obligatory in nature.
Let's, understand the implied law of contract by an instance, suppose A, a person is walking across the road, suddenly he saw a purse lying on the road, so till this moment there is no liability arises for him, now he picks up that purse, so at the moment he picked it up he is booked under section 71 which state responsibility of finder of goods.
It is noticeable that now person A, is obliged to keep the responsibility of that purse rather there was no contract between the real owner of that purse and A. If there is no quasi-contract then this situation might turn into a dispute, how? The real owner of the purse may file a suit against person A, for theft, so this is how quasi-contract prevents from arising the disputes.
Here, we have some cases which will make you more clear about implied by law.
Upton-upon-seven RDC vs Powell, 1942, 1, AII ER 220
A fire broke out in the defendant's house. He believes that he was entitled to the free services of Upton Fire Brigade and therefore, summoned it. The brigade put out the fire. It then turned out that the defendant's house was not within the free services zone of Upon, which, therefore claimed compensation for the services. The court here held that, The matter is that the defendants wanted the services of Upton, he asked for the services of Upton and Upton, in response to that request, provided the services. Hence the services were rendered on an implied promise to pay for them.
The Moorcock
In this the defendant was a wharf fingers, he agreed to let the claimant land and store his ship's cargo at their jetty on the river Thames. In return, the claimant would pay fees for the service, the defendant did not have any right to the riverbed adjoining the jetty, had not assessed whether it was safe for vessel to berth there. The riverbed was uneven and because of this the claimant's vessel got damages.
The claimant here sued the defendant for breach of contract. The argument was that the defendant had implicitly warranted that the riverbed was safe and suitable for their use.
From here we got a rule that is of business efficacy which say:
A term can only be implied if it necessary to give business efficacy to a contract to avoid such a failure of consideration that the parties cannot as reasonable businessmen have intended. But only the most limited term should then be implied the bare minimum to achieve this goal. If the contract makes business sense without the terms, the courts will not imply the same.
The business efficacy test, therefore should be applied only in cases where the term that is sought to be read as implied is such which could have been clearly intended by the parties at the time of making of the agreement[18].
Express contract will prevail over implied contract:
While a contract is being constructed or drafted the court must look at the terms or words in used in the contract unless they do not convey the intention correctly. If a term is not express then it will be implied only if the will leads to business efficacy to a contract. An express term will always give preference over an implied term of a contract.[19]
Let's understand with this a landmark case
Luxor Ltd. Vs Cooper, 1941, 1 AC 108
The plaintiff had an agreement to provide prospective purchasers for sale of two cinemas on behalf of the defendants for which he was due to receive 10,000-pound commission. Having provided prospective purchasers, the defendants refused to complete the contract on the basis that the agreement was made with unauthorized person of the company and hence it was ultra vires.
The primary issue was raised in whether there is an implied term in the contract that the agent should receive remuneration where the principal chooses not to proceed with the contract.
The court here held that this is not available where the principal employs an agent and subsequently revokes the agreement on the basis that the agent is only due to be paid on completion there by finding that there was no implied term for remuneration until the contract had been completed. This was irrespective of the contract not being pursued by the principal.
Implied contract by custom or trade Usage
In this type of contract a term is implied by custom of a locality or by the usage of a specific trade. But it is very necessary that the custom must be proved strictly, it should be as certain as a written contract, recognized as legally binding, reasonable and consistent with the express of the term. And the custom should not offend against any legislative enactment.
Hutton v. Warren 1836, 1 M & W 466
In this, the question was raised that whether custom could become an implied term of a lease where the lease is silent? In this Hutton was a farmer and used to work on the land of Warren. He gave Hutton notice to stop and insisted he continued to farm the land through the notice period. But Hutton continued to farm the last during the last year of tenancy expending his own expenses and by his own labor. But when he quit and asked for his expenses, Warren refused to pay him. The court held that custom was implication imported into the lease. Where a commercial contract is silent, extrinsic evidence of customary practice and usage is admissible. And Hutton was successful in his claim.
Les Affreteurs Reunis Societe Anonyme v. Leopold Walford 1919, AC 801
In Walford acted as a broker for a charter party. Les Affreteurs were owners of a ship. A time charter party was effected between the shipowners and the Lubricating and Fuel Oils Company as charters. Walford charged a 3% commission which was specified in the charter party contract which was agreed to in 1916 and was a continuation of an early agreement on similar terms.
In 1917, after Les Affreteurs' ship was recommissioned, the charter party expired. Les Affreteurs refused to pay Walford's commission, holding that commission was only payable in respect of hire duly earned under the charter party. The honorable court found that the charter party contract between the owners and the charters was relevant to brokers (which had also long been custom). And appeal by Les Affreteurs was dismissed.
No Implied contract can be constructed under Article 299 of the Indian Constitution [20]
This article state, Contracts (1) All contracts made in the exercise of the executive power of the Union or of a State shall be expressed to be made by the President, or by the Governor of the State, as the case may be, and all such contracts and all assurances of property made in the exercise of that power shall be executed on behalf of the President or the Governor by such persons and in such manner as he may direct or authorize.
(2) Neither the President nor the Governor shall be personally liable in respect of any contract or assurance made or executed for the purposes of this Constitution, or for the purposes of any enactment relating to the Government of India heretofore in force, nor shall any person making or executing any such contract or assurance on behalf of any of them be personally liable in respect thereof.[21]
The crux of this article here is that any government body will have only a written contract or expressed contract.
The implied terms generally in all contracts
There are many things which are itself exist in a contract, generally, there is no need to express such terms in a contract and they are:
Not to prevent performance
It may be that a term is implied in a contract that neither party will prevent each other from performing a contract. It is mostly not mentioned in a contract that parties are not allowed to perform a contract.[22]
Rhodes v. Forwood 1876-1 App Cas 256
In this case, the contract was of sole agency, the agent was confined to a specific area, the agent was to sell for commission, the contract was fixed for a fixed period determinable earlier by either party on notice and there was no express term obliging the principal to send any goods to the agent for sale in his area. The House of Lords held that under this type of contract no implied contract binding the principal to supply the agent with goods could be discovered.
Duty to Co-operate[23]
If there is a contract, then it appears that both parties have agreed to perform it and they have cleared all the concern regarding the same. A contract cannot be effective unless both concur in doing it, though there may be no express words to that effect. A contract should be fair. Parties are obliged to perform that contract.
Dick & Stevenson v. Mackay 1881, 6 App Cas 251
Mr. Mackay was a contractor for the construction of a railway branch line of Carfin Cutting, having a contract with Dick and Stevenson, an engineering company for excavating machines. One term i.e. of the testing machine of a machine, however, Mackay was not ready to test the machine after it was manufactured. After this flaw in the machine, Mackay denied payment of purchase price alleging non-conformity to the contract.
The company sued for the price, alleging the fault of the contractors for not testing at Carfin.
It was held that a term will be read into a contract as a matter of law to prevent one contracting party from frustrating the performance of an obligation by the other contracting party where it was dependent on the action being taken or not taken by the first party.
And also, when a written contract provides obligations that are dependent on both parties, each agrees to do all that is necessary to be done on his part for the carrying out of that thing, though there may be no express words to that effect. The Court held that the buyer, Mackay, did not fulfill his duty of cooperation concerning the testing of the machine at Carfin, preventing the seller from fulfilling the condition of sale accordingly, the seller, Dick, and Stevenson, fulfilled their part and the contract must be considered satisfied with payment due accordingly.
Payment of price[24]
Price is a material term of the contract, but it is not expressed, a term may be implied that a fair and reasonable price was intended by the parties. For instance, a contract with a government regarding the purchase of several tons of iron scrap is not being possible to weigh such quantities to the last ounce, it was an implied term that if it is found that quantity is more or less then price will be adjusted accordingly.
Termination of a contract[25]
It might happen that parties to the contract have not mentioned the date of the termination in a contract but it is implied that the contract will be terminated automatically when it will get over like. It has been held that even in absence of a specific clause, the parties to the contract can terminate the contract relating to a commercial transaction. A provision of the termination by reasonable notice has been implied in a contract where there was no provision of determination.
Winter Garden Theatre (London) Ltd. Vs Millennium Production ltd. 1948 AC 173
In this case, the appellant was a company that owned a theatre, and which had given the respondent a license to occupy the theatre for an initial period of six months, with an option to continue to occupy for a further period of six months at an increased rent. It was also necessary for the rental payment to be made to be four weeks in advance. The license did not contain any provision for notice of termination by the appellant.
The respondent company took up the options contained within the license, but on 11th September 1945, the appellant served notice on the respondent to terminate the license on 13th October 1945. The appellant did not assert that the respondent had breached any of the terms of the license.
The respondent company asserted that the license was only revocable by the appellant if the respondent was in breach of its terms, or alternatively, the license was valid for a reasonable period after notice of its termination had been given and that this period had not expired.
If any proposal or any acceptance is made in word, here word means either in written or in oral or in gesture, it is termed as an expressed contract, and if any proposal or acceptance is made in another way than a word (written and oral) like it can be performed by any conduct, is termed as an implied contract. An implied contract is non-verbal and unwritten and exits on the behavior of the parties.
Implied terms in a contract are not explicitly agreed to by the parties when they enter into a contract. Implied terms in a contract are types of compulsion. Implied contracts can be performed in three ways, one is implied by the fact and the second one is implied by the fact another is implied by custom or usage of trade.
An express term will always give preference over an implied term of a contract. No Implied contract can be constructed under Article 299 of the Indian Constitution, any government body will have only a written contract or expressed contract. There are many things which are itself exist in a contract, generally, there is no need to express such terms in a contract
End-Notes:
Section 2(h), The Indian Contract Act, 1872, Bare Act, 2021
Section 2(e), The Indian Contract Act, 1872, Bare Act, 2021
Section 10, The Indian Contract Act, 1872, Bare Act, 2021
Contract Act & Specific Relief by Avtar Singh, 12th Edition
The Indian Contract 1872, Bare Act, 2021
The Sales and Goods Act 1979
The Supply of Goods and Service Act 1982
The Indian Contract Act, 1872, Pollock and Mulla, Volume 1 15th Edition
Mulla, The Indian Contract Act, 15th edition
Treitel, 14th edition, P. No.- 245
The Indian Contract, 1872, Bare Act
Transfer of Property Act, 1872, Bare Act
The Sales of Goods Act, 1932, Bare Act
https://www.legalserviceindia.com/
The Indian Contract Act, 1872, Pollock and Mulla, Volume 1, 15th edition
Article 299 of The Constitution of India, 1950, Bare Act 2021
Written By: Snehil Prakash, BA.LLB, 2nd year, Lloyd-Law-College


Accommodation options are the most extensive in the Lithuania's main cities (Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda). It may be wise to anchor your trip there as the selection is great indeed: from youth hostels with shared bathrooms to five-star chain hotels. Take note, however, that the stars are awarded to the hotels based on them having certain amenities and not on the quality of such amenities.
Under the Soviet occupation, such functionalist hotels were built in every city and large town to become some of the largest local buildings (Lithuania's tallest building used to be a Soviet hotel in Vilnius). Most are now refurbished in varying quality. The picture shows Hotel Šiauliai. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Resort towns are another good option to stay at. There are the most hotels in Palanga, followed by Neringa and Druskininkai. Some of the hotels in the seaside resorts close in winter, but many remain open. In the summer, they are joined by hordes of local people renting out their apartments or rooms. In Palanga or Šventoji such people line up the roads leading to the towns and are also present at the bus stations. Moreover, the resort towns have a growing array of spa hotels that offer various supposedly healthy procedures, saunas, and pools, and are typically open year-round.
There are hotels in many smaller non-resort towns as well, but there you might be limited to a single option or a choice of two places for spending the night. Motels are available on the major roads, such as Vilnius-Kaunas-Klaipėda or Panevėžys-Šiauliai-Palanga.
A motel at A1 highway. Lithuanian highway rest stops typically include just a single small cafe-motel like this. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Another option is the so-called countryside tourism sites. These ranges from basic farmstead accommodation to elaborate hotels built in the countryside rather than cities or towns. The possibilities there may include horseback riding, a traditional sauna and so on (but check in advance what is available). Lithuanians like to hire such farmsteads for celebrating various events.
B&B (Bed and Breakfast) is a term that even lacks Lithuanian translation, although you may find similar deals going by other names (usually "hotel", "villa" or something like that). Hostels are limited to the main cities.
Campgrounds are scarce by European standards so it is better to check in advance the locality you plan to stop at if you need one.
The accommodation in Lithuania is less expensive than in the northern Europe but more expensive than in many eastern countries. VAT adds to this.
Kempinski hotel near Vilnius Cathedral square. After post-independence tourist surge many derelict city center buildings have been converted into hotels, some of them belonging to worldwide chains. This particular building used to house telegraph, discontinued in the 2000s. ©Augustinas Žemaitis.
Hospitality Club, Couch Surfing and similar institutions of exchanging free stays with locals are popular among Lithuanians. Air BnB takes off as well, although its offers are often not any better than those at hotels.
Except for the resorts, apartment rental is generally more useful for longer periods (i.e. months). Downtown rental tends to be 25%-40% more expensive than the Soviet districts rent and Vilnius rent is 25%-40% more expensive than Kaunas or Klaipėda rent. Free apartments may be hard to come by in the largest cities in August-October (when the university students move in). Lithuanian law is generally favorable to the tenants (e.g. allowing to cancel the deal easily), but you may find it hard to defend your rights if you won't sign a written contract (which some landlords avoid for tax reasons or to ensure easier eviction).
Thank you. What would be the rental for a flat in downtown Vilnius ? Can you quote am example or maybe say your experience ?
It is impossible to say, as it depends on a lot of variables, such as the size of the apartment (the main variable), the exact location (as center is big but some places of it are more prestigious than the others), whereas it has parking.
It is possible to find a good two-room apartment in some of the best locations for 600 euros per month (utilities not included).
It may be possible to find cheaper ones (even half as cheap) that are smaller or in worse locations.
In these cases I mean a long-term-rent. Short-term-rent (e.g. two weeks or a month) is typically more expensive (e.g. two times or three times). For short-term rent offers, you may check Air BnB for prices.


text:
Steven S. DeKnight on 'Pacific Rim Uprising', 'Smallville', Henry Cavill's Superman, and More [Interview]
Posted on Thursday, March 22nd, 2018 by Ben Pearson
You mentioned your time working in television, and I'd love it if you could tell me about your experience with Smallville. I was a big fan of that show when it was on.
Smallville was great. I was coming off of working on Buffy and Angel, and my friend Jeph Loeb, who went on to be the head of Marvel Television, was over there and said, 'Hey, come on over. We'll have fun.' I'd watched the show and I liked the show, so I said, 'Sure, why not?' Al Gough and Miles Millar, who ran the show, were just fantastic to me. I got a chance to write and direct and produce. It was great because I love Superman. I thought the take that Al and Miles had on doing Clark Kent before he became Superman as a teenager was fantastic. It was a lot of fun. It was grueling. I think that was the last time I did 22 episodes a year, and I don't think I could ever do it again. It's so much work. I've gotten spoiled by cable and streaming by doing eight to thirteen episodes a year. That seems a lot to me now.
What's the fondest memory you have from that series?
Oh, man. I was just tweeting back and forth with Lesley-Ann Brandt, who's on Lucifer. Apparently [Smallville star] Tom Welling is guest-starring, and she's like, 'Hey, I'm here with Tom!' One of my fondest memories is just working with the cast. Tom Welling was fantastic, Michael Rosenbaum just kept me in stitches non-stop. Every single member of the cast was so fun and so lovely. And I got to do a proto-Justice League episode, which was really a high point.
You have pretty extensive experience with Superman. What do you think about the Henry Cavill version of Superman in the DC movies?
I think he's fantastic, and I'm a huge Zack Snyder fan. Superman is one of the hardest characters, I think, because he's so powerful and so good. Batman, I think, is a lot easier to tackle, because he's a human guy that's messed up. Through his own wits, he goes out and fights the bad guys. Superman is a massively powerful alien from another world – much, much harder story. So you have Zack Snyder's take, which is a little grittier, and then you go back to Richard Donner, which was much more 'Gee whiz' kind of feel. Which I also love. But he is a hard, hard character, so I applaud anyone that tries to tackle Superman.
One of the things I liked about Uprising was the way it felt like a Looney Tunes cartoon at certain points. There's a moment when a jaeger welds a rocket to its arm, and the rocket whisks it around like Wile E. Coyote. Was Looney Tunes an influence for you? What kinds of things did you draw from for this?
(laughs) Actually, no. I drew on my influences growing up, which were very much Ultraman, Space Giants, Johnny Sokko and His Flying Robot. A lot of 'man in suit' Japanese monster movies: Godzilla, Rodan, Gamera. Those were really my inspirations, and also a touch of the movies I grew up loving in the '70s and '80s. Star Wars, Raiders of the Lost Ark – that kind of adventurous, fun kind of feeling, were really my biggest influences.
There are a handful of scenes in the movie where the characters are piloting jaegers and essentially getting their asses kicked. What did you do to dictate and differentiate the intensity of those scenes for your actors so it doesn't all become a blur?
Thankfully, unlike TV, we get to use pre-vis, which is the rough computer animation of what the scene will look like. Very, very early, usually before the visual effects company start the actual effects, we have this really rough pre-vis. So I'd always have my iPad with me, and when we were inside the com pod, before we would do any shot, I would say, 'OK, here's where we are, here's what happening,' so the actors were very aware. It's not like the old days where there'd be a green tennis ball and you'd say, 'Imagine a monster.' Now they get to see roughly what it's going to look like.
You've never worked with CG on this scale before. Was that a nerve-wracking process? I've heard stories about vendors turning in completed shots at the very last minute and the movie barely crossing the finish line in time. Was that your experience here?
There's always such a time crunch. Yes, there were definitely some minor shots that needed adjustment right up to the eleventh hour and even a little bit beyond that. (laughs) But it was really one of the best parts of the experience for me, working with Peter Chang and [effects vendor] Double Negative. I love visual effects. Every time I read somebody complaining online about, 'CGI's ruining the movies!' it drives me bananas. It's like, you don't understand how much CGI has helped push movies forward. Most people, when they think CGI, they think monsters, robots. They don't think the sheep in the background of Brokeback Mountain. They don't see the invisible CGI that allows you to create this stuff. The Marvel Cinematic Universe would not exist without CGI where it is. I'm a huge fan of that, and to get to work on this scale with giant jaegers and giant kaiju – and other simple things, like when Jake and Amara land at the Shatterdome and the ship's coming in. I love shit like that. That just excites me. One of my favorite processes was the review process for visual effects. Late in the post-production process, it becomes basically that's all you do every day. It's like five or six hours of sitting in a room with a laser pointer saying, 'This could be better. Can we do this? A little more atmosphere over here.' That, to me, was such a thrilling part of this.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package phi

import (
	"levee_analysistest/example/core"
)

func TestPhiNodeDoesntPropagateTaintToOperands(i *core.Innocuous) {
	for {
		s := core.Source{}
		var ss, ii interface{} = s, i
		if true {
			ss = ii
		}
		core.Sink(ii)
		core.Sink(i)
		core.Sink(ss) // want "a source has reached a sink"
	}
}

func TestPhiNodeIsTaintedByTaintedOperand(s core.Source, i *core.Innocuous) {
	var ss, ii interface{} = s, i
	if true {
		ii = ss
	}
	core.Sink(ss) // want "a source has reached a sink"
	core.Sink(ii) // want "a source has reached a sink"
	core.Sink(i)
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
UPDATED: Man, 33, killed in Vancouver road rage incident identified
Vancouver police say it happened early Friday morning near Bridgeway Street
UPDATED: Police have identified the victim of an apparent road rage incident in East Vancouver Friday as 33-year-old Willis Charles Hunt.
Hunt died after the incident under the Ironworkers Memorial Bridge.
Vancouver police arrived to the scene near Bridgeway Street after the call came in around 1:30 a.m. to find a 33-year-old suffering from gunshot wounds. First responders tended to the man but he could not be saved and died at the scene.
A woman believed to have been in the same vehicle suffered minor injuries and was taken to hospital, and later released.
Investigators said the evidence suggests the death is a result of a road rage incident.
Hunt is believed to have been driving a grey Toyota Matrix. The suspect was in a white sedan.
"It is still very early in this investigation and our detectives are working to confirm the circumstances that led to this man's death," Const. Jason Doucette said in a news release Saturday.
"We are reminding anyone who may find themselves involved in a road rage incident to remain calm, not to engage the occupants of the other vehicle, and to call 9-1-1 if you feel your safety could be at risk."
No arrests have been made but police said the investigation remains "very active."
Police are asking anyone who may have dash cam footage near the intersection of McGill Street and Renfrew Street between 1:30 and 2 a.m. on Friday to contact detectives at 604-717-2500 or Crime Stoppers.
Behind the wheel of a B.C. Ferries ferry
Holy smokes! Wildfires cause air quality advisory in Lower Mainland


text:
Senegal Leading Africa's Path to a Resilient Recovery
Since its inception in 2021, the AAAP Upstream Financing Facility has already influenced $3 billion in investment for adaptation in Africa.
His Excellency, Macky Sall, President of Republic of Senegal and Prof. Dr Patrick Verkooijen, CEO, Global Center on Adaptation (GCA) at the Palace of the Republic in Dakar, Senegal after the meeting last Friday
SENEGAL: Senegal is on the front lines of the global climate challenge and will play a critical role in leading Africa's response, said Patrick Verkooijen, CEO of the Global Center on Adaptation, in closing remarks in Dakar on Friday after meeting President Macky Sall.
Cutting climate finance risks escalating into larger conflicts in the future. According to World Bank data, internal climate migration in Senegal could reach 1 million people by 2050.
To address these risks, President Macky Sall and GCA CEO Patrick Verkooijen joined forces to secure $1 billion in climate finance for Senegal through the Africa led and Africa owned Africa Adaptation Acceleration Program (AAAP). The AAAP, which is aligned with Senegal's National Plan for an Emerging Senegal (PSE), prioritises youth empowerment for entrepreneurship and job creation.
"Ignoring climate change is extremely short-sighted." The best strategy for addressing the root cause of other crises is bold adaptation action. As global food prices rise and shortages loom, the most pressing need is for funds to improve climate-vulnerable countries' ability to feed themselves," said President Macky Sall.
"If there was ever a time to strengthen adaptation in Senegal and across the continent, this is it."
The Dakar high-level meeting was an important step toward the Africa Adaptation Finance Forum, which will be co-hosted by President Macky Sall, CEO Patrick Verkooijen, and AfDB President Akinwumi Adesina.
The September 5th Leaders Forum in the Netherlands will bring together African leaders and global partners to realise the AAAP vision and the Glasgow commitments to double adaptation finance.
"Africa is fighting multiple crises on multiple fronts, including the economic fallout from COVID-19, climate change, and an energy and food emergency triggered by Ukraine's war."
Senegal has not escaped unscathed: water-related extreme events already cost the country more than 10% of GDP each year, jeopardising the country's position as a regional economic powerhouse." Verkooijen explained.
"Africa must quickly and broadly implement climate-resilient solutions. It is critical that global partners fulfil their Glasgow pledges on climate finance for Africa."
The AAAP is a joint initiative of the African Development Bank (AfDB) and GCA that was approved by the African Union in 2021 with the goal of raising $25 billion for adaptation in Africa by COP27.


The poor poor vegetables we've blacklisted: potatoes, carrots, celery, corn, and iceberg lettuce. And what have they done to deserve this ill treatment? Well nothing, they're just being themselves. Seriously this is a great article I read on these blacklisted veggies. I hope that we start seeing more information like this come out. What a concept, instead of only eating expensive "superfoods" maybe we should eat a well balanced variety of foods. Even non- superfoods have wonderful nutrients to offer us. Just a thought.


text:
MAK (Museum of Applied Arts)
Austrian Academy of Sciences I
Austrian Academy of Sciences II
Austrian Ombudsman Board and Finanzprokuratur
Federal Chancellery
Federal Ministry for Arts, Culture, Civil Service and Sports
Federal Ministry of Finance
Federal Ministry of the Interior
Finanz- und Hofkammerarchiv (imperial archives)
former Dietrichstein-Ulfeld Palace
Jesuit Church
Kunsthistorisches Museum
Ludwig Viktor Palace
MAK (Museum of Applied Arts) (current page)
Maria Theresien-Platz
Minoritenplatz 5
Mollard_Clary Palace
Naturhistorisches Museum (NHM)
Official Seat of the OSCE
Regierungsgebäude ("Government building")
Surpreme Administrative Court
Theatermuseum
Stubenring 5, 1010 Vienna
MAK (690.059)
On 7 March 1863, following lengthy efforts by Rudolf von Eitelberger and with persuasion from his uncle, Archduke Rainer, Emperor Francis Joseph approved the foundation of an imperial royal museum of art and industry. Rudolf von Eitelberger was appointed its first director. The institution was intended to serve as an exemplary collection for artists, industrialists, and the public, and as a centre of training and continuing education for designers as well as craftsmen. The museum was inaugurated on 12 May 1864.
With the establishment of the Vienna School of Arts and Crafts (Wiener Kunstgewerbeschule), theoretical and practical training were united. Following three years of construction, the new building on Stubenring Road opened on November 15th, 1871. Built in the style of the Renaissance according to plans by Heinrich von Ferstel, it was the first museum building on Ring Road. After three years of construction, an expansion to the museum based on plans by Ludwig Baumann opened in Weiskirchnerstraße Street in 1909.
After the establishment of the First Republic, objects that used to be Habsburg property—e.g. oriental carpets—were handed over to the Museum. Following Austria's annexation by Nazi Germany, the museum was given the name "Staatliches Kunstgewerbemuseum in Wien" (State Arts and Crafts Museum in Vienna). In 1947, the latter was renamed again into "Österreichisches Museum für angewandte Kunst" (Austrian Museum of Applied Arts). It was reopened in 1949 following the repair of war-related damage.
When Peter Noever was appointed director, he began building the Collection of Contemporary Art. Three years later, the museum's old buildings underwent a thorough refurbishment. Furthermore, a two-story underground depot and connecting wing were constructed, resulting in a generous storage facility and additional exhibition space.
After the renovation, the museum was opened in 1993 with exhibitions by internationally acclaimed artists. The building on Weiskirchnerstraße Street is used for the museum's program of temporary exhibitions. The various rooms on Stubenring Road house the Study Collection and the gallery devoted to special exhibitions featuring the work of contemporary artists.
For further information, visit M A K o n l i n e
Occupant:
MAK (Austrian Museum of Applied Arts)
Building Management Dep. 401 – Belvedere
photo: BHÖ


If you haven' t already heard…. The Nutrience Furry Friends 5K series is coming to Burlington on Sunday, September 11 2016. It's a fundraising event that you can do by yourself or with your dog and even as a team that will raise much needed funding for Burlington Humane Society & Speaking of Dogs Rescue.
IRONDame Caron Shepley and Allison Hansen launched this amazing event in Whitby 6 years ago. They have raised an incredible $300,000 to date for local animal shelters. This year's Whitby race was held on Sunday, June 5 2016, raising $60,000 for Humane Society of Durham Region, Standard Poodles In Need and Homeward Bound Rescue. It was a positively amazing morning for all pooches and their owners. CLICK HERE to check out the amazing Event photos shot by Trent Dilkie of this year's Whitby Furry Friends 5K!
Please Note: Online Race Registration is open online until September 9th, 2016. Race Day Registration is available but please come early!
A flat and beautiful out and back 2.5K along Burlington's amazing waterfront! With aid and water stations. CLICK HERE to download a pdf of the 2016 Furry Friends 5K Walk/Run Route.
Teams are comprised of at least 4 people. A team award goes to the combined time of the top 4 finishers.
For every $100 you raise for the Burlington Humane Society or Speaking of Dogs Rescue, your name will be entered into a draw for tickets for 2 anywhere West Jet flies. The more you raise, the better your chances to win!
The fastest doggies/owners can win 1 year, 6 months and 3 months of pet food compliments of Nutrient. They also have 6 pairs performance running shoes from Skechers along with some other great prizes.
Advance race kit pickup will be available. Dates and times TBA. Race day kit pickup will be available at the race venue.
No refunds are available. Since they raising money for some great charities, if you cannot participate, your money is still going to a great cause!
The Nutrience Furry Friends 5K series welcomes all breeds of dogs that are legally allowed in Ontario and are socialized to be around other people and dogs.
Its a rare opportunity to take the start line with your best buddy, family & friend while making a difference for other pets that don't have a forever home! Join in the fun and make a difference by registering today!


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text:
World History Final Exam 2009
Instructions: Closed book; No penalty for wrong answers; 60 questions; 40 minutes long.
1. Which of the following countries had a revolution that included the dethroning and execution of the King and Queen, the destruction of churches and a horrible "Reign of Terror"?
(a) the United States
(b) England
(c) France
(d) Italy
(e) Germany
2. About how many total years are there in the recorded or written history of the world?
(a) 1000 years
(b) 2000 years
(c) 2500 years
(d) 5000 years
(e) 50,000 years
3. Mesopotamia is best known for which of the following?
(a) It was an early, ancient civilization
(b) It was the birthplace of Buddhism
(c) It was the successor to the Roman empire
(d) It was the origin of Communism
(e) It was the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution
4. Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were:
(a) Greek Olympic athletes
(b) Roman soldiers
(c) Greek philosophers
(d) Christian theologians
(e) Egyptian pharaohs
5. Order these religions from oldest to youngest:
I. Christianity
II. Islam
III. Hinduism
(a) I, II and III
(b) I, III and II
(c) III, II and I
(d) III, I and II
(e) II, I and III
6. In Acts 9:29, the Bible says that Saul (later renamed as Paul) "spoke boldly in the name of the Lord Jesus and disputed against the Hellenists …." One question: who were the Hellenists?
(a) Greek-speaking Jewish people
(b) Indians
(c) Americans
(d) Chinese
(e) Japanese
7. David and Solomon were rulers over which ancient kingdom?
(a) Egypt
(b) Israel
(c) Roman empire
(d) Greek empire
(e) Assyrian empire
8. Alexander the Great was "great" at what?
(a) military conquest
(b) mathematical achievement
(c) writing philosophical essays
(d) converting people to Buddhism
(e) negotiating peace treaties
9. The Hammurabi Code includes which of the following:
(a) when your neighbor slaps you on one cheek, then you should turn the other cheek
(b) when someone converts to Christianity, he must be put to death
(c) a death penalty is given to someone who falsely accuses someone else of something
(d) light punishment for crimes compared to the Old Testament's rules for punishment
(e) the Code was simply this: worship Hammurabi at all times
10. The Old, Middle and New Kingdoms describe which ancient empire, and which time period?
(a) Israel, 2000 to 1000 B.C.
(b) Egypt, 3100 to 700 B.C.
(c) Babylon, 5000 to 4000 B.C.
(d) India, A.D. 1500 to 2000
(e) China, 10,000 to 5,000 B.C.
11. Who was the Roman ruler when Jesus was born?
(a) Julius Caesar
(b) Augustus Caesar
(c) Nero
(d) Mark Antony
(e) Constantine
12. An example of a work of art produced during the Renaissance is
(a) a random splattering of paint on a canvas, to illustrate the artist's emotions
(b) a life-size sculpture of the Mother of Jesus holding Him after the Crucifixion
(c) colorful paintings intended to create an "impression" rather than convey detail
(d) a music video that ends with the performers smashing their guitars on stage
(e) a random sampling of garbage nailed to a poster board to promote environmentalism
13. What was the "Pax Romana"?
(a) A peaceful period in the Roman empire that included the "Five Good Emperors"
(b) A peaceful period in the Greek empire that included rule by Alexander the Great
(c) A peaceful period in ancient China when gunpowder was developed
(d) The time in the Roman empire shortly after the life of Christ, when Constantinople converted
(e) A peaceful period in the Roman empire when Christians were treated with great respect
14. All of the following were effects of the Crusades EXCEPT:
(a) it led to increased trade between Europe and Asia
(b) it initially protected Christian pilgrims who went to the Holy Land
(c) it united the Eastern Orthodox Church with the Roman Catholic Church
(d) the Catholic Church gained more power
(e) it laid the foundation for the future change from feudalism to rule by kings
15. The following were civilizations in Central or South America EXCEPT:
(a) the Maya
(b) the Toltecs
(c) the Aztecs
(d) the Incas
(e) the Persians
16. All the following are "pillars" or basic principles of Islam EXCEPT:
(a) submission to Allah
(b) prayer to Allah several times a day
(c) fasting during daylight hours for the month of Ramadan
(d) donating to the poor
(e) love your neighbor as yourself
17. When were the "Middle Ages"?
(a) 500 B.C. to A.D. 500
(b) A.D. 1 to 500
(c) A.D. 500 to 900
(d) A.D. 500 to 1500
(e) A.D. 1000 to 1700
18. A "Machiavellian" politician is someone who:
(a) puts the people first
(b) sacrifices himself for the good of the people
(c) manipulates politics for his own self-serving gain
(d) avoids politics to pursue something more meaningful
(e) heroically joins the army to fight for his nation
19. Martin Luther's views included which of the following?
I. Justification is by faith alone
II. The Bible should remain in Latin, and not be translated into German
III. A church should not be selling indulgences
(b) I and III
(c) I and II
(d) II and III
(e) II only
20. The King of Saudi Arabia was in the news in April when President Barack Obama bowed down before him. What religion or belief system does the King of Saudi Arabia have?
(a) Christian
(b) Jewish
(c) atheist
(d) Sunni Moslem having authority over Mecca
(e) Shiite Moslem having authority over Mecca
21. To illustrate how people in the Middle Ages accepted the existence of Hell, you could cite:
(a) Charles Darwin
(b) Dante
(c) Rembrandt
(d) Van Gogh
(e) Karl Marx
22. This major change occurred from 1760 to 1840, beginning in England and spreading to the American colonies and to parts of Western Europe. What was it?
(a) The Bubonic Plague
(b) The Black Death
(c) Communism
(d) The Industrial Revolution
(e) Atheism
23. An example of the rise in nationalism in the late 1800s was:
(a) Turkey
(b) Germany
(c) North Africa
(d) Canada
(e) South America
24. The final end to World War II came immediately after:
(a) capturing, trying and sentencing Adolf Hitler
(b) dropping the atomic bombs on Japanese cities
(c) intervention by the United Nations
(d) a cease-fire negotiated by France
(e) the communist revolution
25. The Scientific Revolution was started by the work of:
(a) Galileo
(b) Copernicus
(c) Einstein
(d) Newton
(e) Hume
26. Who had military success against the Japanese, the Mongols, and even the United States?
(a) the Chinese
(b) the Indians
(c) the Cambodians
(d) the Vietnamese
(e) the Australians
27. Age of Exploration lasted during which period?
(a) 1100 to 1300
(b) 1450 to 1650
(c) 1500 to 1750
(d) 1600 to 1850
(e) 1700 to 1950
28. Each of the following was an African kingdom during the Middle Ages EXCEPT:
(a) Nigeria
(b) Zimbabwe
(c) Aksum
(d) Kongo
(e) Ghana
29. The following are elements of imperialism EXCEPT:
(a) establish colonies and hold a direct influence or control over the colonies
(b) establish protectorates, allowing an independent nation but protecting it with a larger nation
(c) sending money to a dictator so that he can spend it however he likes
(d) establish "spheres of influence," in which countries had special trading privileges in regions
(e) exert outside influence through private businesses profiting from the region
30. "Those who do not obey do not eat." That famous quote describes which of the following systems?
(a) Capitalism
(b) Democracy
(c) Anarchy
(d) Communism
(e) Theocracy
31. Who said, "I am the successor, not of Louis XVI, but of Charlemagne"
(b) George Washington
(c) Adolf Hitler
(d) Napoleon
(e) Barack Obama
32. Christian charitable organizations including the Red Cross and YMCA developed to help with social problems occurring after the:
(a) fall of the Roman empire
(b) Crusades
(c) Reformation
(d) Industrial Revolution
(e) World War II (in America only)
33. Trench warfare, poisonous gas, many millions of deaths, no accomplishments, the "Bloody Red Baron," and unwise terms of settlement afterward. What do these describe?
(a) the Hundred Years' War
(b) the "Great War"
(c) World War II
(d) the Cold War
(e) the Korean War
34. "We're here because some crazy Germans decided they were supermen and that they had a right to rule the world. They've been pushing people around all over the world, looting, killing, and abusing millions of innocent men, women, and children. … If you don't like to fight, I don't want you around. You had better get out before I kick you out. There's one thing you have to remember. In war, it takes more than the desire to fight to win. You've got to have more than guts to lick the enemy. You also must have brains. It takes brains and guts to win wars. A man with guts but no brains is only half a soldier. We whipped the Germans in Africa and Sicily because we had brains as well as guts." Who said that?
(a) Neville Chamberlain
(b) Adolf Hitler
(c) George Patton
(d) Douglas MacArthur
(e) Erwin Rommel
35. The Great Depression resulted in which of the following:
(a) the election of Republican Presidents
(b) a successful government jobs programs that brought rapid recovery
(c) better cooperation between different nations as they worked more together
(d) the rise of fascism in Germany and Italy
(e) an increase in the value of the stock market
36. Countries that have had much higher percentages of belief in evolution compared to the United States are: (a) France only
(b) England and Germany, the main combatants in World Wars I and II
(c) Turkey
(d) Poland and South Korea
(e) England and Germany, who were on the same side in World Wars I and II
37. An example of modern terrorism is
(a) the attack on the World Trade Center known as "9/11"
(b) the invasion of Iraq by American soldiers
(c) peaceful protests against war
(d) criticism of government
(e) the pro-life March for Life on January 22nd each year in D.C.
38. The first democracy in the world was in:
(a) London
(b) Rome
(c) Athens
(d) Cairo
(e) Washington, D.C.
39. Jesus was unique among religious leaders because:
(a) He performed miracles to heal people
(b) He willingly accepted crucifixion, despite being innocent
(c) He emphasized the power and importance of faith
(d) His teachings included parables to illustrate important and logical truths
(e) All of the above
40. The King James Version of the Bible was significant because:
(a) it translated the entire Bible into majestic English in the early 1700s, and was an instant success
(b) it translated the entire Bible into majestic English in the early 1600s, and was so influential that it improved the development of the English language
(c) it translated the entire Bible into the English language before King Henry VIII split from the Catholic Church in Rome
(d) it was a widely used Latin translation of the Bible circulated through use of the printing press
(e) it was the version of the Bible used by Martin Luther when he translated it into German
41. I mastered the High Seas as a boy and, partly motivated by a desire to spread Christianity, discovered the New World by reaching islands in the Caribbean. I left some men and provisions there. After returning to Europe, I then sailed back to the America and found the exact same location again. Who am I?
(a) Amerigo Vespucci
(b) Magellan
(c) John Cabot
(d) Christopher Columbus
(e) Captain Bligh
42. The State of Virginia is named after whom?
(a) the wife of the explorer who discovered it
(b) the person who wrote the first account of it
(c) the "Virgin Queen" of England: Queen Elizabeth.
(d) the Indian who helped the first settlers
(e) no one has any idea where the name came from
43. The effects of the spread of communism to China included:
I. Chairman Mao stole people's property
II. Women were treated just like men
III. Chairman Mao formed "Red Guards," who were students who enforced his ideas
IV. People stopped working, causing a great famine
V. Chairman Mao held the Cultural Revolution to imprison or kill intelligent people
VI. People worked harder and invented marvelous new technology to benefit others
(a) I, III, IV, V, VI
(b) I, II, III, IV, V
(c) I, II, III, IV, V, VI
(d) I only
(e) none of them
44. The Haitian Revolution:
I. Occurred in 1750
II. Was fought by 100,000 slaves
III. Successfully obtained independence for Haiti
IV. Was a revolution against French control
(b) I, III and IV
(c) II, III and IV
(d) I, II, III and IV
(e) II and IV
45. The "Strategic Defense Initiative" (SDI), known by its critics as "Star Wars," had which of the following effects:
(a) it stopped the terrorist attack on 9/11
(b) it saved the United States from an all-out nuclear attack by the Soviet Union in the late 1980s
(c) it was traded by President Reagan to the Soviet Union in exchange for its promise not to attack
(d) it became a blockbuster movie starring Tom Hanks and Jen Aniston
(e) it weakened the threatening power of the Soviet Union and its leaders, and thereby led to the peaceful end of communism in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe
46. This person was the youngest general in the history of the world, taking command of an army at the age of only 17:
(a) Alexander the Great
(b) Hannibal
(c) Archimedes
(d) Attila the Hun
(e) Joan of Arc
47. The modern nation of Israel has existed since when?
(a) 1804
(b) 1919
(d) 1948
(e) 1963
48. The slave trade ended in England when:
(a) The United States banned it in 1808
(b) The Democratic Party took a strong stand against it during the Civil War
(c) Christian reformers, and especially William Wilberforce, worked hard to stop it
(d) The "invisible hand" of Adam Smith stopped it
(e) Atheists refused to support it any longer
49. One reason someone might oppose "free trade" is because:
(a) it increases the prices of goods like toothpaste and dog food
(b) it enables foreign enemies to insert, even unintentionally, poison into goods like dog food and toothpaste, and to smuggle deadly drugs more easily into the United States
(c) higher tariffs are an advantage of free trade
(d) disputes under free trade are handled by courts in the United States
(e) NAFTA is a good agreement
50. The religion or belief system that has almost as many participants as Christianity, and may soon surpass it in population, is:
(a) Buddhism
(b) Hinduism
(c) Judaism
(d) Islam
HONORS (all should attempt to answers all these questions):
51. We should all be grateful to the Phoenicians for which reason?
(a) discovering the phoenix, a beautiful bird
(b) defeating the Romans
(c) inventing the alphabet
(d) proving the Pythagorean Theorem
(e) being the first to transcribe the Gospels
52. The "miracle of Dunkirk" was what?
(a) A magnificent Renaissance painting by Rembrandt while he was staying in Belgium
(b) When the Nazis had trapped over 300,000 Allied forces in a harbor town on the northernmost tip of France, by the grace of God they were able to escape across the Channel to England.
(c) It is a German expression for how German soldiers survived England's trick maneuver of planting 19 huge land mines during a battle in World War I
(d) A victory by the British forces during a battle in World War I
(e) A book written by a leading philosopher during the Enlightenment
53. The Magna Charta provided which of the following rights to nobles, at the expense of the king's power?
I. Trial by jury
II. Equal protection under the law
III. No taxation without representation
IV. Freedom of speech
(a) I and II
(c) I, II and III
54. The term "divine right" (of kings) has which date of origin in the English language?
(a) 500 B.C.
(b) A.D. 500
(c) A.D. 1000
(d) A.D. 1600
(e) A.D. 1900
55. From which era or movement did the concept that "beauty is solely in the eye of the beholder" (in other words, there is no objective beauty) arise?
(a) Renaissance
(b) Scholasticism
(c) Enlightenment
(d) Ancient World
(e) Great Awakening
56. For more than a billion people, the history of the 20th century can be summed up in one phrase:
(a) death by war
(b) independence for their nations
(c) conversion to Hinduism
(d) monarchy
(e) violent revolution
57. An American soldier who refused to serve under the command of the United Nations was:
(a) Bill Clinton
(b) Jimmy Carter
(c) Barack Obama
(d) Michael New
(e) Arnold Schwarzenegger
58. Who first said, "Power should be a check to power."
(a) Abraham Lincoln
(b) Napoleon
(c) Hitler
(d) Montesquieu
(e) Mussolini
59. How was the "Enigma" "solved"?
(a) by asking Caesar for the answer
(b) by using the Rosetta Stone
(c) by applying mathematics to how often letters (such as vowels) appear in messages
(d) by torturing someone with "water-boarding" until they gave the answer
(e) by sending spacecraft into outer space
60. Who were the "Anglo-Saxons"?
(a) Germanic tribes that conquered England ruled it in a chaotic manner until A.D. 1066
(b) Germanic tribes that conquered England ruled it after A.D. 1066
(c) Norman tribes that conquered England ruled it in a chaotic manner until A.D. 1066
(d) Norman tribes that conquered England ruled it after A.D. 1066
(e) English nobility
EXTRA CREDIT:
(Boys only) An example of the great benefits of chivalry is:
(a) parents and adults will give you more respect when you treat girls and others with respect
(b) you'll get better job opportunities when you treat girls and others with respect
(c) chivalry is a free and easy way to improve the lives of people around you
(d) when you are chivalrous, you'll benefit from chivalry in return
(e) there is an art and skill to chivalry and it is enjoyable perfecting it (f) all of the above
(Girls only) An example of the great benefits of chivalry is:
(a) chivalry encourages protection of others, including the unborn
(b) you will find that others prefer to be chivalrous when given the opportunity
(c) when you are chivalrous, you'll benefit from chivalry in return
(d) chivalry is fun and helps reduce conflicts and accidents
THE END. CONGRATULATIONS!!!
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World History lectures


The best way to Plan a consultation or Education Event inside a Strategic Approach?
Just for effectively organizing a corporation or perhaps training event to be able to meet the main goals along with targets, you should follow some organizing package, that will help you inside website hosting a new successful function. A ready plan can give your party a expert search, eliminating instant issues, usually entirely commited.
Discover the stage that the main event. It could be a merchandise kick off party with regard to model promotion or even a exercise program for acquiring the capabilities on the completely new staff. Correct your individual event and also method in certain accessible days while in the schedule together with totally focus on the planning strategies.
Per each training program or seminar, determine the actual audio system and even the delegates. Look just for intellectuals, who else are an industry leading and experienced in often the distinct topic and also arena. If it is your motivational conditions, then an individual can seek out motivational sound system and in cases where people preparation write-up an evening meal leisure, anyone can additionally employ amusing speaker systems.
With regard to a compact event, a great auditorium or perhaps boardroom is a good option, but for grand corporate events, you must book luxurious hotels along with comfortable accommodations capacity, for the delegates that happen to be coming from other places. As a result, one must browse for varied potential spots, to obtain the best providers in addition to plans, regarding your affair.
Your class, conference or possibly training application will need projectors and the like many other gear, just for making reports. Arrange lapel, handheld and also podium microphones and projectors, in enhance. Just for this, people may even need to use some tech.
Fantastic ingredients will usually help make your guests satisfied and they're going to have reasons to keep in mind your personal celebration. So , an individual need so that you can take care of that facet, highly carefully. Look up good and even reputed sources and get the nutrition, using the estimations.
Your job is definitely not only about, while the affair or typically the workout closes. For calculating the effectiveness of the very program, which happens to be directly linked to the being successful of the particular event, you actually need to help do a good survey. One can make feedback styles and deliver them among the attendees getting the reply. The comments will aid you towards gauge the main being successful as well as help an individual in discovering the loopholes, for long run improvements.


PEPPERMINT CHOCOLATE POUND CAKE This recipe came from an Estate sale. I obtained it when I purchased the family collection from the Fester Estate in Garland, Texas in 1996.
Lightly grease and flour a tube pan.
Line the bottom with a circle of waxed paper to fit pan.
Grease waxed paper then preheat oven to 325.
Sift together flour, baking powder, salt and cocoa.
Cream butter at high speed 3 minutes then beat in sugar in three additions.
Beat well after each addition then beat in eggs one at a time.
Continue beating at least 3 minutes after the last egg has been added.
Blend in vanilla, butter flavoring, pepper and chocolate extracts.
Alternately add sifted dry ingredients in three additions with milk in two additions.
Add sour cream and beat 4 minutes on low speed.
Carefully pour and scrape batter into tube pan then shake and tap gently to level batter.
Bake on lower third level rack for 90 minutes.
Allow cooling in pan 5 minutes then carefully invert on cooking rack.
Remove waxed paper then allow to cool completely.