text:
On creating languages for Far Cry Primal
Academic/Andrew Byrd/Brenna Byrd/Far Cry Primal/Interview/Interviews/linguistics/Ubisoft
Interview by Matt S.
Okay, so one of the coolest features in Far Cry Primal was easily the fact that Ubisoft commissioned an entire language for it to tell its story through.
Now, creating a language is not a simple matter of taking existing words and coming up with some nonsense sounds to replace them. Languages require structure, form, tone, and a million other subtleties that mean that one language is different to another. And, when you're creating a language that would be a dead language today (i.e. a language that primitive people would use), it becomes even more difficult. Because language is a product of culture, and we don't necessarily have enough of an understanding about primitive cultures to fully build cultural context into them.
But that didn't stop a duo of academic linguists, Andrew and Brenna Byrd, from taking what we know about some ancient languages and adapting them to suit the narrative and setting of Far Cry Primal.
I sat down with Andrew and Brenna to discuss language creation in games. As someone who has always been fascinated with just how important the created languages are to Tolkien's vision in The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings, I have always been fascinated with how they can be created, and then adapted to suit narrative in the modern stories we tell.
Related reading: Sam's review of Far Cry Primal.
Digitally Downloaded (DD): Could you give me a brief outline on how you go about creating a language? It's not just a matter of replacing existing words with new sounds, right?
Andrew Bryd (AB): If you were to create a language completely from scratch, you could really start anywhere. It depends on what your goals are. Does the language need to be learnable? Does it need to sound a certain way? Do the words need to be short or long or does it matter? Is there another language that you're using as a model or do you want it to be completely different from most languages? And finally, will the actors or language learners be able to pronounce it? If you look at the different conlangs out there, you'll see how each one was developed with these questions in mind.
For our purposes, a believable version of Proto-Indo-European (PIE) was key, but the language also had to sound right for the audience and work with the gameplay. About 95% of the vocabulary is based directly on a PIE root and our knowledge of how human languages work, and the other 5% still had to be probable for PIE, so there really wasn't anything built from scratch for this game. I think if we were to build a language from scratch, given that we are both partial to phonology (sound systems), we'd definitely include as many fun sounds and sequences as we could.
DD: Was the language of Far Cry Primal based on any real-world language? If so, which, and why did you base it on that one?
Brenna Byrd (BB): When Ubisoft approached us about creating the languages for the game, from the beginning we knew that all of the languages would be based on Proto-Indo-European (PIE) and be related to each other in some way, both in vocabulary and in grammar. For example, the PIE word for 'brother', bhráχter (the source of Latin frater, Old Irish bráthair, and Sanskrit bhrāter) became Izila bráxter and Wenja brashtar.
While we took certain liberties in creating Wenja, designed to be "Proto-Proto-Indo-European", the Izila language is basically Proto-Indo-European, which is an extremely educated guess as to what was spoken thousands of years ago. No one knows with absolute certainty when PIE was spoken – many (such as ourselves) believe it was spoken 5000-7000 years ago, but other scholars have pushed the dates back much further. Since Wenja is designed to be an earlier stage of PIE, it is certainly possible that something that looked similar to it could have been spoken at that time. Note that there is also no established rate of language change, meaning that some languages change much more quickly than others, especially when they grow and spread out. If we are talking about small tribes of only a couple hundred people, it's very plausible that the language would not have changed very drastically.
A flowchart that describes how Proto-Indo-European languages later became our languages.
DD: When you designed the language, was there the intention for the player to be able to form an understanding of it as they play? If people want to understand the language, how does the game "teach" them it?
AB: Players will pick up common expressions because we learn to make associations between specific words and repeated tasks. And just like with any living language, the more you want to learn, the more you will. You can play the entire game and ignore the language, just as some tourists can spend a week in a foreign country and not figure out how to say 'thank you'. Alternatively, you can pay attention to everything the characters are saying, repeat it back and make some effort to remember it, and you'll start to feel like you know enough to hold a small conversation, just like those international travelers who end up making friends with the locals after a week and learning a basic survival version of the language. For those especially interested in learning the languages of Primal, check us out on Twitter @SpeakingPrimal.
DD: Why do you think it's important for the game to have a proper language, as opposed to simple gibberish that we see used often in films and games when designers want to represent a non-existent or "new" language?
BB: You might not pick up on dialogue being gibberish if there are only a few lines, but if you play 20 hours of a game, the gibberish thing will get old fast. It's human nature to pick up on patterns of languages and to learn quickly what words mean. Already many of the fans have learned some of the Wenja vocabulary just through their interactions in the game.
DD: As you were designing the language, were the aesthetics or narrative of the game an influence at all? If so, could you outline for me how?
AB: The narrative not so much, as we had to create the languages before we received the scripts, but certainly a number of our choices within the languages line up with the character of the individual tribes. For instance, the Wenja are a grounded people, and the rhythm of the language was designed to be just that, with a regular word-initial stress pattern and lots of "earthy" sounds such as "sh". On the other hand, the Izila are a tribe who believe themselves to be above all others, and when they move they "float" through space. The sing-songy rhythm of the Izila language was designed to mimic it (and just so happens to be exactly what PIE did thousands of years ago).
DD: How difficult is it to teach an actor an entirely newly created language, and help them develop the correct inflections, when it might be like nothing they have heard before?
BB: Some of the actors said it was the most challenging project they had ever worked on. Not only did they need to learn to pronounce their lines, but they had to match the character's emotions and physical movements to the words in this foreign tongue. It was quite a juggling act. To teach them, we used a combination of techniques that we use when teaching living or ancient languages ourselves.
We trained the actors via Skype before the filming on set, and then there were immersion classes and one-on-one lessons, as well as on-set assistance. Each actor became quite knowledgeable in the vocabulary, sounds and grammar of the language their character spoke, so much so that one actor even caught a couple typos in the Wenja script.
DD: Why do you think it was important to the game designers that the game was backed by an authentic language?
AB: The creative team at Ubisoft wanted the game to be completely immersive. Any modern language in a setting 10,000 years ago would have felt off and would have jolted you out of the immersive experience.
DD: In terms of the scale of a project like this – could you see game development getting to the point where people such as yourselves are regularly recruited to design original languages for the game? Is it something that you would really need the resources of a company like Ubisoft to achieve?
BB: The creation of languages for story-telling is not new by any means – people like us are regularly recruited to design original languages for games, television and movies. What kind of resources you need depends on how much you want translated and how accurate you need the language to be, or in this case, how close the language needs to resemble a reconstructed proto-language like PIE.
DD: Just how much "additional work" needs to go into the construction of a language, beyond what appears in the game? How many words were created and never used? Was there a full writing system, grammar, and style rules that needed to be created as well?
AB: It's difficult to say, honestly, as we weren't keeping track of our hours in the initial stages, but months of preparatory work went into the creation of these languages. As for your second question, the lexicon was initially based on the word index from Andrew's recent monograph The Indo-European Syllable, and it's so likely that a number of words from there were never used. As for the writing system, one was developed but not implemented, since writing wasn't invented until around 7000 years ago. And yes, grammar & style rules were created, many of which you can see throughout the game.
A video from Ubisoft that further explains the language used in Far Cry Primal
DD: Finally, do you play games yourselves? What games are you fans of?
BB: My all-time favorite game is Myst, and she'll play anything with an open-world, exploratory aspect to it.
Andrew loves RPGs – he's always found the sheer enormity of the games and the ability to craft your gear to be extremely satisfying. And for these reasons we're both completely hooked on Far Cry Primal.
Review: Heavy Rain (Sony PlayStation 4)
its-hinamatsuri-in-japan-come-celebrate


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Religious belief may extend life by 4 years
Published	 Monday 18 June 2018	 Published	Mon 18 Jun 2018
By Ana Sandoiu
Fact checked by Jasmin Collier
If you believe in a higher power, you may live longer, suggests a new study. Having religious faith may extend your life by as much as 4 years.
Religion may hold unexpected health and longevity benefits.
Although the reason for this remains a mystery, it's a known fact that women tend to live longer than men.
In the United States, women might live to 81.2 years, on average, whereas men have a life expectancy of just 76.4 years.
As well as sex, researchers are unearthing more and more factors that have the potential to prolong our lives.
Social interaction, having a pet, and walking faster have all been recently shown to boost one's longevity.
Could religion have the same effect on our lifespan? New research suggests so. Researchers led by Laura Wallace, a doctoral researcher in psychology at the Ohio State University in Columbus, have conducted two studies whose results show that religion could give believers a 4-year longevity boost.
The findings were published in the journal Social Psychological and Personality Science.
Religion boosts lifespan by up to 6.48 years
In the first study, Wallace and colleagues analyzed 505 obituaries published in the Des Moines Register between January and February 2012.
The second study analyzed 1,096 obituaries published online in 42 major cities across the U.S. between August 2010 and August 2011.
In both studies, the researchers accounted for sex and marital status, as well as the number of religious social activities the people had participated in.
Seniors, leaving the house daily may help you live longer
This simple daily activity may add years to one's life.
The first study showed that religious believers lived 9.45 years longer than those who did not have a religious affiliation in their obituary.
After their sex and marital status had been accounted for, believers lived 6.48 years longer, on average, than non-believers.
In the second study, that gap was 5.64 years at first, then 3.82 years after considering sex and marital status.
"Religious affiliation had nearly as strong an effect on longevity as gender does, which is a matter of years of life."
Why religion may promote health
As aforementioned, studies have highlighted the importance of social activities for longevity. Thus, Wallace and team wanted to verify that the longevity boost was not explained by the social and volunteer activities that the people had participated in.
"We found that volunteerism and involvement in social organizations only accounted for a little less than 1 year of the longevity boost that religious affiliation provided," notes Wallace. "There's still a lot of the benefit of religious affiliation that this can't explain."
The researchers speculate on potential reasons why religion gives a longevity boost. Baldwin Way, a co-author of the study and an associate professor of psychology at Ohio State University, says that religious believers may refrain from unhealthful practices such as drug and alcohol use.
Moreover, "many religions promote stress-reducing practices that may improve health, such as gratitude, prayer, or meditation," the researcher adds.
While these are just hypotheses, one thing that the study did show with a fair degree of certainty was that conformity mediates the relationship between religion and longevity — that is, in cities where conformity was important, believers lived longer than non-believers.
"The study provides persuasive evidence that there is a relationship between religious participation and how long a person lives."
Baldwin Way
How can we overcome loneliness? Loneliness is an epidemic and a major risk factor for premature death, recent research suggests. So what can we do to prevent and overcome it? Read now
These five habits will lengthen your lifespan Adopting five low-risk lifestyle factors in adulthood could raise life expectancy at age 50 by 14 years for women and 12 years for men, large study finds. Read now
What is psychology and what does it involve? Psychology is the study of the mind, how it works, and how it might affect behavior. Understand the differences between a psychologist and a psychiatrist, and learn how they often work together to treat a person. Learn how psychology compares to other sciences and find out about the various branches of psychology. Read now
What are the best foods to fight aging? What are some of the best foods for a healthful diet that will help you live a long and happy life? Read on to learn which dietary staples to keep in mind. Read now
What are the health benefits of being social? A quick chat with a friend, a gym session with your colleagues, or a reading group that you attend — how do they impact your health? In this Spotlight, we look at the mental and physical health benefits that socializing can bring. Read now
Public Health Seniors / Aging
Popular in: Psychology / Psychiatry
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


After a successful summer of Church White releases gathering support from Session Victim, Move D, Galcher Lustwerk and a host of others, Church returns with it's next offering from Peckham via Auckland brothers Chaos In The CBD.
Fresh off the back of the Juno number one seller EP 'Midnight In Peckham' on Rhythm Section, they delve into deeper territory with emotive title track 'Constraints Of Time Travel'. The B-side is a more familiar affair with trademark swingy percussion and expert use of samples providing that deep warm house sound we've come to expect from the pair.


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Q: Sequence contains more than one element error when using bind with multiple constructor parameter Using MVC5 with ninject 3.2 version I noticed ninject is throwing this error
Sequence contains more than one element

when resolving/injecting dependency
I have an email service that uses sendgrid to send emails from an MVC 5 application running in Azure WebSites
if I register the service like following in ninjectwebcommon, it works
var sgUserName = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["SG_UserName"];
var sgPassword = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["SG_Password"];

//Register email service
kernel.Bind<IEmailService>()
    .To<EmailService>()
    .WithConstructorArgument("userName", sgUserName)
    .WithConstructorArgument("password", sgPassword);

Below code gives the
Sequence contains more than one element

error when resolving/injecting dependency. Not sure if this is a known issue or not
var sgUserName = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["SG_UserName"];
var sgPassword = ConfigurationManager.AppSettings["SG_Password"];

//Register email service
kernel.Bind<IEmailService>()
    .To<EmailService>()
    .WithConstructorArgument(sgUserName)
    .WithConstructorArgument(sgPassword);

A: I know this is old, but want to answer for anyone that happens upon this error.
It might be OK to leave out the ArgumentName when there is only one.
I wouldn't and haven't.
ArgumentName is required for each when there is more than one argument.
It is not really an issue, .WithConstructorsArgument simply requires and argument name.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Graham Nash
Without question, Graham Nash is one of the most enduring and seminal figures in popular music - becoming, part of two of the longest-lasting groups in rock 'n roll history - Crosby, Stills and Nash, and Crosy, Stills, Nash and Young.
Without question, Graham Nash is one of the most enduring and seminal figures in popular music - becoming, respectively, 1/3 and 1/4 of two of the most influential and long-lasting groups in rock 'n roll history - Crosby, Stills and Nash, and Crosy, Stills, Nash and Young. Both legendary configurations continue to record and tour together today.
Compositions by Graham Nash appear on
An album full of tried-and-true jazz standards, fashioned around the singular theme of angels. With a top lineup, this wonderful CD features the talents of vocalist Debra Blaquiere, together with award-winning jazz pianist Joe Chindamo and his bass player extraordinaire, Phil Rex.


Tableware : 10 Foot Table Banquet Linen Table Linens For Sale Wholesale Outdoor Tablecloth Pink Round Tablecloth Black And Grey. Dark Teal Table Linens. Small White Table Cloth. Wedding Linens For Less. Floral Table Linens.
By B15MiLl4hcodingcolor. Tableware. At Sunday, April 14th 2019, 07:32:28 AM.


As many people keep exploring different ways of losing weight, many options are presented to them. One can choose to go with a diet plan, use supplements, go for liposuction or use weight loss shakes. If you are a fan of weight loss shakes, then the following are your top ten choices to consider.
Celebrity slim is a product that has received quite many positive reviews because of the variety if offers. It has been rated as a five-star shake when it comes to satisfying hunger and a three-star rating for having a variety of flavors. The packaging is wonderful as you can either get a single flavor from a pack or a mix of flavors. Using this meal replacement shake is easy, and the results can be seen in a short while. There are three phases involved, the trim, active, and maintaining phases.
This shake works excellently. Using Celebrity Slim also incorporates cutting down carbohydrates, increasing proteins intake, and avoiding starvation. It works effortlessly.
SlimRight is one of the top rated weight loss shakes in Australia that has helped many people lose weight without starving or straining. This company offers three different kinds of shakes. These are the original shakes, the SkinnyGut shake formula, and the SlimRight 3-in-1. The flavors available for the original shake include strawberry, vanilla, and chocolate. They all contain raspberry ketones. The SlimRight 3-in-1 has Garcinia, green tea extract and chia seed which are well known for their weight loss properties. This shake will leave you feeling satisfied, and you will also get value for your money.
OptiFast offers its users a variety of flavors to choose from, and they include strawberry, chocolate, vanilla, coffee, chai, and banana. For this reason, it has received great ratings from the public. This is a shake that will satisfy you and thus keep you from starvation. While purchasing, you can either get an assorted pack with ten sachets; two sachets for each flavor. You can also purchase a single flavor. OptiFast website also offers the users healthy eating tips using personalized plans for meals and exercises. This ensures that it works effectively.
Optislim is also a well known and preferred company that makes weight loss shakes. The shakes come in a variety of flavors that include espresso, chocolate, vanilla, strawberry, and banana in the Optislim VLCD Classic range. There is also an Optislim VLCD platinum that also has the flavors mentioned above. The Optislim LCD life range offers extra flavors like choc mint, caramel, French Vanilla, lemon cheesecake, and coffee just to mention some. This is one of the weight loss shakes with the largest number of flavors. This shake will increase the rate of burning fats, reduce the feeling of hunger, and increase the energy levels of an individual.
Cambridge offers a variety of shakes that taste wonderful, and they satisfy you. Therefore, you will no longer have to stress yourself with starvations episodes to lose weight. The flavors are robust and are numerous. They include Banana, toffee and walnut, chocolate, orange, vanilla, cappuccino, key lime pie, chocolate mint, chocolate, and fruits of the forest. These weight loss shakes are effective at nourishing your body while at the same time facilitating the burning of fats in the body. They are highly effective, and they also leave you feeling energized.
If there is a shake that gives importance to 'superfoods,' then this is it. The main ingredients available include alkaline sea greens, digestive enzymes, and probiotics. The shakes come in a total of five flavors, and they are the strawberry smoothie, banana smoothie, Ivory Coast chocolate, classic coffee, and Madagascan vanilla. These shakes are free from gluten, and they are very effective at facilitating weight loss. For diabetics, there is a special IsoWhey diabetic formula that is specifically made for them. IsoWhey has gone the extra length of taking care of everyone including the old by offering shakes that supplement their bodies with vital nutrients. The effectiveness of these shakes has been certified by many users, and it leaves one feeling satisfied, nourished, and energized.
The Atkins shakes are rich in flavor and are very creamy. They are full of proteins, minerals, and vitamins that are very vital for the body. This shows s that not only does it promote weight loss but it also nourishes your body. There are many unique flavors, and they include vanilla, chocolate, cookies and crème, café caramel, dark chocolate royale, French vanilla, milk chocolate delight, mocha latte, and strawberry. Using these shakes also require that you follow the Atkins diet recommended and well as apply the Atkins principles. This is how many people have achieved their perfect weight. Typically, the plan will limit the intake of sugar as well as carbohydrates. The result is always satisfactory and is noted in just a short while.
Naturopathica has made an effort to provide the users with two ranges of FatBlaster shakes. There is the regular diet shake and the FatBlaster super shake. The regular shake has the following flavors; vanilla ice cream, chocolate smoothie, raspberry ripple flavors, and double chocolate mocha. The FatBlaster super shake only has two flavors which are rich milk chocolate and vanilla bean. The ingredients include green tea extract, maca, chia seeds, and green coffee bean. These ingredients supply you with energy, increase the rate of metabolism, increase rate of burning fats, and also fight hunger leaving you feeling satisfied. There is also a weight loss program to be used with this shake for satisfactory results.
ALDI has a total of four flavors and they are chocolate, strawberry, coffee, and vanilla. This shake has been praised for its value for money as well as its tastes because they are robust. These shakes will leave you satisfied, and well nourished. They increase the rate of burning fats in the body and they have proven to be very effective and dependable. One thing that is also impressive and commendable about ALDI is that they have a track record for bargains which many people love.
Maxine shakes come in four flavors and they are choc latte, chocolate, vanilla, and strawberry. This is an excellent weight loss shake that helps people lose weight but maintain their muscles mass. Some of the ingredients include cocoa, choline, green tea extract, vitamins, minerals, Hydroxycitric acid, and more. It is effective at triggering fat burning as well as nourishing and energizing your body. It has been used many people in bodybuilding because it is effective at building lean muscles. This is an excellent shake that will give you your desired results after a few uses leaving you satisfied with the results and happier.
These top ten shakes of Australia can be trusted to deliver the expected results. That is why many people love them and prefer them over other shakes. Try either of them today and enjoy their robust flavors as well as enjoy the benefits that come along with them.


text:
The bulletin (Augusta, Ga.) 1920-1957, June 26, 1943, Image 10
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Funding for the digitization of this title was provided by Roman Catholic Diocese of Savannah.
THE BULLETIN OF THE CATHOLIC L AYMEN'S ASSOCIATION OF GEORGIA
The Official Organ of the Catholic Laymen's
Association of Georgia, Incorporated.
HUGH KINCHLEY. Editor
216-217 Southern Finance Building, Augusta, Ga
ASSOCIATION OFFICERS FOK 1942-1943
BERNARD J. KANE, Atlanta President
MARTIN J. CALLAGHAN. Macon, 1st Vice-Pres.
J. B. McCALLUM, Atlanta Secretary
HUGH GRADY. Savannah Treasurer
HUGH KINCHLEY, Augusta. Executive Secretary
MISS CECILE FERRY, Augusta, Asst. Exec. Secty.
A. M. McAULIFFE. Augusta Auditor
Vol. XXIV June 26, 1943 No. 6
Entered as second class matter June 15, 1921, at the Post
Office at Augusta. Ga.. under act of March. 1879 Ac
cepted for mailing at special rate of postage provided for
in Section 1103. Act of October 3. 1917. authorized Sept.
1. 1921.
Member of N. C W. C. News Service the Catholic Press
Association of the United States, the Georgia Press Asso-
ciation and the National Editorial Association.
Published monthly by the Publicity Department with the
Approbation of the Most Reverend Bishops of Raleigh,
Charleston, and Savannah-Atlanta, and of the Right Rev-
erend Abbot Ordinary of Belmont.
Worthy of Distinction
I T IS difficulty to conceive of any honor to any
Catholic of Georgia that would bring more uni
versal pleasure than the distinction accorded
Martin J. Callaghan, of Macon, upon whom His Holi
ness Pope Pius XII has graciously bestowed the
Papal Medal "Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice."
Papal favors are not conferred lightly. Those
whom the Sovereign Pontiff would single out for
honors must be outstanding in their devotion to the
Church. Their loyalty to Christ and His Church must
be unquestioned. Their good tVorks must be an ex
pression of their profound Catholic Faith and di
rected toward the advancement of the Kingdom of
Martin Joseph Callaghan's fruitful devotion to the
Church, has gone far beyond his own spiritu
al needs. By word of example he has sought
to bring many others, in the course of his
life, to know and love the Church, of which he
has been an obedient son.
The piety of his personal life, the simplicity of
his fervent faith, the intensity of his love for
Christ and His Church, have won for Mr. Callaghan
the highest respect and esteem of all who have
known him.
When the Catholic Church and Catholic doctrines
and practices were being slandered and belittled
in Georgia, a quarter of a century ago, Mr. Callaghan
was one of the first to come to the defense of the
Faith which he cherished more than life itself. He
was one of that group of courageous laymen who
met in Macon in 1916 to form the Catholic Laymen's
Association of Georgia. He has ever held an active
interest in the organization, accepting without com
plaint financial losses that came to him because of
bis outspoken championship of religious truth.
Today, Mr. Callaghan holds the office of vice
president of the Laymen's Association, while also
serving as president of the local branch of the As
sociation in his home city.
He has set an example of Catholic Action by the
dissemination of Catholic literature. He has shown
a Christlike love for the poor by a lifelong participa
tion in the work of the St. Vincent de Paul Society.
He has been an active promoter of the laymen's
Retreat movement, and year after year has brought
large contingents of men to the annual Retreats. He
attended the first Retreat, held at St. Stanislaus Col
lege in Macon in 1920, and has missed attending only
one Retreat since that time. The cause of his ab
sence on that occasion being the conflict of the
dates of the Retreat with the day upon which one
of his daughters was to make her solemn profession
as a Dominican nun.
Mr. Callaghan has given two daughters to Reli
gion, the strongest proof of the intensely Catholic
atmosphere of the household of which he was the
He was an organizer, and a charter member, of
Macon Council, Knights of Columbus, in 1904. Since
that time he has been a faithful member, and has
filled, among other offices, those of warden, treas
urer, trustee and grand knight, which last office is
now held by his son, Martin J. Callaghan, Jr.
For many years he has been a- daily attendant at
Mass, and a daily communicant.
Those who know Mr. Callaghan best will agree,
perhaps, that his greatest virtue is humility. His
service to the Church has been wholly unselfish, he
has always shunned prominence as an individual,
and has ever subordinated his own interests to the
welfare of the Church and the honor and glory of
Mr. Callaghan's reputation as a sterling Catholic
layman is not confined to Macon alone, but has
spread throughout all of Georgia, where he has
become known and beloved by those with whom he
had been associated in connection with activities of
the Laymen's Association and the Knights of Co
lumbus.
It is not surprising, therefore, that from one end
Of the Diocese ol Savannah-Atlanta to the other,
there is rejoicing that Martin Callaghan's long life
of constant fidelity to the Church, his daily aposto
lic zeal on behalf of religion and charity, his singu
larly exemplary life, the prestige that he has given
to the Church in his home city, have been reward
ed, deservedly, by the Holy Father, in the form of
a Papal medal.
May Martin Callaghan be spared for many years
to wear, with distinction as he will, the decoration
that is a testimonial to a fruitful Christian life.
Catliolic Effort Against Anti-Semitism
A N EDITORIAL, which appeared a few weeks
ago in one of the leading newspapers of Geor
gia, praised the Catholic Bishops in Germany
for their protest against the brutal measures which
the Nazis have adopted in the countries which they
have conquered and within the Reich itself.
The writer of- the editorial expressed hope that
around men of decency and courage who still exist
in Germany some nucleus of civilization may be
restored, but concluded with these words: "The
hope would be even higher if the bishops had con
demned the persecution of the Poles and Jews and
all persons cruelly and unjustly treated, regardless
of religious faith or church affiliation."
Very graciously, the editor of the newspaper pub
lished a letter from the executive secretary of the
Catholic Laymen's Association of Georgia, which
set forth that the failure of the German Bishops to
include a general condemnation of the Nazi program
of religious and racial persecution in their discus
sion of a particular phase of that program should
not lessen any hope that might be held for the
restoration of some nucleus of civilization in Ger
many, as the omission in this instance of any con
demnation of the treatment accorded the Jews by
the Nazi, was no indication that the German Bishops
approved of such treatment.
Because of its revelancy to the subject of the edi
torial mentioned and so in line with the reply that
was made to that editorial, it seems well to give the
readers of The Bulletin the benefit of the report
of the N. C. W. C. News Service on a speech which
was delivered some days ago on the floor of the
United States Senate by Senator James M. Mead,
of New York, in which the Senator lauded the par
ticipation of the Jews in this war and in every other
war in the history of this nation, and called atten
tion to the efforts of the Catholic Church to put
down anti-Semitism and to wipe out Jewish perse
cutions. *
Dixie Musings
His Excellency the Most Rev.
Gerald P. O'Hara, Bishop of Sa
vannah-Atlanta, recently confirm
ed a class, all of whom were adults,
at the Sacred Heart Church in
Milledgeville. The congregation at
tending the ceremony was com
posed largely of members of the
WAVE, SPAR, and women of the
U. S. Marine Corps who are in
training at the Georgia State Col
lege for Women in Milledgeville.
Bishop O'Hara in his sermon be
fore administering Confirmation,
stated that on such occasions it
was customary for the officiating
Bishop to question the children
composing a Confirmation class to
determine whether or not they had
been properly instructed in their
religion in preparation for the
reception of the sacrament.
Since there were no children in
the class to whom Bishop O'Hara
might address his questions, he
asked them instead of the young
women present who represented
the various branches of our coun
try's Naval forces, and later ex
pressed his great gratification and
satisfaction at the splendid know
ledge of their Faith that the
WAVEs, SPARs and women Ma
rines demonstrated that they pos
sessed.
After recounting what steps had been taken by
other religious organizations toward these objec
tives, Senator Mead said:
"The Roman Catholic Church in this country has
likewise made countless utterances against the per- I returned to the church and upon
secution of Christians and Jews by the Nazis. In entering noticed three soldiers in
doing so it is following the fundamental teachings I the Baptistry. Greeting the service
of the Catholic Church. The late Pope Pius XI men - Bishop, O'Hara was informed
On the day^previous to his ad
ministering the Sacrament of Con
firmation in Milledgeville, Bishop
O'Hara had confirmed a class at'St.
Joseph's Church in Macon. Later
in the day, seeking a place where
he could read his breviary without
being distracted, His Excellency
M ORGAN BLAKE, in The Atlanta Journal, dis
cussing Ihe proposal that the Bible be taught
in the public schools of Atlanta, declared that
"Perhaps the best way would be for the larger Pro
testant denominations to have their own grammar
schools and high schools in which the Bible be
taught, in addition to the Protestant colleges, where
it is taught. But that would require a lot of money,
which the denominations haven't got."
Catholics, while paying taxes to support the public
schools, continue to maintain their own grade and
high schools, as well as colleges and universities,
even if it does require a-lot of money.
started in 1938:
" 'Abraham was called our patriarch, our ancestor.
Anti-Semitism is not compatible with the sublime
reality of this text: it is a movement which we
Christians cannot share—no, it is not possible for
Christians to take part in anti-Semitism. Spiritually
we are all Semites.'
"Let me repeat that last sentence of the Pope.
'Spiritually, we are all Semites.' To sanction anti-
Semitism, my friends, is to destroy our spiritual
selves.
"The Roman Catholic - Hierarchy of the United
States, in an important pronouncement made last
November, stated: 'We feel a deep sense of revul
sion against the cruel indignities heaped upon the
Jews in conquered countries and upon defenseless
peoples not of our faith.
" 'We raise our voices in protest against despotii
tyrants who have lost all sense of humanity by con
demning thousands of innocent persons to death in
subjugated countries as acts of reprisal, by placing
other thousands of innocent victims in concentration
camps, and by permitting unnumbered persons to
die of starvation'."
« Asserting that Christians and Jews are in the
war together, Senator Mead continued:
"In Hitler's own country the Christian leaders
are lined up against him. The great Archbishop of
Munich, Cardinal Faulhaber, not only denounced
the treatment of the Jews, but worked with the
Chief Rabbi of Bavaria to save valuable objects
from the Munich, synagogue when the Nazis tore
it down in October of 1938. He stored these Holy
Jewish objects in his own quarters to preserve them
from Nazi violence.
"When Nazi posters were displayed in Munich,
saying 'Away with Faulhaber, the friend of the
Jews,' what was the answer of Cardinal Faulhaber?
"He said: 'You can see in this town of Munich
the destruction which blind racial hatred has caus
ed. We Christians must love every race as Christian
love and charity are fundamental commandments
of Our Lord Jesus Christ.'
"Though his dwelling was attacked by Nazi mobs,
ihe great Cardinal remained firm in his determi
nation to uphold the God-given rights of all persons.
"Conrad Count von Preysing, the Roman Catho
lic Bishop of Berlin, is another German churchman
who has dared to tell the Nazis that they commit
wrong. In a pastoral letter last December, which I
had the privilege of reading before this body, Bishop
von Preysing condemned Nazi theories as being
contrary to 'the absolute sovereign power of God.'
"The Bishop of Munster, August Count von Galen,
told his congregation in March that the German de
feat at Stalingrad was a punishment for the Nazi
persecution of peoples in occupied countries and
especially of the Jew.
"Here is what all the Catholic Bishops in Germany
told the Nazis in a pastoral letter this spring:
" 'Before the authorities we stand up for religious
and clerical rights, but likewise for the human rights
bestowed by God on mankind'."
Senator Mead related how His Eminence Pierre
Cardinal Gerlier, Archbishop of Lyon, in France,
told Catholics it was their duty not to surrender
Jewish children, whom they were hiding, to the
Nazi. He continued:
"Only last February a high-ranking Nazi official
summoned Cardinal Gerlier to him and demanded
that the Fftmch clergy cease their opposition to Nazi
anti-Jewish measures. Cardinal Gerlier told the
German commandant that the French clergy was
responsible not to the Germans but to the com
mands of the Pope. Then the French Cardinal re
minded this Nazi official:
" 'Doubless Your Excellency knows that the Holy
Father has condemned the anti-Jewish laws and
measures against the Jews'."
Senator Mead recalled that in Belgium, although
arrests and executions have resulted from-defiance
of the Nazis, Belgians still are being instructed by
their clergy to pray every day for the persecuted and
tortured Jews. He also told of the efforts being
waged by. the Catholic and Protestant Churches
alike In Holland to aid the Jews.
by one of them that he was show
ing his friends where he had been
baptized the week before, adding
that he had expected to have been
confirmed that day, but due to the
absence of the Catholic chaplain of
his outfit he had not been able to
complete his preparatory instruc
The young soldier, whose home
was in Virginia, expressed his dis
appointment at not having been
able to be confirmed as he had
wished, and was delighted beyond
measur^ when Bishop O'Hara
made himself known and told the
young man that he could receive
within the next few minutes.
Father Harold Gaudin, of the
Society of Jesus, pastor of the
church, was summoned from the
rectory, necessary arrangements
were quickly made, and Bishop
O'Hara then proceeded to con
firm the soldier of the United
States as a soldier of Christ.
Paul D. Williams, of Richmond,
Virginia, was one of those who took
the lead in the organization of the
Catholic Committee of the South,
and as its Executive Secretary, was
largely responsible for the pro
gress that the Committee made
since it was formed at a meeting
in Atlanta three years ago.
At the recent annual meeting of
the C. C. S., held in Biloxi, Mr.
Williams found it necessary to re
tire from the office which he held
with distinction.
Giving generously of his time
and his ability, Paul Williams lias
rendered splendid service to the
Church and to the South, and his
contribution toward furthering the
program of the C. C. S., has earned
him the grateful appreciation of
all those who are interested in the
attainment of the aims for which
the C. C. S., was established.
In selecting Father Thomas E.
O'Connell, of Richmond, to be
chairman of the Catholic Commit
tee of the South, the meeting at
Biloxi made a wise and splendid
choice. The meeting in Richmond
last year was one of the most out
standing in the history of the C. C.
S., and a great share of the credit
for its success is due to Father
O'Connell.
As far as the editor of The Bul
letin is concerned, one of the most
pleasant recollections of the trip
to Toledo to attend the convention
of the Catholic Press Association
was the stop-over in Dayton on the
return journey, and the opportuni
ty which it gave to visit the Uni
versity of Dayton, and enjoy a de
licious dinner as the guest of
Brother Thomas Price, S. M.. a
member of the faculty, and in the
company of Father John P. Kenny,
a young Dominican priest, also a
teacher at the University.
Brother Price, whose home was
formerly in Augusta, where his
brother, J. P. Price is the present
grand knight 1 of Patrick Walsh
Council, Knights of Columbus, per
sonally conducted the editor of The
Bulletin, and his Dayton relatives
through the University, a tour of
inspection in which one of the
highlights was a visit to the Home
Economics department which is a
charge of Sister Raphael, of the
Missionary Sisters of the Sacred
Heart, who was one of the nuns
who attend the University of Geor
gia several years ago for post
graduate study.
The two altar boys who assisted
the Most Rev. Charles F. Buddy,
Bishop of San Diego, at the Sol
emn Military Memorial Mass of
fered recently at St. Patrick's
Cathedral, San Diego, California,
are the grandsons of one of Am
erica's outstanding Catholic naval
heroes of World War I.
The altar boys are Richard and
Frederick Benson. They are the
grandsons of the late Rear Admir
al William S. Benson, who was
chief of naval operations during
World War I, and who was a for
mer president of the National
Council of Catholic Men. The
boys' father is Captain F. W. Ben
son, U. S. Navy.
Admiral Benson, long regarded
as one of Georgia's most distingu
ished sons, was a native of Macon,
and one of the leading Catholic
laymen of the United States. Tak
ing an active interest in the work
of the Catholic Laymen's Associa
tion of Georgia, for a number of
years prior to his death, he held
the office of Honorary Vice-Presi
dent.
Survivors from the illuminated
hospital ship "Centaur," which was
torpedoed by a Japanese subma
rine off the Australian coast, in
cluded Eleanor Savage, a Catho
lic, sole survivor among 12 nurses
who were in the party that drifted
36 hours offshore on a raft.
While the raft drifted, the Cath
olic nurse led the survivors in the
recitation of the Rosary, and she
also invoked the intercession of
the Little Flower of Jesus and St.
Christopher. When they were fin
ally sighted by an airplane, all the
survivors joined with the Catho
lic nurse in the recitation of pray
ers of thanksgiving. Several non-
Catholics who were on the raft
are now receiving instructions in
the Catholic faith.
Following the widely publicized
recommendation of the Rev. Rob
ert Brennan, O. S. B., of Savannah,
made at the time of the annual
convention of the Savannah-Atlan
ta Diocesan Council of the Nation
al Council of Catholic Women,
held in Atlanta last month, that
there should be a resident chaplain
at Tattnall Prison in Reidsville.
Georgia, there now comes the an
nouncement from the State Board
of Prisons of the appointment of
the Rev. C. P. Watson, a Baptist
minister of Blackshear, as a full
time chaplain at the prison in
Tattnall, while ministers of other
religious groups would have access
to the prison at all times.
From Chaplain Harold Barr,
"somewhere" in the Pacific war
area, comes a V-Mail letter dated
June 2, Father Barr writes that
he had no idea when he was or
dained to the priesthood in 1924
that he would spent the nineteenth
anniversary of his ordination on
the other side of the w*rld from
Georgia. ___ .
Friends of Patrick McCahill, a
member of- the Sacred Heart par
ish in Augusta, feel that he is de
serving of a Carnegie Medal for
the heroism, daring and presence
of mind he displayed recently
when effecting the rescue of a
young girl and her foster-father
who were struggling in the swift
waters of the canal after falling
through the floor of the Hawk's
Gully bridge on Broad Street in
this city.
Miss Mary Flannery O'Connor,
who has just completed her fresh
man year at the Georgia State
College for Women, in Milledge
ville, is fast making a name for
herself as a cartoonist. The young
artist, doesn't remember when she
wasn't writing and illustrating hu
morous verse. Seventeen years
old, she is the daughter of Mrs.
Regina Cline O'Connor, of Mil
ledgeville, and the late Edward F.
O'Connor, Jr., at one time state
commander of the American
Legion in Georgia.
From what can be made out of
the new Income Tax Act adopted
by Congress, those who are not
subject to the 20 percent withhold
ing tax, will have to file a return
on September 15, estimating their
income for the calendar year, end
ing December 31.
It would seem that business men
will now not only be obliged to
hire certified public accountants
and tax experts to assist them in
preparing their income tax re
turns, but. will also have to enlist
the services of fortune tellers.
H. K_


Filled with activities and more than 300 stickers, this colourful, fun book for little travellers will keep kids entertained for hours.This fabulous activity book is packed with cool games such as Find your way to the gate maze and What's in your shopping basket?. Write, draw, play, stick, explore, and lots, lots more! This boredom-buster will get kids using their imagination and looking around them, rather than staring at a screen, and it's educational too, with quizzes, top three lists, and airport stats that kids will love.Inventive and creative, At the Airport Activity Book will keep kids occupied, whether on the plane, on holiday, or even tucked up in bed at home!Filled with activities and more than 300 stickers, this colourful, fun book for little travellers will keep kids entertained for hours.This fabulous activity book is packed with cool games such as Find your way to the gate maze and What's in your shopping basket?. Write, draw, play, stick, explore, and lots, lots more! This boredom-buster will get kids using their imagination and looking around them, rather than staring at a screen, and it's educational too, with quizzes, top three lists, and airport stats that kids will love.Inventive and creative, At the Airport Activity Book will keep kids occupied, whether on the plane, on holiday, or even tucked up in bed at home!
Have fun around the airport with stickers, games, and activities for kids on the move!


I have a problem that the Mega Jolt V. 4.0.2 freezes when I'm trying to enter the "Tuning Perspective"
Does anyone else experienced the same, and got a solution? Maybe I'm doing something wrong?
Since it uses OpenGL graphics, it might be related to graphics drivers. Try updating to the latest video drivers and see if that makes a difference.


Summit Management Ltd delivers a high quality service offering due to the depth and breadth of our expertise and experience. Our approach provides all stakeholders with a high degree of comfort knowing that there is a highly competent team involved with the necessary dedication and commitment.
John Cullinane has over 2 decades of experience in the establishment and administration of Jersey, The Cayman Islands and British Virgin Islands investment funds. He also has vast experience acting as a director of hedge funds, fund of funds, real estate funds and private equity fund structures. Previously John was a director of Walkers SPV Limited from 2001 to 2008, and served as a manager in the Corporate Services department of Deutsche Bank in the Cayman Islands from 1997 to 2001. Prior to that John worked for the fund administration groups of Deutsche Bank and Ernst & Young in Jersey, Channel Islands.


text:
Теодор Жозеф Девруа (де Вруа, ; , Виллер-ла-Виль — , ) — бельгийский музыковед.

Учился в католических семинариях в Мехелене и Льеже, в 1828 г. рукоположён в священики в Мюнстере. В 1830—1835 гг. служил в Льеже в церкви Святого Кристофа, затем регент хора в Льежском соборе. В рамках епархии Льежа много работал над восстановлением разрушенных в ходе наполеоновских войн соборов, курировал органостроительство.

На протяжении многих лет занимался вопросами исправления грегорианских хоралов, употреблявшихся в церковной практике. В 1839 г. опубликовал учебник для семинарий (), за ним последовали несколько сборников литургических песнопений, изданные в 1842—1858 гг. В 1863 и 1864 гг. был председателем конгрессов по церковной музыке, проходивших в Мехелене.

Литература

Музыковеды Бельгии

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Over the last weekend Slaley Methodist Church celebrated it's Harvest Weekend.
On Saturday Linda and Mal Johnston celebrated their marriage with a wedding blessing led by Rev. Marie Beard. On Sunday the Chapel was full for the Harvest celebration led by Rev. David Goodall and on Monday evening there was an evening of entertainment with Shirley's Girls, Joshua Knowles and Derek Archer. The evening finished with a supper provided by members of the Chapel.
The harvest gifts and donations were given to the West Northumberland Foodbank.


The HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology said today it has won a $100,000 grant from the Jane K. Lowe Charitable Foundation to help establish a clinical genomics program.
The foundation said the $100,000 will provide funds to support five new HudsonAlpha faculty members "who will work with existing faculty to bring scalable, cost effective, genomic medicine to the residents of Madison County (AL) and beyond.
Each year the Foundation distributes the greater of its net income or 5% of its value, as follows: 60% to six named charities and 40% to charitable organizations chosen by its trustees.
In a separate statement, HudsonAlpha said it has recently recruited the five, which it described as "world-renowned" investigators specializing in genomic medicine who will support the new clinical genomics program.
Next month, HudsonAlpha will open what it said was the world's first clinic solely for the practice of genomic medicine. The new clinic will make use of HudsonAlpha's fully-accredited and certified clinical sequencing laboratory, designed to provide clinically-validated and interpreted genomic information for physicians worldwide.
Located in Huntsville, AL, HudsonAlpha carries out genomic data analysis and interpretation toward research into areas that include cancer, undiagnosed childhood genetic disorders, neuropsychiatric disorders, immune-mediated disease, agriculture and public health.


text:
Die schmalspurigen Dampflokomotiven Typ IVv wurden von Krauss & Co. in München 1882–1883 in zehn Exemplaren mit den Fabriknummern 1114–1123 in unterschiedlichen Spurweiten hergestellt.

Die ehemalige Lokomotive Zuckerfabrik Wierschoslawice 1 mit der Fabriknummer 1120, die bis 1941 bei der Zuckerfabrik Wierschoslawice und danach bei der Cukrownia Tuczno mit der Bezeichnung CT 8 in Polen lief, ist als Exponat im Eisenbahnmuseum Sochaczew erhalten.

Geschichte

So wurden folgenden Lokomotiven gebaut:

für 750 mm:
 mit der der Fabriknummer 1114 eine Lokomotive für die Gewerkschaft Mansfeld,
und für 790 mm:
 für die Lokalbahn Přívoz–Mährisch Ostrau–Witkowitz zwei Lokomotiven mit den Fabriknummern 1115 und 1123
 und weitere Lokomotiven in den Spurweiten 780 mm, 620 mm und 800 mm.

Für die Zuckerfabrik in Wierschoslawice kaufte die Gesellschaft eine Dampflokomotive der Spurweite von 900 mm und der Fabriknummer 1120, die die Nummer 1 erhielt.

Die Lokomotive hatte eine Leistung von 40 PS. Die angegebenen technischen Daten entsprechen denen der Lok mit der Fabriknummer 1120. Ihre Vorräte an Wasser und Kohle waren gering bemessen, sodass sich ihr Einsatzbereich in Grenzen hielt. Bei längeren Fahrten benötigte sie einen Wagen mit Kohle und einem Wassertank. Nach Anschaffung weiterer Lokomotiven mit größeren Vorräten wurde die 1 nur noch im Rangierdienst im Bereich der Zuckerfabrik eingesetzt.

Nach 25 Einsatzjahren wurde ein Kesselwechsel erforderlich, weil der Orignialkessel stark korrodierte Bleche besaß und die Betriebssicherheit nicht mehr gewährleistet werden konnte. Dieser wurde 1907 bei der Lokomotivfabrik Zobel in Bromberg mit der Fabriknummer 701 eingebaut.

Die Lok wurde bis zur Stilllegung der Zuckerfabrik im Jahr 1941 verwendet. Danach kam sie zur nur wenige Kilometer entfernten Zuckerfabrik im heutigen Tuczno, die ebenfalls über ein umfangreiches Netz der Zuckerrübenbahnen mit der Spurweite 900 mm verfügte. Während des Krieges wurde von den deutschen Besatzern das gesamte Gleisnetz und der gesamte Fahrzeugpark der Zuckerrübenbahn auf die Spurweite von 750 mm umgespurt. In Verbindung damit erhielten die  Fahrzeuge auch eine vereinheitlichte Zug- und Stoßeinrichtung in Form einer Balancierhebelkupplung. Die Lokomotive erhielt in Tuczno die Bezeichnung CT 8. Niedrigere Nummern waren an kräftigere und modernere Dampfloks vergeben.

Die Lokomotive wurde hauptsächlich in der Werkstatt der Zuckerfabrik repariert. Nach 1950 wurden diese im Zakłady Naprawcze Taboru Kolejowego (ZNTK) ausgeführt, bei der CT 8 geschah dies 1955. Im Jahr 1963 war wieder eine Hauptausbesserung fällig. Die Zuckerrübenbahn stellte stattdessen die Lokomotive ab. In den 1970er Jahren interessierte sich das Eisenbahnmuseum Warschau für die Lokomotive. Nach mehrjährigen Verhandlungen kam es im Jahr 1985 zur Übernahme der Lok. Sie ist heute als Exponat im Eisenbahnmuseum in Sochaczew erhalten (2023).

Konstruktion

Die Lokomotive ist eine der ältesten in Polen erhalten Dampflokomotiven und weist viele Konstruktionsmerkmale des 19. Jahrhunderts auf. Außerdem ist sie die einzige erhaltene Lokomotive der Typenreihe IVv.

Der Blechrahmen mit einer Blechstärke von 10 mm ist als Wasserkastenrahmen ausgebildet. Neben dem Kessel sitzen zwei Kästen, die zur Bunkerung des Kohlenvorrates dienten. Als Pufferbohle sind vorn und hinten kräftige Träger vorhanden, die die Balancierhebelkupplung tragen. Im Rahmen sind die beiden Antriebsachsen fest gelagert, die erste Achse ist mit Blattfedern oberhalb der Achslager abgefedert. Die Antriebsräder sind Vollscheibenräder mit runden Öffnungen, durch die die Achslager geschmiert werden können.

Der gewalzte Flammrohrkessel der Ursprungsausführung wurde 1907 durch einen Ersatzkessel mit der Seriennummer 701 ersetzt. Die ursprünglich kupferne Feuerbüchse wurde nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg durch eine stählerne ersetzt. Der Kessel ohne Dampfdom besteht aus zwei Schüssen. Auf dem ersten Schuss sitzt der Regler, der durch ein Gestänge, das vom Führerstand durch den Sandkasten mittig hindurch geht, bedient wurde. Auf dessen Haube waren zwei Sicherheitsventile mit Druckfedern angebracht. Die Rohre vom Regler zur Dampfmaschine verlaufen außerhalb des Kessels. Auf dem zweiten Kesselschuss sitzt der Sanddom, von dem ein Sandfallrohr zwischen die erste und zweite Achse herabführt und mit Handbedienung gesandet wurde. Die Rauchkammer besitzt einen runden Verschluss und eine einfache Halterung auf dem Lokrahmen. Gespeist wurde der Kessel durch zwei Injektoren Bauart Schau mit einer Förderleistung von 40 l/min. Die Lokomotive besitzt noch Armaturen aus dem 19. Jahrhundert wie etwa den Wasserstandsanzeiger. Die beiden horizontal angeordneten Zylinder mit schräg geführten Flachschiebern treiben über eine Stephenson-Steuerung die zweite Achse an, der Kreuzkopf wurde zweischienig auf der Gleitbahn geführt. Jeder Zylinder besaß zwei Entwässerungsventile.

Die einfache Hebelhandbremse wirkte lediglich auf die zweite Achse. Der Bedienhebel saß auf der hinteren Seite des Führerhauses. Die Lokomotive war mit Petroleumbeleuchtung versehen und mit einer Handglocke ausgerüstet. Auf dem Führerhaus sitzt eine Dampfpfeife. Zum Befüllen mit Wasser ist beidseitig auf dem Umlauf ein mit dem Wasserrahmen verbundener Stutzen vorhanden, in den ein Schlauch gesteckt werden konnte.

Siehe auch
 Liste von Lokomotiv- und Triebwagenbaureihen in Polen

Literatur
 Bogdan Pokropiński: Muzealne Parowozy wąskotorowe w polsce, Muzeum Ziemi Pałuckiej (dla Toru Szerokości 750 mm), Żniń 2007. ISBN 83-88795-08-2. Seiten 83–84, 90
 Bernhard Schmeiser: Krauss-Lokomotiven mit vollständiger Lieferliste, Wien 1977, Verlag Slezak, ISBN 3-900134-36-7

Weblinks

 Internetseite über die Museumslokomotiven von Sochaczew mit Erwähnung der CT 8
 Lebenslauf der Lokomotive CW 1 auf polskieparowozy.pl

Einzelnachweise

Schienenfahrzeug (Krauss)
Tenderlokomotive Achsfolge B


text:
Japanese & Sushi Restaurant in West End London
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London's West End is the cultural center of the city. If you're visiting, there's no shortage of attractions for you to see. Here are a few that we recommend:
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The West End contains some of the best stores to shop at in the world.
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The Hochschule für Gesundheit (hsg) prepares students for the rapidly changing demands made on the flexibility of their work and performance by providing them with specialist knowledge on a firm scientific basis. As part of our concept, our students will also be taught in interprofessional groups to give them the opportunity to gain a broader perspective outside of their own fields. In joint teaching sessions on a variety of subjects, interprofessional education promotes mutual understanding, an exchange of ideas on subject-related issues and teamwork.
Furthermore, interprofessional education makes it possible to use shared technical and financial resources and rooms effectively, providing a good example of best practice. Within the placements interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary questions are formulated and brought back to interdisciplinary study groups at the hsg.


text:
CCCB Submits Brief on Bill C-7 to the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights
On 9 November 2020, in response to the meetings of the House of Commons Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights to study Bill C-7, An Act to amend the Criminal Code (medical assistance in dying), the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops (CCCB) submitted a Brief reinforcing its serious concerns regarding Bill C-7 and the steadfast opposition of the Catholic Bishops of Canada to euthanasia and assisted suicide and to its further expansion in Canada by Bill C-7. As said in the Brief sent to the Members of Parliament sitting on the Committee, "The proposed legislation of Bill C-7 remains deeply flawed, unjust, and morally pernicious. The Bishops of Canada continue to call on Catholics and all people of good will to make their voices heard in opposition to this Bill. Similarly, every Canadian legislator should recall that no law that permits the taking of innocent human life can ever be morally justified. Such a law would always violate the intrinsic dignity of the human person."
Submission to the Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights by the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops on Bill C-7


Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) can now be used for OSPF fault detection. This feature provides fast failure detection when there is an intermediate device between two non-adjacent OSPF neighbors. BFD provides fast failure detection between two nodes and notifies any protocol (OSPF) of this event to make it converge much faster than with default timers in protocols. Because OSPF hello timers may not be fast enough for detecting neighbor loss, you can use BFD to establish a BFD connection with the OSPF neighbor and bring an OSPF neighbor down as soon as BFD detects an issue.
Note that BFD is used for down detection only. This means that regular OSPF neighbor discovery and state machine transitions are not affected by enabling BFD.
You can enable BFD on all OSPF interfaces at the global level or on a specific interface. By default, BFD is disabled globally and on all interfaces, with individual interface configuration taking precedence over the global setting.
Informational Note: BFD is not supported for OSPFv6.
enables or disables BFD protocol for fault detection on all OSPF interface. Default is disabled.
Add an interface configuration to a vRouter VNIC name.
Specify the name of the VNIC.
Enable BFD protocol support for OSPF fault detection.
Enables or disables the BFD protocol for fault detection on all OSPF interface. Default is disabled.


text:
Articles and Statements
August 26, Berlin: Rally of Steadfastness and Freedom
Franz-Mehring-Platz 1
Join the Democratic Palestine Committees – Berlin for a commemoration of the 15th anniversary
Popular Front of Tunisia remembers Abu Ali Mustafa
The Popular Front of Tunisia marked the anniversary of Palestinian, Arab and international leader Abu Ali Mustafa's assassination with an
Ramallah event salutes Abu Ali Mustafa as PFLP denounces plans for PNC meeting
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine commemorated the fourteenth anniversary of the martyrdom of Comrade Abu Ali Mustafa
Gaza graduation ceremony for youth camps: "We are all Abu Ali Mustafa. We are all resistance."
On Saturday, 29 August, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine held a graduation ceremony for the youth camps,
Berlin event marking 14 years of assassination of Abu Ali Mustafa
On Saturday, 29 August 2015 in Berlin, Germany, the Democratic Palestine Committees and supporters of the Popular Front for the
Street art mural in Toulouse, France, commemorates Abu Ali Mustafa
Coup Pour Coup 31, an anti-imperialist collective based in Toulouse, France, created a street art mural in Toulouse to honor
Abu Ahmad Fuad, PFLP in Damascus discuss Abu Ali Mustafa's legacy
The office of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine in Damascus organized a discussion on Monday, 31 August,
Amman event: "Abu Ali spent his entire life for the sake of Palestine"
The Democratic Popular Unity Party (Wihda Party) of Jordan marked the 14th anniversary of the assassination of Palestinian and Arab
Wuppertal Abu Ali Mustafa commemoration - Barakat: Palestinian masses must rise to liberate their cause
The Palestinian Cultural Center in Wupperal, Germany hosted a political seminar, "Palestine and the tasks of the current stage: on
PFLP statement on the 14th anniversary of the martyrdom of Abu Ali Mustafa
A statement from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
On the occasion of the 14th anniversary of the martyrdom
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Every year like clockwork, when the leaves change and the temperature drops, thousands of Indiana residents flee the bitter Hoosier winter in favor of a warmer southern climate. Most often, these snowbirds find themselves wintering in Florida, and many decide to permanently relocate to the Sunshine State.
While this decision to relocate is beneficial to Hoosiers who hate the cold, the move could have unintended consequences for those Hoosiers' estate plans. State laws primarily govern the administration of estates, and the probate rules in Florida, or in any other state, are not always the same as the Hoosier probate code.
The issue applies not only to snowbirds, but to any person who has assets in multiple states or countries. How, then, do those people determine how to administer their assets after their deaths when those assets are spread out across the country and the globe?
For estate planning attorneys, the solution to that problem is simple on paper, but the process of arriving at the solution is not. Attorneys must advise their clients of the estate planning laws governing each jurisdiction where their assets are located, but generating helpful advice usually requires extensive research and collaboration.
But offering well-researched advice before a client dies is essential, attorneys say, because without a proper estate plan in place, the process of administering assets in multiple jurisdictions can become complicated and costly.
An estate planning attorney must ask two key questions when advising a client with assets in multiple jurisdictions: what kind of assets does the client own, and where is the client domiciled?
Most often, clients will have tangible assets such as real property located in multiple states or countries as well as multi-jurisdictional intangible assets such as bank accounts. Understanding which type of asset a client is dealing with is a critical inquiry because tangible and intangible assets are handled differently in estate planning law.
Typically, tangible assets will be governed by the law where the asset is located, while intangibles are governed by the law of the client's domicile, said Greg Shelley, chair of the Estate and Wealth Transfer Planning Group at Bose McKinney & Evans LLP. In Indiana, clients who own property in Florida present one of the most common multi-jurisdictional situations, he said.
Thus, more often than not, a Hoosier lawyer is going to be asked to help a client or decedent's family organize an estate spread out over multiple states. According to Steve Hartnett, director of education for the American Academy of Estate Planning Attorneys, the best step is to place all assets into a revocable trust, which won't go through the probate process and will help clients avoid multiple ancillary estates.
However, if a trust has not been created — and even sometimes if it has — estate planning attorneys must verse themselves in foreign probate law to help their clients make the right decisions for their assets.
Though many states have probate laws that have similar general principles, Kristine Bouaichi, chair of the trust and estates group at Ice Miller LLP, said the devil is in the details when it comes to state-level estate planning. She gave the example of a trust that may be properly executed in Indiana, yet is ineffective under Florida law simply because there were not enough witness signatures.
Shelley has seen more notable examples of differing state probate laws, pointing to a real-life example of a man who jointly owned farmland with his wife in Indiana and Illinois. When the man died, his Indiana farmland went to his spouse. However, because of a difference in Illinois probate law, the Illinois farmland was split between the surviving spouse and a child, a result that was different than what the man intended.
Further, Hartnett said there are also times when federal law can come into play. He gave the example of community property, which is recognized in states such as California but not in Indiana. This distinction becomes important when dealing with federal tax laws.
Taking the example of two spouses each owning one half of a house in Indiana, a non-community property state, Hartnett said that if the husband died, only his portion of the house would get a step up in a federal tax basis.
However, in California, the husband's death would lead to both portions of the house receiving a step up, a distinction Hartnett said attorneys should advise their clients of when considering a move between community property and non-community property states.
The process becomes even more nuanced when dealing with assets located in foreign countries. One of the biggest hurdles an estate planning attorney can run into is trying to establish an estate plan in a civil law country such as France or Germany, said Frost Brown Todd member Jeff Dible.
In those countries, forced heirship prohibits citizens from dictating where their property will go after their death, Dible said. Instead, a certain percentage of a citizen's assets must go to their children, spouse, etc., making wills less common in those countries.
That difference can make it more difficult for an American client to establish their estate plan as desired in a civil law country, Dible said, but there are loopholes that can move the client closer to their target. One such loophole is the European Union Succession Regulation 650/2012, which applies to the property of people who have died on or after Aug. 17, 2015.
Under Article 22 of the EU Succession Regulation, an American citizen with property in France, for example, can opt to have U.S. law control the administration of their estate. But Dible noted that option can only go so far, because French law would still apply to the property with respect to issues such as death taxation.
Dible also noted civil law countries don't recognize the concept of a trust, so creating a revocable trust to avoid ancillary estates won't necessarily work. Instead, estate planning attorneys must research the foreign laws in question to find a way to secure clients' assets in the manner they intended.
Sometimes, additional research is not necessary when an attorney is licensed in more than one jurisdiction. Dible, for example, can practice law in New York, while Bouaichi is licensed in Florida. But if a lawyer doesn't have the knowledge and licensure necessary to practice outside of Indiana, estate planning attorneys say the best thing they can do for a client is to consult with an attorney who actively practices estate planning law in the foreign jurisdiction where the assets are located.
Adler has been on both sides of that equation, having both consulted with an out-of-state attorney on behalf of a Hoosier and having been asked to consult on behalf of an out-of-state client. The benefit of doing so, she said, is connecting clients with experienced attorneys who can keep the estate planning process moving without getting bogged down in extensive fact-finding.


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Chorney-Booth: Una celebrates a decade of grown-up pizza and wine
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Published on: January 11, 2020 | Last Updated: January 11, 2020 7:36 AM EST
Jayme MacFayden and Kelly Black pose for a photo at Una Pizza. This month the popular restaurant on 17th Ave. SW is celebrating its 10th year of serving Calgarians. Thursday, January 2, 2020. Brendan Miller/Postmedia Brendan Miller/Postmedia
I so clearly remember going into Una Pizza + Wine for the very first time, just short of a decade ago. After spending much of my 20s scarfing down slices at Wicked Wedge, it felt magical re-entering that same 17th Avenue space in my 30s to sit at an elegant bar and dine on a thin crust potato-topped pizza while sipping red wine. I had grown up, the city had grown up, and whether the Una team had intended it or not, their cosmopolitan little pizza place felt symbolic of Calgary's culinary coming of age.
This January marks Una's 10th anniversary and while owners Kelly Black and Jayme MacFayden have watched friends and neighbours open and close many a restaurant over the last decade, Una continues to be a local leader.
When Una first opened it was far from the first contemporary casual restaurant in Calgary. It wasn't even the city's first "knife and fork" pizza place: Cilantro installed Calgary's first wood-burning pizza oven in the late 1980s and Domenic Tudda opened his Napoletana pizzeria Pulcinella in Kensington in 2006. But still, Una seemed to mark a change for Calgary diners. In 2010, the world was at the height of foodie culture (before the word "foodie" felt so ridiculous), people were embracing the concept of culinary tourism, and restaurants were trending towards well-defined concepts and fun, chef-driven food. Taking their cues from upscale pizzerias they'd visited in San Francisco, Black and MacFayden's bright and bustling restaurant felt fresh and new.
"Jayme and I recognized that there were a lot of steak houses and a lot of restaurants that were trying to be everything to everybody," Black says. "But there weren't many restaurants that were this specific."
A potato pizza with truffle honey, grilled cheese and tomato soup and a salted caramel pot de creme at Una Pizza. This month, the popular restaurant on 17th Avenue S.W. is celebrating its 10th year. Brendan Miller/Postmedia Brendan Miller/Postmedia
The journey hasn't been without its bumps and surviving in a tough and constantly changing market isn't just a matter of being good, it's also about being smart. Una stood out, not only because of the small confines of the 5.4-metre-wide room, the cool decor and the chefy-ness of the pizza and other bites on the menu (beyond the pizza, its Kale Caesar salad has become a local icon), but quite famously, it does not take reservations. In 2010, this meant checking Twitter to see how long the wait was, physically going to the restaurant to put your name on the list, and then walking a block to the Ship and Anchor for a drink while you waited — now customers can join a virtual line online and amble down at the appropriate time. No resos means that vacant tables can flip over immediately to maximize profits and also quells the increasing problem that comes from customers failing to show up after making reservations, an issue that Black says is slowly killing even the most popular of restaurants.
"The no reservations came fully out of our trips to New York and San Francisco," Black says. "It was an accidental business move because we did it because it was what they did. But it's actually the only way that a restaurant this small can make money because we can't afford for any of the tables to sit empty."
Grilled cheese and tomato soup at Una Pizza. Brendan Miller/Postmedia Brendan Miller/Postmedia
Since opening Una in 2010, Black and MacFayden have grown their portfolio of restaurants through their BMeX Restaurant group: In 2012, they expanded with a Spanish tapas restaurant called Ox and Angela which they unloaded a few years ago (the new operator rebranded it as Ox Bar de Tapas but it closed last year), and their current slate includes Native Tongues Taqueria, Bread and Circus Trattoria Romana, Frenchie Wine Bar, Una Takeaway and a second full Una in Saskatoon. Two new Calgary Unas are in the works (one in West Springs and a second in Bridgeland).
While Black and MacFayden continue to look forward, for the rest of the month they'll be looking back. For the entirety of January, Una will be offering $10 "throwback" specials to celebrate some of its greatest hits, as well as giveaways, culminating with a grand prize draw on Jan. 24, which is the restaurant's official anniversary.
Una Pizza + Wine is located at 618 17th Ave. S.W. and can be reached at 403-453-1183 or unapizzeria.com.
In late December, the Elbow Room in Britannia announced its closure and a new dining concept (under new ownership and management) opening in its place in April of this year. The restaurant's website promises a roomy new patio, new menus, and a new design. Stay tuned to find out what sprouts in its place.
And finally, we've seen bowling lanes pop up in local bars, but how about shuffleboard? The Shuffle Club is a new hip hangout in the basement of the new Home and Away location at 1207 1st St. S.W. Featuring tropical drinks and plenty of shuffleboard action, the bar opened in mid-December, utilizing a space that was once Calgary's first LGBTQ bar, but has sat vacant for the last 20 years.
Elizabeth Chorney-Booth can be reached at elizabooth@gmail.com. Follow her on Twitter at @elizaboothy or Instagram at @elizabooth.
Incredible response to Rodney man's plea to help restore his memory
CASO Station, railway museum appeal for municipal tax relief
St. Thomas police seek Londoner in Airbnb dust-up
'Give it a shot': Thousands of local hopefuls turn out at casting call for Jason ...
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iTV Network announces launch of NE News to redefine news experience
MUMBAI: iTV Network, India's fastest growing news and infotainment network in India's dynamic media sector, today further consolidated its presence in regional news space. iTV network and AM Television has today announced their agreement to launch NE News to redefine news experience for its viewers in north-east at the event held at Hotel Vivanta, Guwahati.
NE News will be a free to air news channel. It will be available across all the platforms and will have a presence on Cable, DTH and Digital platforms.
The channel philosophy is to present content that is credible, insightful and positive in nature. It will telecast daily state-specific news bulletins done in the vernacular language of all States. The programming will focus on viz. Regional News (in Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Nepali, Hindi and English language), Socio-legal shows, News Insights, Talk shows, Cultural shows, Special programming on food, fashion, lifestyle, tourism, music, sports, health and education et al.
In line with the evolving consumption pattern of news, the channel will not just be limited to television, but will also have a focused approach on social media presence and create a content that focuses on engaging viewers of all age group.
The existing set of players in the north-east news channel genre includes News Live, DY 365, Protidin Time, News18 Assam, Assam Talks and News Time Assam.
Kartikeya Sharma, Founder and Promoter of iTV Network, said, "With NE News, iTV network further aims to strengthen its position by targeting the viewers' in north-east and providing them with differentiated content which cuts through the morass of the market by offering the viewers a 'different visual culture' without compromising on basic values. It'll be a perfect platform for the advertisers to reach to their target audience."
Sanjive Narain, Chairman and Managing Director of AM Television said, "The partnership with iTV network is a strong strategic fit, leveraging the two leading companies' respective strengths, across many areas. With NE News, it is a powerful opportunity for us to significantly expand our presence in north-east region, a vibrant and very important market, and extend it to other parts of India over time."
ITV NetworkNE News
Mumbai: Continuing the lead from the last week of 2021, Sun TV began the New Year as the top performer in the first week of 2022. The Tamil GEC garnered weekly AMAs of 3020.98 according to Broadcast Audience Research Council (Barc) data for the period of 1-7 January. Disturbing the long-standing...
Mumbai: The Walt Disney Company India has elevated Aravamudhan K to the position of executive director, government relations. Previously, he served as senior vice president at Star TV Network. Aravamudhan K has been associated with the TV broadcast industry since 1993. He joined Star TV India in...
TV9 withdraws from NBDA over news ratings issue
News broadcaster TV9 Network has announced its decision to withdraw its membership of News Broadcasters and Digital Association (NBDA) over the latter's stance on the issue of resuming TV news ratings.
Times Network to telecast seventh 'Digital India Summit' from 15 January
Times Network has announced the seventh edition of Digital India Summit (DIS) scheduled to telecast from 15 January every Saturday at 11:30 a.m on Times Now, Times Now World, 8:30 p.m ET Now and on the network's digital news destination Timesnownews.com.
Hindustan Times to host online school quiz 'The Class Act' on 23 January
Mumbai: Hindustan Times will be hosting an online school quiz called "The Class Act" on 23 January. The grand finale will be live broadcasted on the official HT School YouTube channel on Republic Day. "The quiz is open to all students of grades 1–12 across the country and a total of Rs 1.25 lakh...
Veteran journalist Kamal Khan passes away
Mumbai: Veteran journalist Kamal Khan has passed away on Friday morning after suffering a heart attack in his home in Lucknow. Khan was associated with NDTV as executive editor for three decades as part of the Lucknow bureau. He was a recipient of the Ramnath Goenka Award, and the Ganesh Shanker...
Mumbai: Sony Sports Network will broadcast the year's first Grand Slam Event the Australian Open 2022 starting 17 January on Sony Six, Sony Ten 2, Sony Ten 3 and Sony Ten 4 as well as on OTT platform - Sonyliv. Sony Sports has onboarded advertisers like Lenovo, Amul, Kia Motors, and LIC as sponsors...
Television TV Channels Sports
Mumbai: Well-known rocket scientist S Somanath is named as chairman of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). He will succeed Dr K Sivan, who completes his extended tenure on 14 January.
Day after the government gave its long-awaited approval to Broadcast Audience Research Council (Barc) India to release ratings for news channels, the News Broadcasters and Digital Association (NBDA) called upon the TV rating agency to take "some additional measures" before any ratings are released.


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Spile, Leff & Goor, LLP helps to design and implement risk-management programs for various industries and businesses. We also present seminars, provide instructional videos and publish quarterly newsletters on the subjects of risk-management, dispute resolution, negotiation skills, new legislation and recent court decisions. Among other things, we have dedicated risk management programs for real estate brokers and other professionals through which they can contact one of our attorneys to get advice regarding a transaction before a problem arises.


Through the storm seasons, emergency preparedness is a must. But do you already know what to do? Leading temporary power solution providers such as Power Plus have many types of power generators for to meet your needs. So that's the first thing you want to look into: make sure you have a power generator installed to make sure you're not left with hot water, warmth and electricity!
Also, if you're expecting a child, you have to look into a backup plan in case something goes wrong. Have a family disaster plan!
Websites such as FEMA, Disaster Assistance and the Red Cross provide a multitude of resources to help you, your family or your business in the case of an emergency. Research the dos and don'ts. Make sure you know where your nearest shelters are. Buy canned foods. Have a first-aid kit on hand.
Any other things you would suggest that folks should know about when it comes to a natural emergency? Have you been in one yourself? Tell others and us below.


This paper deals with the state of the art of advanced solar control devices for buildings, with the comparative evaluation of solar-control systems and with guidelines for the development of new solar control systems. It includes multifunctional systems with building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) and/or building integrated solar thermal (BIST) energy conversion. In order to facilitate and to structure the understanding of solar control systems two multidimensional spaces are introduced: the design space and the evaluation space. The design space contains the design parameters which are to be selected by the designer when solar control devices are to be chosen for specific buildings or when new systems are to be developed, such us the color of the slat of a venetian blind or the fraction of holes (direct transmittance) of a fabric for a roller blind. The evaluation space contains the performance parameters or evaluation criteria, which indicate the design's ability to satisfy the functional and aesthetic requirements, such us passive solar gain control or visual comfort. All the design parameters and evaluation criteria are explained in detail in the paper. A chapter with examples of advanced solar control systems completes the overview of the state of the art of solar control systems.


52. Attract and feed hummingbirds safely.
UPDATE: Sheri Williamson has produced a great and authoritative webpage about feeding hummingbirds.
Hummingbirds are lovely and enormously entertaining. Because of their extraordinary mtabolic rate (hummingbird hearts have been recorded beating more than 1,200 times per minute), they need a lot of fuel relative to their size to sustain life. Ruby-throated and Rufous Hummingbird eggs are as tiny as peas. The embryos may die if the eggs become chilled, so female hummingbirds must be able to feed and return to their nests very quickly during cold or rainy weather, especially if the temperature is below freezing. Abundant food resources can mean the difference between nesting success and failure.
Sugar water is the standard hummingbird feeder fare. Under normal circumstances, you can use one-quarter to one-third cup of sugar per cup of water. Natural nectars vary in their sugar content, and these concentrations are within normal ranges. During cold, rainy periods, it's not a bad idea to keep it on the strong side to provide needed energy; during drought conditions, use less sugar to prevent birds from becoming dehydrated. When you mix just enough solution to use right away, there's no need to boil the water.
Never substitute honey for sugar—the water becomes cloudy, and fungus and bacteria grow far more readily in honey than in processed sugar. Food coloring is unnecessary and may be harmful. The color and design of hummingbird feeders are what attract hummers. I never use commercial hummingbird mixtures, which are simply sugar and artificial coloring. Plain sugar is cheaper and probably healthier.
I know of one report of a hummingbird collapsing with hypothermia while feeding from a perch on a cold morning. The person who reported this believed that as the bird filled up with almost freezing water, its body temperature dropped to critical levels. He suggested using feeders without perches during cold periods, since muscle activity from hovering helps maintain body temperature. Although I don't know of any studies that have replicated these observations, it's a good idea to set out fresh hummingbird nectar first thing in the morning, so the water will be warmest when the birds are coldest.
One cold spring morning, a Cape May Warbler learned to hover for a few seconds at a time at my window hummingbird feeder, coming many times a day for over a week.
The greatest danger to birds from sugar water is spoilage.Fungus and bacteria flourish in it, especially in warm weather. In addition, sugar water ferments, forming alcohol and other organic compounds, This process also happens more rapidly in warm weather. Hummingbirds feeding on sugar water that has been left out only three or four days can develop enlarged livers, so it's important during warm weather to change the solution frequently. It's also a good idea to keep hummingbird feeders in the coolest, shadiest places available. Hummingbirds are extremely territorial and tend to chase one another away from feeders, so to accommodate the most hummingbirds and keep the water freshest, it's better to set out five or six small feeders with one or two ports each than to set out one or two large feeders with five or six ports each.
Wasps harass hummingbirds and can sting and even kill them. To protect your hummingbirds, use bee guards on your feeders. If they still cause problems, Carrol Henderson recommends discouraging bees and wasps by rubbing Avon Skin-So-Soft, Off Skintastic, or other repellents around the feeder ports. Be careful not to get these substances near the nectar, however. One summer when I had a serious problem with yellow jackets, I started vacuuming them out of the hummingbird feeders. Within an hour of the first time I did this, a couple of my hummingbirds figured out that the noisy vacuum was vanquishing the wasps and started hovering at the windows, making chittering sounds. One female would repeatedly tap on the glass and stare at me to alert me that wasps were present. I'd crank the window open and start the vacuum while the hummers perched or hovered just two or three feet away. They'd zip over to the feeder the moment I turned off the vacuum, before the window was even closed.
Ants are also attracted to hummingbird feeders. Smearing a dab of petroleum jelly or insect repellent on the wire holding a suspended feeder can keep ants at bay. Some hanging hummingbird feeders have an ant guard, a middle section of the feeder that can be filled with water. This works like a moat at the castle door to keep ants from crawling into the feeder. No matter how bad an ant or wasp problem is, never use pesticides near hummingbird feeders.
Sugar water is not sufficient to sustain hummingbirds for any length of time. Hummingbird gardens are the best source of both nectar and insects. There are many resources available to help you select appropriate hummingbird plants for your area. Flowers that attract many small insects are just as important as flowers that produce a lot of nectar. One interesting way of providing insects, suggested by Carrol Henderson, is to set out chunks of melon or banana in a mesh bag. Hummingbirds and other fly-catching species can dart at the bag and catch the fruit flies that appear. In fruit-growing agricultural areas, this may not be a wise idea.
Encouraging spiders and fostering lichens will help local hummingbirds, which use lichens and spider silk in nest construction. Some hummingbirds prefer to build their nests near trees where sapsuckers are maintaining fresh drill holes, which guarantees a nearby source of food and minimizes the amount of time they're off the nest during incubation. So fostering sapsuckers will also encourage hummingbirds.
Many people believe that keeping feeders out into autumn will entice hummingbirds to remain in the north longer than they should, but that simply isn't true. Immature hummingbirds may remain at feeders for weeks after the adults migrate, but especially in the case of Ruby-throated Hummingbirds, the young birds have such a powerful migratory instinct that they will leave as soon as their muscle mass and fat levels can support the rigors of the flight. Anna's, Rufous, and Calliope Hummingbirds and Green Violetears occasionally find themselves farther north in late fall and winter than a hummingbird would normally be. This represents normal variation and may be augmented by lower survival rates in the tropics, where competition for dwindling habitat is getting worse. More Rufous Hummingbirds appear to be wintering in the United States, but this is only tangentially related to and supported by bird feeding. Although feeders clearly help these individuals and may ultimately contribute to the success of birds with a genetic tendency to remain farther north, the feeders do not entice them to stay; they simply provide some assistance to the birds that choose to do so. In years when nesting is late, young birds that would otherwise starve may be kept alive longer, or even be able to get their weight up to attempt migration, if they encounter late feeders. An immature Ruby-throated Hummingbird once stopped at my feeding in October, long after I thought I'd seen the last one of the year. It took a long, filling drink and then moved on. The feeder may have given it a needed boost during its travels, but it did not entice the bird to remain.
In the event that a hummingbird remains in your area after normal fall migration, when flowers and insects are no longer available, adding protein to a sugar water mixture can help it survive and remain healthy. Special commercial hummingbird mixtures such as Nektar Plus are ideal. These spoil extremely quickly, however, and should be used only in exceptional circumstances. When a Rufous Hummingbird appeared at my feeder one November, I mixed mealworms in a blender with a sugar water solution to provide her with protein. This sustained her during several freezing days when no wild insects were available. I had six hummingbird feeders out, but only one with the mealworms added. When temperatures were below 20 degrees Fahrenheit, that was the feeder she visited at least 90 percent of the time.
When hummingbirds turn up in northern areas in winter, they're likely to be unusual species wandering outside their normal range. If you happen to observe an out-of-season hummingbird, notify the local bird club or state ornithological society, and expect birders to start arriving to study the bird. Some species are hard to distinguish in the field, so birders take a lot of photographs for documentation. There are about fifty banders in North America specifically licensed to handle hummingbirds. These people have a lot of experience and know how to capture and measure these birds safely. Only a few of these individuals have a special endorsement that allows them to remove a tail feather to verify identification. Although a feather can be extremely useful for identifying a rare species, removing one in the case of a wintering hummingbird doesn't seem warranted. Whenever a feather is removed, the bird's body instantly starts diverting energy and nutrients into feather production. This isn't a problem when resources are abundant, but in times of scarcity or when a bird is already stressed by low temperatures, it seems less justifiable. Usually, photographing the tail feathers of a bird in the hand provides all the documentation necessary for accurate identification. Trapping the bird in a cage trap is much safer than using a mist net, where the bird is more likely to lose feathers and be hurt or stressed during removal.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service no longer issues permits allowing people to trap out-of-range hummingbirds to move them to "more appropriate" areas, partly because the vast majority of birds died during capture or transport. Hummingbirds are surprisingly hardy. The Rufous Hummingbird that visited my yard survived both a blizzard and a night when the temperatures dropped to 6 degrees Fahrenheit. But sadly, some wintering hummingbirds do die. Because information about the bird's species and body condition at the time of death is valuable and may ultimately help other hummingbirds, it's a good idea to retrieve the carcass of any winter hummingbirds that succumb. By paying attention to where a wintering hummingbird roosts during the day and at night, observers have a better chance of finding a body if the bird suddenly stops appearing. If the bird appears throughout one day and then doesn't appear the next morning, chances are it died overnight. If it stops coming at midmorning, chances are good that it moved on.