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[[File:Joseph-Mary.jpg|thumb|136px|right|A modern Christian depiction of Joseph and Mary by Brother Claude Lane, O.S.B., a monk of Mount Angel Abbey]] This article [[Refutations|refutes]] the claim that Joseph, the husband of Mary (the mother of [[Jesus]] Christ), was a [[Islam and Pedophilia|pedophile]], a popular yet erroneous [[Tu Quoque|tu quoque]] argument used to defend Prophet [[Muhammad]]'s pedophilic [[marriage]] to [[Aisha]]. ==Joseph== ===Mary married 90-year-old Joseph when she was only 12, so Joseph was a pedophile too=== Everyone who makes this claim, cite the same New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia page.<ref>Charles Souvay - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08504a.htm|2=2011-10-24}} St. Joseph] - The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 24 Oct. 2011</ref> What they do not mention is that this page begins by warning readers, "the apocryphal literature is full of details, the non-admittance of these works into the Canon of the Sacred Books casts a ''strong suspicion upon their contents''".<ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia 1">"''The chief sources of information on the life of St. Joseph are the first chapters of our first and third Gospels; they are practically also the only reliable sources, for, whilst, on the holy patriarch's life, as on many other points connected with the Saviour's history which are left untouched by the canonical writings, the apocryphal literature is full of details, the non-admittance of these works into the Canon of the Sacred Books casts a strong suspicion upon their contents; and, even granted that some of the facts recorded by them may be founded on trustworthy traditions, it is in most instances next to impossible to discern and sift these particles of true history from the fancies with which they are associated. Among these apocryphal productions dealing more or less extensively with some episodes of St. Joseph's life may be noted the so-called "Gospel of James", the "Pseudo-Matthew", the "Gospel of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary", the "Story of Joseph the Carpenter", and the "Life of the Virgin and Death of Joseph".''" - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08504a.htm|2=2011-10-24}} St. Joseph] - Charles Souvay, The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 24 Oct. 2011</ref> According to Wikipedia, apocrypha is defined as "spurious", "of questionable authenticity", and "Christian texts that are not canonical."<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocrypha|2=2011-10-24}} Apocrypha] - Wikipedia, accessed October 24, 2011</ref> Thus they can be considered as the Christian equivalent of da`if (weak) or maudu [[List of Fabricated Hadith|(fabricated) hadith]]. Something that is non-canonical is not binding on a follower and can be ignored. There is no authoritative Christian text which state Mary's age. Claims about her age are, at best, educated guesses, but guesses none-the-less. [[Qur'an, Hadith and Scholars:Aisha#Aisha's Age at Consummation and Marriage|Bukhari and Muslim]], on the other hand, are canonical [[Islam and Scripture|Islamic writings]] of the utmost religious [[Sahih|authenticity]], accepted by approximately [[Sunni|90 percent]] of the world's Muslims. Even if we do accept this tu-quoque [[Logical Fallacies|logical fallacy]] as a valid argument, there remains several problems. The first being the fact that the New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia page does not say Mary married Joseph when she was aged only 12. What it actually says, after warning readers once again that the stories are "unreliable", is that Mary was 12 to 14 at the time of the choosing of candidates, and the Annunciation (the announcement by the angel [[Gabriel]] to the ''virgin'' called Mary, that she would conceive and become the mother of Jesus)<ref name="Annun-age">[{{Reference archive|1=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation|2=2011-10-24}} Annunciation] - Wikipedia, accessed October 24, 2011</ref> took place two years later.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia 2">"''It will not be without interest to recall here, unreliable though they are, the lengthy stories concerning St. Joseph's marriage contained in the apocryphal writings. When forty years of age, Joseph married a woman called Melcha or Escha by some, Salome by others; they lived forty-nine years together and had six children, two daughters and four sons, the youngest of whom was James (the Less, "the Lord's brother"). A year after his wife's death, as the priests announced through Judea that they wished to find in the tribe of Juda a respectable man to espouse Mary, then twelve to fourteen years of age. Joseph, who was at the time ninety years old, went up to Jerusalem among the candidates; a miracle manifested the choice God had made of Joseph, and two years later the Annunciation took place. These dreams, as St. Jerome styles them, from which many a Christian artist has drawn his inspiration (see, for instance, Raphael's "Espousals of the Virgin"), are void of authority; they nevertheless acquired in the course of ages some popularity; in them some ecclesiastical writers sought the answer to the well-known difficulty arising from the mention in the Gospel of "the Lord's brothers"; from them also popular credulity has, contrary to all probability, as well as to the tradition witnessed by old works of art, retained the belief that St. Joseph was an old man at the time of marriage with the Mother of God.''" - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08504a.htm|2=2011-10-24}} St. Joseph] - Charles Souvay, The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 24 Oct. 2011</ref> This would make Mary 14 to 16 at the time of her marriage, not 12, or 9, as was the case between [[Muhammad and the Clinical Definition of Pedophilia|Muhammad and Aisha]]. She would have been a teenager of child-bearing age, not a pre-pubescent pre-teen child. Another problem is that the theological significance of Joseph and Muhammad to the Christian and [[Islam|Islamic]] faiths are incomparable (i.e. the logical fallacy of [[False Equivalence|false equivalence]]). Unlike the Muslim view of Muhammad, Christians do not consider Joseph to be an [[Uswa Hasana|uswa hasana]] (excellent model of conduct). Joseph's moral character holds no importance within Christian theology. He could have been insane and it would not matter to a Christian. Then there is the fact that, according to both the Christian scriptures and the Islamic ones, Mary was a virgin when she conceived and gave birth to Jesus; therefore, her relationship with Joseph could not have been a sexual one until after Jesus' birth, making her possibly 17 years of age at the time the marriage was eventually consummated, if ever. Indeed, the same New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia page continues the narrative of Joseph's life by stating both Mary and Joseph entered the marriage with the understanding that it was never to be consummated.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia 4">"''This marriage, true and complete, was, in the intention of the spouses, to be virgin marriage (cf. St. Augustine, "De cons. Evang.", II, i in P.L. XXXIV, 1071-72; "Cont. Julian.", V, xii, 45 in P.L. XLIV, 810; St. Thomas, III:28; III:29:2). But soon was the faith of Joseph in his spouse to be sorely tried: she was with child. However painful the discovery must have been for him, unaware as he was of the mystery of the Incarnation, his delicate feelings forbade him to defame his affianced, and he resolved "to put her away privately; but while he thought on these things, behold the angel of the Lord appeared to him in his sleep, saying: Joseph, son of David, fear not to take unto thee Mary thy wife, for that which is conceived in her, is of the Holy Ghost. . . And Joseph, rising from his sleep, did as the angel of the Lord had commanded him, and took unto him his wife" (Matthew 1:19, 20, 24).''" - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08504a.htm|2=2011-10-24}} St. Joseph] - Charles Souvay, The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 24 Oct. 2011</ref> Mary's Perpetual virginity, the belief that Mary remained a virgin her entire life, is an essential article of faith for the majority of the world's Christians (including the Roman Catholic, Anglo-Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Christians). It is even held by some Muslims.<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary|2=2011-10-24}} Perpetual virginity of Mary] - Wikipedia, accessed October 24, 2011</ref> Finally, the most decisive argument against the claim that Joseph was a pedophile is the fact that the same non-canonical writings which are used to gather information on Joseph and Mary's age, also confirm Mary's status as "ever virgin" (in The History of Joseph the Carpenter, Jesus says on Joseph's death "my mother, virgin undefiled").<ref>[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.interfaith.org/christianity/apocrypha/new-testament-apocrypha/6/4.php|2=2011-10-24}} The History of Joseph the Carpenter] - Interfaith Online, accessed October 24, 2011</ref> ===Catholic and Eastern Churches believe Joseph is a Saint, that's the same as an Uswa Hasana=== A saint and an uswa hasana are nothing alike. The entire Islamic faith, almost all of its laws, rituals, and moral principles, are defined by the uswa hasana's actions. A saint has no similar function in Christianity. Their actions do not determine Christian laws, rituals, or moral principles in any way. Joan of Arc and countless others are Catholic saints too, but that means very little to how one practices Christianity. Muhammad is the central figure of Islam, Joseph is not the central figure of Christianity. Islam wouldn't exist if Muslims decided Muhammad was immoral. On the other hand, for Christians of any stripe, Joseph is a "non entity" as far as its theology is concerned. The closest analogy to Muhammad and an uswa hasana in Christianity is the figure of Jesus, and very few non-Christians would argue that their view of Christians and Christianity would not improve if his followers behaved more like him. In addition, it is the same Catholic and Eastern Churches which consider Joseph a saint, who also hold to the belief of Mary's perpetual virginity. Since Mary's ever-lasting virginity is an integral part or "pillar" of their faith, and most modern theologians think the Pope could reverse a sainthood without undermining the Church's doctrines,<ref>Brian Palmer - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/2010/04/your_halo_please.html|2=2012-02-04}} Your Halo, Please?] - Slate Magazine, April 5, 2010</ref> it's not hard to imagine what would have become of Joseph's saint status if he did have intercourse with Mary. Furthermore, as has already been stated in the previous section, Joseph cannot be labeled as a pedophile by anyones standards because there is no authoritative, or even apocryphal, Christian text that state an adult Joseph had sex with a child Mary. Therefore, even if the status of saint was equivalent to that of an uswa hasana, it would not matter to a Christian or help Muslims in excusing the actions of Muhammad. ===Miscellaneous points to consider=== Adding to the above text: *A pedophile by its very definition means someone who is sexually attracted to pre-pubescent children. Teenagers of child-bearing age are not pre-pubescent. *Even if Joseph was a pedophile, a Christian could not be accused of hypocrisy for criticizing Muhammad's pedophilia. For them to be hypocrites, it is Jesus' actions, not Joseph's, which would have to mirror Muhammad's. This is because all critics, including Christians, criticize the founder of Islam, not the founder's father. ==Related Arguments== ===If Muhammad was a pedophile, then so is the Christian god for impregnating Mary=== Ignoring the fact that a pedophile by its very definition means someone who is sexually attracted to pre-pubescent children,<ref>According to the most stringent clinical definition of pedophilia, the [[Aisha_Age_of_Consummation#Pedophilia_according_to_DSM-IV-TR|DSM-IV-TR]], a pedophile is someone who (1) over a period of at least six months, has had recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger). (2) has acted on these sexual urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies have caused marked distress or interpersonal difficulties. (3) is at least aged 16 years and at least 5 years older than the child or children in Criterion 1. Note: This does not include an individual in late adolescence involved in an ongoing sexual relationship with a 12- or 13-year-old.</ref> so a teenager of child-bearing age is not pre-pubescent, it has already been shown in a [[#Mary married 90-year-old Joseph when she was only 12, so Joseph was a pedophile too|previous section]] that there is no authoritative Christian text which state Mary's age. Claims about her age are, at best, educated guesses, but guesses none-the-less. Additionally, the apocryphal literature (the Christian equivalent of [[List of Fabricated Hadith|weak or fabricated hadith]]) used to gather information on Mary's possible age actually reveal she may have been 16 at the time of her marriage, not 12. Even if we were to assume she was 12 at the time, there still remain several problems with this claim. According to the Bible, Mary became with child by "the power of the Highest",<ref>"''And the angel answered and said unto her, The Holy Ghost shall come upon thee, and the power of the Highest shall overshadow thee: therefore also that holy thing which shall be born of thee shall be called the Son of God.''" - Luke 1:35 ([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke+1%3A35&version=KJV King James Version])</ref> a phrase that does not, or does not necessarily, correspond to Mary being "impregnated." Even if we do accept that the Christian god "impregnated" Mary, both Christians and Muslims believe God is omnipotent. Therefore sexual intercourse, something which would have to take place if we were to accept this claim, is not necessary in order to achieve this. For example, [[W:Artificial_insemination|artificial insemination]] needs no sexual intercourse. If humans can create a method to impregnate people without the need for sexual intercourse, why can't an omnipotent deity do the same? Of course, from an omnipotent entity, this would not need to be a physical procedure, nor would there be a need for the hymen to be torn. Muslims also believe in the virgin birth. So, if Muslims insist the Christian god must have had sex with Mary in order to have a son, it is tantamount to an admission that, according to Islam, [[Allah]] must have also had sex with Mary in order for her to conceive Jesus. In short; the Christian text do not mention anything of a sexual nature, i.e. there was no penis or any other indicator suggesting a sexual experience. Clearly, if there was no physical contact involved, then there was no sexual contact. Without this much needed sexual contact, there is no pedophilia. Conversely, the Qur'an explicitly tells us Allah (or Gabriel if we refer to the tafsir text) [[Allah and Marys Vagina|blew into Mary's vagina]] in order for her to conceive Jesus. ===The Jewish Talmud says sex with a little girl is permitted if she is three years of age=== The claim that the Talmud says "Sexual intercourse with a little girl is permitted if she is three years of age," is an [[antisemitism|antisemitic]] lie. Yevamot 11b, the citation provided with this claim, has no relevant passage. Whilst the language used is very crude, the discussion relates to the dowry for virgins and non-virgins. It has nothing to do with what acts are allowed, encouraged, forbidden, or discouraged. It is ironic that this passage has been manipulated from its original context of a financial discussion into one of a religious discussion. While there are numerous Talmudic passages of a religious nature, this one discusses dowries and not forbidden and permitted relations.<ref>Gil Student - [{{Reference archive|1=http://talmud.faithweb.com/articles/three.html|2=2012-03-23}} The Talmud Does Not Permit Sex With A Three Year Old] - The Real Truth About The Talmud, accessed March 23, 2012</ref> ===Americans and Europeans both considered child marriages to be acceptable=== Yes, that is correct. But note the past tense. They ''considered'', not ''consider''. Marriage to young girls was previously seen as normal, and yet most Americans and Europeans today, both religious and secular, find child marriages to be repulsive. Could this be because they have no uswa hasana (an excellent model of conduct) who married and had sex with a child? This would explain why there is not a single mainstream Christian who argues in favor of child-marriages on the basis that "Saint Joseph ([[#Mary married 90-year-old Joseph when she was only 12, so Joseph was a pedophile too|allegedly]]) did it 2000 years ago", "King Richard II did it 600 years ago" or that banning it would be "un-Christian". N.B. Note that King Richard II's marriage to a child was never even consummated. Although he visited his young bride nearly every day, they lived in different houses and did not sleep under the same roof, let alone in the same bed. King Richard was murdered when Queen Isabella was only eleven years old, and she was at that time still a virgin. Medieval Europeans, especially royalty, frequently arranged marriages in which one or both parties were prepubescent. But it was extremely unusual for such a marriage to be consummated before puberty. On the other hand, the majority of mainstream Muslim scholars argue in favor of child-marriages on the basis that "Prophet Muhammad did it 1400 years ago",<ref name="University of Houston">Sheik Abdul-Aziz Ibn Baaz, supreme religious authority of Saudi Arabia: "''...If she is married without her permission, by threat or coercion, then the marriage is not valid. The only exeption is in the case of the father and his daughter who is less than nine years of age. There is no harm if he gets her married while she is less than nine years old, according to the correct opinion. This is based on the messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) marrying Aisha without her consent when she was less than nine years old, as is stated in authentic Hadith...''" - [http://web.archive.org/web/20040216151301/http://www.uh.edu/campus/msa/articles/fatawawom/marriage.html Questions Related to Marriage/ Is it allowed for a father to force his daughter to marry a specific man that she does not want to marry?] - Muslim Students Organization of the University of Houston</ref><ref name="Sheikh Hamoud">Sheikh Hamoud Hashim al-Tharihi, general secretary of the Vice and Virtue Committee and member of the Islah Party in Yemen: "''Because this happened to the Prophet, we cannot tell people that it is prohibited to marry at an early age''" - [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7711554.stm Child marriage and divorce in Yemen] - Jenny Cuff, BBC, November 6, 2008</ref><ref name="Mufti Fazlul">Mufti Fazlul Haque Amini: "''Banning child marriage will cause challenging the marriage of the holy prophet of Islam, who also married minor Ayesha, when she was just eight years old. The new law [seeking to ban child marriages] initiated by the current government [of Bangladesh] will put the moral character of the prophet into controversy and challenge. Islam permits child marriage and it will not be tolerated if any ruler will ever try to touch this issue in the name of giving more rights to women.''" - [http://www.weeklyblitz.net/1386/islamist-leader-threatens-of-waging-jihad <!-- Backup link from Jihad Watch {{Reference archive|1=http://www.jihadwatch.org/2011/04/bangladesh-islamic-cleric-threatens-jihad-if-child-marriage-is-banned.html|2=2011-04-23}} -->Islamist leader threatens of waging Jihad] - Weekly Blitz, April 20, 2011</ref><ref name="Imam Sani">Former governor and current senator of Zamfara State, Nigeria, Ahmed Sani Yerima: <BR><BR>"''Child marriage in Islam is permissible. In the Koran there is no specific age of marriage...[If the government imposed new laws against child marriage] There will be violent conflict from the Muslims, saying that 'no, we will not accept this, we'd rather die than accept something which is not a law from Allah.'''" - {{cite web|url= http://www.wunrn.com/news/2008/11_08/11_24_08/112408_nigeria.htm|title= Nigeria Child Brides-Broken Lives |publisher= Times Online|author= |date= November 28, 2008|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wunrn.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F11_08%2F11_24_08%2F112408_nigeria.htm&date=2013-06-15|deadurl=no}} <BR><BR>And again in 2013: <BR><BR>{{cite web|quote=As was expected, former governor and current senator of Zamfara State Ahmed Sani Yerima reiterated his support for marrying off underage girls Saturday saying he could give out his six-year old daughter in marriage if he so wished. Last Tuesday, the Senator successfully prevented an amendment to the second part of Section 22 of the constitution by the Senate, which dwells on affirming someone as of age once the person is married, though the person could be lower than 18 years in age. He answered his critics in an online publication saying he did not deserve such criticisms. Here is the full statement: "Nigeria has many uncountable problems and none of them is early marriage. As a matter of fact early marriage (is) the solution to about half of our problems. For those who wonder if I can give my daughter(s) out in marriage at the age of 9 or 13, I tell you most honestly, I can give her out at the age of 6 if I want to and it's not your business. This is because I am a Muslim and I follow the example of the best of mankind, Muhammad ﺻَﻠَّﻰ ﺍﻟﻠَّﻪُ ﻋَﻠَﻴْﻪِ ﻭَﺳَﻠَّﻢَ..."|url= http://thenigeriatoday.net/i-could-marry-off-my-six-year-old-daughter-if-i-so-wished-senator-ahmed-yerima-replies-critics/|title= I Could Marry Off My Six Year Old Daughter If I So Wished, Senator Ahmed Yerima Replies Critics|publisher= The Nigeria Today|author= |date= July 21, 2013|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fthenigeriatoday.net%2Fi-could-marry-off-my-six-year-old-daughter-if-i-so-wished-senator-ahmed-yerima-replies-critics%2F&date=2013-07-22|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="Sheikh Mohamed Ben">Sheikh Mohamed Ben Abderrahman Al-Maghraoui: "''The marriage of nine-year-old girls is not forbidden because according to the Hadith (the Prophet Mohammed's sayings), Mohammed married Aisha when she was only seven-years-old and he consummated his union when she was nine.''" - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=27880|2=2011-10-25}} Moroccan theologian: Muslim girls can wed at nine] - Middle East Online, September 15, 2008</ref> "the Prophet's [[Muhammad's Companions and Pedophilia|Companions did it]]"<ref>"''Getting married at an early age is something that is confirmed by the book of Allah, the Sunnah of his Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam), the consensus of the scholars and the actions of the companions, and the Muslims who came after them... There are many Ahadith which confirm that marriage at an early age was widespread among the companions and no one denied its permissibility. Getting married at an early age was not peculiar to the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam) as some people think, but it was general for him and for his Ummah. The following are some of the actions of the Sahaba (companions): 1. Ali Ibn Abi Talib, may Allah be pleased with him, married his daughter, Um Kulthum to Omar Ibn Al-Khattab, may Allah be pleased with him, and she mothered a child before the death of the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam). Omar got married to her while she was young before reaching the age of puberty. This is reported by Ibn Saad in 'Al-Tabaqat'. 2. From Urwa Ibn Zubair: that Zubair, may Allah be pleased with him, married his daughter when she was very young. Reported by Saeed Ibn Mansour, in his Sunnah, and Ibn Abi Shaibah, in Al-musannaf, with a Sahih chain of narration. Al-Shafie said in the book of Al-Um: "Many companions of the Prophet (Sallallahu Alaihi wa Sallam) married their daughters while these were still young.''" - [http://www.webcitation.org/61C5nBLpe <!-- original URL http://www.islamweb.net/emainpage/index.php?page=showfatwa&Option=FatwaId&Id=88089 -->Child marriage in Islam], Islamweb, Fatwa No. 88089, June 24, 2004</ref> or that banning it would be "un-Islamic".<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.wunrn.com/news/2008/11_08/11_24_08/112408_nigeria.htm|title= Nigeria Child Brides-Broken Lives |publisher= Times Online|author= |date= November 28, 2008|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wunrn.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F11_08%2F11_24_08%2F112408_nigeria.htm&date=2013-06-15|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="Weekly Blitz">[http://www.weeklyblitz.net/1386/islamist-leader-threatens-of-waging-jihad <!-- Backup link from Jihad Watch {{Reference archive|1=http://www.jihadwatch.org/2011/04/bangladesh-islamic-cleric-threatens-jihad-if-child-marriage-is-banned.html|2=2011-04-23}} -->Islamist leader threatens of waging Jihad] - Weekly Blitz, April 20, 2011</ref><ref name="MESSAGE">yessir - [{{Reference archive|1=http://www.abigmessage.com/child-marriage-death-of-13-year-old-bride-after-wedding.html|2=2011-10-25}} Child Marriage - Death Of 13 Year Old Bride After Wedding] - A BIG MESSAGE, April 10, 2010</ref><ref name="IRIN">[{{Reference archive|1=http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=88589|2=2011-10-25}} YEMEN: Deep divisions over child brides] - IRIN, March 28, 2010</ref> In some cases, Muhammad and Aisha's relationship has even been used to effectively "turn back the clock" by legalizing child marriages in places today where they were previously illegal.<ref name="World News Australia">[{{Reference archive|1=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/outcry-over-malaysian-child-marriages-20100804-11fey.html|2=2011-10-25}} Outcry over Malaysian child marriages] - Sydney Morning Herald, August 4, 2010</ref> Man-made laws have evidently evolved with our morality, whilst [[Shari'ah]] (consisting of the Qur'an and [[Sunnah]]) are seen as Allah's unalterable holy law. To attempt to change it would be considered blasphemous, as it constitutes [[Bid'ah]], something which was forbidden by Muhammad himself.<ref>"''A'isha reported Allah's Messenger (may peace be upon him) as saying: He who innovates things in our affairs for which there is no valid (reason) (commits sin) and these are to be rejected.''" - {{Muslim|18|4266}}</ref><ref>"''Narrated Aisha: Allah's Apostle said, "If somebody innovates something which is not in harmony with the principles of our religion, that thing is rejected.''" - {{Bukhari|3|49|861}}</ref> What can be altered is Islamic jurisprudence, but as that is extracted from, and cannot contradict,<ref>Khalid Baig - [http://www.albalagh.net/general/bidah.shtml Sunnah and Bid'ah] - Albalagh, May 5, 2001</ref><ref>[http://www.alahazrat.net/islam/concept-of-bidah-in-islam.php Concept of Bidah in Islam] - Alahazrat International Islamic Web</ref> Shari'ah, the results tend to remain unacceptable to the modern world. The world has moved on, but unfortunately Islam mostly has not. {{Core Pedophilia}} ==See Also== *[[Responses to Apologetics - Muhammad and Aisha|Responses to Apologetics: Muhammad and Aisha]] {{Hub4|Tu Quoque|Tu Quoque}} ==External Links== *[{{Reference archive|1=http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091222105849AAb2gun|2=2012-11-25}} Was prophet Joseph a pedophile? (Yahoo!Answers)] ''- An example of these arguments being used by apologists for pedophilia'' *[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ds4zPVpDTtA Who was the real Pedophile: Muhammad or Joseph? (Updated)] ''- YouTube video'' ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Pedophilia]] [[Category:Muhammad]] [[Category:People of the Book]] {{Page_title|Joseph the Pedophile}}
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This article tells you to how to get over the fear of sports . Every girls and boys are getting hurt while playing. So don't worried it's very common in sports. I will teach you to overcome the fear.
If you start any new sports you should know about the right protection. In certain sports we wear helmet. Knee pads, elbow and a mouth guard. But all the sports doesn't need the safe guards. You should find which protection the sports needs, consult to your trainer and get some tips.
Don't Strain: When you start a new sport, don't do it more at the starting stage. That will cause more sprains and muscle pain.
Consult Seniors: Normally we should consult the seniors in the sports. That will help us to avoid the hurt and normally the injuries only happen for the player doesn't know the rules and basic methods of the play. It is our own life. So we should learn the game rules and securities.
Body Recovery: When you injured, that will not affect you much, so your body will get recovered faster.
Do it calm and confident.
If you play very impact sports like football or heavy stress on one part of your body. Always wear the proper security gears.


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London's Oldest Student Organisations
16th November 2014 Sam Turner Latest News
Extra-curricular societies and student unions are a great way to get the most out of your university time. As well as looking great on your CV, it is also beneficial to your social life. London has some of the most established, high-profile student organisations in the world. These organisations work tirelessly to help their members as well change the world around them. Here are a selection of the oldest groups.
Grimshaw International Relations Club (1921)
The new London School of Economics Student Centre
London School of Economics' student union society of the International Relations Department was founded in the 1920s. Covering all areas of international relations, the Grimshaw club holds debates with influential speakers and organises trips around the globe. The club were embroiled in some controversy in 2013 when the BBC travelled to North Korea with the club and, according to LSE, put students at risk by filming undercover footage of the notoriously secretive nation for a documentary. Past Speakers at the club have included Former British Foreign Secretary, Lord Hurd, South African High Commissioner, Ranendra Sen, and former Lebanese Prime Minister, Rafiq Hariri.
Related – LSE Accommodation
King's College London Student Union (1908)
The latin in the King's College emblem reads 'solemnly and wisdomly'
Formed in 1908, King's College London's student union may not be the oldest student union in the country, but it's certainly not far off. KCLSU is based in the Macadam Building with bases also in Denmark Hill, Guy's House and Waterloo, too. Sir Ivison Macadam, founding member of the National Union of Students, is said to be the most famous president of the KCLSU. The current president is Sebasitaan Debrouwere who got re-elected in March 2014 with a record 2,130 votes. The union has 265 activity groups, societies and sports clubs with a total membership of around 15,000 students.
Related – Kings College London Student Accommodation
University College London Union (1893)
University College London Union, image courtesy of theunipod.com
Established in 1893, UCLU could very well be the oldest student union in England. It's 200 or more clubs and societies span all areas of student life and leisure, covering everything from Advertising, Marketing and PR to a Workers' Liberty Society. UCLU sticks to its founding principles of 'the promotion of social intercourse and of the means of recreation, physical and mental, of the students of UCL, and the financial successes of students' clubs.' The union is very proactive in getting involved with the local community, with numerous volunteer opportunities. The union also campaigns for chosen political causes such as a 2012 demo against fees, cuts, debt and privatisation.
Related – University College London Student Accommodation
UCL Conservative Society (1908)
University College London, Main Building
With a history stretching back over 105 years, the UCL Conservative Society is the oldest of its kind in the country. It's also the second oldest in the UK – behind Glasgow University's Conservative Association, founded back in 1836. The organisation promotes itself as the most active conservative student group, with weekly events during term time. The society's roll call of speakers is an impressive one, with former Defence Secretary Liam Fox, Chanceller Geoffrey Howe, and Nobel Peace Prize winner Lord Trimble all addressing the society in the last few years.
Interested in studying in London? Check out our student studios in London page.
Sam Turner
For more great posts from Urbanest about accommodation, London life, study tips and much more, visit the Student Journal.
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Clenergy International is an Australian enterprise that is one of the leading names in the solar PV industry. Their focus is on the development, manufacture and marketing of renewable energy solutions for residential, commercial and utility-scale customers.
The Clenergy brand is synonymous with quality and innovation. Their mounting systems are renowned, setting the benchmark for other brands to live up to, while their large scale inverters are cutting-edge.
To ensure future success, Clenergy invest into research and development, with one eye always fixed firmly on the future. This has led to Clenergy being regarded as a long term and reliable name in the renewable energy sector.
As a local company, Clenergy's service to Australia is known to be friendly, professional and reliable. Clenergy is proud to support its customers, and the company is committed to making cleaner and safer energy the future.


When selecting a suppressor, point of impact shift, type of mount, weight, and length of the suppressor are my main concerns. Cost and noise reduction are the lowest on my list of concerns.
When noise reduction is mentioned, a lot of guys will make a mountain out of a mole hill in reference to a couple decibels. As long as the suppressor doesn't seem loud to me and I can shoot it without hearing protection, I'm good to go.
1) Point of Impact Shift - Something that I did not realize when I purchased my first suppressor was how much a suppressor effects the point of impact of the host gun. If my carbine was zeroed (point of aim / point of impact) at 50 yards without the suppressor, when I attached the suppressor barrel (via quick detach mounting system) the point of impact would shift 3" - 4" (low and to the right) at 50 yards.
I want the ability to put the suppressor on the gun or remove it and not have to worry about having two different zero's for the same gun. With or without the suppressor, the gun should have the same point of impact.
I needed a quick detach system because there are times when I don't want to use a suppressor (ie. vehicle ops, high round count training classes, etc) and times where I want to use a suppressor (ie. serving warrants small houses, trailers, apartments, etc).
With the Surefire 556k suppressor, using an Aimpoint and Aimpoint with 3x Magnifier, I can't tell a difference in point of impact shift with the suppressor mounted or removed from the barrel. Surefire states that their suppressors will effect the point of impact less than 1 MOA at 100 yards.
2) Mounting system - Without getting too complex, basically there are two different types of mounting systems.
a) Quick Detach systems = the suppressor mounts to a flash hider type mount and can easily be installed and removed.
When shooting with a suppressor mounted to the barrel, not only will you notice that the gun get's hotter quicker, but it also get's dirtier quicker and burns off lube faster.
Something to consider if getting a quick detach system. One of the areas that attracts carbon build up is the mounting area of the suppressor, and on most quick detach suppressors some level of cleaning and lubrication to the mounting system are required. I had a Quick Detach system several years ago, where the quick detach system within the suppressor would lock up due to carbon build up with only a couple hundred rounds and I would have to send the suppressor back to the manufacturer to get the quick detach system back in working order.
The Surefire's mounting system is pretty durable, less likely to get stuck, and even if it does get stuck, you just loosen the locking ring, fire a couple rounds through the gun and it will loosen the suppressor enough to remove it from the mount. The mounting system of the Surefire 556k was another feature that I considered when looking for a new suppressor.
If you don't NEED a Quick Detach system, you may want to consider something like a Gem-Tech M402 (Piranha) which mounts directly to the barrel threads. Mount it and leave it. No point of impact shift to worry about, etc.
The Gem-Tech M402 (Piranha) sells for approxiamtely $525. The Surefire 556k is approximatley $1,300 (retail) and it does not come with a mount, mounts are around $100 (depending which one you get). So that's around $1,400. The Gem-Tech M402 (Piranha) is almost 1/3rd the price.
If you don't NEED a quick detach system, but you want the ability to shoot the SBR with and without the suppressor. One option to explore would be to get 2 identical uppers for the same SBR lower. Mount the something like the Gem-Tech M402 (Piranha) on one upper, and no suppressor on the other upper.
3) Weight - Weight is always a concern with suppressors. 5oz or 8oz may not sound like much, but when that weight is at the end of your barrel (furthest away from the center of gravity of the gun) the extra weight feels heavier and is much more noticable than if that weight was located at the center of the carbine.
4) Length - Length also needs to be considered as it effects the compactness of the overall package. Added length can also magnify the weight of the suppressor.
For reference I measured a Bravo Company 16" mid-lenght barrel with a USGI A2 flash hider mounted on it and it was just under 1/8" longer than the 11.5" barrel with the Surefire 556k suppressor.
For me, the Surefire 556k suited my needs better than other cans I had researched.
If I had to go out and buy another suppressor today I would purchase another Surefire 556k.


Yet another free-to-play action-RPG, Heroes Call, has had a significant update.Topping the new feature list is a Shadow Assassin class, complete with her own signature special abilities. Here's a full changelog of the new features.
The Shadow Assassin emerges from darkness!
Take on the ultimate challenge and start a HARD MODE character.
You asked, we've delivered - gem currency removed - all purchases now made with gold. If you had gems, we've turned them into gold. Lots of gold.
Replay missions earns much more gold and gear.
Story missions now play out linearly and make more sense.
Ditching gems as a premium currency is a great step towards making in-app purchases less intrusive, though beyond the base class, each subsequent one can only be bought through IAPs. Heroes Call is so far the closest thing to Diablo that I've been able to find on mobile so far, and to that end, it's a pretty fun dungeon romp with lots of loot, violence and storyline.


Congratulations to the MasterCraft team on this achievement!!!
MasterCraft Garage Door Service is at your service when you want a reputable and dependable garage door contractor for your house in the Greater Gilbert area. We can help you whether you are interested in a brand new garage door and opener or you simply want us to repair your existing one. Our licensed garage door contractors have all the knowledge and equipment to take on garage door projects of any size. We offer you convenient and practical garage doors that will make your garage more convenient to use.
If you live in Gilbert, AZ, you should turn to MasterCraft Garage Door Service when you require the services of a garage door contractor. Our experienced contractors will sit down and discuss your needs before we install the garage door that you want. We accept cash, check, debit card, Visa, and Discover card for your convenience. Our team is available to you from Monday - Saturday, 7am - 7pm. Pick up the phone and call us today.
Are you tired of that old creaky, unsightly garage door ruining your property's exterior? Is the door to your garage constantly getting stuck? If your Gilbert, AZ home or business could use a new garage door, come to MasterCraft Garage Door Service LLC. We offer a variety of models to choose from, and we're equipped to provide quality garage door installation work for commercial and residential clients alike.
MasterCraft Garage Door Service is your ultimate source for garage door openers in the greater Gilbert area. We believe in garage access made simple. Our company offers you a wide range of garage door openers. We can effectively and efficiently install the one that you like the best. Don't suffer needlessly from a manual garage door opening mechanism any longer.
If you're like most home or business owners, you probably use your garage on a regular basis. But without a reliable garage door opener, getting your car in and out of your garage can wind up being a hassle. That's where MasterCraft Garage Door Service LLC comes in. We can outfit your garage with a reliable opener designed to make your life as easy as can be.
A malfunctioning garage door opener is more than just an annoyance; it can be downright unsafe. If your garage door opener isn't working as it should, it's time to consult a professional. At MasterCraft Garage Door Service LLC, we offer expert garage door opener repair service in Gilbert, AZ.
No up-selling. Taught us a lot about the maintenance of the garage door and how to fix certain things. Jonathan was courteous, efficient and professional, and an educator. I have already recommended the company and will continue to do so. Do check out discounts for the company on Angie's List, where I could have bought for $49 dollars what was offered for $89...my bad. Anyway I would suggest checking around for a discount.
Your website is the best and that was just the beginning!!!
After researching several websites to find someone to replace the spring in our garage, I was very confident I had found the right company when I found MasterCraft. Your website was informative and made me feel confident you were true professionals. While you were not the least expensive company I contacted, I was positive I was dealing with an experienced company. I was quite impressed with how quickly you were able to take care of the situation. Korey was prompt, polite, and very professional. He was thorough and very professional. In addition, I was extremely impressed with the 10 year warranty and the price match guarantee. I would highly recommend MasterCraft to my friends and family. Thanks MasterCraft and Korey for such a great experience!!!
Eric has been to our home twice to repair the garage door. The first time was about a year ago for a snapped torsion spring.He had the repair done in less than an hour. He was friendly and professional. Our garage door opener is on the old side. Instead of trying to convince us to have a new one installed that day, he lubricated and adjusted the old one. When one of the garage door hinges broke last week. We called and asked for Eric. He arrived when he said he would and had the door repaired in no time. When our old opener needs replaced we will definitely ask for Eric again. Reliable, honest, and professional repairmen are hard to come by.
Jonathan was here in 30 min and replaced my spring that broke the day before my home inspection! Everything's working great now...thx!
Jonathan was very knowledge and never tried to "upsale" me. After talking with him I decided to get new unit put in, mine was pretty old. He did a great job and stayed late to help me reprogram my outside pinpad. I'm very pleased, and excited to not have to fight with my garage anymore. Thanks.
I found Mastercraft on Angies List, and have used them twice. They were able to schedule service at my earliest convenience and the technician arrived right on time. Eric explained the problem and was able to complete the work in less than an hour. He was knowledgeable, answered all of my questions and did not try to sell me additional services. I'm very happy with the service I received.
Corey was courteous & professional. I'm very pleased with our new 3/4 HP Liftmaster unit & the prompt service I received.
A technician arrived less than an hour after I called! He quickly inspected the door and let us know that the spring was broken. He replaced the spring in less than an hour. He was kind, polite and courteous. We found MasterCraft Doors on Yelp. They have lots of 5 star reviews.
Stuart and his crew were amazing! They were professional from the first call through the installation and clean-up. A couple days after installation, one door was not functioning - the crew was out within a couple hours, did a couple adjustments, and all is well. Our garage doors were installed in June/July and I waited until now (November) to write a review - we are still thrilled with our choice of doors and MasterCraft! The doors are beautiful, the insulation has mitigated the inside garage temp, and everyone says they are the quietest doors!!! Thanks for the great service and quality product!
I had an awesome experience from Mastercraft. My garage door would not open and I contracted, through Angist list, Mastercraft. Eric the tech, call 30 minutes prior to his arrival. However he arrive 25 minutes later ready to work. He quickly diagnosed that I had a broken spring on my door. He had it repaired in 30 minutes per their quote. He even suggested minor repair work on the door to increase its longevity. I was very happy with the quick fair service I received.
Great srrvice. Came ontime, did a good job.
They were able to send a tech out same-day (within a few hours) to fix a broken spring. While he was at it, he also adjusted the door and lubed all of the hinges so everything sounds much better now.
I received excellent service from Jonathan at Mastercraft Garage Door Service. He was very professional and courteous. He arrived on time and gave me a call 1/2 hour prior to his arrival which was helpful. He installed my garage door opener and new nylon ball bearing wheels very quickly and expertly. I also appreciated his vigilance in noticing the bowing in my 19 year old door. By installing a brace in the door he has extended the life of the door and saved me having to paint it if it had failed. I recently had the house painted.
Kory did a fabulous job on installing some footers to secure our doors. They are sealed perfectly now. He even put one down where we did not have one before. Great job! He also checked our doors over for updates. He is a super guy with a great personality and good knowledge of his job. Thanks do much!
Bottom line... call them. I'm a highly picky car guy and do not want just anyone in my garsge... they were excellent in all areas and I was comfortable enough to go in my home and let them do their job!
Courteous, professional, timely and knowledgeable - what else needs to be said?
From the day that Jonathan prepared the estimate, throughout discussions with Stuart to finely tune their product selection for my custom application of two garage doors, to the perfect installation and courteous follow-up, I developed increasing confidence in their display of integrity and knowledge. All of this was offered at a fair price with better disclosure than other bids I received. I am very pleased with the look and performance of my new garage doors.
*Must be presented at time of order. *Good with any repair that includes parts. *Can not be combined with any other offer. Restrictions may apply.
© MasterCraft Garage Door Service LLC. All rights reserved.


As 2019 is fast approaching, the Nigerian government has released an official calendar with all public holidays in Nigeria 2019.
Whether you're a civil servant or a self-employed citizen in Nigeria, getting familiar with these public holidays in Nigeria will help you a lot in planning your moves for 2019.
Some public holidays in Nigeria (mostly Muslim holidays) are just stipulated dates as these various holidays are dependent on some factors like the appearance of the full moon and other factors which might not be known to other citizens who do not practice Islam.
In 2018, the incumbent Nigerian President – President Muhammudu Buhari changed the date of the "Democracy Day" holiday which is usually celebrated on the 29th of May to June 12th(which was formerly M.K.O Abiola day).
Apart from these rescheduling of some dates by the president, there has been no other major change to the public holidays we used to know as Nigerians.
There are 4 major Christian holidays in Nigeria which are Easter Monday, Good Friday, Boxing Day and Christmas Day holidays. Major Muslim holidays in Nigeria are Eid al-Adha, Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr and Eid el Kabir holidays.
In this post, we'll be showing the popular public holidays in Nigeria 2019 in their respective groups (religious and national holiday), their dates and a little explanation of these holidays.
Good Friday – This is a holiday celebrated by Christians in Nigeria and the world at large to remember the suffering and death of Jesus Christ on the cross. It is a holiday that is normally observed on the Friday before Easter and this holiday is to be observed by Christians all over the world on the 19th of April 2019.
Easter – Easter holidays are always celebrated for 2 days (Easter Sunday and Monday) after the Good Friday. This holiday is used to commemorate the resurrection of Jesus Christ after his death on the Good Friday. In the 2019 calendar, the Easter holidays are to be celebrated on 21st and 22nd of April, 2019.
Christmas Day – The Christmas day Holiday is a very popular Christian holiday in Nigeria as it is celebrated by Christians around the world to remember the birth of Jesus Christ. The Christmas holiday is always celebrated on the 25th of December every year in Nigeria and globally.
Boxing Day – A very often misinterpreted global holiday in Nigeria is the Boxing day. This holiday is usually celebrated after Christmas and is used to rest after the celebrations and also to unwrap Christmas gifts. The Boxing Day holiday in Nigeria for 2019 comes up on the 26th of December 2019.
Ramadan – This a holiday set aside for Muslim faithful all over the world to celebrate the beginning of their fasting period. In 2019, Ramadan will start on the 5th of May 2019 and end on the 4th of June 2019.
Eid al-Fitr – This is not just a holiday but a festival known as "Sallah" by most Nigerians. It begins immediately after the Ramadan fasting season and it is also celebrated with the killing of Rams.
The Eid al-Fitr festival in Nigeria 2019 is scheduled for Wednesday, 5th of June 2019.
New Year Day – This is usually celebrated on the first day each year. Christians and Muslims all over the world thank God for ushering them into the new year. The New Year day in Nigeria 2019 is on the first of January 2019.
Democracy day in Nigeria is a day to celebrate the end of the military regime in Nigeria because the Nigerian people now operate on a democratic system of government.
The Democracy day in Nigeria was moved from May 29th to June 12th to celebrate an icon of democracy – M.K.O Abiola by President Muhammudu Buhari. The Democracy day in Nigeria for 2019 will be held on the 12th of June 2018.
It is also a day in which the central power exchanges hands if a general election was contested and the incumbent president of the country was defeated in that year.
This a very special day in every country in the world (if these countries were colonised) that is set aside to celebrate the freedom from the colonial rule.
In Nigeria, the independence day is celebrated on the 1st of October of every year as it was the date in which the Nigerian people were set free from their colonial masters in 1960.
The Nigerian Independence day holiday for 2019 will be on the 1st of October 2019.
Worker's Day – This is a day that is set aside in Nigeria for workers to take a day off work and rest or just have fun.


Article 7 and Article 8 both state that the Church is made up of "believers".
Note: The term "believers" – which is so often misused today – has been defined in the previous articles as those who believe in: the Trinity, sin, Jesus Christ as both true man and true God, and the forgiveness of our sins through the grace of God, not by our works or actions. This is what a "believer"must believe.
Notice how these articles describe the Church: the Church of God is not tied to one specific physical organization. The Church is not a specific earthly group or denomination since it is made up of all those who are believers.
This is in complete opposition to the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. The Second Vatican council declared: "It is through Christ's Catholic Church alone, which is the universal help toward salvation, that the fullness of the means of salvation can be obtained. It was to the apostolic college alone, of which Peter is the head, that we believe that our Lord entrusted all the blessings of the New Covenant, in order to establish on earth the one Body of Christ into which all those should be fully incorporated who belong in any way to the People of God." Here the Church is understood quite differently. They teach that the Church is the organization of the Roman Catholic Church.
This difference is also seen in the way the third article of the Creeds is understood and worded. The original wording of the third article, going back to the 4th century was: "I believe in the Holy Ghost, the holy, catholic church…" and "I believe one holy, catholic and apostolic church…". The word "catholic" means "universal" and originally was understood to refer to the invisible Church which is made up of all believers in Christ. But over the centuries – and especially after the Roman Church adopted the term Catholic as part of its title – this was interpreted to mean the physical organization of the Roman Catholic Church.
The Roman Catholic Catechism in explaining the third article says this: "What is the Church? The Church is the congregation of all baptized persons united in the same true faith, the same sacrifice, and the same sacraments, under the authority of the Sovereign Pontiff and the bishops in communion with him" (The New St. Joseph Baltimore Catechism, Question 136).
Even before the time of the Reformation some had begun to use the word "Christian" in place of the term "catholic" in the Creeds. But after the Reformation its usage became common among those in the Lutheran church because of the misunderstanding associated with the term "catholic".
Based on that passage the Catholic Church asserts: "Christ, the 'living stone,' thus assures his Church, built on Peter, of victory over the powers of death. Because of the faith he confessed Peter will remain the unshakeable rock of the Church. His mission will be to keep this faith from every lapse and to strengthen his brothers in it" (Catechism of the Catholic Church, p. 156, ¶552).
This article continues: "yet because in this life many false Christians, hypocrites, and even open sinners remain among the godly, the sacraments are efficacious even if the priests who administer them are wicked men".
At first this statement may seem out of place in this article which speaks about the Church. But the connection between these two is the fact that the Church is created and maintained through the Gospel in Word and Sacrament. So doubt about the validity of the Sacraments leads to doubt about the existence of the Church.
The Donatist controversy broke out in 311 AD when a church refused to accept Caecillian as the Bishop of Carthage because the man who had consecrated him as bishop had betrayed his faith in Christ during a time of persecution. The Donatists taught that sacraments administered by those who recanted their faith in Christ were invalid.
Imagine the consequences of such a teaching. If the blessings offered by God through reception of a sacrament depended on the faith of the administrator, how could Christians ever be certain that they were receiving those God-intended blessings? How could they be sure they had received the washing away of sin in baptism? How much time would be spent in worry over whether or not they had truly received the forgiveness of their sins through the reception of the Lord's Supper?
What about Matthew 23:2? Why did the Lutherans quote that passage and what does it have to do with this topic? They wrote: "the sacraments are efficacious even if the priests who administer them are wicked men, for as Christ himself indicated, 'The Pharisees sit on Moses' seat' (Matthew 23:2)." From just that one verse it may be difficult to understand the connection, but Jesus continues in the following verse: "Therefore whatever they tell you to observe, that observe and do, but do not do according to their works; for they say, and do not do" (Matthew 23:4). The point is this: while the Pharisees were hypocrites (this is clearly pointed out by Jesus in Matthew 23:13 and the following verses) this did not change the Word of God. The Word remained true and effective in spite of the hypocrisy of the Jewish leaders who taught one thing, and did another.
The early church condemned the false teaching of the Donatists, and emphasized the Scriptural truth that the Sacraments are efficacious because of the power of God, not because of the faith of the administrator. It is the Christ Himself through the Word who makes the Sacraments powerful and effective in us as He Himself says: "All authority has been given to Me in heaven and on earth. Go therefore and make disciples of all the nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" (Matthew 28:18-19).
What a blessing it is that we have been brought into the Church of God and that we can be confident of God's working in us through the Word and Sacrament, since it depends only on God not on the administrators!
Our Name – We call ourselves in our synod the Church of the Lutheran Confession. Traditionally we say we are the Evangelical Lutheran Church. In my personal name I have a surname and then to further define me I have a first and a middle name. This is how it is with our name. First of all we are 'evangelical' that is Gospel preaching. To be evangelical means to herald the Good News of a Savior slain for our sins and visibly raised as proof of forgiveness and all that flows from the cornucopia of God's blessings. We say we are Lutheran not because we follow Martin Luther, but to simply further define us as those who hold to the teachings of God's Word that he did that God returned to His people through the Lutheran Reformation. We further define ourselves among Lutherans by the name CLC. We did not choose to be called 'Lutherans' originally. We were called at first at the Reformation the evangelical party. There were many other men who were leaders in the Lutheran Reformation also like the pastors and theologians Bugenhagen, Amsdorf, Jonas and others. There were men in government and the military who stood up for the truth of God's Word like Duke Frederick the Wise, Franz von Sickingen, Ulrich von Hutten and others. And there were the vast numbers of ordinary people who were refreshed by the Gospel winds that blew away the mist and darkness that obscured the truth of God for us.
Our Purpose – We have no other higher purpose in life than to glorify God by our words and actions. Whether it is a housewife doing her normal daily duties, a workman at his job, a child studying in school or a pastor preaching, we seek to give glory to God and show forth our simple Christian faith that others might join our happy throng in praise of our gracious God and Lord.
Our Teachings – We dress differently than 500 years ago. Our spoken language is different. Earthly customs have changed. Our belief and teaching have not varied from what the Lutherans had back then. This is because God's Word is our great heritage and it does not change. The Luther seal is colorful and symbolic and points us from our sinfulness(black) to His sacrifice for sin(blood red). The seal reminds us of the purity and righteousness we have(white) stored for us in heaven(blue). It is a treasure(gold) that we anticipate possessing when we see Him. Our God(three rings) is the Triune God and He is above all gods of men who think up such tragic facsimiles. In eternity the plan was made by our Lord to save us through the sending of the Son(messianic rose) in the fullness of the time.
Our Future – All things will continue to work together for good since we are His and He is ours. Our life is a continuum with here the abundant life and there the superabundant.
Our Work – Each of us whether man, woman or child have been commissioned by our Lord to proclaim the marvelous deeds of Him who called us out of darkness into His wonderful light. Let us continue to celebrate by doing this work. Jesus lead Thou on!


text:
Summer Latin Institute - DAY 11, 8:16 a.m.
Week 3 begins. Second weekly exam this morning. Unit 9 this afternoon: comparison of adjectives (regular and irregular), comparison with quam and the ablative of comparison, ablative of degree of difference, comparison of adverbs (regular and irregular) and the partitive genitive. Whew! But you're used to that by now.
Yesterday was Gay Pride Day in New York City. I carried my cell phone to the parade as usual, but my Moreland & Fleischer for the first time. I took a couple of calls from students with Whitney Houston, Britney Spears, or marching tunes blaring in the background and scantily clad go-go boys dancing on floats. I think that's a 40-year Institute first, but if anyone knows otherwise, please let me know via comment or email.
Hot Latin for Guys & Guys: Martial, Epigrams 9.63
Summer Latin Institute - DAY 14, 9:42 p.m.
Summer Latin Institute - DAY 12, 10:48 a.m.
Summer Latin Institute - Weekend 2
Summer Latin Institute - DAY 9, 6:45 p.m.
Summer Latin Institute - DAY 7, 10:55 a.m.
Summer Latin Institute - DAY 6
Summer Latin Institute - Weekend 1B
Notes Toward A Post-academic Humanism
Summer Latin Institute - Weekend 1A
Summer Latin Institute - DAY 5, 6:23 a.m.
The New Identity Politics?
Summer Latin Institute - Day 1 minus 1
Summer Latin Institute - Day 1 minus 10


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Singer-songwriter Dione Taylor conjures 'Spirits in the Water' on her new release
According to the Yuchi Indian Tribe, there is a powerful legend of the Tanasi River or "Singing River" in Tennessee.
Inside the waterway lives a woman who sings songs to protect those who hear her.
Inspired by this mythical folklore, Dione Taylor took an insightful road trip to Nashville and found inspiration for her vivid new album, Spirits In The Water, which was released on Friday. This musical odyssey explores the deep, sacred, healing journey back to the self.
"Legendary stories and family history travel through us, flow into the waters and down the bloodline," explained the Regina, SK born singer, who first made a name for herself as one of this country's most talented singer-songwriters.
Continuing on with her unmistakable prairie blues sound, Dione's music is a mixture of roots, blues and Americana.
She brings us on an intriguing and magical, thematic journey through song with stories of mystical truths, race inequality, women's rights, heartbreak, injustice, freedom and perseverance. Dione's sharply-honed songwriting chops shine through on original songs featuring both intellectual depth and emotional eloquence. This diversity of tones and tempos on Spirits In The Water ensures that the listener's attention never wavers through the album.
A key creative collaborator on Spirits In The Water is Joel Schwartz (Birds Of Chicago), who produced and co-wrote much of the album with Dione and made potent instrumental contributions on guitar and banjo. Dione's long-time creative collaborator, Sandy Mamane, also produced and co-wrote two songs for the album. Other noted songwriters contributing in that role here are James Bryan (Philosopher Kings, Prozzak), Sean Pinchin, and Liz Tansey.
Music has always been an important and integral part of Dione Taylor's life. A pastor's daughter, she was born and raised in a family she describes as "really connected to the gift of song. My whole family sings and plays instruments in church," said Dione, who began playing the organ at age four and by ten was the music director and organist at The Shiloh Assembly Church (Apostolic) in Regina.
Having first burst onto the music scene with her Juno nominated debut album, Open Your Eyes, Dione's career trajectory has been truly remarkable. With performances at festivals and concert theatres across the United States, Canada and Asia for audiences that have included the president of the United States and Queen Elizabeth II, Dione has made a worthy name for herself as one of this country's most talented musicians and songstresses.
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text:
Q: Displaying ??? instead of characters I use this code to ask for a language to the user:
void AskForLanguage() {

    AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(this);
    builder.setTitle("Choose a language");
    final String[] arrsLanguages;

    arrsLanguages = new String[6];
    arrsLanguages[0] = "English";
    arrsLanguages[1] = "Español (Spanish)";
    arrsLanguages[2] = "Français (French)";
    arrsLanguages[3] = "Pусский язык (Russian)";
    arrsLanguages[4] = "العربية (Arabic)";
    arrsLanguages[5] = "简体中文 (Simplified Chinese)";

    builder.setSingleChoiceItems(arrsLanguages, -1, new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
        @Override
        public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int iPosition) {
            //Do some work
            dialog.cancel();
        }
    });
    AlertDialog alert = builder.create();
    alert.show();
}

It works well for texts like English, Español and Français, but the dialog displays "?" symbols for Russian, Arabic or Chinese. Any idea?

A: I solved using the strings.xml file:
<string name="RussianInRussian">"Pусский язык (Russian)"</string>
<string name="ChineseInChinese">"简体中文 (Simplified Chinese)"</string>

And then
arrsLanguages[3] = getString(R.string.RussianInRussian);
arrsLanguages[5] = getString(R.string.ChineseInChinese);

A: try this
arrsLanguages[5] = URLDecoder.decode("简体中文 (Simplified Chinese)", "utf-8");

sometimes your device may not be supporting Español font, so try downloading some Español ttf (fonts) and set them to check if its getting displayed

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Exhibitions are free except in museums that charge an admission fee.
May 1-31. Films, exhibitions, workshops, symposiums, portfolio reviews. Over 1500 Canadian and international artists and photographers exhibiting at more than 175 venues throughout the Greater Toronto Area. CONTACT is the largest photography event in the world.
Please let us know about exhibitions you've found and recommend that show diverse cultures. Hard copy magazines with lists of venues available at venues such as the Gladstone Hotel, MOCCA, and CONTACT office, 80 Spadina Ave. suite 310.


Analyzing KPIs - Stream Processor 4.2.0 - WSO2 Documentation for your Wiki!
A Key Performance Indicator (KPI) is a quantifiable metric that can be used to evaluate the success or the failure of the object being measured. WSO2 SP with its real-time stream processing engine allows you perform KPI Analysis. In this tutorial, let's look at how to create a Siddhi application that performs KPI analysis.
In this scenario, the foreman wants the production per hour of each sweet to not fall below 5000 units in order to meet the customer demand. At the same time, he also needs to know if the production per hour of a category is over 10000 in order to identify surpluses. Let's see how to write a query to derive this information by analyzing data sent in JSON format by the Sweet Bots on the factory floor.
Sink and source configurations in Consuming Events.
The query created in Summarizing Stream Data - Short Term.
This tutorial considers a time window of one hour instead of one minute.
Start the WSO2 SP in the editor mode and login to the Stream Processor Studio. Then open a new Siddhi application.
Let's revisit the following configurations that you created in Tutorial 5.
Let's add these configurations to your new Siddhi application in order to edit them in a way that addresses the requirements of this scenario.
For this tutorial, the output stream name which was previously PastHourProductionStream is changed to LowProductionStream.
Only events with a per-hour production that is less than 5000 need to be sent to the LowProductionStream output stream. Therefore, add a having clause to the query as follows.
The having hourlyTotal < 5000 clause is added just after the select statement so that all the subsequent operations are applied to the filtered result.
At present, the foreman who is receiving the output of this query cannot identify the hour to which output event applies. Therefore, you need to add an additional attribute named currentHour to the output stream definition as shown below.
To specify HOUR as the unit of time to be extracted for the purpose of reporting the production totals calculated, add the time:extract() expression as shown below.
Apply the same source and sink configurations that you created in Tutorial 2 to complete the Siddhi application. The completed Siddhi application looks as follows.
To check whether this Siddhi application works as expected, send four cURL commands as follows.
The production per hour in the third event is less than 5000. This is logged in the output logs as follows.
In this scenario, events of which the per-hour production of a sweet exceeds 10000 must be marked with Possible Surplus so that the foreman identifies any surpluses that occur.
In this scenario, the foreman needs to see the name of the sweet, the total produced during an hour and the hour to which the information applies in order to identify surpluses. Therefore, let's add an output stream definition with attributes to capture this information as follows.
In this scenario, you are receiving information from the same SweetProductionStream input stream used in the previous scenario and in previous tutorials. Let's also add the query to pick values from the SweetProductionStream input stream and add it to the ProductionStatusStream output stream.
Here, you are using the having clause as you did in the previous scenario. In this query, the events filtered are ones that are generated later that the 9.00 AM and earlier than 5.00PM with a production during an hour that exceeds 10000.
The query added in the previous step only sends the filtered events to the ProductionStatusStream output stream. However, the requirement in this scenario is to send all the events to the ProductionStatusStream output stream while events that match the filtering criteria are marked with Possible Surplus. To achieve this, you can use the ifThenElse() function that is configured as follows.
Let's add a condition to the query using this function as shown below.
Here, if the production within the current hour is more than 10000, Possible Surplus is included in the output event as the value for the status attribute.
To check whether this Siddhi application works as expected, you can send the same four cURL commands you issues in the previous scenrio after you save the Siddhi application. The following output is logged.


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Carry the brand of your favourite motorbike clothing on and off the bike. Official branded accessory merchandise from Alpinestars including wallets, belts, key fobs, etc. Includes also is a variety of spares available for Alpinestars products.


Okay guys, so this curry is truly a GEM and an Ankitha Gadag original recipe. I promise you, reactions will be nothing short of jaws-dropping if you decide to put in the work to give this a try!
For one, this recipe has taken a few weeks to perfect. I was first inspired to re-create this curry after tasting the most amazing Achari Chicken Curry at a local Hyderabadi restaurant. It was unlike anything I ever tried before – it was tangy, it was spicy, truly tantalizing your taste buds in every way. Of course I had to dig further and put my skills to the test.
Turns out Achari (Pickle) Murgh (Chicken) Curry actually originated in the Northern region of India (Punjab). Pickling of mangoes, limes and other vegetables would require a variety of spices all batched together for pickling. So, what do you do with the leftover spices? Make curry, of course!
Phew, that's a handful, yea?
Start by marinating the chicken, you can marinate as long as 12 hrs or as short as 2. Add lemon juice, chillies, half of curry leaves, red chilli powder, turmeric powder, half of pickling spices, salt, yogurt, and mustard seed oil to the chicken. Mix and set aside.
In some oil (about half cup), add the onions and fry until they are translucent. Add in curry leaves, dried red chilies, bay leaves, cumin seeds, fenugreek seeds, kalonji, and ginger garlic paste.
Add in the tomatoes and any remaining spices. Mix into the spices until soft.
The water from the chicken and yogurt should have formed a gravy. At this point add in the mango pickle.
Warm up some hot naan or some basmati rice and Serve!!
Thanks for checking out my recipe. Let me know how you liked it!


Journalism at the UMH is dynamic, rigorous, in tune with the times, and with excellence as its fundamental purpose. Its students are trained by a well-known team of instructors who combine academic with professional experience. Atzavares Hall on the Elche campus is the modern Journalism home where the news is made, a meeting point equipped with classrooms, computer labs, television studio, university radio station, laboratories, and recreational areas. In addition to Atzavares, the education is complemented on the street and in media newsrooms with internships and a commitment to national and international mobility that course by course points out Journalism as one of the most dynamic UMH undergraduate degrees.
The UMH Journalism program is closely linked to these times of change and transformation that the journalism profession is undergoing. In this sense, its students will find a curriculum that combines theoretical and practical courses intended to form a techno-humanist, a journalist perfectly capable of addressing the new professional challenges in a demanding market. Journalism students acquire the necessary competencies to succeed in print and online journalism, television and radio journalism, as well as in the broad professional field of corporate and institutional journalism. Likewise, throughout the program, they receive complete information on entrepreneurial journalism and the need to innovate journalistically.
In order to gain perfect knowledge about the labor market, students have opportunities to make contact with professionals in the classrooms, participate in workshops and seminars, and they carry out internships in the media.
The UMH Journalism curriculum adjusts to labor market demands, but also to the need to graduate future journalists who are committed to the times in which they live, critical thinkers with a large sense of responsibility and professionalism. During the first year, students receive initial training based on core subject matter. In the second, they begin theoretical and practical routes: television, radio, print, and new native digital media. These routes are completed and expanded in the third year (corporate communication), in either case with required courses. Specialization by subject areas is linked to the elective courses offered in fall semester of the fourth year, offering a wide range of elective courses (8 in all, of which 4 are chosen), with one of them taught in English. The program culmination takes place in spring semester of the fourth year with the development and defense of the Final Degree Project, supervised by a professor, once the student has completed 180 credits. Each year students must earn 60 credits, for a program total of 240. All core, required, and elective courses, along with the Final Degree Project, are worth 6 credits.
Capacity and ability to express oneself with communicative fluency and efficiency using formal, graphic, and symbolic language, as well as through oral and written expression.
Ability to observe, transcribe, and communicate the observed phenomenon.
Ability to work on multidisciplinary and multicultural teams.
Capacity to analyze, synthesize, and think critically, as well as express ideas reasonably.
Capacity to identify, interpret, formulate, and resolve basic problems within the branch of social and legal sciences.
Knowledge about government, business, institutions, organizations, regulations, and procedures necessary for implementing projects and other activities.
Capacity for planning, organizing, directing, and controlling systems and processes within a framework that guarantees respect for values, rights, environmental protection, and sustainable development.
Ability to efficiently apply tools for troubleshooting within the field of the social and legal sciences.
Capacity for innovation by developing new lines, processes, projects, and products.
Ability to evaluate, optimize, and compare criteria in decision-making.
Ability to update knowledge within the branch of social and legal sciences.
Aptitude for self-learning methodologies and skills to adapt to and update new knowledge for fomenting innovation and creativity in professional practice.
Knowledge about techniques for the production of informative messages in print, on the radio, television, and Internet.
Capability and ability to retrieve, organize, analyze, and process information and communication.
Capacity for ideation, planning, and implementation of informative and communicative projects.
Knowledge about the methods and problems of the different branches of communication research.
Ability to appropriately express research results orally, in writing, audiovisually, or digitally, in accordance with the canons of the information and communication disciplines.
Awareness of the state of the world and its recent historical development, as well as its political, economic, and cultural parameters.
Knowledge and historical evolution of journalistic modalities and traditions within the Valencian Community, Spain, Europe, and the world, as well as the theories and trends that are studied from the analysis and investigation of the messages they transmit and their social impact.
Knowledge about media structures and all their main formats in so far as expressions of lifestyles and cultures.
Knowledge about the socio-communicative reality (structure, policies, and operation).
Knowledge about the theory and practice of advertising, and corporate relations and communication.
Knowledge about ethics and the professional ethics of journalism, as well as the legal system of information.
Understanding about the structure, operation, and management of a communication company.
Knowledge and application of the technology and systems employed to process, produce, and transmit informative and fictional content, as well as design and computer graphics.
Understanding about correct spoken and written uses of native languages and English as a professional manner of expression in the media.
Knowledge about informative and communication processes, as well as the major trends and theories formalizing from conceptual, methodological, and research perspectives.


text:
Royal Navy remembers 'greatest mass act of suicide in naval history'
Britain and Germany stand side by side to remember the scuttling of the German High Seas Fleet at Scapa Flow and the sailors who were shot dead as they rowed ashore, having sabotaged their ships
Max ChannonNetwork Content Editor
The Royal Navy and the German Navy stand side by side to remember the Scapa scuttling
The Royal Navy and the German Navy have commemorated the 100th anniversary of one of the most remarkable naval incidents of all time.
It happened several months after the First World War had ended, when a defeated Germany scuttled its fleet in Scapa Flow in in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, to prevent it falling into the hands of an enemy power.
And then British sailors shot and killed German sailors as they rowed ashore, having sabotaged their ships.
Now, 100 years ago to the day, British sailors and German sailors have gathered at the spot to pay tribute to those who died.
Royal Navy and Geman Navy remember the Scapa Flow scuttling (Image: Orkney Council)
A Royal Navy spokesperson said: "Aboard the Northern Lighthouse vessel Pharos, sailors from Britain and Germany salute men who committed the greatest mass act of suicide in naval history.
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"Here, between the islands of Cava and Barrel of Butter, in the country's largest natural harbour, lies the wreck of the cruiser Dresden, deliberately sunk by her crew to prevent her falling into the hands of an enemy power.
Battle-cruiser SMS Hindenburg (Image: Imperial War Museum)
"One hundred years after the kernel of the German High Seas Fleet – the second most powerful navy in the world in 1914 – was scuttled, British and German sailors joined Orkney Island leaders and local schoolchildren in the same waters to remember one of the most remarkable naval incidents of all time.
"Beneath them British and German divers placed wreaths on the wreck of the Dresden, one of fewer than ten ships which remain from the 'grand scuttle'; most were salvaged between the wars."
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Dresden was one of five cruisers scuttled on June 21 1919. Fifteen out of 16 battleships and battle-cruisers and three in every five of the 50 German destroyers interned at Scapa were sunk. Nine Germans were killed and 16 were wounded, shot at by British sailors as they rowed ashore having sabotaged their ships.
A tug comes alongside a heavily-listing German destroyer, SMS G102
The scuttling prevented the German fleet from being distributed among the victorious Allied powers one week later when the Treaty of Versailles was signed, officially ending the war with Germany.
The act provoked widespread scorn at the time – although privately senior Royal Navy figures were delighted that their fleet's superiority would not be eroded.
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And in Germany, the man who led the illegal act, Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter was hailed a hero.
SMS Bayern sinking by the stern having being scuttled in Scapa Flow (Image: Imperial War Museum)
During the centenary service, the bell from one of the scuttled Germanships, the Von der Tann, was rung by Yorck-Ludwig von Reuter, the admiral's grandson.
Wreaths were laid by the two most senior naval officers present, Rear Admiral Stephen Haisch, from the German Navy, and Captain Chris Smith, Royal Navy Regional Commander for Scotland and Northern Ireland.
"Commemorating what happened here 100 years ago also brings to mind how far we have come since those dark days. How from enemies we, the United Kingdom and Germany, have become true friends," said Rear Admiral Haisch.
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"Today, our nations stand side by side on the world stage, upholding the joint values we believe in."
(Image: Imperial War Museum)
Captain Chris Smith added: "I am honoured to stand alongside Rear Admiral Haisch in friendship on this day, looking back to a time when our countries were not as close as we have since become – and to represent the Royal Navy as we complete the task of commemorating the sacrifice made by so many during the course of what we now call the First World War.
"Today has seen sailors of both the Royal Navy and the German Navy jointly recognising a part of our collective history and doing so as allies, demonstrating that out of the adversity which once divided us we have forged a lasting friendship, which I think is the best tribute we can pay to those whose memory we honour on this day."
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The sinking of the fleet was witnessed by 160 children from Stromness who were on a school outing in Scapa Flow aboard a local pleasure steamer. Their descendants filled a ferry for the memorial service 100 years later.
The flotilla then continued to Hoy and a service at Lyness Royal Naval Cemetery where the German dead are buried.