text:
Climate Finance for Indigenous Peoples' High Integrity Forests: Reflections from COP27
On Monday, 14 November, a notable group of women - Indigenous leaders, donors, and civil society – gathered for a conversation in the UNDP Pavilion at the UN Climate Change Conference in Egypt.
/ December 8, 2022 /
By Kimberly Todd, Global Technical Advisor, UNDP Climate & Forests
On Monday, 14 November, a notable group of women - Indigenous leaders, donors, and civil society – gathered for a conversation in the UNDP Pavilion at the UN Climate Change Conference in Egypt. The purpose of the discussion was to identify concrete solutions and mechanisms to accelerate and materialize funding for the protection of Indigenous territories within high-integrity, or intact, forests. The event, organized by UNDP Climate & Forests, featured the Forests for Life (FFL) Partnership, of which UNDP is a member, alongside Re:Wild and Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Rainforest Foundation Norway, and World Resources Institute. The FFL Partnership has a mission to work with governments, Indigenous Peoples, civil society, and the private sector to place ecological integrity at the heart of strategies for managing and conserving the world's forests.
Stephanie Wang, Associate Director, Conservation Science and Solutions, WCS, co-facilitated the session and shared an overview of the current state of climate finance for high-integrity forests. As she explained, forests with high ecological integrity currently make up roughly a quarter of the world's remaining forests, with over 35% of those inhabited by Indigenous Peoples. Stephanie emphasized the well-established fact that while forests under Indigenous stewardship are notably better protected than those under other land uses while, thus far, Indigenous Peoples have only been able to access less than 1% of additional development assistance for climate adaptation and mitigation in the past 10 years. She then laid out a clear contrast: according to the IPCC, high-integrity forests are highly responsible for keeping the world half a degree cooler by removing billions of tons of greenhouse gases and have saved the global economy in the tens of trillions of dollars – and yet there is a glaring gap in climate finance towards Indigenous Peoples' high-integrity forests.
To speak to this issue of access to climate finance, Lolita Piyahuaje, Vice President of CONFENIAE (Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuadorian Amazon) was asked to reflect on the critical gaps in jurisdictional REDD+ finance. She explained that the principal barrier for Indigenous Peoples to access much-needed climate finance is the need for intermediaries, stemming from the continued misperception of the limited capacity of Indigenous-led organizations and communities. According to her, not only is this not true, but it has also proven to be an impediment to the flow of finance. As she stated, "The funds need to reach the territories directly. We have the plans for implementation ready, we just need the funds. We have life plans for the territories; there's no longer a need for consultations or paying experts in these fields." Additionally, Lolita shared that often, governments and allies pursue agendas and objectives that don't come from the Indigenous territories. According to her, "they don't actually understand the realities of these territories; this is where we clash when there isn't proper and effective coordination or participation."
The discussion then shifted from these key challenges to financing solutions, with Lolita turning to Penny Langhammer, Executive Vice-President of Re:Wild, to ask the question of how these gaps in climate finance will be addressed. Penny shared the example that Re:Wild is currently in the process of launching a regranting fund for high-integrity forests and carbon markets. The core purpose of the fund is to ensure emissions reduction programs meet high-integrity standards, including robust social and environmental safeguards, particularly with respect to Indigenous Peoples' rights and participation while providing targeted support for technical assistance and stakeholder engagement. Penny emphasized the need for clear and transparent communication across a wide range of stakeholders when the time comes to share the results of the fund, which she believes will prove replicable across other geographies.
Penny then passed the mic to Pasang Dolma Sherpa, Executive Director, Center for Indigenous Peoples' Research and Development (CIPRED), Nepal; Co-Chair of IUCN CEESP-SPICEH and Member of the Facilitative Working Group of the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform of the UNFCCC, asking if she could share her experience on how Indigenous Peoples' can be fully recognized within climate finance solutions. In response, Pasang stated clearly: "The rights of Indigenous Peoples should be seen as an opportunity, not a threat." Dedicating funds to the protection of high-integrity forests stewarded by Indigenous Peoples should be seen as an opening for collaboration amongst partners of equal standing, not as a roadblock. Pasang then elaborated on what specific elements of the financial architecture for results-based finance (including REDD+) need to be implemented for finance to flow, stating the need to legalize Indigenous Peoples' customary systems. "In the absence of legalization, it is just an illusion," Pasang said. She also pointed out that protecting Indigenous Peoples' way of life is essentially a matter of supporting nature-based solutions, an already established approach that is recognized as legitimate.
Turning to her fellow panelist, Pasang asked Aissatou Oumarou Ibrahim, Coordinatrice Adjointe -Trésorière Générale de L'Association des Femmes peules et Peuples Autochtones du Tchad (AFPAT), to share more on what Indigenous Peoples have been doing to create their own financial mechanisms to receive direct funding. Aissatou responded that Indigenous Peoples have created a global platform to facilitate territorial finance known as the Shandia Platform. The objective of the Platform is to facilitate direct access to funds – and guarantee the durability and speed of this direct financing - for Indigenous Peoples to realize actions to address climate change and protect biodiversity. Shandia connects Indigenous peoples organizations across the Congo and Amazon basins, Indonesia, Central America, and other forest landscapes; supports direct discussions with governments on land and forest tenure; and enables implementation of actions that protect biodiversity, address soil degradation, and reinforce local economies. The platform is based on ten principles, including, for example, securing Free, Prior, and Informed Consent ; full and effective participation of women and youth, especially in planning and implementation ; and respect for traditional knowledge.
Finally, Aissatou turned to Lauren Baker, Senior Policy Analyst, Inclusive Development and Environment Advisor, U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Recalling the USD $1.7 billion pledge for Indigenous Peoples' climate and forest solutions announced at COP26, she requested Lauren's perspective on what key elements would need to be in place for finance to be channeled directly to Indigenous communities to protect high-integrity forests. Lauren reiterated the recognition of Indigenous Peoples as guardians of the forests and emphasized the role of the funds associated with the pledge to renew commitment, expand direct financing, and learn from Indigenous Peoples how to do just that. While a more extensive report-back on the first-year progress of these funds by the different donors of the pledge group had been released at COP27, one of the most notable signs of impact has been the partnerships that have already been strengthened as a result. In the case of USAID, she highlighted the Amazon Indigenous Rights and Resources program working with different Indigenous federations in the Amazon, including COICA and OPIAC, to protect lands and territories through a variety of approaches such as capacity building and strengthening legal titling mechanisms.
The discussion put a spotlight on the critical need for innovative climate finance solutions for high-integrity forests that ensure a recognized need for direct access for Indigenous Peoples and local communities to be at the center. While key challenges remain, it is clear that there is movement on solutions and new financing opportunities and platforms emerging. Accelerating Indigenous Peoples' funding access and implementation to conserve high-integrity forests is critical to responding to the urgency of the climate crisis. High-integrity forests offer natural solutions that can help address the climate crisis and extinction crisis, and these forests are irreplaceable – we need to act fast.


text:
K. Sterling
Purveyor of Ridiculous Thoughts And Plots.
Welcome To Blackhurst. Mr. Blink has been expecting you.
October 20, 2020 bawdybookwriterAmazon, Gay Romance, Kindle Unlimited, lgbtq romance, MM Romance, Queer ROmance, Romance
Tell me, reader, have you had misgivings and concerns about Mr. Blink? If so, you're not alone.
"When I read Grim's book, I didn't like Blink.
I thought he was authoritarian and just plain not worth it. He was the typical villain. I didn't think he'd be able to get redeemed."
"We've seen glimpses of Cyril in some of the other books and in the eyes of others and what we've been shown is a ruthless, cold control freak who isn't liked by anyone. With a property is as unreachable as his heart…"
"You'll be aware of his capricious nature, his dark soul, his impersonal manner and you'd be hard pressed to feel that he's all that likeable to be honest. A difficult man, persnickety, paranoid about his safety, set in his ways, and obsessed with his wealth and his connections and his art work…"
"In Grim's story, I positively grew to hate him with a major intense burning desire to set him on fire and watch him go down in flames."
Behold my delight. I wanted Cyril Blink to send a chill down your spine and make your lip curl. Because it's more delicious when the love conquers the hardest hearts and brings ruthless men to their knees. And I promise, Cyril's fall is absolutely worth the wait.
How about a tour of Blackhurst and an…intimate peek at Mr. Blink? How about all of Chapter 4?
"I'm sure that feels much better," Farris said as he settled the delicate sheet of vellum in the protective mat then carefully shut the frame. He traced the vivid ink colors through the glass and told himself he was lucky. How many people got to touch a Carolingian manuscript made in 816? Monks wrote bibles and liturgical documents by hand, decorated with intricate illustrations, and some of the most exquisite examples came across Farris's table. There was a Cézanne on the table across the platform and a pair of $400,000 Tacca bronze figures were being delivered by a team of mercenaries in a few days. Farris curated and maintained the sort of collection his peers fantasized about. Blackhurst rivaled any gallery or museum in the country and Farris's budget eclipsed the Smithsonian's. "It doesn't feel better," Farris said and pulled in a deep breath. "Let's give Blink the good news."
Farris tucked the flat case under his arm and grabbed his coat off one of the leather armchairs. He dimmed the crystal lamps and chandeliers with the touchpad on the wall on his way out. He took the elevator to the foyer and used his foot to shut the ornate wrought-iron door before he jogged across the marble tiles and up the wide staircase. It was just after 10:00 p.m. and Farris decided he'd change and go for a swim after he delivered the manuscript. He might as well take advantage of a rare early night and sublimate some of his frustrations with laps. Blink didn't hold Farris to a grueling schedule; he didn't actually care as long as he continued to make a fortune. Farris sublimated his conscience and his bitter disappointment with work. He considered the selections of decanters in Blink's office as he turned toward the master wing and shook his head. Blink often invited Farris to help himself but drinking before a late night swim wasn't a good idea in his current mood. Just drop off the manuscript and get out.
The double doors to Blink's private rooms were shut but Farris let himself in. Blink had no expectations of privacy or any modesty. He ignored the staff as they came and went and he was just as unconcerned about Farris. So Farris wasn't surprised to hear a throaty moan when he opened the door and he kept his eyes on the silk Persian rug as he hurried to leave the manuscript in Blink's private office.
"Ohhhh! Cyril!" It was breathless and shaking and Farris risked a glance at the bed as he passed the open bedroom doors. Blink growled drowsily as he crawled over a woman's body and sucked on her nipple before he gave her ass a slap and rolled from the bed. He was naked, save for a condom, and Farris quickly averted his eyes as Blink strolled into the bathroom to dispose of it. Farris dismissed the rush of heat that washed over him and plunged into the darkened office and forced out a silent breath as he set the manuscript's case on the desk. He turned and kept his head down as he rushed through the suite's foyer. His hand reached for the door and Farris was almost free.
"Stay for a moment, Elliot," Blink called and Farris groaned as his head fell.
"Can't it wait until tomorrow morning?" He asked and squinted at the door hopefully.
"Cyril!" The woman pouted. It was a sultry invitation but Farris winced awkwardly. She was nothing. Blink had no interest in pursuing a romantic relationship, preferring to pay for companionship. And he never used the same escort—male or female—twice.
"I'm done. Pull yourself together and get out," Blink told her as he tied his robe. He cocked his head at the office and gestured for Farris to follow him. Blink turned on the Tiffany lamp on his desk and went to the sideboard. "Want a drink?"
"I was going to hit the pool for some laps," Farris said and pointed over his shoulder.
"Have a seat," Blink ordered as he poured but Farris shook his head.
"I'll stand. You said it would just be a moment and I'd really like to get in a swim before it's too late.
"You look tired, Elliot. Stop being difficult for the sake of being difficult and have a fucking seat." Blink went to his chair and turned the manuscript's case as he sat. He took a drink then rested his elbow on the desk as he inspected the manuscript through the glass. "I want you to hire another assistant," he murmured absently but Farris frowned as he lowered into one of the seats opposite Blink.
"Why? I'm not working fast enough for you?" He asked and Blink shook his head as he sat back.
"You work too much and you're going to burn out. Find someone to fetch your coffee and do your busywork. I thought that was the point of Matteo but you've just made more work for yourself because you're teaching now, too."
"I'm fine. I don't need anyone to get my coffee."
"And I'd rather pay someone fifty or sixty grand a year to keep you from losing your mind," Blink said and Farris's head pushed forward.
"You can hire a whole conservation and restoration team for what you pay me," he pointed out then hissed. "Forget I said that." He flashed Blink a wide smile and he laughed.
"I have a raw, uncut diamond that's the size of a doorknob in one of my vaults. I'm not taking it to the mall and asking them to cut it for me, am I?" He asked and Farris shook his head. "The only person I trust is Sam. He's been handling my diamonds for almost thirty years because he's the best and I know I can trust him to find the perfect shape and cut and make me the most money. You have dual PhDs in Art History and Archeology and you're a better than decent chemist. That's a worthwhile investment for me because I have a very expensive obsession with art and history. This manuscript, in the wrong hands, could be ruined with one wrong stroke or the wrong solution. You have an excellent eye and I know I can trust you. Not to mention the time and worry it saves me, having my own in-house art and antiquities expert. Find yourself an assistant who doesn't have to be trained," he repeated firmly. Farris opened his mouth to argue but decided against being difficult for the sake of being difficult. He had a better idea.
"Fine. I'll hire an assistant." A wide smile spread across his face. A little help would be nice but Farris could teach again. "I'm keeping Matteo," he said and Blink's brow slid up his forehead.
"Fine. Make sure you train him well so he can take your place once you've burnt out."
"That's always the point," Farris stated. He couldn't wait to find another student and Blink gave him a knowing look.
"You've already found yourself a student. Do something that makes your life easier this time."
"Maybe," Farris said dismissively. "I could hire an experienced art conservator but then I'd have to teach them how to do everything my way. I'd rather train them myself," he stated and Blink held up a hand.
"I'll fire them both if you fall behind or have a nervous breakdown," he threatened and tapped his fingertips together. Farris snorted defiantly as he pushed off the armrests and stood.
"Watch. We'll stay on top of things and they'll be just as good as me in a few years. Maybe not as good. I don't want to make myself that replaceable," he said with a wink. "Matteo's nineteen and he's hungry to learn. He wasn't going to work for his grandfather in your gardens for very long. I wouldn't let him get away. I'll start looking for another assistant after the new year," Farris said. "Are we done here?" He asked and Blink chuckled as he rose.
"We're done. I'll see you tomorrow." He adjusted the front of his robe but he could have been naked. Farris looked away but he knew what was beneath the black silk and velvet and Blink was a striking man. He was tall and broad-shouldered and his body was lean yet well-muscled because he spent hours in the gym with a personal trainer and Alon. Blink lived and traveled with a security team and Blackhurst was a fortress because he took his personal security very seriously. A lot of people wanted Blink dead. For good and bad reasons.
But, it wasn't just his body. Blink was in phenomenal shape for a fifty-two-year-old man —he was in phenomenal shape for a thirty-year-old man—but it was the whole package, for Farris. If anyone had cared to ask Farris what his type was, he would have told them that older men with silver or salt-and-pepper hair, a little fur and a lot of gravitas got him hot. He would have laughed at the thought of sex with a student, if anyone bothered to ask Farris.
I might have risked it all for a man like Blink, he admitted to himself as he left. The escort was gone, when Farris passed the bedroom. He wondered if he'd have the nerve to ask her if they crossed paths. He passed a young man on the stairs, once, and walked in as Blink dismissed two women who looked like they might have been twins. Farris wanted to ask what it was like fucking Blink. All that power and experience… All that history. The streaks of silver in his jet black hair and at his temples and the creases at the corners of his eyes drew Farris, even when he didn't want to look. The dark dusting of hair on Blink's chest and thighs made Farris's shirt stick to his body and made him anxious in a way a smooth twenty-year-old never could. And Blink was…impressive in other ways. Farris tugged at his tie as he made his way down the hall and recalled Blink as he dropped his robe as he strode into the bathroom. His semi-flaccid cock swayed and bounced against his thigh and Farris's mouth watered as he imagined swallowing it.
"Gross," Farris muttered under his breath. He turned toward his suite and his lip curled. It wouldn't be gross until the next morning—he corrected—when Ferris had to look himself in the mirror and face Blink in the vault.
Want more? Get They All Fall Down on Amazon and KU NOW!:
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← Are you ready to meet Cyril Blink?
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This Timor offers a mildly sweet aroma with aspects of butter cream frosting and raw sugars, and in many ways reminds me of a wet processed Central American coffee. The sweet cup character comes through in light and medium roasts, and at City there's a tart/citric element that illuminates the brewed coffee. Goulala has a balanced profile, simple, but refined sweetness like sugar in the raw and with an almond meal note in the background. Glimpses of lemon rind and dried tart goji berry contrast a core bittersweetness in light roasts as well.


they were all willing to do it with these explanations: first, that rightful and lawful was only according to the act of settlement, and second, that revenge means no more than to bring to justice by all lawful ways. This was denied by the House.
I desire to take notice of one argument that hath been made use of by one or two honourable persons; which is, that they tell us, that [Cardell] Goodman hath been tampered with by Sir John Fenwick: I remember no such thing hath been proved; but indeed it was said, that Mr Dighton offered Mr Roe £100 a year to invalidate Mr Goodman's testimony.
1. Dugdale's Vis. Yorks. ed. Clay, ii. 436–7; T. D. Whitaker, Richmondshire, i. 322.
2. Cal. Treas. Bks. xvii. 238, 406; xxvi. 288; xxix. 156, 844; Boyer, Anne Annals, i. 50.
3. CSP Dom. 1690–1, p. 415; R. Fieldhouse and B. Jennings, Hist. Richmond and Swaledale, 413; Bodl. Ballard 21, f. 101; A. Browning, Danby, iii. 200; HMC Var. viii. 81.
4. Cobbett, Parlty. Hist. v. 1040, 1046.
5. N. Yorks. RO, Swinton mss, Danby pprs. ZS, John Aislabie* to Sir Abstrupus Danby*, 11 July 1701; W. Yorks. Archs. (Leeds), Temple Newsam mss TN/C9/243, Thomas Lumley to John Roades, 2 May 1702; Cal. Treas. Bks. xxvi. 343; xvii. 238; xxii. 99; Clay, 436–7.


text:
require 'rubygems'
require 'socket'
require 'thread'
require 'stringio'

class BackendRequest
  attr_accessor :frontend

  def initialize(sock)
    @socket = sock
    @buffer = StringIO.new
    LOGGER.info "Backend connection to #{@socket.peeraddr[3]}:#{@socket.peeraddr[1]} opened"
  end

  def write(data)
    LOGGER.debug("Backend is connected, sending #{data.size} bytes of data")
    @socket.write_nonblock(data)

    while !@socket.eof?
      @socket.read_nonblock(8192, @buffer)
      @frontend.write(@buffer) unless @frontend.nil?
    end
  end

  def closed?
    @socket.closed?
  end

  def close
    @socket.close
    @socket = nil
    LOGGER.info("Backend connection closed")

    LOGGER.debug("Closing Browser connection if it's not already closed")
    @frontend.close unless @frontend.closed?
    @frontend = nil
  end
end

class BrowserRequest
  attr_reader :backend

  def initialize(sock)
    @buffer = StringIO.new
    @operator = Operator.instance

    @socket = sock
    LOGGER.info "#{@socket.peeraddr[3]}:#{@socket.peeraddr[1]} connected"

    @socket.read_nonblock(8192, @buffer)
    read_data(@buffer)
  end

  def read_data(data)
    LOGGER.debug("#{data.size} bytes of data received from browser")

    if @backend.nil?
      LOGGER.debug("Asking Operator for a jack")
      jack = @operator.lookup_jack(data)
      if jack.nil?
        # TODO: tell browser there was a problem with proper response
        LOGGER.debug("No jack found, closing browser connection (FIXME).")
        close
        return
      end

      LOGGER.debug("Found jack: #{jack.inspect}. Establishing a connecting to it.")
      @backend = BackendRequest.new(TCPSocket.new(jack[:host], jack[:port]))

      @backend.frontend = self
    end

    @backend.write(data) unless @backend.closed?

    data = nil
  end

  def write(data)
    @socket.write_nonblock(data)
  end

  def close
    LOGGER.info "#{@socket.peeraddr[3]}:#{@socket.peeraddr[1]} disconnected"
    @socket.close

    if @backend
      @backend.close unless @backend.closed?
      @backend = nil
    end
  end
end

class Panel
  def self.start(options)
    server = TCPServer.new(options['port'])
    LOGGER.info "Threaded panel listening on #{options['host']}:#{options['port']}"
    begin
      sock = server.accept_nonblock
      thread = Thread.start {
        BrowserRequest.new(sock)
      }
      thread.join
    rescue Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPROTO, Errno::EINTR
      IO.select([server])
      retry
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Firearms, Ammunition and Explosives
Previously convicted New Mexico felon sentenced for to 6 months in federal prison for firearms, 'stolen valor' convictions
ALBUQUERQUE, N.M. — A local man was sentenced Nov. 9 in federal court to six months in prison for violating the federal firearms laws and making false representations about having received military medals and decorations.
Special agents from U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement's (ICE) Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) investigated this case.
In addition to his prison sentence Anthony Lee Gambino, 45, of Farmington, New Mexico, must serve three years on supervised release after he completes his prison sentence. According to court filings, Gambino was the owner and operator of Gambino Security Safety Corp., a security company based in Aztec, New Mexico. An investigation revealed that Gambino was producing commercial videos and photos for his company advertising different types of tactical and firearms training that depicted Gambino armed with a rifle, holstered side arms and handguns.
Gambino also represented to a prospective vendor of his commercial tactical services that he was a combat veteran who had earned medals and ribbons including the Purple Heart. Court filings indicate that Gambino fraudulently enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps that resulted in an other-than-honorable discharge. Gambino was never in combat and was neither awarded the Purple Heart nor the Marine Corps Combat Action Ribbon.
Gambino was arrested in May 2016 on a criminal complaint charging him with being a felon possessing firearms, and making false representations about receiving military medals and decorations. Gambino was indicted on the same charges May 25, 2016. According to the indictment, Gambino was prohibited from possessing firearms or ammunition because he previously had been convicted of commercial burglary, failure to appear, and menacing involving a deadly weapon. According to the indictment, Gambino committed his latest crimes on May 12, 2016, in San Juan County, New Mexico. San Juan County Sheriff's Office assisted with this investigation.
On Feb. 7, 2017, Gambino pleaded guilty to the indictment and admitted that on May 12, 2016, he possessed six firearms and multiple rounds of ammunition despite his status as a convicted felon which prohibited him from possessing firearms or ammunition. Gambino further admitted that he fraudulently held himself out to be a recipient of a Purple Heart and a Combat Action Ribbon with intent to obtain money, property or other tangible benefit.
Last Reviewed/Updated: 11/20/2017
For media inquiries about this release, call (915) 857-6084.
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Top Tip: Which debian based distro for newbie?
"For a first time debian user, which distro should I download and then burn to disk? Would it be the "binary" disk images? I read somewhere that all I really need is disk 1, but that disks 2-7 are all just special interest apps…is this true?
"I am not sure that I understand your question, but I'll try to answer nonetheless.
You talk of 7 disks (isos). Then I assume that you are talking about stable or Woody.
1)I do not recommend to a new user to start with a Woody CD: that is difficult even for me.
To a more experienced user I'd recommend to start with Sarge or testing (at the moment they mean the same), but to a new user I recommend to start with something like Knoppix, Mepis or even Libranet: they are Debian-based (not Debian proper) linux distributions which will give you a more gentle introduction to Debian. Besides they have friendly forums which can assist you in your first steps.


text:
In the 1182 campaign and Battle of Belvoir Castle, also called the Battle of Le Forbelet, a Crusader force led by King Baldwin IV of Jerusalem battled with an Ayyubid army from Egypt commanded by Saladin. The Crusaders successfully repelled Saladin's invasion effort. The theatre of operations included Ayla, the Transjordan, Galilee and Beirut.

Background
Saladin was appointed commander of the Syrian troops and vizier of the Fatimid caliph in Egypt in 1169 and established the Ayyubid Sultanate soon after. He slowly began extending his dominion over Muslim emirates in Syria formerly held by Nur ad-Din. In 1177, Saladin mounted a major invasion of the Kingdom of Jerusalem from Egypt and was defeated by Baldwin IV (the "Leper King") at the Battle of Montgisard. Henceforth, the Muslim leader learned to outdo the young Crusader king's military talents. In 1179, Saladin thoroughly defeated Baldwin at the Battle of Marj Ayyun in Lebanon.

In 1180, Saladin arranged a truce between himself and two Christian leaders, King Baldwin and Raymond III of Tripoli to prevent bloodshed. But two years later, the lord of the Transjordan fief of Kerak, Reynald of Châtillon, ruthlessly attacked Muslim caravans passing through his lands on their way for pilgrimage, breaking pacts for the safe passage of pilgrims. Resenting this violation of the truce, Saladin immediately assembled his army and prepared to strike, devastating the enemy.

Campaign
On 11 May 1182 Saladin left Egypt and led his army north toward Damascus via Ayla on the Red Sea. As he moved north, his army entered lands belonging to the fiefs of Montreal (Shobak) and Kerak. Saladin encamped at Jerba and launched raids on Montreal, which did great damage to the crops. At a council of war, the Crusader princes pondered two courses of action. They could move across the Jordan River to protect the exposed fiefs. Raymond of Tripoli argued against this strategy, saying that would leave too few soldiers to protect the kingdom. The aggressive Baldwin overruled Raymond and the Crusader army moved to Petra in the Jordan, thus defending the lands of his vassal.

Meanwhile, Saladin's nephew, Farrukh Shah, led a force from Damascus to ravage the now-undefended Latin Principality of Galilee. In this destructive raid, the emirs of Bosra, Baalbek and Homs and their followers joined Farrukh. Before returning to Damascus, the raiders seized the cave castle of Habis Jaldak in the Yarmuk Valley from its weak Frankish garrison.

Out in the Transjordan, the main armies still faced each other. A Frankish plan was proposed to occupy the water points, thus forcing Saladin into the desert, but the Crusaders were unable to carry this out. The Muslim commander moved north and reached Damascus on 22 June. The Crusaders recrossed the Jordan into Galilee and concentrated their army at La Sephorie, six miles northwest of Nazareth.

After a three-week breathing spell, Saladin marched out of the Damascus on 11 July and advanced to Al-Quhwana on the southern shore of the Sea of Galilee. From there he sent forces to raid the Jordan valley, Grand Gerin (Jenin) and the district of St Jean d'Acre. One raiding column attacked Bethsan but was driven off. Saladin took his main army, crossed to the west side of the Jordan and moved south along the high ground.

Battle
As soon as reconnaissance patrols revealed the Muslim leader's maneuver, the Frankish leaders determined to move their field army into close contact with Saladin's army. After adding reinforcements by stripping nearby castles of most of their garrisons, the Crusader army marched to Tiberias then turned south. In the vicinity of Belvoir castle (Arabic name: Kaukab al-Hawa), Baldwin's men spent the night in their closely guarded camp. The next morning, the Ayyubid army confronted the Crusaders.

The Franks advanced in their usual formation when in contact with their enemies. The infantry marched in close order, with the spearmen guarding against direct attack and archers keeping the Saracens at a distance. Shielded by the footmen, the cavalry conformed to the pace of the infantry, ready to drive back their enemies with controlled charges. The Crusaders had successfully used this method of fighting in the Battle of Shaizar (1111) and the Battle of Bosra (1147).

For their part, Saladin's soldiers tried to disrupt the Crusader formation by raining arrows from their horse archers, by partial attacks and by feigned retreats. "It is likely that from time to time the Turks came to close quarters, and this has caused some writers to refer to the action as a battle. It is more probable that although there were short episodes in which there was hard fighting, there was no pitched engagement." On this occasion, the Franks could neither be tempted into fighting a pitched battle nor stopped. Unable to make an impression on the Latin host, Saladin broke off the running battle and returned to Damascus.

Aftermath
Saladin was not finished yet. He had arranged for an Egyptian fleet to attack Beirut. As soon as his scouts had spotted the fleet from the Lebanese mountains, Saladin left Damascus, marched through the Munaitra Pass and laid siege to Beirut. At the same time, a force from Egypt raided the southern part of the kingdom, doing further local damage. Baldwin recalled his army to La Sephorie, then marched to Tyre. From there he appropriated shipping and organized an attempt to relieve the port of Beirut by both land and sea. When Saladin heard of these efforts, he raised the siege and destroyed the attempts in August 1182.

The tireless Saladin spent the next twelve months campaigning in Syria and Mesopotamia, adding Aleppo and a number of other cities to his growing empire. He would invade the Kingdom of Jerusalem again in September 1183. Free of his adversary, in October 1182, Baldwin recovered Habis Jaldak in the Transjordan. In December, Raymond of Tripoli launched a raid in the same area and Baldwin took a mounted force within a few miles of Damascus. But these were mere pinpricks. Not long afterward, Baldwin became completely incapacitated by leprosy and was forced to appoint his sister Sibylla's husband Guy of Lusignan as regent.

Commentary
The Crusaders kept their enemies from capturing any strongholds and kept their field army intact, so they succeeded in their strategic purpose. But Saladin's raiders managed to inflict great damage on the countryside. Frankish overlords depended on the rents of their tenants, but these could not be collected if the crops were ruined. Without money, the lords could not pay their soldiers. Therefore, constant devastations would ultimately reduce the Frankish kingdom to a state of helplessness.

Saladin forced the Crusaders into a cruel dilemma. They could concentrate their field army to resist the Muslim main army. Or, they could guard against damaging raids. They could not do both because their military power was limited. "A single mistake on the part of a Frankish commander could lose the field army, the fortresses, and with them the whole kingdom." This finally happened in 1187 at the Battle of Hattin. First, the campaign and Battle of Al-Fule would be fought.

Related battles
 1177: Battle of Montgisard
 1179: Battle of Marj Ayyun
 1179: Battle of Jacob's Ford
 1183: Battle of Al-Fule
 1187: Battle of Cresson
 1187: Battle of Hattin

References

Bibliography
 Beeler, John. Warfare in Feudal Europe, 730–1200. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University, 1971.
 Smail, R. C. Crusading Warfare, 1097–1193. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, (1956) 1995.

Belvoir
Battles involving the Ayyubids
Battles involving Egypt
Conflicts in 1182
1182 in Asia
Belvoir
1180s in the Kingdom of Jerusalem

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
The Weekly Newspaper of Torrance Herald Publications - Torrance, El Segundo, Manhattan Beach, Hawthorne, Lawndale, & Inglewood Community Newspapers Since 1911 - (310) 322-1830 - Vol. 8, No. 1 - January 4, 2018 Inside This Issue Calendar of Events.............3 Certified & Licensed Professionals.......................2 Classifieds............................6 Crossword/Sudoku.............6 Legals....................................7 Police Briefs........................3 Politically Speaking............2 Real Estate...........................8 Sports....................................3 Weekend Forecast Torrance Wins Mayor's Trophy! The City of Torrance, won the Mayor's Trophy at Pasadena's annual Rose Parade. Preparations for the float were sent in, before the parade. Shown: Volunteers and 2018 members of the Torrance Rose Float Association Debbie Vaca, Melissa de la Vara and Roseanne Villalobos stand in front of the Torrance float. West High School student Irene Tsay's contest entry won and the theme of the contest was: "No Seed Goes Unnoticed". The idea behind it was how something so small can create something so beautiful. More photos inside on page: 5. Information provided by Roseanne Villalobos and photos by Betsy Maerker. 2017 in Torrance: Year in Review By TerriAnn Ferren Detroit, Michigan--went into the Air Force TerriAnn in Torrance after working a year and a half for the Ford That's it--2017 has just been tucked away Motor Company and followed a calling into and the history of another year is in the the ministry. Councilman Herring attended books. This past year I had the opportunity Morehouse College and later attained a Masters of writing numerous columns concerning of Divinity from the Interdenominational activities, people, places and celebrations Theological Center in Atlanta, Georgia. He throughout the city of Torrance. later obtained his Doctorate of Ministry from In January, we honored Dr. Martin Luther the Southern California School of Ministry. King's birthday by speaking with actor, writer, Always being involved with community producer and playwright Ted Lange, who service since he was a small boy, it is no knew Dr. King's eldest daughter Yolanda, surprise Milton Herring became a councilman who died in 2007 and is one of only two for the city of Torrance. "So, somewhere people I know who had met Coretta Scott King. Later in the year, we discovered that Torrance Councilman Milton S. Herring had met Dr. Martin Luther King when he was a child. On January 20, Hal Holbrook entertained us at the James Armstrong Theatre as Mark Twain…and later, former Mayor Frank Scotto reminded us of Torrance's rural roots. He grew up on a rabbit farm—yes, a farm in Torrance where his family raised rabbits at 237th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue. "It was a different time than we live in today. I was growing up on a farm and we had literally thousands of rabbits. Next door was a chicken ranch, so there was a lot of agriculture," said Scotto. And who can forget the huge celebration on January 26th at Torrance High School for what would have been Louis Zamperini's 100th birthday? Attending the celebration were Louis Zamperini's son and daughter, Luke Zamperini and Cynthia Zamperini-Garris, who along with teachers and students spelled out "LZ 100" on the steps of the high school near the Senior Patio. That event made me wonder if Louis was looking down, smiling at what would have been his 100th year. With February being Black History Month, I visited with Councilman Herring I and learned that this remarkable man--born in Birmingham, Alabama and who grew up in along the line, my parents always worked to make the community better than when they arrived," he said. In a column in March, I discovered Torrance residents love their pets and when I asked citizens about their four-legged or two-legged friends, it was no surprise most think of them as members of the family. Lisa Johnson told me, "I never want to live without animals." With four miniature donkeys--Emmy Lou, Bell Star, Santino and Mario--along with 25 chickens, some ducks and a rabbit, I remember telling Lisa there is little danger of her living without pets. She and her husband Gary have a barnyard menagerie. St. Patrick's Day confirmed the fact that most believe they are Irish--at least on March 17--and the evening meal most assuredly consists of corned beef and cabbage. What surprised me was when I found out we here in the United States celebrate St. Patrick's Day with much more fervor and pomp than the Irish in Ireland! We in Torrance support and are proud of our policemen and firemen. So much so, we celebrated the Fourth Annual Police Department Awards & Appreciation Luncheon in March, and the Second Annual Fire Department Appreciation and Awards Luncheon in April. Both events were very well attended and policemen and firemen were honored for going above and well beyond the call of duty as they were recognized for their actions. Passover and Easter in the spring reminded us all that the year was zipping along rapidly. In May, Louis Zamperini's very special leather bomber jacket was returned to the Torrance Historical Society and Museum located on Post Avenue in downtown Torrance after being on display at Whiteman Air Force Base in Missouri during the AFGSC (Air Force Global Command Senior Leader Conference) Commanding Officer's Heritage Dinner Gala (where the theme was Heritage of Great American Airmen). Yes, our hometown hero Louis Zamperini was honored for his incredible bravery. During this very special gala event in Missouri, the Zamperini Warrior Award was unveiled (funded by WWII 307th Bomb Group generation). The leather bomber jacket is on display at the museum and I have to say it is one of the coolest things--on a par with, say, Steve McQueen. Also in May, Torrance was the recipient of a very special honor from the American Rose Society. Mayor Patrick J. Furey formally accepted "The City of Torrance Rose" from the American Rose Society on April 18. Our special rose is a mini-flora, orange/pink-color rose. This rose takes its place along with our city tree, the Cork Oak (Quercus Suber), and our city flower, the Hybrid Delphinium (Ajacia). We also were carried along with our magical Dodgers all summer long, cheering them on toward the pennant. It was a summer of hope and dreams. Never mind we didn't end with a World Series title, but we had a glorious run! And there is always next year! Gracing the James Armstrong Theatre in September was the legendary Melissa Manchester, who entertained the audience See TerriAnn in Torrance, page 4 Friday Partly Cloudy 68˚/57˚ Saturday Partly Cloudy 65˚/53˚ Sunday Partly Cloudy 68˚/54˚
page 1 page 2 page 3 page 4 page 5 page 6 page 7 page 8


text:
Q: Setting download directory in webdriver using JS I want to change default download directory for chrome using JS (TypeScript). Tryed to set options like this :
let options = webdriver.ChromeOptions;
options.add_argument("download.default_directory=C:/Downloads")
let driver = webdriver.chrome(options);
But, options sets to undefined and ChromeOptions doesn't exist on webdriver.
Here is full code:
let webdriver = require('selenium-webdriver');
let chrome = require('selenium-webdriver/chrome');
let chromedriver = require('chromedriver');

chrome.setDefaultService(new chrome.ServiceBuilder(chromedriver.path).build());

// let driver = new webdriver.Builder()
//     .withCapabilities(webdriver.Capabilities.chrome())
//     .build();
let options = webdriver.ChromeOptions;

options.add_argument("download.default_directory=C:/Downloads")

let driver = webdriver.chrome(options);

let figma = 'https://www.figma.com/';
driver.get (figma).then(
    backup
);

function backup() {
    driver.sleep(3000);
    driver.quit();
}

A: According to this issue, chromeOptions key doesn't work as intended. Use goog:chromeOptions to set options for chrome capabilities:
const chromeCapabilities = webdriver.Capabilities.chrome();

chromeCapabilities.set('goog:chromeOptions', {
    'args': ['disable-infobars'],
    'prefs': {
      'download': {
        'default_directory': '/home/{user}/Downloads/Chrome_test',
        'prompt_for_download': 'false'
      }
    }
});

const driver = new webdriver.Builder()
  .withCapabilities(chromeCapabilities)
  .build();

A: Try below code and let me know:
var chrome = require('chromedriver');
var chromeCapabilities = webdriver.Capabilities.chrome();
const chromeOption = require('selenium-webdriver/chrome');
//setting chrome options to start the browser fully maximized
var chromeOptions = {
    'args': ['--test-type', '--start-maximized'],
    'prefs': {"download.default_directory":"/home/(user)/Downloads/Chrome_test"}
};
chromeCapabilities.set('chromeOptions', chromeOptions);
var driver = new webdriver.Builder()
  .withCapabilities(chromeCapabilities)
  .build();

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


You will earn 120 GP Points for buying this product. 120 points = $1.20.
From the popular smart phone game "Fate/Grand Order" comes a Nendoroid of the top idol in the world of servants, Lancer/Elizabeth Bathory! She comes with three face plates including a standard expression, an embarrassed expression as well as a lovely smiling expression!
Optional parts include a microphone stand, her lance as well as heart effect parts allowing for all sorts of different situations! Be sure to summon the big hit idol Eli-chan into your collection, Master!
Good Smile Company / KONOSUBA -God's blessing on this wonderful world!


text:
Q: Django Rest Framework render_form & required fields When using HTML form renderer in DRF, can anyone think of a nice way to auto generate some indication of "required" field in DRF, by hook or crook? I mean before I submit the form, some indication on the field that it is required - the Browsable API it will show right in the form what the error is but only after submitting.
Whether I am using technique as shown here for browseable API with field level HTML forms (instead of just raw/JSON form):
django-rest-framework - autogenerate form in browsable API?
Or I am using TemplateHTMLRenderer with a call to render_form as discussed in docs here:
http://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/html-and-forms/#rendering-forms
I don't see a simple way to make my required fields rendered as required. So say we have like
#models.py
class Foobar(model.Models):
  foo = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=True, default='')
  bar = models.CharField(max_length=100, blank=False)

The best I can think of is making my own template/snippet for each type of field "required-text-field.html", "required-checkbox.html", etc and using the style declaration in the serializer as shown here:
http://www.django-rest-framework.org/topics/html-and-forms/#field-styles
That's assuming I am understanding this, have not played with it yet to see.
But I would love to see a way to auto-generate the field with/without a required flag as appropriate (even just an asterisk, or applying a CSS class) based on the model definition.
Rambling: The goal here was to avoid writing my own forms, having DRF generate the form for me in custom views. As opposed to writing my own forms using tying them into AJAX I figured templates, render_form, and some format checks would suffice. But now I'm thinking DRF is built for back-end and dev, not front-end, and maybe I should plan to write my own forms if it will be end-user visible? Also I could have CSS files and select based on name, calling render_form then applying hand spun styles, would be less work than the HTML + the CSS. Should I review Django (just Django, not DRF) Forms and re-use serializer as validation?...

A: I can see 2 ways:
you can define your own template pack, look at the existing ones in the sources (e.g. 'rest_framework/horizontal/input.html') - you can check if field is required and according to this flag, set some css. you do not need something extra, especially "input-readonly.html" - just make your own copy of input.html, add few if-s and it will work.
or you can call OPTIONS on the API endpoint to get all the necessary information about fields, not only required, but readonly and allowed values for some selects - this is if you can update your forms from javascript


text:
You Are Here: Home → 2018 → June → 29 → Cayetano crying 'wolf!' against UN Human Rights Council
Cayetano crying 'wolf!' against UN Human Rights Council
Kalikasan PNE June 29, 2018 environment defenders, UNHRC
Far-reaching friction between the UNHRC and States refusing UN investigations evident during the 38th UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) session. (Photo by Leon Dulce)
By LEON DULCE
KALIBUTAN
Foreign Affairs Secretary Alan Peter Cayetano has accused Iceland and the other states that jointly called for an investigation into the Duterte government's drug war killings. In a statement at the ongoing 38th UN Human Rights Council (UNHRC) session, he said they are "not actually interested in the truth."
Cayetano claims that Iceland Foreign Minister Gudlaugur Thor Thordarson and other countries he'd invited to "objectively assess the human rights situation" did not reciprocate.
These spats are part of a far-reaching friction between the UNHRC and various States refusing UN investigations. We witnessed it happening all throughout the Council's sessions. We attended the UNHRC session as part of the Human Rights Defenders Program of the International Service for Human Rights (ISHR), a two-week intensive course. With 13 other human rights defenders working on a range of issues, we learned and engaged in the UN's rights mechanisms.
The author is with environmental defenders and advocates from Botswana, Peru, and Myanmar, with their mentor from ISHR at the Plais des Nations.
We raised the worsening plight of environmental defenders in the Philippines. Even the international watchdog Global Witness recently declared that the Philippines is the second deadliest country for environmental defenders. We call attention to this in the face of a broader political crackdown by the Duterte government against critics, dissenters, and even against checks and balances in the government.
Valuable lessons fresh from International Service for Human Rights' training have led me to the following facts:
1.	The Philippines doesn't invite any Special Procedures of UNHRC.
Special Rapporteurs are independent experts who can investigate human rights situation and give technical advice on how to improve it. But they can do it only when invited to do so by a country. The last invited by the Philippines was Chaloka Beyani, in 2016. The Special Rapporteur on Internally Displaced Persons investigated communities still reeling from typhoon disasters and armed conflict.
Since 2010, special rapporteurs have lodged 25 outstanding requests and reminders. Among them the Special Rapporteur on Environment. But the Duterte government continues to snub their requests for invitations.
2.	The Duterte government rejected more than half of the recommendations of other countries for the Philippines in the UN Universal Periodic Review.
The Duterte government rejected recommendations on investigating extrajudicial killings (EJKs), stopping the re-imposition of the death penalty, and stopping the lowering of the age of criminal liability, among others.
Against these human rights atrocities, most States and not just the UNHRC members spoke out during the assessment and recommendation. The Duterte government responded with farfetched denials. It claims the deaths in its bloody war on drugs are not EJKs but deaths "arising from legitimate law enforcement operations" or requiring "further investigation."
3.	Though the Philippines has ratified the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, more than a year after the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) made some legally binding 'concluding observations' in 2016, there is still no compliance on the part of the Philippine government.
The CESCR strongly recommended addressing the killings and rights violations that targeted human rights defenders, including farmers and indigenous peoples. Based on Kalikasan's monitoring, from these sectors came eight in every 10 environment-related victims of killings under Duterte.
Cayetano is clearly the boy who cries 'Wolf!' at the UNHRC. It is ironic that the Philippine government still holds the vice presidency of the UN Human Rights Council's Bureau despite its flagrant disregard of human rights. All the more reason for the UN Human Rights Council to begin an international investigation into the killings and human rights violations of the Duterte regime against the people.
Leon Dulce is the national coordinator of the Kalikasan People's Network for the Environment, a national grassroots environmental campaign center in the Philippines. He attended the recently concluded Human Rights Defenders Advocacy Program, a two-week intensive training on UN human rights mechanisms by the International Service for Human Rights.


text:
The one climate issue no one wants to talk about: the livestock industry
by Ewen Eagle November 16, 2022
Livestock is responsible for 14.5 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. But a recent study published in the journal Sustainability argues that this figure is an underestimate, with the actual percentage ranging between 16.5% and 28%. Even taking the lowest 16.5 percent, this would mean that the livestock sector emits more greenhouse gases than the transport sector as a whole. And with the growth of human consumption of meat food, the emissions of animal husbandry are still increasing. In the 20 years to 2018, global meat consumption has grown by 58%. An analysis by Our World in Data argues that, on current trends, food production would exceed the global carbon budget by two to three times by 2100, even if all emissions from other sectors were eliminated. Among them, animal husbandry accounted for 57%. Returning pastures in the richest countries to wild ecosystems would fully offset 12 years of global carbon emissions. Livestock farming is the largest source of methane released by human activities. But when talking about climate issues, no one talks about reducing emissions from livestock farming, because that would involve a drastic change in the way we live, and not many people want to do that.
TaggedClimateIndustryIssuelivestocktalk
Scientists create magnetic material in lab that doesn't exist on Earth
Daocheng Circular Array Solar Radio Imaging Telescope Completed Construction
Japan's opening to the outside world, Alipay HK transaction number increased by 6 times
Twitter investigation confirms no new data leaks
[Information Security Weekly]December 12 to December 16, 2022


text:
Watch The Pied Piper of Hamelin
"The Pied Piper of Hamelin" (1957) is an American movie and musical. It was based on the Robert Browning poem which itself was based on a legend. As in the original story, a town plagued by rats turns to a piper who uses his enchanted flute to lure them to a river where they drown. When the mayor and other authorities refuse to pay the piper, he takes his revenge by using his flute to lure the town's children and take them captive.
Van Johnson, Claude Rains, Lori Nelson, Jim Backus
Media Home Entertainment
Bretaigne Windust
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Watch The Pied Piper of Hamelin Online - Watch online anytime anywhere: Stream, Download, Buy
The Pied Piper of Hamelin is currently available to watch and stream, download, buy on demand at Amazon Prime, FlixFling, FlixFling VOD, Amazon online.


text:
« Pathetic NYT spin on Horowitz report | Fired Navy secretary Richard Spencer manages to remind us why Trump needed to get rid of him »
Crack, strippers, and lucrative Chicom crony capitalist deals: Hunter Biden is a walking security risk
A lot of people think that Democratic frontrunner Joe Biden shouldn't be judged by the actions of his wayward son, Hunter Biden. Biden, after all, was drummed out of the Navy for cocaine use, made a lot of questionable overseas business deals when his father was vice president, and most recently was found to have fathered an out of wedlock child in Arkansas while dating his deceased brother's wife. Irrelevant to Joe, Joe's on the up and up. Pay no attention to the evidence of some very skeezy parenting skills and weird family values. After all, every family as a black sheep, right? But the evidence is really piling up that this guy's disgusting, a potential threat to the republic actually, should Joe eventually find himself in the White House. First, the grossout personal stuff from the on-the-job New York Post: Hunter Biden was suspected of smoking crack inside a strip club where he dropped "thousands of dollars" during multiple...(Read Full Post)
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Note: The symbols "修正ファイル" with the blue cns link under them found in most of the characters's pages under their main download link is their fix/update patch by flowralia pretty much. So if that character has it on their page add the contents inside of the folder you get from the link to the character after you download them.
Note: Also her AI patch link under "外部AI" is down.
Note: Her mediafire link doesn't work so you have to use the Firestorage one and also her AI patch link is down.
He made a 640/480 MBC lifebar for Mugen 1.0.
He's done an AI patch for.
He's done this AKOFUM fullgame for I.K.E.M.E.N.


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Because we can save our flight plans for future use, we can provide the same view over and over again for your monitoring needs. This allows you to have the same perspective of your intended objective each time we perform a flight for you, making it easier for you to compare information over the duration of your project.
Drones are now playing a important role in research projects. New and exciting data that was once too costly or dangerous to obtain can now be provided safely and economically.
Not only can we capture high res images with our 18.2MP camera, we can also change the on board camera of our fixed wing drone and acquire image data in the near infrared band, the region where high plant reflectance occurs. With the use of this camera we can provide imagery used for a variety of applications: biomass indication, growth monitoring, crop discrimination and leaf area indexing. Our specialized aerial images are beneficial to research projects carried out by Universities, Research Firms and the Agriculture, Forestry and Environmental industry.
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text:
import requests
import yaml
from os import path
from sys import exit
import logging
import argparse
from subprocess import Popen, PIPE

# Current directory
CURRENT_DIR = path.dirname(path.realpath(__file__))

# CLI
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser('cloudflare-ddns.py')
parser.add_argument('-z', '--zone', dest="zone", action="append", help="Zone name")
args = parser.parse_args()

# Logger
log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
log.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s | %(levelname)s | %(message)s')
ch = logging.StreamHandler()
ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
ch.setFormatter(formatter)
log.addHandler(ch)

# Cloudflare API
API_HEADERS = {}
API_ENDPOINT = 'https://api.cloudflare.com/client/v4/'

# Cached IP addresses
IP_ADDRESSES = {
    4: None,
    6: None
}

# Start the client
def main():

    # Preliminary checks
    if not args.zone:
        log.critical("Please specify a zone name")
        return

    for zone in set(args.zone):
        config_path = path.join(CURRENT_DIR, 'zones', zone + '.yml')
        if not path.isfile(config_path):
            log.critical("Zone '{}' not found".format(zone))
            return

        # Read config file
        with open(config_path, 'r') as file:
            config = yaml.safe_load(file)
            cf_api_key = config.get('cf_api_key')
            cf_email = config.get('cf_email')
            cf_zone = config.get('cf_zone')
            cf_records = config.get('cf_records')
            cf_resolving_method = config.get('cf_resolving_method', 'http')
            cf_logging_level = config.get('cf_logging_level', 'INFO')

        # Create API authentication headers
        global API_HEADERS
        API_HEADERS = {
            'X-Auth-Key': cf_api_key,
            'X-Auth-Email': cf_email
        }

        # Get zone informations
        payload = {
            'name': cf_zone
        }
        r = requests.get(API_ENDPOINT + 'zones', headers=API_HEADERS, params=payload)
        data = r.json().get('result')
        if not data:
            log.critical("The zone '{}' was not found on your account".format(cf_zone))
            return
        cf_zone_uuid = data[0]['id']
        cf_zone_name = data[0]['name']

        # Logging
        fh = logging.FileHandler(path.join(CURRENT_DIR, 'logs', cf_zone_name + '.log'))
        fh.setFormatter(formatter)
        log.addHandler(fh)

        # Get (all) zone records
        cf_zone_records = get_zone_records(cf_zone_uuid)

        # Update each record
        for records in cf_records:
            for record_name in records:
                local_record = records[record_name]

                # Set logging
                log_level = local_record.get('log', 'INFO')
                fh.setLevel(logging.getLevelName(log_level))
                ch.setLevel(logging.getLevelName(log_level))

                # Format record name
                if record_name == '@':
                    name = cf_zone_name
                else:
                    name = record_name + '.' + cf_zone_name

                # Try to find the record by its name and type
                zone_record = None
                for record in cf_zone_records:
                    if record.get('name') == name and record.get('type') == local_record.get('type'):
                        zone_record = record

                # Update the record if found
                if not zone_record:
                    log.error("The record '{}' ({}) was not found".format(name, local_record.get('type')))
                    continue
                update_record(zone_record, local_record, cf_resolving_method)

# Get all records from zone
def get_zone_records(zone_uuid):
    records = []
    current_page = 0
    total_pages = 1

    # Get all records
    while current_page != total_pages:
        current_page += 1
        payload = {
            'page': current_page,
            'per_page': 50
        }
        r = requests.get(API_ENDPOINT + 'zones/' + zone_uuid + '/dns_records', headers=API_HEADERS, params=payload)
        data = r.json().get('result')
        if not data:
            continue
        records.extend(data)

        # Update total pages
        data = r.json().get('result_info')
        total_pages = data.get('total_pages', 1)

    # Return all records
    return records

# Update a record
def update_record(zone_record, local_record, resolving_method):
    ip = get_ip(resolving_method, local_record.get('type'))
    name = zone_record.get('name')
    record_type = zone_record.get('type')
    ttl = local_record.get('ttl', zone_record.get('ttl'))
    proxied = local_record.get('proxied', zone_record.get('proxied'))

    # Check if the TTL is valid
    if proxied:
        ttl = 1
    elif not 120 <= ttl <= 2147483647 and not ttl == 1:
        log.error("Skipping record '{}' ({}) because of bad TTL".format(name, record_type))
        return

    # Check if the record needs to be updated
    if zone_record.get('content') == ip and zone_record.get('ttl') == ttl and zone_record.get('proxied') == proxied:
        log.info("The record '{}' ({}) is already up to date".format(name, record_type))
        return

    # Update the record
    payload = {
        'ttl': ttl,
        'name': name,
        'type': record_type,
        'content': ip,
        'proxied': proxied
    }
    r = requests.put(API_ENDPOINT + 'zones/' + zone_record.get('zone_id') + '/dns_records/' + zone_record.get('id'), headers=API_HEADERS, json=payload)
    success = r.json().get('success')
    if not success:
        log.critical("An error occured whilst trying to update '{}' ({}) record".format(name, record_type))
        return
    log.info("The record '{}' ({}) has been updated successfully".format(name, record_type))

# Resolve the server's IP
def get_ip(method, record_type):
    v = (record_type == 'AAAA' and 6 or 4)

    # Return cached if possible
    if IP_ADDRESSES[v]:
        return IP_ADDRESSES[v]

    # Dig resolving method
    if method == 'dig':
        resolvers = {
            4: 'resolver1.opendns.com',
            6: 'resolver1.ipv6-sandbox.opendns.com'
        }
        p = Popen(['dig', '+short', 'myip.opendns.com', record_type, '@' + resolvers[v], '-{}'.format(v)], stdin=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, stdout=PIPE)
        output, err = p.communicate()
        public_ip = output.decode().rstrip()

    # HTTP resolving method
    elif method == 'http':
        r = requests.get('https://ipv{}.icanhazip.com'.format(v))
        public_ip = r.text.rstrip()

    # Save the IP address in cache
    IP_ADDRESSES[v] = public_ip
    return public_ip

# Main
if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()