Back in 2006 Joe Boyd's acclaimed memoir, White Bicycles: Making Music in the 1960s, was published. I was trawling through a crate of old minidiscs (whatever happened to the minidisc!?) and I found a recording of a fascinating interview from BBC Radio 3's Mixing It programme (August 2006) – the show is now defunct, of course. This special edition was presented, as always, by Mark Russell and the late Robert Sandall.
I have dematerialized the the now Jurassic disc into MP3 format and uploaded it for your listening pleasure. The 60 minutes or so are mostly taken up with a discussion of various events and characters, and some readings from White Bicycles. But, there are also snatches of music from some of the artists he worked with, including the Reverend Gary Davis, The Incredible String Band, Syd Barrett, Nick Drake, and others.
Incidentally, it is one unbroken MP3 – you can't skip through it, so it is just like listening to the broadcast. A playlist is still up on the BBC website, detailing the tracks played.
I've just been looking around online and it seems that Boyd now has a radio show of his own, streaming online or in podcast format, at London's Resonance FM. The first of these shows seems to have been last week – there are some more details here at Boyd's website.


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Q: Express 4 middleware error handler not being called For certain pages I have custom 500, 404 and 403 error handling in my app. So for instance after an unsuccessful database query I'd go:
return next({status: 404, message: 'Record not found'});

or
return next(new Error('Bad things have happened')});

In my middleware I have an error handler:
app.use(function (err, req, res, next) {
    // handle error
});

Problem is that the error handler is never called, instead the error callstack is being printed into the browser. I want the handler to render a custom error page.
app.js
var express = require('express')
    , app = express()
    , swig = require('swig')
    , config = require('./lib/config')
    , env = process.env.NODE_ENV || 'development'
    , path = require('path');

config.configure(env);

app.engine('html', swig.renderFile);
app.set('view cache', false);

swig.setDefaults({
    cache: config.get('swigCache')
});

app.set('view engine', 'html');
app.set('views', __dirname + '/lib/views');

require('./lib/util/swig');
require('./lib/initialisers/mongodb')();
require('./lib/initialisers/aws')();
require('./lib/middleware')(app); // first load middleware
require('./lib/routes')(app); // then routes

var server = app.listen(config.get('port'), function() {
    console.info('config: ' + JSON.stringify(config.getCurrent()));
    console.info('NODE_ENV: ' + env);
    console.info('server running: ' + JSON.stringify(server.address()));
});

routes.js
module.exports = function(app){

    app.get('/', require('./views/').index);
    app.get('/blog', require('./views/blog').index);
    app.get('/blog/:slug', require('./views/blog').getBySlug);

    app.route('/report/:slug')
        .get(require('./views/report/').index)
        .post(require('./views/report/').doReport);

        // Very long file with tons of routes. Simplified version.

middleware.js
var express = require('express')
    , app = express()
    , path = require('path')
    , logger = require('morgan')
    , cookieParser = require('cookie-parser')
    , bodyParser = require('body-parser')
    , passport = require('passport')
    , session = require('express-session')
    , mongoStore = require('connect-mongo')(session)
    , compression = require('compression')
    , favicon = require('serve-favicon')
    , config = require('./config')
    , flash = require('connect-flash')
    , multer = require('multer')
    , csrf = require('csurf');

module.exports = function(app) {

    app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: false }))
    app.use(bodyParser.json());
    app.use(cookieParser());
    app.use(csrf({ cookie: true }));
    app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, config.get('staticContentPath')), {
        maxAge: (60 * 60 * 24) * 1000
    }));

    app.use(session({
        resave: true,
        saveUninitialized: true,
        secret: 'da755fc0-6882-11e4-9803-0800200c9a66',

        cookie: {
            maxAge: 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000 // 24 hrs
        },

        store: new mongoStore({
            url: config.getMongoConn()
        })
    }));

    app.use(logger('dev'));
    app.use(flash());

    /**
     * 301 redirects
     */
    app.use(function(req, res, next) {

        var host = req.get('host');

        // AWS IP --> http
        if (host == 'xx.xxx.xxx.xxx') {
            return res.redirect(301, config.get('url') + req.originalUrl);
        }

        // AWS origin --> http
        if(host == 'xxx-xxx-xxx-xxx-xxx.ap-southeast-2.compute.amazonaws.com'){
            return res.redirect(301, config.get('url') + req.originalUrl);
        }

        // www --> http
        if (/^www\./.test(host)) {
            host = host.substring(4, host.length);
            return res.redirect(301, req.protocol + '://' + host + req.originalUrl);
        }

        // Trailing slash --> http
        if (req.path.substr(-1) == '/' && req.path.length > 1) {
            var query = req.url.slice(req.path.length);
            return res.redirect(301, req.path.slice(0, -1) + query);
        }

        next();
    });

    // Delete expired Mongo sessions from DB
    app.use(function (req, res, next) {
        req.session._garbage = new Date();
        req.session.touch();
        next();
    });

    /**
     * Setting Cache control header for Ajax requests to 30 minutes
     */
    app.use(function (req, res, next) {

        if(req.xhr){
            res.header('Cache-Control', 'max-age=' + 1800 + ', public');
        }

        next();
    });

    app.use(compression());

    app.use(
        multer({
            dest: config.get('uploads').folders.temp
        })
    );

    app.use(passport.initialize());
    app.use(passport.session());
    var initPassport = require('./passport/init');
    initPassport(passport);

    app.use(function (req, res, next) {

        res.locals = {
            root : 'http://' + req.headers.host,
            sitename : require('./config').get('sitename'),
            config: config.get('env'),
            url : config.get('url'),
            user : req.user,
            flash : req.flash()
        };

        next();
    });

    app.use(function (err, req, res, next) {

        if (err.code !== 'EBADCSRFTOKEN'){
            return next(err);
        }

        if(req.xhr){
            return res.ok({payload: null}, '403 invalid csrf token');
        }

        // TODO handle CSRF token errors here
        res.status(403);
        res.send('form tampered with')
    });

    // This is never called when throwing errors like
    // next(new Error('some error') or
    // next({status: 500, message:'server error'});
    app.use(function (err, req, res, next) {
        console.error(err.stack);
        // render an error page
    });
};

A: The problem is, that your error handlers should always be at the end of your application stack. This means, that you can either move the error handler from your middleware to your app.js and use them after your requires (app.use()) or include your routes before your middleware.

A: Note: your error handler middleware MUST have 4 parameters: error, req, res, next. Otherwise your handler won't fire.

A: If you don't want to write three parameters for every async router handler to be able to catch errors globally:
npm install express-async-errors
import 'express-async-errors';
app.get('/api/endpoint', async (req, res) => {
  const user = await User.findByToken(req.get('authorization'));

  if (!user) throw Error("access denied"); //will propagate to global error handler
});

A: I had the same issue, spend the whole day on troubleshooting the issue. Finally, found a simple fix. This worked for me perfectly. You need to place the customer error handler right before the listener handler as below on the server instance file (App.js / server.js).
 Good luck :)
app.use((error, req, res, next) => {

    if (res.headersSent) {
        return next(err)
    }
    res.status(500).send('INTERNAL SERVER ERROR !')
  });

app.listen(3000, function() {
    console.log('Node app is running on port 3000');
});
module.exports = app;

A: For handling errors that are thrown during asynchronous code execution in Express (versions < 5.x), you need to manually catch and invoke the in-built error handler (or your custom one) using the next() function.
app.get('/', (req, res, next) => {
  setTimeout(() => {
    try {
      console.log('Async code execution.')
      throw new Error('Unexpected error on async!')
    } catch (error) {
      // manually catching and propagating to your error handler
      next(error)
    }
  }, 100)
})

// as a last declaration in your entrypoint
app.use((err, req, res, next) => {
  // do some error handling here. if you do not call next, you must return a response from here.
})

A: Your error handler should always be at the end of your application stack.
Apparently it means not only after all app.use() but also after all your app.get() and app.post() calls.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


On behalf of Robertson, Oswalt & Associates posted in Divorce on Tuesday, April 9, 2019.
If Amazon principal Jeff Bezos was a child threatening in a moment of anger to remove all his toys from the sandbox and go home, his playmates would likely take instant notice, right?
Because if they didn't, there would be nothing left to play with. Moreover, the sandbox and surrounding playground might well be dismantled and carted off to boot. And as for the school … .
We know that our readers get the point. Bezos commands the singular tag of "richest person on earth." Astonishingly, that title is still his in the wake of a divorce in which his ex-wife MacKenzie will reportedly receive close to $36 billion in Amazon stock.
Yes, you read that right. That figure starts with a "b" and has, well, lots of zeroes attached to it. Recent media accounts reporting the known details of the Bezos' asset distribution outcome are routinely stressing that the settlement reduces Jeff Bezos' net worth to approximately $110 billion.
Imagine that. Someone takes away from your personal stash 36,000 stacked-up piles of money that each contain $1 million – and you are still the world's richest person. Some pundits are likely wondering how Bill Gates – still the second wealthiest individual, even after the Bezos stock transfer – feels about that.
We know of course that the Bezos divorce is an unparalleled decoupling possessed of other-world dimensions.
That doesn't mean it isn't relevant to the rest of us, though. In fact, it underscores that, notwithstanding the stupefying dollar amounts involved, the same issues loom large to some degree for most divorcing parties, regardless of their wealth plateau.
Those issues commonly revolve around children and, as underscored by the Bezos outcome, money matters and the post-divorce financial standing of separating partners.
Whatever your divorce concerns might be, a proven and empathetic family law legal team can help you purposefully address and obtain a divorce result that optimally promotes your best interests.


This is a sub-page of Super Smash Bros..
This menu lets you listen to all music and sounds (including unused ones), view the game transitions, apply different MIDI filters on the music played, as well as listing a number of options which appear to have been used in testing but have no current function. It also has a goofy rotating blue "angry Kirby" box in the background. If "Z" is pressed a strange display will appear that appears to track the analog stick and button presses.
Continue - Removes the menu from sight, although it can be reenabled by pressing Start.
rumble - Was presumably used for testing differing rumble intensities, although it doesn't actually trigger anything and appears to be just for show. Can be toggled from 0 to 10.
frame - Has no in-game effect, and it is unknown what function it would've been used for. Can be toggled from 0 all the way to 8000.
STOP FGM - Removes any lingering sound effects.
3 Fast Mushroom Kingdom Plays when the timer reaches 1 minute in a timed match in Mushroom Kingdom.
12 Mario's victory theme Plays in the results screen after a match in VS Mode, each series has its own version.
23 Master Hand's portrait Plays in the portrait of Master Hand in 1P Game.
24 Master Hand's intro Plays in Master Hand's intro in 1P Game before the match begins.
25 Master Hand's Stage Plays during the battle with Master Hand, also in 1P Game.
26 Bonus stage Plays at the "Break the Targets!" and "Board the Platforms!" stages.
27 1P Game special bonus screen Plays in the special bonus screen after defeating the opponent(s) in a level in 1P Game.
28 Bonus stage victory Plays in the special bonus screen after a bonus stage if the player successfully completed the task.
29 Master Hand results screen Plays in the special bonus screen after defeating Master Hand.
30 Bonus stage failure Plays in the special bonus screen after a bonus stage if the player failed to complete the task.
31 Continue screen Plays when the player is asked to continue or to not continue.
32 Game over Plays if the player choose "No" in the continue screen.
33 Game intro Plays during the game's opening.
34 How to Play Plays in the "How to Play" movie.
35 1P Game "VS. Screen" Plays during every "VS. Screen" portrait in 1P Game except Master Hand.
36 Fighting Polygon Team's Stage Plays during the battle against the Fighting Polygon Team in 1P Game.
37 Metal Mario's Stage Plays during the battle against Metal Mario in 1P Game.
38 Ending cutscene Plays in the short cutscene after the results screen of the battle with Master Hand.
39 Staff roll Plays during the credits.
40 Unlock Plays during the text when something gets unlocked.
41 Challenger approaching Sounds very similar but not the same as entry 35.
42 Training mode Plays in every stage in training mode.
43 Characters and VS Record Plays in the "Characters" and "VS Record" sections in the Data menu.
44 Menu Plays in all menus, except all sections in the Data menu and in the "Screen Adjust" section of the Option menu.
45 Hammer Plays when a character is under the effects of a Hammer.
46 Starman Plays when a character is under the effects of a Starman.
effect - Applies 6 different MIDI filters which emphasizes certain instruments depending on what option you select. 0 plays the music without any filters applied.
STOP BGM - Stops the music.
Aeroplane - Lets you view the game's transitions from the end of a match to the results screen. It's on Aeroplane by default, but you can switch it to any of the game's transitions: Check, Gakubuthi (translates to "frame"), Kannon, Star, Sudare1, Sudare2, Camera, Block, RotScale and Curtain. It also acts as a "Reset" function, booting up the menu again and changing the background color in the process.
cic - Can be toggled from 0 to 255, but does nothing when pressed. It is unknown what "cic" stands for, and what it may have activated during testing.
boot - Again has no function. It can also be toggled from 0 to 255.
TvType - Apparently doesn't have a function, but could have served to test the game's performance on different types of televisions. Similarly to "boot", can be toggled from 0 to 255. For some weird reason, it is only present in international versions.
Exit - Brings the title screen.
The battle debug lets you set up a timed battle on any stage, with any character. Pressing B hides the menu and pressing Start while the menu is hidden brings it back.
Pressing C-Up or C-Down on the other hand reveals a hidden feature of this menu: It also serves as an animation viewer! Each press of the buttons causes the second character (which defaults to Donkey Kong when the menu is booted up) to cycle through a rather comprehensive selection of animations, covering not only their attacks and "hurt" animations, but also their character intros, taunts, T-poses, various walking/dashing speeds, latching on to an edge, animations associated with items (complete with a few visual effects), recovering from being knocked down, "dazed" animations and even a few still frames of certain actions! There are a large amount of duplicates spliced in with these animations, and a few cause the proportions of the character model to mess up. Defeat, victory and "continue" animations are strangely missing from this collection. C-Up brings the next animation, and C-Down brings the previous animation.
The first row lets you change the mode.
VS mode A timed Free-for-all match. Using "No Contest" brings the results screen and then returning to the character selection screen will show the "Man" characters in the previous match selected.
Staffroll Shows the staff credits.
Explain Shows the "How to Play" movie.
AutoDemo Shows an attract mode sequence with a randomised selection of characters. Plays in-game immediately following the "How to Play" video.
Congra Shows the congratulatory screen, shown in the end of 1P Game, of the character who is Player 1. This option is not present in the Japanese version, which lack the congratulatory screens altogether.
BattleTime - Changes the time limit of the match, going from 1 minute to 60 minutes.
S: - Selects a stage for 1P Game, and cycles in the respective order. It is also possible to fight the four hidden characters with the "Challenger Approaching" intro with this feature.
Com Computer-controlled. Won't attack outside of recovery attempts and items.
Not Won't appear in the match.
Demo Can't be interacted with and will be literally static, except for the animation of entering the stage; it will be glitched however.
Key Won't move. Will cause the animation of entering the stage to be glitched, almost similarly to the above.
The first sub-row changes what character the player is using. Mario, Donkey Kong, Samus, and Fox will be selected by default as Player 1, Player 2, Player 3, and Player 4 respectively. The character chosen as Player 1 will appear in the left of the debug menu screen's background, and the characters chosen as Player 2, Player 3 and Player 4 to the right side of the previous player. Additionally, some characters that are not normally playable can be selected. These characters' names are written in italics and ones that freezes the game when the option "Congra" is used when it is Player 1 are written in bold in the chart below. Intriguingly, the map used as the background in 1P Mode's "VS" screen actually includes many of the debug names seen below, although the low quality makes it difficult for players to make out.
Pikacyu Pikachu Pikacyu is a romanisation of Pikachu's name.
Purin Jigglypuff Purin is Jigglypuff's name in Japan.
Boss Master Hand The debug menu refers to Master Hand as "Boss" because he is the final opponent found in 1P Game. Moving the Control Stick makes him fly in a way that is never seen in normal gameplay, and he can move through anything, including other players, as well as stage elements or hazards; he can interact with those, except Whispy Woods in Dream Land and the POW Block in Mushroom Kingdom, and being launched by a tornado on Hyrule Castle or by the Barrel Cannon on Congo Jungle causes him to not be able to fly and will interact with the collision of the level; while on the ground, he can walk and dash forward, jump, weirdly teleport backwards, push other players, but can't attack. Pressing Z crashes the game, and R may also cause the game to crash, but not always. Unlike other characters, being out of the limit of the map will not result in a KO; instead, his H.P has to be depleted, although if this happens in any stage that isn't the final stage of the 1P Game, the game freezes. His attacks will always target the lowest-numerical Player.
A Standard attack Pokes two times.
A-Up Up smash Flies upward, then comes forward from the background attempting to slam into the player.
A-Down Down smash Flies upward, then falls from the sky, attempting to crush with his palm.
A-Left/Right Side smash Points his middle and grooming fingers, forming the shape of a gun, and fires Bullet Bills from them.
A-Up Up dash attack Flies upward, then slams down while spinning in a drill-like fashion.
A-Down Down dash attack Makes several sweeping motions. The amount of motions depend on the size of the platform.
A-Left/Right Side dash attack Flies straight like a rocket and slams into the players, while making a fist.
B Special attack "Walks" using his fingers, and flicks them if next to the players. If he encounters a wall while he is walking, he will keep walking in place.
B-Up Up special attack Flies like a rocket into the background, then attempts to fly into the player, and comes back to the arena from the right.
B-Down Down special attack Punches the ground, but he may go through it sometimes. If the attack doesn't hit the ground, Master Hand will continuously fall down.
B-Left/Right Side special attack Makes a slapping motion across the platform.
NMario Fighting Polygon Mario Every Fighting Polygon is a clone of their respective character, except that they can't use special attacks or grab. All of them freezes the game in the results screen in VS Mode if present in the match, and in the portrait screen in 1P Game except Link, Yoshi, Captain Falcon and Jigglypuff.
GDonkey Giant Donkey Kong Using the "Congra" option when he is Player 1 will display an empty blue screen (this isn't the game crashing, though), followed by the announcer saying "Congratulations!", and then you will be brought back to the appropriate screen. Freezes the game in the results screen in VS Mode if present in the match.
The second sub-row lets you change a fighter's costume. Two normally un-selectable costumes for Yoshi used only in 1P Game can be selected, including Team Mode exclusives. Master Hand, Metal Mario, and Fighting Polygon Team members do not have any alternate costume.
Pressing Start while the menu is set on VS mode leads to a menu with two options: the first one being "Exit", and the second being a stage selector.
Use Left and Right on the Control Stick to select a stage, and press Start to begin the match. Stages with names in italics are unique to 1P Game and can't be selected on the VS Mode stage selection screen, and bolded stages are ones which can't be accessed in-game without either using this menu or other miscellaneous codes.
SYoshi Yoshi's Island This is actually a separate stage and not merely a duplicate of "Yoshi". It is the smaller incarnation of Yoshi's Island from 1P Game, which has a fixed camera, narrower blast lines and lacks the cloud platforms. Anyone who isn't Player 1 will have a glitched animation of entering the stage, appearing in mid-air as the Yoshis in 1P Game, as this version of the stage is only intended to be used in this mode.
Zako Fighting Polygon Team's Stage (Battlefield) "Zako" is part of the Fighting Polygon Team Japanese name, Nazo no Zako Teki Gundan (謎のザコ敵軍団).
Bonus3 "Race to the Finish" Stage Though the game refers to the other bonus stages as "Bonus 1" and "Bonus 2", it never refers to this stage as Bonus 3 in anywhere but the Debug Menu. It's possible that this bonus stage was once playable via the game menu. If Player 1 reaches the door, the announcer will say "Complete!" as usual, but the results screen will appear.
Boss Master Hand's Stage (Final Destination) Crashes the game if it is accessed via this menu.
Bonus1(Character's debug name) "Break the Targets!" Stage Crashes the game. Variations exist for each character. The game refers to this bonus stage as "Bonus 1" in the menu.
A deceptively simple menu laid out in almost the same fashion as the stage selector in the battle debug. There are 2 commands labelled as "Finish" and "Dead", although the former of these is actually labelled twice per player slot and corresponds to two different commands. The listings suggest the menu was used to assign KO and Self-Destruct counts to each character, or perhaps to test the point system itself. This menu in particular is also very unstable, and usually tends to crash the game simply by being loaded up.
Strangely, the menu cannot be exited from via pressing Start unlike other menus, though pressing A will take you to the battle debug. Even more curiously, when you are warped to the battle debug, none of the changes made on this menu appear to apply.
Finish (above Dead) Represents characters, although due to the instability of the menu, the game crashes if you attempt to scroll past Luigi. The order is the same as in the battle debug.
Dead Appears to correspond to either KO's or Self-Destructs. Can be toggled from 0 all the way up to 65,536, which is the presumed cap on KOs.
Finish (below Dead) Has the same function as Dead, and appears to stand for whatever the previous function doesn't cover. Like Dead, it can be assigned a value between 0 and 65,536.
This debug menu differs considerably from the previous 3 in that it has no obvious purpose and offers far less interaction. It contains two large rectangular columns which can be shifted to the right off-screen (which reveals a considerably bugged font in which only Pikachu's name is decipherable) or to the left in an infinite loop, but what is perhaps more interesting is the fact that the menu recognizes button commands! Pressing any of the D-Pad directions or any of the buttons (except for Z which forces a controller input test to appear on-screen) causes small yellow squares to appear on screen, in differing positions dependent on which button you press. This is the extent of this debug's interactivity, and just like the Falls Debug, what you do appears to have no bearing whatsoever on any of the gameplay functions. It may have been utilized very early on in development to test basic controller functions, but it is difficult to deduce any sort of purpose for the menu given its lack of interactivity.
This page was last modified on 27 March 2019, at 05:47.


text:
Back to all posts — Other Essays
Why Slavery? Why Africans?
by Expert Prof. Liam Ph.D | 18 May 2017
How strong was the relationship between race and slavery in colonial North America?
The Virginians in the 17th century were no different by other Americans in terms of being labor intensive and productive. But during this period, the Virginians begin to feel the need for more labor as more production of tobacco farms was established to cater to the growing needs of England for tobacco. Since these early Virginians were mostly colonials from England, the crown of England is fully supporting them in their commerce and agriculture.
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Tobacco production in Virginia has become the forefront for Agriculture in North America that creates revenues that supports the crown of England. There is only one problem the Virginians are facing and that is the lack of labor force which is needed to power the production for more tobacco. The number of African slaves who were brought or bought from Africa continues to dwindle and most of them are getting old. They were called Negroes during that time by the colonials from England because of their ebony dark skin and the word has spread out in this part of the world.
In the early days of colonialism, the Virginians avoided taking in more Negroes from Africa because they believe that keeping them for a lifetime while keeping their family as well is not logical enough for a man of single family with small farms. But with the addition of more agricultural areas, more lands were tilled and cotton and muscovado sugar were added as the principal crops in Virginia. Thus suddenly the necessity for the Negroes was felt. However, most of the citizens are contemplating of taking in more Negroes because they are afraid they would also revolt once they are more in numbers just like in England.
Before the introduction of Negroes in the 1640s, the main crop in Virginia was primarily tobacco and majority of the workers were whites who migrated from England to avoid the civil war conflict. Migrating to Virginia to work as laborers was the only option to survive and so English workers flock to Virginia to work on farms. But with the introduction of cotton and sugar, more laborers were needed while tilling the lands became tougher. White workers who are not used to hard work avoided the strenuous labor. But with the advent of peace in England, white workers' arrival in Virginia declined while the former workers decided to own their own lands and some of them migrated back to England. This calls for more Negro workers for the job. In 1660, Virginians started to buy Negroes from the Dutch traders who travel between Africa and Europe. But because of the passing of Navigation Acts which prevented the Dutch to enter the colonies of the whites, buying of slaves was once again stopped.
The people of West Indies however continued to buy slaves from Africa through their own voyage and selling of slaves by the West Indies to Virginia carried more Negroes into the state. With the importation of muscovado sugar and tobacco, more Englishmen from England came to Virginia to try the opportunity brought about by agriculture. By 1750, more than 100,000 Negroes were taken in inside Virginia and West Indies but stricter rules in owning Negroes for slaves have been implemented. Rules in punishing slaves enable more slaves to practice their rights but some puritanical North American colonials remained strict with their slaves to the point of killing them if they go against the rules of their masters. The slaves from then on became an integral part of the colonists for without them there would be no commerce, trade and comfortable life for colonists. Thus the relationship between race and slavery in North America was very strong because the Negroes remained to be slaves for many years not because they are capable in sustaining life for their masters but because they were seen as lower in race farther from their masters' white race (Morgan).
Were English colonists motivated to enslave Africans by prejudice or by profit?
As written by English adventurous traders, the Englismen arrived in Africa in the 1550s to make trade with the people. Although the Englishmen were known to be nation of colonizers, there were no motives of colonizing the Africans and converting them to English religions whatsoever. As the trade continued to grow and participated by the Portuguese and the Spanish, it was only in 1631 when the English were forced to settle in Kormantin due to the fact that the Royal African Company, a shipping and trading company was put on hold to sail. This initiates familiarity of the Englishmen with the culture and color of the African natives. Initially these first English settlers treated the West Africans equal as men because they all work together in harmony.
Words of mouth travels as English nobles and historian travelers explored the mystery of Africa and its people. Shakespeare and Othello call them in their works as "blacks" and sometimes "Negroes". However during the 17th century, constant traders in Africa began to notice certain distinctions between North Africans and the South Africans. They see Africans of the North to be blacker than the Africans of the south so they branded the South Africans to be "moors" while the North African to be "black moors".
Since the English traders have developed a strong trading relationship with the Africans, few Negroes begin to mingle with the Englishmen and agree to be taken to England to work as free slaves. Prior to that, five West Africans were taken to London in 1554 by Englishman trader William Towrson to have them as his slaves. Towrson trained them to learn English so that they could help him with his trade across Africa. From them on, sporadically Negroes were brought to England to work as free slaves or for free labor. Soon the Negroes seem to be novelties for the English nobles because of their uniqueness in color and their adaptability to learn English cultures.
Although the Portuguese and the Spanish who for centuries have been in contact with the Africans, they did not recognize them as lower in race. However, the English interests with blacks were partly out of curiosity while others disdain them for being black. As an evidence of the English critical observation with the Africans during that period, even the Oxford English Dictionary described the meaning of black as "deeply stained with dirt; dirty, foul and soiled. It signifies dark with deadly purposes or pertaining to death, sinister and disastrous. In other words there came in this period the insignificance of being black as an emotionally partisan in color and the symbol of evil and a sign of repulsion and danger by many English colonists. This kind of mentality was ingrained in the English culture where black connotes filthiness, sin, baseness, ugliness, evil and the devil, while white is being in purity, virginity, virtue, beauty, beneficence and God. Obviously, the English carry in them the culture of the Elizabethan English who is complimented to be the perfect and ideal human beauty because of the color of her skin.
Due to the influx of bigger trade and settlement of other Europeans in African countries, the English came to conclusion that the Negroes must be converted to Christianity because they believe that being an atheist is a great fundamental defect and sin to God. However, some of these Englishmen are not strong believers themselves that is why most of them do not feel the necessity to introduce Christianity to the Africans. By being atheists, it was thought that during the latter part of the 17th until the 18th century slavery became engraved to English civilization mainly because it was powered by prejudice generally evoked by the puritanical English religious sects. The Negroes were seen as the unbelievers, the uncultured or even to the point of seeing them to be ape kind. Far from being equal they were defiled as lustful and unclean as animals. They were bought as slaves because of their energetic and unusual resilience to work.
The Englishmen's objectives of re-creating them to be civilized and turn them into Christians have never happened but the English traders succeeded in passing them as part of their commodities. Negroes are bought from other Negroes, traders and so on. At last the Englishmen find reasons to capitalize on the Negroes unique culture, uncultivated characteristics and physical appearance which for them are inferior qualities that are suited only to be slaves. And so the question if what motivates the Englishmen to enslave Negroes according to this commentary, it shows that they were enslave primarily because of prejudice and then by profit because they became good commodities for the ambitious and racial English colonists (Jordan).
Jordan, Winthrop D. White or Black: American Attitudes Towards the Negro, 1550-1812.
Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1975.
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Exhibiting elegant colonial charm, D'Ouwe Werf is rich with the past and surrounded by beautiful mountain scenery. The oldest hotel in South Africa, D'Ouwe Werf was built in 1802 and carries with it the spirit of over two centuries of history. Found in the heart of Stellenbosch on Church Street, guests can enjoy some of the country's finest restaurants, with award winning status, and seemingly endless vineyards. Relax in the comfort of the hotel grounds with a sundowner in the garden or with a cooling dip in the pool. The restaurant at D'Ouwe Werf is also well worth a visit, serving delicious African cuisine.
The hotel expertly juxtaposes Georgian panache with modern refinement and amenities. The property's 5 apartments and 44 rooms are all beautifully appointed with vintage styling and dotted with antiques amassed over time. For guests simply wishing for a place to stay, the apartments are an excellent choice, being the hotel's self-catering options. All accommodation types feature air conditioning, satellite TV, high speed internet, quaint furnishings and a mini bar. Rooms also feature en-suite bathrooms.
The surrounds are waiting to be explored with fantastic golf courses and guided historical tours nearby. Wine tours are naturally a huge attraction, with the chance to sample one of South Africa's most celebrated exports; ideal for the budding wine connoisseur.
Approximately a 30 minute drive from Cape Town International.
An array of award winning restaurants, historic tours, golf, wine tours and much more.
This hotel was fine. It was in a good part of town and we liked the old parts of the hotel. The room was just okay. A little dated but the breakfast was a good mix of food.


Brazil's government will now investigate human rights violations committed by the right-wing military dictatorship that ruled the country from 1964 to 1985.
The legislation reduces the work week to 40 hours and seeks to abolish private sub-contracted labor in the country.
President Obama attended the sixth Summit of the Americas over the weekend in Cartagena, Colombia, where he and regional leaders wrestled over a range of politically sensitive issues.
Republican presidential candidates have shifted the general election debate to rising gas prices amid an improving economy and 24 consecutive months of job growth in the private sector.
A long-awaited and controversial trade pact between the U.S. and the Republic of Korea came into effect on March 15.
French voters responded positively to the proposal, with recent polls showing a slight uptick in support for Hollande. The prospects of passing such tax-the-rich legislation will depend on parliamentary elections,.
Nicaraguans lined up last weekend to cast their ballot in the nation's first presidential election since the Supreme Court abolished term limits in 2009.


Cairns Reef Tours are one of the most popular activities when visiting Far North Queensland, our two full day tours allow flexibility so you can enjoy the beauty of Green Island, part of the Great Barrier Reef whilst maximizing your time on this fabulous tropical island.
Choose to snorkel, dive, stay dry or view the spectacular underwater reefs in our semi submarine or glass bottom boat, or simply laze on the white sandy beach.
These are only a few of the many reef and island activities available at Green Island. Our friendly crew will help you to organise your activities to make the most of your time on Green Island. Green Island, a Marine National Park is a beautiful coral cay on Australia's Great Barrier Reef.
Green Island boasts unique rainforests, surrounded by white sandy beaches and magnificent coral reefs and abundant marine life.
A full day reef adventure departing Cairns at 9.00am, this allows 5 hours on Green Island and arrives back in Cairns at 5.00pm. "Big Cat" is a comfortable air-conditioned 35 metre catamaran with spacious interior cabins and a relaxed atmosphere. Travel time to Green Island is just over one hour from Cairns.
Only 45 minutes transfer from Cairns, our next full day cruise to Green Island departs Cairns at 11.00am and allows 4 hours on the Island and arrives back in Cairns at 5.00pm. "Reef Rocket" is a modern, comfortable, air-conditioned, high speed catamaran.
Tour operates daily, a small surcharge will apply Christmas Day.


text:
Backstory isn't Character
January 5, 2017 rami ungar the writer
(IMPORTANT NOTE: I will be differentiating character, as in a person, and character, as in aspects of a person, by capitalizing the former and leaving the latter lowercase. So from here on out in this post, Character refers to people, and character refers to qualities of a Character.)
Happy New Year, everyone! I thought I'd start off the New Year with an informative post about something I see a bit too much in fiction: writers mistaking a backstory for character.
In particular, I saw this quite a bit in Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, which I saw in theaters, and Star Trek Beyond, which I saw on DVD recently (and since not everyone has seen those movies yet but might want to, I'll keep this spoiler free). Both movies introduce new Characters with really sad backstories: Jyn Urso in Rogue One and Jaylah in Star Trek Beyond. However, these Characters' films don't spend a lot of time establishing their characters beyond being exceptionally good warriors and survivors. The most we learn about them is their backstories.
Now, a backstory is important. It tells us where a Character comes from, and can imform certain aspects of their character. However, backstory isn't the same thing as character. A Character's character is personality and how Characters react to situations.It's their interests, their pet peeves, what they look for in friends or romantic partners, and how they change over the course of a story. That's what authors and critics talk about when they speak of character development and character arcs and character in general.
For example, in one of my novels-in-progress, Laura Horn, the titular character also has a dark backstory. A very traumatic event occurred in her life when she was a kid, and that informs how she interacts with the world around her quite a bit. However, that's not all there is to her. Laura likes animated movies and musicals, and uses them to de-stress. And even before the dark incident in her life, she was introverted and shy. She didn't like to put herself out there, and preferred quiet to excitement. And, when it comes to the people around her, once they show her how much they care for her and how kind they are, she will become fiercely loyal and go to great lengths to protect them. That's character in a Character.
An even better example is the titular character of the TV series Chuck, and its titular character Chuck Bartowski. From pretty early on in the series, we're told Chuck's backstory (and this series ended five years ago, so I will go into details). His parents weren't always around in his life, so he was raised mostly by his older sister. He went to Stanford but his best friend betrayed him, framed him for cheating, and slept with his girlfriend. He was expelled, and moved home, where he started working at a Best Buy parody. But that is not Chuck's character:
Chuck is a smart guy. He's an accomplished engineer and programmer, and his smarts often help him in his crazy, espionage-filled life. Chuck enjoys science fiction and other nerdy interests, and will go on for hours with his best friend Morgan. He's kind and caring, and tries to be optimistic despite how awful life can be sometimes to him, though occasionally he is seized by despair when things go terribly wrong. And although he hates guns and violence, he will go to whatever length necessary to protect his friends and family from trouble. And he tries to be the straight guy in a world where weird stuff is treated normal in his daily life (if you know the show and where Chuck works, you know what I'm talking about). That is Chuck's character.
And when you have good character, you have a good Character. Chuck is still a much-beloved Character because people identify with him. Even though fans may not share his backstory (I certainly haven't been expelled because of a friend's betrayal or had to deal with absent parents), they love that a nerdy guy who tries to be nice to even nasty people and who enjoys all the nerdy things they love is the hero of a TV series, because that's someone like them.
So how do you know if a Character has a character? Here's an exercise I came up with before the New Year: pretend the Character is question (I'll make one up for the sake of the exercise) is someone you know in your daily life, and you meet someone whom you would like to set up with the Character on a blind date. Now, I wouldn't tell this girl my Character's backstory, because it would sound something like this:
"Edward was orphaned at a young age. He was nearly killed by soldiers working for a rogue element of the Armed Forces, but the Queen of Hell saved his life and gave him powers because she felt that doing so would work into her plans. He uses his powers to go after the secret group, as well as anyone, human or otherwise, who stands in his way or tries to hurt those close to him."
If I told someone that, they'd either think I was kidding or insane, or they would run screaming to the nearest convent in the hopes that a nun's habit would protect them from evil. However, if I were to describe my Character's character, I'd probably get a much better reception:
"Edward's a smart dude. He's always had the best scores in school, he's been captain of the chess team for three years running. Also pretty rational, proved that our high school wasn't haunted when everyone else thought it was. He's also very loyal and caring. He's practically raised his sister since they were kids, and I've never seen him raise his voice or break a promise. And he tells pretty funny jokes, lots of situational humor. He's very political, but if you tell him you don't want to discuss spending on defense or reelection rates in Congress, and he'll keep quiet."
Now there's a Character with character, someone you'd like to date. And this exercise works in all sorts of situations. You can even use it to come up with character traits for your Character and work them into the story.
Backstory is important. No doubt about it. But it's not everything to a Character. Their character is. Because without it, there's nothing to identify with, and it makes it harder for readers to continue reading your story. And nobody wants that.
Characters & Viewpoints, On WritingAuthor, backstory, character development, character traits, characters, how to, personality traits, readers, storytelling, writing, Writing Tips
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5 thoughts on "Backstory isn't Character"
Pingback: Self-Pub Authors: Backstory isn't Character | Rami Ungar The Writer
Ruth Ann Nordin January 8, 2017 / 9:12 pm
You're right. No one wants to read a book unless they can somehow identity with the character, and the only way to do that is by showing the reader "who" the character is, not what the character's backstory is. Backstory is only interesting if we can connect with the character.
I got a laugh out of your analysis of the new Star Wars movie. I watched the other Star Wars movies so many times I'm sick of them and don't want to watch another one, so I have not seen this one, nor will I. My husband and sons, however, LOVE them. They were upset when they heard about the character vs backstory thing, but I told them if they looked at movies from a writer's perspective, they would understand the difference. When I asked them why they loved the latest movie, they said, "It had a lot of action." I laugh at that one, too. I don't know if a movie without good character development will be memorable in the long run. In my opinion, the reason why Star Wars and Star Trek (from the originals) are memorable is because we got to know who the characters were, and we could relate to them in one way or another.
rami ungar the writer January 8, 2017 / 10:57 pm
Ha! I wish I could have seen your family's reactions to my analysis. That would have been hilarious (and if you want, I know of a video that basically tells you what the new film is about while pointing out all the silliness of it through reenactments of movie scenes. I could message you the link. It's hysterical).
Yeah, good Characters take time to show us who they are. Yeah, the story can have good action and people will love it for that but you need to know the characters, even if they're very one-dimensional, to really enjoy the stories. I rewatched Mad Max: Fury Road recently, and while the characters are very simple, you get to KNOW them. Yes, they go into the main characters' backstories, but they don't spend time on them. They let the story show us who these characters are. That, along with great action and cinematography, is what makes that movie memorable and powerful enough for me to watch three times.
Ruth Ann Nordin January 9, 2017 / 12:03 pm
Since it's a video pointing out the flaws in the movie, then yes, I would love to see it.
rami ungar the writer January 9, 2017 / 4:59 pm
Cool. I'll send it to you.


In continuation of the Advertisement No. TP/EST/45/2017/ 12, dated 10th October, 2018, it is for information of all concerned, who have applied for the post of Junior Assistant, H.Q. Office of the Town and Country Planning, Assam, that a Screening Test for Short listing of candidates is scheduled to be held on 03.02.2019.
For the select/reject list of applications, candidates are requested to log on to www.tcp.assam.gov.in. The call letters for the selected candidates can be downloaded from the same website w.e.f. 25.01.2019.
The Screening test will be for 60 marks of Multiple Choice Questions covering subjects such as General English, General Maths, Reasoning, General knowledge and basics of Computer application.
The scoring in the Screening test shall be judged through computer based evaluation of OMR sheets. Based on performance shown by the candidates in the Screening test, selection of candidates for appearing in the next level of Computer Test and Written Test will be done.
Admit Cards will not be despatched by post from the office and the Authority will not be responsible for any non receipt of Admit Card.


The 300 AAC Blackout is designed to provide a compact .30 caliber solution to the AR platform and has quickly become a much sought-after round by military and commercial markets. It utilizes existing magazines and features minimal recoil while still packing the punch found in a heavier .30 caliber round.
Capable of supersonic and subsonic performance, the 300 Blackout has much to offer military and law enforcement operations. The round's versatile performance has earned it notoriety in the sportsman's market as a great option for hunting medium-sized game.


» Posts Tagged "cleaning franchise"
Cleaning businesses have been growing in the best few years. People are now busy, and cleaning is no longer a priority. Many people would instead give the job to a professional company to do it. If you are planning to start a cleaning business or you already have one, then franchising is a good idea.
If you are planning to join a franchise, research is critical. You need to understand the opportunities available so that you can choose the best chance that is available. Before you join any franchise, you need to understand that you need to do documentation and sign contracts.
You also need to know the best location to open your franchise. Some franchise opportunities are only limited to specific geographic locations. Research is the first step before opening any franchise opportunity.
Cleaning business needs skills. You need to know how to do it well. It all depends on your business model. For instance, if you are planning to start a commercial cleaning company, it is advisable to concentrate on growing your skills in that area.
Growing your skills involves taking your employees through the required training and also growing yourself as a business owner. Just like any other business, the business franchise needs to know that you have all it takes to run the business.
Technology cannot be avoided in the modern franchise. Long gone are the days when customers used to walk into a cleaning company and ask for the services.
Most of the clients are now looking for cleaning services online. You need to make sure that you have the systems and technology to catch up with customer demands. The idea is to create a modern cleaning business that will adopt in the modern day.
It is advisable to make sure that you have a good business plan if you are planning to start a franchise. You need to know about marketing, customer care, accounting and other things that will affect your business directly.
Creating a good business plan will help you to predict the challenges and solution you are likely to face in the business.


text:
Q: Slashes and the rsync command I am trying to do something along the same lines as what is asked in this question: How do I synchronize in both directions?
However, what I can't figure out is whether or not I should add slashes to the end of the file path. Basically I'm trying to create an alias command that syncs the contents of two directories that go by the same name but are on two different servers. What I don't want is for one directory to be copied into the other (which I am aware is a possibility depending on how the slashes at the end are done).
What I have currently is:
alias syncDirectories1 = 'rsync -tvur name@host:/Users/me/directory/ /Users/me/directory/'
alias syncDirectories2 = 'rsync -tvur /Users/me/directory/ name@host:/Users/me/directory/'

For what I am trying to accomplish, should there be slashes at the end of both file paths?

A: It's described in the rsync(1) manpage:

A trailing slash on the source changes this behavior to avoid creating an additional directory level at the destination.  You can think of a
trailing  /  on  a source as meaning "copy the contents of this directory" as opposed to "copy the directory by name", but in both cases the
attributes of the containing directory are transferred to the containing directory on the destination.  In other words, each of the  following commands copies the files in the same way, including their setting of the attributes of /dest/foo:
rsync -av /src/foo /dest
rsync -av /src/foo/ /dest/foo

As to the destination, I don't think it has any major consequences. There is a difference if the source is a file and destination doesn't exist — this will make a copy of SRC called DEST:
rsync SRC DEST

, whereas, this will create directory DEST and copy the SRC file into it:
rsync SRC DEST/

A: keep the slashes on the source, and remove them from the destination.
Like this:
alias syncDirectories1 = 'rsync -tvur name@host:/Users/me/directory/ /Users/me/directory'
alias syncDirectories2 = 'rsync -tvur /Users/me/directory/ name@host:/Users/me/directory'

A: I had different results from accepted answer on Ubuntu 17.04. It seems that the destination / does not have an effect.
I did the following four commands:
rsync -av src  nslash    # No slashes on either src or dest
rsync -av src  dslash/   # Slash on Dest only
rsync -av src/ sslash    # Slash on src only
rsync -av src/ sdslash/  # Slash on both src and dest

Conclusions:

*

*once there is a / on the src, then the contents of the src only will be copied over to the dest, regardless of whether the dest has a slash or not.

*no slash on the src, then the src and its content will be copied to dest.

*Slashes on dest has no effect.

A: I tested it with rsync 3.1.3 on Arch Linux, the results are below:
1. rsync -avPzu test  login@remote:/home/login/test   "test" directory is copied inside of existing "test" on remote (structure is then test/test/...)
2. rsync -avPzu test  login@remote:/home/login/test/  same as above
3. rsync -avPzu test/ login@remote:/home/login/test   content of "test" directory is synchronized with the remote "test" directory
4. rsync -avPzu test/ login@remote:/home/login/test/  same as above
5. rsync -avPzu test  login@remote:/home/login/       same as above
6. rsync -avPzu test  login@remote:/home/login        same as above

The methods 3-6 are the correct ones in this case, contrary to the accepted answer.


How did I not see it before???
And just like that...peace was restored in the land. As long as there was neapolitan in the freezer.
Crock (from Urban Dictionary): Nonsense, hogwash, bilge, absolute bull, a waste of time and/or money, a sham. It's bogus - totally.
Thanks for visiting. Now please excuse me; I'm going to get a bowl of ice cream.
If you'd like me to consider your pet(s) photo for a tacky cardigan, just post it on the Facebook wall!
LOL funny. We have not had a Neapolitan in a long long while.
Of course not! There's a reason why they're called crocks. ;) Also, I have a pair. Sandals, though, so not as bad (cough cough).
Neapolitan is only good for making pretty photographs, @Maggie. ;) Spumoni, however (cherry, chocolate and pistachio, for those who are unfamiliar), makes me drool (secretly, cause ew).
Oh, I have that same complex! At Christmas time it becomes a Peppermint Complex.
Pamela, Dewi is to Green Acres as you are to fine pastries called Napoleon!
Nice one! Now I am craving ice cream at 1:30 at night and I need to go to bed.


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NCBI Bookshelf. A service of the National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health.
StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-.
StatPearls [Internet].
Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-.
Kendra Walker; Brandon M. Basehore; Amandeep Goyal; Pankaj Bansal; Patrick M. Zito.
Kendra Walker1; Brandon M. Basehore2; Amandeep Goyal3; Pankaj Bansal4; Patrick M. Zito5.
1 Texas Tech Un Health Sciences Center
2 Broward Health Medical Center
3 University of Kansas Medical Center
4 Mayo Clinic Health System
5 University of Miami; Miller School of Medicine
Last Update: November 15, 2021.
Continuing Education Activity
Hyaluronic acid is a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide, which is widely distributed in the connective tissue extracellular matrix. Several hyaluronic acid preparations have become widely available for subcutaneous/intradermal, intraarticular, topical, and ocular use. This activity outlines the indications, mechanism of action, administration, significant adverse effects, and contraindications of various hyaluronic acid preparations to increase practitioners' knowledge regarding how to approach this substance and use it in practice for its indicated purposes.
Identify the mechanism of action of hyaluronic acid.
Outline some of the conditions where hyaluronic acid is useful and indicated.
Explain the potential adverse effects of hyaluronic acid.
Summarize interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance improved outcomes using hyaluronic acid when indicated.
Access free multiple choice questions on this topic.
Several preparations of hyaluronic acid are available for many FDA-approved indications. The most common application indications are for cosmetics and intra-articular use, although many other ophthalmic and topical forms are also available.
Hyaluronic acid gel fillers are injected to restore volume lost due to age or disease, provide facial contour, and help maintain a youthful appearance. Filler injection has become one of the most commonly performed procedures in a dermatology cosmetic practice. Many different types of hyaluronic acid gel fillers differ in their hyaluronic acid concentration, particle size, cross-linking density, duration, and presence of lidocaine. High-density, large-particle fillers are recommended for deep dermal injections, while the low-density, small-particle fillers are recommended for fine lines. Hyaluronic acid filler has become popular because of its low allergic response, ease of injection, rapid recovery, reproducibility, and immediate results.[1][2][3] Common injection sites are glabella, nasolabial folds, melolabial folds, lips, malar hollows, infraorbital hollows, perioral rhytids, and chin.
Intraarticular injections of hyaluronic acid are also widely used, especially for pain relief in patients with osteoarthritis of the knees. They have become popular as a non-surgical treatment modality, especially with the concern most clinicians have with repeating intraarticular corticosteroid injections. Several preparations are available, including various commercially available injections of sodium hyaluronate, hylan polymers A and B, and hyaluronan.
United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Labeled Indications
Intraarticular injection:
For pain relief in patients with mild to moderate osteoarthritis (OA) of the knees, who have not responded to conservative non-pharmacological measures and/or analgesics. The FDA has not evaluated nor approved this treatment for any other joints.
Intradermal injection:
Injection into the mid-to-deep dermis for correction of facial wrinkles or folds and perioral rhytids. Patients must be over the age of 21.
Subcutaneous injection:
Volume deficit correction for dorsal hands in patients over the age of 21.
Correction of age-related volume loss and for cheek augmentation in mid-face in patients over the age of 21.
Subperiosteal injection:
Submucosal injection:
Injection into the lips for lip augmentation in patients over the age of 21.
Topical cream/gel:
Management of wounds, skin ulcers
Relief of symptoms (burning, itching, and pain) in dermatoses such as atopic dermatitis, radiodermatitis, and allergic contact dermatitis.
Ophthalmic:
Surgical aid cataract extraction, intraocular lens implantation, corneal transplant, glaucoma filtration, retinal attachment surgery, and anterior segment surgery.
Non-FDA-Labeled Indications
Injection to provide a scaffold for regenerative endodontic procedures
Injection into vocal folds to treat glottal insufficiency
Injection into the areola to enhance nipple projection after breast reconstructive surgery
Refractory interstitial cystitis
Hyaluronic acid, a naturally occurring chemical, is a glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide composed of alternating residues of the monosaccharides d-glucuronic acid and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, which form a linear polysaccharide chain. In its pure form, hyaluronic acid is the same in all organisms and is not species or tissue-specific. Therefore, hyaluronic acid theoretically should not cause an immune response.[4][5][6]
Hyaluronic acid, a chief component of the extracellular matrix, is found throughout various human tissues such as the skin, eyes, connective tissue, and synovium. Due to hyaluronic acid's highly anionic proprieties, it can attract water to swell and create volume and provide structural support. Aging leads to decreased production of hyaluronic acid and collagen in the skin. Once the skin has lost its viscoelastic properties, overlying wrinkles begin to form. Hyaluronic acid dermal fillers work to counteract aging by replacing lost volume. In addition to this, hyaluronic acid fillers have also been shown to increase collagen production and affect fibroblast morphology.
The hyaluronic acid filler can classify as animal-derived or non-animal derived. Animal-derived fillers come from a rooster comb, and non-animal derived hyaluronic acid production occurs through biofermentation of Streptococcus. The hyaluronic acid filler can further be classified based on whether it is processed through particulate or non-particulate manufacturing. The particulate size determines the longevity of particulate manufactured hyaluronic acid filler, whereas cross-linking density determines the longevity of non-particulate manufactured hyaluronic acid filler.
The hyaluronic acid filler contains modified hyaluronic acid particles that are cross-linked, which allows for the production of a more concentrated hyaluronic acid that has greater resistance to chemical and physical degradation. During the degradation and breakdown of hyaluronic acid filler, water slowly takes its place, resulting in a less concentrated hyaluronic gel yet occupying the same amount of volume. This action is termed "isovolumetric degradation." The effects of hyaluronic acid filler are last up to 4 to 6 months depending on location, a specific brand of filler used, and injection technique.
The mechanism of action of hyaluronic acid when used intra-articularly is similar. Hyaluronic acid is a naturally occurring part of the synovial fluid and cartilage, and in osteoarthritis, the concentration of hyaluronic acid decreases along with a decrease in the size of individual hyaluronic acid molecules, thus decreasing the viscosity of the synovial fluid. When injected into the joint, hyaluronic acid is cleared within several hours, with half-lives ranging from 17 hours to 1.5 days.[7] The half-life is longer for purified or synthesized hyaluronic acid preparations with a large molecular weight.
Despite such a short half-life, the clinical benefit, including pain relief from intraarticular hyaluronic injections, lasts several months. Several mechanisms have been proposed for this long-lasting efficacy of intraarticular hyaluronic acid injections. Injection of hyaluronic acid may stimulate the native synovial sites that produce hyaluronic acid. Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of hyaluronic acid have been demonstrated as well.[8] Several meta-analyses have been done to evaluate the efficacy of different hyaluronic acid preparations for osteoarthritis management, with varying results.[9][10][11] The overall consensus is that of small but significant symptomatic and long-lasting effects following a series of intraarticular hyaluronic acid injections.
The hyaluronic acid filler is available in varying sized, preloaded syringes, and the concentration depends on the specific brand chosen.[12][13][14] Preparation of the site should include removal of any makeup and cleansing with an antiseptic agent, typically isopropyl alcohol or chlorhexidine. The technique should be as aseptic as possible to prevent biofilm. Reduction of pain at the injection site is achievable through topical or injectable anesthetics, nerve blocks, ice packs, and distraction techniques. The hyaluronic acid filler is injected into the mid to deep dermis, and techniques include serial puncture, linear threading, fanning, and cross-hatching. The technique used depends on the injection site and the specific problem addressed. Lip augmentation requires an injection into the submucosa. Common injection sites are lips, nasolabial folds, glabellar lines, and periorbital and generalized facial wrinkles. Once the injections are complete, the patient should have a cool ice pack applied to minimize bruising and swelling, as well as be advised to avoid manipulating the treatment area.
When administered intraarticularly, injection is performed directly into the joint space of the knee. It is recommended to aspirate any joint effusion if present. Strict aseptic technique is necessary during the administration. Injection of lidocaine or another local anesthetic is optional before the intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid. The patient should refrain from vigorous or prolonged weight-bearing physical activity for at least 48 hours post-injection. Several preparations are available, each with differences in the number of injections in each series, molecular weight, origin (avian or bacterial), viscosity, ad presence or absence of cross-linkage.
For topical use, it is recommended to clean the wound with normal saline and debride the wound if needed before applying hyaluronic acid preparation. A thin layer shall be applied to the ulcer or wound, and excessive rubbing shall be avoided. After application, the wound shall be covered with a sterile non-stick gauze pad or dressing. For use in dermatoses, hyaluronic acid preparation can be applied directly to the affected area.
The most common adverse effects associated with hyaluronic acid filler are pain, bruising, redness, itching, and swelling. These side effects are self-limited and typically last no more than seven days. The patient can mitigate them by applying an ice pack to the injection site, remaining upright, and, 1 week before the procedure, stopping medications or supplements that increase the risk of bleeding, for example, aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications, vitamin E, fish oils, St. John's wort, and ginkgo biloba.
Extremely rare side effects of hyaluronic acid gel injection include infection, tissue necrosis, granulomatous foreign body, and activation of herpes labialis. Infection is due to bacterial inoculation through the injection site, which is preventable with proper aseptic technique and ensuring that there is no active infection near the injection site. Tissue necrosis can result from vascular occlusion due to intra-arterial injection of hyaluronic acid filler and highlights the importance of understanding facial anatomy and performing a blood aspiration test before injecting. If this adverse complication is suspected, hyaluronidase should be applied immediately, which will dissolve the hyaluronic acid gel particles. Granulomatous foreign body reaction has been a very rare documented reaction to hyaluronic acid filler injection and is thought to be caused by a reaction to bacterial impurities remaining from the production process. On histology, multinucleated giant cells can be visible at the injection site where the granulomatous foreign body reaction is occurring. The purification process of hyaluronic acid filler has improved significantly, resulting in fewer cases of hypersensitivity reactions. When performing lip injections, it is crucial to be aware of whether the patient has a history of herpes simplex virus infection or has a history of herpes simplex virus reactivation after a previous filler injection. The trauma caused by injection can lead to the reactivation of the virus; this is preventable and treated with oral acyclovir.
Adverse effects of intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid are usually mild and self-limiting. Local injection site reactions or irritation are the most common side effects. Up to 2% of patients can experience a post-injection flare with more pain, swelling, redness, and warmth, which is usually self-limited and can resolve with icing, rest, and anti-inflammatory medications. Synovial fluid analysis in such cases reveals aseptic fluid with no crystals. Intra-articular infections have not been reported in clinical trials and are extremely rare in clinical practice. Hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis and angioedema, have been reported. Systemic adverse effects such as rash, arthralgia, myalgia, muscle cramps, and nausea have been reported in about 2% of cases in clinical trials.
Contraindications for the use of hyaluronic acid filler include:
Hypersensitivity to hyaluronic acid or any of the formulation components.
History of severe allergic reaction or anaphylaxis to hyaluronic acid.
Hypersensitivity reaction to gram-positive bacterial proteins (for products derived from bacterial source).
Hypersensitivity reaction to lidocaine (for products containing lidocaine).
Bleeding disorder.
Injection into sites other than the labeling recommended sites.
Contraindications for the use of intraarticular hyaluronic acid include:
Infections or skin diseases in the vicinity of the injection site or injection into a septic joint.
The safety and efficacy of hyaluronic acid injections in pregnant females, lactating females, and the pediatric population have not been established.
The effects of hyaluronic acid filler are reversible with hyaluronidase, an enzyme that breaks down both native and injected hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronidase is particularly useful when the determination is that the filler injection was too superficial, as evidenced by bluish discoloration.
Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes
Several healthcare professionals use hyaluronic acid, including the plastic surgeon, primary care clinicians (including PAs and NPs), dermatologists, and internists, to enhance cosmesis. The hyaluronic acid filler can only be injected by the prescription of a licensed health care provider. Hyaluronic acid filler has become popular because of its low allergic response, ease of injection, rapid recovery, reproducibility, and immediate results. It is also frequently used for symptoms relief from knee osteoarthritis by several healthcare professionals, including orthopedics, rheumatologists, physical medicine and rehabilitation providers, and primary care providers.
It is essential to educate the patient that hyaluronic acid treatment is not permanent, and results may last anywhere from 8 to 16 weeks for the dermal filler and up to 6 months for intraarticular injection, depending on the type of product.[3][15] Nursing staff can assist during the procedure, offer to counsel following the injection, verify post-procedure compliance with the treating clinician's orders, and assist patients with any post-procedural complication recognition. Often, these products are supplied via compounding pharmacies, so the pharmacist must understand the needs and wishes of the clinician and compound the proper formulation for the particular procedure; close communication is essential. While not an overly complicated process, it still requires the collaboration of an interprofessional team approach to successfully direct outcomes. [Level 5]
Comment on this article.
Salsberg J, Andriessen A, Abdulla S, Ahluwalia R, Beecker J, Sander M, Schachter J. A review of protection against exposome factors impacting facial skin barrier function with 89% mineralizing thermal water. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019 Jun;18(3):815-820. [PubMed: 30964240]
Alharbi M. Review of sterility of reused stored dermal filler. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2019 Apr 09; [PubMed: 30964239]
Charlesworth J, Fitzpatrick J, Perera NKP, Orchard J. Osteoarthritis- a systematic review of long-term safety implications for osteoarthritis of the knee. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019 Apr 09;20(1):151. [PMC free article: PMC6454763] [PubMed: 30961569]
Kim JH, Moon MJ, Kim DY, Heo SH, Jeong YY. Hyaluronic Acid-Based Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy. Polymers (Basel). 2018 Oct 12;10(10) [PMC free article: PMC6403826] [PubMed: 30961058]
Fallacara A, Baldini E, Manfredini S, Vertuani S. Hyaluronic Acid in the Third Millennium. Polymers (Basel). 2018 Jun 25;10(7) [PMC free article: PMC6403654] [PubMed: 30960626]
Eberle Heitzmann M, Thumm D, Baudouin C. A review of the efficacy, safety and tolerability of Lacrycon® eye drops for the treatment of dry eye syndrome. J Fr Ophtalmol. 2019 Jun;42(6):642-654. [PubMed: 30929965]
Felson DT, Anderson JJ. Hyaluronate sodium injections for osteoarthritis: hope, hype, and hard truths. Arch Intern Med. 2002 Feb 11;162(3):245-7. [PubMed: 11822915]
Marshall KW. Intra-articular hyaluronan therapy. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2000 Sep;12(5):468-74. [PubMed: 10990189]
Reichenbach S, Blank S, Rutjes AW, Shang A, King EA, Dieppe PA, Jüni P, Trelle S. Hylan versus hyaluronic acid for osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Dec 15;57(8):1410-8. [PubMed: 18050181]
Strand V, Conaghan PG, Lohmander LS, Koutsoukos AD, Hurley FL, Bird H, Brooks P, Day R, Puhl W, Band PA. An integrated analysis of five double-blind, randomized controlled trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of a hyaluronan product for intra-articular injection in osteoarthritis of the knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2006 Sep;14(9):859-66. [PubMed: 16626978]
Rutjes AW, Jüni P, da Costa BR, Trelle S, Nüesch E, Reichenbach S. Viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Aug 07;157(3):180-91. [PubMed: 22868835]
Pontes-Quero GM, García-Fernández L, Aguilar MR, San Román J, Pérez Cano J, Vázquez-Lasa B. Active viscosupplements for osteoarthritis treatment. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019 Oct;49(2):171-183. [PubMed: 30878154]
Han Y, Huang H, Pan J, Lin J, Zeng L, Liang G, Yang W, Liu J. Meta-analysis Comparing Platelet-Rich Plasma vs Hyaluronic Acid Injection in Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis. Pain Med. 2019 Jul 01;20(7):1418-1429. [PMC free article: PMC6611633] [PubMed: 30849177]
Arima H, Motoyama K, Higashi T. [Potential Use of Sacran for Dermal and Oral Preparations]. Yakugaku Zasshi. 2019;139(3):385-391. [PubMed: 30828015]
Najjarzadeh M, Mohammad Alizadeh Charandabi S, Mohammadi M, Mirghafourvand M. Comparison of the effect of hyaluronic acid and estrogen on atrophic vaginitis in menopausal women: A systematic review. Post Reprod Health. 2019 Jun;25(2):100-108. [PubMed: 30798700]
Copyright © 2022, StatPearls Publishing LLC.
This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, a link is provided to the Creative Commons license, and any changes made are indicated.
Bookshelf ID: NBK482440PMID: 29494047
Walker K, Basehore BM, Goyal A, et al. Hyaluronic Acid. [Updated 2021 Nov 15]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-.
PubMed Central citations
Links to PubMed
Intraocular Pressure Increases After Intraarticular Knee Injection With Triamcinolone but Not Hyaluronic Acid.[Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2018]
Intraocular Pressure Increases After Intraarticular Knee Injection With Triamcinolone but Not Hyaluronic Acid.
Taliaferro K, Crawford A, Jabara J, Lynch J, Jung E, Zvirbulis R, Banka T. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2018 Jul; 476(7):1420-1425.
A prospective, comparative survey to investigate practitioners' satisfaction with a cohesive, polydensified-matrix(®) , hyaluronic acid-based filler gel with and without lidocaine for the treatment of facial wrinkles.[J Cosmet Dermatol. 2015]
A prospective, comparative survey to investigate practitioners' satisfaction with a cohesive, polydensified-matrix(®) , hyaluronic acid-based filler gel with and without lidocaine for the treatment of facial wrinkles.
Prager W, Micheels P. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2015 Jun; 14(2):124-9. Epub 2015 May 10.
Review Hyaluronic acid in wound dressings.[Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand)...]
Review Hyaluronic acid in wound dressings.
Cortes H, Caballero-Florán IH, Mendoza-Muñoz N, Córdova-Villanueva EN, Escutia-Guadarrama L, Figueroa-González G, Reyes-Hernández OD, González-Del Carmen M, Varela-Cardoso M, Magaña JJ, et al. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand). 2020 Jun 25; 66(4):191-198. Epub 2020 Jun 25.
Production and characterization of hyaluronic acid microparticles for the controlled delivery of growth factors using a spray/dehydration method.[J Biomater Appl. 2016]
Production and characterization of hyaluronic acid microparticles for the controlled delivery of growth factors using a spray/dehydration method.
Babo PS, Reis RL, Gomes ME. J Biomater Appl. 2016 Nov; 31(5):693-707. Epub 2016 Sep 16.
Review Heparin[StatPearls. 2022]
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Warnock LB, Huang D. StatPearls. 2022 Jan
See reviews...See all...
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How Aleister Crowley, the Infamous Occultist, Led the First Attempt to Reach the Summit of K2 (1902)
in History, Nature | August 16th, 2018 Leave a Comment
It sounds like the plot of a Werner Herzog film: Aleister Crowley, heir to a brewing fortune and "flamboyant, bisexual drug fiend with a fascination for the occult," meets "son of a well-known Jewish Socialist" Oscar Eckenstein, "a chemist turned railway engineer." The two strike up a friendship over their mutual passion for mountaineering, and, in four years time, co-lead an expedition to reach the summit of K2, the second highest mountain in the world.
The descriptions of these characters come from Mick Conefrey's The Ghosts of K2: The Race for the Summit of the World's Most Deadly Mountain, a book detailing the many grueling attempts, many deaths, and few successes, in over a century of climbs to the mountain's peak. Crowley and Eckenstein's expedition, undertaken in 1902, was the first. Though unsuccessful, their effort remains a legendary feat of historical bravery, or hubris, or insanity—an ascent up the face of what climber George Bell called "a savage mountain that tries to kill you."
In an interview with National Geographic, Conefrey sums up the doomed expedition:
In those days, nobody had a clue about what it was going to be like. They thought they would go to the Himalayas and knock off K2 in a couple of days. But as the expedition proceeded, it started falling apart. Eckenstein, the leader, had a bad respiratory infection. Crowley had malaria and spent most of the time in his tent with a high fever. At one point he got so delirious, he started waving his revolver at other members of the team.
There are many other Herzogian touches. In his book Fallen Giants, Maurice Isserman describes the team—also consisting of a novice Englishman, a Swiss doctor, and two experienced Austrian climbers—as "unreasonably burdened by three tons of luggage." Some of that unnecessary burden came from a "several-volume library" Crowley "intended to haul onto the glacier." The others "objected to the superfluous weight, but Crowley had read enough Joseph Conrad to know what happened to those who let go of their hold on civilization in the wild." The library stayed, and a train of 200 porters hauled the team's luggage to Baltoro Glacier. (See Crowley in a photo from the expedition above, presumably stricken with malaria.)
Prior to setting off for K2 Eckenstein and Crowley had climbed volcanoes in Mexico, then the latter had traveled to San Francisco, Hawaii, Japan, Sri Lanka, and India—along the way having affairs, learning meditation, and developing a "lifelong devotion to Shiva, the Hindu god of destruction." While it takes a certain rare personality to subject themselves to the rigors of scaling a mountain almost five miles high, Crowley—notorious for his "magick," sexual adventures, drug use, lewd poetry, and founding of a religious order—is arguably the most out-there personality in the history of a very extreme sport.
But mountaineering "is not a normal pursuit," writes Scottish climber Robin Campbell, "and we should not be too surprised to find its adepts showing odd behavior in other spheres of life." Like all devotees of strenuous, death-defying pursuits, Crowley "wanted extreme experiences," says Conefrey, "where he pushed himself to the limit." It just so happened that he wanted to push far beyond the natural and human worlds. After the failed K2 attempt, he would only make one more daring expedition with Eckenstein, in 1905, a climb up the Himalayan mountain of Kangchenjunga, the third highest mountain in the world.
On the trip, Crowley, the leader, reportedly treated the local porters with brutal arrogance, and when three of them were killed along with one of the expedition members, he refused to help, writing to a Darjeeling newspaper, "a mountain 'accident' of this sort is one of the things for which I have no sympathy whatever." He left the following day and gave up mountaineering, devoting the rest of his life to his occult interests and the exploits that earned him the tabloid reputation as "the wickedest man in the world."
K2 was finally conquered by two Italian climbers in 1954, who reached the summit, frostbitten and half-mad, as Joanna Kavenna puts it in a review of Conefrey's spellbinding book, "in a moment of sublime anticlimax."
The Surreal Paintings of the Occult Magician, Writer & Mountaineer, Aleister Crowley
Aleister Crowley: The Wickedest Man in the World Documents the Life of the Bizarre Occultist, Poet & Mountaineer
Aleister Crowley & William Butler Yeats Get into an Occult Battle, Pitting White Magic Against Black Magic (1900)
Josh Jones is a writer and musician based in Durham, NC. Follow him at @jdmagness
by Josh Jones | Permalink | Comments (0) |


text:
Autotask Week in IT: Changes and Challenges in the IT Industry
Here's a look at what's happening this week in the world of ITSPs, MSPs and Enterprise IT departments.
Channelinsider: MSPs More Confident but Must Always Adapt to Change
By Michael Vizard
When it comes to revenue, managed services is still a relatively nascent part of most solution providers' business models, but MSPs are evolving rapidly. A recent survey from CompTIA of 400 MSPs finds that in the next two years, most of them expect managed services to account for half to three-fourths of their revenue. The survey also finds that most MSPs are now much more confident in their abilities to deliver those services efficiently.
CIO: Marketing pros discuss what they want from IT
By Matt Kapko
When marketing and technology collide, too many IT departments react with extreme measures. CIOs and IT professionals can choose to block marketing efforts, get out of the way entirely or embrace strategies that position their technical expertise to have the greatest impact, according to a set of marketing executives who spoke with CIO.com. Businesses fall into two camps, in which IT professionals become "order takers or stonewallers," and these relationships breed resentment among all involved, according to Keith Sibson, vice president of product and marketing at PostUp, an email marketing firm.
The Wall Street Journal: Internet of Things Paying Off for More Tech Providers: Survey
By Angus Loten
Internet-of-Things technology still may be in the earliest stages of adoption at most companies, but it's already proving to be a money maker for a growing number of tech providers, according to CompTIA. In a recent survey, nearly one quarter of so-called channel companies – those that sell tech services and products to customers of bigger IT vendors – said they're currently generating revenue from IoT offerings, up from 8% last year. A third of total respondents said they expect to be making money from IoT within the next 12 months.
IT Business Edge: Navigating the Challenges in IoT Infrastructure
By Arthur Cole
The speed at which the enterprise has embraced IoT infrastructure has been impressive. But with most deployments still in a nascent stage, many organizations are only just now starting to encounter some of the challenges associated with scaling up to production levels. According to Strategy Analytics, nearly 70 percent of businesses have deployed IoT solutions, and that is expected to increase to 80 percent within the year. But as Datamation's Pedro Hernandez points out, many organizations are struggling with the analytics side of the equation.
CSO: 9 data security tips for cloud migration
When migrating to a cloud-based environment, companies need to take a hard look at their needs and the security of their providers, as well as their own internal policies. Many companies don't take time to consider the risks of simply sharing cloud space with other organizations, for example, or how to match cloud security policies to those of the data center. For organizations considering cloud migration, Radware provides nine proactive steps that companies can take to ensure a smooth transition and get tighter cloud security.
What do you think? Share your opinions about these stories with us on social media via Twitter.


United Yacht Sales New Jersey would love to guide you through a personal showing of this 60' Sunseeker Manhattan 60 2011. This yacht for sale is located in Sandusky , Ohio and priced at $1,199,900. For a showing please contact us by filling out the form on this page and we will get back to you shortly!
A Detailed List w/ Be Furnished Upon Request - Please Request Accordingly.


My Community | KEM Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Commitment to Community is one of the Touchstone Energy values that KEM Electric Cooperative strives to meet every day. Touchstone Energy is our promise to deliver excellent service to our customers and to play a vital role in the community. The same standards apply around the country—wherever you see theTouchstone Energy® brand.
KEM Electric is proud to be A Touchstone Energy Cooperative.


text:
Tag: "documentary"
(found 541 projects)
World 1-1
World 1-1 is the first in a documentary series on the history of video games. This is the story of the early years.
Film & Video / Documentary
Backers: 150
Funding: $15,539 of $15,000 (103% funded)
Campaign Dates: October 7th -> November 6th (2013)
Closed: Wednesday November 6th, 2013
We're Not Just Cats
A documentary and compilation album that explores what a YouTube Musician is, is there such a thing and are they the next radio stars?
Funding: £360 of £300 (120% funded)
Campaign Dates: September 13th -> November 12th (2013)
Closed: Tuesday November 12th, 2013
"The Choice is Ours" documentary series
The series shows an optimistic vision of the world if we apply science & technology for the benefit of all people and the environment.
Campaign Dates: October 3rd -> November 12th (2013)
The Famagusta Ecocity Project - A DOCUMENTARY
A documentary film about an effort in Cyprus to turn an occupied ghost city and its surrounding region into Europe's model ecocity.
Campaign Dates: October 14th -> November 13th (2013)
Closed: Wednesday November 13th, 2013
Publish James Carling Illustrations of Poe's "The Raven"
Preserve, promote, and publish the Poe Museum's collection of James Carling's little known original artwork for Poe's "The Raven"
Publishing / Art Book
Funding: $51,764 of $60,000 (86% funded)
Campaign Dates: September 23rd -> November 15th (2013)
Closed: Friday November 15th, 2013
Canary in a Coal Mine
A film about life with M.E., the most prevalent and devastating disease your doctor has never heard of.
Funding: $212,962 of $50,000 (425% funded)
Campaign Dates: October 22nd -> November 22nd (2013)
Closed: Friday November 22nd, 2013
Credible Likeable Superstar Role Model: The Documentary
A film following award-winning artist Bryony Kimmings and her niece Taylor as they launch their own alternative tween popstar.
Funding: £10,248 of £10,000 (102% funded)
Closed: Sunday November 24th, 2013
Whatever Happened to Tyrell Biggs?
A Doc about the struggle to survive between fame and obscurity and a story that will resonate with boxing fans and non-fans alike.
Funding: $8,991 of $35,000 (25% funded)
Closed: Monday November 25th, 2013
Wrestling With Pixels: The World Tour Of Wrestling Games
A book project telling the story of wrestling game development around the world, and cataloging every wrestling game ever made!
Playing With Fear - The World Of Horror Video Games
A documentary feature film and web series dissecting the art, craft and community of horror video games.
Funding: £14,853 of £25,000 (59% funded)
Closed: Saturday November 30th, 2013
The Million Dollar Duck - Feature Documentary
Discover the wonderful world of the Federal Duck Stamp contest—the only juried art competition run by the U.S. government.
Campaign Dates: November 5th -> December 6th (2013)
Closed: Friday December 6th, 2013
PUPPYCIDE: A Documentary
Every 98 minutes, a dog is shot by law enforcement. Help us tell their stories.
Campaign Dates: November 21st -> December 14th (2013)
Closed: Saturday December 14th, 2013
OUT LOUD | An Unconventional Documentary Movie
Part documentary, part cinematic adventure into how on earth to live a life OUT LOUD!
Campaign Dates: November 13th -> December 15th (2013)
Closed: Sunday December 15th, 2013
Take to the streets! Ignite a revolution in the suspenseful action/adventure game set in the gritty true events of 1979 Iran.
Funding: $304,741 of $395,000 (77% funded)
Closed: Monday December 16th, 2013
Pioneering NYC 'No Wave' filmmaker Beth B seeks support for her internationally acclaimed burlesque documentary, EXPOSED.
Closed: Wednesday December 18th, 2013
'So Close' Projects
Day-1 Projects
Kicking It Forward Projects
(all tagged projects)
2-player
community project
drm-free
perceptual computing
present-day theme
tabletop game
uspcc
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(total 541 results)