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Entry Index
Recent and Future Entries
Mark Sedgwick
SUNNI ISLAM TIMELINE
632: The Prophet Muhammad died.
657: The Battle of Siffin took place.
661: The Umayyad Caliphate took place.
730s: The teaching of Abu Hanifa al-Nuʿman ibn Thabit began.
750: The Umayyad dynasty was replaced by the Abbasid dynasty.
840s: Yaʻqub ibn 'Ishaq al-Kindi became prominent for his philosophy.
Late 900s: Fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate began.
1095: Abu Hamid al-Ghazali abandoned exoteric knowledge for the esoteric.
1258: Baghdad was sacked by the Mongols.
1320s: The Ottoman empire began to take shape.
1501: The Shi'i Safavids established control of Persia.
1536: The Franco-Ottoman alliance was established.
1545: The Chief of Islam (shaykh al-Islam) was appointed by the Ottomans.
1630: The first known Muslim immigrant arrived in America.
1744: Muhammad ibn Abd a-Wahhab's mission began.
Late 1700s: The Ottomans revived title of Caliph.
1875: Syed Ahmad Khan opened the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College.
1893: The first mosque in America was opened by Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb.
1899: Muhammad Abduh was appointed Grand Mufti of Egypt.
1922: The Ottoman empire fell.
1928: The Society of the Muslim Brothers was founded by Hassan al-Banna.
1930: The All-India Muslim League started to press for a state for Muslims.
1932: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded.
1947: Pakistan was separated from India.
1970s: The modern Salafi movement began.
1973: Pakistan became an Islamic republic.
1975: The Lebanese Civil War began.
1979: The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan took place.
2001: The 9/11 attacks on the U.S. by al-Qaeda took place.
2013: The Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham was established.
FOUNDER/GROUP HISTORY
Islam was established by the Prophet Muhammad (Muhammad ibn Abdullah, 570-632), and Sunni Islam then emerged as a distinct denomination in a two-stage process beginning soon after the death of the Prophet. First, a political disagreement about who should succeed the Prophet as leader of the Muslims and ruler of the territories that they had conquered divided the Muslims into two distinct groups. Second, understandings of Islam then developed separately and differently within these two groups over several centuries, and a distinct "Sunni" Islam came into being, as did a distinct "Shi'i" Islam.
The political split between Sunnis and Shi'a can be dated to the battle of Siffin in 657, twenty-five years after the death of the Prophet. At this battle, the fourth Caliph (successor to the Prophet), Ali ibn Abi Talib (601-61), the husband of the Prophet's daughter Fatima (d. 632), fought with the governor of Syria, Muʿawiya ibn Abi Sufyan (602-680), a distant relative of the Prophet and the son of a powerful tribal leader. The battle ended in a truce, but after Ali's murder in 661, Muʿawiya established himself as Caliph, and also established a family dynasty that controlled the Caliphate for almost a century, the Umayyad dynasty. The Umayyads, who built the Dome of the Rock [image at right], were opposed by the supporters of Ali's family, who became known known as the Shi'a. Umayyad forces put down a rebellion led by Ali's son Husayn (625-680), killing Husayn in the process. The Umayyads were a distinctly anti-Shi'i dynasty, then, and Muʿawiya can thus be seen as the political founder of Sunni Islam.
Muʿawiya was a soldier, not a theologian, and the theological founders of Sunni Islam were the scholars or ulama whose work became a standard reference under the Sunni dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750, the Abbasids. The four most important of these early ulama were Abu Hanifa al-Nuʿman ibn Thabit (699-767), who started teaching in the 730s, and then Malik ibn Anas (died 795), Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafiʿi (767-820), and Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal (780-855). All of these four ulama taught the proper behavior of a Muslim, deriving rules for living (fiqh) from two sources, the Quran, which is understood to be the actual words of God, and the sunna, the practice of the Prophet, as recorded in the hadith (accounts of the Prophet's sayings and actions). This emphasis on the sunna led to them and those like them being known as ahl al-sunna, the people of the sunna, the origin of the term "Sunni." There are several Sunni hadith collections, of which the most important are by Muhammad al-Bukhari (810-870) and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (815-875), which have often been published with extensive commentaries [image at right]. While the Quran is the same for all Muslims, these hadith collections are distinctively Sunni.
Four slightly different understandings of the fiqh came to be associated with Abu Hanifa, Malik, al-Shafiʿi, and ibn Hanbal, giving rise to four slightly different versions of Sunni fiqh, known as madhhabs or "schools of law:" the Hanifi, the Maliki, the Shafiʿi, and the Hanbali (Melchert 1997). Despite differences in details, all of these accepted a common methodology, based most importantly on reference to the Quran and sunna. The four Sunni madhhabs, then, are equally Sunni. Following the Sharia (broad religious law) according to one of them became the essential theological distinction between a Sunni Muslim and a non-Sunni Muslim. Exactly which madhhab a Sunni Muslim followed was largely a question of geography: the Hanifi madhhab became the norm in the north east (Turkey to Central Asia and India), the Maliki in the west and south west (southern Egypt to Senegal), and the Shafiʿi in the south east (Indonesia) and parts of the Middle East (northern Egypt). The Hanbali madhhab did not establish any geographical dominance until more recently, but was still generally accepted. The theory developed that while the madhhabs differed from each other in details, all were in the end equally acceptable as formulations of Sunni Islam. They are not, then, separate denominations.
Sunni Islam, as formulated in the four Sunni madhhabs, became the religion of the majority of Muslims under the Abbasid Caliphate and then under the other Muslim-ruled states that succeeded the Abbasid Caliphate as it fragmented between the late tenth century and its extinction at the hands of the invading Mongols in 1258. Historically, the only important Muslim states to be ruled by Shi'i Muslims were the short-lived Fatimid empire based on Cairo from 969 to 1171, and the longer-lived Persian empire based in Iran from 1501, of which today's Iran is the successor. Today, Sunni Muslims are the majority in all Muslim-majority states save Iran, Iraq, Azerbaijan, and Bahrain.
Three phases can be distinguished in the history of Sunni Islam. The first is the formative phase, coinciding with the lives of the founders of the four madhhabs discussed above, and lasting until about 900. The second is the mature phase, from about 900 until about 1800. During this phase, although there were occasional theological disputes and organizational developments in various parts of the Sunni Muslim world, the basic tenets of Sunni Islam changed little, partly because the Sunni world was so vast, 8,500 miles from Dakar in Senegal to Jakarta in Indonesia. It was hard for any one event or process to impact the whole of this area.
The third phase, from about 1800 onwards, is the modern phase, during which a variety of new factors and pressures did impact the whole of the Sunni world, and both theology and organization began to change rapidly. Most of the Muslim world shared the difficult experience of forcible incorporation into European empires. Senegal came under French control, Indonesia came under Dutch control, and many countries in between, notably in South Asia and (after the First World War) the Middle East, came under British control. Then, after the Second World War, all these countries shared the experience of decolonization, the Cold War, and postcolonialism. Today, all inhabit an increasingly globalized world. There are thus global trends and global movements, of which the most important, discussed below, are the emergence of new trends within Sunni Islam (liberal, Islamist, Jihadist, and "Salafi").
There have always been Sunni Muslim minorities in non-Muslim countries, and (especially since the 1960s) this has included America. Although the first known Muslim immigrant to America arrived in about 1630 (GhaneaBassiri 2010:9) and many African-born slaves who arrived later must have been Muslims, Islam was not really established in America until the twentieth century. The first known mosque in America, built in New York in 1893 by Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb (1846-1914), [image at right] soon closed (Abd-Allah 2006:17-18). It was after the Second World War that new patterns of global migration first brought significant numbers of Sunni Muslims to North America and Western Europe.
DOCTRINES/BELIEFS
Like all Muslims, Sunni Muslims believe that there is one single true god, called Allah, who created the world and humanity, sent a series of prophets to tell people how to live their lives, and will judge all humans individually on the Day of Judgment, sending some to heaven and others to hell. They believe in a series of prophets culminating in Muhammad, and also believe that the Quran is the word of God.
Beyond this, Sunni Muslims believe in the importance of following the sunna as well as the Quran, and Sunni rituals and practices should, at least in principle, all have a basis in the Quran or sunna, normally the sunna, as the Quran deals more with general principles than with details. An alternative justification for a ritual or practice is ijma, the consensus of the Muslims, in practice the consensus of the Sunni ulama. This, as we will see below, has sometimes been challenged.
Despite the Sunni emphasis on following the Sharia, no-one will be saved at the Day of Judgment by their own faith and works alone: only the mercy of God, who is often referred to as "the Most Merciful" (al-rahman), will save people from "the fire," as hell is generally termed.
Various beliefs concerning the relationship between God and creation are found within Sunni Islam. Some Sunni Muslims, especially Salafis and followers of the Hanbali madhhab, discourage speculation in these matters, but Sunni Muslim philosophers from Yaʻqub ibn 'Ishaq al-Kindi (801-866) onwards developed the work of Aristotle and (especially) Plato to understand the relationship between the Necessary Being, the soul, and existence. The greatest of these philosophers, Ibn Sina (980-1037) and Ibn Rushd (1126-98), became known in the Latin world as Avicenna and Averroes, and their work was foundational to Western scholastic philosophy (Akasoy and Giglioni 2013). This work was partly challenged by Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali (1058-1111), who, though himself trained as a scholar and philosopher, abandoned exoteric knowledge for the esoteric in 1095, and thereafter insisted on the primacy of revelation and the importance of personal piety and ascetic exercises. He wrote at length on knowledge, faith, conduct and ethics. The central concerns of most Sunni ulama, however, were more practical: the fiqh. Difficult questions relating to resolving possible impediments to particular acts of worship and variations in the division of inheritances occupied much thought and ink.
The political doctrines of Sunni Islam, in contrast, remained relatively underdeveloped until quite recently. In theory, the Caliph was understood to be the representative of God on earth (Black 2001), but in practice there was never a single Sunni Caliphate after 750, when the Abbasids defeated the Umayyads and took most, but not all, of their territories. The Umayyads continued to rule in Andalus (now in Spain and Portugal) and yet another dynasty, the Idrisids, soon established their independent rule over Morocco. Especially since the beginning of the fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate in the late tenth century, Sunni Muslims have generally lived under different local rulers. These have generally claimed religious legitimacy as supporters of Sunni Islam, but have not claimed or exercised authority over religious doctrine or practice, which has instead been exercised by the ulama. The ulama, in return, have generally taught that individual Muslims have a duty of loyalty to any ruler who does not actually take steps against Islam, a view embodied in the famous saying that "Sixty years of tyranny are better than one day of anarchy." The Sunni ulama have generally supported Sunni rulers, and Sunni rulers have generally supported Sunni Islam.
Sunni political thought began to develop rapidly during the nineteenth century, however. Initially, the discovery of the thought of the Enlightenment and modern (nineteenth-century) natural science spurred the development of liberal and modernist theology that sought to harmonize Islam with the discoveries of natural science and the perspectives of the liberal political and social thought of the time (Hourani 1962). Liberal modernism was generally well-disposed towards the West, as a model or even as a ruling power. The leading Arab modernist, the Egyptian Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905), liked to take his summer vacations in Europe (Sedgwick 2010), while the leading South Asian modernist, the Indian Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898) [image at right], stressed his loyalty to the British Empire, joined the (British) Viceroy's Council, and was rewarded with a knighthood.
Soon, however, Islam was combined with another nineteenth-century movement, nationalism, producing "nationalist" Islamism. The theory of nationalism is that each nation should have its own state, and nationalist Islamists see Muslims as constituting distinct nations. The All-India Muslim League thus started in 1930 to press for a separate state for India's Muslims, an aim that was achieved in 1947 with the separation of Pakistan from India. Some 375,000,000 Sunni Muslims now live in Pakistan and Bangladesh, Muslim-majority states brought into existence by this combination of Islam and nationalism (Khan 2017; Riaz 2916).
A second form of "ideological" Islamism is the idea that states inhabited by Muslims should be "Islamic" states, that is, run according to the principles of Islam, not according to secular systems such as capitalism or socialism. Especially during the Cold War, socialism was popular in the Muslim world, partly because it presented an alternative to the capitalist systems left by the European colonial powers. There was only ever one officially Marxist-Leninist Muslim state, the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (South Yemen), but Bangladesh became a People's Republic, Algeria became a People's Democratic Republic, and many Arab states adopted authoritarian state-socialist systems that were close to Soviet models, and allied themselves with the U.S.S.R. Alternative Islam-based ideologies were developed by intellectuals such as Abul A'la Maududi (1903-1979) in India and then Pakistan, and by Hassan al-Banna (1906-1949) [image at right] in Egypt (Kraemer 2010). These Islamist ideologies generally criticized both capitalism and socialism and promoted Islam as a "third way" that was not only superior to non-Islamic alternatives but also more culturally authentic.
As doctrines, both nationalist and ideological Islamism stress their objectives (a state for Muslims or an Islamic state, as the case may be) rather than the means for achieving those objectives, which are more a question of tactics than of doctrine. Most Islamists use standard political means, from student groups and daily newspapers to political parties and election campaigns, which vary according to their circumstances. One other means for achieving Islamist objectives, however, has recently become so widespread that it is almost a form of Islamism in its own right. This is "jihadism," the idea that every individual Muslim is religiously obliged to take up arms in defense of Islam to achieve an Islamic, Muslim state. Jihadism is a contemporary development of a medieval doctrine that encouraged military service among Muslims fighting non-Muslims by declaring it a religious duty and promising salvation for "martyrs" who fell in battle. This doctrine had lost significance as Muslim states joined the international alliance system (the Sunni Ottoman empire established an alliance with France in 1536), established regular armies, and drafted men into them as enlisted soldiers. It was successfully revived, however, by non-state irregular forces, which modified it to suit their needs (Peters 1979).
RITUALS/PRACTICES
The key rituals and practices of Sunni Islam are the standard rituals and practices of Islam (prayer, charity, fasting, and hajj) discussed in the WRSP entry on Islam. The Sunni version of these rituals and practices differs in minor details between the madhhabs, which differ collectively in other details from the Shi'i version, but no more. While the Shi's have rituals and practices that the Sunnis do not have, the Sunnis do not have rituals and practices of any importance that the Shi'a do not have. Sunni Sufis follow standard Sunni rituals and practices, as well as Sufi rituals and practices, discussed in the WRSP entry on Sufism.
There are, however, certain minor rituals and practices that are distinctively Sunni. One of these is the careful avoidance of images, especially images of humans and animals, which are thought to be forbidden by the sunna. For many centuries, Sunni visual art was primarily non-representational; art forms such as tile-work with geometric patterns thus became highly developed [image at right]. Photographs, film and video are now almost universally accepted, but residences are still often decorated with finely-calligraphed Quranic texts or painted images of uninhabited landscapes, and representational images are never found in mosques (Sedgwick 2006: 30-131, 134). Representation of the Prophet is understood as entirely forbidden. Many Shi'i Muslims, in contrast, do not consider images, including images of the Prophet, to be forbidden.
ORGANIZATION/LEADERSHIP
Sunni Islam is in theory led collectively by the ulama, but there are no collective structures to give practical expression to this collective leadership. In the absence of any central organization, the leadership of Sunni Islam has always been fragmented and decentralized. In recent years, international conferences bringing together members of the Sunni ulama from across the world are sometimes held, but these have had no real impact.
Although the Sunni ulama have no collective structures, however, they do have both institutions and specializations. The creation and transmission of religious knowledge was, until very recently, organized around the institution of the madrasa or school, supported by the waqf or foundation. There have been many types of madrasa, starting with village schools where children learn the Quran, and culminating in the major madrasas found in the major cities. Some of these major madrasas are famous across the Sunni world, as some major universities are famous across the West. Among them are the Qarawiyyin in Morocco [image at right] and the Azhar in Cairo, both of which are based in equally famous mosques. These madrasas and their students and staffs of researchers and teachers were independent, self-governing institutions financed by waqf, normally land and property that had been given by the rich and powerful in earlier ages for charitable purposes. As well as madrasas, waqf also supported public services from non-teaching mosques to hospitals, baths and soup kitchens. The administrators of waqf were normally themselves ulama, giving the ulama economic power in addition to religious and intellectual prestige, and buttressing their independence.
Another important institution was the law court. Many of those who had studied in the madrasas worked as judges or clerks, though not as lawyers, as the employment of an attorney was understood as a form of corruption: the duty of a judge was to ascertain the truth as well as to apply the law. Judges tried all varieties of cases, inheritance, contract, and sometimes also criminal cases. The judge, unlike the teacher, was not independent, as he depended on the civil power for the enforcement of his judgments. A judge did not himself command armed men.
As the judge and the clerk were the key specializations of the law court and the student and teacher were the key specializations of the madrasa, so the preacher and the imam were the key specializations of the mosque, which was sometimes an institution as well as a building. The preacher preached, and the imam [image at right] led the prayer, and in the great mosques of the great cities these were important and well-paid jobs. In smaller and rural mosques that were buildings more than institutions, in contrast, both preacher and imam were normally part-time amateurs who knew enough of the Quran to get by.
One further specialization of the Sunni ulama was the mufti. In principle, the job of the mufti was to provide learned and authoritative answers to difficult questions. These questions might in principle be asked by anyone, but in practice were often asked by a judge or a ruler. These answers or fatwas were purely advisory, unlike the judgements of a judge, but carried great weight and authority, as only the most learned and respected of the ulama were accepted as muftis. The fatwas of great muftis were often collected and studied by future generations of ulama.
In addition to these institutions and specializations of the Sunni ulama, there were also Sufi institutions and specializations, of which the most important were the tariqa or order and the murshid or spiritual guide. These have their own WRSP entry.
All these Sunni ulama were in principle independent of the civil power, save that the judge was dependent on the civil power for the enforcement of his judgments, as has been noted. In practice, however, rulers often used their powers of patronage to influence the senior ulama, for example by giving the property to establish a waqf and then retaining control of the operation of that waqf. The Ottoman Empire (1320s to 1922) went beyond this, integrating the senior ulama into the machinery of state (İnalcık 1973). The emperor or Sultan appointed a chief judge who then appointed judges in various provinces, who then appointed their own deputies. The Ottoman judiciary was thus centralized under the control of the Ottoman state. From 1545, the Ottoman Sultan also appointed the mufti of Istanbul as "Chief of Islam" (Shaykh al-Islam), responsible in theory for the whole of the Ottoman ulama. From the late eighteenth century onwards, the Ottoman Sultans revived the use of the title Caliph, claiming universal authority over the whole of the Sunni world (Deringil 1991). In practice, the Ottoman Caliphs never exercised any real authority beyond their own empire, but the Ottoman model of state-controlled ulama was very influential, and state-controlled ulama later became almost the Sunni norm.
The organization of the ulama changed everywhere during the nineteenth century, as reforming states took even stronger measures to control the ulama. Among the most effective of these was the nationalization of waqf, which transformed the ulama from an independent power into employees of the state. The relative importance of the ulama also declined during this period as states introduced systems of national education that rivaled and replaced the madrasa, and systems of statute legislation and secular courts on Western models that rivaled and replaced the Sharia. Newspapers and journalists rivaled and replaced the ulama's influence over public opinion. As the main job of the ulama came more and more to consist of preaching and collecting a modest government salary, the ambitious and talented abandoned the madrasa to study engineering, medicine, or secular law. Increasingly, influential new understandings of Islam came not from the ulama but from journalists and lay public intellectuals.
Of the great classic institutions of Sunni Islam, then, the mosque remains, often under state control. Waqf has generally vanished into the machinery of state, however, madrasas have generally been incorporated into state-run universities, and Sharia courts survive only in extremely unusual countries, most importantly Saudi Arabia, which was built during the 1930s and 1940s around understandings of Islam that rejected all institutions that had no basis in the sunna (Commins 2006]. Elsewhere, although following the Sharia remains a religious obligation for Sunni Muslims, criminal and commercial law, and sometimes also family law, follow much the same norms as in the West.
As the old ulama institutions lost their importance, new forms of organization took their place. Some early ones were liberal in orientation, while later ones were often inspired by nationalist or ideological Islamism. The Indian liberal Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, for example, founded a Muslim learned society on the Western model, the Scientific Society of Aligarh, in 1864, and then in 1875 established a modern-style educational institution for Muslims, the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, which opened on the birthday of Queen Victoria. In 1889, another Indian liberal modernist who stressed his loyalty to the British, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1835-1908), founded the Ahmadiyya Movement. As time passed, this became more and more controversial among Sunni Muslims, as the followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad came to see him as the messiah, a new prophet, the metaphorical second coming of Jesus. The Ahmadiyya thus crossed one of Sunni Islam's major red lines, and although it still describes itself as Muslim, is no longer part of Sunni Islam.
Among Islamist organizations, the All-India Muslim League, inspired by nationalist Islamism, has already been mentioned. It was dissolved in 1947 after achieving its purpose with the separation of Pakistan from India. Nationalist organizations are still found in other countries where majority-Muslim areas remain part of larger non-Muslim states. In Jammu and Kashmir, Muslim-majority parts of India that might logically have become part of Pakistan but did not, there is the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (founded 1976). In Patani, a Muslim-majority part of Buddhist-majority Thailand, there are a number of organizations, including the National Revolutionary Front (founded 1963). A similar pattern is followed in many other areas, including Muslim states such as Afghanistan when occupied by non-Muslim forces, as Afghanistan was after the Soviet invasion in 1979. Nationalist Islamist organizations are often engaged in violent conflict, including terrorism.
The most important ideological Islamist organization was the Society of the Muslim Brothers (MB), established in Egypt in 1928 by al-Banna, the Islamist intellectual who has already been mentioned. The MB, which has its own WRSP entry, was dedicated to religious, moral, and political reform, and was a mass organization of a type that had never been seen before in the Muslim world. At its height in the 1940s, it had perhaps 2,000,000 members in Egypt. Al-Banna established a unique organizational form, borrowing from military, paramilitary and party models, finally incorporating something very similar to the cell structure of the Communist Party, an organization with which the MB was in fierce competition.
Egyptian politics before, during and immediately after the Second World War were unstable and fast changing, and at times the MB was a new religious movement, at times a political party, and at times a militia. All three forms of activity have since been repeated by Sunni ideological Islamist groups. Some, like the Tablighi Jam'aat (established 1926) and the Fethulah Gülen Movement (established 1976) (both with their WRSP entries), focus on their own members and on preaching Islam, though they can also have political importance and be controversial. Others, like the Armed Islamic Group, which fought the Algerian state during the Algerian Civil War (1991-2002), or, later, Boko Haram (established 2009) and Islamic State (established 2013) (both with their own WRSP entries) focus on jihad, including the attempted overthrow of governments and the conquest of territory. Yet more organizations focus on winning elections: this category includes the MB in twenty-first century Egypt, which organized a political party and won one election before becoming controversial and being overthrown by a military coup. It also includes AK, a Turkish party that has now won several elections and is thought by some to have moved from its Islamist roots to being the vehicle of its leader, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 1954) [image at right], and (less famously) PAS, the Malaysian Islamic Party, which has won and lost numerous state elections, though it has never done well in federal elections.
Very occasionally, ideological Islamism becomes the official ideology of a state, as when in 1973 Pakistan declared itself an "Islamic republic," followed in 1983 by Sudan, which proclaimed the introduction of Sharia law, and in 1996 by Afghanistan, which declared itself an "Islamic emirate" or state. The meaning of this in practice varies considerably. Pakistan remains an imperfect electoral democracy on generally good terms with the United States, with some laws reflecting Islamic norms, for example banning the purchase of alcohol by Muslims (a law that is enforced patchily). Sudan became a military dictatorship hostile to the United States where rather more Islamic norms have been incorporated into statue law. As an Islamic emirate, the Afghan state remained weak, but harbored al-Qaeda and combined a model similar to the Saudi one with local autonomy which often followed ancient tribal custom more than Islam.
ISSUES/CHALLENGES
As we have seen, the ijma (consensus) of the ulama historically came second only to the Quran and sunna among the bases of Sunni Islam. This ijma is in theory the result of the interpretation of the Quran and sunna, but in practice it has often been thought that it is enough to show the existence of ijma, for example in the teachings of one of the madhhabs, without further reference to the texts in the Quran and sunna that in principle support the ijma. Some Sunni ulama have, however, challenged this, emphasizing the importance of the original sources. One of the most important of these was Taqi al-Din Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328) a Hanbali who attacked many of the generally accepted views and practices of his time as bida (unacceptable innovation, the opposite of sunna) (Rapoport and Ahmed 2010). Even more important was Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792), who led a puritan reformist movement in the Arabian Peninsula that condemned much ijma as bida (Crawford 2014). Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab is one of the major inspirations for the Salafi movement, an important contemporary Sunni movement that stresses the importance of returning to the pure practice of the salaf, the first generations of Muslims. Saudi Arabia, one of the world's richest and most influential Muslim states, generally supports this view. Many Muslims, however, reject Salafism, and the competition between Salafi and non-Salafi interpretations of Islam is now the major doctrinal issue facing Sunni Islam. Salafi interpretations, especially in their Saudi form, are generally more restrictive, notably in regard to ritual and practice, to gender issues, and to social relations between Muslims and non-Muslims. Sometimes ideological Islamism has incorporated Salafi perspectives.
In addition to these doctrinal issues, some of the biggest issues confronting Sunni Islam today, especially in the Middle East, are political. Many Muslim states in the Middle East and North Africa have experienced painful sectarian conflicts comparable to the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990) or Islamist-state conflicts comparable to the Algerian Civil War (1991-2002), including the Syrian Civil War (since 2011), which combines both varieties of conflict. These conflicts have directly engaged many Sunni Muslims, normally on one side during sectarian conflicts and on both sides in non-sectarian political conflicts. Sunni Muslims elsewhere have been indirectly engaged, as sympathizers or as horrified bystanders. There have also been smaller conflicts, violent and non-violent, involving ideological Islamists in Muslim states in the Middle East and North Africa that have avoided civil war, and also in Muslim states elsewhere in the world. In Egypt, for example, the political activities of the Muslim Brothers between 2011 and 2013 and the military repression that followed the 2013 coup sharply divided public opinion, while many self-declared "secular" Turks have been horrified by the ascendency of AK. In Indonesia a generally well-functioning democratic system has seen Jemaah Islamiyah carry out several terrorist operations.
These political issues within Sunni Islam are of greatest concern to most Sunni Muslims in the Middle East, but tensions between Islam and the West have also been of concern, especially for Muslims who travel or live in the West. Reactions to terrorist attacks which kill hundreds or even, on 9/11, thousands of people, make life uncomfortable for Western Muslims, as does an increasingly hostile political environment, represented in the United States by President Trump's attempted "Muslim Ban" and in Europe by anti-Islamic rhetoric from populist nationalist parties [image at right]. So far, European legislation such as the ban in many countries on the niqab (the face-veil) has directly impacted relatively few Muslims, as it is only a minority (mostly Salafis) that believes the niqab to be required. Many Muslims who are not directly affected by such legislation, however, fear further measures that may adversely affect them.
Image #1: Dome of the Rock. Photo by Stacey Franco on Unsplash.
Image #2 Fath al-Bari, Commentary on the Sahih of al-Bukhari, by Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani.
Image #3 Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb.
Image #4: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, KCSI.
Image #5: Hassan al-Banna.
Image #6: Tiles and stucco work in Morocco. Photo by Annie Spratt on Unsplash.
Image #7: Qarawiyyin mosque and madrasa in Fez, Morocco. Photo by Fabos.
Image #8: Turkish imam in 1707, by Jean-Baptiste Vanmour.
Image #9: Election campaign banner for Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Gaziantep, Turkey. Photo by Adam Jones. CC BY-SA 2.0.
Image #10: Swiss poster promoting constitutional ban on minarets. Photo by Rytc. Creative Commons.
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Sedgwick, Mark. 2006. Islam & Muslims: A Guide to Diverse Experience in a Modern World. Boston: Nicholas Brealey.
Encyclopaedia of Islam, The. Second and Third Editions. Leiden: Brill. Accessed from https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2 and https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3 on 15 June 2019.
Hadith Collections. Accessed from http://hadithcollection.com, https://sunnah.com, and https://ahadith.co.uk on 15 June 2019.
Hodgson, Marshall G. S. 1974. The Venture of Islam. 3 Volumes. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hourani, Albert. 1991. A History of the Arab Peoples. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
Schacht, Joseph. 1964. An Introduction to Islamic Law. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Quran, The. Accessed from http://www.quranexplorer.com on 15 June 2019.
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To promote cooperation and friendship among the breeders and owners of Brittanys and to encourage higher standards in breeding, training, showing of Brittanys in the field and in the show ring; to discourage the breed from becoming split into groups of "field dogs" and "show dogs" and to strive to keep it forever a "dual dog".
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Norbert Schlesinger (* 6. Juni 1908 in München; † 2. März 1980 in Wien) war ein österreichischer Architekt und Designer.

Leben
Norbert Schlesinger wurde als Sohn des nordböhmischen Baumeisters Franz Schlesinger geboren. In seiner Kindheit und Jugend wechselte er aufgrund mehrfacher Ortswechsel seines Vaters häufig die Schule. Im Jahre 1928 schrieb er sich als Student in die Akademie der bildenden Künste Wien ein, um Architekt zu werden. Seinen Abschluss erreichte er 1931 mit Auszeichnung.

Nach einer längeren Studienreise ging Schlesinger mit seinem Studienkollegen Rudolf Baumfeld eine Bürogemeinschaft ein und ließ sich als Architekt in Wien nieder. Bereits 1936 löste sich die Bürogemeinschaft, nach kleineren Aufträgen, wieder auf. Schlesinger ging danach in das nationalsozialistische Deutsche Reich, wo sich ihm im Rahmen der Aufrüstung der Wehrmacht bessere Chancen boten.

So war er 1936 bis 1938 an der Errichtung der Heinkel-Werke Oranienburg beteiligt. Von 1938 bis 1940 plante er Teile der Volkswagenstadt, das spätere Wolfsburg. Ab 1941 arbeitet er in Brünn für die Flugmotorenwerke Ostmark und errichtete dort diverse Gebäude. Auch für die Ernst Heinkel Flugzeugwerke wurde er nochmals tätig, als er in Schwechat ein Konstruktionsbüro plante.

Nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs ließ er sich wieder in Wien nieder, wo er neben vielen privaten auch einige Aufträge der öffentlichen Hand ausführte. So errichtete er das Bundesgendarmeriegebäude in Amstetten, die Hauptschule in  der Grundsteingasse 48 in Wien und das Amtshaus und die Babenbergerhalle in Klosterneuburg. Auch betätigte er sich als Möbeldesigner. Erst 1950 erhielt er die österreichische Staatsbürgerschaft, nachdem er von Geburt zuerst Tscheche und später dann Deutscher war.

Von 1959 bis 1979 lehrte er an der Hochschule für angewandte Kunst Wien.

Weblinks

Österreicher
Architekt im Nationalsozialismus
Architekt (Wien)
Geboren 1908
Gestorben 1980
Mann

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← HIV/AIDS – Taking The Battle Too Far?
Scientists are down on the ground trying to steal a few ideas from the humble intelligent ant (hereinafter called 'the more intelligent driver') on how to manage traffic. And with good reason.
First the 'more intelligent drivers' are not driving. They are walking. Who knows maybe they too could bring on the jams if they were driving. Walking humans do not get jammed now do they?
Second, our paths (roads) are not soaking in pheromones to let other drivers know what's cutting. We have indicators and other signals which we sometimes don't use. We have overweight cops and traffic rules which we follow only when absolutely necessary. And we have hand signs. An insulting finger sometimes. Oh and we have honks – shoulders to lean on in fits of road rage.
The 'more intelligent drivers' do not suffer from such affiliations as inflated egos. They don't have their ears jammed with modern bits of technology. They don't eat, drink coffee, dance, talk, SMS or tweet when driving.
Ok so ants move in single file, never overtaking one another. Maybe they're never in a hurry and they don't need/cant handle the adrenaline. Plus they can create divert paths out of nowhere in the unlikely even that they encounter an intelligent grid lock. In any event, they're so feather light they can walk all over one another.
Seriously though, there is something there.
Apparently ant traffic principles are already in use in some developed countries. Maybe not because the ants discovered them before but because some ways to control traffic are just obvious. What remains is implementation. Developed countries have not grabbed their road reserves, they've not yet emptied their coffers, and they have the political will to build Autobahns.
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Chateau Doisy Vedrines Sauternes Bordeaux, Complete Guide
Learn everything about Chateau Doisy Vedrines Sauternes, Deuxiemes Crus with wine tasting notes, wine, and food pairing tips, best vintages, a history of the property, information on the vineyards, and winemaking. If you want to read about other important, Bordeaux Chateaux: Links to all Bordeaux Wine Producer Profiles
Chateau Doisy Vedrines History, Overview
Chateau Doisy Vedrines was once part of the vast Doisy estate which also included Chateau Doisy Daene and Chateau Doisy Dubroca. The original property, founded in 1704 was divided into three parts in 1851. Of the three estates, with its 27 hectares of planted vines, it's the largest of the Doisy estates.
The property takes its name from one of its early owners, the Vedrines family, who sold the vineyard just prior to the 1855 Classification.
Today, the vineyard is owned by the well-known Casteja family, who own numerous estates in the Right Bank including; Chateau Trotte Vieille in St. Emilion, Domaine de L'Eglise, and La Croix du Casse in Pomerol. In the Medoc, they own Chateau Batailley in Pauillac as well as a massive negociant company, Borie-Manoux.
Interestingly, while Doisy Vedrines is located in Barsac, they use the Sauternes appellation on their label, which is allowed under AOC appellation regulations. The other two Doisy estates prefer to include Barsac on their label.
Chateau Doisy Vedrines Vineyards, Terroir, Grapes, Winemaking
The 35 hectare vineyard of Chateau Doisy Vedrines is planted to 80% Semillon, 15% Sauvignon Blanc and 5% Muscadelle. Although there are a few Sauvignon Gris vines still remaining in the vineyard as well. On average, the vines are 30 years of age.
The vines are planted to a vineyard density of 6,500 vines per hectare. The terroir is a mix of limestone, sand, and clay with iron soils. Over the years, since being purchased by the Casteja family. Their recent vineyard addition was with the purchase of 6 hectares of vines.
To produce the wine of Chateau Doisy Vedrines, vinification takes place in a combination of tank and French oak barrels. Fermentation starts in tanks before the wine is transferred and finished aging in French oak barrels.
The best vintages of Chateau Doisy Vedrines are: 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2007 and 2005.
The wine is aged in 60% new, French oak barrels for an average of 18 months. Located close to Chateau Climens, the large estate produces an average of close to 4,000 cases of Doisy Vedrines per year. There is a second wine, Le Petit Vedrines. They also make a dry, white Bordeaux wine, Chevalier de Vedrines.
When to Drink Chateau Doisy Vedrines, Anticipated Maturity, Decanting Time
Chateau Doisy Vedrines can be enjoyed on the young side with no decanting. In fact, it is delicious and quite a treat young, even on release!
However, like all great wines, Chateau Doisy Vedrines is much better with age and does not reach full maturity until it's at least 8-12 years of age, or in some years, perhaps even longer in the best vintages. But that is unrealistic for 99% of the world's wine drinkers. So, enjoy it on any special occasion that calls for it.
Serving Chateau Doisy Vedrines with Wine and Food Pairings
Chateau Doisy Vedrines is best served at 14 degrees Celsius, 57 degrees Fahrenheit. The cool, almost cellar temperature gives the wine more freshness and lift. The wine will naturally warm in the glass, while it develops more aromatic complexities and fleshes out.
Chateau Doisy Vedrines can be served with seafood dishes, especially shellfish, lobster, crab, and oysters on the half shell. Foie gras is a perfect pairing with its natural sweet, salty and savory characteristics.
Chateau Doisy Vedrines can also be paired with roasted chicken, veal, and pork dishes that are either spicy or prepared with a touch of sweetness. Spicy Asian cuisine, raw fish, like sushi or sashimi, and cheese, both hard and soft also make great pairings with Chateau Vedrines.
www.Borie-Manoux.com
Château Doisy-Védrines Wine Tasting Notes
10 Vintages 36,859 Views Sort by Vintage-Rating
2020 Château Doisy-Védrines (Sauternes) 92
Lemon chiffon, ginger, flowers, vanilla, honey and orange cream are on the nose. Sweet, juicy, and focused on honey-coated yellow tropical fruits and candied yellow citrus, there is ample freshness to balance the sweetness here. 91-93 Pts
1,014 Views Tasted May 20, 2021
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Fresh, lifted, energetic, candied orange, pineapple, apricot, vanilla, honey and floral notes appear on the nose and in all that sweet, ripe and overripe fruit, balanced with a jolt of acidity on the palate. Give it time for the secondary notes to appear, if you can wait. Else, it's already a delicious, sweet treat. 92 Points
2,138 Views Tasted Aug 29, 2020
Elegant, fresh, lifted, tropical fruits and apricots coated with honey, vanilla bean and roasted nuts. The wine is rich, but also energetic, giving it the right balance between its natural sweetness and acidity, 93 Points
4,116 Views Tasted Nov 8, 2019
Luscious, sweet, ripe and overripe tropical fruit, candied orange and dried apricot all coated with honey and a touch of marzipan. There is good weight and enough racy acidity keeping this wine on the fresh and refreshing side. 93 Points
3,487 Views Tasted Feb 6, 2017
Just a super wine, with honey slathered, white peaches, pineapple, apricot and mango, with vanilla custard caramel and floral notes that are impossible to avoid. Fresh, vibrant, sweet and luscious, with a melange of apricot, pineapple and honey in the finish. This should age and develop for at last anppther 20 years with little effort. 95 Points
4,788 Views Tasted Jan 8, 2018
Medium bodied, with a focus on juicy, fresh, sweet, candied, tropical fruits and orange rind, with a blast of honeyed apricots. There is lift, sweetness and freshness, all in the right proportions. 91 Points
3,708 Views Tasted Dec 10, 2017
Perfect on a hot summer night with cheese, instead of dessert, this medium bodied, forward, sweet, unctuous wine delivers a lot of fresh, honeyed pineapple, apricot, vanilla, orange rind and white peach on the nose. The fruit maintains a balance of sweetness and freshness, ending with honeyed pineapple and candied citrus rind. 92 Points
3,102 Views Tasted Sep 12, 2015
With a showy nose of orange blossoms, apricots, pineapple and honey, the wine is fresh, medium bodied and ends with lush wave of honey coated, tropical fruit and citrus. 92 Points
4,771 Views Tasted Oct 27, 2012
Light, pleasant, fresh and easy to drink, this could work equally well as an aperitief or as a meal accompaniment. But it lacks the depth to satisfy as a dessert wine. 90 Points
The nose was all about the honey coated orange, apricot, pineapple and candied lemon peel perfume. Smooth, sweet and easy on the palate, the fruit in the endnotes had peppy acidity and a melange of honeyed orange, tropical fruit and apricot flavors, even if it was a bit on the lighter side. 91 Points
This is drying out and losing its fruit. Medium bodied, with only moderate levels of sweetness remaining in the citrus and tropical flavored finish. Drink up before it continues to decline. 85 Points
2,989 Views Tasted Jun 15, 2013
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An experiment in progress.
BISBEE SCIENCE LAB
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Science Cafes are a monthly expert lecture series that explore different scientific topics of interest to the public. It's a great opportunity to get together in our community, learn something new, and engage in Science!
Free and open to the public!
Upcoming Science Cafes
Soils in the Southwest
A Neglected Resource
Location: 519 West Melody Lane
Date: Sunday, January 29th
Featured Speaker: Tom Wilson
Tom Wilson was raised in Tucson, Arizona, and was previously a faculty member of the University of Arizona for 19 years, focusing on conservation biology and environmental science. After getting an undergraduate degree in Biology from Reed College he worked at various jobs including Biosphere 2 and as a horticulturist at the Arizona Sonora Desert Museum, where he worked for nine years. He received his Ph.D. in Soil and Water Science from The University of Arizona and shortly afterwards accepted a faculty position in the Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science. During his career at the University he taught many classes including introductory soil science for 16 years, conservation biology in Namibia for 10 years, and environmental conservation in Australia for five years. He was also the faculty advisor for the university cycling team, the university community garden, and most recently the universities' Students For Sustainability organization, which leads the universities' water harvesting and composting efforts. He currently is the STEM Ecosystem Hub Coordinator in Pima County for SciTech Institute, where he promotes STEM networks across southern Arizona.
He has a deep love for the environment, natural history, growing succulent plants from around the world, camping and hiking in remote areas, and bicycling.
Past Science Cafes
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The Smartest Method For Building A Good Credit Score.
A credit score can reflect the value of an individual. A lot of institutions seem to agree with this, although it is not the best of correlation. From banks to your landlord, everyone is checking credit scores to determine potential risks.
One major obstacle to a bright future these days is a low credit score. The only thing that could be standing between you and your dream car, a credit card or your dream house is a low credit score. Therefore, here are a few way in which one can intelligently build their credit score for a long term purpose.
Always keep reasonable balance and credit limit. For individuals who currently have an active credit line and are hoping to responsibly grow their credit scores, it is important to be able to access credit and only small amounts to be used.
Ideally, the ratio of a used credit compared to the total revolving credit must not be more than 1 from every 3 dollars. If you have a credit but do not use it, it immediately tells lenders that you are an individual who is responsible. Although it is bad to have several credits and not use them, it is essential to keep your overall credit balance low.
Dispute all incorrect charges. Most people never really look at their credit lines. This can be a very costly disaster. If you are not frequently looking into your credit report, there are high chances you are missing out on potential fraud and theft which will be very damaging to your credit score. You are entitled to one free credit report in every six months. Ensure that you take a look into your credit often. When you come across something in your credit which does not add up, make sure that you dispute it right away.
Make sure to conduct all credit applications on time. Whether you are looking for a new line of credit, a car or a new home, it is advisable not to bombard your report with numerous inquiries over a certain period of time.
Ensure you pay on time. One major mistake that a lot of people with low credit make is a late payment of their bills. Several companies and businesses nowadays report a late payment behavior to credit bureaus. Although it is understand to make late payments once in a while, it is good to always pay on time. Keep track of your finances, you can set reminders or use auto bill payment service.
Start off small. Your credit score may be so low that you may not be able to borrow a large amount of money. If this is the case, start with small loans.


text:
Enric Soler, Penedes Xarel-lo Espenyalluchs, 2018
White Wine from Other Spain, Spain
by Enric Soler
Xarello from a single vineyard site where it is really hard to ripen the grape, as it is quite high up and it points roughly north. The result is a long hang time, plus good freshness and acidity. It's a fun contrast to the Nun, and just a great Catalonian white wine in its own right.
Enric Soler, Penedes Xarel-lo Espenyalluchs, 2018 is backordered and will ship as soon as it is back in stock.
Enric Soler | View all Enric Soler products
It's rare that we find a winemaker who focuses all of his attention, all of his energy, on one grape variety—but that's exactly what Enric Soler does, in the Penedès, with that region's most noble grape, Xarel-lo.
Enric was working as a sommelier in Barcelona until the death of his grandfather inspired him to pack up and move back to his ancestral homeland, where his grandfather had planted vines in the 1940s. He embarked on a deeply personal project to create three different wines from three different plots of Xarel-lo, planted at different times and on different soil types.
Predominantly known as one of the three main grapes blended into Cava, Xarel-lo (cha-rel-lo) produces incredibly aromatic and complex still wines. Enric's are unlike any other Spanish white wine we know—bright and herbal, with notes of citrus and fennel, but deeply concentrated. In each of his cuvées runs a minerality that belies the inherent richness of the grape. We can't get enough!
Each plot is farmed biodynamically, and minimalism is the name of the game both in the vineyards and in the cellar. A keen sense of balance, honed by Enric's somm years, is the defining feature of his wines.


Casper, Wyoming - Just over 90 Vietnam Vets gathered at the airport in celebration of a book published by the Casper Star Tribune...this book...a collection of Vietnam Veterans' stories helped place many veterans who may not know each other in a room to honor one another for their heroics.
Frank Alvarado, like a hundred other Vietnam Vets of Wyoming had their stories told in the Casper Star Tribune...and eventually this book titled: They Served With Honor, Stories From Wyoming Vietnam Veterans.
This project was 2 years in the making and resulted in a gathering of most of the veterans featured in the book and their families.
Bohren said that there are many different stories each individual has...but for Frank Alvarado, his story could connect to them all.
Though these stories may have floated through the pages of the tribune, it captivated many readers from all over the state.
"Each of these heroes who we honor and recognize today, are profoundly important in the fabric not only of wyoming but of our entire country," said Secretary of State Ed Murray.
Bohren said the event is to give thanks to these vets. But to some, like Frank, it's a time to shake hands, and say welcome home.


Additionally we have our third cars 2 turntable video first came in the cars category. Cool cars, car insurance, the best selection of the cars. You can view and download a large number of the best selected photos and images from around the web in comfort. Especially for you we have divided all the pictures by the most popular categories, so you can easily find the photos you need and pictures.


β-Lactams represent a privileged scaffold in organic synthesis in addition to their important role as the core motif in β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, and carbapanems.
More recently molecules containing a β-lactam subunit have demonstrated additional therapeutic effects by functioning as antifungal, anticancer, and antiviral agents.
 Thomas C. Malig.; Diana Yu.; Jason E. Hein. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 9167?9173.
 Dhar N, et al. Rapid cytolysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by faropenem, an orally bioavailable β-lactam antibiotic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015 Feb;59(2):1308-19.
 Banik, Bimal K.; Banik, Indrani; Becker, Frederick F. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (2010), 45(2), 846-848.
 Gerona-Navarro, G.; Pe?rez De Vega, M. J.; García-Lo?pez, M. T.; Andrei, G.; Snoeck, R.; De Clercq, E.; Balzarini, J.; Gonza?lez-Mun?iz, R. J. Med. Chem. 2005, 48, 2612?2621.


Each voter should bring a photo and signature identification to the polls. For questions, call the Santa Rosa County Elections Office, 850-983-1900 or visit www.votesantarosa.com.
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The exclusionary rule for illegal searches and seizures
On behalf of Law Offices of Damon M. Cheronis | Dec 12, 2014 | Search and Seizure
Recently, a woman who was involved in a landmark U.S. Supreme Court case several decades ago involving search and seizure law died. Her death has led to a looking back at her landmark case.
The name of the case was Mapp v. Ohio, and the Supreme Court made its ruling in the case in 1961. In the case, the woman was challenging a criminal conviction that had been made against her. The conviction came after police found purportedly obscene material in the home the woman lived in after forcing their way into the home. There were questions as to whether police had a warrant to search the home.
The Supreme Court ultimately decided to throw out the woman's conviction. What made the case a landmark one is a ruling the Court made regarding the exclusionary rule in their decision.
The exclusionary rule holds that, generally, courts are to deem evidence inadmissible if it was obtained through certain types of wrongful conduct by police, such as illegal searches and seizures. In the decision in Mapp v. Ohio, the Supreme Court ruled that the exclusionary rule does not just apply to federal courts, but also applies to all state courts. Thus, it made the exclusionary rule the law of the land for all state criminal courts.
The exclusionary rule plays an important role in protecting individuals' Fourth Amendment rights regarding searches and seizures, as it prevents authorities from gaining evidentiary benefits from engaging in improper conduct regarding searches and seizures.
Given that issues regarding whether a given search/seizure was proper sometimes arise in drug crime cases, the exclusionary rule sometimes ends up playing a pretty big role in drug crime cases. If evidence in a drug crime case is found to be inadmissible under the exclusionary rule, it can drastically change the case.
Now, it is worth noting that exclusionary rule law is somewhat complex, as there are exceptions to the rule.
Attorneys can help answer questions drug crime defendants have about the exclusionary rule and whether the rule could potentially apply to any of the evidence prosecutors have brought forth in their case.
Source: The New York Times, "Dollree Mapp, Who Defied Police Search in Landmark Case, Is Dead," William Yardley, Dec. 9, 2014


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Marie Charlson
Known for Date a Live (2013), Haganai: I Don't Have Many Friends (2013), High School DxD (2012-2015), Michiko and Hatchin (2008)
Jan 20, 1983 (age 36)
Become a member to see Marie Charlson's STARmeter.
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Sankarea (2012)
Fabricated... Freedom... (May 25, 2012) Season 1, Episode 8 - Additional Voices (voice) (version: English) Additional Voices (voice) (version: English) See fewer
Tenchi Muyo! War on Geminar (2009)
Competitive Sports Tournament (Sep 18, 2009) Season 1, Episode 7 - Additional Voices (voice) (version: English) Additional Voices (voice) (version: English) See fewer
Michiko to Hatchin (2008)
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34 | Source: First Site ApartmentsThis apartment from First Site Apartments proves that you do not need a lot of space in order to have four bedrooms. Although, you may need to downsize the beds.
19 | Source: SpazePlenty of windows and reflective surfaces give this four-bedroom apartment a much bigger feel.
23 | Visualizer: Budde DesignThis four bedroom house manages to make room four two cars, four bedrooms, and separate study. An amazing use of space.
2 | Source: Estado PropertiesThis urban home from Estado Properties has plenty of gorgeous details to love including an interesting variety of flooring options, a huge gourmet kitchen and a cozy private patio.
36 | At only 1950 square feet, this four bedroom apartment can still comfortable fir a small family or a few roommates with room to spare.
30 | Source: DLFAnother spacious option from DLF that includes a master bedroom, children's bedroom and a servant's bedroom with separate entrance.
8 | Visualizer: Razvan LeontescuIn this four bedroom flat, Visualizer Razvan Leontescu shows us that limited square footage doesn't have to mean compromise. The layout still includes four bedrooms, a private balcony, a dining area and even a breakfast nook.
21 | Visualizer: Budde DesignIt is easy to see where the passions of this home's potential occupants would need to lie. Each bedroom is barely large enough for a bed but there is plenty of room for billiards and dining.
42 | Source: VTSRealtyWith splashes of color and plenty of opportunities to enjoy the outdoors, the VTSRealty four bedroom could be ideal for a growing family.
17 | Source: Saran DevelopersWhen it comes to four bedroom floorplans, including uses for outdoor space is essential. This one-story layout has a grassy patio in addition to wooden decks and balconies, which really add to the overall luxury of the home.
15 | Source: Media ContactThis four bedroom layout from Media Contact gives each occupant a good deal of privacy. Three of the rooms even include a private outdoor space with separate entrance.
4 | Source: Privie WorldThis home plan from Privie World includes a formal dining room that seats 10 as well as en suite baths and a spacious deck area.
46 | Visualizer: Shake GurgenidzeVisualizer Shake Gurgenidze does a wonderful job of making four bedroom layouts seem playful and brights.
12 | Source: KSV DevelopersThis sleek flat takes every opportunity to simplify from platform beds to low tables. The basic color choices, largely whites and grays, make it much easier to get a sense of the actual space and room available.
11 | Source: DNA RealtorsThis home plan from DNA Realtors makes good use of every square inch, managing to include three separate balconies along with three large bedrooms and a smaller guest bedroom.
26 | Source: Ansal HousingThis luxury four bedroom from Ansal Housing includes four regular bedroom and a servant's quarters. Fancy that.
6 | Source: Privie WorldMaking use of a spacious living area, this four bedroom layout, also from Privie World, turns one living room into two by tucking a sectional into one corner and creating a cozy, Asian-inspired conversation nook in the other.


I was so cool to meet a Zep.com member! She's really cool.
Whee, so I'm sister-susie, now as noora. Because that's my first name.
Nice to see all of you!!!!
Smiling Brspled!!!! and Lucky Aqua!!!!! Looks like a PLantie stage???
And Bilbo, love the HAT!!!
And Rabia, I love your Led Zeppelin shirt too!
Great to see you here!!
Thanks B!!! I'm glad to be KMS again!!!!!
and Thanks Noora!!! The shirt was a gift from a friend!! and I cherish it!!!!!!!!
It's really nice. I have two Led Zeppelin T-shirts. I bought the other one in Italy and the other one just couple months ago in Helsinki.
You may look "pale," but Bonnie, you're still beautiful!
Great pictures everyone. And Bonnie, don't worry I"m about as white as a piece of paper. I don't tan either, I burn.
Hippie, don't worry about your skin color. All the tones are beautiful.
Noora, you have really pretty eyes.
so i found these old pics of me and my band jamming.
Thanks! And those are really nice pictures Zach!


text:
Le Zoo TV Tour est une immense tournée mondiale du groupe de rock irlandais U2 qui s'est étirée sur presque deux ans, entre 1992 et 1993. C'est le show des albums Achtung Baby et Zooropa publiés respectivement en 1991 et 1993. Achtung Baby est la pièce maîtresse de cette tournée dont toutes les chansons, hormis Acrobat, sont interprétées.

U2 met en place un dispositif scénique jamais vu, même pas chez les Rolling Stones ou Michael Jackson. Réinvention audacieuse, cette méga-tournée est une orgie futuriste d'auto-parodie et de débauche multimédia, avec ses télévisions et écrans géants, éblouissante sur le plan technique et très ambitieuse.

Cette tournée marathon s'est appelée successivement : le Zoo TV Tour (c'est le nom symbolique qui est resté pour désigner toute la tournée) en Amérique du Nord et en Europe de février à , puis le Outside Broadcast Tour d'août à novembre 1992 lors du second passage en Amérique du Nord, puis le Zooropa Tour dans les grands stades européens de février à  et enfin les Zoomerang, New Zooland, Zoo TV Japan de novembre à  en Océanie et au Japon.

En treize mois de tournée, U2 donnera 157 concerts, jouant devant près de cinq millions et demi de spectateurs. Le critique britannique Tom Doyle, qualifiera dix ans plus tard le Zoo TV comme la « tournée la plus spectaculaire jamais organisée par n'importe quel groupe ». La vidéo du Zoo TV - Live From Sydney a été primée lors de la  des Grammy Awards en 1995. Le Zoo TV Tour lance la décennie des tournées gigantesques pour U2 qui se poursuivra avec le PopMart Tour entre 1997 et 1998.

La tournée
Le Zoo TV Tour est le spectacle promotionnel des albums Achtung Baby et Zooropa. Il a débuté le  à Lakeland en Floride avec les Pixies en première partie, pour se terminer le  à Tokyo. Cinq continents ont été traversés : l'Europe et l'Amérique du Nord à deux reprises, l'Amérique du Sud avec quatre concerts à Mexico, l'Océanie et l'Asie avec le Japon. Des concerts dans lesquels Bono, très marqué par la Guerre du Golfe, souhaite dénoncer la manipulation médiatique.

Dans un décor à la Blade Runner, des voitures est-allemandes Trabant sont suspendues à des grues et servent d'éclairage. Derrière, sont superposés des blocs d'écrans géants, sur lesquels sont diffusés des vidéos et des programmes télévisés en direct sur lesquels zappe Bono avec une télécommande. Dans les salles couvertes comme au Madison Square Garden à New-York en 1992, puis dans les stades comme au RDS Arena à Dublin en 1993, défilent des images et des slogans ironiques tels « Everything you know is wrong » (Tout ce que vous savez est faux) ou « Watch more TV » (Regardez plus la télé) comme MTV.

Les messages sont aussi plus sérieux et touchent des sujets comme la politique (le groupe soutenant la candidature de Bill Clinton à l'élection présidentielle, Adam Clayton et Larry Mullen furent même invités lors de son investiture le ), l'écologie (le concert contre l'usine de déchets d'armements à Sellafield en Angleterre le ), la polémique (Bono tentant de téléphoner sur scène à Jean-Marie Le Pen lors du concert de Nantes au printemps 1993), l'humanitaire et l'événementielle. C'est ainsi que U2 diffuse en direct par satellite le siège de Sarajevo tout en donnant la parole à des gens qui vivaient le drame :  le concert à Wembley le  fut le plus poignant.

De  Zoo Station à Love Is Blindness en passant par The Fly, Lemon, Mysterious Ways et sa danseuse du ventre ou un duo avec Lou Reed dont le visage apparait sur écran géant sur Satellite of Love, Bono, dans une critique de son statut de rock star et des médias tout court, se métamorphose en différents personnages (masques, pantalon de cuir façon Jim Morrison, costumes limés) en particulier le Méphistophélès de Faust ou Mister Mac Phisto. Ce dernier, s'amuse tous les soirs à téléphoner en divers lieux, comme par exemple à Détroit où il commande dix mille pizzas pour le public. Finalement, une centaine de pizzas aux peppéronis seront livrées par trois employés hallucinés.

La plupart des titres d'Achtung Baby et de Zooropa comme One, Stay ou Numb avec le guitariste The Edge en solo, furent interprétés durant cette tournée marathon auxquels s'ajouta au fil des concerts d'anciens titres des années 80. C'est toujours Zoo Station qui ouvre les concerts de cette tournée gigantesque, sauf lors d'une soirée le  à Hershey en Pennsylvanie, où elle fut précédée de Sunday Bloody Sunday, New Year's Day et Pride (In the Name of Love).

Cette tournée révolutionnaire dans sa conception et soutenue par Amnesty International et Greenpeace, a vu tout le gratin de la jet-set se bousculer comme Madonna, Mick Jagger ou Winona Ryder. Le magazine Rolling Stone l'a surnommé le Sergent Pepper's des concerts rock. Trois millions de billets (aux prix inchangés) ont été vendus, les retransmissions de concerts ont totalisé 10 millions de téléspectateurs, plus de  t-shirts ont été écoulés sur la tournée qui a mobilisé 380 employés de façon permanente, auxquels il faut ajouter 200 intervenants dans chaque ville traversée par U2. D'autres part, malgré des recettes totales avoisinant les 67 millions de dollars, la tournée a failli tourner à la banqueroute financière : le groupe évitant la ruine totale, grâce au succès de la vente de T-shirts et des lunettes The Fly (en forme de mouche) portées par Bono lors de tous les concerts.

Enfin, lors de la cérémonie des Grammy Awards du , le Zoo TV - Live From Sydney a reçu le prix du "meilleur vidéo clip, forme longue". Ce concert a été publié en VHS le , puis en DVD le .

Anecdote
Lors du passage du Zoo TV à Sydney le , un événement rare se produit : l'absence sur scène d'Adam Clayton ! C'est le seul concert de l'histoire de U2 à être manqué par un membre du groupe. Tellement ivre et triste du fait de sa rupture avec Naomi Campbell, le bassiste ne peut pas monter sur scène. Le spectacle ne peut être reporté pour autant car c'est une répétition nécessaire pour l'enregistrement vidéo du concert de la nuit suivante (qui, en plus d'être enregistré pour la sortie vidéo officielle, est également diffusé en direct). C'est finalement le technicien qui prépare les guitares basses d'Adam Clayton, Stuart Morgan, qui joue de la basse pendant le concert, tandis que Bono informe le public qu'Adam est malade. Stuart Morgan a réalisé un travail admirable, bien que sa nervosité soit évidente pendant les deux premières chansons.

Liste des titres
Voici la liste basique des 3 premières parties du Zoo TV Tour :

 Zoo Station
 The Fly
 Even Better Than the Real Thing
 Mysterious Ways
 One
 Unchained Melody
 Until the End of the World
 New Year's Day
 Who's Gonna Ride Your Wild Horses
 Tryin' To Throw your Arms Around The World
 Angel Of Harlem
 Satellite Of Love
 Bad
 Bullet The Blue Sky
 Running to Stand Still
 Where the Streets Have No Name
 Pride (In the Name of Love)
 I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For
 Desire
 Ultraviolet (Light My Way)
 With or Without You
 Love Is Blindness

Et celle du Zooropa Tour:

 Zoo Station
 The Fly
 Even Better Than the Real Thing
 Mysterious Ways
 One
 Unchained Melody
 Until the End of the World
 New Year's Day
 Numb
 Tryin' to Throw Your Arms Around the World
 Angel of Harlem
 Dancing Queen
 Stay (Faraway, so Close!)
 Satellite of Love
 Bad
 The First Time
 Bullet the Blue Sky
 Running to Stand Still
 Where the Streets Have No Name
 Pride (In the Name of Love)
 Desire
 Ultraviolet (Light My Way)
 With or Without You
 Love Is Blindness
 Can't Help Falling in Love with You

Zoo TV à Strasbourg en 1993
Le , le groupe de rock U2 se produit au Stade de la Meinau à Strasbourg devant plus de 40 000 personnes dans le cadre de la partie européenne dénommée Zooropa de sa tournée mondiale, le Zoo TV Tour. La première partie du spectacle est assurée par le groupe Stereo MC's et par The Velvet Underground, reformé pour l'occasion.

Setlist : Zoo Station, The Fly, Even Better Than the Real Thing, Mysterious Ways, One, Unchained Melody, Until the End of the World, New Year's Day, Dirty Old Town, Tryin' To Throw Your Arms Around The World, Angel of Harlem, When Love Comes To Town, Satellite Of Love, Bad, All I Want Is You, Bullet the Blue Sky, Running To Stand Still, Where The Streets Have No Name, Pride (In The Name Of Love), I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For, Stand By Me, Desire, Ultraviolet (Light My Way), With or Without You, Love Is Blindness, Can't Help Falling In Love With You.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Chronologie de U2

Liens externes
  dates de concert sur u2tours.com
  Site officiel de U2
  Site de la tournée

Tournée de U2
Tournée de 1992
Tournée de 1993


In a world where our genetics could freely be manipulated, will we be able to resist altering our physical abilities? Will necessity or vanity be the ruling power? The fascination of how we can redefine and reshape the future generation who use sensitive and interactive technology is my key influence.Charles Darwin's theory is entering a new phase of Human evolution.Now we have a direct choice about how we want our species to further evolve. Our children's generation could very well be the last generation of PURE humans.
Next Creative "Ableton Live and Logic Pro X" 1-to-1 lessons for Musicians and Producers!


text:
Royal wedding: Forget the dysfunctional Markle family, it's the Windsors Meghan needs to worry about
Published time: 17 May, 2018 12:40 Edited time: 18 May, 2018 08:31
FILE PHOTO. © David Loh © Reuters
The family of Royal bride Meghan Markle are coming in for some serious stick from the media, in many ways for the heinous crime of being a normal dysfunctional family. However, they've got nothing on the Windsor family.
On Saturday the world will be watching as Prince Harry Windsor marries his TV star bride. Much of the coverage in the media has been about Markle's divorced parents and wider family, many of whom don't exactly get along. Hardly any of the coverage however has looked at the family she will be marrying into, which may be wealthy but is hardly a role model.
Charles and Diana
The fact Meghan's parents Thomas and Doria are divorced has attracted plenty of attention, but she should be far more worried about Prince Harry's parentage. Prince Charles and Diana Spencer were thrown together in a loveless marriage, and their string of affairs is hardly reassuring for anyone entering the family. Meghan would be well advised to check under the bed for Harry's very own Camilla (we're looking at you Chelsy Davy). And if anyone starts referring to Meghan as the next Diana, it will be time to stay away from tunnels.
Prince Phillip
Harry's grandad, the Duke of Edinburgh, has a chequered history of, shall we say, less than politically correct interactions with people from ethnic minorities. Meghan's mother is black. It's not known whether Prince Phillip has been warned in advance.
Harry's grandma, you may have heard of her, is The Queen. As overbearing matriarchs go, they don't come much bigger Lizzy the Second. Meghan, used to being a TV star, is going to have to come to terms with the fact that her grandmother-in-law tends to dominate family social events. Also, the chances of inheriting the family jewellery are limited, for that she'll have to engage in another British pastime - queuing.
Out of sight, out of mind: Windsor Police threaten to tow charity bus parked outside castle
Kate and William
Meghan's new brother and sister-in-law may seem less trouble than her own warring half-siblings, but looks can be deceiving. The Duchess of Cambridge has set a punishing example, squeezing out three royal offspring in five years which is going to put a lot of pressure on TV star Meghan.
And while William may seem nice now, there is always the risk of family jealousy to contend with. William's younger brother Harry now has the family hair, the glamorous wife and the sense of freedom from knowing there's little chance he'll ever have to worry about actually being a king thanks to Kate's prolific birth rate. This could leave William a bitter and vengeful monarch somewhere down the line. Have you seen Game of Thrones?
Of course there is precedent to a Windsor marrying a US socialite in the form of Harry's great-great-uncle Edward VIII. It ended well then, with Edward abdicating the throne to disappear with Wallis Simpson. Edward was also alleged to have Nazi sympathies, which is one thing at least that Harry doesn't have in common … even if he does have penchant for dressing up like one.
By Simon Rite, RT
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The Thargoid thread is closing on the core systems. A mere 140 ly away from Eravate, LFT 434 is now in focus of Thargoid scouts.
It is said that by hunting down enough scouts, a direct threat to a station (=on fire) could be avoided.
So grab some AX Multicannons and head out top endangered places, if you want to defend human space. Avoid the acid clouds of destroyed scouts, but if you are caught in one, overheat to 120-160 degrees to burn the acid off.
Also, be advised that a group called HALT is *defending* the Thargoids by interdicting hunters, of course in Open and not here in Mobius (I personally do like that interaction, by the way, so I would be found in Open. But then, I appreciate the occasional PvP fight ).
I didn't realize they were that close Been ignoring the Thargoids so far but now I'm catching up on my research. Thanks for all the links! Looks like my Viper Mk4 will be perfectly suited for some scout and hit-n-run attacks if properly configured.
Thanks for the update Let us know if the Thargoids rear their ugly heads up again.


FAQ: I have a mare in foal (pregnant). She is coughing with no other sign of illness or infection – like a fever. I have used Wind Aid before on my racehorse. Is it safe to give the mare Wind Aid?
Comments Off on FAQ: I have a mare in foal (pregnant). She is coughing with no other sign of illness or infection – like a fever. I have used Wind Aid before on my racehorse. Is it safe to give the mare Wind Aid?
Yes, it is safe, and there would be no reason you could not give Wind Aid to her. I do recommend that if she does not improve in a few days or if she shows signs of getting worse, talk with a vet.
← FAQ: How do I care for a horse with chronic nasal discharge? Can Wind Aid help?


2019 will mark 10 years since my wonderful Dad, Roy Collins, passed away completely unexpectedly from acute cardiac failure at only 62 years old, whilst on holiday with my Mum. He was so selfless that they were on holiday at the time checking out wheelchair access for me to hopefully return with them soon after.
My Dad did so much for others. Those who knew him, I'm sure will agree, would say that he always put others before himself. He would drop everything to help anyone, especially his and my friends and family. He was always there for me and I miss him more than words could ever describe.
I was diagnosed with Spinal Muscular Atrophy at the age of 2. My Dad always supported the UK's national charity for the condition, now called Spinal Muscular Atrophy UK, and I know it's what he would want, for any money that I can raise, to go this worthwhile cause.
SMA is a condition most people have never heard of. It is a rare, genetic neuromuscular condition. It causes progressive muscle weakness and loss of movement due to muscle wasting (atrophy). SMA is so rare and relatively unheard of that every bit of funding is vital for the continued progress of research into an eventual cure.
I myself have experienced a massive change in the condition over my lifetime so far. I am now 35 and I walked/stood for the last time 4 years ago. I was also diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at the same time (completely unrelated to my SMA).
I work full time as a maths teacher at Heathcote School in Chingford, London. The school are very supportive with both of my medical conditions and I love my job.
I live independently with a full time live-in carer who also comes with me to work to assist me with everything from personal care to admin tasks.
I am only where I am today because of the love and support of both my parents.
9 years ago, on the 1 year anniversary of my Dad's passing, I did a skydive to raise money for the same cause. I managed to raise just shy of £3500. So, I may be optimistic, but I would like to try to exceed that amount this time. Every pound raised will go to a great cause, one that my Dad cared about so much.
I want to raise awareness, as well as money, for a condition and charity very close to my heart in more ways than one. So, on the 13th April 2019, I will be freefall abseiling off the Arcelormittal Orbit, the highest in the UK.
Thank you, in advance, to everyone who is supporting me with this challenge.


This adorable little boy is 1 year old and only 16 lbs fully grown.
Fiji is playful and fun. He loves attention and cannot wait to meet everyone and anyone. He is super sweet. And so goofy!
Fiji has some energy. He is not hyper, but he does love to be social and play. He would need some dog park time, or some good walks where he will get to say "hi" to everyone he passes.
Fiji currently lives with other dogs and gets along with everyone. He is just a really sweet boy. Happy-go-lucky time. And he loves to snuggle!
Fiji is great with kids, though with younger kids he will have to learn some manners (not to jump up to lick their face!).
Fiji is up-to-date on his shots, neutered, and fully vetted.
For more information on Fiji, please fill out an application and email Julie@ALRcares.com.


1. Strike a pose and snap a pic!
2. Either upload the picture to our Bend Beyond Facebook page and tag yourself OR post to your Instagram account #bendbeyondyoga OR do both for two raffle entries!
Each month the winner drawn in a raffle of all entries receives 10 days of unlimited yoga!!


Happy Friday everyone!! We are I am very happy to turn the spotlight today onto Miss K!! Miss K is growing up so quickly before our eyes. I remember the days when she was just a little ball of chubbiness flopping on our carpet while I take photos of her for the "Fit with Kate" series…who remembers those? If you do, then you are a real and true PCM long time follower. How that she's growing and having her own fashion opinions, I have to slowly give reign to her when we select her morning outfits for school. Which is why today, we are introducing today an exciting new launch of an online retail destination for kids' apparel: Wilshire + Cooper!
Wilshire + Cooper is a NEW online destination for Designer Kids apparel and Accessories that launched on April 17th. They have created an exclusive destination where you can find unique Kids Designer brands and accessories aroundthe world. From brands that offer Organic Cotton, to handmade accessories to brands offering the latest run way fashions from some of most recognizable brands – Wilshire + Cooper is the online retailer you need to go for all things Kids Apparel and Accessories.
Miss K is wearing the latest collection from Margherita Kids. If you aren't familiar with that, then you must be familiar with the name Missoni! Yes, she is the granddaughter and heiress to her family's Missoni fashion house!! Her colorful and playful pieces are so charming and adorable. Check out this garden dress with embroidered star and pom pom tie details. So cute, with out being overly girlie. Some of the brands they feature are: Little Marc Jacobs, Margherita Missoni Kids, Paul Smith Kids, Moon Monsters, Catimini, Little Fox, Sol De Mayo, Elk and Angels just to name a few.
How darling is this little silk bomber jacket with floral patch details on the back and sleeves? It is perfect with the matching floral pattern tee inside worn over jeans and a pair of kicks. I can't wait to do some mommy and me bomber jacket actions with her when we go to NY! Each season, Wilshire + Cooper will offer the finest assortment of charming, fanciful styles for little boys and girls age newborn to 12 in a mixture of whimsical patterns, fabric retailing from $24-$350 and available for shipping worldwide. I'm sure I will be frequenting the website often.
This week's featured blogger is Laurie from Vanity and Me Style! Her white blouse and blazer look is ever so classic and classy! Make sure you check out her blog.
Aww your daughter is so cute! There are some great kids clothes…so hard not to buy lots whenever I see them, haha!
Hope you are having a great week and have a wonderful weekend ahead of you 🙂 Thanks for the link up!
I am loving this kid's apparel line and your kids are absolutely adorable! That bomber jacket on your daughter is so freaking cool. I want it for myself! Thanks for the link up.
They are the cutest thing ever! Love that bomber jacket!
Your daughter is the perfect kids model!! She does know her angles 🙂 I love all of the cute outfits she is wearing, what a cool kidswear brand!
Miss K is the cutest model ever!!!! Super cute clothes!
Thanks for the link up & have a fabulous weekend!
First ft let me say that your kids are the cutest!!! Omg! And that little girl is just EVERYTHING!!! She is the most stylish kid I know! I don't have children but I have nieces and nephews so I must check this site out. The clothes are too cute!
She is just so adorable! The clothes are just so cute, but her little face is beautiful!
I am completely amazed at how adorable and what a perfect model your daughter is ! That bomber jacket and dress is beyond perfect!!
Well isn't Miss K the cutest little fashionista out there. Already at that early age she has an opinion on what to wear and what not to, just you wait when she becomes a teenager, haha. I love the cute outfits she's wearing too!
She is just so so so adorable!! What a little cutie!!! I love the photos of her collecting eggs! So cute in those little ugg boots! Aw. If I had a little one I would be looking for a bomber jacket just like that for them as well. The butterfly is just so sweet.
Your daughter is the cutest, I bet she will start to model soon, because she is really photogenic! I love all her cute outfits!
Your daughter is sooo cute and that bomber jacket is so darling! I can't wait to see your matching bomber photos. If I had a daughter I would constantly be doing matchy matchy things hahaha. Such a sweet little angel!
What a lovely post! I agree! time flies and when you just open your eyes the kids have become teens! That's happening to me! I absolutely adore all the pieces you're princess are wearing, such a cute designs for stylish kids. My favorite is the bomber jacket is beyond pretty!
Oh my gosh this is seriously the cutest line ever. I have a niece and another niece on the way and this would be perfect for them. I'm going to have to share this with my sister! Thanks so much for sharing.
Your kids are absolutely precious and I have a baby cousin who I love shopping for! Kids clothes are honestly the best and I can't wait to have my own children and dress them up!!
OMG! Can we talk about how adorable these photos are? Little miss K is a natural in front of the camera!
And this brand has the cutest clothes OMG! I need to recommend it to my sister. My nieces are going to go crazy since they're little fashionistas as well!
I should check out them site to see for my daughters.
Your daughter is so cute and stylish just like her mama! I'm seriously gushing over her clothes even though I know they're too little for me haha!
Your daughter is very precious she could be a child model she's really beautiful.
I love that she's wanting to explore her own style and you letting her chew some of the clothes I'm sure that it brings you guys closer.
Yay! I love it when you post such adorable family pictures of you and your kids together! The camera loves Little Miss K and she looks like she is having fun too!
Your daughter is so adorable, she reminds me so much of my own daughter. I love that they both are such cute little fashionistas :). I seriously love both of her outfits, they look so comfortable too. Wilshire and Cooper seem to have an amazing range of kids designer clothing. And I'm so excited that they ship worldwide, haha I think my husband is going to be frowning at our upcoming credit card bills.
I haven't been able to get over the cuteness that is your daughter and the amazingness that is her bomber since I saw it on IG! I didn't see the pictures of her when she was little but it all sounds TOO adorable! Gosh I love me some babies! How old is she? Brooke is 3 and we are starting to really have some fun getting her dressed! I will absolutely be checking them out! All the outfit images you include are just perfection! I've got my eye on some mommy and me designer diggs for us!
OMG, the outfits are just too cute for me to handle 🙂 I don't have children but I imagine if I did, this is exactly how I'd want to dress them. The navy blue dress on your daughter with the little stars is super cute! Thanks for sharing these adorable pictures.
Designer kids apparel sounds like such an interesting and great idea, i'm so glad there's a place like this that exist for us to do shopping for kids ! It's a sad time when you no longer can choose the clothes for your daughter, but also a proud moment when she developed her own Sense of style and follows her mother and her own footsteps. I love how there's a good range on pricing for mothers who are in budget. An amazing website for children clothes hands down.
By the way your daughter looks amazing in that denim dress, it's just so cute on her !!
The photos and fashion are just darling. I can't wait to have children so I can dress them in the cutest fashion and share my love for fashion with them. I will have to tell my cousins about this online shopping destination. I would love to see my baby cousins in this cute stuff. I guess this would be a great place to by birthday and Christmas presents from. I can't believe I'm already thinking about Christmas.
i was familiar with Missoni, but unfamiliar Margherita Kids, but now im seriously loving this line.
You are always the most chic mom dear Sheree. Love all three of you guys' outfits in this post. Your littles are rocking their moto jackets. All of you look great in elegant athleisure wear. I also love Miss K's embroidered chambray dress. She is the cutest and her hair has gotten so long!
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