text:
River Ave. Blues » Ranking the 40-Man Roster: Nos. 17-19
Ranking the 40-Man Roster: Nos. 17-19
January 22, 2015 by Mike 127 Comments
The very wide range of possible outcomes for the 2015 Yankees
A trip through the MLBTR archives: January 2008
Over these next two weeks we're going to subjectively rank and analyze every player on the Yankees' 40-man roster — based on their short and long-term importance to the team — and you're inevitably going to disagree with our rankings. We've already covered Nos. 20-25, 26-31, and 32-40.
Mitchell.. (Presswire)
As we jump into the top half of our 40-man roster rankings, we are now looking at players who are projected to have significant roles with the 2015 Yankees as well as the 2016 and beyond Yankees. At least most of the time. There is still one exception to the "significant role with the 2015 Yankees" thing and we'll cover him today.
Today we're going to cover spots 17 through 19, which include two starters who are not expected to start the year in rotation, but seem likely to wind up there come the second half. The other spot belongs to the team's best prospect on the 40-man roster. All three are important pieces to the future of the franchise. To the next batch of rankings …
No. 19: Bryan Mitchell
2015 Role: I don't want to say sixth starter, but it's something close to that. Mitchell made his MLB debut last season, including a spot start against the Orioles during a doubleheader, and he handled himself well. That doesn't guarantee success this coming season, of course, but it's better than getting lit up and leaving everyone with a bad taste in their mouth.
Mitchell will presumably get regular work in Spring Training and could win the final bullpen spot as a long man, I suppose, but an assignment to Triple-A Scranton seems more likely. That way he could remain stretched out and available for whenever the Yankees inevitably need another starter. Given the state of the rotation, there's a good chance Mitchell will make double-digit starts in the big leagues in 2015.
Long-Term Role: Middle to back of the rotation starter. The 23-year-old Mitchell is well ahead of where Shane Greene was in his development at the same age, and he has similarly nasty stuff in his mid-90s fastball and curveball, though he's not a finished product. They sort of project to be the same type of pitcher though. Workhorse starters with A+ stuff but maybe not A+ results all the time.
Mitchell was drafted out of high school as a raw hard-thrower and has worked hard to improve his control over the years. He had a 13.6% walk rate in Low Class-A, a 9.3% walk rate in High Class-A, a 9.8% walk rate in Double-A, and an 8.9% walk rate in Triple-A, so he is moving in the right direction. There is more work to be done and it appears much of it will happen at the big league level. The Yankees need Mitchell to help both now and in the future.
No. 18: Gary Sanchez
Sanchez. (Star-Ledger)
2015 Role: Doesn't really have one outside of being a September call-up and the emergency extra catcher. A lot would have to go wrong for Sanchez to get a chance behind the plate before rosters expand, I think. His defense, specifically his receiving — he has thrown out 42% of attempted base-stealers the last two seasons and that's outstanding — is still a work in progress and so is his bat, really. Sanchez will spend the season as the regular catcher with the RailRiders.
Long-Term Role: Impact bat. Hopefully at catcher, but if not, at first base or even DH. Either way, Sanchez is a bat-first prospect and that's why he is so highly regarded. When Baseball America (subs. req'd) ranked him as the team's fifth best prospect a few weeks ago, they said he has "the potential for a .280 average and 20-25 home runs annually," and that's what the Yankees are hoping to see within a year or two.
Sanchez has shown quite a bit of improvement at making contact and controlling the strike zone as a pro — he had a 25.0% strikeout rate in Low Class-A, a 19.2% strikeout rate in High Class-A, and an 18.2% strikeout rate in Double-A. As with Mitchell, he's trending in the right direction. Sanchez has power and a strong arm, so the physical tools are there. And he just turned 22 last month, making him the youngest player on the 40-man roster.
The Yankees very clearly value defense behind the plate. It all started years ago, really. They acquired Jose Molina from the Angels in the middle of the 2007 season and the only poor defensive catcher they've had since was Jorge Posada. Despite that gaudy caught stealing rate, Sanchez could find himself in another organization if the Yankees don't like his defense enough. He could wind up being used as trade bait a la Jesus Montero.
Nova and his braces. (Presswire)
No. 17: Ivan Nova
2015 Role: Rehabber, at least at first. Nova had Tommy John surgery in late-April and isn't expected back until May or June of this year. He hasn't had a setback or anything, the Yankees are just playing it a little safe. A lot of pitchers have recently needed a second Tommy John surgery soon after the first one — Kris Medlen, Jarrod Parker, Cory Luebke, Daniel Hudson, and Brandon Beachy just to name a few — and a lot of people (including Dr. James Andrews) say it may be because they are pushing too hard during the rehab of the first procedure. That's why the Yankees are taking their time with Nova.
Once healthy and rehabbed, Nova will be expected to jump right back in the starting rotation and contribute. Every team needs more than five starters in a given season and these Yankees figure to be no different considering the injury risks present in the current projected rotation. If Nova comes back in May or June and the team doesn't have an obvious spot for him, that's a good thing. Let him get healthy first, then worry about where he fits. My guess is it won't be a problem.
Long-Term Role: Like I said, Nova will jump right back into the starting rotation once healthy and he's expected to be in the rotation in 2016 as well. That's the extent of Nova's ties to the Yankees though. He will become a free agent after the 2016 season and either he could decide to go elsewhere or the team could decide to move on.
That decision is still a long ways away, of course. Nova has to finish rehabbing his rebuilt elbow, get over the initial strike-throwing issues that so commonly plague recent Tommy John patients, then show in 2016 he is back to where he was before surgery. Now that I think about it … what was Nova before his injury? There were times he looked like an ace and other times he was throwing batting practice. We still don't really know who the real Nova is at the MLB level. Isn't that weird?
Coming Friday: Nos. 15 and 16. A young player about to get his first extended taste of big league action and a versatile reliever.
Filed Under: Players Tagged With: Bryan Mitchell, Gary Sanchez, Ivan Nova


Journal Of Pathology, 2010, v. 221 n. 4, p. 390-401 How to Cite?
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a key mediator of chronic kidney disease, in which epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process mediated by the TGFβ/Smad signalling pathway. The present study examined the specific role of Smads in Ang II-induced EMT in vitro and in vivo. We found that Ang II signalled through the receptor of AT1, not AT2, to activate Smad2/3 and induce EMT in a normal rat tubular epithelial cell line (NRK52E). Activation of Smads by Ang II was attributed to degradation of an inhibitory Smad7, which was mediated by the AT1-Smurf2-dependent ubiquitin degradation mechanism because blockade of AT1 receptor or knockdown of Smurf2 inhibited Smad7 loss, thereby reducing Smad2/3 activation and EMT in response to Ang II. In contrast, over-expression of Smad7 inhibited Ang II-induced Smad2/3 activation and EMT in NRK52E cells and in a rat model of remnant kidney disease. Moreover, knockdown of Smad3, not Smad2, attenuated Ang II-induced EMT. In conclusion, Ang II activates Smad signalling to induce EMT, which is mediated by a loss of Smad7 through the AT1-Smurf2-dependent ubiquitin degradation pathway. Smad3, but not Smad2, may be a mediator of EMT, while Smad7 may play a protective role in EMT in response to Ang II. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
This work was supported by grants from the Research Grant Council of Hong Kong SAR (Nos GRF768207, GRF767508 and CUHK5/CRF/09) and the Baxter Renal Discoveries Programme (2002).


Elizabeth Bowie Christoforetti is design director and founder of Supernormal, a practice that bridges the disciplines of architecture, urban design, and planning, with the goal of bringing increased sensitivity and systematization to urban development using improved quantitative methods. This approach requires careful attention to urban systems and the constraints of real estate development, and prioritizes methods of understanding and projecting change over time and change over location as first principles in design practice.
Elizabeth received a Master in Architecture with Distinction from the Harvard University Graduate School of Design, where she now teaches design studios in the Architecture department. She also holds degrees from Bowdoin College and The Art Institute of Chicago. From 2014-2016, Elizabeth conducted research within the Social Computing Group at the MIT Media Lab, where she utilized emerging technologies to better align human experience with urban development.


text:
Keep It Country, Kids
Will the Circle Be Unbroken?
Lee Ann Womack "The Way I'm Livin'" Album Review
It's been awhile since we have heard the unequaled Lee Ann Womack grace the radio dial. After a long hiatus, she has finally given us some new material, and it was well worth the wait. Lee Ann Womack is an artist who has stood by her guns and kept her music traditionally grounded, yet commercially viable. The Way I'm Livin' continues that trend. It's not only on of Lee Ann Womack's best albums, its one of the best albums of an already stellar 2014.
The album kicks off with a beautiful vocal performance by Lee Ann on the prelude, "Fly". Lee Ann's powerful voice is an instrument all its own, and it is on full showcase on this album. The entire album has a theme of playing both sides of the fence, being pulled between the Good Lord and the Devil. "All His Saints" is a play towards the good side tackled with a blusey gospel sound, while "The Way I'm Living" and "Sleeping With The Devil" play to the sinner side. I like the way Lee Ann can approach both sides with an equal amount of believability on each end. The fantastic "Send It On Down", written by one of my favorites, Chris Knight, actually hits both sides of the spectrum in one song, as it tells the tale of a drunkard looking for answers from above. "Chances Are" was written by Hayes Carll, another stellar singer-songwriter and is a fantastic tale of barroom love. "Tomorrow Night In Baltimore" is a great story song that you just don't hear enough of anymore. The album's closer "When I Come Around" is one of my favorites, and ends the album on a stellar note.
There really isn't a bad track to be found. Some of the songs may not hold up as modern classics or anything, but they are all integral to the album. The Way I'm Livin' is the type of album that doesn't have a "Song of The Year" contender on it, but is an "Album of The Year" contender because the sum of all of its parts create a wonderful listening experience. "Same Kind of Different As Me" is a song that may not be my favorite, but it fits perfectly in this album and sounds great. The same goes for "Out On The Weekend" and "I Have Not Forgotten You". When all of these songs come together, it makes an album that will make you smile, think, cry, and love. That's what its all about.
The Way I'm Livin' is a nice comeback for Lee Ann Womack. She has been sorely missed, and its great to not only have some new music, but for it to be this high quality to boot. Lee Ann clearly doesn't let other dictate her sound and her direction. The result is an album that is heartfelt, country, and commercial. If you like sweet female vocals, some back and forth between heaven and hell, and a whole lot of heartache, check out The Way I'm Livin'.
Standout Tracks: "The Way I'm Livin'", "Send It On Down", "When I Come Around", "Chances Are", "Sleeping With The Devil"
"The Way I'm Livin'"
"Send It On Down"
"Sleeping With The Devil"
Labels: Album Reviews, Lee Ann Womack
Darius Rucker "Wagon Wheel" Single Review
Darius Rucker has deemed "Wagon Wheel" as the next single from his upcoming album True Believers. He called on Lady Antebe...
Tim McGraw with Catherine Dunn "Diamond Rings and Old Barstools" Single Review
Tim McGraw ends up as the butt of my criticism many times. I have given Tim grief for always chasing trends and not being the most ...
The 5 Worst Songs of 2012
Well, it's been all fun and sunshine here at Keep It Country Kids the past few posts. Looking back at the best of 2012 has been f...
Eli Young Band "Drunk Last Night" Single Review
The Eli Young Band recently released their new single "Drunk Last Night" to country radio. EYB really broke through with ...
Eric Church "Like Jesus Does" Single Review
Eric Church continues the stellar run of his 2012 CMA Album of the Year Chief with his latest single, the somber "Like Je...
Keith Urban "Cop Car" Single Review
Keith Urban has released the third single from his album Fuse . "Cop Car"" is the selection, and it is already cli...
Keith Urban "John Cougar, John Deere, John 3:16" Single Review
Oh boy. Where do we even begin? Keith Urban has been toeing the line between country and pop for years now, but he managed never...
A Reaction to Blake Shelton's "Old Farts and Jackasses" Comment
Unless you are living under a rock, by now you have heard of Blake Shelton discussing his role as Male Vocalist of the Year th...
Luke Bryan "Drink A Beer" Single Review
Everybody's favorite hip shaking country boy has released his new single, "Drink A Beer", to country radio. Luke h...
George Strait "Love Is Everything" Album Review
The great George Strait is back with a new album, Love Is Everything . There are few things that are certain in life. Death, taxes...
The Keep It Country Kids 100 Greatest Country Songs of All Time
Part 1: 100-91
Part 2: 90-81
Part 10: 10-1
100 Greatest Songs (10) Aaron Lewis (1) Aaron Watson (4) ACMs (4) Alan Jackson (8) Album Reviews (86) Anderson East (1) Angaleena Presley (3) Ashley Monroe (4) Award Shows (7) Ben Haggard (1) Best Albums of the Year (4) Best Songs of the Year (4) Big & Rich (1) Bill Monroe (1) Billy Currington (1) Blackberry Smoke (3) Blake Shelton (6) Bob Wills & The Texas Playboys (2) Bobby Bones (2) Brad Paisley (4) Brandy Clark (5) Brantley Gilbert (1) Brent Cobb (1) Brooks & Dunn (2) Buck Owens (2) Buddy Miller (1) Cam (2) Carolina Still (2) Carrie Underwood (3) Charlie Rich (1) Charlie Worsham (1) Chase Rice (3) Chris Knight (1) Chris Stapleton (5) Chris Young (4) Classic Country (23) CMAs (4) Cody Jinks (3) Conway Twitty (2) Corb Lund (1) Courtney Patton (2) Craig Campbell (1) Darius Rucker (1) Dave Cobb (1) David Nail (1) David Rawlings (1) Deana Carter (1) Del McCoury (1) Dierks Bentley (9) Dixie Chicks (1) Dolly Parton (3) Don Henley (2) Don Williams (2) Drew Holcomb and The Neighbors (1) Dustin Lynch (1) Dwight Yoakam (4) Easton Corbin (1) Eddy Arnold (1) Eli Young Band (2) Elvis Presley (1) Eric Church (14) Eric Paslay (3) Ernest Tubb (1) Faith Hill (1) Fake News (1) Faron Young (1) Flatt & Scruggs (1) Florida-Georgia Line (9) Garth Brooks (5) Gary Allan (3) Gene Autry (1) George Jones (7) George Strait (8) Gillian Welch (1) Glen Campbell (2) Grand Ole Opry (2) Guy Clark (1) Hank Williams (6) Hank Williams III (2) Hank Williams Jr (2) Hank3 (1) Hellbound Glory (2) Holly Williams (5) Jake London (3) Jake Owen (5) James Wesley (1) Jamey Johnson (3) Jason Aldean (7) Jason Boland and the Stragglers (3) Jason Eady (4) Jason Isbell (4) Jeannie C. Riley (1) Jennifer Nettles (2) Jerrod Niemann (3) Jim Ed Brown (1) Jim Lauderdale (1) Jimmie Rodgers (1) Joe Nichols (1) Joey + Rory (2) John Anderson (1) John Denver (1) John Paul White (1) Johnny Cash (10) Johnny Paycheck (1) Jon Pardi (3) Jon Wolfe (1) Josh Thompson (2) Josh Turner (1) June Carter Cash (1) Kacey Musgraves (4) Keith Urban (4) Keith Whitley (2) Kellie Pickler (5) Kenny Chesney (3) Kenny Rogers (1) Kip Moore (1) Kitty Wells (1) Kristy Lee Cook (1) Lady Antebellum (1) LeAnn Rimes (1) Lee Ann Womack (4) Lee Brice (3) Lefty Frizzell (2) Lindi Ortega (1) Little Big Town (3) Little Jimmy Dickens (1) Loretta Lynn (3) Love & Theft (2) Luke Bryan (14) Maddie & Tae (5) Maggie Rose (2) Margo Price (1) Martina McBride (1) Marty Robbins (1) Matt Woods (2) Meghan Linsey (1) Melody Williamson (2) Merle Haggard (8) Mickey Guyton (1) Miranda Lambert (8) Mo Pitney (1) Morgane Stapleton (1) Nathan Stanley (1) News (11) Nick Dittmeier (1) Old Crow Medicine Show (7) Parmalee (1) Pat Green (1) Patsy Cline (3) Patti Page (1) Pistol Annies (1) Porter Wagoner (1) Ralph Stanley (1) Random Radio 5-Spot (1) Randy Houser (3) Randy Rogers (2) Randy Travis (2) Ray Charles (1) Ray Price (2) Reba McEntire (2) Remembering (9) Ricky Skaggs (2) Robert Earl Keen (1) Rodney Atkins (1) Roger Miller (1) Ronnie Milsap (1) Roy Acuff (1) Sam Hunt (3) Sam Outlaw (2) Sammi Smith (1) Sarah Gayle Meech (1) Shooter Jennings (8) Single Reviews (81) Sturgill Simpson (8) Sugarland (1) Sunny Sweeney (5) Tammy Wynette (3) Tanya Tucker (1) Taylor Swift (2) Tennessee Ernie Ford (1) The Band Perry (5) The Cadillac Three (1) The Carter Family (2) The Charlie Daniels Band (1) The Farm (1) The Soggy Bottom Boys (1) The Sons of The Pioneers (1) The Top 10 (5) Thomas Rhett (2) Thompson Square (1) Throwback Thursdays (6) Tim McGraw (11) Toby Keith (1) Turnpike Troubadours (7) Tyler Farr (2) Vern Gosdin (1) Vince Gill (1) Wade Bowen (2) Waylon Jennings (8) Waylon Wednesdays (2) Whitey Morgan & The 78's (2) Will Hoge (5) Willie Nelson (7) Worst Songs of the Year (4) Zac Brown Band (6) Zane Williams (2)
Eric Paslay "She Don't Love You" Single Review
The Band Perry "Gentle On My Mind" Single Review
Jason Aldean "Burnin' It Down" Single Review
Garth Brooks "Man Against Machine" Album Review
Little Big Town "Pain Killer" Album Review
Angaleena Presley "American Middle Class" Album Re...
The 48th Annual CMA Awards: Who SHOULD Win and Who...
More Great Country Music Sites
Country California
This Is Country Music
Watermark theme. Theme images by mammuth. Powered by Blogger.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
| Home | E-Submission | Sitemap | Contact Us |
Radiation Oncology Journal > Volume 29(3); 2011 > Article
Choi, Kang, Park, and Kim: Co-authorship patterns and networks of Korean radiation oncologists
Clinical Investigation
Radiation Oncology Journal 2011; 29(3): 164-173.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3857/roj.2011.29.3.164
Co-authorship patterns and networks of Korean radiation oncologists
Jinhyun Choi, MD1, Jin Oh Kang, MD1, Seo Hyun Park, MS1, Sang Ki Kim, MD2
1Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
2Department of Radiation Oncology, Jeju National University School of Medicine, Jeju, Korea.
Correspondence: Jin Oh Kang, MD, Department of Radiation Oncology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, 1 Hoegidong, Dongdaemoon-gu, Seoul 130-702, Korea.
Tel: +82-2-958-8664, Fax: +82-2-962-3002, kangjino@paran.com
Received June 08, 2011 Revised June 27, 2011 Accepted July 07, 2011
Copyright © 2011. The Korean Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology
(open-access, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0):
This research aimed to analyze the patterns of co-authorship network among the Korean radiation oncologists and to identify attributing factors for the formation of networks.
A total of 1,447 articles including contents of 'Radiation Oncology' and 'Therapeutic Radiology' were searched from the KoreaMed database. The co-authorship was assorted by the author's full name, affiliation and specialties. UCINET 6.0 was used to figure out the author's network centrality and the cluster analysis, and KeyPlayer 1.44 program was used to get a result of key player index. Sociogram was analyzed with the Netdraw 2.090. The statistical comparison was performed by a t-test and ANOVA using SPSS 16.0 with p-value < 0.05 as the significant value.
The number of articles written by a radiation oncologist as the first author was 1,025 out of 1,447. The pattern of co-authorship was classified into five groups. For articles of which the first author was a radiation oncologist, the number of single-author articles (type-A) was 81; single-institution articles (type-B) was 687; and multiple-author articles (type-C) was 257. For the articles which radiation oncologists participated in as a co-author, the number of single-institution articles (type-D) was 280 while multiple-institution articles (type-E) were 142. There were 8,895 authors from 1,366 co-authored articles, thus the average number of authors per article was 6.51. It was 5.73 for type-B, 6.44 for type-C, 7.90 for type-D, and 7.67 for type-E (p = 0.000) in the average number of authors per article. The number of authors for articles from the hospitals published more than 100 articles was 7.23 while form others was 5.94 (p = 0.005). Its number was 5.94 and 7.16 for the articles published before and after 2001 (p = 0.000). The articles written by a radiation oncologist as the first author had 5.92 authors while others for 7.82 (p = 0.025). Its number was 5.57 and 7.71 for the Journal of the Korean Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology and others (p = 0.000), respectively. Among the analysis, a significant difference in the average number of author per article was indicated. The out-degree centrality of network among authors was 4.26% (2.03.7.09%) while in-degree centrality was 1.31% (0.53.2.84%). The three significant nodes were classified and listed as following: Choi, Eun Kyung for 1991-1995, Kim, Dae Young for 1998-2001, Park, Won and Lee, Sang Wook for 2003-2010. Choi, Eun Kyung and Kim, Dae Young appeared in two cases, and ranked as the highest degree in centrality. In the key player analysis, Choi, Eun Kyung and Lee, Sang Wook appeared in two cases, and ranked as the highest. From the cluster analysis, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul National University and Yonsei University revealed as the three large clusters when Ulsan University, Chonnam National University, and Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science as the medium clusters.
The Korean radiation oncologist's society shows a closed network with numerous relationships among the particular clusters, and the result indicates it is different from other institutions in the pattern of co-authorship formation of the major hospitals.
Keywords: Radiation Oncology, Co-authorship, Network
In general, network is defined as a method of sharing information with somebody else. This method commonly has a complex spider-web pattern complicated with the vast social relationship. Moreover, ranges of network are enormous since all the categories including different communicating objects are able to be handled by a network. Consequently, the medical knowledge forms a network when a mutual relationship is induced by the constant connection and the share of its information among the medical scientists. An academic network of scholars is expressed as sharing the final products of publications throughout the co-author relationship. We believe an analysis of co-authorship is as an effective way to figure out a pattern of scientific collaboration.
In our previous research, the structural characteristic of Radiation Oncology institutions in Korea was analyzed in order to suggest more effective collaborative system [1]. The various patters, however, would be appeared depending on an author's purpose of co-authorship and the level of comprehension when a network is formed within or between institutions. In the perspective of a researcher, each author's status in Radiation Oncology is required to understand the characteristics of the network profoundly. With this reason, this study is aimed to understand the pattern of network formation and the characteristics of network among authors using a social network and standard statistical analysis of co-authored journals in the Korean Radiation Oncology. Henceforth, it can be applied as the basic data to bring development into the Radiation Oncology society. We believe these studies are able to propose a long-term strategy how the research collaboration progresses in the Radiation Oncology, and be used as a tool to evaluate it. Also, it can suggest the collaborating research plan throughout observing the system of knowledge production in the field of Radiation Oncology.
1. Co-authorship analysis
We found a total of 1,447 articles and 8,976 full author names from the KoreaMed database with the following condition; at lease one's affiliation from authors was in either "Radiation Oncology" or "Therapeutic Radiology," and their journals published in Korea between 1991 and 2010. In this study, we excluded the journals published before 1990 since most of it tended to have incorrect inscriptions in author's affiliation. The journals were classified into three groups: "Journal of Korean Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology," "Korean Journal of Medical Physics (KJMP)," and "Others." The number of journals of which the first author was in Radiation Oncology was 1,025 composed of 70.8% (Table 1). Because KoreaMed database does not specify a corresponding author, the first author and his/her institution were assumed as the main author and institution in the research. The classifying method of the author's institution was performed identically as the previous research had been [1].
2. Network analysis
We used a social network analysis software, UCINET for windows ver. 6 (Analytic Technologies, Lexington, KY, USA) in order to measure centrality indices. A sociogram was performed by a program, Netdraw ver. 2.090 (Analytic Technologies). The degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality were obtained, and compared to indicate the structural properties of a network and an author's status in the network of research institutions. An optimal set of nodes, maintaining and composing a network, was identified by a program, KeyPlayer ver. 1.44 (Analytic Technologies). In this study, distance weighted reach criterion method (KPP-NEG) was used to analyze a key player. This program was designed to designate a node as a key player of which its connectivity drops dramatically or fragmentizes in the case of random elimination of a key node [2]. For the cluster analysis, a clique analysis of UCINET was conducted, and the minimum size was fixed at the value of 1.
We classified the co-authorship patterns, and the results are listed as following; the number of type-A, single-author articles with the first author whose affiliation was a radiation oncologist, was 81; type-B, single-institution articles with the same condition of first author, was 687; type-C, multiple-institution articles with the same condition, was 257; type-D, single-institution articles collaborated with a radiation oncologist, was 280; and type-E, multiple-institutions articles with a collaboration, was 142. Except for the type-A, there was a total 1,366 co-authored articles and 8,898 participated authors, thus 6.51 co-authors per article in average were calculated (Table 1).
Except for the type-A articles, Table 2 shows the number of authors per article; 5.73 for type-B, 6.44 for type-C, 7.90 for type-D, and 7.67 for type-E (p = 0.000) (Fig. 1). The number of authors for articles from the hospitals published more than 100 articles was 7.23 while form others was 5.94 (p = 0.005). Its number was 5.94 and 7.16 for the articles published before and after 2001 (p = 0.000). The articles written by a radiation oncologist as the first author had 5.92 authors while others for 7.82 (p = 0.025). Its number was 5.57 and 7.71 for the Journal of the Korean Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology and others (p = 0.000), respectively. Among the analysis, there was a significant difference in the average number of author per article. According to the types of co-authorship from 1991 to 2010, the changes in its average number clarified the significant difference (Fig. 2). The number of journals type-C, -D, and -E increased since 1997 while the type-B was constant. Consequently, the total number of Radiation Oncology journals was increased as well. While it was 0.21 in the correlation coefficient between numbers of the co-authorship type-B and total articles, it was 0.90, 0.93, and 0.82 for type-C, -D, and -E respectively (p = 0.000). From the research, the five hospitals published more than 100 research articles were Seoul National University, Yonsei University, Catholic University, Ulsan University, and Sungkyunkwan University, and we found a significant difference in the formation of pattern to collaborate with other institutions (Table 3). When other institutions, published less than 100 research papers, had high ratio of type-A, we observed the high ratio of type-B in the case of the five major hospitals. Especially in type-B from the major hospitals, the number of articles published by 7 to 10 authors was remarkably higher than any other institution (Fig. 3).
1. Author's network analysis
For the network analysis, we analyzed 1,351 articles excluding the single-author articles and the journals from KJMP. We excluded KJMP because these journals were published in a short period of time and produced the network too excessively considering its number of articles published [1]. In this research, an author and a co-authorship were defined as a node and a network (Fig. 4). A centrality of the specific node represents the index of centralization degree where a performer is located in a network. The closeness centrality is defined as how a node is close to other nodes. The betweenness centrality shows how a node acts as an intermediary to form a network with other nodes [1]. A centrality can be categorized into an out-degree and an in-degree as well. Basically, an out-degree centrality means the direction of it towards outside, and, in the field of co-authorship, it represents the degree of the first author's tendency to collaborate with co-authors. Likewise, the in-degree centrality means the degree of an author's tendency participated as a co-author. Between 1990 and 2010, the percentage of network out-degree centrality among authors were 4.26% in average (ranges between 2.03 and 7.09%), and the in-degree centrality was 1.31% (range, 0.53 to 2.84%) (Table 4). Choi, Eun Kyung was the major node for the period between 1991 and 1995, Kim, Dae Young was from 1998 to 2001, and Park, won and Lee, Sang Wook were from 2003 to 2010. The author of the highest degree in centrality was Choi, Eun Kyung and Kim, Dae Young who were selected two times. From the key player analysis, Choi, Eun Kyung and Lee, Sang Wook were selected two times, and ranked as the highest degree (Table 4). We found a significant difference in the centralization index between the five major hospitals and others (Table 5). The number of invited cases to be the first author from the major five hospitals, published more than 100 research journals, was 5.28 and relatively higher than other institutions, showed its number as 3.86. Likewise, the case of invited as a co-author had the value of 1.02, and it was higher than others of 0.38. Additionally, it was 1.16% and 1.12% for the out-degree and the in-degree contribution level per node in the major hospitals respectively, which were significantly higher than the one's in other hospitals which had the level of 0.92% and 0.96%.
2. Author's cluster analysis
An author's cluster was performed by a clique analysis of UCINET 6.0. From the analysis, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul National University, and Yonsei University revealed as the three large clusters when Ulsan University, Chonnam National University, and Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Science were the medium clusters (Fig. 5). The networks of authors from other institutions were not large enough to form a cluster.
Discussion and Conclusion
The co-authorship network is an interrelationship among scientists who co-published a journal and formed a structure of knowledge system. From the analysis of co-authorship, it is observed dynamically in the pattern of how the knowledge is produced and shared in a society of scientists [3]. The map of science is as important as the quantitative analysis to visualize the structural relationship. We believe the insufficient database is unable to support the national research products, and becomes the major problem of creating a network for the national research trend. Even though the KoreaMed or other institutions provides a service on the national dissertations, the valuable information is not easy to be obtained since the journals initially have inaccurate basic information. Individual researchers have numerous bynames of their affiliations or majors. Also, there is no "data-warehouse" filtering out these bynames, which has caused the problems. Nevertheless, it is possible to extract the data throughout a researcher's own extracting program in limited ranges. We had analyzed the network of SCIE dissertations of 40 medical schools [4] or the institutions in the field of Radiation Oncology in the previous research [1]. Advanced from the previous one, this study aimed to analyze a co-authorship of the articles, published in the last 20 years, in Radiation Oncology to figure out researcher's clusters and its attributing factors.
From the result of this study, we identified the increase in the number of participated authors due to the increase of research size in this academic field. The dramatic difference was also confirmed in the articles collaborated with co-authors whose major was other than Radiation Oncology (type-B). Especially, the major five institutions published more than 100 articles had the significant difference in the participation of co-authorship. The increasing number of authors in an article means the invigoration of research collaboration. On the other hands, it should be noted that an issue of the reliance of author's qualification can be brought. Most of the infrastructure of Radiation Oncology is based on the university or the large research institution. The qualitative evaluation of publications becomes as a research achievement, and influences researcher considerably. Without a doubt, a contribution level of article written by a few authors must be different from the one written by many authors. It is not easy, however, to discriminate the level of contribution of the first author from the co-authors. Moreover, a corresponding author has to be put on weight differently from the others except the first author in the degree of relationship with the first author to reflect clearly the structure of network. Unfortunately, we were not able to conduct this analysis of corresponding author since the KoreaMed did not provide information on them. Also, unlike other clinical researches, the research in the Radiation Oncology is likely to be published with the different perspective of study such as focus on clinic, biology, and physics. In this case, it should be concerned that the number and ranges of participating co-authors are different. With this perspective, we aimed to analyze the characteristic of structure, limited to the pattern and the characteristic of author's network rather than just considering the qualitative evaluation of journals, in order to support the basic database for the better research system. Between 1990 and 2010, the out-degree centrality of authors, tendency involving co-authors, was 4.26% in average (range, 2.03 to 7.09%) and the in-degree centrality was 1.31% (range, 0.53 to 2.84%). It was relatively higher value than other field considering the value is around 0.5% [5] and 0.2% in the national Pathology and the Radiology (unpublished data) respectively. We believed the relatively low number of researchers and their affiliation, limited to a professor at university hospitals, induced the higher frequency of the network compared to others. Especially, the increase of co-authorship between university hospitals (type-B) is related directly to the frequency of network (Figs. 2 and 3). Because of the increase in this co-authorship, the field of Radiation Oncology created "two different kinds of the culture" in the co-authorship pattern. From Fig. 3, a university hospitals' distribution for the number of articles based on the number of authors appeared as a normal distribution, stretched out both side equally when the number of authors are fixed at 6. Otherwise, other hospitals revealed a reversed function distribution due to the increase in the number of authors per article as increasing the number of authors from 2. A similar phenomenon, "the different kinds of the culture", reported from the co-authorship analysis, with 339 articles and 484 authors in the national field of Public Health Administration [3]. From the Journal in which medical health and social scientists work together, the social scientist's preference of co-authorship reported to have the smaller number of authors while the natural scientists prefer the large number. When the number of authors increased, the social scientist's co-authorship decreased accumulatively while the natural scientist's consistently revealed an inverted u-shape with the certain number as a central value. This academic activity could not be only an individual's problem, but also it could be blamed on the influence of social structure or the outcome of the academic field. The co-authorship had to be affected by its research environment, thus the cultures in co-authorship of the Radiation Oncology was different in the large institution from the other hospitals, known as "two different kinds of the culture." There was no appropriate culture, but it ought to be noted that the co-authorship culture of researchers in the Radiation Oncology had different patterns from others.
The researcher in the Radiation Oncology created two different network parts: one connected to the large hospital, called as the main network, and the other with independent institution not connected to the main network group (Fig. 4). From Fig. 4, the co-authorship network in 2008 showed the sociogram, and Kim, Jin Hee was selected 13 times in outdegree centrality occupying 3.403%, and ranked as the highest. It was also designated as a key player from the KeyPlayer program analysis (Fig. 4). Park, Hee Chul was 0.091% in the betweenness centrality, and ranked as the highest. Park, Won and Kim, Il Han were the highest for the closeness centrality. From the example of 2008, there was a network linked by the following pathway as listed: Park, Won - Park, Hee Chul - Chi, Eui Kyu - Jang, na Young - Kim, In Han with Kim, Jin Hee as a center. And, other unconnected independent research groups were also confirmed.
The main network is usually composed of several clusters, and its characteristic can be detected with a clique analysis (Fig. 5). An object has different kinds of attributes, and objects, reflecting a similar characteristic, can be grouped into a cluster by a clique analysis if there are numerous objects. In the field of Radiation Oncology, we found three large clusters: Sungkyunkwan University, Yonsei University and Seoul National University and three medium clusters: Ulsan University, Chonnam National University and Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences. Not having big enough network size, the other institutions did not form a cluster. A cluster analysis showed the characteristic of each formation of cluster. Usually, 3 to 4 disjoint clusters gathered inside of the large clusters while hierarchical clusters were observed in the medium cluster. For instance, we found the large number of published articles and node in Ulsan University network. However, it revealed a vertical shape of cluster, not containing a similar size of disjoint clusters. The environment also affects the pattern of forming a cluster. The various numbers of disjoint cluster should be observed when co-authors hold their functional status and the narrowed degree of research led by a certain author were low in a network. A hierarchical cluster has advantage of a decision-making process but disadvantage over the diversity on research subjects and the balanced development among researchers. From understanding a characteristic of network, it can establish the strategy or plan on the academic activity of research institution or group. The institution has to decide strategically to choose either a hierarchical or a disjoint cluster.
As a result, the numerous relationships are happened by the certain cluster between researchers in the field of Radiation Oncology in Korea, which is known as a closed characteristic of network. There are different cultures between the large hospitals and others in forming a co-authorship. We assume it can be used to diagnose the present situation of the entire Radiation Oncology and map out a program of development through analyzing compositions of academic co-authorship and network patterns.
We are indebted to Mr. Keonhee Kim (the Department of Biochemistry, the University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA) for his engagement in the research. His suggestions and excellent technical supports were greatly helpful to us for the data analysis and the preparation of manuscript. Also, we would like to thank to him his assistance in English translation.
1. Choi J, Park SH, Kang JO. The characteristics of a research network for radiation oncology in Korea. J Korean Soc Ther Radiol Oncol 2010;28:184–191.
2. Borgatti SP, Mehra A, Brass DJ, Labianca G. Network analysis in the social sciences. Science 2009;323:892–895, PMID: 19213908.
3. Jung M, Chung D. Co-author and keyword networks and their clustering appearance in preventive medicine fields in Korea: analysis of papers in the Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 1991-2006. J Prev Med Public Health 2008;41:1–9, PMID: 18250599.
4. Kang JO, Park SH. Analysis of scientific publication networks among medical schools in Korea. Healthc Inform Res 2010;16:100–119, PMID: 21818430.
5. Kang JO, Park SH, Park YK. The analysis of co-authorship and networks among the Korean pathologists. Korean J Pathol 2011;45:227–236.
Number authors per article of according to the coauthorship pattern. The result shows that there are significant differences among group B, C, D, and E (p = 0.000). The difference between group B and C was also significant (p = 0.002) but there was no significant difference between group D and E (p = 0.522). A, 1st = radiation oncology (RO) & single author; B, 1st = RO & multiple author & single institution; C, 1st = RO & multiple authors & multiple institutions; D, 1st ≠ RO & multiple authors & single institution; E, 1st ≠ RO & multiple authors & multiple institutions.
Pattern changes according to the years. In recent 10 years, the number of articles co-authoring with other departments or other institutions are increased. The average number of authors is strongly correlated with the number of group C (0.90), group D (0.93), and group E (0.82) but it is very weakly related with group B (0.21). A, 1st = radiation oncology (RO) & single author; B, 1st = RO & multiple author & single institution; C, 1st = RO & multiple authors & multiple institutions; D, 1st ≠ RO & multiple authors & single institution; E, 1st ≠ RO & multiple authors & multiple institutions.
Author distributions according to the co-authorship pattern. Upper big 5, lower other hospitals. Big 5 showed bell shaped Gaussian distribution while the other hospitals showed power law distribution. A, 1st = radiation oncology (RO) & single author; B, 1st = RO & multiple author & single institution; C, 1st = RO & multiple authors & multiple institutions; D, 1st ≠ RO & multiple authors & single institution; E, 1st ≠ RO & multiple authors & multiple institutions.
Network diagram in year 2008. Kim, Jin Hee (circle) was highest centrality node. Key player, Park, Won and Kim, Il Han (square) were highest closeness centrality nodes. Park, Hee Chul (diamond) was highest betweenness node.
Cliques of Korean radiation oncologists' society (2008-2010).
The number of articles and authors according to co-authorship pattern
Values are presented as no. of articles/no. of authors/average no. of authors per article.
JKOSTRO, Journal of Korean Society Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology; KJMP, Korean Journal of Medical Physics; RO, radiation oncology.
a)A, 1st = RO & single author; B, 1st = RO & multiple author & single institution; C, 1st = RO & multiple authors & multiple institutions; D, 1st ≠ RO & multiple authors & single institution; E, 1st ≠ RO & multiple authors & multiple institutions.
The number of authors according to subgroup
RO, radiation oncology; JKOSTRO, Journal of Korean Society Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology; KJMP, Korean Journal of Medical Physics.
a)Group A was not included for statistical analysis. B, 1st = RO & multiple author & single institution; C, 1st = RO & multiple authors & multiple institutions; D, 1st ≠ RO & multiple authors & single institution; E, 1st ≠ RO & multiple authors & multiple institutions. b)Institutions with more than 100 articles during the period.
Co-authorship patterns according to the hospital status
Values are presented as number (%).
a)A, 1st = RO & single author; B, 1st = RO & multiple author & single institution; C, 1st = RO & multiple authors & multiple institutions; D, 1st ≠ RO & multiple authors & single institution; E, 1st ≠ RO & multiple authors & multiple institutions. b)Institutions with more than 100 articles during the period.
Network indices according to the year
Indegree and outdegree factors according to hospital
a)Institutions with more than 100 articles during the period.
The Stucture of Korean Radiation Oncology in 19971999 June;17(2)
Present Status and Future Aspects of Radiation Oncology in Korea2006 December;24(4)
The Characteristics of a Research Network for Radiation Oncology in Korea2010 September;28(3)


text:
Charlotte's fussing faded into sleepy comfort. She looked up at me and I down at her. I realized how consumed I had become with wondering what versions of DNA she might have inherited from me. I kept my arms folded tightly around her, wondering now what sort of world she was
inheriting.
A Stroke on the
The Light Trifle of His Substance
HE EMPEROR
, clad in black, hobbled into the great hall. An audience of powerful men had assembled in the Palace of Brussels on October 25, 1555, to listen to a speech by the Holy Roman emperor Charles V. At the time, he ruled over much of Europe as well as wide swaths of the New World. A few years before, Titian had painted his portrait, astride a war horse, encased in armor, brandishing a lance. But now, at fifty-five, he had become toothless and blank-stared. As he made his way to the front of the hall, he had to lean on both a cane and Prince William of Orange. Trailing Charles was his twenty-eight-year-old son, Philip. There was no question that they were related. Father and son alike had lower jaws that jutted far forward, leaving their mouths to hang open. Their shared look was so distinctive that anatomists later named it after their dynasty: the Habsburg jaw.
Father and son climbed together up a few steps onto a dais, where they turned and
sat before the assembly. They listened to the president of the Council of Flanders announce that Charles had summoned the audience to witness his abdication. They would now have to transfer their allegiance from Charles V to Philip II, his rightful heir.
Charles then rose from the throne and put on a pair of spectacles. He read from a page of notes, reflecting on his forty-year reign. Over those decades, he had expanded his power across much of the world. In addition
to Spain, he ruled the Holy Roman Empire, the Low Countries, and much of Italy. His power extended from Mexico to Peru, where his armies had recently crushed the Inca Empire. Waves of ships rolled back east across the Atlantic, arriving at Spanish ports to unload gold and silver.
Starting in the 1540s, however, Charles had begun to flag. He developed gout and hemorrhoids. His battles now ended in fewer victories and more stalemates. Charles grew depressed, sometimes so despondent he would lock himself away in a chamber. His chief consolation was his son. Charles had put Philip in charge of Spain when he was still just a teenager, and Philip had amply proven himself fit to inherit Charles's power.
Now, in 1555, Charles was content to make him a king. As he finished his speech, he turned to Philip. "
May the Almighty bless you with a son," he said, "to whom, when old and stricken with disease, you may be able to resign your kingdom with the same good-will with which I now resign mine to you."
It took a couple of years for all the formalities to get squared away, for Charles to retire to a monastery that he filled with clocks, and for his son to be crowned. But during all that time, the transition rolled along smoothly. No one objected to transferring their allegiance. What could be more natural, after all, than a prince succeeding his father? For anyone else to take control of the empire would have been to defy the laws of heredity.
Heredity—herencia
in Spanish,
hérédité
in French,
ereditÃ
in Italian—originally came from the Latin word
hereditas
The Romans did not use their word as we typically use ours today, to describe the process by which we inherit genes and other parts of our biology. They used
as a legal term, referring to the state of being an heir. "If we become heirs to a certain person," the jurist Gaius wrote, "
that person's assets pass to us."
It sounded simple enough, but Romans fought bitterly over heredity. Their conflicts accounted for two-thirds of all the lawsuits in Roman courts. If a wealthy man died without a will, his children would be first in line to inherit his fortune—except any daughters who had married into other families. Next in line would be the father's brothers and their children, then more distantly related kin.
Rome's system was one among many. Among the Iroquois, a child might
have many mothers. In many South American societies, a child could have many fathers; any man who had sex with a pregnant woman was considered a parent to her unborn child. In some societies, kinship had meaning only through the father's line, others only through the mother's.
The Apinayé of Brazil had it both ways: The men trace their ancestry back through their father's line, while the Apinayé women trace theirs back through their mother's. The words people used for their kin reflected how they organized relatives into a constellation of heredity; Hawaiians, for example, could use the same term for both sisters and female cousins.
Medieval Europe inherited some of Rome's hereditary customs, but over the centuries new rules emerged. In some countries,
the sons split their father's land. In others, only the eldest inherited it. In others still, it went to the youngest son. In the early Middle Ages, daughters sometimes became heirs, too, but as the centuries passed, they were mostly shut out.
As Europe grew wealthier, new hereditary rules took hold to keep the fortunes intact. The most powerful families of all took on titles and crowns, which were handed down through hereditary succession, to a son, preferably; if not, then a daughter or perhaps a grandnephew. Sometimes the branches of a dead monarch's family would fight for the crown, justifying their claim on heredity. But these claims became hard to judge when the memories of ancestors faded.
Noble families fought this forgetting by putting their genealogies in writing. In the Middle Ages,
Venice's Great Council created the Golden Book, which every son from the prominent old families of the republic signed on his eighteenth birthday. Only those whose names were recorded in the book could become members of the council. As unbroken lines of descent from noble ancestors became more important, leading families paid artists for visual propaganda. At first they represented heredity as vertical lines, but later they started painting simple trees. They might paint the founder of a noble lineage at the base of the tree, and his descendants perched on branches. The French gave these pictures a name in honor of their forking shape:
pé de grue
, meaning "crane's foot." In English, the word became
By the 1400s, pedigrees had become instantly recognizable, as evidenced by
a pageant that was put on in 1432 to honor Henry VI of England. The king, only ten years old at the time, had been crowned king of France. On his return to London, the city came out in force to celebrate his expanded power. Giant tableaux lined his path. He passed towers and tabernacles; Londoners dressed up as Grace, Fortune, and Wisdom, as well as a multitude of angels. The centerpiece of the citywide display was a castle constructed from green jasper, displaying
a pair of trees.
One tree traced Henry's ancestry back to the early kings of both England and France. The other was a tree that traced Jesus's ancestry all the way back to King David and beyond. These trees were a blend of fact and fiction, of display and concealment. They represented only those supposed ancestors whose kinship bolstered Henry's claim to power. The trees lacked siblings and cousins, bastards and wives. The most important omission of all was the House of York, Henry's rivals to the throne. But erasing them from Henry's tree did not erase them from history. Henry VI would be murdered at forty-nine, after which the House of York seized control of England.
When Charles V abdicated in 1555, he created a pageant of his own. Father and son stood on stage, side by side. The noblemen who sat before the emperor and his prince silently endorsed the hereditary transfer of power. Perhaps, as they listened to Charles deliver his speech, they turned their gaze from father to son and back. If they settled their gaze on the royal jaws, they would not have said that Charles had
his jaw from his father. They could recognize a family resemblance, but they did not explain it with the language of thrones and estates.
To account for why Charles and Philip looked alike, sixteenth-century Europeans relied largely on
the teachings of ancient Greeks and Romans. The Greek physician Hippocrates argued that men and women both produced semen, and that new life formed when the two were mixed. That blending accounted for how children ended up with a mix of their parents' characteristics. Aristotle disagreed, believing that only men produced the seeds of life. Their seeds grew on menstrual blood inside women's bodies, developing into embryos. Aristotle and his followers believed a woman
could influence the traits of her children, but only in the way the soil can influence how an acorn grows into an oak tree. "The mother is not the true parent of the child which is called hers," the Greek playwright
Aeschylus wrote. "She is a nurse who tends the growth of young seed planted by the true parent, the male."
The classical world had less to say about why different parents passed down different traits—why some people were tall and others short, why some were dark and others pale. One widespread notion was that new differences arose through experiences—in other words, people could pass down a trait they acquired during their lives. In ancient Rome, for example, there was a prominent family called the Ahenobarbi. Their name means "red beard," a trait that set them apart in bright contrast to Rome's dark-haired majority. The Ahenobarbi themselves had started out dark-haired as well, according to legend. But one day, a member of the Ahenobarbi clan, a man named Lucius Domitius, was traveling home to Rome when he encountered the demigods Castor and Pollux (otherwise known as the Gemini twins). They told Domitius to deliver news to Rome that they had won a great battle. And then Castor and Pollux stroked his cheek. With that divine touch, the beard of Domitius turned the color of bronze, and he then passed down his red beard to all his male descendants.
Hippocrates provided his medical authority to another story of acquired traits, about
a tribe known as the Longheads. A long head was a sign of nobility for the tribe, prompting parents to squeeze the skulls of newborns and wrap them in bandages. "Custom originally so acted that through force such a nature came into being," Hippocrates said. Eventually, Longhead babies came into the world with their heads already stretched out.
Other Greeks told similar stories—of men who lost fingers, for example, and then fathered fingerless children. "For the seed," Hippocrates wrote, "comes from all parts of the body, healthy seed from healthy parts, diseased seed from diseased parts." If those parts changed during a person's life, his or her seeds changed accordingly.
The place where people lived could also shape them, the Greeks believed, and even give them some of their national character. "
The people of
cold countries generally, and particularly those of Europe, are full of spirit, but deficient in skill and intelligence," Aristotle declared. They were therefore unfit to govern themselves or others. Asians had skill and intelligence, but lacked spirit, which was why they lived under the rule of despots. "The Greeks, intermediate in geographical position, unite the qualities of both sets of peoples," Aristotle wrote.
The theories of Aristotle and other ancient writers were preserved by Arab scholars, from whom Europeans learned of them in the Middle Ages.
In the 1200s, the philosopher Albertus Magnus declared that the temperature and humidity of people's birthplace determined the color of their skin. Indians were especially good at math, Albertus thought, because the influence of the stars was especially strong in India.
But over the next three centuries, Europeans developed a new explanation for the link between one generation and the next: They were joined by blood. Even today, Westerners still use the word
to talk about kinship, as if the two were equivalent in some obvious way. But other cultures thought of kinship in terms of other substances. On
the Malaysian island of Langkawi, to pick just one counterexample, people traditionally believed that children gained kinship through what they ate. They consumed the same milk as their siblings, and they later ate the same rice grown from the same soil. These beliefs are so strong among the Langkawi that if children from two families nurse from the same woman, a marriage between them would be considered incest.
The European concept of blood gave ancestry a different form. It sealed off kinship from the outside world. A child was born with the blood of its parents coursing through its veins, and inherited all that went with it. Philip II was fit to inherit his father's crown because he had royal blood, which came from his father, and his grandfather before that. Genealogies became bloodlines, serving as proof that noble families were not tainted with lower-class blood. The Habsburgs were especially protective of their royal blood, only marrying other members of their extended family. Charles V married Isabella of Portugal, for example; they were both grandchildren of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain.
Before long, Europeans even began to sort animals according to their blood. Of all birds,
falcons had the noblest blood, and falconry was thus suitable to be the sport of kings. If a falcon mated with a less noble bird, the chicks were called bastards. Noblemen also became connoisseurs of dogs and horses, paying fortunes for pure-blooded breeds. For animals no less than people, inheriting noble blood meant inheriting noble traits like bravery and strength.
No experience could hide the virtue carried in the blood of man or beast. In a medieval romance called
Octavian,
the Roman emperor of the same name unknowingly fathers a child named Florentine, who ends up being raised by a butcher. Even in that lowly household, Florentine's noble blood cannot be masked. His adoptive father sends him to the market to sell two oxen, and Florentine trades them instead for a sparrow hawk.
In the 1400s, people began to use a new word to define a group of
animals that shared the same blood: a
. A Spanish manual from around 1430 offered breeders
tips for providing a "good race" of horse. Their stallion must "be good and beautiful and of good coat and the mare that she be large and well formed and of good coat." Before long, people were assigned to races as well. A priest named Alfonso Martínez de Toledo declared in 1438 that it's easy to tell the difference between men belonging to good and bad races. It doesn't matter how they're raised, Martínez de Toledo said. Imagine that the son of a laborer and the son of a knight are reared together on some isolated mountain away from their parents. The laborer's son would end up enjoying working in a farm field, Martínez de Toledo promised, while the knight's son would take pleasure only in riding horses and sword fighting.
Legacy of Sorrows by Roberto Buonaccorsi
The Beautiful People by E. J. Fechenda
Seduction Under Fire by Melissa Cutler
Just a City Boy (Midnight Train Series) by V. L. Holt
The Tsarina's Legacy by Jennifer Laam
Goddess of the Night by Lynne Ewing
The Man She Left Behind by Janice Carter
What Might Have Been: Daniels Brother #4 (Daniels Brothers) by Sherri Hayes
E Virus: The Diary of a Modern Day Girl (The Beginning of the End) by Ward, Jessica
Angels in America by Tony Kushner


A unique, patented storage system to store tools securely in a truck's rear wheel-well area or the back of a van. Fits most 6' beds with bedliners, tonneau covers and caps.
Crown style lid with a full pan double-V stiffener for superior rigidity. Features include lockable stainless steel paddle handles, dampened gas shocks, closed cell foam gasket, and self-adjusting strikers. Removable plastic tool tray to help keep small items organized.
Crown style lid with a full pan double-V stiffener for superior rigidity. Other features include lockable stainless steel paddle handles, dampened gas shocks, closed cell foam gasket, and self-adjusting strikers. Removable plastic tool tray to help keep small items organized. 46"
Non-Rusting 0.056 Brite-tread aluminum. Slanted front to avoid the wheel wells. Double V-Pan lid stiffener creates strength and rigidity. Internal bends and 3-piece body add superior strength. 60"
High-quality materials and construction, 16-gauge steel and fully welded seams. Rain resistant boxes with no drawers to jam.
16-Ga. steel construction with welded seams, no spot welding. Lid secures tools in position when closed even in a mobile environment, the efficient tool arrangement puts tools at your fingertips and every tool has its place.
Crown style single lid with a full pan double-V stiffener for superior rigidity. Features include lockable stainless steel paddle handles, dampened gas shocks, closed cell foam gasket, and self-adjusting strikers. Removable plastic tool tray to help keep small items organized.


text:
Novoland: The Castle In The Sky 九州·天空城 - Episode 26 (Recap)
kakashi: We continue but we wish it was over.
JoAnne: Oh my GOD, do we ever. It's alright, though. We somehow sense that our frustration makes things fun for you guys. Brats.
The beaten and bleeding Huanzheng returns to the forest - it's proof that Tianyi is a bad, bad person. Ah, but Fuling isn't convinced. She knows her one true love - he just doesn't know how to express his twu feelings. She thinks she is the only one who will always understand him. Might as well just make her a reservation at a women's shelter now. And she will also wait for him in this forest, until he comes. Huanzheng shouts at her to be reasonable, but that's an alien concept to her. He finally leaves, vowing to destroy Feng Tianyi.
Truthfully, being reasonable is sort of alien to Huanzheng, too.
Honestly, has he ever looked better? Damn, Huanzheng.
Fuling doesn't even have to wait for long, here comes Wingkind Emperor! She hugs (a very stiff) (is he happy to see her?) him, asking him to tell her what difficulties he is in. But no, he pushes her away. Oh. Not that kind of stiff, I guess. The difficulties? He is the Wingkind Emperor with no holes, she is the reincarnation of the Star Flower Deity. All he wanted from her are wings. Now that he's got wings, he doesn't want to be with her anymore. There never were any feelings between them, he just used her (and he didn't even get any sex?!)
He's a fool. He didn't need holes for that. Not technically, anyway.
That part about the Star Flower Deity is news to our heroine (but not to us, oh no, not to us). The rest … well, WKE has to get really nasty to make her believe, telling her she cause the death of his "love" Xue Feinshuang etc. etc. Fuling doesn't believe him, but she runs away at the end, her foot miraculously better. He breaks down crying. Back at the palace, he hugs his surprised uncle and cries some more.
Nothing is news to us anymore. We've been watching this drama for 7 years by now.
WKE returns to their chambers afterwards and finds the box her father left for her. He wanted to give it to her on their wedding night - now there won't be another chance, he thinks. One of his tears falls on the box - and opens it. Neat. It contains memory movies of Fuling and her dad. Once it's done playing, it slams shut again and can no longer be opened. WTF.
What a dumb gift.
Okay, I forgot that Tianyi's love sacrifice is actually a sacrifice of the entire Wingkind tribe - no more pollen, no more flying = Doom. They also know the Humankind are preparing the Sky City to go against them (logic fail: no pollen, no Sky City can fly). It was smaaaart Tingjun who spread the news about it (he wants to blame the Stars Court for meddling too much? Huh?).
Wait. He sacrificed the whole tribe? I thought he sacrificed his love FOR the tribe. Dammit, I refuse to go back and watch even a minute of this. I mean, I miss his pretty face but I can use stills for that, I don't need to subject myself to the actual drama.
At Humankind City, the Stars Court dudes try to get an audience with Tingjun, but Luoling gets to them first and drugs them with some fumes. Tingjun seems fine with it.
He's too busy sniffing the inside of that fugly cheap mask.
Huanzheng is now also there, immediately concerned when he sees what has become of Tingjun. He is also full of hatred towards Feng Tianyi - convenient, because Tingjun wants him to finish Sky City. But! Huanzheng knows Jishu passionately loved peace, he would never have wanted to start a war!
Jishu was an idiot. Don't be too sure you know what he would have wanted.
Well, learn and see, Huanzheng. He is led to cave, where he finds one of his Shifu's items. Conveniently, Luoling comes in and tells Tingjun that it was clearly the Wingkind Clan who murdered Jishu and destroyed Sky City. The proof: all the Wingkind spies in the city. Of course, this makes so much sense…………… NOT. The news hits Huanzheng hard and he swears to kill Tianyi. Yes, you said that before. A bit of nudging from Tingjun and Huanzheng vows to fix Sky City. Yes, he'll kill his own kind because he hates Tianyi so much. Huanzeng means it. There is a massive amount of SNOT coming out of his nose.
Not long after, Yi Fuling arrives in the city. For reasons not entirely clear to me, she is out cold, hallucinating about Tianyi.
She's trying to sleep through this shitfest and he IS sexy.
Comic relief with the drunken Stars Court Elder in prison. They only get one serving (for three) - the drunken "Uncle" wants to eat it all by himself. But before he can take a sip, Tingjun's one good-hearted guard shouts "there is poison"! Luoling's doing!
Okay this one's gotta go. You can't mess with the one funny thing left to us, Luoling.
Time passes, Fuling wakes up - Tingjun confesses his love. He asks for another chance, now that his Corroding Boner has been removed. But, to her, he will always (only) been Tingjun Gege now. "We can't go back". It's Tianyi forever, even if he doesn't want her anymore. Awwwwkward. He goes a bit insane and tries … I don't know, he clings to her, but she pushes him away.
Is it just the corroding bit that's gone, or the whole boner? He is kind of good looking, especially when his hair is kind of shaggy/messy. It's worth at least a one night effort, Fuling. But if the whole thing is gone, yeah, there's no point.
She wants to see her father, he tells her he is already dead - he and his mother, they were able to die together. He cries "but what about me? What about me?" Poor boy, so lonely. He walks out like a zombie, vowing that what just happened will never happen again, he wants her to stay.
He couldn't get it up, I guess.
A total dud this episode, filler stuff, boooooooooooring.
From here to eternity, now.
Chen Ruo Xuan Guan Xiao Tong Liu Chang Novoland Novoland: The Castle In The Sky Recap sinopsis synopsis Zhang Ruo Yun 九州·天空城 张若昀


Wolvespirit are a German rock band - with an American singer. The band formed in Wuerzburg in 2009, and the band live together in a house in the German countryside of a small german village with artists, designers and other musicians formed together to a collective. In between this community the creative work flow takes place. Spontaneity apparently plays a big role for WolveSpirit.
The music is a blend of Stoner rock and old school 70s rock. Great heavy guitar riffs coupled with superb vocals. At times they are soft and gentle but at others then Debbie lets rip with her full vocal power and then they're more like Janis Joplin.
The first single from the album is 'Holy smoke' and that gives a great idea of what to expect from the album - great riffs, great vocals and a really great song.
'Making me wild' is one of my favourites on the album - just a great song.
Really though the whole album is extremely strong. If you like your rock with a strong stoner influence then this is definitely one to listen to.


text:
The ceremony of Lord Nelson's burial at St Paul's Cathedral, City of London
JR Hamble
Product images of The ceremony of Lord Nelson's burial at St Paul's Cathedral, City of London
Product details The ceremony of Lord Nelson's burial at St Paul's Cathedral, City of London
The ceremony of Lord Nelson's burial at St Paul's Cathedral, City of London, 1806.
Image ref: 1619932
London Metropolitan Archives (City of London)
More by the artist JR Hamble.
Explore the collection London Metropolitan Archives.
Aquatint
Guildhall Library & art Gallery
Hamble
keywording.com
State Funeral
Viscount Nelson
war hero
Scene of Honourable Artillery Company, City Road, Finsbury, Islington, London
Bermondsey Street, Southwark, London Henry Dixon
Old Bailey, Central Criminal Court, London Anonymous
Interior view of the Doctors' Commons, City of London Joseph Constantine Stadler


Imagine being able to travel from New York to Paris in just 3.5 hours. The idea of a 7 and a half hour flight cut by half seems crazy even in this era of technological advancement, yet the Concorde Supersonic jet from NASA did just that. Originally launched in 1976, the jet was meant to revolutionize commercial air travel forever, and shared more in common with a spaceship than with a plane due to its hyper fast speed. Unfortunately its speed was not the only thing it shared in common with the a spaceship, its biggest flaw was the sound of the sonic boom it made once it broke through the sound barrier and entered its cruising speed. NASA is not known for throwing in the towel, instead of scraping the Concorde, the space program have tackled its design flaw and have given the jet new life as their new X plane.
NASA has given over the project to Lockheed Martin, and so a real-world Quiet Supersonic Transport (QueSST) is being built with the intention of it becoming a passenger vehicle. Once completed, the X Plane will turn the sonic boom into the sound of a heartbeat. NASA also want to make the plane a lot more green compared to its predecessor. Let's hope they get it ready sooner than later and turn a trip from Toronto to Vegas seem like a drive to the mall.


If you're like me, you've probably already planned out those goals you have for 2016. Maybe you'd like to travel more, eat less or change careers. Maybe you'd like to move to a new city. Or maybe you'd like to invest more time into the friends and family you love. And while everyone has different goals, I think we all could agree that it would be awesome to make some extra cash in the new year.
This seems super simple, but you'd be surprised at how many people – especially woman – don't ask for a raise when it's time and where it's due. Often times, folks feel like they will come across as too bold or rude. And I understand, it can be an uncomfortable conversation. But if you feel that you have a great case for why your work merits a raise, you should speak up and ask. You can check out this WSJ article that talks to the gender pay gap, yet points out that only 27% of women even ask for a raise. Do yourself a favor and ask for the pay you deserve! More on how to approach this subject with your boss in coming weeks! Or just hop over to The Muse here for some speedier info.
If you're not familiar, Udemy is an online learning marketplace where you can teach or take courses on everything from yoga to calligraphy to photography to programming. Though I haven't created a course (yet!) on Udemy, I've read and witnessed first hand a lot of success stories. I have had friends make upwards of six figures from this passive income source! If you have a skill or are an expert in a field, this is a great way to drive traffic to your own personal site, start building a personal brand or create a passive income stream teaching the things you already know and love. For more details on how to make money via Udemy, check out my friend Scott Britton's course on creating courses here. (How meta.) Also, here are 134 other Udemy courses that are $10, but only for a limited time!
Are you good at writing? Do you play around with graphic design in your spare time? What about web development? If you have any specialized skills or hobbies, you could "sell" those services to companies or individuals that are in need. There are people that make their entire living purely from freelancing. And while that may sound stressful, technology has improved how you can market your skills and find work. Can't figure out where to find your first client? Sites like Upwork and Fiverr are great places to start.
The coaching industry is booming. More and more people are paying others for their expert knowledge in a particular field. And contrary to popular belief, you don't necessarily have to have a degree or extra schooling for most coaching gigs. I have friends who are health coaches, fitness coaches, language coaches, career coaches, life coaches, business coaches, marketing coaches, business coaches to the health coaches, executive coaches, money coaches…I could go on. There is a niche for EVERYTHING! Find out what you love talking about, what you are good at and test the market to see if someone would be interested in paying for your services. I bet you'd be surprised at what you find.
Now, this option isn't for everyone. But if you don't mind renting out your home or part of it to travelers, this is a great way to make some extra cash. I have a friend who actually rents out half of his apartment year round and because of that, he has never paid for rent out of pocket. In NYC. In fact, he actually makes money off of his apartment. Now, personally I could never have a constant stream of strangers in my home (I value my personal space too much), but it can be a great option once or twice a month. Plus, you get to meet new people who could become life long friends. One of the AirBnb hosts I've had in the past actually met her boyfriend that way! Crazypants.
There are so many ways to make extra income these days, especially with the internet and the wealth of knowledge out there. Each of you are unique and have been blessed with so many gifts. Use those gifts! Now get after it and start hustling towards those goals this 2016!
Still feel stuck and confused as to where to start? Shoot me an email and let's set up a time to brainstorm your way out of it!


For expats, TCKs, and MKs living and operating at an intersection of the world has great advantages. It's a culturally rich experience to be directly connected to so many parts of the world through the people around you.
There are moments when it can be painful. When tragedy strikes, like it did on Tuesday, I find myself bracing to see how we will be connected to someone directly affected. With the crash of the Germanwings flight it has come through students and staff we know in Düsseldorf, who lost a teacher.
A few years ago it was friends who had moved to Germany from Newtown, CT and had friends at Sandy Hook. Daily we see refugees arriving from places where violence has forced them from their homes. These things used to be distant. News stories and images that were tragic, but insulated by great distance.
We often grieve our lack of connection: to family, to a home, to friends, and to community. In moments like these we grieve because of connection to far off places, whose roads lead to our intersection.
Our prayers go out to all those impacted by the trajedy on Tuesday.
So very true, Brice. Such a tragedy. It even hits home to us because of your connection to people in Dusseldorf.
Thinking of you guys! Love you and miss you. Prayers for your family and your German families!!!
Yes, our prayers do go out to all the families and friends of those killed in the flight. What a tragedy and time when we all question "why" ? We pray for strength and comfort and increased faith at times like these. Thank you for remembering.
Previous PostPrevious Not in Kansas Anymore – Guest Post by an Irishman living in Switzerland.


X-aperitivo is an innovative tableware collection designed by Vienna-based architect Steven Ma. Its glassware is very fluid and dynamic with different patterns and textures while its silverware is ergonomic and aerodynamic with attention to every detail. A very interesting piece of the series is a wine rack that could be configured in different ways to create clusters of organic forms.


text:
Home/Athletes & Celebrities/Can HGH Help People with ACL Injuries?
Can HGH Help People with ACL Injuries?
HGH on ACL Injuries
Those who have suffered through ACL injuries know the signs all too well, the popping sound followed by pain. Everyone dreads with ACL injuries because even after a long rehabilitation process, most patients still never regain their full strength. 1/3 of NFL players who tear an ACL bid goodbye to professional football. Every young athlete is afraid of ACL injuries running their careers before even starting them.
In order to improve the plight of half a quarter a million people who suffer from ACL injuries annually, various researches have been done and the University of Michigan, in particular, is investigating insights that may be gained from a controversial substance we know as human growth hormones or HGH.
HGH is currently classified as a performance enhancing drug and it has gained so much notoriety that it is grouped together with anabolic steroids. HGH is rarely studied in sports medicine and because of this, little is known about it. In a blind trial, the University of Michigan administered HGH to patients before and after ACL surgeries in an effort to know if it can stave off muscle loss and give athletes complete recovery.
The research is a pilot study and researchers aim to get some fundamental information about HGH. The university's stellar reputation has helped researchers get funding and help correct misconceptions about HGH.
HGH is a hormone that is responsible for stimulating cell generation and cell growth. There is a synthetic form of HGH and is it only available only through prescription and is only approved for a short list of indications, some of which are wasting disease and childhood growth diseases. However, it is sometimes prescribed also for anti-ageing.
HGH has gained quite a notorious reputation and sports commissions have banned its use. HGH does not, in any way, enhance athletic performance when taken entirely on its own. Christopher Mendias, assistant professor of orthopaedic surgery and molecular integrative physiology, said that HGH is unlike anabolic steroids. It does not improve muscle strength or mass. The only thing it does is prevent the degradation of muscles and it also helps protect ligaments and tendons.
As a matter of fact, anabolic steroids is the likely cause of more connective tissue injuries and tendon ruptures because it causes the muscle to grow bigger, generating more force which the tendon could not adjust to. On the other hand, HGH naturally promotes connective tissue growth and this is why for people growth hormones are synonymous to anabolic steroids.
A study done by the University of Copenhagen led one of the researchers, Mendias, to become interested in HGH. Subjects were only in their mid 20s were induced with muscle atropy and were given hip to ankle cast for two weeks. Half of the group was given HGH while the other half only had placebo. After more than a month of exercise, the group which were given hormones was able to regain strength while those on placebo did not.
This finding led Mendias to think about the athletes who missed a few months of training after undergoing ACL surgery. The ACL is very fragile after surgery and knee movement is limited to allow the graft to heal and this causes muscle growth to go down after some time. He had long dreamt of conducting a clinical trial for HGH but he was aware that NIH will never fund it.
The human knee is made up of three bones and there are four ligaments holding them together that also allow movement at the same time. The ACL is vulnerable to tears because it crosses the inside of the knee diagonally. More than 50% of ACL tears also involve injuries to other parts of the knee.
When a patient with ACL tear is enrolled in the new U-M study, he will undergo both high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, as well as strength testing. The imaging will help evaluate the size and composition of the muscle groups in the leg.
People in the study self-administered HGH and the other half was given placebo, both were done through subcutaneous injection. The treatments were given one week before surgery and continued for 6 weeks.
With the help of HGH, strength can be restored and arthritis can be prevented. Even if the results of the studies are positive, there are still hurdles before HGH treatment can be used and one of the main problems that has to be corrected is that HGH is a doping agent, which it is certainly not.
By HGH Vallarta|2019-06-23T20:51:06+00:00March 2nd, 2017|Athletes & Celebrities|Comments Off on Can HGH Help People with ACL Injuries?
Screwball by Netflix | Tony Bosch, Biogenesis & The Rise of HGH in MLB
A Guide To The Top Athletes On HGH…
Celebrities on HGH: New Fountain of Youth


MoviePass is a monthly subscription service that allows users to go to the movies everyday for one low cost.
If you are a habitual movie-goer (or if you need an excuse to become one), you may want to check this out.
MoviePass is a subscription service for going to the movies – pay one fee a month and you can use the card to see one movie per day. It pays for itself in three visits! The benefits of this program are that you can see all major movies at all major theaters, and there are no blackout dates.The cons: you cannot see the same movie multiple times, and you can only use the pass to watch 2D movies; the company is apparently working to add options for 3D/IMAX films.
The process is simple: the MoviePass comes to you in the form of a Mastercard debit card. You must download the smartphone app in order to use. When you get to the theater (you must be within 100 feet of the theater for the app to work) you open up the app, choose which film/showtime you want to attend and enter it. The app will then tell you to go and purchase your ticket. I used my pass last night for the very first time (I went to see Mad Max: Fury Road) and it was incredibly simple to use.
Right now, you can try it free for two weeks. Afterwards, you will be billed monthly (anywhere from $25-$35/month depending on your location). If – like me – you plan to live in the theatres this summer (Pitch Perfect 2, Mad Max: Fury Road, Jurassic Park, Ted 2, Magic Mike XXL…you get the picture) then this may be a great, money-saving deal for you to try.
Today marks Day One of the Star Wars Celebration event, held in Anaheim, CA and it did not disappoint!
In addition to a new teaser trailer for Star Wars: The Force Awakens (which is the 7th installment in the classic series), we also get the first official photos of three of the newest leads in the film.
Not much has been revealed yet about the plot, except for the fact that the film takes place approxixmately 30 years after the events in Return of the Jedi.
Star Wars: The Force Awakens is due in theaters December 18, 2015.
So I came home from work and took (what was supposed to be) a 30-minute power nap, and woke up to see this all over my social media newsfeeds. Yay!!!
"Insurgent" comes out in theatres and IMAX on March 20.
This morning, Entertainment Weekly released some exclusive animated character posters for the upcoming film Insurgent, the second film in the "Divergent" series that is due in theaters and IMAX on March 20. The posters feature three of the main characters from the first film: Tris (Shailene Woodley), Four (Theo James) and Jeanine (Kate Winslet) – along with two of the newest characters Evelyn (Naomi Watts) and Johanna (Octavia Spencer).
You can also view the regular posters here.


text:
Q: Network notification after installing kde-nm-connection-editor I have installed plasma-nm on my Ubuntu 14.04. Beside nm-applet's notifications plasma-nm also started generating notification about available networks and wlan0 association with selected networks.

For this reason I uninstalled plasma-nm. But these notifications didn't gone. So I removed kde-runtime and related dependencies from my system too. But These notification are still here and this is too annoying.
Any help on how to stop these notifications with out affecting other ones. Or alternatively which package/software is generating these notifications so that I can uninstall/disable it.

A: It seems that there are dependencies which are not removed. If you have not any private information to hide in your installed applications (i.e you do not mind revealing what applications you have installed), please give me your package list so that i could try and find out which application you have to remove. To do that, open terminal and type
ls /var/cache/apt/archives > apt.log

This would generate the list of packages installed into the file apt.log. Then if you could paste it or upload it here or on the g+ community, I can verify it with the standard package list to find out which application is installed and needs to be removed.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


2. Find out as much as you can about ADHD and available resources: One of the most significant challenges in parenting an ADHD child is that it requires a great deal of parental participation. Effective parent participants become knowledgeable about the disorder and available resources.
A key role for caregivers of ADHD children is serving as coordinators of services and other resources. First, they coordinate the evaluation and diagnostic process with its many professionals. Later, they must coordinate the educational and treatment services.
Yet another coordinating role for the primary caregivers is to coordinate the care of all the other caregivers. This includes grandparents, step-parents, relatives, neighbors, and babysitters. Everyone must work together and follow the same approach. The people who care for a child with ADHD should form a similar treatment philosophy and plan of action. This is not always easy to do. Sometimes a professional can help get everyone on the same page.
Another central role is advocacy for their child. Caregivers may not always agree with some recommendations. That's okay. They should speak up and express their concerns. In order to be a good advocate, caregivers must be able to knowledgably participate in team discussions. This knowledge will help them evaluate recommendations, and to select the best treatment approach for their child.
As caregivers learn more about ADHD, they should consider whether or not they may also have the disorder. Since ADHD is generally inherited, many caregivers of newly diagnosed children discover that they too have ADHD. Research indicates that 70% of children with ADHD have at least one parent who also has the disorder. Clearly it would be hard for a caregiver to teach the very same skills that give them difficulty. For example, it would be quite difficult for a parent with ADHD to increase organization and structure in the home. However, once a caregiver learns that they too have ADHD, they are in a better position to help their child.
Children with ADHD generally sustain more accidents and injuries than other children. Inattention, impulsivity, and poor decision-making often lead to rushing into situations without thinking. For example, a young child may forget to check both ways when crossing the street. Research indicates that teenagers with ADHD who drive may have more traffic violations or accidents, than those without ADHD.
One ramification of more frequent injuries is increased medical costs. When this additional cost is added to the costs of diagnosis, therapy, and medication, it becomes clear this is a costly disorder for both families and insurance companies.
Caregivers should teach and instill safety precautions at early ages to reduce the risk of injuries. Families can establish certain rules that make these safety expectations clear. Rules should be consistently enforced using behavioral training methods (e.g., reward desired behavior). Repeat the safety rules a sufficient number of times so that children can recite the safety rules on their own.
Remember, impulsive children will require more supervision than other kids. Do not be discouraged! With the right attitude and approach, time spent supervising your child can be a positive experience.
When riding anything with wheels, always wear a safety helmet and other recommended protective gear (i.e., knee pads).
Before the child goes out, review safety rules each and every time. Review the consequences for failing to follow the safety rules.
Consider enrolling the child in a bicycle safety class.
Limit the amount of time the child can engage in higher-risk behaviors, such as swimming. Monitor these activities to be sure the rules and time limits are followed.
Keep dangerous household products, tools, and equipment out of reach of young children. As children get older, establish and discuss household safety rules on a regular basis.
Teach the safe use of tools and monitor their use.
Limit the volume, and duration of music permitted while driving. Limit when passengers are permitted. Prohibit cell phone use while driving. Have a designated location for phone storage while driving. Insist on a consistent habit of placing the phone in this location.
Adjust privileges according to maturity level, rather than chronological age.
Communicate clear expectations; use structure as a tool to ensure safety.
Use behavioral strategies, such as rewards and consequences, to motivate children to comply with safety rules. For example, stickers for wearing a helmet, and taking away the bike for a week if the helmet was not worn.
Before any dangerous activity is permitted (driving, skiing) ensure plenty of time for learning safety precautions and safe techniques. Include plenty of supervised practice sessions.
Substance use is a particularly important topic to discuss. Children need guidance in these areas. Research has demonstrated that kids will listen to their caregivers concerns and warnings about substance use.
Whenever possible, talk through the consequences of actions with the child. Give them opportunities to think through the consequences themselves. For example, ask, "What might happen if you cross the street without looking?" This will help promote and develop their executive functioning skills.


text:
Next Race: Diriyah E-Prix, Saudi Arabia
Latest:Final stint contact thwarts podium possibility at Petit Le Mans
Sims makes 'The Switch' to dance in Mahindra competition
Mahindra Racing has launched the first of four episodes of YouTube mini-series The Switch, which sees Alexander Sims and his team-mate Alex Lynn job swap with Strictly Come Dancing's Karen Hauer and professional dancer Katie Priest.
The world-class athletes switch job roles and compete in several tough and entertaining challenges for the title of 'The Switch' Champions. Sims and Lynn attempt to master the world of dance, whilst Hauer and Priest are transformed into racing drivers.
Episode 1 – 'Simulator Wars' – is available to watch now, here and on the Mahindra Racing YouTube channel.
It begins with the four athletes being split into pairs and tackling the first challenge at the Mahindra Racing factory, and also gives an exclusive insight into the lives of both the drivers and dancers, with a candid discussion shared between the pairings. Can these world class competitors succeed in TV's most electrifying job-swap?
"It was really good fun and actually very interesting to swap roles and experience a completely different activity," said Sims. "The whole team of people made it into a very cool event which only pushed me to be a better racing driver as I still haven't found an alternative career!"
Karen Hauer said: "I didn't even hesitate when I heard about this idea; I jumped on it right away! I thought it was cool teaching someone to dance and then me learning their skill, it really appealed – this was something that was completely different and obviously out of my comfort zone. Not a lot of people get to drive a Formula E car and be coached by the best. I'm a little bit of a daredevil and I love to learn new things. You'll have to watch to see how I got on!"
Katie Priest added: "The most EPIC experience! To be able to see how much skill and determination goes into being a Formula E driver has been so inspiring. I've never felt nerves nor adrenaline like it, and also never had so much fun! I've been fortunate to experience some real pinch me moments so far in my life, and this definitely is the cherry on the cake!"
Episode 1 of 'The Switch' is now available to watch here and on the Mahindra Racing YouTube channel, with episodes dropping on Mondays at 6pm GMT / 10.30pm IST for the next three weeks.
Follow @MahindraRacing on Instagram, Twitter and Facebook for extra exclusive content, photos and behind the scenes of this one-of-a-kind entertainment series.
About Alexander Sims
The 33-year-old Londoner has been involved in Formula E since the series' inception in 2014, initially testing cars before securing a race seat in Season 5 with BMW i Andretti Motorsport. Highlights in his first season included a pole position and second place finish in New York. Alexander had an impressive start to his second season, taking pole positions for both races of the opening round in Saudi Arabia and taking his maiden win in race two. It also made him the first driver to take three consecutive pole positions in Formula E.
Alexander currently races for Mahindra Racing.
Alongside his Formula E racing activities, Sims is a passionate advocate for sustainability and electric mobility on the road, having owned and driven EVs since 2012 and aims to incorporate sustainable choices into his daily lifestyle.
https://t.co/tMPy6jzvyX21 hours ago
Great addition for @AstonMartinF1 it's been an absolute pleasure working with Mike over the past seasons across man… https://t.co/HWrHTmueQA3 days ago
To contact Alexander please visit the contact page and drop us a quick message using the online form.
© 2022 Alexander Sims


Cancer treatment can be expensive which usually deters people from either following or completing their treatment plans. The bills usually tend to run so high that they become an added source of pressure on the already emotionally stressed out and anxious people. This article aims to provide guidance as to how to organize your finances, types of costs that can crop up and ways to seek treatment funds.
IDENTIFYING COSTS:Cancer treatment includes medical costs like doctor's appointments, treatment, medication etc. Various non-medical or hidden expenditure includes travel, financial issues of a family or loss of employment. It might be helpful to group the various costs according to your needs and budget. The overall cost of treatment would depend on various personal factors like the kind of cancer one has, the type of treatment needed, health insurance coverage and where you will be treated.
All this might seem a bit overwhelming. However, there are various national and local organisations which can provide financial assistance to patients facing financial difficulties.
1) PRIME MINISTER'S NATIONAL RELIEF FUND ( PMNRF) : Started by former PM Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru in 1948 to help families of major natural disasters and riots. However, they also provide medical assistance for cancer treatment. Funds are provided by PM or multiple delegates for national cause. A person can apply online and even check the hospitals covered under the fund on the PMNRF website. The approval of the application depends solely on the discretion of the PM.
2) MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE: Under the schemes of Rashtriya Arogya Nidhi ( RAN) and State Illness Assistance Funds (SAIF), government provides financial assistance for families below poverty lines . The assistance is provided only for treatment in government hospitals, list of which is available online.Cases of estimates above ₹ 1.50 lakh are referred to RAN by the State Government.
There's also a closure for Income Tax Relief for Cancer Patient. The form for the same is available online.
3) CHIEF MINISTER'S RELIEF FUNDS is provided by states that have opted for SAIF. However, this excludes states of Assam, Meghalaya and Nagaland.
There are NGOs in India which have been raising funds for treatment of cancer patients. Some of these are also dedicated towards providing assistance for specific cancer, for example breast cancer. Most of them have a holistic approach as to the treatment and rehabilitation. Some of these NGO are CPAA India, HelpAge India, India Cancer Society etc. Crowd funding by various starts-ups has also picked up who make use of social media to raise funds for cancer patients.
To avail any of the above mentioned schemes, a patient needs medical reports, ID Proofs and passport size photographs.
Thanks for reading and please keep visiting our blog to discover and appreciate more Yoddhas.
Praise the Yoddhas; Support the Yoddhas ; Love the Yoddhas!