A method of producing shale oil from a subterranean oil shale formation by exploding a relatively high energy explosive device therein thereby forming a chimney of rubble within the formation having fractures extending from the chimney into the formation. A plurality of spaced wells are extended into the formation radially outwardly from the chimney and adjacent to at least some of the fractures. Fluid flow paths are formed from the wells through the fractures into the chimney and fluid is circulated from the wells through these fluid flow paths and into the chimney at rates creating a pressure drop from the wells to the chimney. Oil shale-reactive properties are imparted to the circulating fluid whereby the fluid reacts with the oil shale thereby moving solid components thereof into void spaces formed within the chimney thereby increasing the permeability of the oil shale formation relative to the permeability of the chimney in regions surrounding the chimney.
United States Patent  Inventor Philip J- Cl smann 3,322,194 5/1967 Strubhar 166/271X Houston, Tex. 3,342,257 9/1967 Jacobs et al. 166/247 ] App]. No. 735,684 3,346,044 10/1967 Slusser 166/259X  Flld June 10, 1968 3,352,355 11/1967 Putman l66/271X [3;] 2 9 2: 3,448,801 6/ 1969 Closmann et a1. 166/247 1 Sslgnee York y Primary Examiner-Stephen J. Novosad Att0meysJ H. McCarthy and Louis J. Bovasso  SHALE OIL FROM AN ABSTRACT: A method of producing shale oil from a subterranean oil shale formation by exploding a relatively high ener- 4 Claims, 5 Drawing Figs.
- gy explosive device therein thereby forming a chimney of rub-  US. Cl 166/248, ble within the formation having fractures extending from the l66/ 166/299 chimney into the formation. A plurality of spaced wells are ex-  Int. Cl ..E2lb 43/24, tended into the formation radially outwardly from the chim- E211) E211) 43/29 ney and adjacent to at least some of the fractures. Fluid flow  Fleld 0 Search 166/247, paths are formed from the wells through the fractures into the 259, 305, 307 chimney and fluid is circulated from the wells through these fluid flow paths and into the chimney at rates creating a pres-  References C'ted sure drop from the wells to the chimney. Oil shale-reactive UNITED STATES PATENTS properties are imparted to the circulating fluid whereby the 1,422,204 7/1922 Hoover et a1. 166/272X fluid reacts with the oil shale thereby moving solid com- 2,630,307 3/1953 Martin 166/259UX ponents thereof into void spaces formed within the chimney 2,795,279 6/ 1957 Sarapuu 166/248 thereby increasing the permeability of the oil shale formation 3,106,244 10/1963 Parker 166/248 relative to the permeability of the chimney in regions sur- 3,316,020 4/1967 Bergstrom 166/259X rounding the chimney.
PHILIP J. CLOSMANN BYz zd HIS ATTORNEY BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1 Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method of producing shale oil from a subterranean oil shale formation more particularly, it relates to a method for creating a zone of relatively high permeability within an oil shale formation.
2. Description of the Prior Art The use of contained nuclear explosions has been proposed in subterranean oil shale fomtations in an attempt to break up the oil shale formation so that shale oil can be recovered from the rubbled zone by known techniques such as in situ retortmg.
Experience has shown that when a relatively high energy device, such as a nuclear bomb, is exploded within a subterranean earth formation, an almost spherical cavity filled with hot gases is formed. This cavity expands until the pressure within the cavity equals that of the overburden. On cooling, the roof of the cavity collapses since, generally, it cannot support itself, and a so-called chimney" develops. Chimney growth ceases when the rock pile substantially fills the cavity, or a stable arch develops. In both cases, a substantially void space is formed below the overburden and above the rubble contained within the chimney. Surrounding the chimney is a fractured zone which results from the shock of the nuclear explosion.
One of the chief uncertainties with regard to the effects 'of nuclear explosions within a subterranean oil shale formation is the permeability distribution surrounding the cavity andsubsequent chimney produced by a detonation. Evidence from prior explosions suggests that permeability of the fragmented zone may drop very rapidly with distance radially out from the primary rubble zone. A high and uniform permeability is important in order to provide maximum sweep efficiency in any underground hydrocarbon recovery process.
The permeability in the region immediately surrounding the primary rubble zone of an oil shale formation may be increased by surrounding a primary high energy explosive device with a plurality of radially-placed devices of explosive energy, nuclear or nonnuclear. As disclosed in a copending application to Closmann et al..Ser. No. 653,139, filed July 13, 1967, now US. Pat. No. 3,448,801, the radially-placed devices are programmed to be detonated by either the main shock wave from the primary device or exploded by other means after the main shock wave has passed. The explosive energy devices are preferably detonated between-the time the spherical cavity caused by the explosion of the primary device begins to expand radially outwardly and the time at which a chimney is formed by the collapse of the cavity roof. Heated fluids may then be circulated through the chimney and surrounding rubbled areas by known means so as to increase the volume of the permeable zone swept by the circulating fluid.
While a mass of oil shale is being pyrolyzed by the heated fluids, fluid products are removed from surface portions of the kerogen comprising the oil shale as rapidly as they are formed. But, since the mass of oil shale is impermeable, the fluid which is formed within the mass remains in place until its pressure becomes sufficient to fracture and displace the solid components that block its flow. In the oilshale around .a nucleardetonation chimney, the least resistant direction in which solid components may be moved tends to be toward the chimney where solid materials can be squeezed together or pushed towards a void space formed at the top of thechimney.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of this invention to improve the distribution of the permeability in and around a chimney formed within an oil shale formation while shale oil is being produced.
It is a further object of this invention to increase the rate at which the permeability in the outlying areas from a chimney formed within an oil shale formation is increased relative to that within the chimney.
These objects are accomplished by exploding a relatively high energyexplosive device within an oil shale formation thereby forming a chimney of rubble within the formation having fractures extending from the chimney through the formation. A plurality of spaced wells are extended into the formation radially outwardly from the chimney and adjacent to at least some of the fractures. Fluid flow paths are formed from the wells through the fractures into the chimney and fluid is circulated through these fluid flow paths and into the chimney at rates creating a pressure drop from the wells to the chimney. Oil shale-reactive properties are imparted to the circulating fluid whereby the fluid reacts with the oil shale thereby moving solid components thereof into void spaces formed within the chimney increasing the permeability of the oil shale formation relative to the permeability of the chimney in regions surrounding the chimney.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a vertical cross-sectional view of an oil shale formation prior to detonating a plurality of explosive devices DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT FIG. 1 shows subterranean oil shale formation 11 having a primary explosive device 12 located within the formation 11. Primary explosive device 12 is preferably surrounded by a plurality of explosive devices 13. Devices 13 may be of lesser energy than device 12, if desired. However, optimum results may be obtained by the formation of substantially equal-size chimneys as will be discussed further hereinbelow. The device 12 can be either nuclear or nonnuclear; if a nuclear device is detonated in the subterranean oil shale formation 11, a strong shock wave from the nuclear device begins to move radially outwardly, vaporizing, melting, crushing, cracking and displacing the oil shale formation 11. After the shock wave has passed, the high-pressure vaporized material expands, and a generally spherical cavity (i.e., the central cavity 14 in FIG. 2) is formed which continues to grow until the internal pressure is balanced by the lithostatic pressure. The cavity 14 persists for a variable time depending on the composition of the oil shale formation 11 and then collapses to form a chimney 15 (FIG. 3). Collapse progresses upwardly until the volume initially in the cavity is distributed between the fragments of the oilshale formation 11. The size of the cylindrical rubble zone (i.e., the chimney" 15) formed by the collapse of the cavity 14 can be estimated from the depth and explosive yield of the nuclear device and properties of the earth formations.
A zone of permeability 17 within the fragmented oil shale formation is formed surrounding the chimney" 15 as can be seen in FIG. 3. The permeability of this zone 17 maybe preferably increased by surrounding the primary explosive device which formed the central cavity with a plurality of devices I3. For example, in FIG. I, a primary nuclear explosive device 12 is surrounded by explosive devices 13, equally spaced from each other and radially spaced from the primary explosive device 12. These devices 13 are preferably .on substantially the same horizontal plane as the primary nuclear device (see FIG. 1) and 500 to l,000 feet from the nearest part of the outer wall of the central cavity 14 produced by the explosion of the high energy nuclear device 12. As discussed above, the devices 13 preferably have an energy yield substantially equal to that of the primary high energy nuclear device 12 and can be either nuclear or nonnuclear.
The explosive devices 13 form cavities 18 (FIG. 2) when detonated, surrounded by fractured zones 19 as can be seen in FIG. 2. The devices 13 may be preset with detonating means adjusted to explode upon arrival of the main shock wave from the explosion of the primary explosive device 12. Alternatively, the devices 13 may be suitably delayed to explode after passage of the main shock wave. Of course, another characteristic of the explosion of the primary explosive device 12 can be utilized to detonate the devices 13, as, for example, changes in temperature or pressure as a result of the explosion of the primary explosive device.
Because of this time delay, either detonating the devices 13 upon arrival of the main shock wave or after the main shock wave has passed but before the central cavity 14 becomes filled with rubble due to the chimney collapse from above, the shock waves from the secondary explosions (that is, the explosions of the devices 13) will cause spalling into the central cavity. The movement of rock towards the central cavity 14 due to the satellite explosions will enhance the permeability in the regions between these explosions and the central cavity 14, by allowing development of a greater void space in this region. This void space, indicated as a zone of increased permeability 17 in the drawings, has a high and uniform permeability in the fragmented oil shale formation 11.
Thus, chimney includes a lower rubble zone 21 and an upper void space 22. Similar chimneys formed by the detonation of the devices 13 also include lower rubble zones and upper void spaces. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 3, two such chimneys 23, and 24, formed, for example by devices such as explosive devices 13, form lower rubble zones and 26 and upper void spaces 27 and 28, respectively. A plurality of fractures 29 are formed between the satellite chimneys" and the central chimney 15 as illustrated in FIG. 3. Fractures 29 are generally substantially horizontally extensive through formation 11; however fractures 9 may also be substantially vertically extensive. A more detailed discussion of the formation of chimneys 15, 23 and 24 appears in the aforementioned copending application to Closmann et al., Ser. No. 653,139, filed July 13, I967, now US. Pat. No. 3,448,801. Altematively to forming chimneys 25 and 26 as indicated hereinabove, after chimney 15 is formed, fluid flow paths through fractures 29 may be formed by hydraulically or explosively fracturing wells 32 and 33 by fracturing procedures such as those known in the art, so that the latter fractures communicate with fractures 29.
Referring to FIG. 3, in accordance with the teachings of this invention, a producing well borehole 30 is extended from the earth surface 31 into communication with the lower portion of chimney 15. A plurality of outlying injecting well boreholes, such as well boreholes 32 and 33, shown in FIG. 2, are extended from earth surface 31 into communication with the upperportion of chimneys 25 and 26, respectively. Well boreholes 30, 32, and 33 are preferably cased as is well known in the art. The vertical intervals, that is, the chimneys" or rubbled or fractured regions into which the outlying wells are opened are preferably located at substantially the same depth as the chimney l5.
Fluid flow paths are then formed from the outlying well boreholes 32 and 33 to chimney 30 through the fractures extending out from chimneys 25 and 26 into communication with interconnecting fractures 29. These flow paths are preferably enlarged by circulating acidizing fluids from well boreholes 32 and 33 through fractures 29 and into chimney 30. Another method of forming or enlarging such fluid flow paths from the outlying wells to the central chimney 15 is to fracture the oil shale formation by flowing an electrical current between electrodes that contact the oil shale. A more detailed description of this process for fracturing an oil shale is given in an article by Melton and Cross, Journal of Petroleum Technology, .lan., 1968, pp. 37-41, which is incorporated herein by reference. The electrical energy may be applied prior to or during the initial circulation of fluid from the outlying wells to central chimney 15 as will be explained further hereinbelow.
In operation, fluid is injected into the satellite chimneys 25 and 26 through well boreholes 32 and 33, through fractures 29 and into the rubble zone 21 of chimney 15 as indicated by the arrows in FIG. 3. Fluids are then produced from central chimney 15 through producing well borehole 30.
A preferred method for producing shaleoil from the oil shale formation 11 of FIG. 3 is to inject a combustion-supporting gas, such as air or oxygen, into the satellite well boreholes after the hydrocarbons in the formation have been raised to ignition temperature. This may be accomplished by various means well known in the art, such as by lowering suitable heaters down well boreholes 32 and 33. A combustion zone is thus formed which gradually moves through the intervening rock between chimneys 25, 26, and 15 by means of fractures 29 into central chimney 15. As this rock is heated, it expands, releasing gas and other products and effectively provides additional flow paths for the injected fluid. At the same time, as the rock nearest the satellite chimneys expands, it expands or moves towards the central rubble chimney 15 thus tending to relieve some of the thermal stress generated by the hot fluids. This method makes the porosity distribution of oil shale formation 11 more uniform by developing some porosity adjacent the outside of chimneys 25 and 26 where the rock is first heated and by exerting pressure due to thermal expansion on the central rubble zone (i.e., chimney 15) thus tending to reduce the porosity of central chimney 15.
As an alternative to air or oxygen, the injected fluid may be a heated gas, liquid, or steam. If steam is used, thermal expansion of the rock takes place. After the rock is heated, combustion may again be carried out. The displaced fluids are produced from the bottom of the central chimney 15 to which they drain and out of production well borehole 30. As it becomes desirable to treat more of the upper regions of the rock, the production well borehole 30 may be shut off at the bottom and perforated at progressively higher places within the central chimney. This is illustrated in FIG. 4 where the lower end of the well borehole 30 is packed off, such as by a wireline-set or a tubing-set packer 34, and a perforating device 35 is lowered'into well borehole 30 by means of cable 36. The casing of well borehole 30 is then perforated by device 35 as is well known in the art thus forming a plurality of perforations 37 which may be progressively moved up well borehole 30 as the central chimney 15 is produced.
Alternatively to injecting a fluid such as disclosed hereinabove, acid may be injected from the outlying chimneys through fractures 29 and into central chimney 15. The acid flows through fractures 29, leaching out part of the rock and developing some heating. This acid is produced from the central chimney 15. In some cases, fine suspended material (e.g., produced by decomposition of the oil shale during combustion or acidizing) may be carried from the inlets of this flow system (e.g., chimneys 25 and 26 and/or fractures communicating with wells 32 and 33) and deposited near the central chimney 15. This action makes the overall flow path more uniform. This step may be then followed by hot fluid injection or a combustion process such as previously discussed hereinabove.
In both cases, that is, the circulation of a fluid such as a gas or an acid, when the oil shale-reactive properties of a fluid comprise or include a temperature sufficient to pyrolyze kerogen in the oil shale and the fluid is flowing through interconnected fractures between chimneys at a rate providing a pressure gradient along the flow path, pyrolysis-induced fracturing tends to enhance the movement of solids and fluids in the direction of the lowest pressure. Within a nuclear detonation chimney, such as, for example, chimney 15, the permeability increases with increases in height and becomes substantially infinite in the void at the top. Since the fractures that are formed by a nuclear detonation are initiated by a radially expanded bubble centered in the lower portion of the region that becomes a chimney, the density of radially extending fractures is less at depths near the top of the chimney. Conventional equipment and techniques, such as heaters, pumps, a separator and a heat exchanger, may be used for pressurizing, heating, injecting, producing, and separating components of the fluid circulated through the oil shale formation 11. The production of the fluid may be aided by downhole pumping means, not shown, or restricted to the extent necessary to maintain the selected pressure within the oil shale formation 1 1.
When oil shale pyrolyzing fluid is circulated along a path extending through fractures, from the outlying wells to a nuclear detonation chimney, in the initial stages and at depth near the top of the central chimney, the permeability is the least, the pressure gradient is the highest and the resistance to solidmaterial displacement toward the central chimney is the least. As fractures are formed by the pyrolysis of the oil shale, they tend to form first in the regions which are contacted by the hottest portion of the fluid, and these regions are located near the outlying wells. The largest fractures tend to form at depths near the top of the central chimney where the resistance to the movement of solid material is the least. in addition, the relatively high permeability within the central chimney tends to decrease as solids move into the central chimney. This results in both the creation of additional permeability in regions surrounding the central chimney and an increase in the permeability in the surrounding regions relative to that within the central chimney. The creation of additional permeability in regions surrounding the central chimney increases the amount of permeable oil shale material that is available for depletion and the increase in permeability in the surrounding regions increases the uniformity of the depletion.
The fluid being circulated through central chimney is preferably injected into all the satellite chimneys or intervals into which outlying wells have been opened and, at least initially, produced from near the bottom of central chimney 15. The fluid circulation may advantageously be initiated by circulating air or relatively cool liquid to sweep out any shale oil released by the nuclear detonation. When oil shale-reactive properties imparted to the circulating liquid comprise or include a temperature sufflcient to pyrolyze the oil shale, the method of this invention provides a unique advantage over processes in which production wells are extended through the chimney, or through the immediately adjacent relatively highly fractured zone, to provide conduits arranged for a downward advance of a combustion front. in the process, when the advance of a heat front towards the production well borehole 30 subjects the borehole 30 to a high temperature, the production well borehole conduit or conduits, i.e., the well casing or tubing string, may be shortened to terminate in a relatively cool zone near the top of central chimney 15. After an extended and relatively uniform permeability distribution has been obtained by circulating fluid from the outlying wells to central chimney 15, the flow direction may be reversed, with central chimney 15 now operating as a very large diameter central injection well as illustrated in HG. 5. Such a flow reversal allows the pyrolysis products to be produced from the tops of the intervals (for example, chimneys 23 and 24) into which the outlying wells are opened. This capability of the present process to avoid heat damage to the production well conduits provides material improvement in the economy of the shale oil-production process.
As discussed hereinabove, the oil shale-reactive properties imparted to the circulating fluid may advantageously comprise or include acidizing properties in respect to mineral components, such as the carbonates, in the oil shale. In addition to acids that are commonly used in well acidization treatments, acids suitable for use in the process of this invention comprise those derived from sulfur, such as sulfuric acid; sulfurous acid, etc., and/or their anhydrides, such as oleurn, sulfur trioxide, sulfur dioxide and the like, and nitric acid and acids derived from the oxides of nitrogen and the like. The sulfur-derived acids are not generally used in well acidization treatments because of the tendency of the resultant aqueous solutions of such acids to precipitate polyvalent metal sulfates, sulfltes, etc. In the initial stages of the present process, such precipitates tend to be deposited within the large voids in the central chimney 15, where the flow rate drop relative to those in the smaller void spaces in the fractures 29 leading central chimney 15. Thus, in the process of this invention, such a initial dissolving of solid materials and subsequent precipitation of solid materials is advantageous since it increases the rate at which the permeability in the outlying regions is increased I relative to that within the central chimney l5.
Thus, the specific arrangement of injection and production locations and fluid pressure gradients, together with the fracturing'pattem of a nuclear detonation and the behavior of a mass of oil shale undergoing pyrolysis, improves the distribution of the penneability of the oil shale formation in and around a nuclear detonation-created chimney while shale oil is being produced.
The outlying chimneys may be formed either in the manner disclosed hereinabove as disclosed in the aforementioned copending application to Closmann et al. In either case, it is preferable that the outlying chimneys be located at substantially the same depth as the central chimney. Optimum results are obtained when the outlying chimneys are substantially equal to the height of the central chimney, such as when the outlying chimneys are formed by the use of explosive devices of relatively similar explosive energy as that used to form the central chimney.
spacing the plurality of devices such a distance from the relatively high energy device that the exploding of the plurality of devices causes fractures from said spaced wells to extend into communication with fractures formed by said high energy explosive device.
producing fluid from said well at progressively higher places within said chimney.
exploding the relatively high energy explosive device within the oil shale formation thereby forming a cavity within the oil shale formation having a roof beneath the overburden which subsequently collapses to form a chimney of rubble within the oil shale formation and and extends fractures from the chimney through the oil shale formation.
imparting oil shale-reactive properties to said circulating fluid whereby said fluid reacts with said oil shale thereby moving solid components thereof into void spacesformed within said chimney thereby increasing the permeability of the oil shale formation relative to the permeability of the chimney in regions surrounding said chimney.
imparting oil shale-reactive properties to said circulating 'fluid whereby said fluid reacts with said oil shale thereby moving solid components thereof into void spaces formed within said chimney thereby increasing the permeability of the oil shale formation relative to t e permeability of the chimney in regions surrounding said chimney; stopping the circulating of fluid from said wells through said fractures and out of said chimney; and circulating fluid from said chimney through said fractures and out of said wells while imparting oil shale-reactive properties to said fluid circulating from said chimney and out of said wells.
2. A method of producing shale oil from a subterranean oil shale formation comprising the steps of: placing a relatively high energy explosive device within the formation; exploding the relatively high energy explosive device within the oil shale formation thereby forming a cavity within the oil shale formation having a roof beneath the overburden which subsequently collapses to form a chimney of rubble within the oil shale formation and extends fractures from the chimney through the oil shale formation; extending a plurality of spaced wells into said oil shale formation at locations radially outwardly from said chimney and adjacent to at least some of said fractures; forming fluid flow paths from said wells through said interconnecting fractures to said chimney; circulating fluid into and then from said wells and through said interconnecting fractures into said chimney and out of said chimney at rates creating a pressure drop from the wells to said chimney; imparting oil shale-reactive properties to said circulating fluid whereby said fluid reacts with said oil shale thereby moving solid components thereof into void spaced formed within said chimney thereby increasing the permeability of the oil shale formation relative to the permeability of the chimney in regions surrounding said chimney; extending a well into said chimney adjacent substantially the lower portion thereof; circulating said fluid from said plurality of wells through said fractures, into said chimney and out of said well; and producing fluid from said well at progressively higher places within said chimney.
3. A method of producing shale oil from a subterranean oil shale formation comprising the steps of: placing a relatively high energy explosive device within the formation; exploding the relatively high energy explosive device within the oil shale formation thereby forming a cavity within the oil shale formation having a roof beneath the overburden which subsequently collapses to form a chimney of rubble within the oil shale formation and and extends fractures from the chimney through the oil shale formation. extending a plurality of spaced wells into said oil shale formation at locations radially outwardly from said chimney and adjacent to at least some of said fractures; forming fluid flow paths from said wells through said interconnecting fractures to said chimney by electrically fracturing the portion of the oil shale formation between the chimney and said plurality of spaced wells; circulating fluid into and then from said wells and through said interconnecting fractures into said chimney and out of said chimney at rates creating a pressure drop from the wells to said chimney; and imparting oil shale-reactive properties to said circulating fluid whereby said fluid reacts with said oil shale thereby moving solid components thereof into void spaces formed within said chimney thereby increasing the permeability of the oil shale formation relative to the permeability of the chimney in regions surrounding said chimney.
4. A method of producing shale oil from a subterranean oil shale formation comprising the steps of: placing a relatively high energy explosive device within the formation; exploding the relatively high energy explosive device within the oil shale formation thereby forming a cavity within the oil shale formation having a roof beneath the overburden which subsequently collapses to form a chimney of rubble within the oil shale formation and extends fractures from the chimney through the oil shale formation; extending a plurality of spaced wells into said oil shale formation at locations radially outwardly from said chimney and adjacent to at least some of said fractures; forming fluid flow paths from said wells through said interconnecting fractures to said chimney; circulating fluid into and then from said wells and through said interconnecting fractures into said chimney and out of said chimney at rates creating a pressure drop from the wells to said chimney; imparting oil shale-reactive properties to said circulating fluid whereby said fluid reacts with said oil shale thereby moving solid components thereof into void spaces formed within said chimney thereby increasing the permeability of the oil shale formation relative to the permeability of the chimney in regions surrounding said chimney; stopping the circulating of fluid from said wells through said fractures and out of said chimney; and circulating fluid from said chimney through said fractures and out of said wells while imparting oil shale-reactive properties to said fluid circulating from said chimney and out of said wells.


Something has woke you up and you are on high alert and you don't know why! Is it the cat, the house settling or is it a real threat. You start to sweat and lie in bed listening….There it is, something is wrong and you go to check it out and you grab….
I think we have all been in a similar situation and most times it is nothing. Perhaps the wind blowing briskly and moved a trashcan or an animal running through the yard. But you are awake and you are unsure, so how will you meet this potential threat?
It's dark out so where is your flashlight. Is it beside your bedside? Can you grab it without searching for it? I have a little LED push button light on the wall by my bed along with a flashlight on my bedside table.
Never be in front of your light. Focus your light out and if you can always search with your flashlight above your body and shine the light down.
My weapon of choice in a home is a 12 gauge with 00 buckshot and I prefer a pump action, or as we call it an Idaho burglar alarm. I don't want to have to shoot anyone, I'd much prefer to give them a chance to run away. The pump 12 gauge can be had for under $200.00 including some ammo and fits in well with my prepping on the cheap.
If you are in your home or in an urban area you must be aware of blowing holes through walls. A good thing about the 12 gauge is that penetration of walls tends to be minimized.
Now this blog is about prepping on the cheap but the best weapon you can buy is one that you have confidence in and hit what you aim at. I've heard of a Hi-point out shooting a Kimber XD and other stories. So buying as expensive as you can or the biggest caliber is not always the best practice. The best practice is find a gun that meets your needs and you can use, there are no lethal weapons only folks that are lethal. I could give you a nuke and if you are not willing to use it, you ain't deadly. If you can not shoot to kill do not own a gun. Buy pepper spray or get a baseball bat. Believe it or not the kinetic energy of a well swung baseball bat is about the same as a 32 caliber auto. Of course the pistol's bullet does poke hole in you.
I'm seldom more than 10 feet away from any of my guns. I'm sure some folks may consider me paraniod of fearful but I can tell you I'm not fearful as I always have a means to protect myself.
I'm reminded of a story a cop pulled over a little old lady and asked if she had any guns in the car? She replied she had a shot gun in the back seat a 9mm on her hip and a 45 in the jockey box. The cop asked her what she was so afraid of and she said not a goddamn thing sonny!
10 Pounds of IBP 80/20 hamburger for $19.95: I looked them up and these folks don't use Pink slime so we are good to go for both dehydrating and canning. I dehydrated some 70/30 ground beef and I was not at all happy with the greasy feeling after drying. It still had a good shelf life of over 9 months stored in the fridge but I never really trusted it for regular storage in the basement.
Butter $1.79 per pound: Six pounds salted for the freezer. I like using real butter in almost all of my cooking and I have built up a good bit canned already and I have to admit the canned butter's texture is not quite perfect compared to fresh or frozen butter. I think the next jar of bottled butter I get out I'll whip it in the stand mixer and see if that helps before putting it in the butter bell for use.
Red onions 25 pounds for $4.98: I'll split this bag with my Mom, Having only 1 or two people to cook for makes it tough to take advantage of buying perishibles goods in bulk. If you are handicapped or work you can't always can, dehydrate and preserve the food and both Mom and I think throwing away any food as almost a sin. But 12 or so pounds each is easily used/ preserved for both of us. Plus the purple onions are usually sweeter than the whites and will add a splash of color in my jar and bag mixes.
Shredded chedder/jack cheese 5 Pounds for $9.98: I like the shredded stuff for freezing and blends of cheese work better in my oven baked mac & cheese rather than straight cheddar. Quite a lot of meals can be kicked up a notch by adding cheese and it's full of good fats.
Believe it or not I'm looking at $45.60 as a total cost for my shopping list. This shows how my shopping habits have changed as I'm no longer buying what I need this week but what I will need in the future. Today I took over some low dosage asprin to my Mom for her dogs. She wanted me to stop by Walgreens and pick a bottle of 72 for almost $4.00(on sale) yet I had the same amount of tablets stored for less than $2.00. Trust me a fully stocked pantry is a great time and money saver. This month even I'm getting hit by inflation but I will only spend about $120.00 on groceries for 1 person.
The thing is I won't eat 10 pounds of burger this month. Or 12+ pounds of onions or 5 pounds of cheese. I'll can, freeze or dehydrate it for later this year. You can do the same and when someone needs some thing you will be ready to grab it out of the freezer or pantry or you can create a meal at the drop of a hat as you have all the basic ingredients already to hand. No more last minute grocery or drug store runs as you have been buying and rotating already.
Today a I had a little power outage. No big deal but it gave me a chance to see if my little Black & Decker Powermate would let me still access the internet. It did the job for an hour or so and I did not use up the battery, that was only about 1/2 charged. I'm happy with the results of the Powermate and my laptop which managed the 2 hours no problem on battery. I'm thinking a small UPS (Uniterruptable power supply) or 2 would make a good addition for the gadgets in the house. I'll be keeping an eye out for any additional Powermates I can get used or on sale.
I did a post on my charity bucket and how these could be given to folks either to help out or to move a long to new destination. I also have a couple of BOBs that I'm working on but I thought in a pinch my car box along with the "Bucket" would make a nice addition along with the BOB if I had to go in a hurry and this combo could get me up over a weeks worth of stuff for survival.
The car box stays in the car at all times. I use a plastic shoe box in the 5.5 quart range that I got at a dollar store. I like this size as it will fit under most car seats and so takes up very little room. Also this box stays in the car at all times so you will need items that are not affected by extreme tempeture changes. I was focusing on use in the winter time in case I ever got stuck in the snow so I'd always have a little some thing to tide me over for up to 3 days. I also have 3 items that don't fit in the box but are small enough to fit under the seat.
Small solar panel: Keeps the battery charged so you don't have to run your engine to conserve your gas. Perhaps even keep your cell phone charged.
A modified snuggie: The one I bought can be zipped to create something similar to a sleeping bag.
A quilted wool shirt: Not very stylish but great for creating layers to stay warm. Plus wool keeps you warm even when wet.
Last but not least I have a set of jumper cables, tire and jack and a can of fix a flat as changing a tire by myself would be impossible along with a combo tool that is a light weight hammer, hatchet and pry bar.
The contents of the box are most of the usual items that you see and read about on the net. Remember this is "my box" you may need different stuff but it should give you the general idea as well as be easy to modify.
The box itself should be made of the thickest plastic you can find. You may be using it to gather snow or water so you will want it to be strong. Make sure the lid fits snug.
Contruction grade garbage bag: My favorite multi-tasker for survival from making a shelter, retaining heat to holding water for a short time and using the power of the sun to warm water or melt snow these bags are very strong and don't take up much room.
Sterno Stove, 2 cans of fuel and a metal cup: You can boil water make a meal and help keep the car warm. I like the sterno stove as it folds nearly flat and fit's in the box. The cans of fuel fit neatly in the metal cup so no wasted space.
2 large pieces 0f Tinfoil folded flat: These can be used as a pan, a lid for your cup to heat faster or as a signal device.
1 lighter, 1 small box of wooden matches and two 9 hour candles.
Food supply: 4 Beef bullion cubes, 3 bags of instant oatmeal and a 3 oz. bag of beef jerky. 2 packages of Hot cocoa mix and I went with "Real" salt and dried red pepper flake for a little spice, 1 set of plasticware (fork knife spoon).
Emergency blanket and 1 plastic poncho.
1 small LED flashlight and extra set of batteries.
Safety pins for emergency clothing repairs.
First Aid/sanitation: 1 small 1st aid kit kit, 2 face masks and 2 sets of disposable gloves. 1 small bottle of hand sanitizer, a package of wet wipes and a small package of tissue.
This box is just for me if there are more folks you transport you will need more or bigger boxes. But I like the idea that each person could modify this small box and still fit beneath the seat. It also works as a backup system if you are caught at home as well as always being ready to go in your vehicle.
We have seen quite few storms and the weather has been wonky here in the good ol' USA. As a disabled person I know I'll need some help with muscle power as well as most of my family members are so deep in Denial that it's almost the more I've tried to help them the more stubborn they get on not preparing. Any way I came up with a Charity bucket and I have a few stored for folks that covers most of the basics in a compact and easy to carry and or store.
Square food grade bucket I get at Fred Meyer/Kroger bakery $1.50- 2.00 used. I like these because they are cheap, stack easily in a closet and can be used for collecting water. Small enough to carry easily. Food safe and have a lid, but the lid does not have a gasket.
Dry goods: I store in 1 quart freezer bags. You will get about a pound of beans, almost 2 pounds of rice, 1 pound 4 oz. of quick oats and pasta 2 cups dried (go with small noodles like macaroni or Orzo) in each bag. I like using the resealable bags for this better than the Foodsaver. Don't forget lentils and or pearled Barley. You can fit at least 6-10 bags depending on what you pick for your dry goods.
Meat: I got a good buy on a 10 oz can of chicken so 2 of those and add in 4 cans of different meats in the 5 oz. can and you get some variety. Figure about 1 pound of meat per person per week.
Sauces: I go with a big can of Hunt's pasta sauce. They are about 6 servings in each can.
Spice: I get extra packets from the fast food joint or you can make your own. Bullion cubes Chix and or Beef.
Milk: 1 quart UHT bought at the Dollar store. I've use some 2 years after the use by date and was fine.
Breads: I put 1 pound of biscuit mix that works with milk or water. That makes about 12-16 depending on size.
Fats/oils: I put a half pint of my bottled butter in, but you could also go with Butter flavored Crisco in the sticks.
Construction grade trash bag: 2 at least.
My own little bathroom bag that has a small 1st aid kit, a small package of Kleenex, A couple of feminine napkins, Small package of wet wipes. 1 bar Ivory soap and small bottle of Iodine tablets. All stored in a quart bag.
A small box of wooden matches, 1 disposable lighter, and 2 small emergency candles that are good for 9 Hours of light each.
A couple of masks and a couple of sets of disposable gloves.
Several folded squares of tinfoil. Tinfoil can make a pan for cooking or a signal mirror and takes up little space.
2 buckets have a wind up flashlight and radio and 2 buckets have a sterno stove and 2 cans of fuel. Which bucket they get will depend on what they need the most as I can't fit both the in the buckets.
Note pad, mechanical pencil and a deck of cards.
FYI on packing your bucket. Place the cans in first, my buckets have slightly rounded corners this works out great. Then pack your dry good bags, they are somewhat flexible and will form around the cans. If your buckets are in the 3 gallon range, you should have space leftover and you can add emergency blankets and whatever you think is needed.
Multi-taskers Your construction grade trash bags can be used for many things from shelters and ponchos to catching water and using the sun to warm the water, for washing up and your laundry. The empty cans could be used to make rocket stoves. Once the dry good bags are empty you can reuse them from little trash bags to an evaporation still catching the dew off tree leaves in the morning.
This list assumes that a person is bugging in and has a can opener and other basic household stuff to hand and is no substitute for preparing. But it could easily extend a person's food supply for several days as long as the have a safe water supply and can heat water. I don't have any veggies in my buckets yet. I hope to add a my own homemade dried veggies to each as soon as I have an idea and have tested how long they last in storage.
If you have been keeping up with the news things have started to heat up all over. I've been kinda concrened about something was going to blow this week but thankfully I was wrong. Perhaps you think I'm the girl that cries "wolf". Itry to give the reasons why I think things may blow up but I'm in no danger in being called a prophetess. All you can do is keep on preparing and if you get a little extra incentive or a good time to practice a scenario I'd say go for it.
Sportman guide.com is having an incredible sale on Ammo of all sorts. Like 9mm or .380 for $15.00 or less for a box of 50. Or 640 rounds of 7.62×39 for $165.00 If you spend over $99.00 there is a coupon code SH678 for $4.99 shipping. I've used Sportsmanguide.com several times and they give great service and my package usually arives early. I don't recieve any compensation from them, I just think they are a good company.
I have my Dark Ale bubbling away and I'm trying a new recipe for a Dark Lager similar to Dos Equis on the stove as I type. I did overfill my fermenting bucket a little and had a little bubbleover going into the airlock. No need to panic just clean it up and or replace the airlock with clean water. The lid I'm using has a flexible plastic neck for the air lock so I just extended it and it's doing fine. Just remember you want to limit opening the fermenting bucket so it does not get contaminated. One thing I've found helpful is to keep the fermenting bucket for both lager and ales upstairs until the airlock shows bubbles. I keep my living area a cool 65-68 Degrees. This seems to give the yeast some time to get working before I take it to the basement that is much cooler. That won't work in the summer time but then my basement warms up a few degrees.
Mom is home from the hospital and seems to be doing good and the surgery went fine. I'll go check on her Saturday and see how cranky she will be missing the first 70 + degree day of spring this weekend.
You are currently browsing the My Adventures in selfreliance blog archives for March, 2012.


The Clinical Examiner Training Course is generally held the day prior to the Australian Clinical Examination (Friday afternoon).
In Australia, there are three examination sessions: Saturday morning, Saturday afternoon, and Sunday morning.
In New Zealand, there are two examination sessions: Saturday morning and Saturday afternoon.
Non-local examiners (those who live more than 1 hour drive from the venue) are required to fly in on the Friday evening (because of the early start on Saturday morning) and be available for the entire examination weekend. The exam conludes at Sunday lunctime and examiners can book return flights from 3pm onwards.
All non-local examiners will be provided with accommodation. Bus transport will be provided from the hotel to the exam venue, and also from the exam venue to the airport after the exams.
Local examiners (those who live less than 1 hour drive from the venue) are required to arrive at the exam venue at least one hour prior to the exams.
An Examiners' Dinner is held on the Saturday evening.
To apply, visit Apply to the Faculty of Clinical Examiners.


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Zack Snyder's Justice League Budget Explained: How Much It Cost
by VideoFeed TV April 15, 2021, 1:00 pm 200.1k Views
The launch of Zack Snyder's Justice League is virtually right below, nonetheless from the preliminary to reshoots to 4-hour mega-cut, simply just how much did the DC motion picture cost?
Here's simply just how much the basic production of Justice League is reported to have cost. There are important number of "firsts" staying on earth of cinema, nonetheless the launch of Zack Snyder's Justice League consists of a starting story additionally Clark Kent would definitely situate not most likely. Zack Snyder left Justice League throughout post-production in 2017 due to private circumstances, in addition to was transformed by Joss Whedon. Widespread documents of mass reshoots adhered to, in addition to Justice League introduced to negative assessments in addition to unimpressive box office. As the sweeping changes to Snyder's preliminary vision wound up being clear, fans supported Justice League's shed cut to be introduced, in addition to Warner Bros. last but not least given up with a 2021 HBO Max launch.
Needless to state, Justice League need to've established you back a king's ransom money throughout its extensive road to the big in addition to televisions. There's the initial budget appointed to Zack Snyder – enough to make a blockbuster DC superhero flick. Then there's the cost of Joss Whedon's reshoots to include. And, last but not least, the included dollars called for to get Zack Snyder's Justice League planned for public consumption. That's instead some financial investment for a featureless staged launch in addition to a streaming unique, in addition to HBO Max will definitely no doubt be desiring to see a boost of consumers to respond to that economic investment as long as possible.
Following on from the disappointment of Batman V Superman: Dawn of Justice, Zack Snyder's plan for the DCEU was regulationed in instead. Even before his splitting up, Justice League dropped its "Part II" in addition to Snyder's horror-inspired Steppenwolf was reduced in response to grievances that the DCEU was also dark. Nevertheless, Snyder tipped onto developed for his preliminary day on Justice League intending to create a grand superhero crossover, in addition to he was taken care of a healthy and balanced and also well balanced budget in order to do so. Unsurprisingly, Warner has in fact never ever before offered a break down of simply just how much cash was spent bringing Justice League to life, nonetheless documents suggest Snyder originally had someplace roughly $275 million to spend, not containing advertising and marketing. This alone is an eye-watering quantity on the very same degree with among one of the most existing Star Wars movie. Released the precise very same year, Thor: Ragnarok showed up at virtually $100 million a lot less.
Justice League was presently on training course to develop into among among one of the most expensive movie in the past made, in addition to Joss Whedon's arrival simply accelerated that treatment. According to Variety, the Justice League reshoots consisted of an added $25 million to the budget, bringing the grand total up to a rounded $300 million (through Wall Street Journal) – the joint-fifth best motion picture budget of all time, not transformed for climbing expense of living. While reshoots are dramatically common technique, additionally among one of the most thorough changes hardly ever leading $10 million, nonetheless Whedon's ideas called for more than twin that quantity. Clearly, the kind of amazing, impossible-to-spot CGI seen on Henry Cavill's leading lip does not come cost-effective.
Marvel Kawaii,…
In granting last but not least #ReleaseTheSnyderCut, Warner Bros. were called for to open their checkbook a third time in Justice League's name. Reports vary concerning exactly simply exactly how complete the Snyder cut was before Joss Whedon came aboard, nonetheless Forbes estimate the unreleased variation someplace near 90% done. Nevertheless, the one-of-a-kind outcomes remained insufficient, in addition to much more money was needed for that included 10%. Additionally, Zack Snyder searched for to consist of fresh item, bringing Jared Leto's Joker back in from the great to motion picture all brand-new scenes. Despite Snyder himself not taking a price, Zack Snyder's Justice League hasn't come cost-effective. A 2020 Telegraph document estimate around $40 million was required to complete what had in fact presently been videotaped, before The Wrap proclaimed reshoots in addition to new video clip had in fact pushed the general to $70 million – some financial investment for a streaming launch.
Adding with each various other all 3 stages in the Justice League development (Snyder, Whedon, Snyder 2: Reshoot Boogaloo), the DCEU effort has in fact apparently obtained a cost of $370 million plus advertising and marketing. This comes perilously near the existing most expensive motion picture in the past (non-adjusted), Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. Jack Sparrow a minimum of had the superb grace to bring in over $1 billion at bundle work environment; can Zack Snyder's Justice League verify the expense on HBO Max?
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Discover Detroit-style Inspiration With Host Mo Rocca On 'Innovation Nation'
Filed Under:CBS Sunday Morning, Eye On Detroit, Henry Ford Museum, Innovation Nation, Mo Rocca
CBS 62's Eye on Detroit team spent some time with the Mo Rocca and the Innovation Nation crew recently to find out what makes the show and its host tick.
A cherished Michigan museum is home base for "CBS Sunday Morning" correspondent and host of "The Henry Ford's Innovation Nation". The national TV series tells the stories behind past, present and future inventions and inventors.
Rocca explains why he thinks the Motor City is suited to this kind of show. "Detroit obviously the cradle of the auto industry and innovation. There's a reason the museum is here and not just because Henry Ford was a big muckety muck and said I want this, I want that. I want Menlo Park. I want it all here. But Detroit today is an inspiration for innovators — seeing how this city is coming back. Detroit today is an inspiration and obviously a huge opportunity," he said.
How did Rocca get the gig on "Innovation Nation"? He was noticed by execs for a piece he did for "CBS Sunday Morning" on a Rube Goldberg competition. "I covered that story and somebody called me afterwards and said do you want to do a story about the history of innovation and the innovation that's happening today," he said.
"I like shows where I end up learning stuff," he added.
Rocca is based here during the show's production and it's been stimulating for the TV host. "I didn't know much about cars before I came here and now I do. I want to get a 1957 DeSoto," said Rocca.
"The Henry Ford's Innovation Nation" is part of CBS' educational block "The CBS Dream Team, It's Epic!" It airs Saturday mornings on CBS. It can be seen locally on CBS 62 at 8 a.m.
This feature is part of CBS 62's Eye On Detroit series as seen weekdays during "CBS This Morning" between 7 and 9 a.m.


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text:
Zimbabwe a destination of choice in investments, says Mnangagwa
ZIMBABWE is a destination of choice in terms of investments with the country going up the ladder in the list of destinations with sound ease of doing business policies that will propel it to become an upper middle-class economy by 2030, President Mnangagwa has said.
In an interview with Zimpapers Television Network (ZTN) aired on Friday, President Mnangagwa said the country had been opened up to the world after decades of isolation from the rest of the world.
"We have been a closed nation, a nation for the last two decades that has been isolated. We are extremely grateful that we have been invited to this extremely great Expo 2020 in Dubai. We want to be there as Zimbabwe to showcase ourselves, the opportunities that are bound in our country in terms of investments, in terms of tourism and just in terms of coming to enjoy the great climate and sunshine that Zimbabwe enjoys throughout the year," he said.
The President said the ease of doing business was a serious task that must see investors having confidence in the country and its products.
"Attracting investment into a country is not an issue of guessing, you must create an environment where the investor feels comfortable to go and invest. Under the Second Republic we looked at ourselves and said we need to go and be competitive worldwide in terms of attracting global capital to our country.
"In doing so we looked at issues to attend to in order to have the ease of doing business, the cost of doing that business and in that direction under a year we were removed from a very low level and we went up 16 steps just within a year and it shows that we are very focused and we continue to improve areas where we think we remain less competitive as compared to other regional states as well as on the continents," he said.
The President said a new index which will be released soon will find Zimbabwe having gone more steps up the ladder in terms of being a friendly nation business wise also owing to developments in that area.
"So many pieces of legislation have been passed and we have also created Zimbabwe Investment and Development Agency (Zida) where an investor comes to a one stop centre where one gets answers to all questions they may want to ask about investments in the country, it does not matter what sector so that again cuts down the number of days an investor would want to know whether he is going to put his money or make money in Zimbabwe," he said.
He reiterated that sanctions and restrictive indigenisation laws, among other things had a hand in limiting investors from coming to Zimbabwe.
"What had critically crippled or constrained investment into Zimbabwe, besides the sanctions was the issue of our laws relating to indigenisation which under the Second Republic we relaxed and removed the need to have 51 percent, now, investment is open . . . there is no fixed model for any investor who will come into this country and invest, there are no conditions on how one must invest in the country, it's your choice, all what we need is to make sure we have a win-win situation between the investor and the country, that is what is critically important.
Secondly, we have made sure we are competitive in that if an investor wants to register a company, in the past it would take perhaps three months, now it takes less than three days, so with a very minimum period he can have all his questions answered immediately at the investment centre, Zida," he added.
President Mnangagwa said the indigenisation policy was on the bedrock of socialist principles where at that time, the nation felt that the indigenous people must always have 51 percent of every investment coming into the country.
"That now has been removed, you can invest if you have partners, if you wish you can own 100 percent of a company in Zimbabwe, all what we want is that you are investing in our country and you are bringing skills, you are bringing technology, we also get corporate taxes and so on, levies are there. We just need to be competitive, if an investor will look at Zimbabwe and any other country and makes a choice, obviously you choose Zimbabwe, because of the environment," said the President.
He, however, said it was not a free for all in totality.
"There is one area which is reserved, it is diamonds. We are still looking at the diamond industry policy, there we have not totally opened, the rest we have opened, the mining sector, the rest of agriculture, infrastructure development, tourism, ICT, it's open," he said.
Turning to the rule of law, President Mnangagwa said Zimbabwe was keen on democracy than any other nation.
"I can assure you that the people who want democracy more than anyone are the Zimbabweans because we went to war for 16 years to have our independence so we are champions of democracy. In our Constitution of Zimbabwe, are there elements of the Constitution that one would say the Constitution is undemocratic? No. We are for the rule of law but most importantly we would want everyone not to be above the law. It doesn't matter who you are if you breach our laws, the law must take its course," he said.
President Mnangagwa said his administration was totally against corruption which had taken root and the Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission (Zacc) has been instituted together with other agencies to support the fight against corruption.
He said some committees had been created in the over 260 public institutions in the country and the first 21 institutions will this year have commissions and committees to monitor corruption in these institutions.
"I can assure you that it needs the cooperation of the private sector, the co-operation of the institutions and justice systems as well as resourced investigations committees like Zacc. Besides, there should be no sacred cows in fighting corruption.
We must make sure that we protect whistle blowers, we must protect those people who get affected if they expose corruption. It is critically important and all these pieces of legislation. The fight against corruption in this country is taking root, it may take time but it's important that we fight it," he said.
Asked on the "catch and release" syndrome President Mnangagwa said Zimbabwe observes the Principle of Separation of Powers.
"It is not the Government which convicts. The principle of Separation of Powers is that the legislature makes the laws, the executive runs the country as a Government and the judiciary interprets the law. As Government we make sure that crimes when committed are sent to the judiciary, we cannot be made responsible for the failure of the judiciary to execute their mandate.
The public must make a cry against the judiciary because they are independent and I as the President cannot direct the Chief Justice and the bench to decide one way or the other. This perception that once a member of the opposition commits a crime and is taken to court then he feels he is persecuted, no, law is the same whether you are in the opposition or in Government or anywhere. The law is the same for everybody with no fear or favour."
He said the land reform and the compensation on improvements on farms was on track with funds, time frames and other modalities having been agreed on with the farmers.
"Fortunately, we have discussed with the representatives of those farmers who lost their land and amicably we have come to an agreement to how we assess the value of improvements on the farms and we have come to a compromise of the US$3,5 billion and we have agreed with the mode of payment over a period of time and this is on course," he said.
President Mnangagwa also said the re-engagement programme was on course with the Second Republic saying results were positive with many countries in the EU engaging with Zimbabwe. President Mnangagwa sang praises for his economic development team which he said surprised him at the level at which they had managed to accomplish the vision of economic grown and reduction of inflation.
He said the team was focused and also cushioning the people with various safety nets and also ensuring devolution funds were benefiting the communities throughout the country. — @NyembeziMu
Source - Sunday News
More on: #Mnangagwa, #Destination_of_choice, #Investments


text:
package com.pj.ld.game;

import com.badlogic.gdx.Gdx;
import com.badlogic.gdx.graphics.g2d.SpriteBatch;
import com.badlogic.gdx.math.Rectangle;
import com.badlogic.gdx.physics.box2d.*;
import com.esotericsoftware.spine.AnimationState;
import com.esotericsoftware.spine.Event;
import com.pj.ld.screens.Game;
import com.pj.ld.utils.Assets;

public class Spike {
    public static final int SPIKE_SENSOR = 0x0001;
    Body spike;
    public Spike(Game game){
    }

    public void createBody(World world, Rectangle pos){
        pos.x = (pos.x + pos.width*0.5f) * Game.WORLD_TO_BOX;
        pos.y = (pos.y +  pos.height*0.5f) * Game.WORLD_TO_BOX;
        PolygonShape rect = new PolygonShape();
        rect.setAsBox(
                pos.width* Game.WORLD_TO_BOX *0.5f,
                pos.height* Game.WORLD_TO_BOX *0.5f);

        BodyDef bodyDef = new BodyDef();
        bodyDef.type = BodyDef.BodyType.StaticBody;
        bodyDef.position.set(pos.x, pos.y);
        spike = world.createBody(bodyDef);
        FixtureDef fixtureDef = new FixtureDef();
        fixtureDef.shape = rect;
        fixtureDef.isSensor = true;
        fixtureDef.filter.categoryBits = SPIKE_SENSOR;
        spike.createFixture(fixtureDef);
        spike.setUserData(this);
        rect.dispose();
    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Book review: From Cuba to Colorado
News | June 20, 2013
Karina Wetherbee
Special to the Daily
The small island nation of Cuba has a rich heritage and a dynamic and troubled history. The United States is full of Cuban immigrants who fled the streets of Havana and the beaches of this Caribbean jewel during the Revolution of 1956, when rebel leader Fidel Castro overthrew the brutal Fulgencio Batista.
In the chaos that followed Castro's power play, it quickly became apparent that life would be very different — dangerous and turbulent, in fact — so much so that families went to great measure and expense to flee to the neighboring shores to the north in Florida.
One family, kin to author Guillermo Vicente Vidal, was faced with just such a choice: to leave behind one's roots and heritage with no guarantee of ever returning or to stay and wait, knowing and hoping that no leader can rule forever.
"Boxing for Cuba: An Immigrant's Story" follows the childhood of its author, former Denver mayor Bill (Guillermo Vicente) Vidal, as he unwillingly became part of the storyline of the aftermath of Castro's rise to power and Cuba's subsequent shift to communism.
Written with a great deal of heart and a refreshing level of candor for such a prominent local political figure, Vidal's account reads like an intense coming-of-age novel, with daring escapes, turbulent family life, humorous anecdotes and dramatic reunions.
With many Cubans desperate to flee the regime's ruthlessness, the refugee program for Cuban children, Operation Peter Pan, became the escape route for Vidal and his two young brothers, but it meant leaving their parents behind, with no guarantee for a reunion. Each family member is well-described and becomes a three-dimensional character, heightening the sense of loss when the inevitable separation happens. The feelings of fear and sadness are poignant and painful to read, and Vidal succeeds in pulling the reader into the world of his childhood worries, especially after their anticipated reunion in Florida goes awry and the brothers end up in an orphanage in Pueblo, a world away from home.
Spanning nations, decades and cultures, Vidal crafts a vivid and moving account of the anxiety involved in being an immigrant; their sense of belonging is elusive, as the boys, and later their parents, strive to assimilate into the society that has reluctantly taken them in.
Even more than being a poignant account of an outsider in a challenging culture, "Boxing for Cuba" is a touching and honest portrayal of the universally tangled and complex concept of "family" and the notion of "home." Colorado has since become home to this Cuban boy, and his contributions to the state are many. "Boxing for Cuba" is eye-opening, educational and a joy to read.
Bodies of 24-year-old mom, her son discovered at Rocky Mountain National Park in apparent murder-suicide
Hilliard House undergoes historic restoration
Man convicted of pointing rifle at traffic sentenced to probation
Verizon pushes for small cell installations in Dillon
The Dog Chalet
Doggie Day Care at The Dog Chalet in DILLON
Doggie Day Care Love Dogs? Looking for pt/ft staff to help run the best doggie…
Summit Suds: Support Summit County Rescue Group with Brewers Rock for Rescue


Load your family into the 2019 Kia Sorento. Smooth gearshifts are achieved thanks to the refined 6 cylinder engine, and for added security, dynamic Stability Control supplements the drivetrain. A wealth of standard features means that you no longer have to sacrifice. Like all wheel drive, power front seats, a built-in garage door transmitter, fully automatic headlights, turn signal indicator mirrors, a power rear cargo door, power windows, and more. Features such as automatic climate control and leather upholstery prove that economical transportation does not need to be sparsely equipped. Third row seats provide an even greater maximum passenger capacity. Take assurance in side curtain airbags, providing head protection in the event of a severe collision. Our aim is to provide our customers with the best prices and service at all times. Please don't hesitate to give us a call.


text:
True colours: OPPO and Hasselblad team up – Amateur Photographer
Ground-breaking partnership between smartphone maker OPPO and the legendary Hasselblad is big news for photographers seeking the best possible results from their phone – particularly when it comes to colour performance.
In partnership with OPPO
Looking for better photo performance from your smartphone, and to capture colours as you see them in all their glory? OPPO, one of the biggest and most innovative smartphone companies in the world, has announced a three-year partnership with Hasselblad. For over 80 years Hasselblad has been producing iconic cameras and lenses, including the one used during the first moon landing in 1969.
Key goals of the partnership are to develop the best possible colour technology for mobile photography. Colour performance has always been a very important area for OPPO – last year's Find X3 Pro was the first smartphone to capture and display 1 billion colours, using the Full-path Colour Management System – and the partnership has now yielded the OPPO Find X5 Pro camera system. Released in February, it is one of the most advanced smartphones available, and a great choice for keen photographers.
Every image taken by the phone is enhanced by colour-tuning technology, recognised as HNCS for mobile and co-developed by engineers from both OPPO and Hasselblad. The two companies will focus on breakthroughs in colour science to create an improved mobile photography experience on Hasselblad Camera for Mobile.
Flying colours
So why the particular emphasis on colour-tuning technology? "When a photographer actually takes a photo, they capture the scene with their own eyes," explained OPPO product manager, Travis Zhao. "We want to respect this whole process and restore these scenes as much as possible with our device. I think we share the same philosophy with Hasselblad in this respect: to really restore colours as they are seen by the photographer."
As Hasselblad adds, colour is one of the key pillars of a lot of great photography, alongside dynamic range and detail reproduction. "It is also arguably the one where we can make the most appreciable difference, as subtle changes in colour balancing can have a big impact on the perceived fidelity of the final image," added Hasselblad marketing manager, Bronius Rudnickas.
Smarter algorithms
Developing smarter algorithms for a better smartphone experience with OPPO phones is another important part of the alliance between the two companies.
"We spent a lot of time discussing the different algorithms we could use, and how we were going to deploy them in our phones for a better photography experience," explains Travis Zhao. "When we deploy these algorithms, we don't use them for their own sake. We're factoring in the environment, the whole shooting atmosphere, and trying to restore that ambience as much as possible — based on our philosophy for colour calibration."
Become a master of colour
So how will OPPO Find X5 Pro users see the benefits of this technology partnership in terms of colour performance? Out of the box you will see rich yet lifelike colours, but that is only the start. Switch to Pro Mode, and you can access Natural Color Calibration with Hasselblad, which provides more natural and accurate colours.
If you are after more of a retro vibe, try the XPan Mode (below). Named after Hasselblad's legendary XPan film camera, it enables you to take cinematic panoramas and vintage-style photos in the XPan format. The Find X5 Pro replicates the XPan's key essence, so it's a great way to get as close as possible to the original experience on your phone. Besides, Hasselblad's iconic leaf shutter sound is replicated too.
OPPO and Hasselblad Masters have also worked together to develop three new Master Filters, created with input from Hasselblad ambassador photographers.
The first filter is called Radiance, based on the signature style of Australian photographer and Hasselblad Master, Ben Thomas. It's a perfect match for sunny days, as it delivers dynamic and saturated colours which almost have a fairytale effect. OPPO reports this filter is already very popular with users.
Then there is Serenity, based on the style of a top Chinese fashion photographer and Hasselblad ambassador called Yin Chao. This filter is a perfect match for portraits, particularly on sunny days in indoor environments, and beautifully enhances colour.
Third up is Emerald, designed for nature photos – particularly those with lots of green, so it's great for landscapes. This filter has been calibrated with Hasselblad Master David Peskens, who is notable for his wildlife photography.
In the Instagram post below you can also see how leading US photographer Billy Dinh is getting great results with the Find X5 Pro.
It's an exciting time for smartphone photography, and this partnership between OPPO and Hasselblad looks set to boost the creative possibilities even further. OPPO will continue to develop flagship smartphones with camera systems tailored to the needs of different types of users, bringing the latest technology breakthroughs to global users. Keep reading AP for further news of the fruits of this major partnership.


The leading causes of morbidity, mortality, and disability in the United States are heart disease, cancer, and stroke. These chronic diseases have well known behavioral, social, and environmental risk factors and can be prevented on a large scale.
Why Have Wellness at the Worksite?
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention report that at least 50% of individual health status and associated health care costs are directly related to lifestyle choices. By incorporating wellness into the worksite, employers have discovered ways to descrease soaring health care costs and lost productivity. Health promotion is good for employees and good for business.
To be successful in motivating lifestyle change, you need to create a culture where the healthy choice becomes the easy choice.
The typical employee will experience more than 250 unhealthy messages in a single day.
Senior level support is critical to the success of any worksite health initiative.
Wellness is not what we do to people, but what we do for them.
Visit http://welcoa.org/ for more information on wellness.


On Jan. 28, students from across the U.S. and Canada participated with only the top 10 percent to advance to the next round.
Of almost 2,000 participants, sophomore Eleanor Halbert advanced to the second round which will take place on March 10. The top eightstudents from the second round will advance to the international competition this July in India.
Lauren Edwards, Marguerite Hunter, Sydney Rollins, Aidan Dalrymple, Daria Moore, Amaya Herrington, Yvette Han and Kolt Bundy also competed.


Soft tissue grafts are small pieces of tissue taken from other areas of the mouth such as the palate and surgically impanted in the affected area. Grafts can correct dental deformities and other problems such as severe gum disease, as well as cover exposed roots, stop bone loss, the recession of gums, and even reduce pain-causing root sensitivity. These procedures are normally performed by a periodonitist.


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text:
Heinz Salomon (* 18. Mai 1900 in Ribnitz; † 18. Oktober 1969 in Kiel) war ein deutscher Politiker (SPD). Er wurde im letzten Transport mit Juden aus Schleswig-Holstein am 14. Februar 1945 ins Konzentrationslager Theresienstadt gebracht und kehrte von dort schwerkrank als erster Jude nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg in die Stadt Kiel zurück.

Leben
Salomon schrieb sich im Mai 1919 zum Studium der Zahnmedizin an der Universität Rostock ein, schlug dann aber eine kaufmännische Laufbahn ein. Er gehörte 1946 dem ersten Ernannten Landtag von Schleswig-Holstein (Volksbildungsausschuss) und ab 1947 dem Zentralkomitee der befreiten Juden in der britischen Zone an. Im Rahmen seines Einsatzes für Entschädigungen für die Juden war er 1950 daran beteiligt, die Ansprüche auf nicht von Eigentümern oder Erben eingefordertes jüdisches Vermögen in der britischen Zone auf die Jewish Trust Corporation zu übertragen. Er setzte sich 1956 für die Erhaltung des Verbandes der jüdischen Gemeinden Nordwestdeutschlands ein, um eine bessere Verhandlungsposition für weitere Verhandlungen über Wiedergutmachung an den Gemeinden zu haben.

Ehrungen
Heinz Salomon wurde 1960 vom Bundespräsidenten das Bundesverdienstkreuz erster Klasse verliehen.

Werke
 Central Committee of Liberated Jews in the British Zone of Germany, Gemeindeabteilung Lübeck, mit Heinz Salomon, Jewish Welfare Schleswig-Holstein: Korrespondenz von Norbert Wollheim. Kiel, 1946–1948

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Landtagsabgeordneter (Schleswig-Holstein)
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
SPD-Mitglied
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes 1. Klasse
Person (Judentum)
Deutscher
Häftling im Ghetto Theresienstadt
Überlebender des Holocaust
Geboren 1900
Gestorben 1969
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Should I install Windows Management Framework 3.0?
I'm posting this as a BIG CAVEAT to everyone. I know it's not a standard Q&A, but I think this is something every Windows admin should know. There is a very real risk of falling into Big Troubles.

Microsoft has recently released Windows Management Framework 3.0 for Windows Server 2008 and Windows Server 2008 R2 systems, which includes some nice things native to Windows Server 2012 (like PowerShell 3.0) and lots of improvements to WMI, WinRM and other management technologies.
Windows Update is advertising it as an optional update.
Should I install it on my servers?

Update: As of 2012-12-19 Microsoft has removed the update from Windows Update after major compatibility issues with various products (including the ones being discussed here) have been reported by multiple users.

A: I've installed it on dozens of servers and never had a problem with it. But none of them had Exchange, Sharepoint, SBS or SCCM.
Mostly IIS and SQL only. I use a lot of PowerShell and love Version 3. I don't think there is a way to get PowerShell 3 without Windows Management Framework 3.0.
So I guess it depends what else is on your servers.

A: There is an official support statement for this:

Supported Operating System   Windows 7 Service Pack 1, Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows Server 2008 Service Pack 2
IMPORTANT: Windows Management Framework 3.0 is not currently compatible with the following applications:

*

*System Center 2012 Configuration Manager. For more information, see
  KB 2796086.

*System Center Virtual Machine Manager. For more information, see KB
  2795043

*Microsoft Exchange Server 2007 and Microsoft Exchange Server 2010.
  For more information, see Windows Management Framework 3.0 on Exchange
  2007 and Exchange 2010.

*Microsoft SharePoint 2010. For more information, see Windows
  PowerShell 3.0 and SharePoint 2010.

*Windows Small Business Server 2008 and Windows Small Business
  Server 2011. For more information, see Windows Management Framework
  3.0 applicability on Windows Small Business Server 2008/2011 Standard.

This statement is right on the download page under the System Requirements section here:
http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=34595

In short, yes install it everywhere except where it's not supported if you'll benefit from it.

A: Short answer: NO, unless you really need it and you really know what you are doing.
WMF 3.0 is known to be not compatible at all with Exchange Server (both 2007 and 2010), at least until further updates are released for these products; also, although this is not yet officially documented, it has been found to wreak havoc on SharePoint 2010, and to break Small Business Server 2008/2011.
I've also personally experienced it completely and utterly destroying System Center Configuration Manager 2012, and breaking both the setup and the Configuration Manager for SQL Server 2008 R2, which, after its installation, started failing with loud complaints about the WMI service not being available (although it was actually running fine).
Last but not least, once WMF 3.0 is installed, it can become very hard to remove it, because its uninstaller has quite a real chance of failing, leaving your servers in an inconsistent state which usually requires a full O.S. reinstall to get them up and running again.
Be very, very, very careful with this update.

Update: apart from known compatibility issues with various programs, it looks like installing WMF 3.0 can (sometimes? often? always?) completely destroy WMI. Well, this sure explains why nothing seems to work anymore after installing it...

A: No, I just got bit by this  over the weekend in the middle of Exchange 2010 updates.
Using the tips at this blog, I uninstalled the package in order to bring my Exchange environment back online.
It seems fairly clear that this isn't really an applicable update to most environments.

A: No.  Basic principles ... if you don't absolutely need it ... don't install it.  WMF is a prereq of some installs, e.g.: PowerShell 2/3 remoting.  Less installs, less ports open, smaller attack surface and less stuff to patch.

A: You can install it on server 2008 R2 -- I run it without any problems, along with SQL Server 2008. Although I did have problems when installing WMF 3 on Exchange 2007 and Windows Server SBS 2011. After install WMF 3.0 Exchange management console refused to run. after that happened, I read on the net that you should not use it on Exchange environment, but I simply uninstalled it thru appwiz.cpl and after restart Exchange management console started up without any problems.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
in: Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons, Military of British Ceylon
25 July 1918 - 5 March 1918
20 November 1940 - October 1941
1 March 1942 - 31 December 1945
'In medias re' (In the middle of things)
Java, Ceylon
Marshal of the RAF Sir Neil Cameron
Squadron Badge heraldry
In front of wings elevated and conjoined in base, a panthers face
FH (Apr 1939 - Sep 1939)
ZT (Aug 1944 - Dec 1945)
RAF 258 Squadron was a Royal Air Force squadron during World War I and World War II.
No. 258 Squadron was first formed 25 July 1918 from 523, 525 and 529 Special Duties Flights at Luce Bay near Stranraer, Scotland under the control of No. 25 Group. It was equipped with De Havilland DH.6 biplanes and carried out anti-submarine patrols over the Irish Sea. It was disbanded on 5 March 1918.[1]
The squadron was reformed on 20 November 1940 at RAF Leconfield, Yorkshire as a fighter squadron equipped with Hawker Hurricanes. First based at RAF Acklington they relocated to RAF Jurby, Isle of Man. By April 1941, No. 258 Squadron's time had Jurby had come to an end, and they transferred to RAF Valley[2] and thence to RAF Kenley[2] in preparation to take the offensive to the enemy.[3] In October they were stood down to prepare for a move to the Far East. After a few days in Singapore they were withdrawn to Sumatra and then Java, where they suffered many losses either killed or captured by the Japanese. The survivors transferred their aircraft to No. 605 squadron and most attempted to escape by ship to Australia, but unfortunately all the ships were sunk en route with no survivors.[4]
The squadron was again reformed 1 Mar 1942 from G Squadron at Ratmalana Airport, near Colombo, Ceylon but suffered severe losses during the Japanese carrier strike on 5 April 1942. After a spell in Burma (under Neil Cameron) the squadron was withdrawn to be re-equipped with American Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. In June 1945 it then began training for the invasion of Malaya but on the Japanese surrender the squadron was finally disbanded on 31 December 1945.
The squadron was largely manned by RNZAF pilots from New Zealand.
↑ http://www.raf.mod.uk/history_old/h258.html
↑ 2.0 2.1 http://www.rafcommands.com/Fighter/258F.html
↑ Halley 1988, p. 326.
↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/stories/02/a4204702.shtml
RAF History 258 Sqdn
Military of British Ceylon


Imagine coming home to your front door kicked in. Your house ransacked and belongings strewn about by someone who didn't care. At this point, you're not thinking about home alarm systems or even the police. You're in shock. Imagine the confusion, sorrow and rage that hits you all at once. Picture, for a second, all these emotions swirling inside of you like a hurricane, then you make a grim discovery. Someone is still in your house.
If the video above tells us anything, it's that some homeowners have simply had enough. There are neighborhoods, and even houses, that are more frequent targets for burglary. Once you have been a victim multiple times, you become desperate and may even resort to arming yourself with a firearm. While it is true that the horror of discovering an intruder in your house is indescribable, being put in a situation where you're forced to defend yourself and even shoot someone only adds to it.
Feeling defenseless to the point where one is compelled to carry a weapon is terrible, indeed. In the case above, homeowners like these could very well have been saved from confrontation by having home alarm systems that forced the burglars to either flee or act quickly. Some brazen intruders will risk it all by sticking around for a minute while the alarm is sounding, but we're willing to bet they won't park a car in your garage and take their time loading up with your prized possessions.
Home alarm systems will not stop some career criminals from trying to break in. Nothing will. But, relying only on a gun isn't enough. Having a system in place that will automatically contact the authorities, sound a powerful alarm, and reach out to you via interactive technology is your best bet every time. There's just no way you could do all of that at once and still protect yourself and your family. That's why technology like this exists. We're not arguing against gun ownership. In fact, there are cases every day in which homeowners protect themselves from tragedy with a legally-owned weapon. We're just saying that placing all bets on a firearm isn't enough. Your home and family is worth more than that gamble – and with today's wireless technology making home security more affordable, it's hardly a huge investment.
Remain on the phone with the police.
Be aware of any suspicious vehicles in the immediate area.
Remove yourself from the property if instructed, but keep an eye on your home.
Consider home alarm systems that interact with smartphones via apps like Protect America's SMART Connect.
Look for systems with a second layer of defense inside the home like motion detectors or glass break sensors.
Develop a list of rules for home safety that include pointers like: never leave garage door open more than 3 minutes, always set alarm when leaving, etc.
Is having a technology and a backup plan the best solution? Let us know your thoughts and join the conversation on Facebook, Twitter and Google+!


text:
package job

import (
	"log"

	"github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/src/app/backend/errors"
	metricapi "github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/src/app/backend/integration/metric/api"
	"github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/src/app/backend/resource/common"
	"github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/src/app/backend/resource/dataselect"
	"github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/src/app/backend/resource/event"
	"github.com/kubernetes/dashboard/src/app/backend/resource/pod"
	metaV1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/fields"
	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/labels"
	k8sClient "k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes"
	"k8s.io/client-go/pkg/api/v1"
	batch "k8s.io/client-go/pkg/apis/batch/v1"
)

// GetJobPods return list of pods targeting job.
func GetJobPods(client k8sClient.Interface, metricClient metricapi.MetricClient,
	dsQuery *dataselect.DataSelectQuery, namespace string, jobName string) (*pod.PodList, error) {
	log.Printf("Getting replication controller %s pods in namespace %s", jobName, namespace)

	pods, err := getRawJobPods(client, jobName, namespace)
	if err != nil {
		return pod.EmptyPodList, err
	}

	events, err := event.GetPodsEvents(client, namespace, pods)
	nonCriticalErrors, criticalError := errors.HandleError(err)
	if criticalError != nil {
		return pod.EmptyPodList, criticalError
	}

	podList := pod.ToPodList(pods, events, nonCriticalErrors, dsQuery, metricClient)
	return &podList, nil
}

// Returns array of api pods targeting job with given name.
func getRawJobPods(client k8sClient.Interface, petSetName, namespace string) ([]v1.Pod, error) {
	job, err := client.Batch().Jobs(namespace).Get(petSetName, metaV1.GetOptions{})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	labelSelector := labels.SelectorFromSet(job.Spec.Selector.MatchLabels)
	channels := &common.ResourceChannels{
		PodList: common.GetPodListChannelWithOptions(client, common.NewSameNamespaceQuery(namespace),
			metaV1.ListOptions{
				LabelSelector: labelSelector.String(),
				FieldSelector: fields.Everything().String(),
			}, 1),
	}

	podList := <-channels.PodList.List
	if err := <-channels.PodList.Error; err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	return podList.Items, nil
}

// Returns simple info about pods(running, desired, failing, etc.) related to given job.
func getJobPodInfo(client k8sClient.Interface, job *batch.Job) (*common.PodInfo, error) {
	labelSelector := labels.SelectorFromSet(job.Spec.Selector.MatchLabels)
	channels := &common.ResourceChannels{
		PodList: common.GetPodListChannelWithOptions(client, common.NewSameNamespaceQuery(
			job.Namespace),
			metaV1.ListOptions{
				LabelSelector: labelSelector.String(),
				FieldSelector: fields.Everything().String(),
			}, 1),
	}

	pods := <-channels.PodList.List
	if err := <-channels.PodList.Error; err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}

	podInfo := common.GetPodInfo(job.Status.Active, job.Spec.Completions, pods.Items)
	return &podInfo, nil
}