text:
package com.bwsw.sj.common.dal.model.instance

import com.bwsw.sj.common.rest.model.module.TaskStream
import com.bwsw.sj.common.utils.EngineLiterals
import org.scalatest.mockito.MockitoSugar
import org.scalatest.{FlatSpec, Matchers, PrivateMethodTester}
import scala.collection.JavaConverters._

class ExecutionPlanTestSuit extends FlatSpec with Matchers with PrivateMethodTester with ExecutionPlanMocks {
  it should "fillTasks() method creates tasks which will be launched and fill an execution plan with them" in {
    //arrange
    val numberOfStreams = 4
    val namePrefix = "task"
    val inputs = new java.util.HashMap[String, Array[Int]]
    (0 until numberOfStreams).foreach(x => {
      inputs.put(createName(streamNamePrefix, x), Array(0, 0))
    })

    val expectedTasks = (0 until numberOfStreams).map(x => createName(namePrefix, x) -> new Task(inputs)).toMap

    val taskStreams = (0 until numberOfStreams).map(x => {
      TaskStream(createName(streamNamePrefix, x), EngineLiterals.fullStreamMode, 1)
    }).toArray
    val executionPlan = createExecutionPlan

    //act
    val updatedExecutionPlan = executionPlan.fillTasks(taskStreams, (0 until numberOfStreams).map(createName(namePrefix, _)).toSet)

    //assert
    updatedExecutionPlan.tasks.asScala.forall(x => {
      expectedTasks.contains(x._1) && expectedTasks(x._1).equals(x._2)
    }) shouldBe true
  }

  it should "fillTasks() method creates tasks which will be launched and fill an execution plan with them." +
    "Each task contains the interval of stream partitions that in general provide the number of partitions" in {
    //arrange
    val numberOfStreams = 4
    val numberOfPartitions = numberOfStreams
    val namePrefix = "task"
    val expectedTasks = (0 until numberOfStreams).map(x => {
      val inputs = new java.util.HashMap[String, Array[Int]]
      (0 until numberOfStreams).foreach(y => {
        inputs.put(createName(streamNamePrefix, y), Array(x, x))
      })

      createName(namePrefix, x) -> new Task(inputs)
    }).toMap

    val taskStreams = (0 until numberOfStreams).map(x => {
      TaskStream(createName(streamNamePrefix, x), EngineLiterals.splitStreamMode, numberOfPartitions)
    }).toArray
    val executionPlan = createExecutionPlan

    //act
    val updatedExecutionPlan = executionPlan.fillTasks(taskStreams, (0 until numberOfStreams).map(createName(namePrefix, _)).toSet)

    //assert
    updatedExecutionPlan.tasks.asScala.forall(x => {
      expectedTasks.contains(x._1) && expectedTasks(x._1).equals(x._2)
    }) shouldBe true
  }

  it should "createTask() method returns a task that contains a list of inputs with partition interval which will be processed." +
    "The number of task inputs should be equal the number of task streams that has been passed" in {
    //arrange
    val numberOfStreams = 4
    val namePrefix = "stream"
    val inputs = new java.util.HashMap[String, Array[Int]]
    (0 until numberOfStreams).foreach(x => {
      inputs.put(createName(namePrefix, x), Array(0, 0))
    })

    val taskStreams = (0 until numberOfStreams).map(x => {
      TaskStream(createName(namePrefix, x), EngineLiterals.splitStreamMode, 1)
    }).toArray
    val createTask = PrivateMethod[Task]('createTask)
    val executionPlan = createExecutionPlan

    //act
    val task = executionPlan invokePrivate createTask(taskStreams, 1)

    //assert
    task shouldEqual new Task(inputs)
  }

  it should "createPartitionsInterval() method returns a partition interval " +
    "that contains a number of start and end partition for processing by engine" in {
    //arrange
    val expectedInterval = Array(0, 0)
    val taskStream = TaskStream(streamNamePrefix, EngineLiterals.splitStreamMode, 1)
    val createPartitionInterval = PrivateMethod[Array[Int]]('createPartitionInterval)
    val executionPlan = createExecutionPlan

    //act
    val interval = executionPlan invokePrivate createPartitionInterval(taskStream, 1)

    //assert
    interval shouldEqual expectedInterval
  }

  it should "getEndPartition() method returns end partition " +
    "that is equal to the sum of a current partition of stream and the number of available partitions " +
    s"if a stream has got '${EngineLiterals.fullStreamMode}' mode, regardless of the number of non-processed tasks" in {
    //arrange
    val availablePartitions = 10
    val currentPartition = 4
    val nonProcessedTasks = 100
    val taskStream = TaskStream(streamNamePrefix, EngineLiterals.fullStreamMode, availablePartitions, currentPartition)
    val getEndPartition = PrivateMethod[Int]('getEndPartition)
    val executionPlan = createExecutionPlan

    //act
    val endPartition = executionPlan invokePrivate getEndPartition(taskStream, nonProcessedTasks)

    //assert
    endPartition shouldEqual currentPartition + availablePartitions
  }

  it should "getEndPartition() method returns end partition " +
    "that is equal to the sum of a current partition of stream and the number of available partitions " +
    s"if a stream has got '${EngineLiterals.splitStreamMode}' mode and there is only one non-processed task" in {
    //arrange
    val availablePartitions = 10
    val currentPartition = 4
    val nonProcessedTasks = 1
    val taskStream = TaskStream(streamNamePrefix, EngineLiterals.splitStreamMode, availablePartitions, currentPartition)
    val getEndPartition = PrivateMethod[Int]('getEndPartition)
    val executionPlan = createExecutionPlan

    //act
    val endPartition = executionPlan invokePrivate getEndPartition(taskStream, nonProcessedTasks)

    //assert
    endPartition shouldEqual currentPartition + availablePartitions
  }

  it should "getEndPartition() method returns end partition " +
    "that is equal to the sum of a current partition of stream and " +
    "the integer part of dividing the number of available partitions by the number of non-processed tasks " +
    s"if a stream has got '${EngineLiterals.splitStreamMode}' mode and there are more than one non-processed tasks" in {
    //arrange
    val availablePartitions = 10
    val currentPartition = 4
    val nonProcessedTasks = 3
    val taskStream = TaskStream(streamNamePrefix, EngineLiterals.splitStreamMode, availablePartitions, currentPartition)
    val getEndPartition = PrivateMethod[Int]('getEndPartition)
    val executionPlan = createExecutionPlan

    //act
    val endPartition = executionPlan invokePrivate getEndPartition(taskStream, nonProcessedTasks)

    //assert
    endPartition shouldEqual currentPartition + availablePartitions / nonProcessedTasks
  }
}

trait ExecutionPlanMocks extends MockitoSugar {
  val streamNamePrefix = "stream"

  def createName(prefix: String, number: Int): String = {
    prefix + number
  }

  def createExecutionPlan =
    new ExecutionPlan()
}


Mark Davis invites the public to hear how this piece will benefit the city of Palm Springs.
Architectural tourism is a thriving industry for the city of Palm Springs. Our community boasts a rich architectural heritage of iconic commercial and residential buildings that draw thousands of tourists from around the world to our city.
One of the many architects that added to our rich portfolio of significant buildings was Albert Frey. We are pleased to let the world know that we will soon add another structure to Frey's impressive portfolio of Coachella Valley buildings.
Recently, the historic 1931 Albert Frey-designed Aluminaire house was brought to Palm Springs. Originally designed to be mass-produced, it was first assembled and displayed in 1931 for an Architectural League of New York exhibition and later was featured in the first exhibition on modern architecture in 1932 at New York's Museum of Modern Art. After the exhibition, the building was relocated to Long Island, where eventually it became at risk for demolition in the late 1980s. A concerned group of famed architects and preservationists saved Aluminaire and arranged for it to be donated to the New York Institute of Technology on Long Island, where it was restored and reassembled. When that campus closed, the house was dismantled in 2012 and put into storage in New York, where it languished in a shipping container.
Four years ago, New York architects Michael Schwarting and Frances Campani spoke at Modernism Week to an auditorium full of architectural enthusiasts. They presented their story about studying the home for more than 20 years, saving it from demolition, reassembling and restoring it and then having to dismantle it and put into storage, homeless. That day, an idea was hatched by a core group of local "believers" who thought Palm Springs, where Albert Frey lived and practiced until his death in 1998, would make the perfect home.
Since then, the California chapter of the non-profit Aluminaire House Foundation has worked with the city to find a home for this important structure. Realizing the importance of this structure and knowing it would significantly enhance the architectural tourism outreach for the city, the city of Palm Springs designated an area of the new downtown city park (located directly across Museum Drive from the Palm Springs Art Museum) for Aluminaire.
When the park is completed, the site for Aluminaire will be prepared and the home will be reassembled, using privately raised funds, and opened to the public on permanent display.
"Architectural Record" ranked Aluminaire as the 30th of 125 most important works of architecture worldwide in the 125 years since the magazine's founding in 1891. We are honored that the city has designated such a highly visible location for this important structure.
We know that Aluminaire will enhance the growing industry of architectural tourism that has elevated Palm Springs to worldwide acclaim.
We invite the community to a presentation and update on the new Downtown Park and the Aluminaire House on Friday, Feb. 23, 12:30 p.m. at the Annenberg Theater in the Palm Springs Art Museum. Tickets are free but must be reserved in advance on Modernism Week's website: modernismweek.com.


A highly engaged tool to get students to take ownership of their learning.
Students can use Chatterpix as tool to teach their classmates. You can use Chatterpix by taking a unit a study and assign a topic to a student or a small group of students (2-3). For example, if you are studying the presidents of the United States you can assign a president to each student or group. Their responsibility is to research that president and a create a 30 second script about the biography of that President. Then the students will find a picture of the president and record their biography of their president. This ties the picture of the president to their recording of the biography in Chatterpix. Once all groups are finished, the teacher can share each group's videos with the class where they will learn about the other presidents.
This is a great tool for student engagement and to get students to take ownership in their learning. Anytime students know their classmates are going to see their work, it seems they take more ownership in what they learn/create. Posting the Chatterpix on a class website is a fun way for students to learn about the presidents of the United States being taught by their classmates.
An exciting app to get your students talking, creating, and learning!
The ChatterPix Kids creation app helps make content come to life in creative ways!
Vocalize to internalize- if they can explain it, they will remember it.
Fast, easy, fun, and versatile creation tool!


Looking for the cheapest car insurance in Beaver, Oregon? We can help you compare the best deals. Simply enter your Zip Code in the form above and you will be on your way to finding cheap Beaver, OR auto insurance quotes from the best providers in Oregon.
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Well, I finished up August...and I hesitate to say I 'finished' the series.
'Cause I really had fun with these pieces...and, as always, I might go back and revisit the theme. 'Cause who doesn't love a good hat, right?
Hats off to being creative EVERY day in August 2015!!!


text:
Health Justice in the Americas: The Role of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Introduction: Carmel Shachar, Executive Director, Petrie-Flom Center Laura Clérico, Independent Researcher, Argentine National Scientific and Technical Council (CONICET), Professor of Constitutional Law, University of Buenos Aires, and Honorary Professor for...
Read more about Health Justice in the Americas: The Role of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
Globalizing Patient Capital: The Political Economy of Chinese Finance in the Americas
Speaker: Stephen Kaplan, Associate Professor of Political Science and Economic Affairs, George Washington University
This book explores how China's state-led capitalism affects national level governance. China, as the world's largest saver, has more than doubled its overseas banking presence since the 2008 global financial crisis...
Read more about Globalizing Patient Capital: The Political Economy of Chinese Finance in the Americas
Rethinking Malaria in the Context of COVID–19: Malaria Governance, Integrated Service Delivery, Training & Capacity Building for Malaria
Repeats every day until Wed Sep 29 2021 .
In keeping with a longstanding academic tradition, multidisciplinary perspectives from diverse stakeholders and discussants will be offered in a neutral and inclusive learning environment during this 2-day, public webinar. Q&A will be available during portions of the proceedings for broader engagement. Together, we will identify and discuss actions—including some of...
Read more about Rethinking Malaria in the Context of COVID–19: Malaria Governance, Integrated Service Delivery, Training & Capacity Building for Malaria
The Uneven Racial and Ethnic Impacts of COVID in Latin America
This event is part of a virtual series. To watch the recording, click here.
Speakers: Alberto Diaz-Cayeros, Senior Fellow at the Center for Democracy Development and Rule of Law, Stanford University; Marcia Castro, Andelot Professor of Demography; Chair, Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard University; Edward Telles, Distinguished Professor of Sociology, University of California, Irvine
Read more about The Uneven Racial and Ethnic Impacts of COVID in Latin America
Open House Deep Dive
DRCLAS staff will be holding office hours the day after our In-House Open House to discuss...
Read more about Open House Deep Dive
In-House Open House
Join us as we welcome our new faculty director, Steven Levitsky!
Professor Levitsky will be joined by Marcia Castro, co-chair of the Brazil Studies Program and Alejandro de la Fuente, chair of the Cuba Studies Program to discuss ongoing and upcoming initiatives in three priority areas for 2020-21: challenges to democracy, the impact...
Read more about In-House Open House

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Die Reitergeschichte ist eine 1899 veröffentlichte Erzählung Hugo von Hofmannsthals. Im Werk des Dichters gilt sie als Ausnahmeerscheinung, die einen Anfang der literarischen Moderne markiert.

Inhalt
Die Erzählung spielt im Revolutionsjahr 1848 vor dem Hintergrund der Italienischen Unabhängigkeitskriege.
Auf dem Weg nach Mailand durchkämmt ein österreichisches Streifkommando, geführt von Rittmeister Baron Rofrano, die damals noch österreichische Lombardei. Nach erfolgreichen kleineren Gefechten und der Gefangennahme einiger feindlicher Soldaten befindet sich die Schwadron vor Mailand und blickt auf die Stadt, die von allen feindlichen Truppen verlassen worden ist. Der Rittmeister entscheidet, in diese nun wehrlose Stadt einzureiten.

Bei ihrem Ritt über die prächtigen Straßen, vorbei am Dom und anderen Wahrzeichen, begleitet von den Blicken schöner Frauen, läuten die Mittagsglocken, die Trompeten schmettern den Generalmarsch und die achtundsiebzig Kürassiere präsentieren "achtundsiebzig aufgestemmte nackte Klingen".

Die Schwadron hat die Stadt durchquert und verlässt sie gerade wieder, als der Wachtmeister Anton Lerch in der Nähe des Stadttores das Gesicht einer ihm bekannten Frau zu erblicken glaubt. Neugierig setzt er sich von der Schwadron ab und sieht, wie im Inneren des Hauses eine Zimmertür aufgeht und eine üppige, "beinahe noch junge Frau" in einem "etwas zerstörten Morgenanzug" sichtbar wird. In der kleinbürgerlich behaglichen Wohnung fällt ihm ein beleibter älterer Mann auf, der sich soeben zurückzieht. Lerch erinnert sich, die Frau vor vielen Jahren in Wien kennengelernt und in Gesellschaft ihres damaligen Liebhabers einige Zeit mit ihr verbracht zu haben. Während sie ihn anlächelt, steigt ein Verlangen in ihm auf. Er redet sie mit ihrem Namen Vuic an und kündigt ihr an, in einigen Tagen zurückzukehren und sich bei ihr einzuquartieren. Sein Pferd zerrt am Zaum und wiehert den anderen Pferden nach, er sitzt auf und folgt der Schwadron, ohne von Vuic mehr als ein verlegenes Lachen empfangen zu haben.

Unter der gleißenden Sonne gibt Lerch sich erotischen Machtphantasien hin, in denen sich der Wunsch nach einer zivilen Existenz und militärische Vorstellungen mischen. Er stellt sich vor, wie er sich mit Vuic und dem fremden Mann, der die Rolle eines "pensioniertem Kammerdieners" übernimmt und sich danach in andere Gestalten verwandelt, einige Zeit amüsieren wird.

Während der Wachtmeister seinen Träumereien nachgeht, spürt er einen Durst "nach Gratifikationen, nach plötzlich in die Tasche fallenden Dukaten [...]. Denn der Gedanke an das bevorstehende erste Eintreten in das Zimmer mit den Mahagonimöbeln war der Splitter im Fleisch, um den herum alles von Wünschen und Begierden schwärte."

Gegen Abend, als das Streifkommando einen weiteren Angriff plant, entdeckt Lerch ein abgelegenes Dorf, das verlockend wirkt und seinen Wunsch nach rascher Beute weckt. Mit zwei Untergebenen löst er sich von der Schwadron, um das Dorf in einem Überraschungsangriff zu erobern. Während seine Begleiter die Häuser von beiden Seiten umreiten, will er mit gezückter Pistole die Dorfstraße hinauf reiten.
Doch sein Pferd muss auf der wie mit glitschigem Fett beschmierten Straße langsamer traben, und Lerch wird mit düsteren Szenen konfrontiert: In der Totenstille des öde wirkenden Ortes sieht er verfallene Häuser, in denen halbnackte Gestalten herumlungern. Eine alte Frau in schmutziger Kleidung schlurft auf ihn zu, ohne dass er ihr Gesicht erkennen könnte. Zwei ineinander verbissene blutende Ratten rollen auf die Straße, eine gibt einen jämmerlichen Schrei von sich, der sein Pferd irritiert. Eine Gruppe widerlicher verwahrloster Hunde kreuzt seinen Weg; einer von ihnen schaut den Wachtmeister mit müden und kranken Augen an. Lerch will weiter, doch der Weg wird von einer Kuh versperrt, die von einem Burschen an einem Strick zur Schlachtbank gezerrt wird und, vom Dunst des Blutes und der an die Tür befestigten Haut eines Kalbes zurückschaudernd, sich gegen ihr Schicksal stemmt. Der Gang seines Pferdes scheint Lerch immer schwerer und langsamer, sodass sein Blick an "jeder von den dort sitzenden Tausendfüßen und Asseln mühselig" vorüberzieht, die Straße gar kein Ende zu nehmen scheint und ihm die Zeit endlos vorkommt.

Da sieht Lerch in einiger Entfernung, jenseits einer Brücke, einen Wachtmeister seines Regiments auf sich zukommen. Als Lerch sein Pferd antreibt und auf ihn zureitet, beschleunigt auch dieser sein Tempo und hält auf Lerch zu. Erst als beide die Brücke erreichen, erkennt Lerch in dem anderen sich selbst. Entsetzt reißt er sein Pferd zurück und wendet sich ab, woraufhin auch sein Doppelgänger wieder spiegelbildlich reagiert und sich plötzlich auflöst. Im gleichen Moment kommt es zu einem weiteren Angriff der Schwadron. Lerch reitet mitten ins Kampfgetümmel, schlägt auf einen Arm ein, stößt einen feindlichen Soldaten vom Pferd und verfolgt einen jungen Offizier auf einem Eisenschimmel. Der Offizier zielt mit seiner Pistole auf Lerch, doch dieser stößt ihm seinen Säbel in den Mund, "in dessen kleiner Spitze die Wucht eines galoppierenden Pferdes zusammengedrängt war", und erbeutet den Schimmel, "der leicht und zierlich wie ein Reh die Füße über seinen sterbenden Herrn hinhob".

Im Dunst der untergehenden Sonne erscheint es Lerch, als sei die rot schimmernde Weidelandschaft wie von großen Blutlachen bedeckt. Er reitet an der Truppe vorbei und erkennt, dass sie keinen Mann verloren, aber neun Pferde gewonnen hat. Mit seiner Beute begibt sich Lerch zum Rittmeister und meldet das Geschehen. Dieser hört sich alles nur zerstreut an und befiehlt zunächst, eine erbeutete leichte Haubitze in einem Sumpf zu versenken.
Die Schwadron befindet sich durch die erfolgreichen Gefechte in gehobener Stimmung und scheint im Siegestaumel weitere Feinde angreifen zu wollen. Der Rittmeister aber, aus schläfrigen Augen blickend, befiehlt stattdessen, die erbeuteten Pferde freizulassen. Die Schwadron zögert, dem Befehl zu gehorchen und die Beute aufzugeben. Der Rittmeister zieht eine Pistole, wiederholt seinen Befehl etwas lauter und beginnt zu zählen. Er blickt auf Lerch, der regungslos auf seinem Pferd sitzt und den Blick starr erwidert. Sein Bewusstsein ist von den Bildern des Tages "überschwemmt", Zorn steigt in ihm gegen seinen Vorgesetzten auf, der ihm den edlen Eisenschimmel nicht gönnt, "ein so entsetzlicher Zorn über das Gesicht, die Stimme, die Haltung und das ganze Dasein dieses Menschen, wie er nur durch jahrelanges, enges Zusammenleben auf geheimnisvolle Weise entstehen kann." Der Rittmeister hebt nachlässig den Arm, zählt drei und feuert auf den Wachtmeister. Lerch taumelt, in die Stirn getroffen, auf den Hals seines Pferdes und stürzt tot zu Boden. Augenblicklich lassen die Soldaten ihre Beutepferde los.
Ein erneuter Angriff auf die Gegner wird nicht erwidert. Kurze Zeit später erreicht die Schwadron die übrigen Teile der eigenen Armee.

Hintergrund
Die 1899 in der Weihnachtsbeilage der Neuen Freien Presse veröffentlichte Erzählung weist autobiographische Bezüge auf. 1894 verbrachte Hofmannsthal ein Freiwilligenjahr in Mähren und nahm 1896 und 1898 an Waffenübungen in Galizien teil. Während dieser Zeit berichtete er in Briefen von Schmutz und Hässlichkeit, Elend und Tristesse. Hofmannsthals militärische Erfahrungen und das soldatische Milieu fanden neben der Reitergeschichte auch in den weiteren frühen Erzählungen Soldatengeschichte (entstanden 1895/6) und Das Märchen der 672. Nacht (erschienen 1895) Eingang.

Am 23. Juli 1898, beinahe ein halbes Jahrhundert nach dem Tag, an dem die Erzählung spielt, schrieb Hofmannsthal einen Brief an Leopold von Andrian, in dem er von seinem Plan berichtete, er werde eine "kurze Reitergeschichte aus dem Feldzug Radetzkys im Jahr 1848 schreiben". Derartige exakte zeitliche Rückbezüge zu bestimmten Ereignissen finden sich auch in anderen Werken Hofmannsthals.

Das Datum 1899 markiert die Grenze zwischen zwei Jahrhunderten und bezeichnet die literarische Situation des Jungen Wien. Die intertextuelle Orientierung der Reitergeschichte an der Prosa Heinrich von Kleists, die von vielen Interpreten erkannt wurde, ist ebenso auffällig wie ihre avantgardistische, hermetische Verschlossenheit.

Der Autor ließ die Reitergeschichte zwar später mehrfach nachdrucken, nahm sie aber nicht in seine repräsentative Ausgabe der Gesammelten Werke von 1924 auf und bezeichnete sie als Schreibübung.

Hofmannsthal, der das stilistisch hier Geleistete im späteren, Fragment gebliebenen Andreasroman fortsetzen wollte, hat sich in seinen folgenden Werken von der Modernität der Reitergeschichte distanziert. Seit seinem Bruch mit Stefan George und während der fruchtbaren, für die Operngeschichte bedeutsamen Zusammenarbeit mit Richard Strauss bemühte er sich vermehrt um eine breite öffentliche Anerkennung seines Schaffens. Die Hinwendung zu den anerkannten Gattungen der Komödie und der Oper sowie seine zugänglichere Essayistik zeigen einen Abstand zum Avantgardismus seiner frühen Erzählung, wenn er auch in seiner Prosa immer wieder modernistische Tendenzen erkennen ließ, etwa bei der Schilderung von Brutalität.

Nach ihrem Erscheinen gab es Andeutungen, es könne sich bei der Reitergeschichte um ein Plagiat handeln. In einem Tagebucheintrag hatte sich Arthur Schnitzler über Hofmannsthals Neigung zu "literarischen Aneignungen" geäußert. Neben der Reitergeschichte nennt er die Erzählung Erlebnis des Marschalls von Bassompierre, auf deren offensichtlichen Goethe-Bezug (Unterhaltungen deutscher Ausgewanderten) Hofmannsthal nicht glaubte hinweisen zu müssen, dies aber später am Ende des Textes nachholte.
Hofmannsthal, so Schnitzler, habe die Ähnlichkeiten auch merkwürdig gefunden, "gestand aber nichts zu". Der Verdacht wurde bisher nicht geklärt, auch weil eine literarische oder historische Quelle der Reitergeschichte nicht identifiziert werden konnte.

Besonderheiten
Die Reitergeschichte gilt im Werk des Dichters als ungewöhnlich. Die mit dem Namen Hofmannsthal seit seinem frühen Ruhm verbundene Vorstellung des feinsinnigen, hochbegabten Ästheten, von dem man zu wissen glaubte, er lasse während des Dichtens seine Hand über eine Schale kostbarer Edelsteine gleiten, wird mit diesem Text erschüttert.

In der Erzählung fällt das Nebeneinander von auktorialer und personaler Erzählperspektive auf. Das rätselhafte Verhalten der Personen erinnert an spätere Werke Franz Kafkas.

Die Mischung aus sachlichem Berichtston und präziser Schilderung von Erfahrungen und Erinnerungen, Wünschen und Phantasien springt ebenfalls ins Auge. Während der nüchterne Eingangssatz an einen Zeitungsbericht erinnert, weist die zynische Schilderung, wie der Schimmel "leicht und zierlich wie ein Reh die Füße über seinen sterbenden Herrn hinhob" auf Eigenschaften der literarischen Moderne.

Ein weiteres, für den Stil der Erzählung auffallendes Merkmal ist das impressionistische Nebeneinander bestimmter Einzeleindrücke, das sich auch in der Syntax der Erzählung niederschlägt. Durch dieses Verfahren entstehen weitläufige und komplexe Satzgebilde, in denen der zentrale Hauptsatz ebenso verschwindet wie der Held des Geschehens.

Interpretation
Die Erzählung hat zahlreiche Deutungen erfahren. Die Antworten auf die von Richard Alewyn gestellte Frage: "Warum muß der Wachtmeister Anton Lerch sterben?" fallen höchst unterschiedlich aus. Neben werkimmanenten und symbolischen Interpretationen wurden auch sozialpolitische Fragen gestellt und auf den Abstand zwischen dem adligen Baron Rofrano und dem aus den mittleren sozialen Schichten stammenden Wachtmeister hingewiesen. Während Volker O. Durr in der Tötung des Wachtmeisters die "maßlose Reaktion einer geschwächten und verstörten Oberschicht" sieht, bewertet Alewyn dessen Verhalten als "Aufstand des Gemeinen gegen das Edle, des Häßlichen gegen das Schöne".

Andere Interpretationen betonen den Aspekt der Gewalt. Die über eine schlichte Soldatengeschichte hinausgehende Erzählung zeige die Mechanismen von Gewalt und Strategien ihrer Verlagerung und Umlenkung. Der seltsame Tod des Wachtmeisters erscheint nach dieser Betrachtung als deren Fluchtpunkt.
Auch die Gewalt zwischen den Geschlechtern, wie sie z. B. im Verhältnis zwischen der untergebenen Vuic und dem besitzergreifenden Lerch zum Ausdruck kommt, wurde bereits in Hofmannsthals frühen Dramen Die Frau im Fenster und Die Hochzeit der Sobeide thematisiert und dort jeweils aus der Perspektive der leidenden Frau dargestellt.
Mit dem Fokus auf Gewalt kann die Erzählung als Analyse von Aggressionen gedeutet werden, die im Aufeinandertreffen von Ausschweifungen und Hindernissen in den Untergang führen. Zwei Ordnungsmuster stoßen gegeneinander: Den geschilderten, militärisch notwendigen Verhaltensweisen der Soldaten steht die Innenwelt des Wachtmeisters gegenüber, dessen träumerische Sonderwege und aufbrechende Wünsche zu seinem Tod führen. Der Tod erscheint dabei ambivalent als Ergebnis radikaler Gewalt wie als Widerstand gegen die Macht des vorgesetzten Rittmeisters, der am Ende möglicherweise die Gefahr der Insubordination spürt.

Die beiden Ordnungsmuster können auch als das Militärische und das Ökonomische beschrieben werden: Lerch ist durch seine Zugehörigkeit zur Armee den militärischen Regeln und Herrschaftsstrukturen unterworfen. Zugleich werden in ihm Wünsche nach Wohlstand und finanzieller Macht wach, die sich u. a. in dem riskanten Angriff auf das Dorf ausdrücken, von dem sich Lerch eine "Gratifikation" erhofft. Beide Prinzipien, Militär und Ökonomie, ergänzen einander, wie es der Gewinn des Beutepferds durch das Töten des Gegners zeigt, gehen aber nicht widerstandslos ineinander auf: In der Konfrontation am Schluss der Erzählung treffen die militärische Ordnung, vertreten durch den auf seine Befehlsgewalt bedachten Rittmeister Rofrano, und Lerchs ökonomische Ansprüchen, versinnbildlicht durch das Beutepferd, das fortzugeben er nicht bereit ist, mit fatalem Ausgang aufeinander.

Eine Reihe weiterer Interpretationen verfolgt einen tiefenpsychologischen Ansatz. Diese Deutungen identifizieren im Verhalten der Schwadron wie des Wachtmeisters erotische und aggressive Motive. Der Herrschaftsanspruch der Reiter etwa komme in der obszönen Siegergebärde zum Ausdruck, mit aufgestemmten nackten Klingen durch Mailand zu reiten. Das Klingenmotiv weist nach dieser Lesart einen phallischen Hintergrund auf.
Im Verhalten des Wachtmeisters gegenüber der Frau und in seinen Phantasien zeige sich, dass der durch lange Unterdrückung behinderte Eros des Ekels als Stimulans bedürfe. Beim Anblick einer Fliege, die über den Haarkamm der Frau kriecht, gibt Lerch sich dem Gedanken hin, wie er seine Hand, mit der er die Fliege verscheucht, sogleich auf den "weißen, warm und kühlen Nacken legen würde". Die Zärtlichkeitsbekundungen verbinden sich mit der Herrschaftsgeste, den Kopf der Frau gewaltsam zu bewegen und seine Einquartierung bei ihr fraglos anzukündigen. Auch die Erinnerungen an die Erlebnisse in Wien sind erotischer Natur. Die Frau, deren Name bereits etwas Zweideutiges hat (Vuica ist das kroatische Wort für Wölfin und wird synonym auch für Hure verwendet), fasziniert ihn durch eine klebrig-dumpfe Sinnlichkeit, und allein der Gedanke an das Zimmer setzt eine Fülle erotischer Bilder frei. Der fremde Mann wird zum Objekt erotischer Gewaltphantasien und verwandelt sich in einen Diener oder in andere Figuren, die zu beherrschen Lerch sich vorstellt.

Die düstere Dorfepisode mit den alptraumhaften Bildern vom Leid der Kreatur wird als Darstellung der Innensicht Lerchs gedeutet.
Lerchs Fixierung auf den Eisenschimmel mit seinen schönen und geschmeidigen Bewegungen erinnert an einen Fetisch.

Der Untergang Anton Lerchs beginnt bereits mit dem Ausscheren aus der Formation, als er das Gesicht der Frau erblickt. Zwar kann er nach kurzer Zeit den anderen folgen, doch der Gedanke "an das bevorstehende erste Eintreten in das Zimmer mit den Mahagonimöbeln war der Splitter im Fleisch, um den herum alles von Wünschen und Begierden schwärte".

Die Begegnung des Ichs mit sich selbst als Doppelgänger wurde als Ankündigung des eigenen Todes interpretiert.
In Tradition und Aberglaube galt der Anblick des eigenen Ichs häufig als Bote des baldigen Todes. Auf der anderen Seite kann die Begegnung als Zeichen einer mentalen Dissoziation oder psychischer Zerrissenheit interpretiert werden: Reales und gewünschtes Ich des Wachtmeisters fallen auseinander.
Das Doppelgängermotiv war in Hofmannsthals Frau im Fenster ebenfalls ein Zeichen des nahenden Todes.

Die Erzählung beeinflusste, besonders in der Verbindung und Überhöhung der Motive Gewalt, Tod und Erotik, zeitgenössische und spätere Autoren. Deutliche Anklänge an die Reitergeschichte enthalten etwa Rainer Maria Rilkes nur ein Jahr später erstmals veröffentlichte Weise von Liebe und Tod des Cornet Christoph Rilke sowie Alexander Lernet-Holenias Novelle Der Baron Bagge aus dem Jahr 1936.

Literatur
 Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Gesammelte Werke in zehn Einzelbänden, hrsg. von Bernd Schoeller in Beratung von Rudolf Hirsch, S. Fischer, Frankfurt a. M., 1979, Bd. 7. Erzählungen, Erfundene Gespräche und Briefe, Reisen. (Reitergeschichte, S. 121–131). ISBN 359622165X
 Richard Alewyn: Zwei Novellen. In: R.A. Über Hugo von Hofmannsthal. Göttingen 1967. S. 78–95
 Volker O. Durr: Der Tod des Wachtmeisters Anton Lerch und die Revolution von 1848. Zu Hofmannsthals Reitergeschichte. In: The German Quarterly 45, 1972. S. 33–46
 Theodore Fiedler: Hofmannsthals Reitergeschichte und ihre Leser. Zur Politik der Ironie. In. Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift N.F. 26 (1976). S. 140–163.
 Mathias Mayer: Interpretationen, Erzählungen des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts, Bd. 1. Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Reitergeschichte, S. 7–207, Reclam, Stuttgart, 1996
 Thomas Nehrlich: Die Insubordinationen des Wachtmeisters Lerch. Zum Konflikt zwischen Ökonomie und Militär in Hofmannsthals "Reitergeschichte". In: Hofmannsthal Jahrbuch zur Europäischen Moderne 18 (2010), S. 143–170.
 Daniela Strigl: Parforceritt in die Moderne. Hugo von Hofmannsthals "Reitergeschichte". In: Violetta L. Waibel, Konrad Paul Liessmann (Hg.): Es gibt Kunstwerke – Wie sind sie möglich? Wilhelm Fink Verlag, Paderborn 2014 ISBN 978-3-7705-5780-6 S. 333–352

Weblinks

 Wolfgang Unold: Die Interpretation der 'Reitergeschichte' als "Rittmeistergeschichte" und deren Bezüge zum Thema Krieg im Gesamtwerk des Autors Diss.

Einzelnachweise

Werk von Hugo von Hofmannsthal
Literarisches Werk
Erzählung
Literatur (19. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (Österreich)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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অগাস্ট ২০, ২০১৫
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আরও লোড করুন


text:
Walker: Obama Not Condemning Anti-Police Rhetoric
Ethan Brown
Republican Gov. Scott Walker of Wisconsin criticized President Barack Obama for not taking a more aggressive approach to defend law enforcement officers and condemn anti-police rhetoric that has been used multiple times to promote more shootings.
During the appearance on CNN's "State of the Union", the 2016 Republican presidential candidate told host Jake Tapper that the president has not promoted the majority of law enforcement who are "overwhelmingly doing the right thing every day."
Walker acknowledged that Obama has praised police officers in the past, but criticized the commander-in-chief for not questioning the rhetoric that has been used repeatedly by some groups, such as Black Lives Matter.
"And when you've got people say, we have people say 'pigs in a blanket' at a rally, 'fry 'em up like bacon,'" Walker said, echoing recent comments at a rally where members of the movement were in attendance. "That's the kind of thing you need to speak about. You need to say that is wrong."
Those chants, specifically, were said at a Black Lives Matter rally in Minnesota last month by protestors who were attempting to draw attention to their perceived view of violence against African-Americans by law enforcement officers, CNN noted.
Walker said similar statements in a written op-ed for HotAir.com released earlier this month.
"In the last six years under President Obama, we've seen a rise in anti-police rhetoric. Instead of hope and change, we've seen racial tensions worsen and a tendency to use law enforcement as a scapegoat," Walker wrote.
"After years of division under President Obama, America needs a leader who will seek to unite all Americans," he added.
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text:
Palmarès

Mondiali indoor
1 medaglia:
1 bronzo (Lisbona 2001 nel pentathlon)

Europei indoor
2 medaglie:
1 oro (Gand 2000 nel pentathlon)
1 bronzo (Valencia 1998 nel pentathlon)

Hypo-Meeting
1 medaglia:
1 bronzo (Götzis 1999 nell'eptathlon)

Europei under 20
1 medaglia:
1 argento (San Sebastián 1993 nell'eptathlon)

Collegamenti esterni


text:
Math students struggle through AMC 12 test, teacher sees potential benefit
Quinn Soltesz , Entertainment/Features editor
Most kids hate math with a burning passion, but on the morning of Thursday, Feb. 7, approximately 100 C. M. Russell Honors and AP math students of all grade levels took one of the hardest tests in circulation: the AMC 12.
"It was very difficult I had no clue what I was doing for like, all of it," said Jackson Crook.
Crook is a freshman currently enrolled in Honors Algebra II/Trigonometry, a class usually taken by juniors. A math student all his life, Crook skipped multiple years of elementary school math and took Algebra I as a 7th grader, and Geometry as an 8th grader. But this math test, called the AMC 12, proved too much for the young math prodigy.
"I answered seven of the 25 questions," he said.
Seven out of 25 isn't an easy feat, according to test coordinator and AP Calculus teacher Terri Dahl.
"It's just a very different type of test, it really makes you think in a different way. You have to have some pretty strong problem solving skills to get through it," Dahl said.
The AMC 12 is a math competition test taken nationwide every year in February. According to the Mathematical Association of America, the sponsors of the test, the exam is designed to be "the first in a series of competitions that eventually lead all the way to the International Mathematical Olympiad."
The exam has 25 questions, and is 75 minutes long. It contains math problems all the way up through precalculus, all of which can be solved without a calculator. The test is tough, and few students score high enough to move onto the next level of testing. Dahl however, sees a benefit to the test other than the score.
"I think a lot of our kids, especially those in Honors Algebra I who will take it four years, the emails they get from colleges, some of them stem from this," she said.
Crook is one of those students who will be taking the AMC four years. He foresees future classes like AP Calculus to be very helpful for success on the test.
"I can do way better than seven out of 25."
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text:
Q: problem with paired t-test: not all arguments have the same length I want to do paired t-test with a data frame. I think I grouped them right but do not know why it reports the error:
Error in complete.cases(x, y) : not all arguments have the same length.
centre_g is my data frame containing all the info I want to use in my analysis. Paired t-test is a right way to do it.
str(centre_g)
# Classes 'grouped_df', 'tbl_df', 'tbl' and 'data.frame':
# 24 obs. of  17 variables
# (I will only list two variables that is used for my anaysis):
# $ BA: Factor w/ 2 levels "after","before": 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 ...
# $ Pb: num  437 1183 1465 3105 NA ...

I used to extract "before" and "after" for "Pb", i.e. I extracted two vectors in the data frame, and did paired t-test, it works fine
(tResult <- t.test(before$Pb, after$Pb, paired = TRUE))

but when I tried to do the paired t-test directly on my data frame, it has the error message mentioned in the question
(tResult <- t.test(Pb ~ BA, data = centre_g, paired = TRUE))

I tried several times, with grouped data or sorted data. I do not know what is wrong with the second method. Is it because the NA values I have got in my data frame? but the first method is fine?
Since I have quite a lot more information in my data frame waiting to be analysed, I do not want to extract vectors for every single of them. I hope to do my paired t-test on my data frame. Could anyone help me?
the detail of centre_g is:
structure(list(day = c(1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 1L,
1L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L), SAMPLE.No = structure(c(1L,
13L, 15L, 17L, 19L, 21L, 23L, 25L, 27L, 3L, 5L, 7L, 9L, 11L,
1L, 13L, 15L, 17L, 19L, 21L, 23L, 25L, 27L, 3L), .Label = c("s1",
"s1.2", "s10", "s10.2", "s11", "s11.2", "s12", "s12.2", "s13",
"s13.2", "s14", "s14.2", "s2", "s2.2", "s3", "s3.2", "s4", "s4.2",
"s5", "s5.2", "s6", "s6.2", "s7", "s7.2", "s8", "s8.2", "s9",
"s9.2"), class = "factor"), weir = c(1L, 1L, 2L, 2L, 3L, 3L,
4L, 4L, 5L, 5L, 6L, 6L, 7L, 7L, 8L, 8L, 9L, 9L, 10L, 10L, 11L,
11L, 12L, 12L), BA = structure(c(2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L,
1L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L, 1L, 2L,
1L), .Label = c("after", "before"), class = "factor"), centre.bank = structure(c(2L,
2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L,
2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L, 2L), .Label = c("bank", "centre"), class = "factor"),
    Pb = c(436.65, 1182.93, 1465.21, 3105.36, 39.1, 1493.91,
    NA, 165.28, 38.83, 351.48, 80.26, 47.39, 151.27, 434.01,
    -97.58, 240.83, 56.8, 40.24, 38.8, NA, 41.13, 38.93, 44.39,
    39.05), Pb.Error = c(16.41, 30.01, 51.26, 102.44, 27.21,
    79.63, NA, 13.82, 48.78, 16.71, 19.1, 21.43, 18.65, 21.41,
    232.7, 18.83, 12.19, 15.28, 11.94, NA, 22.24, 14.01, 10.56,
    9.63), Zn = c(542.52, 981.83, 1234.78, 7554.41, 529.38, 5240.01,
    NA, 542.65, 526.08, 820.87, 649.7, 793.42, 707.23, 1204.3,
    -34.56, 209.86, 172.5, 130.29, 187.96, NA, 234.57, 137.38,
    165.21, 135.05), Zn.Error = c(19.5, 29.31, 48.12, 161.54,
    42.36, 144.56, NA, 23.37, 52.5, 26.18, 33.33, 39.87, 31.89,
    35.79, 44.83, 17.24, 15.11, 21.25, 19.76, NA, 26.65, 18.67,
    15.12, 13.97), Fe = c(3731.23, 14239.54, 23774.52, 52349.37,
    3896.63, 13311.26, NA, 2756.96, 3511.06, 2664.12, 2383.16,
    2785.75, 2834.59, 6288.39, -321.14, 14704.05, 3825.8, 5017.52,
    13181.67, NA, 31190.39, 8516.23, 14130, 18348.01), Fe.Error = c(106.82,
    229.87, 432.59, 884.29, 239.03, 496.1, NA, 111.92, 283.9,
    102.44, 137.69, 161.02, 137.66, 172.32, 187.37, 274.6, 140.64,
    240.97, 310.62, NA, 565.41, 265.57, 260.75, 291.45), Mn = c(110.65,
    1337.08, 1126.82, 3495.03, 410.99, 5267.34, NA, 314.42, 338.8,
    591.99, 308.46, 427.59, 573.87, 896.23, 277.82, 421.17, 969.72,
    535.07, 879.97, NA, 742.39, 350.62, 379.98, 834.36), Mn.Error = c(43.39,
    93.86, 133.34, 297.53, 125.08, 410.14, NA, 63.25, 155.08,
    68.16, 82.1, 96.34, 88.97, 89.89, 1470.88, 78, 92.24, 118.6,
    112.32, NA, 134.87, 91.97, 72.7, 91.12), Cr = c(-38.15, 50.8,
    25.9, 53.32, 21.52, 132.82, NA, 8.13, 5.46, 35.07, 93.78,
    88.18, 71.23, 47.26, 32.91, 25.49, 10.36, 19.99, 5.13, NA,
    32.61, 22.13, 47.5, -5.82), Cr.Error = c(9.05, 16.41, 7.7,
    9.99, 4.58, 33.88, NA, 7.84, 2.86, 9.18, 8.75, 7.55, 7.98,
    9.62, 6.38, 5.54, 6.72, 4.6, 6.5, NA, 6.64, 4.62, 9.51, 11.3
    ), Ca = c(32195.21, 46510.98, 21723.24, 17820.74, 14639.01,
    45937.9, NA, 37840.08, 4704.64, 37705.36, 28625.21, 25115.24,
    41579.19, 91829.16, 19752.96, 14605.4, 34654.73, 15798.87,
    13873.07, NA, 22901.14, 4097.09, 12053.38, 276525.69), Ca.Error = c(211.2,
    326.69, 160.54, 142.76, 120.63, 304.76, NA, 219.4, 66.28,
    225.41, 187.03, 169.88, 226.15, 378.53, 149.92, 125.47, 208.18,
    127.73, 127.4, NA, 168.31, 64.51, 128.02, 908.61)), row.names = c(1L,
4L, 6L, 8L, 10L, 12L, 13L, 16L, 17L, 19L, 21L, 23L, 26L, 28L,
29L, 32L, 34L, 36L, 38L, 39L, 42L, 43L, 46L, 48L), class = "data.frame")

I am interested in doing paired t test on "Pb" column, trying to compare "before" and "after" (as shown in column "BA"). Each "weir" would be an individual.

A: I have worked it our after a day. I found it is because a row of NA data. There are some places where I did not manage to take samples, so there appears to be a whole row of NA data (except the factors columns).
To make sure the data frame has the whole length (24 instead of 23) and does not omit NA data, add na.rm = FALSE when subsetting the data frame into centre_g.
centre_g <- subset(HM_selected, centre.bank == "centre", na.rm = FALSE)

(I think I gave the right centre_g in my question dataset, but occationally I just got 23 data. adding na.rm to make sure how NA data are processed)
When doing the paired t-test, also add na.rm = FALSE.
(tRESULT <- t.test(Pb ~ BA, data = centre, paired = TRUE, na.rm = FALSE)

and that works perfectly for me.

*

*sorry if there is any confusion in the question

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Celiprolol: A Unique Selective Adrenoceptor Modulator
James J. Nawarskas, Angela Cheng-Lai, William H. Frishman
Celiprolol is a β-blocker with a unique pharmacologic profile: it is a β1-andrenoceptor antagonist with partial β2 agonist activity. Given this combination of effects, celiprolol may be better described as a selective adrenoreceptor modulator. It has antihypertensive and antianginal properties and is indicated for those uses in various countries around the world. In the United States, however, the proposed indication for this drug will be for the treatment of vascular type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, a rare connective tissue disorder characterized by fragile arterial structure and an increased risk of life-threatening vascular complications. By reducing heart rate and pulsatile pressure, celiprolol may reduce the mechanical stress on collagen fibers within the arterial wall and be of benefit in patients with vascular type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The largest investigation of celiprolol in vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome was prematurely terminated due to significant benefit with celiprolol in reducing arterial events in patients with this condition. Celiprolol, therefore, represents a β-blocker that is unique from others in its class in both its pharmacology and clinical applications.
Cardiology in Review
https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000159
Mechanical Stress
Ehlers-Danlos
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV
vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
β-blockers
Nawarskas, J. J., Cheng-Lai, A., & Frishman, W. H. (2017). Celiprolol: A Unique Selective Adrenoceptor Modulator. Cardiology in Review, 25(5), 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000159
Celiprolol : A Unique Selective Adrenoceptor Modulator. / Nawarskas, James J.; Cheng-Lai, Angela; Frishman, William H.
In: Cardiology in Review, Vol. 25, No. 5, 2017, p. 247-253.
Nawarskas, JJ, Cheng-Lai, A & Frishman, WH 2017, 'Celiprolol: A Unique Selective Adrenoceptor Modulator', Cardiology in Review, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 247-253. https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000159
Nawarskas JJ, Cheng-Lai A, Frishman WH. Celiprolol: A Unique Selective Adrenoceptor Modulator. Cardiology in Review. 2017;25(5):247-253. https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000159
Nawarskas, James J. ; Cheng-Lai, Angela ; Frishman, William H. / Celiprolol : A Unique Selective Adrenoceptor Modulator. In: Cardiology in Review. 2017 ; Vol. 25, No. 5. pp. 247-253.
@article{e2727d437f554b92b72d114d6357aafa,
title = "Celiprolol: A Unique Selective Adrenoceptor Modulator",
abstract = "Celiprolol is a β-blocker with a unique pharmacologic profile: it is a β1-andrenoceptor antagonist with partial β2 agonist activity. Given this combination of effects, celiprolol may be better described as a selective adrenoreceptor modulator. It has antihypertensive and antianginal properties and is indicated for those uses in various countries around the world. In the United States, however, the proposed indication for this drug will be for the treatment of vascular type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, a rare connective tissue disorder characterized by fragile arterial structure and an increased risk of life-threatening vascular complications. By reducing heart rate and pulsatile pressure, celiprolol may reduce the mechanical stress on collagen fibers within the arterial wall and be of benefit in patients with vascular type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The largest investigation of celiprolol in vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome was prematurely terminated due to significant benefit with celiprolol in reducing arterial events in patients with this condition. Celiprolol, therefore, represents a β-blocker that is unique from others in its class in both its pharmacology and clinical applications.",
keywords = "celiprolol, Ehlers-Danlos, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV, vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, β-blockers",
author = "Nawarskas, {James J.} and Angela Cheng-Lai and Frishman, {William H.}",
doi = "10.1097/CRD.0000000000000159",
journal = "Cardiology in Review",
T1 - Celiprolol
T2 - A Unique Selective Adrenoceptor Modulator
AU - Nawarskas, James J.
AU - Cheng-Lai, Angela
AU - Frishman, William H.
N2 - Celiprolol is a β-blocker with a unique pharmacologic profile: it is a β1-andrenoceptor antagonist with partial β2 agonist activity. Given this combination of effects, celiprolol may be better described as a selective adrenoreceptor modulator. It has antihypertensive and antianginal properties and is indicated for those uses in various countries around the world. In the United States, however, the proposed indication for this drug will be for the treatment of vascular type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, a rare connective tissue disorder characterized by fragile arterial structure and an increased risk of life-threatening vascular complications. By reducing heart rate and pulsatile pressure, celiprolol may reduce the mechanical stress on collagen fibers within the arterial wall and be of benefit in patients with vascular type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The largest investigation of celiprolol in vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome was prematurely terminated due to significant benefit with celiprolol in reducing arterial events in patients with this condition. Celiprolol, therefore, represents a β-blocker that is unique from others in its class in both its pharmacology and clinical applications.
AB - Celiprolol is a β-blocker with a unique pharmacologic profile: it is a β1-andrenoceptor antagonist with partial β2 agonist activity. Given this combination of effects, celiprolol may be better described as a selective adrenoreceptor modulator. It has antihypertensive and antianginal properties and is indicated for those uses in various countries around the world. In the United States, however, the proposed indication for this drug will be for the treatment of vascular type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, a rare connective tissue disorder characterized by fragile arterial structure and an increased risk of life-threatening vascular complications. By reducing heart rate and pulsatile pressure, celiprolol may reduce the mechanical stress on collagen fibers within the arterial wall and be of benefit in patients with vascular type Ehlers-Danlos syndrome. The largest investigation of celiprolol in vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome was prematurely terminated due to significant benefit with celiprolol in reducing arterial events in patients with this condition. Celiprolol, therefore, represents a β-blocker that is unique from others in its class in both its pharmacology and clinical applications.
KW - celiprolol
KW - Ehlers-Danlos
KW - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
KW - Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type IV
KW - vascular Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
KW - β-blockers
U2 - 10.1097/CRD.0000000000000159
DO - 10.1097/CRD.0000000000000159
JO - Cardiology in Review
JF - Cardiology in Review
10.1097/CRD.0000000000000159


There's no easier way to take a wedding ceremony or reception from beautiful to breathtaking than with some cozy wedding lighting! In the fall when the days are getting darker and people are looking for some extra warmth, creative and fun wedding lighting is an especially great way to make the big day unforgettable to your guests. And of course, there's the beautiful wedding photos you're sure to get with pretty, glowing chandeliers, bistro lights or candles. It's really a win-win!
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Which of these lighting ideas will you be using? Pin your favorites, and let us know in the comments!


text:
Speech at the Global Counterterrorism Forum held in Singapore
Murat Lütem 30.03.2017
A warm welcome to our guests who have travelled to Singapore for the first regional workshop of a new GCTF initiative, co-led by Turkey and the US, on the protection of soft targets from terrorist attacks.
I would like to start by thanking the Government of Singapore for hosting this workshop.
I would also like to thank our US colleagues for their relentless efforts within the Global Counter Terrorism Forum.
Turkey and the US closely cooperated in order to create this important forum in 2011 and co-chaired the GCTF until last year. Although we have already handed over this important role to the Netherlands and Morocco, Turkish-US partnership is continuing. Last year the two countries co-led two important initiatives within the GCTF. And this year, we have been working together again on this new initiative on the protection of soft targets.
Distinguished participants,
Terrorism is not a new phenomenon. It has always been a security challenge for governments and a source of fear for ordinary people.
What we are facing today, however, is unprecedented: We see a drastic proliferation of terrorist groups that possess enhanced capacity to inflict great physical damage on us.
They have an ever increasing ability to disseminate their "narratives" and can lure disillusioned young people to commit heinous forms of violence.
Hardly a day goes by without an act of terrorism taking place somewhere in the world, indiscriminately affecting innocent people, who just happened to be in the wrong place at the wrong time.
As such, terrorism has become a truly global and rapidly evolving threat.
To address this threat effective, nimble and coordinated global response has become a must.
There has always been a transnational aspect to terrorism. We, the Turkish diplomats, know this very well through bitter experience: It was in 1973 when a Turkish diplomat, Mr. Mehmet Baydar was killed by a terrorist when he was serving abroad as the Consul General of Turkey. This act of terrorism was the first in a series of terrorist attacks targeting Turkish diplomats in various countries. Since then, Turkey has been and, unfortunately continues to be victimized by different terrorist groups.
The call for international cooperation is not just a rhetoric or an academic interest for Turkey. The terrorist groups targeting Turkey, including the PKK, DHKP-C and Daesh, operate across borders, running camps and acquiring financial resources in third countries. They even freely operate media outlets to disseminate their propaganda and glorify their vicious acts. We have seen perpetrators of terrorist crimes, their mentors and financiers escape justice and travel freely in third countries.
Our own struggle against this menace has tought us the crucial lesson that we cannot succeed in our counter-terrorism efforts in the absence of solid international cooperation.
Accordingly, Turkey has been leading efforts to increase awareness of the international community on the threat of terrorism.
We have worked hard bilaterally and at the various international platforms to create mechanisms for more effective information sharing and operational cooperation in a counter terrorism context.
We have also contributed to the development of new legal instruments aimed at detecting and suppressing terrorists and bringing them to justice.
Looking back at recent history, we can confidently claim that the capabilities of the international community to address the threat of terrorism have enhanced considerably.
Yet, despite all these efforts, the scourge of terrorism remains very much alive and continues to evolve and inflict pain on our societies.
2016 was a terrible year in that respect: We have all been traumatized by brutal and inhuman acts of terror. We lost so many lives. This year started just as badly.
Our peoples are rightfully demanding their Governments to stop these killing machines. Is this possible? Can we stop them?
The simple answer is: Yes. We can defeat this scourge.
Yet, based on our own experience in Turkey, I admit that, it is not an easy task. We have to consolidate international solidarity, and the GCTF has an important role to play in that respect.
In fact, the GCTF has been the first platform to raise the then-emerging issue of Foreign Terrorist Fighters a few years ago.
It has also played a leading role in bringing the crucial subject of violent extremism and radicalization to the attention of a wider audience. Thanks to our joint efforts within the GCTF, we have now an impressive tool-kit
addressing the whole life cycle of radicalization, as well as other non-binding guidance documents and good practices. These documents benefit not onlypolicy makers and practitioners, but also local communities and civil society in their efforts to counter terrorism and violent extremism.
Now, Turkey and the US are co-leading another important initiative on the protection of soft targets from terrorist attacks.
As a matter of fact, we have been observing a change in the tactics and methods of terrorist groups around the world:
A decade ago, critical spots such as military facilities, embassies and airliners were the priority targets of terrorist groups. They targeted these places for spectacular attacks. Yet, due to various reasons, they are now shifting their target towards public places such as religious centers, tourist sites, public transportation, hotels, restaurants, stadiums, and entertainment venues, where people frequent.
These places are relatively vulnerable to a terrorist attack due to their open access and limited security measures.
A teenager, blowing himself up during a street wedding in Gaziantep, killing more than 50 civilians, including many children…
PKK terrorists turning a car into a bomb and blowing it on Kızılay, the heart of Ankara…
Or a driver in Nice, running over with a truck a crowd that has gathered for July 14 celebrations…
A gang of terrorists, shooting civilians indiscriminately at Bataclan theater and several restaurants in Paris…
Or, a terrorist in an SUV crushing the pedestrians on a bridge near Parliament in London…
This is the new face of terrorism today.
Human, economic, and political consequences of these attacks are evident. We must focus on soft target protection and that is the crux of our initiative.
The Soft Targets Initiative has two objectives:
-Raise awareness, identify needs, and leverage expertise and experiences to better protect potential soft targets; and
-Develop a set of internationally-recognized non-binding good practices, which can serve as the basis for international engagement, assistance, and training to enhance the security and resilience of sites that are potential soft targets.
We aim to bring together not only national governments and local authorities, but also international organizations, and private industry in a series of meetings in different regions to share views and expertise.
The launch of the STI initiative was held in December last year, in Antalya/Turkey.
It was attended by about 60 experts from more than 20 countries worldwide.
Today is the first regional workshop, to be followed by similar workshops in Senegal and Brussels.
All these meetings and workshops will result in the development of a good practices document that will be put forward for approval at the GCTF Ministerial meeting on the margins
of the UN General Assembly in September 2017.
Distinguished guests,
Shortly after the launch of the meeting in Antalya, the PKK perpetrated two simultaneous vehicle borne IED attacks near a stadium in Istanbul. The result was 44 casualties and hundreds of injured people.
A few weeks later, on the new year eve a DAESH-linked terrorist opened fire in a well known restaurant in Istanbul killing 36 people. The perpetrator was captured alive a few days later. What is important to note here is that the perpetrator was trained in the Fergana valley, captured in Iran, then released and he crossed illegally to Turkey.
In other words, he was on the radar of several countries, but we had not received any information from them. We also learned that the initial target was the very crowded Taksim square in Istanbul. The terrorist had conducted a surveillance in the square and concluded that due to hard security control that venue was not suitable for a terrorist attack.
These two attacks are tragic examples that indicate the importance of the Soft Targets Initiative.
I am confident that the discussions we will hold today and tomorrow will bring about valuable insight and best practices that can benefit all our partners in their efforts to fight the scourge of terrorism.


text:
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REVIEW OF IPCC PROCESSES AND PROCEDURES
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Climate change assessments - Review of the processes and procedures of the IPCC Report by the InterAcademy Council
List of recommendations contained in IAC Report
Final decisions by the IPCC
Revised Appendix A to the Principles Governing IPCC Work - Procedures for the Preparation, Review, Acceptance, Adoption, Approval and Publications of IPCC Reports
Protocol for Addressing Possible Errors in IPCC Assessment Reports, Synthesis Reports, Special Reports or Methodology Reports (Annex 3 to Appendix A)
Guidance Note for Lead Authors of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on the Consistent Treatment of Uncertainties
Terms of Reference of the IPCC Bureau
IPCC Executive Committee
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Revised Appendix C to the Principles governing IPCC Work - Procedures for the Election of the IPCC Bureau and any Task Force Bureau
Methods of Work of the Conflict of Interest Committee
Communications strategy
Guidance on IPCC Communications Strategy
IPCC Communications Strategy
On 10 March 2010, the UN Secretary-General, Mr. Ban Ki-moon, and the IPCC Chair, Mr. Rajendra K. Pachauri, asked the InterAcademy Council (IAC) to carry out an independent review of IPCC processes and procedures. The IAC responded positively to that request and issued its report and recommendations on 30 August 2010. The recommendations contained in the IAC Report Climate Change Assessments - Review of the Processes and Procedures of the IPCC are listed here.
The IPCC considered the recommendations in detail at its 32nd (11-14 October 2010), 33rd (10-13 May 2011), 34th (18-19 November 2011) and 35th (6-9 June 2012) Sessions. Four Task Groups were established to address issues related to procedures, governance and management, conflict of interest policy, and communications strategy. In the following sections, the final decisions taken by the IPCC in response to the IAC recommendations are summarized. Further details about the consultations and decisions leading to the final decisions referred to below can be found in the Reports of the 32nd, 33rd, 34th and 35th Sessions of the IPCC and on the webpage of the respective Session.
Evaluation of IPCC's Assessment Processes
The recommendations by the IAC contained in Chapter 2: Evaluation of IPCC's Assessment Processes with respect to participation in scoping meetings, author selection, source of data and literature, handling the full range of views, report review, Summary for Policy Makers and Synthesis Report, were addressed by the IPCC at its 32nd, 33rd, 34th and 35th Session and reflected in the revised Appendix A to the Principles Governing IPCC Work - Procedures for the Preparation, Review, Acceptance, Adoption, Approval and Publication of IPCC Reports.
At its 33rd Session, the IPCC adopted the Protocol for Addressing Possible Errors in IPCC Assessment Reports, Synthesis Reports, Special Reports or Methodology Reports. The handling of potential errors identified after the approval of IPCC reports was addressed in Chapter 2 of the IAC report, but did not result in an explicit recommendation. The Protocol is mentioned here for its relevance to the review of IPCC processes and procedures.
IPCC's Evaluation of Evidence and Treatment of Uncertainty
The recommendations of the IAC contained in Chapter 3: IPCC's Evaluation of Evidence and Treatment of Uncertainty informed the Guidance Note for Lead Authors of the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report on the Consistent Treatment of Uncertainties, which was endorsed by the Panel at its 33rd Session.
Recommendations made in Chapter 4: Governance and Management were addressed by the IPCC in the following manner:
a.	IPCC Management Structure
The Panel at its 33rd Session decided to establish an Executive Committee and agreed on its terms of reference, composition and mode of operation.
b.	The IPCC Chair and the IPCC Bureau
At its 33rd Session, the Panel agreed on Terms of Reference of the Bureau and Roles, responsibilities and qualifications of IPCC Bureau Members. Decisions were taken at the 32nd and Sessions regarding limits to the term of office of the IPCC Chair, the IPCC Vice-Chairs and the Working Groups and Task Force Bureau Co-Chairs to one term in a particular office, applicable to subsequent elections. These decisions are reflected in a revised Appendix C to the Principles Governing IPCC Work - Procedures for the Election of the IPCC Bureau and any Task Force Bureau, adopted by the Panel at its 35th Session.
c.	The Secretariat
At its 33rd Session, the Panel decided that the Head of the IPCC Secretariat should, in keeping with UN practice, continue to be an appointed position, and not elected, and that the functions of this position should remain largely as presently defined.
In addition, the Panel at its 35th Session clarified the functions of the IPCC Secretariat and Technical Support Units and how the IPCC may participate in decisions on contract renewal, employment term limit, staff appraisal, and recruitment for senior staff.
d.	Conflict of Interest and Disclosure
The Panel at its 33rd and 34th Sessions adopted a Conflict of Interest Policy, and the Implementation Annex. It also adopted the Methods of Work of the Conflict of Interest Committee at the 35th Session.
e.	Communications
The Panel adopted the Guidance on IPCC Communications Strategy at its 33rd Session and the IPCC Communications Strategy at its 35th Session and revised it at its 44th Session. ( click here for version of Communicatiosn Strategy adopted in June 2012. )


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Taking stock of your TFSA
By Jones & O'Connell LLP
Accounting, Auditing, Tax & Consulting News
Tax-free savings accounts (TFSAs) have been around for a full decade now, having been introduced in 2009, and for most Canadians, a TFSA (along with a registered retirement savings plan (RRSP)) is now a regular part of their financial and tax planning.
TFSAs are, in many ways, the inverse of RRSPs. While TFSAs do not provide the tax deduction that an RRSP contribution creates, the strength of TFSAs lies in their great flexibility and the ability they give to Canadians to save, for short-term or long-term purposes, on a tax-free basis. Every Canadian aged 18 years of age and older can contribute a specified annual amount to a TFSA ($6,000 for 2019). Funds contributed to the TFSA are not deductible from income for tax purposes, but investment income earned by those funds is not taxed, either as it accrues or on withdrawal. Where a taxpayer does not contribute to a TFSA in a particular tax year, the contribution not made can be carried forward and that contribution made in any subsequent year. As well, TFSA holders can withdraw funds from their plan at any time, free of tax, and funds withdrawn can be re-contributed, but not until the following year. Therefore, each taxpayer's contribution limit for a particular year is that year's statutory annual amount, plus any allowable contributions not made in previous years and carried forward, plus amounts withdrawn in any previous year but not yet re-contributed.
The amount of the allowable TFSA contribution limit for a year has been something of a moving target since 2009: what follows is a listing of the maximum allowable annual contribution limits for each year since TFSAs were introduced.
The annual TFSA dollar limit for the years 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 was $5,000.
The annual TFSA dollar limit for the years 2013 and 2014 was $5,500.
The annual TFSA dollar limit for the year 2015 was $10,000.
The annual TFSA dollar limit for the year 2016, 2017, and 2018 was $5,500.
The annual TFSA dollar limit for the year 2019 is $6,000.
It's readily apparent that, especially where there are carryforward amounts and/or the taxpayer has made withdrawals from a TFSA, that calculating one's current year contribution room can be complex. At one time the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) notified taxpayers of their current year TFSA contribution limit on the annual Notice of Assessment, but that is no longer the case. Now, the easiest way to find out one's current year contribution limit is by calling the CRA's Individual Income Tax Enquiries Line at 1-800-959-8281 or its automated Tax Information Phone Service (TIPS) line at 1-800-267-6999. Taxpayers who have registered for the Agency's My Account online service can use that service to find the same information. It's also possible to obtain from the CRA a TFSA Room Statement and a TFSA Transaction Summary, with the latter showing the contributions and withdrawals which have been made.
It is important to stay within one's overall contribution limit because exceeding that limit — even for one day — will result in the imposition of a penalty tax. Therefore, once the taxpayer knows figures out his or her total contribution limit for 2019, it's time to make sure that current contribution plans for the year will not put the taxpayer in an overcontribution position. Some taxpayers contribute on a regular, often monthly basis, while others are in the habit of depositing regular or irregular or periodic income receipts, like a tax refund or tax benefit amount or a bonus from their employer, into their TFSA. Either way, after finding out one's current year contribution limit, it's necessary to calculate how much has already been contributed in 2019. The difference between those two figures represents the balance which can be contributed before the end of the year without getting into an overcontribution position and incurring penalties. And, it's important to remember that if withdrawals have been or will be made during 2019, those amounts cannot be re-contributed until after the end of this year.
If it's necessary to adjust regular contributions in order not to go "offside" by the end of the year, the best time to do it is obviously before getting into that overcontribution position. As soon as a taxpayer is in an overcontribution position, however, a penalty tax of 1% per month of the excess is imposed, even if the excess funds are withdrawn before the end of the month — in other words, as explained in the Canada Revenue Agency guide to TFSAs "[I]f, at any time in a month, you have an excess TFSA amount, you are liable to a tax of 1% on your highest excess TFSA amount in that month."
Especially where TFSA contributions are set up to occur regularly, by automatic deposit or bank transfer, it's easy to assume that everything has been taken care of and nothing further needs to be done with respect to such arrangements. However, an "out of sight and out of mind" approach rarely makes for good financial and tax planning, and checking on the status of one's TFSA on a periodic (at least quarterly) basis can help to ensure that everything is as it should be, and that unnecessary penalties are avoided.
One final consideration — one of the strengths of a TFSA as a savings vehicle is the ability to re-contribute funds which have been withdrawn. However, as outlined above, such re-contributions cannot be made until after the end of the calendar year in which the withdrawal was made. For that reason, taxpayers who may be contemplating a TFSA withdrawal early in 2020, perhaps in order to make an RRSP contribution, or to pay for a winter vacation, should make that withdrawal before the end of 2019. That way, should funds become available (perhaps through the tax refund generated by the RRSP contribution) it will be possible to make the re-contribution in 2020. If the withdrawal is not made until 2020, re-contribution will not be possible (without incurring a penalty) until 2021.
TFSAs are valuable savings and planning vehicles for Canadians — perhaps the most flexible such vehicle available. It's easy, however, to get tripped up on the rules governing TFSAs, especially the rules around withdrawals and re-contributions. To help keep taxpayers from running afoul of those rules, the Canada Revenue Agency provides a lengthy and detailed publication on TFSAs, and that publication is available on the CRA website at https://www.canada.ca/en/revenue-agency/services/forms-publications/publications/rc4466/tax-free-savings-account-tfsa-guide-individuals.html.
The information presented is only of a general nature, may omit many details and special rules, is current only as of its published date, and accordingly cannot be regarded as legal or tax advice. Please contact our office for more information on this subject and how it pertains to your specific tax or financial situation.
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With the introduction of Social Media into the classroom and the curriculum, it has become apparent that the role of the instructor has changed in many ways. It has been over 10 years since I went to university and was first introduced to email. Professors and TAs had set office hours where students could contact them or come to their office to have questions answered. Lectures were teacher focused and they were the main sources of information for the course. Independent research was done in the library and the goal was to find journal articles about the topic. Yes, things were very different than today with regard to adult education.
During my web-conference with my learning partner, Cara, we discussed how different the role of educator has changed from how we remembered it. Online learning has grown leaps and bounds and the educator's role has had to evolve to changes that Social Media has brought to the delivery of learning. At the same time, it has allowed the learner to take courses/classes that would never have been possible due to life's responsibilities/work/distance to a learning institution.
Today, the instructor has become a facilitator in the classroom by helping to clarify or sort the information for the students. I experienced this first hand with my recent first online course in which the instructor presented us with the topic for the week and the list of learning outcomes. We were then given 3 discussion questions and assigned a role of either a discussion starter or a responder. Discussion starters would research and post their findings/answers on the message board and then the responder would read the post and add their comments/feedback/questions. In addition, the discussion starter had to formulate two additional questions about the topic and pose it to the responders. The instructor's role was to check the progress of the online discussions and provide further information, clarify or pose another question. At the end of the week, the discussion starter would post a summary of the week's discussion and the instructor would comment on the summary.
This experience gave me the chance to control my participation in the learning process and gave me greater autonomy rather than sitting and watching an online lecture about what I needed to know. What a very different learning experience from what I remembered in the classroom and how I got so much more out of the course for the simple reason that I had to seek out the information and report back to the discussion board for my peers to review.
Social Media has also allowed instructors to be more accessible whether the student lives in the same city, province or country. But at the same token, students from all different education backgrounds, experience and learning styles are now able to enrol in classes that were once not available. Educators have to be accommodating to the variety of students than are now in their classrooms and help to ensure that all the students have a certain level of competency with the technology in order to complete the course by taking on the role of being a coach. In addition, educators are now expected to be readily available to answer inquiries. With Facebook and Twitter, questions can be posed at any time and there is an expectation that the response time will be quick and immediate.
The role of the educator has changed and evolved over the past decade from a teacher focused approach to a student centred approach. Instructors are now facilitators of information and coaches of the new technology which has also made them far more accessible to students.
LeNoue, M., Hall, T., & Eighmy, M. A. (2011). Adult Education and the Social Media Revolution. Adult Learning. Spring 2011, Vol. 22 Issue 2, p4-12. 9p.


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