Lympho-drainage (pressotherapy) is a type of gentle massage which encourages the natural circulation of the lymph through the body. The procedure is very pleasant, and visible results appear even after the first procedure. Lympho-drainage helps to reduce weight, eliminate swelling and the phenomenon of vascular insufficiency that promote the development of varicose veins, obesity, cellulite. Lympho-drainage is beneficial to treat edemas, caused by various conditions among which are infections or anti-cancer treatment. Lympho-drainage can make you will feel extraordinarily light in the legs, and make your body slimmer and beautiful. Session duration is 30 minutes.
Pressotherapy is a detoxifying treatment, which through effective lymphatic drainage, helps to promote the body's natural toxin clearing functions. The revitalization and oxygenation of the tissue helps to slim and redefine the legs, stomach and arms while enhancing skin tone.
Pressotherapy is a computer controlled compression system, which operates using inflating pumps. The body suit is equipped with infra-red heating elements. The far-infrared can help increase basic metabolic rate (BMR), which is the fast and natural way to lose weight.
Far Infrared heat is completely safe and natural. It is 5-15 micron wavelength is actually the light that we can't see, but can feel as a heat. It is the same type of heat that body produces naturally to warm itself, and more than half of the sun's heat is infrared as well, so it is completely safe & natural.
For best results, it is recommended that clients receive a series of treatments, ranging from 8-15 treatments, depending on specific individual needs. Weekly treatments are recommended to achieve best results.
WE RECOMMEND TO CONSULT YOUR PHYSICIAN PRIOR TO PURCHASING ANY SPA SERVICES.
Pregnancy/Breast Feeding – Pregnant or breast feeding do not use the infra slim body wrap with or without air pressure massage. A detoxification process will produce the expelled toxins into your breast milk.
Elderly – The body must be able to activate its natural cooling processes in order to maintain core body temperature. As we mature, our bodies naturally lose this capability. Guests over the age of 70 will be permitted for infra slim air pressure massage use, however, at a lower temperature.
Alcohol/Alcohol Abuse – Contrary to popular believe, it is not advisable to attempt to "sweat out" a hangover. Alcohol intoxication decreases a person's judgment; therefore, he/she may not realize when the body has a negative reaction to high heat. Alcohol also increases the heart rate, which may be further increased by heat stress. Guests who appear intoxicated or inform us of alcohol consumption prior to use of the infra slim air pressure massage will forfeit their scheduled appointment and no refund or credit will be issued.
Reduced Ability to Sweat or Perspire Associated With – Multiple Sclerosis, Central Nervous System Tumors and Diabetes with Neuropathy are conditions that are associated with impaired sweating.
Hemophiliacs/Individuals Prone to Bleeding – The use of infra slim air pressure massages should be avoided by anyone who is predisposed to bleeding.
Fever – An individual who has a fever should not use an infra slim air pressure massage until the fever subsides.
Insensitivity to Heat – An individual with insensitivity to heat should not use an infra slim air pressure massage.
Implants – Metal pins, rods, artificial joints or any other surgical implants generally reflect infrared waves and thus are not heated by this system. Nevertheless, you should consult your physician prior to using an infra slim air pressure massage.
Pacemakers/Defibrillators – The magnets used to assemble infra slim air pressure massages can interrupt the pacing and inhibit the output of pacemakers. Please discuss with your doctor the possible risks this may case. In the rare event that you experience pain and/or discomfort, immediately discontinue infra slim air pressure massage use, and exit the infra slim air pressure massage.We also recommend to consult your physician for any health related concerns or contra-indications.


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Zeta Global
Zeta Global Holdings Corp. (NYSE:ZETA) is a leading data-driven, cloud-based marketing technology company that empowers enterprises to acquire, grow and retain customers. The Company's Zeta Marketing Platform (the "ZMP") is the largest omnichannel marketing platform with identity data at its core. The ZMP analyzes billions of structured and unstructured data points to predict consumer intent by leveraging sophisticated artificial intelligence to personalize experiences at scale. Founded in 2007 by David A. Steinberg and John Sculley, the Company is headquartered in New York City. For more information, please go tohttp://www.zetaglobal.com.
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Be a driving force behind EBP
Learn why evidence is a must when it comes to quality patient care.
Nurses cross into research
Nurses are doing the digging to find answers to their practice questions.
Get to the root of it
Master the basics of EBP and learn how to start your own project.
Research feeds good practice
Turn a patient care idea into practice by starting with solid research.
You hold the power
Bedside nurses have the ability to make significant practice changes.
Evidence is a moving target. Be ready to adjust EBP policies.
Protect the children
Pain management is a big deal when it comes to the littlest patients.
Meet a wound care expert
RN Nancy Morgan tells you what really works wound care.
FREE CE: What's new in EBP?
Learn the latest about ICU sedation, CLABSIs, and more.
EBP blasts make an impact
A nurse successfully expands healthcare access for her patients.
Fuel career satisfaction
Use new evidence to transform your old practices.
CE Catalog
Boost your knowledge of EBP with these education modules.
Follow the evidence
You know EBP is important; now grasp the strategies behind it.
Driving interest in EBP is not always easy, but it's worth the effort.
An unacceptable risk
Periop nurses are striving to decrease pressure ulcers.
Patient-centered care plus team science equals dazzling results.
Pregame practice
Nursing students are being to appreciate the value of EBP.
Poor self-care is a safety issue
Nurses who do not address fatigue can jeopardize patients.
Create a dream team
A children's hospital shows how interdisciplinary care pays off.
It's all about the team
Learn how the TeamSTEPPS strategy took shape.
Patient care gets revamped
A cancer center reboots bedside reporting and improves care.
How to Navigate
Move forward or backward between articles by clicking the arrows.
Click or tap to bring up the Table of Contents.
Share articles by clicking on one of the social media icons in the upper right corner of the page.
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Protect the children with pain management tools
Comfort cart helps distract pediatric patients from their pain
Stefanie Dell'Aringa
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Nurses on the pediatric floor of WakeMed Health & Hospitals in Raleigh, N.C., are using evidence-based practice to improve pain scores, working collaboratively with parents of their patients.
Wanda Bowman, BSN, NE-BC, RN, nurse manager, pediatrics/Peds ICU, and clinical nurse Karen Tsang, BSN, CPN, RN, a nurse for 36 years, put into practice what they call a comfort cart to distract patients from their pain. In addition, they've developed a pain management care plan tailored to the patient. "We've always dealt with how best to handle pain with children," Bowman, who has been a nurse for 40 years, said. "In 2013, our pain [management] rates were in the range of
, so we formed a committee." The committee's goal is to raise the pain management rate to
. The comfort cart has six age-specific drawers stocked with items such as mirrors for infants, a karaoke machine for preschool children and iPads for teens. Tsang applied for and received a $5,000 grant from Friends of WakeMed Foundation to purchase the comfort cart and stock it. Drawers contain everything from cards, board games, toys and magnets to doctor kits and capes. Tsang said the dress-up items are fun and effective. "They feel like they are superheroes and princesses, so they can handle the pain better," Tsang said. "It works really well."
A committee chaired by Tsang and overseen by Bowman asked 100 parents of children undergoing acute pain procedures to fill out pain surveys between October 2013 and March 2015. The information helped staff to identify what items would work best in the comfort cart. "We now know what kind of comfort toy would be good for each child," Tsang said, adding that the patient's pain management care plan — which includes what diversions work and what pain meds the patient is taking — is posted in each patient's room. Of the 100 parents, 61 completed the surveys. Parents were asked, "How does your child act when they're in pain?" The top three behaviors reported were to verbalize, to cry and to sleep. Another key question was, "What interventions help to relieve their pain?" Of the 61 parents:
Embark on a journey to higher education
They feel like they are superheroes and princesses, so they can handle the pain better," Tsang said. "It works really well."
— Karen Tsang, RN
Added to the unit in January of 2016, the cart and pain management care plan have been beneficial tools. The team is working better now that the pain management care plan is in patients' rooms. Each nurse is clear on what to do with each patient without having to ask. While the cart is mostly used on the pediatric floor, staffed by nine nurses during the day and eight at night, it's available to the five nurses working in the PICU. "Generally, the ICU patients are too sick to use the cart because some are sedated or intubated, but some are awake," Tsang said. Feedback from parents has been extremely positive, and the current pain score for pediatrics is improving with an increase of about 15%, according to Bowman.
"We're heading up," Bowman said. "What we have learned is that some of the strategies and the use of the comfort cart help with all of our patients, whether it's those with chronic pain or an autistic or behavioral child or children with autism or behavioral issues. You don't always need medication to take care of kids who are uncomfortable."
Parents give their input
Encouraging results
Standard practice on the pediatric floor now includes collecting data from parents at admission and discharge to better address pain, which is key to creating the individualized pain management care plan. "What we know is that we have to ask the parents what works," Tsang said. The cart and plan can be used as a model for other pediatric units, and Tsang and Bowman plan to share their evidence-based practice at the 2017 ANCC National Magnet Conference in October. Their presentation is called "Making Magic: Translating Knowledge About Pediatric Pain Into Clinical Knowledge." "A lot of research shows that pain medication and a nondrug approach work together," Tsang said. "This is a pharmacological and nonpharmacological approach." The most important thing is that the nursing staff and the clinical staff should use a consistent approach, she said. "There are two reasons why we have the care plan," Tsang said. "One is for consistency and the second is that it's individualized. We have the plan and everybody, including the patient and the family, knows what that is."
Comfort cart stock
Mirrors for infants
A karaoke machine for preschool children
iPads for teens
Toys and magnets
Doctor kits
Dress-up items
of them said a pacifier, swaddling, books, looking away from the procedure, or looking at the procedure helped relieve their child's pain;
parents said soothing touch helped;
parents said scheduled medications, television, movies, or internet were effective; and
Nurses were surprised by two statistics from the research data. "Amazingly, almost a quarter of the parents expected their children to not have any pain," Tsang said.
The second statistic – 82% of parents said their child never had a pain experience – was astounding. Pain scales that use faces and numbers may be ineffective on patients new to pain.
"You can't just base pain on a scale, but you have to base it on the perception of pain," Tsang said.
parents said skin-to-skin contact, holding hands, a quiet room, visitors or video games helped.
In addition to the comfort cart and the pain management care plan, Tsang decided to follow appendectomy patients from admission to discharge to improve the timing and type of medication they received. She is proud to report that pediatric patients with appendectomies no longer have to be admitted for an overnight stay due to a new, streamlined EBP process. Prior to surgery, patients are given an acetaminophen suppository. When they awaken, they've already been transferred to a pediatric bed. They're given something to drink and pain medication by mouth instead of IV opioids. "We have a lot more evidence-based practice to support that premedicating them with a simple acetaminophen suppository prior to surgery means they'll need less pain medication after surgery," Tsang said.
More inside this guide


The bedroom isn't always the first we invest on when it comes to buying stuff. However, you'll come to realize that you spend a good third of your life on the bed. And that's just counting rest and sleep time. So, considering how hard you work throughout the day, you may want to consider investing more in this space.
An incredibly comfortable bed, keeps you snug and relaxed helping you recover and recharge -from a long day. Now, with a mattress pad, your mattress also gets protection from allergens like dust and the like as well as spills. This helps your pricey mattress last longer while protecting it from dirt, damage, and liquid stains throughout its whole lifespan.
Apart from the added protective layer, a good mattress pad adds more a little more cushioning. This then adds to an improved overall sleeping experience while also easily maintained through regular laundry cleaning. Plus, some have the added benefit of allergy protection.
We've included seven of the best in hypoallergenic, protective and comfort features in our review. Moreover, each one fits specific needs, feature machine washable material, make, and come at a reasonable price. From waterproof material to plush down filling, these mattress pads make a good investment for a good and healthy night's sleep.
Offering the best in overall features from comfort to protection, the SafeRest 100% Waterproof mattress protector makes our top choice. First off, while being waterproof, this mattress cover makes no crinkling noise or crackle sounds with every move on the bed. This is thanks to its sturdy make and its design featuring a thin polyurethane membrane (much better than vinyl options).
Users with allergies experiencing asthma, eczema or rhinitis will enjoy comfort and safety from allergens with this hypoallergenic design. See, this mattress cover easily captures allergens from the surface while also being machine washable for easy cleaning. Simply pop it in to wash and dry without worries of damaging or shrinking.
The SafeRest 100% Waterproof cover comes in King and Queen sizes and easily covers mattresses 6 to 18" in depth. Moreover, many customers appreciate how well it covers and fit their mattress while effectively protecting against spills and allergens. This means fewer worries against accidents that could damage or stain your mattress.
While it offers the best in protection and easy care. This mattress cover also features comfortable material that won't get in the way of your mattress' comfort. With that, you get a good, quiet sleep while keeping your mattress safe.
A few users noted some leaks into their mattress. However, the manufacturer covers such concern with its 10-year warranty.
Overall, this 100% waterproof mattress cover by SafeRest provides the best combination in features for a good price. Many users appreciate how well it fits, how comfy it feels and how effective it works in protecting their mattress. Plus, it makes a good investment with its 10-year warranty covering any concern as you use it over time.
If you are looking cheap option, check our review about the best mattresses under $1000.
Another bestselling choice coming close to our top pick, the quilted mattress pad from Hanna Kay, offers a lot. From cushioned comfort, great fit, to hypoallergenic features, many allergy sufferers give this mattress cover their 5-star reviews. Also, for just a little more extra, you get a plush mattress pad offering good protection for your mattress.
Comfort wise, this mattress pad comes with 40% more filling sewn to a quilted finish. Moreover, it features a breathable and unique poly- cotton blend material offering complete comfort. Because of this, many users appreciate how plush and comfy this mattress pad feels overall.
Adding to comfortable material, the stretch-to-fit design makes sure the pad stays snugly fit and in place. This means no sliding and tearing as you move on the bed throughout its lifespan. The secret comes from its knitted polyester sides allowing a snug fit.
Comfort also means hypoallergenic when it comes to allergy sufferers. Many users with allergies find that it's an effectively hypoallergenic mattress pad. Moreover, some users report how their sleep experience has improved since using this on their bed.
When it comes to care, Hanna Kay's mattress cover also features machine washable material and make. Moreover, thanks to its diamond stitching, you're sure to get both comfort and durability from this piece. If that doesn't convince you, you'll be happy to know that it comes with a 10-year warranty covering any concerns.
That 10-year warranty comes as a no-questions asked money-back guarantee for this product. This overall makes it a great buy considering all that it offers at a reasonable price.
Though complaints are rare, some users found it didn't fit their 10" mattress.
When it comes to both comfort and protection, this quilter mattress cover comes as one of favorites in the market. With its plush construction carrying extra filling, wrapped in a durable diamond stitched finish, you get great value. While it may not be waterproof, it offers a good layer of protection over your mattress.
Moreover, this piece easily cleans in your washing machine and comes with a 10-yearwarranty, making it a great buying choice.
If you're looking for the best hypoallergenic mattress cover for your or your kids' allergy protection, it's the SafeRest Premium. For one, this mattress protector features a vinyl-free design, giving it extra points as hypoallergenic. This means, more than protection against dust mites, bacteria and any other allergens, it also features hypoallergenic cotton material.
While this mattress protector comes vinyl-free, it still features a waterproof design. That's thanks to its Membrane back-coating which also offers quiet and breathable comfort. So, apart from protection pet hair, dust, and other allergens, your mattress gets protection from spills and stains, or incontinence.
To further confirm this mattress cover's quality, the FDA granted it a Device. This means the product underwent reviews, tests and clearance for safe for use at medical grade level. So, apart a worry-free breakfast-in-bed, you surely get full protection when it comes to avoiding allergy triggers in bed.
This premium mattress protector comes in a snug fit design fitting twin beds up to California King sized mattress. Since the cover's sides feature an elastic design, it stays in place while tightly covering your mattress. You'll almost feel like it' barely there, it definitely won't get in the way between you and your mattress' full comfort.
As for cleaning, you can simply pop in the washing machine for washing and drying. The manufacturer reminds though that it's best to avoid using bleach or products with bleach when cleaning. Should you find it wear and tear over time, you can easily have it replaced with its 10-year warranty coverage.
Complaints are rare, but a few users note that the product isn't completely waterproof. Any concerns can warrant a replacement following its 10-year warranty though.
If you're specifically buying a mattress for allergen protection, then you can't go wrong with this cover. For a good price, you get a medical grade mattress cover that offers both allergy protection but also comfort and waterproof coverage. Moreover, its 10-year warranty makes it an easy buying choice.
Looking for that extra soft layer of a quilted cover? This one from Utopia Bedding comes not too far behind Hanna Kay's Quilted Stretch-to-Fit mattress pad. Moreover, it costs a little less while still giving you that quality coverage you need.
Fitting Twin, TwinXL to Queen and California Kind sized mattresses, this mattress pad covers up to 16" in depth. And to keep it in place, its elastic all-around design supports a snug fit securing it in position.
That feels soft and comfortable on the skin.
While this pad may not be waterproof, the cover is plush enough to add a layer of protection. Meanwhile, it comes in a hypoallergenic and breathable material that many users do appreciate. Moreover, users also like how its Smooth Grip Skirt System provides a reliable fit, keeping it from slipping or moving.
If you do get a spill or any "accidents" on the bed, you can easily have it washed and dried in the washing machine. The recommendation notes a gentle cycle and low temp on the dryer, so make sure to follow instructions. Also, note to avoid bleach when washing to keep its material soft and durable.
A few users had reported problems with the material after washing.
Featuring hypoallergenic, breathable and comfortable material, finished into a durable diamond-stitched quilt finish, it's definitely worth to check out.
The Utopia Bedding – Quilted Mattress Pad received many 5-star reviews for good reason. Probably why it also comes in as one of the bestselling mattress pads on amazon because of both quality and comfort.
Looking for something with more plush cushioning? Then this pillow top mattress pad makes a great choice. You're sure to get extra soft cushioning with its memory foam and fiber-filled pad enclosed by a comfortable Microfiber material.
Its cover features 100% high quality Microfiber that provides an extra soft surface. Meanwhile, the memory foam pad also comes with Down Alternative Polyfill giving you an overall luxurious and quiet feel. Moreover, apart from comfort, these materials also provide a hypoallergenic coverage.
The pad gives you the comfort of goose down without giving you the sniffles. Moreover, while it may be thick and plush, it actually feels cooler on the skin compared to other pads.
While luxurious in feel, this mattress pad features a machine washable design crafted with double-needle stitching. As with any bedding though, always make sure to follow cleaning recommendations for better preservation.
A few users said that it was a dream until they put it in the washer.
Overall, it gives you the overall feel of a comfy pillow all over. And isn't that what you'd really want from a pillow top cover like this?
Many customers enjoy the product well and feel like it offers hotel-like comfort and it's easy to see why. Moreover, you get to enjoy that comfort in a classy styled piece without the worries of allergies.
Choosing covers for kids means considering both comfort and safety. See, a mattress cover for the crib or toddler bed has to be waterproof, hypoallergenic and soft. American Baby Company seems to have a good understanding of this showing in this fitted mattress cover. They have been reviewed in our online mattress brand article.
Considering how much babies and toddlers move, the cover features a quiet design with all-elastic edges for a snug fit. It features a waterproof make, with vinyl material enclosed in the middle layer. This means liquid spills and accidents don't leak through your kid's crib or bed mattress.
Every parent knows how important that waterproof coverage comes when preserving a kids' mattress. Meanwhile, apart from being waterproof, the surface features 100% Polyester material giving both a soft and hypoallergenic coverage. Moreover, the whole sheet is machine washable, letting you easily clean-up with no fuss.
This mattress cover comes in multiple sizes fitting between mini cribs to twin sized mattresses. The crib mattress cover fits a 6" thick crib mattress used in most standard cribs. Moreover, it features deep pockets along with its elastic all-around for a good fit.
Many users highlight how well the mattress cover stays in place even after some play time. So overall, you get comfort, protection and a good fit for a good price. And since it doesn't cost too much, most users purchase two for continued coverage between cleaning.
A few users had problems with the mattress cover after washing.
Parents can often find their hands full when caring for their babies/toddlers. This is why it's great to have a helpful item like this when it comes to both comfort and convenience. Apart from being waterproof and hypoallergenic, your kids also get to enjoy a comfortable surface wrapping their bed.
Overall, this fitted mattress cover covers all bases when it comes to protecting crib/kid mattresses.
Bed bugs can be more than annoying, they completely ruin a good mattress. These creepy crawlies can also be very difficult to control. So the best way to deal with them, is never having to deal with them at all.
This is where a 100% bed bug proof mattress pad comes in handy because it completely protects your mattress from bed bugs. It features a tight high thread count of polyester built to an extra durable seam. No bugs are getting through that and it's zippered enclosure for sure.
This mattress cover also features a waterproof barrier of 1ml thick polyurethane, including all sides. This means your mattress gets protection from spills and stains all over. And while you enjoy these benefits, you're safe from allergies as both its full make features hypoallergenic materials.
To clarify expectations though, the manufacturer notes that its waterproof barrier protects against small spills. Large spills or liquids that stay for a long period may seep through the barrier. Considering that, it's still best to clean-up shortly after an accident, at the least you get more time to address it.
While this pad supports allergy protection easing asthma symptoms and blocking other allergens on the bed it's also comfy. The material may be tough on bed bugs but it's not tough on air. The pad feels cooler than most pads and doesn't trap heat, supporting a good night's sleep.
Many users appreciate how effectively it controlled minor bed bug infestations on their mattress. They note how much comfortable and at ease in bed after they used the product. Moreover, it's easy to clean-up through their washing machine.
If you have a minor bed bug infestation or want to avoid it completely, consider this mattress cover for your bed. See, many users confirms how it effectively protects their bed from bed bugs. Moreover, apart from good protection, it offers some level of waterproof while supporting your bed's comfort.


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Category Archives: INDC
Lessons Learned From Research on How 23 Nations Actually Considered Or Ignored Ethics and Justice in Formulating National Climate Commitments
Posted on November 28, 2015 by dabrown57
A joint research project of the University of Auckland and Widener University Commonwealth Law School has concluded that when most nations have formulated national climate change policies not only the nations, but also the NGOs and media in these nations, have failed to seriously consider equity, ethical, and justice considerations that should guide national climate change policy.
The project enlisted the support of 23 researchers from around the world to examine how 23 nations actually considered or ignored equity, ethics, and justice in formulating national climate change commitments. Each researcher answered the same 10 questions which sought to determine how equity, ethics, and justice considerations affected national policy formation on greenhouse gas emissions reductions targets and commitments and on funding adaptation, l,osses and damages in vulnerable developing countries. The nations studied in this project are: Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, China, Fiji , India, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mauritius, Netherlands, New Zealand, Peru, Russia, Samoa, South Africa, South Korea, Thailand, Uganda, United States of America, and Zimbabwe.
The reports on these countries are available on the project website, nationalclimatejustice.org.
The research project has been motivated by the fact that climate change is a threat that screams for attention to be understood essentially as a problem of ethics and justice, an understanding which has profound significance for national climate change policy development but a fact which our research has concluded is largely being ignored by most nations.
The research project seeks to help deepen reflection by nations and civil society on national responses to climate change by examining national climate change policies through an equity, ethical and justice lens.
If nations fail to base their climate change policies on what equity, ethics, and justice require of them on mitigation of their greenhouse gas emissions and funding for adaptation, losses, and damages, then the global response to climate change will not likely be ambitious enough to avoid catastrophic climate impacts while deepening existing injustices in the world.
Although several organizations have created metrics to evaluate the national voluntary climate commitments, known as Independent Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), on the basis of equity, ethics and justice, this research project, by examining what actually happened at the national level when nations formulated their INDCs has uniquely identified important lessons about how equity, ethics and justice were actually considered or ignored that are the basis of recommendation to improve national compliance with what equity, ethics, and justice require of them. For instance, by looking at what actually happened at the national level in formulating INDCs, the project concluded, among other things, that:
(a) Almost all nations have actually based their INDC at least in part on economic self-interest rather than global ethical responsibility.
(b) Not only have most nations ignored equity, ethics, and justice in domestic development of INDCs, national media and NGOs in most countries have not criticized inadequate INDCs on the basis of equity, ethics and justice.
(c) Even nations that have given lip service to the need to develop INDCs that represent the nation's fair share of safe global emissions, these nations have not explained how ethics and justice quantitatively influenced the formulation of the INDC and in most cases the INDC has actually been based on national economic self-interest.
(d) National explanations of their INDC often hide the actual basis for the weakness of the INDC and to determine the actual basis for the INDC one must understand the domestic forces which opposed more ambitious INDCs.
(e) In most countries there appears to be little understanding among civil society about what equity, ethics, and justice would require of the country in formulating its INDC particularly in regard to the practical implications of living within a carbon budget that would constrain global emissions so that atmospheric ghg concentrations remain below dangerous levels, and the need for the nation to limit its ghg emissions to its fair share of a carbon budget.
These are only a few of the lessons learned from the project. Following is a complete list of the 37 lessons learned and 21 recommendations that have been derived from the research project:
The following lessons have been learned by the project so far.
1. Some high-emitting nations have expressly stated that they will not adopt climate change policies that harm their economy – thus ignoring their obligations to others as a matter of ethics, justice, and international law. These nations include Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.
2. Any national ghg emissions reduction commitment is implicitly a position on two ethical questions, namely, first, what safe atmospheric ghg concentration level the commitment aims to achieve and, second, what equity framework or principles of distributive justice the percent reduction is based on. Despite this, no nation has explained quantitatively how its commitment is related to an atmospheric carbon budget or an equity framework.
3. Although some nations acknowledge that their climate policies should be guided by ethical principles, for instance, South Africa and Japan, even these nations have not expressly explained quantitatively how their commitments were guided by ethical principles and appear to have based their commitments on economic self-interest at least in part.
4. A few nations have acknowledged that their ghg emissions commitments need to limit warming to 2°C and be derived from a fair and equitable framework, yet even these nations have not explained how their specific emissions reduction commitments can be understood to be consistent with an emissions reduction pathway that will limit warming to 2°C. In fact, despite the almost universal acceptance by nations of the 2°C warming limit, the actual ghg emission targets and timetables chosen by almost all nations do not meet the levels of emissions reductions specified by IPCC as necessary to keep atmospheric concentrations below 450 ppm and thereby achieve the 2°C warming limit. As a result the world is currently on target to hit warming of 3.7°C by 2100.
5. Those developed nations that have acknowledged that they should act to limit warming to 2°C have not adopted emissions reduction targets at levels the IPCC recently concluded would be necessary to limit warming to 2°C – namely, of 25% to 40% by 2020.
6. All nations, including those nations that acknowledge that their policies must be based upon a fair share of a safe global emissions, appear to have actually based their emissions reduction commitment at least in part on national economic self-interest rather than global responsibility.
7. In some nations it is not possible to determine the actual normative basis for the +government's commitment simply by examining what the national government claims is its normative justification. Instead, one must understand the arguments made against stronger national climate change policies made by those who have successfully opposed stronger climate action. For instance, the United States commitment is based upon what is currently achievable under existing law. In Russia references to international obligations are mere lip service as the national INDC has been based almost exclusively on national economic interest. In the United States, because stronger laws have been successfully blocked by opponents of strong climate change policies on the basis that stronger laws will harm the US economy, destroy specific industries, and destroy jobs, the actual US climate change policies are based upon US economic interests, a fact not clear from examining the statements of the US federal government alone.
8. Some non-Annex 1 countries including China and Mauritius claim that their non-Annex 1 status is justification for making no binding commitments to reduce their ghg emissions even though a substantial percentage of their population has very high income and high per capita emissions. For instance, China per capita emissions are 7.1 tons while the US is 16.4 tons per capita. However, 10% of Chinese have ghg per capita are well above 10 % of US citizens ghg per capita. China has more than 1.1 million millionaires and more people with wealth over 50 million than any country except USA. By 2018 China is expected to have 2.1 million millionaires. There is a huge consuming class in China on which the government is creating no expectations. One of the ethical issues raised by these facts is whether nations which may have much smaller national emissions reductions commitment obligations for the nation derived from an acceptable equity framework should nevertheless be expected to limit activities of individuals causing high levels of ghg emissions.
9. Some nations, including Australia and New Zealand, have expressly made their commitments to reduce climate change policies contingent on the willingness of other nations to make commensurate commitments thus implicitly claiming they have no obligation to reduce their emissions to their fair share of safe global emissions unless other nations do so. The justification for this approach is not stated in the national commitments and is ethically dubious.
10. NGOs who support stronger climate change policies in many nations, including those in Australia, Canada, and the United States, are failing to frame climate change issues on the basis of ethics, justice, and equity.
11. Several developing nations, including Bolivia, have asserted that they have no obligation to make commitments to reduce ghg emissions unless the costs of reductions are funded by developed nations without identifying an equity framework which justifies this conclusion. South Africa and other developing nations have made commitments while also claiming that some of their commitments are contingent on funding from developed nations without explaining why some of the commitments should be funded according to an equity framework to justify which part of their climate change policies must be funded by developed nations. For this reason developing nations need to take a position on an equity framework that would apply to all developing countries.
12. Bolivia claims that funding for mitigation and adaptation in developing nations should be understood as the climate "debt" of developed countries in response to their historical, high-level per capita, and failure to fund adaptation but has not offered an equity framework to operationalize this claim. Bolivia draws strongly and explicitly upon ethical justifications for requiring deep cuts in national ghg emissions by other nations, together with financial contributions and holistic mitigation and adaptation measures, capable of both reducing poverty and vulnerability to climate change – yet has not identified an equity framework that could be applied at the global scale.
13. Several countries, including Bolivia, Fiji, South Africa, Kenya, and Uganda, have asserted that domestic justice issues need to be considered to reduce domestic poverty in setting national climate policies although they have not offered an equity framework to operationalize this idea at the global scale. Their positions appear to argue that domestic justice obligations can trump global responsibilities.
14. Several developing countries have primarily considered ethics and justice issues in regard to how climate policies affect domestic justice considerations rather than global justice issues.
15. Bolivia has claimed that 6% of GDP of developed nations should be devoted to funding climate change needs in developing nations but has not explained the equity framework that supports this conclusion.
16. Most developing countries, including Bolivia, strongly support a "loss and damages" mechanism while some developed nations oppose this mechanism. The United States denies any responsibility for losses and damages in other countries.
17. Several countries, including Canada have made commitments to reduce ghg emissions but not adopted the regulatory programs needed to achieve their commitments.
18. Several governments including Canada, have domestic legal obligations to protect vulnerable minorities from climate change which they are not fulfilling.
19. Although meaningful local and regional climate change programs and strategies can be found in many nations, many national governments have done little or nothing to encourage local or regional governments to adopt policies that will limit ghg emissions even though for some
activities that cause ghg emissions in the nation only regional and local governments have legal authority to require lower emissions. For instance in the United States, local and state governments regulate aspects of transportation and land use not regulated by the federal government. Some national governments including Australia that have made weak INDCs for the nation, nevertheless contain local governments that have made aggressive ghg emissions reductions commitments.
20. Most nations have not created programs to encourage individuals to greatly reduce their carbon footprint.
21. Some developing countries have set meaningful ghg emissions targets including Mauritius and South Africa but depend on funding from developed nations to achieve some of the climate goals. South Africa, despite being a non-Annex 1 developing country, has acknowledged its status as the highest ghg emitter on the African continent and announced a voluntary emissions reduction target, the objective of which is to make a 'fair contribution' to keep global concentrations within the range required to keep within the 2°C warming limit. South Africa openly acknowledges the need to voluntarily respond to climate change despite being a poor developing country. Yet the actual emissions reduction target identified by South Africa does not explain how it is quantitatively linked to an atmospheric concentration goal that will achieve a warming limit or why its emissions reduction target represents South Africa's fair share of safe global emissions. In fact, the South African target, because it is a commitment only to reduce emissions below business as usual expansion, allows for large increases in South African ghg emissions by 2020 and 2025 without explaining how these increases are consistent with a specific understanding of what equity requires.
22. No developed country has explained how their contributions to the major climate funds relate in any quantitative way to their obligations under the UNFCCC for adaptation, mitigation, or losses and damages.
23. Almost all nations need to increase awareness among citizens and the press of the policy significance of the ethical and justice dimensions of climate change.
24. In some high-emitting developed nations, including the United States, the media is utterly failing to cover the ethics and justice dimensions of national climate change commitments.
25. In the case of EU member states, the collective decision making process of the EU does not seem to have led to any greater ethical analysis at the national level for individual EU nations, including the Netherlands and Italy, when these nations set their emissions reduction targets.
26. A few developing nations , including South Africa and Uganda, recognize the need to take positive action on climate change because they recognize the need and the responsibility toward their own nationals.
27. Two national reports revealed some reference to the concept of contraction and convergence, but no nation is implementing this approach.
28. No developed nations deny responsibility for funding adaptation and loses and damages in poor vulnerable nations, but no nation has made an express link between their ethical responsibility for supporting adaption and compensation for losses and damages and what funds have been committed`. Adaptation contributions seem to be left to the largess or interests of individual nations, leaving them free to withdraw. Including Australia, or determine the scale and nature of contributions. Even when a nation is a major contributor to adaptation (e.g., Japan), its activity is not explicitly linked to its own emissions targets.
29. There was a noticeable absence of explicit use of the concept of climate justice by developed nations. In contrast, Bolivia is using the concept of climate debt to mean liability for historic and continuing emissions and failure to take mitigation and adaptation actions. As the Bolivian report details, Bolivia is the champion on climate justice with a highly developed and multi-faceted concept that includes demands for a compensation mechanism beyond provision for adaptation of developing states.
30. Some developing nations, for instance, Brazil have committed to increase resilience and adaptation responses.
31. Some developing nations including Brazil have encouraged local and regional climate change plans and strategies.
32. Some developing countries including Bolivia, for instance, have made significant commitments to increase non-fossil energy.
33. Bolivia has advocated the 'Climate Justice Index' which calculates each country's 'fair share' of atmospheric space according to their; 1) historical responsibility since 1750; 2) ecological footprint; 3) development capacity; and 4) technological capacity. According to this methodology, Bolivia asserts that non-Annex I (developing) countries should have 89% of the remaining atmospheric budget, leaving Annex I (developed) countries with just 11%. However, Bolivia does not go into details about how the 89% of atmospheric space reserved for non-Annex I countries should be divided, nor what types of commitments each country would be responsible for given their positioning on the index.
34. Some national level NGOs (including several in India) have expressly examined national INDCs on the basis of ethics and justice but most have not.
35. In some countries (e.g., Australia), even when media coverage of INDCs considers justice, this coverage misleads citizens by comparing commitments to other nations without any analyses of how equity and justice considerations would allow differences between national commitments.
36. Some countries (including Australia) argue for the need to take economic considerations into account by arguing about the future demand for coal without fully explaining why larger investments in non-fossil fuel sources are impossible.
37. Some nations', including Australia's, commitments to the Green Fund have been taken from existing foreign aid budgets – thus providing no new funds that would represent the nation's satisfaction of it is obligations to fund adaptation and resilience in vulnerable developing countries.
Recommendations on how to improve consideration of ethics and justice in policy formation in light of these lessons learned include:
1. All nations should be required to explain quantitatively how their emissions reductions commitments will achieve an acceptable warming limit and on what equity framework or principles of distributive justice their percent emissions reductions is based. For this reason, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) should identify: (1) tonnes of CO2eq emissions reduced rather than a percent reduction from a baseline year, (b) the temperature limit and associated carbon budget that the INDC is seeking to achieve, (c) the equity principles that the nation relied on to assure the justice of its INDC, and (d) For Annex 1 countries, ghg emissions in 1990, the common baseline year.
2. There is an urgent need in most nations to raise public awareness of the ethical and justice issues entailed by climate change policymaking in general and ghg emissions commitments in particular. Along this line there are several issues in particular about which greater awareness is needed including greater public understanding of the ethical implications of any nation's ghg emissions reduction commitment in regard to an atmospheric stabilization goal the commitment is seeking to achieve and the coherence or lack there of the national commitment to an acceptable equity framework.
3. An international mechanism under the UNFCCC is urgently needed that helps other nations and civil society to understand the lack of conformity of national ghg emissions targets with principles of ethics and justice. This mechanism should provide that any government's positions on their climate change commitments can be questioned by other governments and NGOs in regard to the adequacy of the commitment to achieve a warming limit and the fairness of the reductions. This mechanism must also require governments to respond to these questions.
4. The media, NGOs, education institutions, academia, businesses and other social actors must all become involved in lifting both public awareness of the ethical and justice implications of national climate policy. In this regard media coverage that compares national commitments with other nations' commitments without acknowledging that equity and justice considerations could lead to morally different emissions reductions should be avoided because these comparisons are potentially misleading
5. NGOs should justify their policy analyses and action recommendations on ethical grounds.
6. Nations should be required to explain how their commitments to fund adaptation and losses and damages in poor vulnerable nations link to their ethical obligations to provide funding. A mechanism to fund losses and damages in vulnerable countries is necessary.
7. Training for policy-makers, national politicians, and NGOs on the ethical issues inherent in climate change policy is urgently needed. Training is particularly needed to help all engaged in climate change policy formation to understand the links between INDCs, a warming limit, and an equity framework
8. Developing nations should adopt programs that will create ghg emissions limitations for high-emitting individuals and organizations even if equity and justice considerations don't require that nations significantly reduce national ghg emissions.
9. National media need to significantly increase their coverage of how ethics, justice, and equity considerations should affect national climate change policies.
10. Developing nations that make commitments based upon funding from developed nations should be required to explain the equity framework that led to the claim for the contribution.In this regard claims of ecological debt should include explanation of the equity framework on which the equitable debt claim is based.
11. Nations who claim that duties for domestic justice trump global responsibilities should explain quantitatively how they reached this conclusion.
12. Nations who make ghg emissions reduction commitments should identify (to the extent practical) the regulatory programs or policies that will achieve the reductions.
13. Nations should develop a program encouraging local and regional governments to adopt climate change emissions reductions programs.
14. All governments should adopt programs that encourage individuals to reduce their carbon footprints to fair levels.
15. Where national commitments have been deduced from collective decision making – such as the case in the EU – nations should be required to explain the equity and justice basis for its national commitment.
16. Nations should explain domestic programs they have adopted on adaptation and resilience.
17. Developing countries that claim certain amounts of atmospheric space should be allocated to developing countries should explain their reasoning.
18. All nations should provide transparent processes to consult with citizens on national climate policies
19. Nations should be required to explain the fairness of their current and projected per capita emissions levels.
20. Nations who justify lower INDCs on the inevitability of the need for continuing fossil fuel use (including coal) should be required to explain what economic or technical consideration were assumed in implicit claims that greater uses of non-fossil fuel is impossible.
21. If a developed nation's contribution to climate funds such as the Green fund are simply a shift of money from existing foreign aid funds, they should expressly admit to this while explaining why they have no ethical obligations to increase funding for adaptation and response in vulnerable nations.
Donald A. Brow
Scholar In Residence and Professor Deputy Director
Dabrown57@gmail.co
Prue Taylor, Director
New Zealand Center for Environmental Law
Prue.taylor@auckland.ac.nz
Posted in climate change ethics, climate ethics, equity and climate change, equity and national ghg committments, equity frameworks, ethical questions raised by climate change, ethics of climate change, ethics of climate change adaptation, INDC, INDC, INDCs, independent natioally determined contribution, loss and damages, national ghg emissions targets, Paris COP, press and climate change, Uncategorized	| Leave a reply
Why ethics requires that Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) identify: (1) tonnes of CO2eq emissions reduced rather than a percent reduction from a baseline year, (b) the temperature limit and associated carbon budget that the INDC is seeking to achieve, (c) the equity principles that the nation relied on to assure the justice of its INDC, and (d) For Annex 1 countries, ghg emissions in 1990, the common baseline year.
Posted on October 15, 2015 by dabrown57
COP-21 INDCs Compared With Carbon Budgets to achieve a warming limit of: (a) 3 to 4 degrees C, (b) a 50% probability of 2 degrees C, (c) a 66% probability of 2 degrees C , and, (d) 1.5 degrees C. Global Commons Institute, Aubrey Meyer.
The above chart by the Global Commons Institute compares INDCs filed by nations with the UNFCCC before Paris with the reductions that would be needed by the entire world to live within carbon budgets that may not be exceeded if warming will be limited to; between 3 degrees and 4 degrees C, a 50% chance of limiting warming to 2 degrees C, a 66% chance of limiting warming to 2 degrees C, and a reasonable chance of limiting warming to 1.5 degrees C.
A quick glance at the chart makes it clear that the INDCs that have been submitted by nations so far makes it very unlikely that the international community will be successful in limiting warming to 2 degrees C and virtually impossible to limit warming to 1.5 degrees C unless nations make significant increases in the ambition of their INDCs.
This entry argues that because nations have clear ethical duties to make national commitments on ghg emissions reductions consistent with their fair share of safe global emissions, they have duties to provide clear and transparent information about how their INDCs satisfies the nation's ethical duty to limit its ghg emissions to levels which are sufficiently ambitious and fair so that citizens around the world can evaluate whether a nation has satisfied its ethical obligations. Furthermore, because national INDCs that have been submitted to the UNFCCC do not contain crucial information that is necessary to evaluate the nation's compliance with its ethical obligations, nations must submit additional information to allow citizens around the world to evaluate national compliance with its ethical obligations to prevent dangerous climate change.
All developed countries and some non-Annex 1 countries have submitted INDCs that have made commitments on the basis of percent reductions below a baseline year such as 1990 or 2005 by a specific date such as 2030, 2050, etc.
Although nations were encouraged by the Lima COP-20 decision in 2014 to include in their INDC submissions information that was transparent as to why their INDC was sufficiently ambitious and fair, few nations have done this.
As of October 8th, 2015, 121 INDC submissions have been filed with the UNFCCC, reflecting 148 countries (including the European Union member states), and covering around 86% of global emissions in 2010 (excluding land use and forest emissions) and 87% of global population.) Most nations have not submitted information that is useful in determining the adequacy of the ambition or fairness of the INDCs submitted.
II. Why nations have a strong ethical duty to be clearly transparent on how they satisfied their ethical obligations to reduce its ghg emissions to the nation's fair share of safe global emissions.
A strong ethical case can be made that if nations have duties to limit their ghg emissions to their fair share of safe global emissions, a conclusion that follows both as a matter of ethics and justice and several international legal principles including, among others, the "no harm principle," and promises nations made in the 1992 UNFCCC to adopt policies and measures required to prevent dangerous anthropocentric interference with the climate system in accordance with equity and common but differentiated responsibilities, nations have a duty to clearly explain how their national ghg emissions reductions commitments arguably satisfy their ethical obligations to limit their ghg emissions to the nation's fair share of safe global emissions.
Because information submitted by nations with their INDCs does not contain sufficient information to help evaluate the ethical acceptability of national INDCs, nations should submit additional information needed to evaluate a nation's compliance with its ethical obligations to prevent dangerous climate change.
The ethical duty to clearly explain how a nation satisfied its ethical obligations for climate change follows from the ethical duty of nations to not harm others beyond their national boundary. Although nations could reasonably disagree on what equity frameworks should guide national commitments on ghg emissions, no nation can deny its responsibility to reduce its ghg emissions on the basis of equity and principles of distributive justice to levels that will prevent dangerous climate impacts around the world. Unless nations specifically identify the equity principles that have guided their ghg emissions reductions, and the assumptions about warming limits entailed by their INDC, nations and citizens around the world who may be harmed by illigitmate uses of common pool resources have an insufficient factual basis to challenge the potentially unethical responses of nations to their ethical obligations. From this it is clear that nations have a strong duty to be clear on how they satisfied their ethical responsibilities for climate change. Yet almost all INDCs submitted thus far have either no information or inadequate information on how the nation satisfied its ethical duties in regard to the sufficient ambition or the justice of its INDC.
III. The ethical basis for why national INDCs should specify; (a) the number of tons of ghg emissions that will be reduced by implementation of the INDC by a specific date, (b) the warming limit and associated carbon budget that the nation's INDC is seeking to achieve in cooperation with other nations, (c) the equity principles assumed by the nation in determining the fairness of its INDC, and (d) for Annex 1 nations, emissions reductions that will be achieved by the INDC from 1990, a common baseline year.
Any national ghg emissions reduction commitment is implicitly a position on two ethical questions, namely, first, what safe atmospheric ghg concentration level the commitment is designed to achieve and, second, what equity framework or principles of distributive justice the INDC is based on. Although some nations have acknowledged their ethical duties to base their INDC on ethically justifiable criteria, almost all INDC submissions have not explained how specific emissions reductions commitments link to a specific desired atmospheric ghg concentration levels and its associated carbon budget that will provide some level of confidence that a warming limit will be achieved nor why their ghg emissions reductions commitment is fair as a matter of distributive justice.
In fact no nation has explained quantitatively how its commitment is related to an atmospheric carbon budget or a specific equity framework. In addition the information submitted with INDCs submitted so far make it virtually impossible to rigorously evaluate the adequacy of the INDC as a matter of ethics and justice.
Almost all INDCs that have been submitted thus far by developed nations commit to a percentage reduction in ghg emissions from a baseline year by a a stated year. Although some nations acknowledge that their climate policies should be guided by ethical principles, no nation has expressly explained quantitatively how their commitments were specifically guided by ethical principles.
Because the acceptability of an INDC is a matter of ethics and justice, and citizens need additional information about the INDC to be able to evaluate the ethical acceptability of the INDC, INDCs submitted should be supplemented by additional information because an INDC expressed as a percent reduction from a given baseline year by a certain future date does not reveal:
(a) the percentage of the global carbon budget that will be consumed by the nation's emissions because a percentage reduction commitment does not say when the reductions will be achieved yet the speed with which the reductions are achieved will affect the tonnes of any remaining carbon budget with quicker reductions consuming less amounts of the available carbon budget while waiting until the end of the period to achieve the percent reduction committed to will consume much more of the remaining carbon budget;
(b) the carbon budget in gigatons of CO2eq that the INDC is seeking to achieve. Because different carbon budgets will provide different levels of confidence that warming will be limited to specific temperature increases and the amount of temperature increase that an INDC has implicitly deemed to be acceptable to the nation is an ethical issue at its core, the nation should be required to link the INDC to a specific carbon budget so that the ambition of the INDC can be evaluated through an ethical lens.
(c) the equity framework or principles assumed by the nation in determining how much of a global carbon budget should be allocated to the nation in establishing its INDC such as contraction and convergence, ghg development rights, historical emissions responsibilities, or other principles of distributive justice. Although reasonable people may disagree what equity framework is just, nations should be expected to expressly specify the equity framework or principles of distributive justice they used in determining their INDC so that citizens around the world can evaluate claims about fairness made by a nation in setting its INDC.
(d) the fairness of the baseline year selected such as 1990. Some nations including the United States have selected baseline years such as 2005 which represents the year of its peak emissions, 13 years after the United States agreed in the 1992 UNFCCC to adopt policies and measures to prevent dangerous climate change that would return ghg emissions to levels that existed before 1992 by 2000. Although the international community could reasonably adopt different baseline years, ideally the baseline year should be consistent among nations so that citizens could more easily compare commitments and understand how a nation has taken responsibility for policies they adopted or failed to adopt after the nation agreed to adopt climate policies and measure in the 1992 UNFCCC. Although a strong case can be made that historical ghg emissions before 1990 should be considered in determining a nation's fair share of safe global emissions, selecting a common baseline year such as 1990 would facilitate easier citizen comparison of national commitments while retaining the rights of nations to make arguments that historical ghg emissions should be considered in any equity framework.
For these reasons, ghg emissions reductions commitments in INDCs should be: (a) stated in tons of ghg emissions reductions rather then percent reductions from a baseline year, (b) identify the temperature limit and its associated carbon budget that the INDC is seeking to achieve to satisfy its ethical responsibilities to prevent dangerous climate change, (c) identify the equity framework or principles a nation followed to assure that its ghg emissions reductions were fair and just, and (d) compute its ghg emissions reductions commitment from the baseline year of 1990.
Posted in Allocation Issues, Atmospheric Targets, climate ethics, Contraction and Convergence, ethics of climate change, fair ghg emissions targets, General Climate Ethics, global warming ethics, INDC, INDCs, Just allocation of ghg emissions, national ghg emissions targets, Paris, Paris COP	| Tagged climate change and morality, climate change ethics, climate change policy, climate ethics, Ethics and Climate Change, global warming ethics, INDC, national climate change policies, national ethical responsibility, Paris COP	| Leave a reply


text:
Реджі Ліч (,  23 квітня 1950, Рівертон, Манітоба) — колишній канадський хокеїст, що грав на позиції крайнього нападника. Грав за збірну команду Канади.

Володар Кубка Стенлі. Провів понад тисячу матчів у Національній хокейній лізі.

Ігрова кар'єра
Хокейну кар'єру розпочав 1966 року.

1970 року був обраний на драфті НХЛ під 3-м загальним номером командою «Бостон Брюїнс».

Протягом професійної клубної ігрової кар'єри, що тривала 15 років, захищав кольори команд «Бостон Брюїнс», «Каліфорнія Голден-Сілс», «Філадельфія Флаєрс» та «Детройт Ред-Вінгс».

Загалом провів 1028 матчів у НХЛ, включаючи 94 гри плей-оф Кубка Стенлі.

Виступав за збірну Канади, провів 6 ігор в її складі.

Тренерська робота
Тренував клуби в Північній юніорській хокейній лізі Онтаріо.

Нагороди та досягнення
Клубні
 Перша команда всіх зірок МЮХЛ — 1967.
 Перша команда всіх зірок ЗКХЛ — 1968, 1969, 1970.
 Гравець року ЗКХЛ — 1970.
 Володар Кубка Стенлі в складі «Філадельфія Флаєрс» — 1975.
 Друга команда всіх зірок НХЛ — 1976.
 Приз Конна Сміта — 1976.
 Учасник матчу усіх зірок НХЛ — 1976, 1980.
Збірні
 Володар Кубка Канади — 1976.

Статистика

Клубні виступи

Збірна

Посилання

канадські хокеїсти
Гравці збірної Канади з хокею
Володарі Кубка Стенлі
Учасники матчів всіх зірок НХЛ
Хокеїсти «Бостон Брюїнс»
Хокеїсти «Каліфорнія Голден-Сілс»
Хокеїсти «Філадельфія Флайєрс»
Хокеїсти «Детройт Ред-Вінгс»
Задрафтовані «Бостон Брюїнс»
Канадські хокейні тренери

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Faculty Senate conducted its second town hall meeting to discuss the new draft of the bylaws of the graduate college.
In 1977, the university graduate school closed down due to problems of guidance and management. Flash forward to May 2017, when President Dennis Assanis proposed the creation of a new graduate college to help funding efforts and a larger program of graduate education. With over 3,700 current graduate students, Assanis' original hopes were to double the number of students along with the college's creation.
Up until now, the graduate college has seen little progress, with votes and action concerning the college pushed back several times in 2018. A faculty senate committee was created in August to create bylaws for the college, but the vote on these bylaws was postponed from December until Feb. 11, the first day of the spring semester.
Versions of the bylaws have been debated through senate meetings during the fall and winter semesters. The latest college bylaws draft hopes to surpass the failings of the past with a newly worded vision for the future.
On Wednesday, Jan. 30, at 3:30 p.m., the Faculty Senate conducted its second town hall meeting to discuss the new draft of the bylaws of the graduate college. Dozens of faculty senators, administrators and representatives from the graduate student government packed into Gore 104 for the meeting to review the graduate committee's proposed bylaws.
Students and faculty debated the merits of the college, with representatives from the Faculty Senate and student body raising the concern that the college's funding would divert money away from ongoing graduate research. Many opponents of the current edition of the bylaws also hope to limit the power of the graduate college planning committee, which will have the organizing power over the new college.
Last year, the Faculty Senate voted on the creation of a graduate college council, made up of elected senators, who serve as a proxy voting body in the creation of the college.
The process to create the college has taken months longer than originally expected, with many students and faculty expressing ongoing concerns about the college and its value. One concern is a provision that calls for a one-time review of the the new college's bylaws, followed by a five-year period where the committee can work without the oversight of faculty senators.
Proponents of the college have argued that it is simply an organizational structure with limited, if any, college-specific faculty, created to attract funding and graduate students and centralize graduate programs across colleges.
Some members of the university community, however, fear that the college will become a disproportionately powerful, autonomous and unchecked new branch of the university.
Danielle Valcourt, vice president of student affairs for the Graduate Student Government (GSG), expressed concern over graduate student representation. Valcourt believes if the college is focused on student life as a founding principal, students themselves should be given a greater say.
Valcourt said that graduate students should be allowed to bring matters before the college committee for review.
According to Valcourt, if the graduate college is more than just an academic organization, then there needs to be more of a focus on the students themselves, calling for one graduate student representative from each school as well as extra ones from the College of Arts and Sciences — over seven representatives in total.
John Morgan, a physics professor, agreed with Valcourt that there should be more student representatives.
Morgan said that the current treatment of graduate students places them as second-class citizens on the university campus, suffering when undergraduate classes are out.
Morgan also proposed the committee answer to the Faculty Senate, instead of acting separately once the bylaws are finalized.
With the current setup, the Senate proposes to the council. Current council members were quick to point out the bylaws are a draft and will not be finalized until the Feb. 11 final vote.
Provost Robin Morgan was quick to reiterate that the bylaws in front of the Senate were just a draft. "Wordsmithing," as she called it, would have to be done to make clear the specifics of the document's intentions.
She also underscored that the committee and graduate college would not serve as a power above the standard academic program review procedures and would have no jurisdiction in creating programs or processing funding requests.
David Redlawsk, from the Department of Political Science, expressed concern that Provost Morgan's belief that normal Academic Program Review (APR) procedure would continue uninterrupted was not explicitly stated in the document. Morgan agreed changes would have to be made.
President Assanis answered many of the concerns by reiterating the overall goal of the organization of the college in the first place. He also expressed his own concern that the college's specifications did not include specific wording for expectations of high-quality work.
"It's important to remember the graduate college will have no faculty, so programs will have to consult departments and deans," Assanis said.
Alan Fox, a professor in the Department of Philosophy, worried that departments like his, which have no graduate counterparts, would lose funding to pay for other graduate departments. Assanis defended the funding of the school, addressing the cost questions by reminding the room that there will be virtually no new faculty for the graduate college.
Kevin Peterson, president of the undergraduate Student Government Association (SGA), wanted to ensure that there was a cohesion between the undergraduate and graduate student life.
Last to speak, Zackary Gursky, a GSG senator stated that just offering the opportunity for involvement in the graduate college planning was not enough.


Dental fluorosis is caused by ingesting too much fluoride while the teeth are developing. Dental fluorosis discolors the teeth. The staining can range from white flecks to deep brown stains.
In this post, I will talk about the various treatments for dental fluorosis. If you're interested in how dental fluorosis occurs and want to see a couple different pictures to see what dental fluorosis looks like, check out my previous article, Dental Fluorosis: Too Much Fluoride Stains Teeth.
There are a few different ways that dental fluorosis can be treated.
1 – Porcelain Laminate Veneers. One of the most esthetic ways is by placing porcelain laminate veneers over the affected teeth as shown in the picture to the right. In this procedure, less than 1 millimeter of the front surface of the tooth is shaved away. The dentist takes an impression, and then a dental lab makes a veneer that looks great and fits perfectly into the spot that was shaved away by the dentist.
2 – Enamel Microabrasion. This is the least invasive method of treating dental fluorosis. In this method of fluorosis treatment, the dentist treats the tooth with acid and then sands away a tiny layer of enamel off of the tooth using pumice. After this is completed, the dentist then applies topical fluoride and a solution to help remineralize the teeth. It is important to note that the topical fluoride that is applied simply helps to make the enamel stronger. Topical fluoride will not cause fluorosis — fluorosis is caused by ingesting fluoride systemically.
Not sure what remineralization means? Read the article Try to Keep Your Teeth Below Freezing to find out.
This procedure may need to be repeated several times to obtain satisfactory results.
3 – Direct Composite Veneers (Also Known as Composite Bonding). This procedure is similar to the porcelain laminate veneers mentioned above. However, after shaving down the front of your teeth, the dentist doesn't take an impression to send to the lab. The dentist simply repairs the tooth using white composite filling material. This covers up the affected tooth with an aesthetic tooth-colored filling.
The drawback of this procedure is that direct composite veneers sometimes only last a few years and then may need to be replaced with a crown or porcelain laminate veneers.
Interested in direct composite veneers? See a picture of how a front tooth can be repaired with composite filling material in the article, How a Chipped Tooth Can Be Repaired with a White Composite Filling.
4 – A Dental Crown. During a dental crown procedure, the dentist shaves down around the whole tooth and then places an aesthetic crown over the tooth. This is the most invasive treatment that is normally done for the treatment of dental fluorosis.
To learn more about what dental crown is and how the teeth are prepared, read the article Dental Crown Procedure: What Is a Crown or Cap?
Although it would be possible to remove teeth affected by fluorosis and then place dental implants, I didn't include that here because it is not normally a treatment option. Most teeth affected by fluorosis are healthy and more resistant to cavities. Their downfall is in their appearance. I don't believe that removing healthy teeth for aesthetic reasons is the best option when there are other less invasive options.
In summary, the least invasive way to treat dental fluorosis is through enamel microabrasion. After that, the dentist can shave down the front of the tooth and either place a composite filling material or a porcelain laminate veneer to cover up the front surface of the tooth. The most invasive treatment of dental fluorosis involves placing a crown around the whole tooth.
Do you have any questions, comments, or concerns about dental fluorosis and its treatment? I'd love to hear them in the comments section below. Thanks for reading!
what are the costs for each of the treatments and, how will one know which treatment is the most effective for one's teeth.
Hi Lucky – Here's the costs at my dental school. Keep in mind that our prices are about 50-70% of what you'd pay in private practice.
The best way to know which treatment is best for you is to consult with your dentist. I hope that helps! Let me know if you have any other questions, Lucky. Thanks for your comment!
my children have dental fluorosis. I'm not sure how severe yet. Can I use a fluoride toothpaste now their mature teeth are erupting or will the fluoride in the toothpaste affect their teeth further. Lots of sites say that the colour of the teeth can change as they get older. Is this true? can it get worse? Does that mean the white on my sons teeth will go brown and would that be the fault/or not of continuation of use of fluoride toothpaste. Having found out about the fluorosis, my kids have been using fluoride free toothpaste.
Hi Christina – Fluorosis is caused by fluoride interfering with the enamel of the tooth while it is forming. As far as I know, toothpaste applied on the tooth will not have any effect on the fluorosis.
As far as the color of the teeth changing as you get older, I haven't heard of that, but it could happen. Normal enamel does get darker over time, so it is conceivable to think that fluorosis could change color over time as well.
I don't see a reason to go wtih fluoride-free toothpaste if your kids already have most of their permanent teeth.
I hope that helps, Christina. Let me know if you have any other questions. Thanks for your comment!
Today I just listened to a world renowned dentist talk about the dangers of fluoride. It was amazing. He had a ton of references to back up this claim. Please, there is no need to give your children fluoride toothpaste or to allow them to have treatments at the dentist. You have already seen the negative effects of this toxic chemical. If fluoride is in your water don't drink it and take quick baths.
Thanks very much for your reply. can you enlighten me on what other things he said? I'm finding only limited things about this dilemma that seems to be unknown to any mother I have spoken with. Even my dentist only seems lightly familiar with milder varieties, and I fear that my eldest has a more developed case of it.
Here is a link to a very impressive video on You-Tube in which the Senior Vice President EPA Headquarters Union speaks to congress about the dangers of fluoride.
Please beware of amalgam fillings too, they contain more than 50% mercury and release mercury vapors all day that are very hazardous to health and development of children.
Please remember that you are your child's protector and only you. I learn the hard way.
Thanks v much ann. you say you learned the hard way. what did you do? do you have kids with dental fluorosis? i don't know anyone with it and i feel quite lost and very worried for my kids.
As for dental fluorosis of the enamel, I've read several places that the supplements ascorbic acid (non-GMO), calcium, and vitamin D3 will reverse this. Try to Google it. Here's one of several articles.
My mistake was when my 8 year old son was about 5 I no longer monitored him while he brushed his teeth within a year he had 8 cavities. When the dentist told me I was so ashamed of myself I started crying in the office. My insurance didn't cover resin fillings and my dentist told me it would be $300 extra for each tooth, so reluctantly I allowed the amalgam fillings to be put in his head. Had I'd know they were made of mercury I would of never allowed it. My goodness, I don't even let my kids eat more than 1 tuna fish sandwich a week but I trusted blindly and now my son has behavior and developmental problem that weren't present before. Now we have to find an expert to remove them properly.
One other great tip that I've learned since I found this all out was the use of Oil of Oregano to clean and kill all the bacteria in the mouth. It works great, better than mouthwash.
I had 6 veneers done in 2008. More than 50% of them have fallen off. My dentist (at that time) made the teeth on a cerac machine. Now, I have to replace all 6 in fear the two front are going to be next. I have been insecure about my smile with these veneers – it should not be the case. Having veneers done should give a person a sense of a beautiful smile and security having new teeth.
Since I moved out of state, wouldn't it be ethical for the former dentist who made the veneers to pay for the replacements?
Hi Kelly – Most veneers can last 10-15 years. I'm sorry about your bad experience. It's hard to tell why the veneers fell off. It could be a problem with your bite, or they could have been done poorly.
You can try calling your former dentist, but I'm guessing that they would want you to come in for an appointment to see what's going on before they did anything like refunding your money. A good book to check out is The Naked Tooth. It talks a lot about veneers and how to select a dentist to make sure they're done right.
I hope that helps – Thanks for your comment! Let me know if you have any other questions, Kelly.
my kids have dental fluorosis. they are still very young and my eldest is about to lose his two top front teeth. the dentist was very helpful and said that micro abrasion was the best method. However, he said mentioned the ages of 12/13 for when it would be carried out. Can my kids not have the micro abrasion as each tooth comes down. Say, when the two front teeth are fully down, why not then? Otherwise, by the time they are 10 other kids will pick up the difference in their teeth and i'm afraid they will be mocked.
Hi Catherine – I would ask your dentist why he recommends waiting. One reason I can think of for waiting is that you will be able to see how all of the teeth look and can then make sure that the micro-abrasion is carried out in the right amount to make all of the new permanent teeth match. Since microabrasion does take away small layers of enamel, it may affect the way that light passes through the tooth, affecting the color. If it is done too much on the front two middle teeth, it may make them look a different color than the front side teeth after they come in.
I hope that helps – Let me know if you have any other questions. Thanks for your comment, Catherine.
hello TOM .i have Fluorosis, and i want to know what we can be done to prevent further Fluorosis of teeths, iam 20 year old and my teeths had recovred a lot over the years… my fornt two teeths was badly affected but now the stain is fading by time…… i just want to know which toothpaste should we use… is there is any natural treatment available….
I had quite bad flurosis as a child and went through years of Enamel Microabrasion treatment to get my visible teeth looking normal when I smiled. It worked fantastically and I've always been happy with the result. However I am now 29 and my teeth are beginning to stain due to age and years of exposure to staining agents such as tea, red wine etc. I guess.
A few friends have had their teeth whitened and it looks fantastic and its something I would really like to have done but I'm scared it will damage my teeth after the years of treatment. Can you advise?
does dental fluorosis cause a delay in tooth eruption. my first born got his 6 year molars and bottom central incisors at just over 5 and 5 1/2. That is now 9 moths ago since the latter 2 fell out now and his top central incisors have been slightly loose for months but no give. should be worried? I have read that the longer it takes from them to erupt, the worse the fluorosis?
Hi, I spent several years of my childhood in Latin America. I'm now 26, and I have 'moderete flourosis'. I have some yellowish and transparent spots all over my teeth. I was given a professional teeth whitening product called Pearson Nice n White ( active ingredients: carbamide peroxide Also contains Glycerin, Buffered Polyacrylic Acid and peppermint oit) I used it a few minutes and noticed that my 2 front teeth, which were the whitest that I had, began to show a few transparent spots. Should I continue using it? Will they get whither over time if I continue using it? I look forward to your response, and appreciate what you do. Thanks.
Hi Armando – Different people react to whitening differently. Microabrasion may be a better technique for you to get rid of the spots. It would be best to discuss this with your dentist to see what the best option to whiten your teeth would be.
I hope that helps – Let me know if you have any other questions. Thanks for your comment!
I'm calling BS on this. I have dental fluorosis a moderate case of it. My teeth no matter how much I brush them ALWAYS get cavities and are far more brittle than normal teeth. I have multiple root canals and have been in so much pain I could only curl up on the floor and wait for my appointment. I can't eat foods I normally can. I'm currently compiling tons of evidence against ebmud for a class action. Fluorosis makes your teeth more resilient to cavaties? Nope, I'm not believing that one. ontop of everything and now your saying I'm going to have to spend around 40k on my teeth to have them look normal and save them from further destruction(I looked up the price). there is no way in hell im letting anybody get away with this crap anymore!
hello, i have fluorosis and ive tried everything i can. im using tom's toothpaste and eco dent tooth powder i cant tell which one i should use. both show up with spots. and is fluoride free.
shud i use those or tooth paste with fluoride such as sensodyne?????????????
how much these treatment are safe ???
how can i b sure dat da front teeths which are treated will not become week and loose after da t|t?????
I can't help but feel that my daughter has gotten this dental fluorisis because of me allowing her to have her teeth cleaned twice a yr(including the fluoride rince). The reason I believe it's because of that is because my sister doesn't take her kids for regular dental check-ups & their teeth look fine. It somewhat makes me regret the fact that I have taken my daughter because I feel like this is my fault & she will be stuck with teeth like this because of me 🙁 Growing up my parents didn't take us for routine check-ups to the dentist nor did her fathers parents & neither of us suffer from dental fluorisis. So that being said I can't help but feel that the fluoride rinses have done this to my 10 yr olds teeth! Reasons being that I drunk water,used tooth paste,& so on all of which I'm sure had fluoride. The only difference being I had no fluoride rinses growing up. If I'm wrong please explain to me why I am & what is the best way to help her deal with this.
Fluoride is toxic, our water and food are laced with it. I wish I knew this years ago, my teeth are fine but my 8 year old has not fared so well. I am so angry, I am getting as much info as I can, I would take part in a class action to stop this practice.
My son did NOT swallow toothpaste and my husband and I were so careful. We put less on his brush than recommended and supervised the brushing and rinsing. We have all ceased drinking tap water and using fluoridated toothpaste and would NEVER allow any fluoride tretments to be performed at the dentist. We now have to deal with the consequences of trusting our governments, doctors etc.
DO NOT allow your children to ingest this toxin, do your research, start conversations with people and get the word out there. The last person to obtain an objective response on this topic is your dentist. This is the age of truth people, lets start making noise and stand up for ourselves. It makes me ill to know that so many people are ingesting this rubbish.
Our teeth can heal naturally.
I have been eating organic egg shells (they contain calcium and minerals) ground to a powder and D3 daily with a magnesium rinse. I just started and I am seeing results within a month. Good diet is also very important.
I am suffering from Dental Fluorosis .Next week I was planning to go to Zajac dental clinic at Oakville to discuss about its treatment.Thanks for the blog.I was wondering such treatments can have any side effects later?It was quite informative.
Can you tell me is my fluorosis too severe ?? ………Are there any side effects of the treatment and which is the best way to go with.
My dentist told me that it is not possible to attach veneers properly to teeth that have flourosis damage as the bonding agent doesn't work as it is supposed to in this case. Have you heard of this problem?
My infant has fluorosis. Will her permanent teeth also get the white spots from fluorosis?
Can I treat my 8 years old son ? Or he is to young?
Hello Tom, My name is Tulsi and i have dental flourosis my age is 23.My teeth are getting yellow continuously and I want to get rid of these stains please help me out as I always feel embarrassment while smiling.
how to remove fluoride marks at home?
Thanks for addressing the ways to treat dental fluorosis! I have white stains on my teeth from too much fluoride in my childhood, and I've looked into getting veneers to cover them. I think this is the best option cosmetically, but is there a chance of veneers getting stained by fluoride as well?
Hi, could there be a natural way of treating dental flourosis?
Like a part of me faded away I couldn't make laughter nor make some jokes while i talk . i want my smile back . it'd be great to have your suggestions please help me .
Thank you, for raising the awareness.
My 7 yrs 8mths old child has mild flourosis.
Am encouraged reading about the comments concerning organic calcium from eggshells, and Vitamin D3, ascorbic acid and magnesium rinse.
What would be the recommended levels for her and her 4year old sibling?
Thank you again, Wambui from Kenya.
Look into the ICON procedure for flourosis with prominent white spotting. My daughter had it done yesterday and it is surprisingly effective though not too expensive. $50 to $75 a tooth.
hello dr. tom i have Fluorosis, and i want to know what we can be done to prevent further Fluorosis of teeths, i am 24 year old and my teeths had recovred a lot over the years… my fornt two teeths was badly affected but now the stain is fading by time…… i just want to know which toothpaste should we use… is there is any natural treatment available….
I went to a local dentist for a checkup and I was told that for my fluorosis treatment I'd have to do laser treatment and in which it is not a 100% effective since it might not really remove all the stains. Therefore what would you advice me to do for fluorosis treatment and also is there a toothpaste you'd recommend one to use to avoid getting fluorosis.


Those who want to learn to paint, it is important to know about what is composition, and what are its types and rules.After all, to paint a picture or draw a picture, you need to have a clear idea of what you want to see the output.Therefore, it is necessary to consider all the details, the location of objects and characters, the plot.Translated from the Latin word "composition" refers to the combination of the compound, the composition of the different parts and elements into a coherent whole, in order to convey his idea, or an idea.Try, for example, draw a simple still life, not having built his composition.Most likely, he did not get the image in the center of the sheet, but somewhere on the side.And his eyes will not throw what you have drawn, and white space.Or it happens that some object simply does not fit, because you have not complied with the proportions, violating composition.
- Front - is flat with little depth.When it is necessary to consider the creation of its flatness, whether it be a painting or a relief.To fulfill this requirement should take into account the nature of color and tonal contrasts between the elements and their textures and lines that form a plane, or destroy it.
- volume - has three dimensions: width, height and depth.This composition can be seen from all sides, and thus none of them will not look flat.
- deep-space - is used in case of creation of all kinds of interiors.It is built from a variety of all kinds of objects of different sizes, shapes, textures, destination.But all of these things together to form a harmonious whole and complement each other.
In addition, there are special rules for species composition.They aim to ensure that the artwork was the most expressive and fully reflects the Creator's plan.For example, the composition can be built on contrasts, with it in every sense of the word.It may be a combination of plot (good-evil, fun, sad, calm, dynamic, etc.), and contrast values (large, small) and color or tonal contrast (light to dark and dark to light).That's what the composition is constructed and thought out properly.
Learn to draw to start with the most simple things, the best geometry.This will gradually sharpen and good eye and accuracy of lines, and a sense of form and color, and technique.Try to draw a regular cube.And then paint it the same, but slightly expanding it.Place it on the sheet so that it seemed neither too large nor too small.When bit nabete hand, add to the cube of another object such as a prism, which height is greater than or less than the cube.Feel that this composition: arrange the items so that they looked harmoniously.The larger the object is necessarily behind smaller.
So, very slowly, but surely, you will learn how to locate objects and make them build and measure their relationship to each other.What does this mean?And the fact that only measured, it is possible to achieve precision of drawing, to one of the items on it did not look larger or smaller original with respect to another element.And the line for these purposes is not completely necessary (however, once you are an artist, she is now you do not need all draw by hand).You need an ordinary pencil that you draw.Pick it up and held vertically (if you want to measure the ratio of the height of objects), point to your nature, stretching out his hand forward.Select a smaller object.Prischurte one eye and point pen so that its apex coincides with the uppermost part of the subject.Now put a finger at the point of a pencil, which coincides with the lower part.All you have fixed height.Now, holding the "lock", move it to a larger object and check how much height a little fit in height.After this measure as a pattern.So a simple way you can measure any proportion.
Hopefully now you become more clear that such a composition, and what is its purpose.Thanks to the knowledge of the most basic fundamentals of it, you can create any kind of artistic works.


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Q: Socket.IO emitting for each client when only one client emits I'm having this weird issue where when I emit a message to the server while there only is 1 client, everything works fine, as in only one message gets sent. But when more than one clients are connected to the server, and one client emits something to the server, the server receives the message from every single client for some weird reason.
I'm using Socket.IO and Angular 2.
Client code:
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import * as io from "socket.io-client";

@Component({
  moduleId: module.id,
  selector: 'register-app',
  templateUrl: 'register.component.html',
})
export class RegisterComponent  { name = 'Angular';
socket: SocketIOClient.Socket;
    constructor(){
        this.socket = io('http://localhost:9999');
    }

    registerAccount(){
        this.socket.emit('sweg', JSON.stringify('waaaaat'));
    }
}

Server code:
io.on('connect', function (socket) {
    console.log("a user connected");

    socket.on('sweg', function(msg) {
        var incomingMsg = JSON.parse(msg);
        console.log(incomingMsg);
    });
});

Server response when emitting with 1 client:
image
Server response when emitting with 2 clients:
image
As you can see, the client is for some reason emitting twice, since there are 2 clients, even though only 1 of those clients decided to emit. Any help would be appreciated.
Edit: If I perhaps wasn't clear, my goal is that when a client emits, it should only emit for itself and not all the other clients.

A: Each Client Emits and connect to the server, therefore you will receive 2 messages in your server.

A: I found out what the issue was. The issue was related to Angular 2. If you type "http://localhost:3001/" in the url bar, Browsersync opens. Go to Sync Options and turn off "Clicks - mirrors clicks across devices". That solved it for me, hope it helps people that have this issue in the future.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: Regular Expression to replace part of a string I need to replace part of a string, it's dynamically generated so I'm never going to know what the string is.
Here's an example "session12_2" I need to replace the 2 at the end with a variable.  The "session" text will always be the same but the number will change.
I've tried a standard replace but that didn't work (I didn't think it would).
Here's what I tried:
col1 = col1.replace('_'+oldnumber+'"', '_'+rowparts[2]+'"');

Edit: I'm looking for a reg ex that will replace '_'+oldnumber when it's found as part of a string.

A: If you will always have the "_" (underscore) as a divider you can do this:
 str = str.split("_")[0]+"_"+rowparts[x];

This way you split the string using the underscore and then complete it with what you like, no regex needed.

A: var re = /session(\d+)_(\d+)/;
var str = 'session12_2';
var subst = 'session$1_'+rowparts[2];

var result = str.replace(re, subst);

Test: https://regex101.com/r/sH8gK8/1


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Q: IP rule for Metal LB not used I try to implement source-based routing on my Kubernetes cluster.
It works for everything, except the interfaces "generated" by Metal LB.
The physical interface on my machine is 172.16.1.253, the gateway is 172.16.1.254.
MetalLB creates an interface with 172.16.1.101.
I've got a rule in place, which works for the 172.16.1.253:
101:    from 172.16.1.0/24 lookup 510

I expected this also to affect the 172.16.1.101, but it does not, neither does any other rule I tried. Is there something specific I need to consider?