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An Author Encourages Direct Action Among Young People of Color
During the Black Freedom Struggle of the 1950s and 1960s, African Americans were consciously changing the meaning of what it meant to be Black in America. Engaging in activism was often dangerous, and required immense sacrifice that took a lot of courage and involved a lot of risk, not only to the individual but to friends, family and associates as well. Individuals had to believe that the stakes were high enough to be worth such risk, but they also had to believe that change was possible in order to make those risks worth taking. Manning Marable addresses these ideas in this excerpt.
The black freedom movement had permitted Negroes to perceive themselves as real actors in their own living history. The boundaries of what whites had defined as blackness were radically reinterpreted and renegotiated. In short, I came to recognize that race was no longer fixed, grounded in biological or genetic differences, or a natural division among human beings fostered through "cultural deprivation"; it was the logical consequence of structural power, structural privilege, and antiblack violence. As Negroes challenged and overthrew the institutions of racial inequality, the actual relationship between black and white was sharply altered. This is a historical lesson, from my own experience, that young people of color today must learn: Through their own direct action and struggle, constructive, meaningful change in contemporary racism is possible. We do not have to be passive victims of racism and intolerance. Rather, we must ever strive forward and seize every advantage that we can.
Source | Manning Marable, Living Black History: How Reimagining the African-American Past Can Remake America's Racial Future (New York: Basic Books, 2006) 190.
Creator | Manning Marable
Item Type | Book (excerpt)
Cite This document | Manning Marable, "An Author Encourages Direct Action Among Young People of Color," HERB: Resources for Teachers, accessed July 18, 2019, https://herb.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/598.


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Types of Organizational Culture
Paul January 10, 2023 no Comments
Organizational culture is defined as the underlying beliefs, values and assumptions that drive how people in an organization interact. It sets the context for everything a company does and is an important part of business.
Different types of organizational culture have different strengths and weaknesses. An organization can use various tools to build a high-performance culture. The goal is to create a consistent and reliable environment in which employees can achieve their potential. For example, companies can use onboarding programs, hiring practices, performance management, and recognition programs. Getting feedback is an essential component of building a strong culture. Getting regular feedback is a good way to assess the state of your organization and help identify areas of improvement.
An organization's mission statement defines its goals and direction. This statement will determine the type of organizational culture the organization should have. A mission statement should also define the company's relationship with its environment. In other words, the organization's mission should reflect its relationship with society, including the economy and social norms.
An organization's relationships with the environment are crucial to defining its constituencies. These include the employees and customers. Developing a strong organizational culture enables an organization to adapt to changes in its environment. It provides consistency and fuels the workforce.
Hierarchical bureaucracies derive power from their authority definitions, procedures, and role descriptions. Employees in these cultures are expected to follow strict rules, which are interpreted by managers. They do not have a large degree of personal autonomy and they have little motivation.
Passive/defensive cultures expect members to avoid interpersonal conflict and to keep others happy. They also experience low levels of motivation, turnover, and unresolved conflict. To resolve this issue, leaders must reemphasize core values and internal processes.
Market cultures are characterized by clear goals, contingent rewards, and a focus on financial effectiveness. Employees in these cultures are motivated by external incentives, such as money, prestige, or status. There are few rules and little bureaucracy. However, members are expected to think and act in ways that are contrary to their beliefs.
Entrepreneurial organizations are those that believe in innovation and seizing market opportunities. Those in these cultures also expect to respond to competitors' threats.
Clan cultures are those that are most strongly correlated with positive employee attitudes. Members in these cultures also believe in open communication. Their main belief is that the organization's commitment to its members facilitates employee involvement.
Power cultures are those that radiate control from the center. Members in these cultures have little to no bureaucracy and make decisions quickly. Expert power is rarely used.
Organizational culture can be a powerful factor in the success or failure of an organization. When a business establishes a culture based on a shared set of beliefs, it can create a sense of community and encourage better decision-making. People within an organization begin to identify with it. Ultimately, it becomes a second nature.
One of the most effective ways to build a high-performance culture is to get regular feedback from the workforce. Regular feedback helps to identify communication breakdowns, as well as areas for improvement.
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The United States has been at war continuously since the attacks of 9/11 and now has just over 240,000 active-duty and reserve troops in at least 172 countries and territories. While the number of men and women deployed overseas has shrunk considerably over the past 60 years, the military's reach has not. American forces are actively engaged not only in the conflicts in Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria and Yemen that have dominated the news, but also in Niger and Somalia, both recently the scene of deadly attacks, as well as Jordan, Thailand and elsewhere.
An additional 37,813 troops serve on presumably secret assignment in places listed simply as "unknown." The Pentagon provided no further explanation.
There are traditional deployments in Japan (39,980 troops) and South Korea (23,591) to defend against North Korea and China, if needed, along with 36,034 troops in Germany, 8,286 in Britain and 1,364 in Turkey — all NATO allies. There are 6,524 troops in Bahrain and 3,055 in Qatar, where the United States has naval bases.
America's operations in conflict zones like Africa are expanding: 400 American Special Forces personnel in Somalia train local troops fighting the Shabab Islamist group, providing intelligence and sometimes going into battle with them. One member of the Navy SEALs was killed there in a mission in May. On Oct. 14, a massive attack widely attributed to the Shabab on a Mogadishu street killed more than 270 people, which would show the group's increased reach. About 800 troops are based in Niger, where four Green Berets died on Oct. 4.
Many of these forces are engaged in counterterrorism operations — against the Taliban in Afghanistan, for instance; against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria; against an affiliate of Al Qaeda in Yemen. So far, Americans seem to accept that these missions and the deployments they require will continue indefinitely. Still, it's a very real question whether, in addition to endorsing these commitments, which have cost trillions of dollars and many lives over 16 years, they will embrace new entanglements of the sort President Trump has seemed to portend with his rash threats and questionable decisions on North Korea and Iran.
For that reason alone, it's time to take stock of how broadly American forces are already committed to far-flung regions and to begin thinking hard about how much of that investment is necessary, how long it should continue and whether there is a strategy beyond just killing terrorists. Which Congress, lamentably, has not done. If the public is quiet, that is partly because so few families bear so much of this military burden, and partly because America is not involved in anything comparable to the Vietnam War, when huge American casualties produced sustained public protest. It is also because Congress has spent little time considering such issues in a comprehensive way or debating why all these deployments are needed.
Congress has repeatedly ducked efforts by Senator Tim Kaine, Democrat of Virginia, and others to put the war against the Islamic State, which has broad popular support but no specific congressional authorization, on a firm legal footing. President Trump, like his predecessor, insists that legislation passed in 2001 to authorize the war against Al Qaeda is sufficient. It isn't. After the Niger tragedy, the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Bob Corker of Tennessee, has agreed to at least hold a hearing on the authorization issue. It is scheduled for Oct. 30.
During earlier wars, including Vietnam, the draft put most families at risk of having a loved one go to war, but now America has all-volunteer armed forces. Less than 1 percent of the population now serves in the military, compared with more than 12 percent in World War II. Most people simply do not have a family member in harm's way.
American casualty rates have been relatively low, especially in more recent years after the bulk of American troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan and Iraq. Also, the United States has shifted to a strategy in which Americans provide air power and intelligence, and train and assist local troops who then do most of the fighting and most of the dying. This year, for instance, 11 American service members died in Afghanistan and 14 in Iraq. By comparison, 6,785 Afghan security force members died in 2016 and 2,531 died in the first five months this year, according to the United States and Afghan governments. Tens of thousands of civilians also perished at the hands of various combatants, including in 2017, but the figures get little publicity. Most Americans tend not to think about them.
Since 9/11, American leaders have defined the fight against terrorism as a permanent struggle against a permanent threat. Mr. Obama withdrew significant forces from Afghanistan and Iraq. But the rise of ISIS in Iraq and Syria and a resurgent Taliban in Afghanistan led to renewed engagement, though at lower troop levels. Terror attacks here and in Europe, and Mr. Trump's scaremongering, have reinforced the public's sense of siege.
The military is essential to national security, but it is not the only thing keeping America safe. So do robust diplomacy and America's engagement in multilateral institutions, both of which we have faulted Mr. Trump for ignoring or undercutting. The Pentagon, by contrast, thrives. After some belt-tightening during the financial crisis, it has a receptive audience in Congress and the White House as it pushes for more money to improve readiness and modernize weapons. Senators who balk at paying for health care and the basic diplomatic missions of the State Department approved a $700 billion defense budget for 2017-18, far more than Mr. Trump even requested.
This entry was posted in America, foreign policy, government, military, politics, war and tagged Afghanistan, Iraq, New York Times, Niger, Syria, Yemen. Bookmark the permalink.


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Q: How to create re-send verification code system in Django? I have a problem and that is whenever a user creates her/his account and doesn't enter her/his code(it means the code is expired) the user can't get code again because the account can be created once. I want to know how can I change this code to work in a way that the user can get the verification code again and again.
serilizer.py:
class RegisterationSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    password = serializers.CharField(write_only=True, required=True, help_text=_("Enter a valid password"))
    repeated_password = serializers.CharField(write_only=True, required=True, help_text=_("Enter your password again"))

    class Meta:
        model = User
        fields = ["email", "username", "name", "password", "repeated_password"]
        extra_kwargs = {
            'email': {'help_text': _("Enter your email")},
            'username': {'help_text': _("Enter your username")},
            'name': {'help_text': _("Enter your name"), 'required': False, 'allow_blank': True},
        }

    def validate(self, data):
        print(User.objects.filter(email=data["email"], is_active=False))
        if data["password"] and data["repeated_password"] and data["password"] != data["repeated_password"]:
            raise serializers.ValidationError(_("Password and repeated password must be the same"))
        if data["email"].strip() == data["username"].strip():
            raise serializers.ValidationError(_("Email and username must be different"))
        return data

class ConfirmCodeSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    email = serializers.EmailField(write_only=True, max_length=220, min_length=6, help_text=_("Enter your email"))
    class Meta:
        model = VerficationCode
        fields = ["email","code"]
        extra_kwargs = {
            'email': {'help_text': _("Enter your email")},
            'code': {'help_text': _("Enter your code")},
        }

views.py:
class RegisterationApiView(APIView):
    """
    Get username, email, name, and password from the user
    and save it in the database
    """
    def post(self, request):
        if request.user.is_anonymous:
            data = RegisterationSerializer(data=request.data)
            if data.is_valid(raise_exception=True):
                validated_data = data.validated_data
                del(validated_data["repeated_password"])
                user = User.objects.create_user(**validated_data)
                verification_code = give_code()
                VerficationCode.objects.create(user=user, code=verification_code)
                send_mail("Verification Code", f"your code is: {verification_code}", "nima@gmail.com", [data.validated_data["email"]])
                return Response({
                "message": f'{data.validated_data["email"]} account was created successfully, your verification code has been sent to your email'
                }, status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)

            else:
                return Response(data.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
        else:
            return Response({
                "message": "You're already authorized"
            }, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)

class ConfirmCodeApiView(APIView):
    def post(self, request):
        data = ConfirmCodeSerializer(data=request.data)
        if data.is_valid():
            user = User.objects.get(email=data.validated_data["email"])
            if user.is_active:
                return Response({
                    "message": "Your account is already confirmed"
                }, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
            else:
                code = VerficationCode.objects.get(user=user)
                if code.code == data.validated_data["code"] and VerficationCode.objects.nonexpired().filter(user=user).exists():
                    user.is_active = True
                    user.save()
                    return Response({
                        "message": "Your account has been confirmed"
                    }, status=status.HTTP_200_OK)
                else:
                    return Response({
                        "message": "Your code is incorrect or expired"
                    }, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
        else:
            return Response(data.errors, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)

Thanks a lot!

A: You can add a new field(column) to your user Model :
 email_verified = models.BooleanField(default=False)

upon registering check if the given email already exists in your database or not .
if it doesn't exists , it would be a common registration but if it does, check if email_verified is True or False .
if it's True then the registration will raise a bad request as email already exists but if it's false , then the user didn't use the code to verify his account .
send verification code again under this circumstance . so every time a user tries to register this procedure will lead to a correct registration flow.
i hope this helped .

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


You don't want to waste your time with people you know aren't going to buy your home. Here's how to attract more serious buyers to your Los Angeles home.
Selling a property can be hard. You'll have to find the right real estate agent and market your home to the right buyer.
The Los Angeles property might also be facing some stiff competition from nearby homes up for sale.
Unfortunately, it can also be difficult to find serious buyers. Especially as some people are either only browsing the market or are nosy neighbors.
So, if you want to stop the time-wasters, we are offering some top tips for attracting buyers.
Every potential buyer is looking for value for money when buying a new property.
So, you must not ignore the nearby competition.
Other properties up for sale in the local area might be more up-to-date or newer than your home.
If your property has the same market value as the modern housing up for sale, who will the buyers choose?
Sometimes, all it takes to stand out from your competitors is an upgraded kitchen or bathroom.
If you want to attract serious buyers, you will need to offer a serious market value. Or you should upgrade the property so it can compete with the local competition.
The real estate agent you choose will determine how fast you will sell your home.
It is their job to advertise the listing across their network, on social media and recommend the house to buyers.
You should also take the marketing into your own hands, too.
Advertise the property across your social media pages and encourage word of mouth.
All it takes is for someone you know, or a friend of a friend, to hear about your property and make you an offer.
If you're failing to attract buyers or any interest at all, it could be due to your marketing photos.
You must take superb shots of a property to showcase its strengths and hide weaknesses.
Home staging can be a great way to make your property more attractive to buyers.
So, you must depersonalize your belongings, declutter and deep clean the house.
Don't forget to give the walls a fresh lick of paint, landscape the garden and pressure wash the patio.
If something has broken, fix it. If something looks unappealing, remove it.
Once you have done all that, take some new marketing shots and update the listing.
It might surprise you how many potential buyers come walking through the door. Plus, the updates will ensure they will like what they see once they arrive.
According to a recent study, the best time to sell a house is from 1st to 15th May.
On average, homes will sell 18.5 days faster than homes that are not listed during the time-frame.
Not only that, but the homes are believed to sell for 1% more than the average listings.
So, the key to selling a property to a serious buyer might be to put the house up for sale during the first two weeks of May.
Selling a home can be challenging. Yet, little changes can make a big difference when it comes to attracting serious buyers.
So, update your property, market the listing, declutter and try to sell the house at the right time.
It might be all it takes for a buyer to make a serious offer.
Do you have any top tips for attracting buyers? We'd love to read your advice, so please feel free to leave a comment below.


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