William Russell, psychiatrist, qualified as Bachelor of Medicine (MB) and Bachelor in Surgery (ChB) at the University of Edinburgh in 1910 and as Doctor of Medicine (MD) at the same university in 1915. Meanwhile he had moved to South Africa and in November 1913 was appointed as relieving medical officer at asylums. The next year he was registered to practise in South Africa and appointed at the Pretoria Mental Hospital (now Weskoppies Hospital). He was promoted to physician superintendent of the Potchefstroom Mental Hospital (Witrand Institution) in 1922 and was still there in 1926.
In 1935 Russell succeeded J.T. Dunston* as part-time professor of psychiatry and mental hygiene at the Medical School of the University of the Witwatersrand, a post he held until 1945. From about 1939 to 1945 he also held a government appointment as 'Commissioner of mentally disordered and defective persons'. He was a member of the South African Association for the Advancement of Science and was president of Section F at the association's annual congress held in Windhoek in 1937. His presidential address, 'The evolution of psychiatry', was published in the South African Journal of Science (1937, Vol. 34). By this time he had been awarded a doctoral degree in psychiatry (D Psych).
National Automated Archival Information Retrieval System (NAAIRS), at http://www.national.archives.gov.za/naairs.htm Documents relating to Dr W. Russell.
Pietermaritzburg Archives Repository, Vol. NMC 34, List of Medical Practitioners, etc., registered in the Transvaal as on 31 December 1914.
South African Journal of Science, 1937, Vol. 34, presidential address (Section F) by W. Russell; and pp. xiv-xix, Presidents and secretaries of the sections.


Step 1: Select number participants. Note: Parents/guardians are encouraged to play along for family events. At least one adult is required.
Step 2: Choose the date and time slot that works best for you.
Step 3: Enter your promo code before filling out payment information.
Museum and Botanic Garden Members: To receive your discount, type "member" into the promo code space. When checking out, make sure your billing address matches the one on file at the Museum to ensure your discount is authorized.
Have friends who might be interested? Sign up together to share a time slot!


Deal between FXCM and Infinium Capital: Yes or No?
Leading Forex broker FXCM has just confirmed that it has been talking to Chicago-based Infinium Capital Management LLC about a possible business relationship: and we've been excited to hear of that. We've already forecast a possible acquisition move by FXCM but we were not sure of a target and now it's named. In this brief article we explore some of the corporate rationale behind an eventual acquisition of Infinium by FXCM.
What is the rationale for FXCM?
- For starters, let's mention that Infinium provides a variety of market making and asset management services to institutional clients, hence what FXCM would get would be a boost for its institutional division. Aand the broker could make use of that though its institutional business is strong and the results for July prove that. However, the institutional volumes of Forex.com for the month were higher at $352 billion compared with $185 billion for FXCM.
- FXCM has some free cash to spend: when announcing the results for the second quarter, Drew Niv, the chief executive of the broker stressed that the company then had $374 million of cash and that they were undrawn on their $155 million credit facility.
What is the rationale for Infinium?
- One of the core activities of Infinium is high-speed trading, and the operating environment has been getting tougher for such traders for quite some time. Another high-speed trading firm based in Chicago, Getco LLC, has had severe difficulties (profits plunging, etc.) and at the end of last year it agreed to merge with Knight Capital Group Inc.
- Infinium is cutting costs – it reduced headcount in some departments in March 2013. That's a sign of business difficulties.
- Meanwhile, there have been other signs of a restructuring at Infinium – it not only axed jobs but also made some changes in management. Just a couple of weeks ago, Reuters reported that George Hanley, a co-founder of Infinium, would replace Charles Whitman at the helm of the company. Unnamed sources said the appointment was only temporary, indicating that some major swings are looming for Infinium.
The situation is very interesting for sure and we'll keep monitoring it.


text:
Definition of term
Our current howler
Companion site:
How he got there
Bob Somerby
Contributions:
Marc Cherbonnier
Daily Howler: Want to know how the other side wins? Consider Matt's post on the ''hack gap''
HACK RAP! Want to know how the other side wins? Consider Matt's post on the "hack gap:" // link // print // previous // next //
BAKER KNOWS SNARK: The Washington Post's Peter Baker knows snark. In today's paper, the gentleman passively-aggressively ends a Rove rumination like this:
BAKER (8/15/07): So, would a Clinton victory next year be a repudiation of Karl Rove politics or the perpetuation of them?
As the late Merv Griffin would have said, "Ooooohh." Is Clinton "perpetuating" Karl Rove's politics? No thought could inflame the net-roots more. Peter Baker, a weak little fellow, really knows how to pour on the snark.
And how to pour on the slick! In what way is Clinton said to be "perpetuating" Rove's politics? Baker cites two sources. The first is GOP hit-gal Nicolle Wallace, at the start of his report:
BAKER (8/15/07): As he packs his desk just 15 steps from the Oval Office, Karl Rove says he will not join any 2008 presidential campaign. That's just as well because none of the Republican candidates presumably could afford the association even if they wanted his strategic smarts. Besides, none of them is running the campaign quite the way he would. The candidate who seems to be adopting his style and methods the most so far? Hillary Rodham Clinton.
At least that's what Nicolle Wallace thinks. The former Bush White House communications director, who worked closely with Rove, said that Clinton "has almost operationalized the whole idea of turning your weakness into strength, message discipline that is almost pathological—she does not get off message for any reason—and never skipping an opportunity to exploit her opponent's weaknesses.
Thoughtfully using the word "pathological," the vacantly-smiling GOP talker lists three things Clinton is supposedly doing. Two of them are about as controversial as brushing your teeth when you turn in at night. The third—"never skipping an opportunity to exploit her opponent's weaknesses"—just sits there in Baker's report, supported by zero examples.
And Baker continues. Good God, what a flyweight! In a sane world, what an embarrassment:
BAKER (continuing directly): Clinton's campaign manager, Patti Solis Doyle, seems to agree with that assessment, having effectively vowed to run her operation much as Rove did his two successful national campaigns. "She expresses admiration for the way George W. Bush's campaign team controlled its message, and, given her druthers, would run this race no differently," Michelle Cottle writes this month in New York magazine. " 'We are a very disciplined group, and I am very proud of it,' she says with a defiant edge."
In Baker's mind, Clinton's campaign manager "seems to agree with Wallace's assessment"—because she is quoted agreeing with one of the lady's three points!
No, you can't get dumber than that—or faker, or slicker, or more Bakeronian. Peter Baker is a weak little man—and God only knows about his "editor." But go ahead! Just watch well-meaning people on the web take his well-crafted bait.
Postscript: Meanwhile, Dan Balz ends a generally straightforward interview piece on Obama with this peculiar assertion:
BALZ (8/15/07): During the interview, Obama softened his attacks on Washington lobbyists. He and former senator John Edwards (N.C.) take no money from Washington lobbyists, while Clinton does, and both have sharply criticized the power of lobbyists in shaping policies harmful to average Americans.
"The insurance and drug companies can have a seat at the table in our health-care debate; they just can't buy all the chairs," he said. "My argument is not that they are the source of all evil. My argument is that things are out of balance in Washington and that their influence is disproportionate."
In what way did Obama "soften his attack?" He has made the highlighted statement many times, including at the July 29 YouTube debate (quote below). Poor Balz! He thought Obama was flip-flopping on him! Instead, the hopeful was simply "controlling his message"—expressing his deep admiration for Karl Rove's style and methods.
Here's that weeks-old quote:
OBAMA (7/29/07): We've had a [health care] plan before, under a Democratic president in the '90s and a Democratic Congress. We couldn't get it done because the drug, insurance—drug and insurance companies are spending $1 billion over the last decade on lobbying. And that's why we've got to have a president who is willing to fight to make sure that they don't have veto power. They can have a seat at the table, but they can't buy every single chair when it comes to crafting the sort of universal health care that's going to help the folks that you saw in that video.
Baker and Balz are quite a tandem today! And this kind of work is done every day at the top of our upper-end "press corps!"
HOW ROVE BECAME A GENIUS: Here's the sad part—John Judis is one of our brighter scribes. But the standards for the trade are quite low. Indeed, today's reporter is happy to describe himself getting conned by political types. These strategists are then described as geniuses—for the way they toyed with the scribes.
Case in point: In this anecdote, Judis describes himself getting taken by Rove, who then gets praised for his brilliance. In other professions, you'd keep this stuff quiet. But reporters are happy to let the world know how easily they can be fooled:
JUDIS (8/14/07): Every political reporter has a Karl Rove story, and I have mine. I met Rove in Austin in 1995 when I was writing a profile of presidential aspirant Phil Gramm. Rove had done direct mail for Gramm's campaigns for Senate, and I expected nothing but praise for the senator. Rove did praise him, but he would occasionally interject a surprisingly critical note about Gramm. He said that people in Texas were "sick of being dunned for money" by Gramm. Gramm was, Rove said, "one of the least flexible men I've ever met in public policy." I left the interview very proud of myself for having cleverly extracted these candid admissions from a Gramm supporter. They went directly into my profile of Gramm. Several years later, I realized that Rove had known exactly what he was doing. He was already working for George W. Bush and had his eye on a Bush presidency in 2000 and didn't want to do anything to help a rival Texas politician.
In this incident—and in hundreds of others—Rove showed himself to be a master of political guile. In managing Bush's election in 2000 and reelection in 2004, he also showed himself to be an expert tactician.
Actually, no. In this incident, Rove showed the world how easy it was to deceive a stone-cold naif. Twelve years later, Judis is out there, boasting in public about the way he got tooken.
For the record, Rove had become Bush's press spokesman by the summer of 1993. (He had long since stopped working for Gramm.) By 1995, he had helped Bush win the Texas state house. Apparently, it didn't occur to Judis that Rove and Bush might have their eye on a larger prize.
To Judis, this makes Rove a "master."
In 1999 and 2000, Rove took advantage of these marks once again. He proved that a Texas Republican could win the White House—if mainstream journalists were willing to recite every piece of crap the RNC gave them. For twenty straight months, the press corps sang each RNC song. (Al Gore was raised at the Ritz! Al Gore said he inspired Love Story!) After two years of this absolute nonsense, the lads just knew it! Karl Rove was an "expert tactician," brightest man in the land.
Earth tones were easy: It isn't hard to be a "political genius" when the mainstream press corps is willing to buy every piece of bull-sh*t you hand them. How compliant was America's "press corps" by November 1999? We recommend this post by Matt Yglesias, in which Matt quotes an anecdote from Jonathan Chait's forthcoming book. Sorry—it isn't hard to be a genius when the press is performing like this.
How typical was the conduct Chait describes? Let's put it this way: Our (mostly-written) book on the coverage of Campaign 2000 was planned at roughly 400 pages. (Sixteen chapters, 10,000 words each.) This incident—which is well worth reviewing—didn't make the cut.
In our view, you'd have to write an 800-page book to do full justice to the press corps' clowning as it conducted its War Against Gore. The incident described by Chait is pathetic. But it was very much par for the course as Rove became a political genius—thanks to the clowning of marks and rubes who were much more easy than Judis.
HACK RAP: Meanwhile, you have to admire Yglesias' frankness in this second, deeply significant post. If you're smart, you'll also realize that this post explains the ongoing success of those right-wing noise and distraction machines.
Poor Matt! He notes "the contrast between the attention paid" to misstatements by liberals and conservatives. Please note: He doesn't quite identify the guilty parties—the people who are directing this disproportionate attention to misstatements by liberals. But he understands the crucial way this "hack gap" affects our politics. Indeed, it's "very important," he says. He says it decides our elections:
YGLESIAS: This is what I've referred to as the "hack gap" and it seems to me that it's very important. The nature of two-party democracy is that elections are decided by the small minority of the public too confused or too ill-informed to realize that there are persistent, substantial differences between the two federal political parties. As a result, the issues (or, more likely, pseudo-issues) that are most important in deciding elections tend to be the issues that are least important in substantive terms.
Due to this unexplained "hack gap," pseudo-issues tend to decide our elections. We've been discussing such issues forever. But guess what? As we continue, we learn that Matt doesn't want to waste his time on these decisive pseudo-issues. Darlings, the lovely shall be choosers! Matt would rather spend his time working on things that he finds "interesting." The gentleman wants an "appealing" way to spend his valuable time:
YGLESIAS (continuing directly): As a writer, though, I'd rather spend my time writing about things that I think are important or at least interesting. Harping away on haircuts, Bykofsky's appalling column, the way George W. Bush lied to the American public about what kind of cheese he likes on his cheesesteak (really!), etc. doesn't seem like an appealing way to spend my time. But the fact that the right has an army of people willing to pretend that this sort of thing is the most important thing in the world is a massive, massive impediment to having sensible policies about national security, taxes, health care, global warming, etc.
Darlings! Haircuts and earth tones decide our elections—and, thereby, the fate of the world. Their pre-eminence is also "a massive, massive impediment to having sensible policies about national security, taxes, health care, global warming." But so what? Matt would rather spend his time writing about the things that are interesting! Writing about things that decide our elections "doesn't seem like an appealing way" for Matt "to spend [his] time."
As we've said, you have to admire the frankness. But we'll ask you to note a key point again: Note the way Matt fails to define the "army of people willing to pretend" that earth tones and cheesesteaks and haircuts do matter. In fact, this army includes the bulk of the mainstream press corps—including the pay-masters who will make Matt rich. At present, for example, Matt writes for the semi-right-leaning Atlantic, which has become famous for its high salaries ever since moderate conservative David Bradley took charge of the venerable mag. Matt will be paid quite well, by various orgs, as he avoids the things which decide our elections and writes instead about the things that he finds appealing and interesting. And the people who pay him that money are the very people who have endlessly pushed the pseudo-issues that decide our elections. They're the people he fails to identify in this otherwise honest report.
According to Matt, "the right has an army of people willing to pretend that this sort of thing is the most important thing in the world." But as these people always seem to do, he absent-mindedly forgets to say that this "army" includes the bulk of the mainstream press—including his future pay-masters.
But darlings, the lovely shall be choosers! They'll stroll out of college and seek the good jobs—and they'll walk away from your interests. Our analyst laughed last night (till they cried) as they read about Matt's desire to write about the things he finds interesting. Good God! In the past nine years, we have bored ourselves to tears writing about this absolute horse-sh*t—this horse-sh*t which has changed all our lives! But boys like Matt just keep walking away. They want to dig into the deep stuff.
If you want to know how the other side wins, we suggest you read this post very carefully. This post explains why the Very Serious Young People stayed politely silent during Campaign 2000, even as we did their work for them concerning those earth tones and all those fake quotes. (Al Gore said he discovered Love Canal!) As the darlings kept their distance, that right-wing distraction machine changed votes—and it sent George Bush to the White House. Indeed, in the post we've linked to today, Matt himself accepts this analysis: "The issues (or, more likely, pseudo-issues) that are most important in deciding elections tend to be the issues that are least important in substantive terms."
Huh! But if you want to know why we're in Iraq, consider Matt's longing for things he finds interesting. And consider the very appealing pay-days awaiting the world's bright young hacks.
THINGS WE'D RATHER BE SPENDING OUR TIME ON: Huh! "The Lovely Shall be Choosers" isn't on-line. For the best we can do, just click here.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
John Jonah Jameson (ook bekend als J. Jonah Jameson, J.J. of J.J.J.) is een personage uit de Spider-Man strips van Marvel Comics. Hij werd bedacht door Stan Lee en Steve Ditko, en verscheen voor het The Amazing Spider-Man #1 (maart 1963).

Jameson is de hoofdredacteur van de fictieve New Yorkse krant Daily Bugle. Hij is altijd herkenbaar door zijn snor, haarstijl en eeuwige sigaar. Hij voert al sinds Spider-Mans beginjaren als superheld een lastercampagne tegen de superheld, wat mede de reden is dat de meeste mensen hem ondanks zijn heldendaden niet mogen. Ironisch genoeg heeft hij Spider-Mans alter ego, Peter Parker, in dienst als fotograaf.

Jameson is op verschillende manieren neergezet in de loop der jaren. Soms komt hij over als een dwaas, koppig en opgeblazen persoon die zijn personeel goed onder de duim houdt en Spider-Man vooral uit jaloezie zwartmaakt. In andere strips daarentegen komt hij over als een ethische nieuwsman die Spider-Man echt wantrouwt en een harde, maar vaderlijke verhouding heeft tegenover zijn werknemers, inclusief Peter Parker. Maar hoe hij ook neergezet wordt, Jameson is en blijft een belangrijk personage uit de Spider-Manstrips.

De huidige Nederlandse stem van J. Jonah Jameson is Reinder van der Naalt en voorheen was dit Frits Jansma.

Biografie

Jonge jaren
Volgens "Behind the Moustache", een verhaal gepubliceerd in Spider-Man's Tangled Web #20 (januari 2003), was Jameson de zoon van David en Betty Jameson. Zijn vader was een officier in het Amerikaanse leger, een oorlogsveteraan die door velen als held werd gezien. Echter, thuis was David erg ruw en hardhandig tegenover zijn vrouw en zoon. Daardoor werd John ervan overtuigd dat niemand continu een held is. Op de middelbare school ontmoette hij voor het eerst zijn toekomstige vrouw Joan. Ze trouwden direct na hun school te hebben afgemaakt.

Jameson kreeg een baan als journalist bij de Daily Bugle. Hij schepte toen al op tegen zijn collega's dat hij op een dag de hele zaak zou runnen. Jameson was erbij toen Marvels eerste superhelden, Human Torch en Namor the Sub-Mariner, verschenen, en was direct sceptisch over beide. Tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog was Jameson een oorlogsjournalist in Europa.

Na de oorlog kregen Jameson en zijn vrouw Joan een zoon, John, die opgroeide tot een astronaut. Toen Jameson terugkeerde van een journalistieke missie om de Koreaanse Oorlog te verslaan, ontdekte hij dat zijn vrouw was omgekomen bij een overval. Om het verlies te verwerken stortte hij zich geheel op zijn baan, en werd gepromoveerd tot hoofdredacteur.

Jameson en Spider-Man
Toen Spider-Man een mediasensatie werd, nam Jameson zich voor Spider-Man zwart te maken. Hij deed dit niet alleen om de Bugle beter te laten verkopen, maar ook uit wraak omdat Spider-Man met zijn aandacht Jamesons zoon overschaduwde.

Jamesons lastercampagne tegen Spider-Man bevatte een vast patroon waarin Jameson Spider-Man beschuldigde van verschillende misdaden, enkel om deze berichten weer te moeten ontkennen wanneer werd bewezen dat hij ernaast zat. Jameson weigerde echter de verantwoording voor zijn onprofessionele berichtgeving op zich te nemen, en beschuldigde Spider-Man ervan de reputatie van de Bugle te ruïneren. Hoewel hij het nooit wilde toegeven, was Jameson ook jaloers op Spider-Mans heldendaden. Hoewel Spider-Man talloze malen Jamesons leven, en dat van degene om wie hij gaf, redde, bleef Jameson zichzelf ervan overtuigen dat Spider-Man iets te verbergen had. Spider-Mans reactie op alle negatieve media-aandacht varieerde van woede en frustratie tot acceptatie van Jamesons zelfvernietigende dwaasheid.

Jameson loofde regelmatig beloningen uit voor Spider-Mans gevangenneming of het bekendmaken van zijn geheime identiteit. Hij huurde zelfs een privédetective genaamd Mac Gargan in, en liet hem genetische versterking ondergaan waardoor hij veranderde in de Scorpion en Spider-Man kon bevechten. Dit pakte echter anders uit dan gepland aangezien Scorpion al snel doordraaide en zich tegen Jameson keerde. Jameson wist zijn rol bij de creatie van Scorpion jarenlang verborgen te houden. Hij was zelfs zo stom om hetzelfde plan nog eens te proberen, wat resulteerde in de creatie van de superschurk Human Fly.

Ondanks al zijn vijandigheid tegenover Spider-Man heeft Jameson wel foto's nodig van Spider-Mans heldendaden om op de voorpagina van zijn krant te plaatsen. Peter Parker speelt hier handig op in door foto's van zichzelf als Spider-Man te maken en ze aan de Bugle te verkopen.

In Amazing Spider-Man #162 ontmoette Jameson Dr. Marla Madison, een wetenschapper en de dochter van een overleden vriend van hem. Hij vroeg haar hulp voor het maken van ene nieuwe type Spider-Slayer robot. Hoewel Spider-Man deze robots ook wist te verslaan, raakte Madison net zo geobsedeerd door het verslaan van Spider-Man als Jameson. De twee trouwden in Amazing Spider-Man Annual #18. De twee namen ook Jamesons nichtje Mattie Franklin in huis, niet wetende dat zij de superheldin Spider-Woman was.

Jamesons rol bij de creatie van de Scorpion kwam aan het licht toen de Hobgoblin Jameson chanteerde met dit nieuws. In plaats van in te gaan op Hobgoblins eisen besloot Jameson het nieuws openbaar te maken bij een persconferentie.

Tot op de dag van vandaag is Jameson opgekomen voor burgerrechten. Hij kwam zelfs op voor de rechten van mutanten, ondanks zijn afkeer voor individuele supermensen. Jameson is beduidend toleranter tegenover superhelden die werken voor de overheid zoals de Avengers.

Toen in Civil War #2 Spider-Mans identiteit bekend werd, viel Jameson flauw bij het besef dat zijn grootste tegenstander zich al die tijd recht voor zijn neus bevond. Ook werd hiermee bekend dat Jameson altijd had gedacht dat er een mate van vertrouwen heerste tussen hem en Peter Parker, al vanaf de dag dat Peter bij de Daily Buggle kwam werken. Hij voelde zich dermate verraden dat zijn band met Peter direct werd verbroken.

Jameson in andere media
Jameson is een vast personage in bijna elke adaptie van Spider-Man.

De Spider-Man animatieserie uit 1967 bevatte de meest negatieve versie van Jameson, wiens stem werd gedaan door Paul Kligman. Hij was hierin een egoïstische man die Spider-Man automatisch van elke misdaad beschuldigde, zelfs al was er nog zoveel bewijs dat Spider-Man onschuldig was.
J. Jonah Jameson verscheen ook in de Spider-Man animatieserie uit 1981 en de animatieserie Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends. In beide werd zijn stem gedaan door William Woodson.
In de animatieserie Spider-Man: The Animated Series, waarin zijn stem werd gedaan door Ed Asner, werd Jameson op redelijkere manier neergezet. In deze serie is zijn haat tegen Spider-Man vooral vanwege het feit dat Spider-Man een masker draagt. Jamesons vrouw werd namelijk gedood door een gemaskerde schutter. De serie toonde ook Jamesons integriteit als journalist. Hij weigert bijvoorbeeld de waarheid te verhullen, zelfs als hem dit beter uitkomt. Hij heeft ook het beste voor met zijn werknemers, aangezien hij in het geheim Matt Murdock inhuurde om Peter Parker te verdedigen toen die vals werd beschuldigd door Richard Fisk. Jamesons beroemde sigaar werd weggelaten uit de serie.
Jamesons eerste live-action optreden was in de televisieserie The Amazing Spider-Man, waarin hij werd gespeeld door acteur Robert F. Simon.
In de Spider-Man film uit 2002 en de vervolgen Spider-Man 2 en Spider-Man 3 werd Jameson gespeeld doorJ. K. Simmons. De filmversie van Jameson behoud zijn haat tegen Spider-Man, maar is verder een goede loyale man (wat bleek toen hij de Green Goblin weigerde te vertellen wie de fotograaf is die telkens de foto's van Spider-Man maakt). Jameson weet diep van binnen wel dat Spider-Man een held is, en gaf dit zelfs toe in Spider-Man 2 toen Mary Jane was gevangen door Dr. Octopus en Spider-Man was gestopt met zijn leven als superheld. Hij trok deze bekentenis echter meteen weer in toen Spider-Man zijn kostuum, dat nu in Jamesons kantoor hing, terugstal om Dr. Octopus te gaan bevechten.Mevrouw Jameson is in de films nog in leven. Ze wordt genoemd in de eerste film, en gezien in de tweede.
Sinds 2019 verschijnt J. Jonah Jameson in het Marvel Cinematic Universe, waarin deze rol wederom weer gespeeld wordt door J.K. Simmons. Deze versie van Jameson is echter niet dezelfde als uit de Spider-Man trilogie van Sam Raimi. Jameson verschijnt in de mid-credit scene van Spider-Man: Far From Home waarin hij kritiek heeft op Spider-Man. Hij vertelt ook dat Peter Parker Spider-Man is en dat Spider-Man Mysterio heeft vermoord. Ook verschijnt J. Jonah Jameson in de mid-credit scene van de film Venom: Let There Be Carnage waarin we nieuwe beelden zien vanuit de gebeurtenissen van Spider-Man: Far From Home, het hoofdpersonage van deze film Eddie Brock reageert op deze beelden nadat hij op een onverklaarbare manier naar een kamer werd geteleporteerd. Voor de film Spider-Man: No Way Home keerde Simmons nogmaals terug maar dit keer in een grote rol als J. Jonah Jameson.
J.K. Simmons sprak ook de stem in voor J. Jonah Jameson voor de animatieseries Ultimate Spider-Man, Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, Avengers AssembleJameson verschijnt ook in vele computerspellen van Spider-Man, maar altijd als niet-speelbaar personage.

 Vergelijking met Perry White
Jameson heeft veel overeenkomsten met het personage Perry White van DC Comics, de hoofdredacteur van de fictieve krant Daily Planet waar Clark Kent voor werkt. In een aantal cross-overs tussen Marvel en DC werden de twee dan ook regelmatig met elkaar vergeleken. De twee ontmoetten elkaar daadwerkelijk in de stripserie Marvel vs DC, waarin de mysterieuze nieuwe eigenaar van de Planet'' White ontslaat en vervangt door Jameson. De twee bezoeken boos de eigenaar (Wilson Fisk, alias de Kingpin) en worden hier getekend met bijna identieke kleren, horloges, haarstijlen en sigaren.

Trivia
Stan Lee verklaarde meer dan eens dat hij graag de rol van Jameson had gespeeld in de Spider-Man films. Desondanks prees hij acteur J.K. Simmons voor de manier waarop hij Jameson speelde.
De J in J. Jonah Jameson staat voor 'John'. Dit werd bevestigd in Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Spider-Man 2005.
J. Jonah Jamesons vrouw Joan heeft dezelfde naam als Stan Lees vrouw.

Externe links
 J. Jonah Jameson op Marvel Database.com
 SpiderFan.org: J.Jonah Jameson
 Samruby.com: Profile on JJJ
 J Jonah Jameson on the Marvel Universe Character Bio Wiki

Personage uit Marvel Comics
Personage uit stripverhaal
Personage uit Spider-Man

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


In exchange, prosecutors say, the senator used his office to carry out official acts to help the doctor in various disputes with the USA government.
Afterwards, Sen. Bob Menendez stepped up to the mics.
"Go home", he told the jurors. The only question remaining is how many more days the judge will demand jurors deliberate before he throws in the towel and declares a mistrial.
She also called Menendez a good man who was "not at all corrupt" but said that all 12 jurors at one point had agreed that he was guilty of one criminal charge: making false statements by failing to disclose gifts on his Senate ethics forms. "They are friends. And if my friend, if I was rich and I had a lot of money and if I want to take my friend somewhere, why can't I?" I want to thank all of the jurors for their service, but I believe no juror should be coerced.
Evelyn Arroyo-Maultsby was excused for a pre-approved vacation on November 9. "I would hope that at the end of the day after they finish tomorrow that those who continue to believe in my innocence will stand strong and that at the end of the day no juror will be coerced into a decision", Menendez said. Robert Menendez's bribery case said they began deliberations on Monday with nine of them - including herself - prepared to find him not guilty of the most serious charges. Last week a juror named Evelyn Arroyo-Maultsby was dismissed because she had a previously scheduled vacation to the Bahamas coming up.
He had 61 tackles, two interceptions and five forced fumbles in 15 games with the team over the past two seasons. After being on the free agent market for a few weeks, Maxwell will return to the team where his career began.
Other than Kolstad in the producer and writing role, the project is overseen by Fox 21 head Bert Salke himself. Hulu's Hitman doesn't now have an airdate but we'll keep you updated as more information arrives.
"What I saw in the courtroom was that he was not guilty of all counts; so was Dr. Melgen", Arroyo-Maultsby said on Thursday following her dismissal.
Judge Walls never asked her to stay away from reporters and her words made headlines. The deliberations were supposed to start from scratch once the alternate juror was seated, but instead, the jury seemed to zoom back into the logjam described by Arroyo-Maultsby.
The defense suggested the jury was now tainted.
"If you're implying the genesis of a mistrial, you're off target, you're way off target", Walls said.
And then, three hours later, with an alternate in place of the excused juror, the jury announced it was deadlocked.
They will also help in identifying the bacteria that make people sick and specific groups that are at risk. Antibiotics can be life-saving when used appropriately, but their misuse can result in dire consequences.
He'll be expected to be the lead back if Montgomery can't go on Sunday against the Baltimore Ravens . Green Bay selected Jones out of UTEP in the fifth round of the 2017 National Football League draft.
But that wait is worth it for the all girls who will finally see themselves represented in Mattel's famous toy-just ask Muhammad. Olympic fencer Ibtihaj Muhammad made history in 2016 when she became the first member of the U.S.
Morbius started as an antagonist to Spider-Man, but would eventually go on to have a heroic career of his own for a time. The project is said to be have been submitted to the studio "after a secret development process".
Although nobody was harmed during the attack, a gun was pressed to the head of one team member as valuables were stolen. In 2010, the reigning world champion Jenson Button was held at gunpoint when he left the circuit, but escaped unharmed.
To close his show, Oliver enlisted the help of Tom Hanks , as he surprised his audience with a trailer of a faux-Warren G. He went on to show a transcript of a Trump speech about Iran as a disembodied voice expressionlessly read the text.
The sale represents 64 per cent of Shell's stake in Woodside and 8.5 per cent of Woodside's issued capital, Shell said. Shell was blocked from taking over Woodside by then Treasurer, Peter Costello in a bid worth $US5.1 billion.
James, now in his 15th season of National Basketball Association service, made a decision to document a portion of trip as well. Smith put it, "like real citizens". "As long as I'm getting on the right (expletive) train that's all I care about", he said.
Says Cavill, "Geoff and I have been delving into the history of the character to get to the core of who Superman is". While he ponders his own future as the Dark Knight, the actor does see a timeliness in Justice League's arrival now.
The NIFLA case, the first of the four cases to reach the Supreme Court, is represented by Alliance Defending Freedom. Becerra, and the other two cases, will be held at the Court until it resolves the NIFLA case, likely in spring 2018.


text:
Texas Vet Accidentally Euthanized a Cat Instead of Giving Vaccine
Stryker Published: January 20, 2020
The woman said she got a frantic call from her vet saying she needed to bring her cat back immediately.
Over in Spring, Texas, a family is in mourning after their cat Sophie was euthanized during a recent vet visit to Suburbia North Animal Hospital in Houston. The cat was brought in for a routine checkup and to get a vaccine for rabies. The vaccine was not given to the cat, the cat was injected with the euthanasia medication.
On the way home, Michelle Olson and her husband were told to come back to the vet once they found out what happened. Sadly, it was too late for eight-year-old Sophia. She was literally dying in Michelle's arms and their was nothing she could do.
"I held her and talked to her because I knew that was going to be the last thing she would remember. I knew she wasn't going to come back." Olson said. "Every time I close my eyes, I see that look on her face, and I just can't get it out of my head." The animal hospital acknowledged the incident occurred but wouldn't comment, following advice from their legal counsel.
Michelle is sharing her story hoping this doesn't happen to someone else's pet. "They're very sorry. That's all they can say, really. Yes, it was an accident, but it was an accident that should've never happened," Olson said. "My main concern is not to bash them at all. I just want to make sure the public is aware. Ask questions that you didn't think you had to ask, so this doesn't happen to anyone else."
Filed Under: cat
Categories: Animals, Texas News
Texas Attorney Accidentally Left Cat Filter on Zoom Court Case
How Many Cats Have Interrupted Sporting Events Throughout the Years?
Reduced Adoption Fees for Cats and Kittens this Month in Wichita Falls
North Texas Woman Kills Husband For Allegedly Beating Her Cat
National Petition Demands Maximum Punishment For Wichita Falls Girls Who Tortured Cat
Wichita Falls Now Has Puppy Cuddling Service
Texas Family Mistakes Bobcats For Kitty Cats, Three People Injured
Texas Man Accused of Throwing Dog and Cat Out Of Second Story Window During An Argument
Texas Couple Punished Children By Forcing Them to Brush Teeth With Cat Feces


text:
Teague, Gregory, PhD
Gregory B. Teague is an Associate Professor in the Department of Mental Health Law & Policy. He received his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology and Public Practice from Harvard University. His research interests have included a range of issues in behavioral health services research: fidelity to program models, effectiveness of consumer-operated services, involvement of persons with mental illnesses in the criminal justice system, performance measurement, self-directed care, cost-effectiveness of services for people with co-occurring serious mental illness and substance use disorders, consumer-provider relationships, and the impact of care coordination approaches within integrated behavioral and general health plans. His first measure of fidelity to assertive community treatment – an intensive service model for people with serious mental illnesses considered an essential program option within public service systems – came into wide use internationally and served as both the standard measure for this program and the prototype for later measures of fidelity to other evidence-based practices for this population; he and colleagues are currently evaluating the impact of their updated and expanded replacement measure, now also very widely adopted.
He has worked on several SAMHSA-sponsored national efforts in development and integration of performance measurement within behavioral health care, including the MHSIP consumer-oriented report card, standards for outcome measurement systems, and development and promulgation of common performance indicators and measures.
His teaching focuses on evidence-based practice in behavioral healthcare. He has also been active in faculty governance within USF, having served as president first of the USF Faculty Senate, then of the USF System Faculty Council, as USF Trustee, and as chair of several university-wide ad hoc committees.
Ph.D., Harvard University
B.A., Yale University
Fidelity to program and service models
Involvement of persons with mental illnesses in the criminal justice system
Performance measurement & evaluation in behavioral health
Effectiveness of self-directed care and consumer-operated services
Effectiveness of care coordination in improving integration in health care systems
AHCA Study - Administrative Data Analysis
Clark, C., Young. M. S., Teague, G., & Rynearson-Moody, S. (2016). Development of a Measure of Housing and Housing Services. Community Mental Health Journal 52:1, 66-72 doi: 10.1007/s10597-015-9969-y
Moser, L. L., Monroe-DeVita, M., & Teague, G. B. (2013). Evaluating Integrated Dual Disorders Treatment within Assertive Community Treatment: A New Measure. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 9:2, 187-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2013.779480
Cuddeback, G. S., Morrissey, J. P., Domino, M. E., Monroe-DeVita, M., Teague, G. B., & Moser, L. L. (2013). Fidelity to Recovery-Oriented ACT Practices and Consumer Outcomes. Psychiatric Services in Advance, January 15, 2013; doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201200097
Winters, L., Teague, G. B., & Yeager, K. (2013). Psychiatric risk management: Efforts to reduce unforeseen outcomes. In K. Yeager, D. Cutler, D. Svendsen & G. Sills (Eds.), Modern text of public and community psychiatry: An interdisciplinary approach. (pp. 534-550). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Teague, G. B., Mueser, K. T., & Rapp, C. A. (2012). Advances in fidelity measurement for mental health services research: Four measures. Psychiatric Services 63(8), 765-771
Constantine, R. J., Andel, R., Robst, J., & Teague, G. B. (2012). The impact of mental health services on arrests of offenders with a serious mental illness. Law and Human Behavior 36(3), 170-176.
Teague, G. B., Moser, L.L., & Monroe-DeVita, M. (2011). Established and emerging elements in the TMACT: Measuring fidelity to an evolving model. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nursing Association 17(1):17-29.
Monroe-DeVita, M., Teague, G. B., & Moser, L. L. (2011). The TMACT: A new tool for measuring fidelity to assertive community treatment. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nursing Association 17(1):34-36.
Teague, G. B., & Monroe-DeVita, M. (2011). Not by outcomes alone – Using peer evaluation to ensure fidelity to evidence-based assertive community treatment (ACT) practice. In J. L. Magnabosco & R. W. Manderscheid (Eds.), Outcomes Measurement in the Human Services: Cross-Cutting Issues and Methods (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers Press.
Constantine R. J., Petrila J., Andel, R., Givens, E. M., Becker M, Robst J, Van Dorn, R., Boaz, T., Teague, G. B., Haynes, D., & Howe, A. (2010). Arrest trajectories of adult offenders with a serious mental illness. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 16(4),319-339
Barrett, B., Young, M. S., Teague, G. B., Winarski, J., Moore, K. A., & Ochshorn, E. (2010). Recovery orientation of treatment, consumer empowerment, and satisfaction with services: A mediational model. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 34(2), 153-156
Robst, J., Constantine, R. Boaz, T., Andel, R., Teague, G., Becker, M. & Howe, A. (2010). Short-term impact of preferred drug list changes on health care utilization and Medicaid costs: Injectable Risperidone.Psychiatric Services 61(9):937-939.
Constantine RJ, Andel R, Petrila J, Becker M, Robst J, Teague G, Boaz T, & Howe, A. (2010). Characteristics and Experiences of Adults with a Serious Mental Illness Who Were Involved in the Criminal Justice System. Psychiatric Services 61(5):451-457
Teague, G. B., & Caporino, N. (2008). Patient perceptions of care measures. In A. J. Rush Jr., M. B. First & D. Blacker (Eds.), Handbook of Psychiatric Measures (2nd ed., pp. 163-191). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Mullen, C.A., Murthy, U., & Teague, G. B. (2008). Listening to those we serve: Assessing the research needs of university faculty. Journal of Research Administration 34(1):10-31.
Rogers, E. S., Teague, G. B., Lichtenstein, C. L., Campbell, J., Lyass, A., Chen, R., & Banks, S. (2007). The effects of participation in adjunctive consumer-operated programs on both personal and organizationally mediated empowerment: Results of a multi-site study. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development 44(6): 785–800.
Teague, G. B., Trabin, T., & Ray, C. (2006). Building a Common Language in Mental Health Care Delivery. In Albert R. Roberts and Kenneth R. Yeager (Eds.) Foundations of Evidence-Based Social Work Practice. New York; Oxford University Press.
Johnsen, M., Teague, G. B., & McDonel-Herr, E. (2005). Common ingredients as a fidelity measure. In S. Clay, B. Schell, P. Corrigan, R. Ralph (Eds.), On Our Own, Together: Peer Programs for People With Mental Illness. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press.
Teague, G. B., Trabin, T., & Ray, C. (2004). Toward common performance indicators and measures for accountability in behavioral healthcare. In Albert R. Roberts and Kenneth Yeager (Eds.) Evidence-Based Practice Manual: Research and Outcome Measures in Health and Human Services (pp. 46-61). New York: Oxford University Press.
Drake, R. E., Rosenberg, S. D., Teague, G. B., Bartels, S. J., & Torrey, W. C. (2003). Fundamental principles of evidence-based medicine applied to mental health care. In Evidence-based Practices in Mental Health. Special Issue: Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 26, 811-820.
Mowbray, C. T., Holder, M., Teague, G. B., & Bybee, D. (2003). Fidelity criteria: Development, measurement, and validation. American Journal of Evaluation, 24(3), 315-340.
Teague, G. B., Bond, G. R., & Drake, R. E. (1998). Program fidelity in assertive community treatment: Development and use of a measure. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 68(2), 216-232.


Organohalides such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) are among the most prevalent toxic groundwater contaminants. Remediation of organohalide-contaminated sites has high priority, and efficient and cost-effective remedies are needed to prevent environment and human exposure through contaminated water. Bacterial organohalide-respiration plays a major role in organohalide detoxification. Dehalococcoides mccartyi (Dhc) are key mediators in bioremediation, since only Dhc strains have been documented in complete detoxification of chlorinated ethenes to benign ethene. Dhc depends on other microorganisms in the environment for essential growth requirements (e.g., hydrogen and vitamins). For successful implementation of the reductive dechlorination to remediate contaminated sites, microbial interactions controlling Dhc reductive dechlorination must be elucidated. The overall objective of this research was to address the key gaps in the scientific understanding of the controls over Dhc reductive dechlorination activity, including Dhc corrinoid-related interactions with other microorganisms. Detailed hydrogeological and microbial characterization of mixed chlorinated solvent contaminated Third Creek site (Knoxville, TN) attributed an important role to the creek sediment, where organohalide-respiring bacteria (e.g., Dhc and Dehalobacter) co-exist, for detoxification of contaminants. Different chlorinated solvent-amendments affected Dhc strain selection and non-dechlorinating microbial composition in enrichment cultures derived from Third Creek sediment. Corrinoid-auxotroph Dhc require corrinoid cofactor for the reductive dehalogenase enzyme systems. Microorganisms including Acetobacterium, Clostridium, Geobacter, and methanogens were identified as corrinoid-producers in the enrichment cultures. 5,6-dimethyl-benzimidazole cobamide (DMB-Cba) was the most abundant corrinoid in enrichment cultures to support Dhc reductive dechlorination. Different lower base-amendments affected Dhc reductive dechlorination rates and extents. Lower base-amendments to enrichment cultures caused a shift from production of DMB-Cba to production of corrinoids with the amended lower bases, some of which caused lower dechlorination rates. In addition, different Dhc strains became abundant with different lower base-amendment in cultures, demonstrating the role of corrinoid in Dhc strain selection. Lastly this research demonstrated that different geochemical conditions and corresponding microbial populations determined the composition and concentration of bioavailable corrinoid pools; thus directly controlling Dhc reductive dechlorination activity. The findings of this research are relevant to environmental remediation practitioners and provide valuable information for improving bioremediation strategies to achieve successful contaminated-site cleanup.
Şimşir, Burcu, "Ecology of Organohalide-Respiring Dehalococcoides mccartyi: Corrinoid Cofactor-Related Community Interactions and Controls over Strain Selection. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2016.


Ski Pallars - Gran Pallars. SkiPallars is the new name for the 2 alpine ski stations Espot Esqui and Port Ainé and the nordic ski station with one alpine lift Tavascan covered by the area Gran Pallars in the Lleida Pyrenees. Espot Esqui is the biggest station in Ski Pallars. These ski stations included in the SkiPallars ski pass are not connected, but fairly close to each other and you can of course visit the resorts individually . All these resorts are owned by Catalan government FGC railway company and you can buy ski passes online.


Hello! Today I am talking about smoothies, oh I love them. And for this post, I am partnering with Nutrisslim / EST Facebook.
Nutrisslim is quite new to me, but I'm going to check out more of their products and definitely talk about them here on my blog. But let's get started!
So I made two smoothies: purple & berry and strawberry & banana. Easy to make and I'm almost sure that you have everything already in your fridge or cabinets. But what you don't have are Nutrisslim protein powders, I enjoy adding them to my smoothies, especially before a workout or after. I use right now Sport and Bio Pea Protein. Both proteins are raw & organic & vegan. I highly recommend adding superfoods into your diet, I believe in superfoods and I see the differences when I'm using them.
You need one banana, a hand full of strawberries (I used both wild and usual ones), your choice of liquid (water, almond milk, soy milk, milk etc), peppermint leaf to add some minty taste, I added some blueberries but not too much and finally I added Pea Protein one full teaspoon. I don't like to add too much because it is very powdery and it doesn't mix in perfectly.
Tip: Add Pea Protein in pasta which has some sauce and blend it in. I love how it tastes in pasta.
You need a handful of blueberries, half of the banana, some sorts of liquid ( your choice), you can add some spinach as well and finally, I added two teaspoons of Sport Protein. Super easy to make and plus smoothies are good for you!
Keep your body and mind healthy!


Cafe Nero in Hexham has two comfortable seats by the window of their narrow shop front. It's one of my favourite places to sit, sip a cappuchino, and watch the world go by. As I went in, there was no queue and no-one sitting in my favourite chair, I thought 'If I get in quick, I've got it made'. I stood at the counter, placing my order for a grande cappuchino with chocolate sprinkles, as the milk frothed and my anticipation rose I glanced over to the door.
A retired couple, laden with shopping, paused at the door and spotting the opportunity, parked themselves on my seats! Bloody hell! I was so looking forward to sitting in my favourite chair! I had to make do with a hard chair way back in the cafe, looking at the usurping couple and scribbling this article with vengeful intensity.
Fortunately, I noticed my thought process and I had recently read the SET article, so I had the finger tapping routine available to deal with the problem.
Three thoughts had sprung to mind when my 'perch' was stolen.
Typical! Someone else always gets what I want!
I started the finger tapping, my tapping hand concealed beneath the table, no setup phrases or any other sign that I was using EFT. I was about half way through the first round when I recognised the familiar relaxed sigh that accompanies the dissolving of tension. I checked, the statement no longer had any negative charge. Then I worked on 'That's my seat!', a few rounds of finger tapping and it faded away, it was now just a collection of words.
The final phrase: "Typical, someone else always gets what I want!" is more interesting. Beliefs have a tendency to be complusive, they compel us to act in certain ways or filter our world view looking for evidence that confirms the belief and disregarding evidence to the contrary. Just imagine for a moment that I believed and acted as if this was true. I'd be organising my experience not to get what I want.
Although it seems like an innocuous throw away line I thought it was worth neutralising. A few rounds of tapping took care of that as well. By this time I felt quite relaxed about the couple occupying the seats, the seats had stopped being my seats (after all they never were my seats), now they are just seats. The negative reaction to the situation had been completely eliminated.
You might be thinking: So what? Why bother with such a trivial reaction? Well, I suspect that most of us are assailled by many, many little discontents or annoyances everyday. Usually we are able to suppress them and get on with things, but that's a large accumulation of annoyances; little bursts of stress hormones and unhappiness. In my opinion by tackling the little stuff we can begin to turn the balance a little bit in our favour, by using these techniques on our little annoyances we have many opportunties to be just that little be more calm and a little less stressed.


text:
Home / Unlabelled / Students appeal to ASUU, FG to resolve dispute, call-off strike
Students appeal to ASUU, FG to resolve dispute, call-off strike
by Yomsdirect on January 03, 2019
ASUU
Some undergraduate students in Nsukka, on Thursday appealed to the Federal Government (FG) and the Academic Staff Union of Universities (ASUU) to shift grounds in order to resolve their issues.
The students told news men in separate interviews that they were tired of staying at home following the nationwide ASUU strike.
ASUU had embarked on the strike on Nov. 4, 2018 over FG's alleged inability to fulfill the agreements signed with the union in 2009.
Charles Odoko from the Department of Economics, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, urged relevant stakeholders in the country to intervene and prevail on ASUU and government to reach a compromise so that the strike would be called off.
"I am pleading with the relevant stakeholders in the country to intervene and end the ongoing industrial action by university lecturers in the interest of students.
"I am also pleading with the FG and the lecturers to resolve their issues; I am tired of staying at home I want to go back to school this January.
"The FG should urgently meet the demands of ASUU as the constant strikes by lecturers are affecting the quality of tertiary education in the country," he said.
Jane Ukaegbu, of the Department of Political Science at the University of Lagos, said that government and ASUU should consider the future of students and place that above other interests by resolving the dispute.
"The FG should always try to give priority to issues concerning education since the level of development of any country is anchored on quality education.
"Government should also strive to respect any agreement reached with ASUU as the current strike was due to government's inability to fulfill the agreements it reached with the union since 2009.
"I am urging the FG and the ASUU to reach a compromise so that students can return to school,'' Ukaegbu said.
Kenneth Amadi from the Department of Psychology, University of Port Harcourt, said the frequent strikes by public universities' employees were altering the academic calendar and distorting students' set time of graduation.
"Today ASUU is on nationwide strike, tomorrow it would be non-academic staff; this is why top government officials send their children to private and foreign institutions and could not care less about the ASUU strike.
"Government should consider poor parents who do not have lots of money to send their children and wards to private and foreign universities where the academic calendar is not tampered with,'' Amadi appealed. (NAN)
By Yomsdirect at January 03, 2019


text:
Potentially edible!
Food woo
Fabulous food!
Food, Inc
Delectable diets!
Jesus diet
Bodacious bods!
""Alcohol makes other people less tedious, and food less bland, and can help provide what the Greeks called entheos, or the slight buzz of inspiration when reading or writing. ...The tongue must be untied.
—Christopher Hitchens, Hitch-22: A Memoir
Alcohol[note 1] is a substance found in many of the drinks that many editors of RationalWiki imbibe in order to stimulate their creativity.[citation NOT needed] It must, however, be used with care as overindulgence may well result in overstimulation (or alcohol poisoning...). Such intemperance may also create unpleasant consequences.
1 A chemistry lesson
2 Types of drinking alcohol
2.1 Beer
2.2 Wine
2.3 Spirits
2.4 Mead
2.5 Cider
2.6 Kumis
3 Alcohol and health
4 Misconceptions
5 Prohibition
7 Other uses for alcohol
A chemistry lesson[edit]
An ethanol molecule
""Technically, alcohol is a solution.
—Chemistry Cat[1]
"Alcohol" is just a generic term for any organic compound featuring the functional group -OH. Ethanol (CH3CH2OH or C2H5OH, same thing) is the primary alcohol drunk by (sane) people. However, many alcoholic beverages also contain other alcohols in smaller quantities as byproducts of fermentation. These compounds can provide flavouring[2] or contribute to the intoxication to some extent,[3] with some higher alcohols such as tert-amyl alcohol (2M2B) even being used recreationally on their own.[4] Many other alcohols, however, are very toxic. A well-known example of one of these alcohols is methanol. Methanol (also known as wood alcohol or CH3OH) can cause death in small-ish quantities[5] but will make you blind first and can be found in cheap, and very, very illegal booze,[6] and in legal booze that's not supposed to be drunk (damn you!). Unlike ethanol, methanol can be absorbed through the skin and is just plain dangerous. Other alcohols can create the effects of drunkenness, often even more so than ethanol: ingesting propanol, isopropanol (rubbing alcohol) and butanol will intoxicate someone very readily. These compounds, however, are several times more lethal, so they are not recommended as intoxicants.[7] A related compound, ethanediol (HO-CH2CH2-OH) is found in antifreeze, and is also delightfully poisonous. Ethanol is relatively safe, and is only dangerous in very large amounts (see below).
Ethanol is made either by the hydrolysis of ethane in large chemical plants, slowly fermented by adding yeast (this is the stuff you drink), other biomass processes (fuel ethanol is produced from corn, for example), or it can be homologated from methanol in an interesting reaction that means you can produce it entirely from syngas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen).[8]
Fruit flavorings are mostly made of compounds called esters, which form alcohols (sometimes ethanol) when broken down by acids. Therefore it is possible (just) to fail a breathalyzer test by eating too many pear drops. Although no, it doesn't work as an excuse for proper DUI, it has been used successfully to overturn some false positive breathalyzer readings.[9]
Ethanol goes by several other names, including "ethyl alcohol", "drinking alcohol", "grain alcohol", or simply "alcohol".
Ethanol can be used as an alternative or supplement to gasoline as a fuel in vehicles. In these cases, it is typically made in the same way alcoholic beverages are made: fermentation. Small amounts of wood alcohol or gasoline are then added (called "denaturing") to make it toxic, thus escaping liquor laws (if they didn't put it in, people could drink it safely without paying tax on it, and we can't have that). There is some controversy surrounding ethanol as fuel as (A) it would mean land and crops would have to be used to make fuel when they could be used to grow food, and (B) in the case of corn, current technology requires burning over 1 gallon's ethanol-equivalent in fuel for every gallon of ethanol you produce. However, technologies are being researched which would allow for ethanol to be made from indigestible cellulose and other organic waste, and in the meantime deriving ethanol from sugar cane is more efficient than deriving ethanol from corn.
Inside the body, ethanol is oxidized and decays into ethanal (also known as acetaldehyde to reduce confusion), which causes a hangover, and eventually to acetic acid, which is found in vinegar (and is why old wine tastes like vinegar).
Because the chemistry of ethanol is probably boring to most people, the rest of this article will concentrate on the stuff you drink.
Types of drinking alcohol[edit]
Alcohol in a delightful solution.
There are three major methods of producing alcoholic beverages: straight fermentation, brewing, and distillation. Fermented beverages tend to be made from fruit juices or things with high sugar contents, and are typically known as wines. Brewed beverages are also fermented, but because they are typically derived from grains, the starches need to be broken down into simpler sugars to allow the yeast a chance to go to work. These beverages are typically called beers, and also includes east Asian 'rice wines' such as sake and ang jiu. Finally, there is distillation, which can be any number of processes that remove alcohol from stuff that is mainly water. This is based on the principle that alcohol and water have different boiling (and for some processes freezing) points. It should be noted that distilled beverages intended for human consumption generally have enough water in them to make them safe, with a few notable exceptions such as overproof rum and Everclear. Of the above, fermentation and brewing are legal to perform at home (in the US at least). Distillation requires that you pay special taxes or the revenuers will come and take your stills, and potentially everything you own. Distillation is the reason NASCAR exists.
See main article: beer, or the funspace article on beer.
Trappistes Rochefort 8, the best beer in the world.
There is naturally some debate about where the best beer in the world comes from.
A British perspective: Unsurprisingly, and like their claims about forms of government, legal systems, welfare systems, health systems, weapons, armies, accents, footballers (not), cars (not), motorbikes (not), the British claim their beer is the best in the world.[10][11] British drinkers would maintain that the only true beer is made in the United Kingdom where it is known as real ale. It has both body and flavour and it is not necessary to kill the flavour by excessive chilling. Despite persistent belief that British beer is served at room temperature, real ale is best served chilled, ideally between 10-14°C.
In the rest of Europe and the US a chemical substitute for beer called Lager is often drunk. (Like some of the people.) This chemical substitute is so lacking in flavour (or has such a bad flavor) that the only way to make it drinkable is to supercharge it with carbon dioxide and then chill it in order to kill whatever taste it has — it being utterly undrinkable at room temperature. --Which of course explains why American Budweiser is one of the top beers imported into England.
An Irish perspective The Irish, of course, do not appreciate the typical arrogance of the British about their beer and calmly reiterate that stout, notably the black stuff is best. Sadly for them, as it has caused nothing but trouble, the Irish are unfortunately correct, as Guinness is incontrovertibly the greatest beer the world has ever seen drunk. Rich, dark, mysterious, intelligent, poetic, brooding, inestimable, indefatigable, in my belly, hallowed, spiritual, mighty, creamy, brilliant, feck, arse and bollocks are all words used in the eulogy of Guinness. Unfortunately for the Irish, Guinness is now owned by the Brits—which is oddly appropriate, considering that the brewery sided with them during the 1916 Uprising. Also, unfortunately (for the world), Guinness exported to other countries tastes nothing like the black gold served at home, due to fact the Guinness taps are checked annually to make sure to properly service the proper pint.
A Continental perspective: Others would claim that the best beer in the world is brewed in Belgium,[12] which is famous for its long tradition and immense diversity, with more than 1000 different brands. Many Belgian beers are designated "real ale" by CAMRA, being brewed from natural ingredients and served from the vessel in which they are conditioned. A number of "Trappist" beers are brewed in Belgium by, or under the supervision, of Trappist monks. These monks dedicate their lives to the service of the Lord and the brewing of beer, which is near enough the same thing (though it's worth noting that the existence of beer is very seldom called into question). Meanwhile, ironically, alcohol use in Belgium is slowly but steadily decreasing [13] and mineral water is becoming one of the most popular beverages within the country.[14]
Czech beer comes in at a very close second (in quality, not diversity).
Velkopopovický Kozel, the best beer in the world. Fun fact: Kozel is Czech for goat!
Meanwhile, most continentals find the British practice of serving their beer at room temperature positively barbaric, and point out that good beer has always required chilling, with some breweries in pre-electricity times going so far as to store ice year-round for the purpose.
Another clear point of demerit for British beer is its general lack of carbon dioxide. "Why the British choose not to carbonize their beer" is a mystery to most Continentals. It is likely to remain a mystery until they realise that British beer is carbonated as much any fizzy lager. Carbonation is a natural effect of the conditioning (secondary fermentation) process. The lack of resemblance to fizzy soft drinks is not due to a refusal to put carbon dioxide in but the cellarman's skill and dedication in removing it before sale. Why they would go to such trouble only to practically ruin perfectly good beer is unfathomable... as is the case with so many other things the British do.
A Canadian perspective: Beer from pretty much anywhere but the US is a good bet, eh, although La Fin Du Monde from Quebec is probably the best high-alcohol beer out there, bordering on barley wine. In recent years, smaller breweries and microbrews have become very popular in smaller cities and the home craft brewing industry has done very well, eh.
An American perspective: As long as you avoid the big companies that make insipid beer for mass consumption by people intent on getting drunk quickly, American beer is JUST FINE, THANK YOU. Yes, we mass produce swill, but with the exorbitant taxes on all forms of alcohol, most of our people have to make do with what they can. The rest of us can then drink either one of our (multitudinous!) microbrews or one of your fancy (admittedly very good, but with less flavor than our micros tend to have) Euro/Canadian beers. But of course the final verdict comes from the ultimate authority on almost everything: American (macro) beer is like making love in a canoe — fucking close to water.
A Russian perspective: What is beer doing on this page? Beer doesn't have any alcohol in it.[15]
A Chinese perspective: Chinese beers are fairly light, but cheap tasty!
An Australian perspective: In Australia beer is called XXXX because it's easier to spell, and Foster's is a creature of legend passed down from parent to child to keep them in line. Australians drink only beer chilled to a sufficiently low temperature to induce migraine, sinus pain and mild frostbite.
An Egyptian perspective: We invented the stuff (if you don't count the Mesopotamians). Sure it had a very low alcohol content, but that wasn't the point. Those slaves needed carbs to build our pyramids — and to be kept be drunk enough not to rebel. (Pay no attention to those non-slave workers whose tombs were unearthed near the pyramid sites.) Why did we give up beer, again? Oh, yeah. Also pay no attention to our piss-poor attempt to make German-style lager that we market as "Stella".
A Mexican Perspective: Contrary to popular belief among Americans and Canadians, we don't think Corona is the best beer in Mexico. Most of us actually hate it. Like our Mojado brothers who reside north of our border, we prefer Bud Light, not because of its generic, bitter taste, but because it's just more popular and easier to get. Pass me a Bud Light, ese! Mexico also has a long history of German style brewing, and makes some excellent beers (like Dos Equis and Negro Modelo), but gringos insist on Corona.
A German Perspective
Come drink with us at the Oktoberfest in Munich! Drunken sing-a-long and merrymaking until long after you have already passed out. [note 2]
Furthermore: Bier is a German word. Enough said.
See the main article on this topic: Wine
Not just for sophisticated people. Wine is great to get you properly trolleyed.
Wine is drunk by effete southern Europeans and effete snobs. It comes in various varieties (white, red, rosé, sparkling, etc.) and is frequently served in a glass appropriate to the wine.
The antioxidants in red wine are claimed to do a body good. This, however, is mostly conjecture and utter bollocks which is rehashed by the media whenever it suits them, as Ben Goldacre likes to bring up whenever you're in the pub with him and order red wine "because it's good for you".
Plain old wine isn't strong enough for some, however, who like their drinks to have a higher alcohol content. For them, there is fortified wine; some of these are good (e.g. sherry, madeira, port), but for the most part fortified wine is also known as bum wine (American English) or tramp-juice (English English). For folks that like an even higher alcohol content, wine can be distilled, at which point it's called brandy.
Spirits[edit]
(Not the spooky kind, the libatable kind!)
There are many kinds of spirits, such as whisky, whiskey, gin, rum, baijiu, vodka, tequila, arak, et cetera. Overconsumption is dangerous, and can cause RationalWiki editors to produce mildly abbreviated posts like the one below:..
Gloag's gin.
""Take a bottle of dry London Gin & a bowl of blackthorn berries (sloes); add the former to the latter and stir; pour into two bottles & cap; leave for two to four weeks; filter and decant liquor; (make trifle with berry mush?) drink liquor; sleep.
—Susan Garlick(RIP:[)
Overindulgence followed by editing binges can also result in the necessity of profuse apologies to other editors, whether one likes them or not, for the swill left on their talk pages and pet articles.
Ardbeg Ten (Islay) single malt whisky is announced World Whisky of the Year on October 30 2007.[16]
Mead[edit]
See the main article on this topic: mead
Mead is made from honey or, if you're lucky you can get it from the goat Heidrun. Alternatively you can make your own following RationalWiki's instructions.
Cider[edit]
See the main article on this topic: Cider
Cider is made from apples and is popular with teenagers. In pre-prohibition United States, cider was the most popular beverage. Once alcoholic beverages were banned, the term cider was re-purposed to refer to certain types of non-alcoholic apple juice, and only homebrewers know (or care) that properly speaking, cider is an alcoholic beverage. In order to convert modern American "cider" into what the rest of the world calls "cider", you need to follow these instructions.
Scrumpy is a stronger, rougher variant of cider.
Despite what advertising companies would have you believe, there is no such thing as "Pear Cider". Fermented pear juice is called Perry.[17] Pear-flavored ciders do exist, however, but the base of the beverage is still apples.
Kumis[edit]
Kumis (also spelled kumiss, kymyz, and other ways and known in Mongolia as airag) is made from fermented milk, traditionally from horses, but nowadays cows' milk is more commonly used. It is primarily drunk in Central Asia. Yes, many people in Central Asia are Muslims. Alcohol ban? What alcohol ban? What else are you supposed to do with mare's milk? The fermentation process has the additional benefit of converting most or all of the the lactose in milk into a small amount of alcohol, causing it to no longer aggravate those with lactose intolerance (a metabolic problem far more common in Central Asia than elsewhere) and making the milk's nutritive value accessible to far more people.
It has an alcohol content low enough to be drinkable more or less continuously throughout the day without ever causing impairment. It has a slight fizz to it and has been fairly described as tasting like a mixture of yogurt and champagne. William of Rubruck, a Flemish missionary who visited Mongolia in the thirteenth century CE, described it as a drink that
""...makes the inner man most joyful and also intoxicates weak heads, and greatly provokes urine.
Alcohol and health[edit]
They're slurring everything again!
Weighted relative risk of alcohol for all attributable causes, by standard drinks consumed per day.[18]
They're also slurring the risk of death.
""Excessive alcohol use led to approximately 88,000 deaths and 2.5 million years of potential life lost (YPLL) each year in the United States from 2006 – 2010, shortening the lives of those who died by an average of 30 years. Further, excessive drinking was responsible for 1 in 10 deaths among working-age adults aged 20-64 years.
—The Center for Disease Control[19] (But what do they know?)
A couple of units[note 3] of beer a day is good enough for you that it could medically be considered a vitamin. A doctor said this, so it's true. We were down the pub and several drinks down by this time, but that hardly refutes unimpeachable medical science.
The view of alcohol being particularly good for you is based on cohort studies of drinkers and non-drinkers and found that drinkers were, on average, in healthier condition. This has been attributed to things like red wine containing anti-oxidants, but that is mostly bullshit. Science writer and columnist Ben Goldacre argues that such studies between non-drinkers and drinkers don't constitute a properly controlled test as he describes teetotalers as, frankly, abnormal.[note 4] People who avoid drinking entirely are non-normative, and usually do so for particular reasons, particularly medical reasons, or by virtue of being recovering alcoholics. As a result, those in the cohort inclined to not drink tend to be plagued by underlying medical conditions — such as obesity due to years of alcoholism — and this would skew the results in favor of making it appear that drinking makes you healthier.
Two meta-analyses published in 2018 concluded that one or two drinks per day could be detrimental to health, but this was not conclusive because meta-analyses are not predictive, they only show associations.[20][18][21] What the meta-analyses did show however that more than two drinks per day is detrimental to health and increases one's risk of death (from all causes) as the number of drinks increase.[20] Damn!
Consuming large amounts of alcohol quickly in order to achieve intoxication is called binge drinking, which can harm your health, cause amnesia (a blackout), or make you sleep with people you ordinarily wouldn't find attractive (beer goggles). It can also make you cause traffic accidents, and otherwise makes you act like a real dickhead. Alcohol is physically addictive, and withdrawal from alcohol is one of only a very few forms of substance withdrawal that is potentially fatal. A person addicted to alcohol is known as an alcoholic or dipsomaniac, or, less formally, a drunk. Chronic heavy alcohol use is poisonous to pretty much every vital organ in the human body, and is a major cause of stomach, esophogeal, and liver cancer, as well as pancreatitis,[note 5][22] hepatitis, and fatty liver disease. This makes alcohol far more potentially dangerous than cannabis.
Misconceptions[edit]
There are a few misconceptions regarding alcohol consumption and how it affects people. One of the major ones is that mixing types of drinks — or even just the type of drink — changes how drunk someone becomes. This applies to both mixing over time and mixing in cocktails, indeed this is often referred to as the "cocktail effect". However, none of this is true; with all other factors being equal (body mass, tolerance, food consumption) the only factor in drunkenness is the amount of alcohol consumed.[23] Also of particular importance is the rate that it is consumed — as the body can only oxidise and break it down at a set rate. In addition to the obvious placebo effect of adding a sparkler or mini-umbrella to a glass, "mixing" drinks often means mixing shorter spirits with longer drinks like beer. Obviously short shots are consumed rapidly and often in addition to an otherwise steady stream of beer. In this case, it is not the mixing that has done anything, but the fact that the amount of alcohol in a particular time has increased dramatically. People will often underestimate their consumption when mixing like this, seeing the small quantity of a shot glass as unequal to their much larger pint glasses.
That said, like any drug, the way it's administered can have some different effects on the imbiber. It differs from person to person, but beer is generally a lighter buzz than liquor. Spirits tend to have a stronger sedative effect, but also can be more likely to bring out anger (the "mean drunk" is often a liquor drinker). Still, whether you're happy, sad, or mad, or whether you're dancing on the table or sipping quietly with friends, you're not any more or less drunk than if you had ingested the same amount of a different type of alcohol. And being wide awake doesn't mean you're safe to get behind the wheel.
It's also not true that alcohol dehydrates the body. While alcohol is a diuretic, the additional water lost through the effect is compensated for by the water in the drink — in all but the strongest of spirits, at least. The same is true of caffeine containing drinks such as coffee and tea. There are other mechanisms of water loss: vomiting, sweating while dancing and so on, and these often contribute greatly to the dehydration effect, so consuming water in between drinks is still advisable. The only sure-fire way of becoming dangerously dehydrated is by drinking salt water. Adequate or abundant hydration does, however, prevent or alleviate hangover by increasing urinary output and thus the rate at which byproducts of alcohol metabolism — notably various aldehydes — are flushed from the body. Consuming significant amounts of water with alcohol does, therefore, have its benefits; the misconception lies in the mechanism attributed.
Alcohol does not warm the body up; the old image of St. Bernard rescue dogs with brandy barrels around their necks is a myth as strong alcohol is the last thing you'd want to consume if stranded in the snow. When cold, the body closes off numerous arteriole sphincters that shut off blood supply from the extremities: fingers, arms, legs, and so on, conserving body heat to the head and torso where it's needed most. While this generates the feeling of being cold, it is actually (potentially) saving your life. Alcohol prevents this mechanism from working, opening up the arteriole sphincters and allowing blood to flow to all parts of the body. This may generate a feeling of being warm, but is actually indicative of losing substantial amounts of body heat. Thus the "beer jacket" is actually quite a bad thing in a life-or-death situation.
Sexual performance is another thing associated with alcohol consumption but it is a complete myth that it improves performance. While alcohol loosens inhibitions dramatically, its effect on all measures of sexual performance is anything but positive; in fact it only creates an illusion of better performance. So while you may be thinking you were totally awesome, your more sober partner would likely disagree — unless, of course, you're so blitzed that "more sober" is not a particularly relevant term. In which case, kudos — not on your sexual prowess, mind you, but rather your tolerance. You still suck in bed while drunk, and not in the good way. As William Shakespeare put it in Macbeth, "Strong drink giveth the desire but taketh away the ability."
Few diets are completely free of alcohol. All leavened breads[24] and many fruits (especially juices) contain small amounts of alcohol.[25]
Prohibition[edit]
Prohibition agents destroying confiscated booze. NOOOO!
See the main article on this topic: Prohibition
""It's not a coincidence that Omar Khayyam, rebuking and ridiculing the stone-faced Iranian mullahs of his time, pointed to the value of the grape as a mockery of their joyless and sterile regime. Visiting today's Iran, I was delighted to find that citizens made a point of defying the clerical ban on booze, keeping it in their homes for visitors even if they didn't particularly take to it themselves, and bootlegging it with great brio and ingenuity. These small revolutions affirm the human.
The alleged evils of alcohol led to its being prohibited in the United States from 1920 to 1933. This authoritarian law resulted in a substantial increase in crime and led to the creation of criminal gangs which may still be in existence today. Interestingly there are currently other drugs which are no more harmful than alcohol (or even less so) which you can still go to jail for possessing — but life's like that. Besides, not as bad as.
The substance remains prohibited in a number of authoritarian Islamic states for religious reasons, which is rather strange when you realize that the name "alcohol" originated in Arabic as "al-kohl". Contrary to popular belief, however, most Muslim countries do not place an outright ban on alcohol, and even in those that do, the stuff is rather like marijuana in the West: despite being illegal, somebody always seems to have some (to paraphrase Earth: The Book).
Alcohol, even if not forbidden, has also been prohibited to use in a number of sports disciplines, such as air sports and archery, if used to compete with other members and may not exceed the doping threshold of 10 g/l. [26] At least it's good to know that it is forbidden when other people might get hurt from one's lack of coordination.
That all said -- and while Prohibition was wrong on every level — alcohol and smoking may well have contributed to Christopher Hitchens' death from esophageal cancer at age 62. As he was struggling with the cancer, he told CNN's Anderson Cooper that his father (who also died of esophageal cancer) had been an alcoholic, and declared:
""[T]o anyone watching, if you can hold it down on the smokes and the cocktails you may be well advised to do so. [27]
""Alcohol, the cause of, and solution to, all of life's problems.
—Homer Simpson[28]
""Alcohol, taken in sufficient quantities, may produce all the effects of drunkenness.
—Oscar Wilde [29]
""I'm not as think as you drunk I am
—a random drunk
""One evening in October, when I was one-third sober,
An' taking home a 'load' with manly pride;
My poor feet began to stutter, so I lay down in the gutter,
And a pig came up an' lay down by my side;
Then we sang 'It's all fair weather when good fellows get together,
Till a lady passing by was heard to say:
'You can tell a man who "boozes" by the company he chooses
And the pig got up and slowly walked away.
—The Pig Got Up and Slowly Walked Away, 1933 song by Benjamin Hapgood Burt
""You can't seriously want to ban alcohol, it tastes great, makes women appear more attractive and makes a person virtually impervious to criticism.
—Mayor Diamond Joe Quimby.
""Trillian did a little research in the ship's copy of THHGTTG. It had some advice to offer on drunkenness. "Go to it," it said, "and good luck."
""I'd rather have a bottle in front of me than a pre-frontal lobotomy.
Other uses for alcohol[edit]
Ethanol is also a pretty potent solvent, and can take the finish off of that baseball bat.
Ethanol was used as fuel in some early liquid-fuel rockets, including the notorious Nazi V-2 .
Methanol is a potent fuel for internal combustion engines and has been used in racing cars, notably American open-wheelers (IndyCars). However, it was highly dangerous in accidents thanks to its colorless flame, and IndyCar has since replaced it with E85 fuel, composed of 85% corn-derived ethanol and 15% gasoline.
Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol can be used for ... well ... rubbing.
Ethanol is added in small quantities to gasoline to oxygenate it, during some months of the year.
Ethanol is added in somewhat larger quantities to gasoline to turn it into gasohol. Don't use this if you have an old car, because as stated above, ethanol is a pretty potent solvent and can dissolve the glues holding your fuel lines together.
Ethanol is used as a motor fuel all by itself (with some denaturing compounds added so's you won't drink it). Currently, it can only be made economically from sugarcane.
Ethanol is used in some food additives like vanilla extract (typically 35%) or peppermint extract (typically 90%).
During MKULTRA, the CIA spent a billion dollars to test LSD's value as a truth serum (and other experiments). The Russians just used ethanol.
Ethanol can be used as a topical antiseptic. It also stings like hell if you use it on a cut or abrasion.
Ethanol can alleviate the effects of poisoning with other alcohols, such as methanol and ethylene glycol (chief ingredient of antifreeze) because it competes with them for liver enzymes, lessening the amount of toxic by-products. Don't rely solely on it though: in such cases seek medical attention as soon as possible.
Glycerol and fatty acids, when mixed together in particular conditions, form fat, which is still seen as a harmful product in large quantities, but better than alcohol by a long shot. (Why did you not know that again?)
Divine (?) retribution for overindulgence
Oenological argument
↑ Technically speaking, the alcohol that causes drunkenness is ethanol
↑ You don't want to actually pass out, now do you? The beer at Oktoberfest is higher percentage than usual German beer, so beware.
↑ One alcohol "unit" is equal to 7.9 grams of alcohol in the UK, and 10 grams of alcohol in Australia. So be sure to do your drinking in Australia, where you'll get more.
↑ Teetotalers may have other lifestyle aspects that affect health such as diet (e.g., Mormons and Seventh-day Adventists).
↑ Pancreatitis may also develop after merely one night of binge drinking.
↑ https://memegenerator.net/instance/30318269
↑ Dirk W. Lachenmeier, Simone Haupt, Katja Schulz, Defining maximum levels of higher alcohols in alcoholic beverages and surrogate alcohol products, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Volume 50, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 313-321, ISSN 0273-2300, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2007.12.008
↑ L. Nykänen und H. Suomaleinen: Aroma of Beer, Wine and Distilled Alcoholic Beverages. Teilband zum "Handbuch der Aromaforschung". Herausgegeben von M. ROTHE, 413 Seiten, 32 Abb., 173 Tab. Akademie‐Verlag, Berlin 1983. Preis: 78,‐ M
↑ 2-Methyl-2-Butanol Experience Reports, Erowid. Retrieved November 21 2019 from https://www.erowid.org/experiences/subs/exp_2Methyl2Butanol.shtml
↑ EPA — Methanol data
↑ MSDS — Methanol
↑ See here for other ways to kill yourself with drink.
↑ At least one RationalWikian's PhD project is pretty much about making ethanol.
↑ WPI.com — Ice cream causes positive alcohol test
↑ British Beer Best
↑ Co Down ale named among 50 best beers in the world
↑ http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article304886.ece
↑ http://deredactie.be/cm/vrtnieuws/binnenland/1.2371320
↑ It is only in Italy, Mexico and the United Arab Emirates that people drink more mineral water. http://www.zeronaut.be/blog/belg-drinkt-water-liefst-uit-flessen
↑ Up until 2011, Russia officially categorized beer as a foodstuff, not as an alcoholic drink.
↑ http://blog.islayinfo.com/article.php/ardbeg_ten_world_whisky_2007
↑ CAMRA — Cider
↑ 18.0 18.1 Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016 by Max G. Griswold et al. (2018) Lancet 392(10152):1015-1035. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31310-2.
↑ http://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/fact-sheets/alcohol-use.htm
↑ 20.0 20.1 Drinking studies muddied the waters around the safety of alcohol use: Meta-analyses advocate consuming little to no alcohol by Rachel Ehrenberg (8:24am, December 17, 2018) Science News.
↑ Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies by Angela M. Wood et al. (2018) Lancet 391(10129):11513-1523. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30134-X.
↑ https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/may/30/one-weekend-bender-can-ruin-your-life-pancreatitis
↑ The Claim: Mixing Types of Alcohol Makes You Sick by Anahad O'Connor (Feb. 7, 2006) The New York Times.
↑ Ethanol content of various foods and soft drinks and their potential for interference with a breath-alcohol test by B. K. Logan & S. Distefano J. Anal. Toxicol. 1998 May-Jun;22(3):181-3.
↑ Nijssen, L. M., et al., eds. Volatile Compounds in Foods. Qualitative and Quantitative Data. 7th ed. Zeist, The Netherlands: TNO-CIVO Food Analysis Institute, 1996.
↑ http://list.wada-ama.org/list/p1-alcohol/#ethanol
↑ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/08/17/christopher-hitchens-desp_n_685021.html
↑ 18 Homer Simpson Beer Quotes That Will Never Stop Being Funny
↑ Quote
Articles about food woo
Food woo: Agaricus • Airborne • Apitherapy • Baby eating • Bacon • Bottled water • Bovine growth hormone • Breastfeeding • Burusho • Cannibalism • Cat food • Cayenne pepper • Center for Science in the Public Interest • Chocolate • Chris Beat Cancer • Coffee • Cyclamate • Dietary cholesterol • Fast food • Fish farming • Food irradiation • Food woo • Forks Over Knives • Fortune cookie • Freedom fries • Freeganism • Germ theory denialism • Green tea • Haggis • Humans are herbivores • Hydrogen water • In vitro meat • Irina Ermakova • Juicing • Kopi luwak • Kymatika test • Lewis Hamilton • Locavore • Magnetic water treatment • Microwave oven • New Eden School of Natural Health • Nutritionist • Obesity • Omega-3 • Orthorexia • Pete Evans • Pork • Probiotics • Pseudovitamin • Raspberry ketone • RationalWiki diet • Raw honey • Salt • Sandwich • Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease • Soy boy • Soylent • Spot reduction • Steve Jobs • Sugar • Super Size Me • Superfoods • Tripe • Turmeric • Vegan Gains • Veganism • Vegetarianism • Water woo • William Li • Wine •
Promoters: Abd ul-Rahman Lomax • American Association of Nutritional Consultants • Annee de Mamiel • Anthony William • Anti-Gym • Aseem Malhotra • Bulletproof diet • Carolyn Dean • Chris Kresser • Consumer Health Digest • David Wolfe • Dwight Lundell • Environmental Working Group • Eric Berg • Errol Denton • Essene Gospel of Peace • Food Babe • Frank Lipman • Gary Null • Gary Taubes • Gerson Therapy • GreenMedInfo • H. L. Newbold • H2Om • Harmonized H2O • Hunter Avallone • Institute for Natural Healing • James DiNicolantonio • Jeffrey Smith • Jethro Kloss • Jim Bakker • Joel D. Wallach • Joel Fuhrman • John Fagan • John Heinerman • Jordan Peterson • Josh Axe • Konstantin Monastyrsky • Laird Shaw • Life Extension Foundation • Malcolm Kendrick • Marika Sboros • Matt Cahill • MeMe Roth • Mehmet Oz • Michael Savage • MonaVie • Nancy Appleton • Nasha Winters • Organic Consumers Association • PETA • Purity Products • Rick Scott • Robert O. Young • Sarah Palin • Shawn Baker • THINCS • Tim Noakes • Tom Naughton • Vandana Shiva • Vinnie Tortorich • Weston A. Price Foundation • Whole Foods Market • William Davis • Zoë Harcombe •
Diet woo: Agave nectar • Alkaline diet • Anti-oxidants • Blood type diet • Bone broth • Breatharianism • Bulletproof diet • Carnivora • Carnivore diet • Carrot • Clean living movement • Coconut oil • Creatine • Diet soda • Doughism • Edward Howell • Ephedrine • Errol Denton • Fad diet • Fasting • Food dye • French paradox • Geophagia • Gerson Therapy • Gluten-free • Glycemic index • Herbalife • High-fructose corn syrup • Holland & Barrett • Inedia • Isagenix • Jack Dorsey • Jesus diet • Lemonade diet • Low-carb diet • Macrobiotics • Mediterranean diet • Milk • Neti pot • Nutritional supplement • Organic food • Paleo diet • Palm oil • Pro-ana • Raw foodism • Raw milk movement • Self help • Soy • Squirrel diet • Subway diet • Sweeteners • Trans fat • Vitamin D • Vitamin and mineral supplements • Weigh down diet •
Supplement woo: Activated charcoal • Apple cider vinegar • Aspartame • Açaí berry • CEASE therapy • Canola oil • Chlorella • Chlorophyll • Coconut oil • Consumer Health Digest • Creatine • Dietary supplements • E number • Ellagic acid • Herbal supplement • Matt Cahill • Rick Scott • Rooibos tea • Salt woo • Soylent Green • Vitamin D • Vitamin and mineral supplements •
Toxin woo: Activated charcoal • Aristolochia • Arsenic • Aspartame • Ayahuasca • Broccoli • Candida • Canola oil • Chemophobia • Cleanse • Colloidal silver • DDT • E number • Food allergy • Lead • Median lethal dose • Mercury • Microwave • Monosodium glutamate • Nitrites • Toxin • Trans fat • Water •
Bodybuilding woo: Anti-Gym • Bodybuilding woo • Bold and Determined • Broscience • Creatine • ECA stack • Ephedrine • Fad diet • Human chorionic gonadotrophin • Human growth hormone • The Golden One • Urban caveman movement •
GMO: AlterNet • American Academy of Environmental Medicine • Beppe Grillo • Bill Maher • Chidambaram Subramaniam • Environmental Working Group • FAQ on genetically modified food • Fair trade • Food, Inc • Food Babe • Frank Lipman • GMO A Go Go • GMO OMG • Genetically modified food • Gilles-Eric Séralini • Glyphosate • Golden Rice • GreenMedInfo • Jill Stein • Jimmy Dore • Judy Carman • Kevin Folta • Kyle Kulinski • Liberty Beacon • M.S. Swaminathan • March Against Monsanto • Mark Lynas • Michael Pollan • Monsanto • Nassim Nicholas Taleb • NaturalNews • Norman Borlaug • Percy Schmeiser • Seeds of Death • The Non-GMO Project • The Young Turks • TruthWiki • Vandana Shiva •
Retrieved from "https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol&oldid=2261715"
Bronze-level articles
Human carcinogens


I've always wondered if there was a way to email people or myself songs that were on my iPod. Sure, I could connect it to my computer and transfer it that way, but what if I don't have my computer with me. There is a pretty simple and FREE way to send them!
1. Download Slow Down Music player from the App Store. It is free.
2. Open up the recently download app, and select the "select" button. It will show you a list of options, click "iPod Library". Select the song you want from your iPod Library. Once you've found a song, click on it. It will begin to import.


The Customer Reporting Group is responsible for reporting on Subscriber related metrics in support of multiple business units and delivery organizations. We maintain a Data Warehouse which houses standardized Subscriber information that is utilized for reporting across the Company. This role supports the Manager, Director, and Executive Director of Customer Reporting.
-- Document results of applied work processes and practical application of technical standards. Reports results to management. Recommends innovative solutions.
-- Prepares and reviews budget materials for leadership. Ensures budget compliance and consistency.
-- Prepares and reviews forecast materials for leadership. Provides ongoing forecasting and testing. Processes sales commissions.
-- Compares financial results to planned or forecasted results and recommends future actions. Analyzes the ongoing profitability of all new business and/or programs entered into by the Company.
-- Consistent exercise of independent judgment and discretion in matters of significance.
-- Regular, consistent, and punctual attendance. Must be able to work nights and weekends, variable schedule(s) as necessary.
-- Other duties and responsibilities as assigned.
-- Improves efficiency, productivity, and business partner satisfaction. Surfaces recurring problems with report processes, policies, or procedures and suggests ways to resolve problems to better serve the team.
-- Effectively manage multiple projects at one time in a highly organized manner.
-- Self-starter that comes to the table with a passion to learn, positive attitude, and deliver results.
-- Ability to internalize Customer Reporting policy and data warehouse structure.
- SQL Experience a must. Microsoft Office experience a must.


text:
Le professeur Olaf Holtedahl ForMemRS FRSE ( - ) est un géologue norvégien (Dr.philos., 1913). Il devient maître de conférences à l'Université d'Oslo en 1914 et y est professeur de géologie de 1920 à 1956.

Carrière
Olaf Holtedahl est né à Kristiania (aujourd'hui Oslo), en Norvège, fils d'Arne H. Holtedahl, surintendant de l'administration des pauvres, et de sa femme, Mathilde Madsen .

Vers 1903, il fait son service militaire obligatoire à Gardermoen, juste au nord d'Oslo, et y rencontre le capitaine Gunnar Isachsen qui l'influence grandement et inspire d'abord son intérêt pour les régions polaires. En 1909, Isachsen invite Holtedahl à le rejoindre dans les explorations du Spitzberg en tant que géologue officiel du groupe .

Il étudie la géologie à l'Université d'Oslo, obtient son diplôme en 1909 et obtient un doctorat en 1913. Restant à l'université en tant que membre du personnel, il devient professeur en 1920.

Holtedahl est parmi les derniers d'une génération de géologues qui maîtrisent le sujet dans toute son ampleur. Il apporte une contribution significative, non seulement en Norvège mais aussi pour de vastes zones de l'Arctique et de l'Antarctique. Ses premiers travaux géologiques portent sur le Rift d'Oslo à l'époque cambrosilurienne, et il fait partie des expéditions de 1909-11 au Svalbard. Entre 1914-17, il explore la géologie de la Laponie, et en 1918, il travaille à Bear Island. En 1921, il dirige une expédition norvégienne en Nouvelle-Zemble. Il rejoint les expéditions antarctiques 1927-28 de Lars Christensen, et il publie les résultats scientifiques de ces expéditions . Il est le directeur de thèse de Bjørn G. Andersen, dont il influence grandement les travaux ultérieurs sur la géologie du Quaternaire .

Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, il est membre du mouvement de résistance norvégien.

Famille
Il épouse Tora Gurstad en 1912  et sont les parents du professeur de géologie Hans Holtedahl  (1917–2001). Holtedahl est décédé à Oslo le 26 août 1975.

Il reçoit la Médaille Wollaston (1951) et est élu membre de la Royal Society en 1961 .

Références

Liens externes

Membre honoraire de la Royal Society of Edinburgh
Membre étranger de la Royal Society
Lauréat de la médaille Wollaston
Géologue norvégien du XXe siècle
Universitaire norvégien du XXe siècle
Décès en août 1975
Naissance en juin 1885
Décès à 90 ans


It increases the frame rate by generating intermediate animation frames between existing frames in order to produce very smooth, fluid and clear motion. The technology is pretty well-known for a while ("TrimensionDNM", "Motion Plus", "Motionflow" and others), but now it becomes available to PC users for free using a simple GUI and a couple of mouse clicks.
MPC-HC is a lightweight, open source media player. It supports most video and audio file formats out there.