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Diabetes insipidus (DI), alternately called arginine vasopressin deficiency (AVP-D) or arginine vasopressin resistance (AVP-R), is a condition characterized by large amounts of dilute urine and increased thirst. The amount of urine produced can be nearly 20 liters per day. Reduction of fluid has little effect on the concentration of the urine. Complications may include dehydration or seizures.

There are four types of DI, each with a different set of causes. Central DI (CDI) is due to a lack of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) production. This can be due to injury to the hypothalamus or pituitary gland or genetics. Nephrogenic DI (NDI) occurs when the kidneys do not respond properly to vasopressin. Dipsogenic DI is a result of excessive fluid intake due to damage to the hypothalamic thirst mechanism. It occurs more often in those with certain psychiatric disorders or on certain medications. Gestational DI occurs only during pregnancy. Diagnosis is often based on urine tests, blood tests and the fluid deprivation test. Diabetes insipidus is unrelated to diabetes mellitus and the conditions have a distinct mechanism, though both can result in the production of large amounts of urine.

Treatment involves drinking sufficient fluids to prevent dehydration. Other treatments depend on the type. In central and gestational DI, treatment is with desmopressin. Nephrogenic DI may be treated by addressing the underlying cause or by the use of a thiazide, aspirin or ibuprofen. The number of new cases of diabetes insipidus each year is 3 in 100,000. Central DI usually starts between the ages of 10 and 20 and occurs in males and females equally. Nephrogenic DI can begin at any age. The term "diabetes" is derived from the Greek word meaning siphon.

Signs and symptoms
Excessive urination and extreme thirst and increased fluid intake (especially for cold water and sometimes ice or ice water) are typical for DI. The symptoms of excessive urination and extreme thirst are similar to what is seen in untreated diabetes mellitus, with the distinction that the urine does not contain glucose. Blurred vision is a rarity. Signs of dehydration may also appear in some individuals, since the body cannot conserve much (if any) of the water it takes in.

Extreme urination continues throughout the day and the night. In children, DI can interfere with appetite, eating, weight gain and growth, as well. They may present with fever, vomiting or diarrhea. Adults with untreated DI may remain healthy for decades as long as enough water is consumed to offset the urinary losses. However, there is a continuous risk of dehydration and loss of potassium that may lead to hypokalemia.

Cause
The several forms of diabetes insipidus are:

Central

Central (or Neurogenic) DI has many possible causes. According to the literature, the principal causes of central DI and their oft-cited approximate frequencies are as follows:
 Idiopathic – 30%
 Malignant or benign tumors of the brain or pituitary – 25%
 Cranial surgery – 20%
 Head trauma – 16%

Nephrogenic

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is due to the inability of the kidney to respond normally to vasopressin.

Dipsogenic
Dipsogenic DI or primary polydipsia results from excessive intake of fluids as opposed to deficiency of arginine vasopressin. It may be due to a defect or damage to the thirst mechanism, located in the hypothalamus, or due to mental illness. Treatment with desmopressin may lead to water intoxication.

Gestational
Gestational DI occurs only during pregnancy and the postpartum period. During pregnancy, women produce vasopressinase in the placenta, which breaks down antidiuretic hormone (ADH). Gestational DI is thought to occur with excessive production and/or impaired clearance of vasopressinase.

Most cases of gestational DI can be treated with desmopressin (DDAVP), but not vasopressin. In rare cases, however, an abnormality in the thirst mechanism causes gestational DI, and desmopressin should not be used.

Diabetes insipidus is also associated with some serious diseases of pregnancy, including pre-eclampsia, HELLP syndrome and acute fatty liver of pregnancy. These cause DI by impairing hepatic clearance of circulating vasopressinase.

Pathophysiology
Electrolyte and volume homeostasis is a complex mechanism that balances the body's requirements for blood pressure and the main electrolytes sodium and potassium. In general, electrolyte regulation precedes volume regulation. When the volume is severely depleted, however, the body will retain water at the expense of deranging electrolyte levels.

The regulation of urine production occurs in the hypothalamus, which produces ADH in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. After synthesis, the hormone is transported in neurosecretory granules down the axon of the hypothalamic neuron to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, where it is stored for later release. In addition, the hypothalamus regulates the sensation of thirst in the ventromedial nucleus by sensing increases in serum osmolarity and relaying this information to the cortex.

Neurogenic/central DI results from a lack of ADH; occasionally it can present with decreased thirst as regulation of thirst and ADH production occur in close proximity in the hypothalamus. It is encountered as a result of hypoxic encephalopathy, neurosurgery, autoimmunity or cancer, or sometimes without an underlying cause (idiopathic).

The main effector organ for fluid homeostasis is the kidney. ADH acts by increasing water permeability in the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules; specifically, it acts on proteins called aquaporins and more specifically aquaporin 2 in the following cascade. When released, ADH binds to V2 G-protein coupled receptors within the distal convoluted tubules, increasing cyclic AMP, which couples with protein kinase A, stimulating translocation of the aquaporin 2 channel stored in the cytoplasm of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts into the apical membrane. These transcribed channels allow water into the collecting duct cells. The increase in permeability allows for reabsorption of water into the bloodstream, thus concentrating the urine.

Nephrogenic DI results from lack of aquaporin channels in the distal collecting duct (decreased surface expression and transcription). It is seen in lithium toxicity, hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, or release of ureteral obstruction. Therefore, a lack of ADH prevents water reabsorption and the osmolarity of the blood increases. With increased osmolarity, the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect this change and stimulate thirst. With increased thirst, the person now experiences a polydipsia and polyuria cycle.

Hereditary forms of diabetes insipidus account for less than 10% of the cases of diabetes insipidus seen in clinical practice.

Diagnosis
To distinguish DI from other causes of excess urination, blood glucose levels, bicarbonate levels, and calcium levels need to be tested. Measurement of blood electrolytes can reveal a high sodium level (hypernatremia as dehydration develops). Urinalysis demonstrates a dilute urine with a low specific gravity. Urine osmolarity and electrolyte levels are typically low.

A fluid deprivation test is another way of distinguishing DI from other causes of excessive urination. If there is no change in fluid loss, giving desmopressin can determine if DI is caused by:
 a defect in ADH production
 a defect in the kidneys' response to ADH

This test measures the changes in body weight, urine output, and urine composition when fluids are withheld to induce dehydration. The body's normal response to dehydration is to conserve water by concentrating the urine. Those with DI continue to urinate large amounts of dilute urine in spite of water deprivation. In primary polydipsia, the urine osmolality should increase and stabilize at above 280 mOsm/kg with fluid restriction, while a stabilization at a lower level indicates diabetes insipidus. Stabilization in this test means, more specifically, when the increase in urine osmolality is less than 30 Osm/kg per hour for at least three hours. Sometimes measuring blood levels of ADH toward the end of this test is also necessary, but is more time-consuming to perform.

To distinguish between the main forms, desmopressin stimulation is also used; desmopressin can be taken by injection, a nasal spray, or a tablet. While taking desmopressin, a person should drink fluids or water only when thirsty and not at other times, as this can lead to sudden fluid accumulation in the central nervous system. If desmopressin reduces urine output and increases urine osmolarity, the hypothalamic production of ADH is deficient, and the kidney responds normally to exogenous vasopressin (desmopressin). If the DI is due to kidney pathology, desmopressin does not change either urine output or osmolarity (since the endogenous vasopressin levels are already high).

Whilst diabetes insipidus usually occurs with polydipsia, it can also rarely occur not only in the absence of polydipsia but in the presence of its opposite, adipsia (or hypodipsia). "Adipsic diabetes insipidus" is recognised as a marked absence of thirst even in response to hyperosmolality. In some cases of adipsic DI, the person may also fail to respond to desmopressin.

If central DI is suspected, testing of other hormones of the pituitary, as well as magnetic resonance imaging, particularly a pituitary MRI, is necessary to discover if a disease process (such as a prolactinoma, or histiocytosis, syphilis, tuberculosis or other tumor or granuloma) is affecting pituitary function. Most people with this form have either experienced past head trauma or have stopped ADH production for an unknown reason.

Treatment
Treatment involves drinking sufficient fluids to prevent dehydration. Other treatments depend on the type. In central and gestational DI treatment is with desmopressin. Nephrogenic DI may be treated by addressing the underlying cause or the use of a thiazide, aspirin, or ibuprofen.

Central
Central DI and gestational DI respond to desmopressin which is given as intranasal or oral tablets. Carbamazepine, an anticonvulsive medication, has also had some success in this type of DI. Also, gestational DI tends to abate on its own four to six weeks following labor, though some women may develop it again in subsequent pregnancies. In dipsogenic DI, desmopressin is not usually an option.

Nephrogenic
Desmopressin will be ineffective in nephrogenic DI which is treated by reversing the underlying cause (if possible) and replacing the free water deficit. A thiazide diuretic, such as chlorthalidone or hydrochlorothiazide, can be used to create mild hypovolemia which encourages salt and water uptake in proximal tubule and thus improve nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Amiloride has additional benefit of blocking Na uptake. Thiazide diuretics are sometimes combined with amiloride to prevent hypokalemia caused by the thiazides. It seems paradoxical to treat an extreme diuresis with a diuretic, and the exact mechanism of action is unknown but the thiazide diuretics will decrease distal convoluted tubule reabsorption of sodium and water, thereby causing diuresis. This decreases plasma volume, thus lowering the glomerular filtration rate and enhancing the absorption of sodium and water in the proximal nephron. Less fluid reaches the distal nephron, so overall fluid conservation is obtained.

Lithium-induced nephrogenic DI may be effectively managed with the administration of amiloride, a potassium-sparing diuretic often used in conjunction with thiazide or loop diuretics. Clinicians have been aware of lithium toxicity for many years, and traditionally have administered thiazide diuretics for lithium-induced polyuria and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. However, amiloride has recently been shown to be a successful treatment for this condition.

Etymology
The word "diabetes" ( or ) comes from Latin , which in turn comes from , which literally means "a passer through; a siphon". Ancient Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia (fl. in the first century CE) used that word, with the intended meaning "excessive discharge of urine", as the name for the disease. Ultimately, the word comes from Greek  (), meaning "to pass through", which is composed of - (dia-), meaning "through" and  (), meaning "to go". The word "diabetes" is first recorded in English, in the form "diabete", in a medical text written around 1425.

"Insipidus" comes from Latin language  (tasteless), from Latin: in- "not" +  "tasty" from sapere "have a taste"—the full meaning is "lacking flavor or zest; not tasty". Application of this name to DI arose from the fact that diabetes insipidus does not cause glycosuria (excretion of glucose into the urine).

In a large survey conducted amongst patients with central diabetes insipidus, the majority were in favor of changing the disease's name to "vasopressin deficiency" to avoid confusion with diabetes mellitus.

References

External links

Endocrine diseases
Nephrology
Rare diseases
Thirst
Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate
Wikipedia neurology articles ready to translate


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Privilege Of Legends
'It is the privilege of legends to be timeless.'
Category: foreign cinema
The Spy Films Of Fritz Lang
Published January 5, 2018 January 6, 2018 by Privilege Of Legends in 40's film, academy awards, adventure films, alfred hitchcock, anti-nazi, anti-war film, art direction, art in film, auteurs, bfi, blog essay, british cinema, carol reed, cinematography, classic film, cold war, creative writing, crime fiction, crime film, criterion, cult film, directing, directing film, directors, fascism, film art, film blog, film censorship, film design, film essay, film genre, film noir, film production, film studies, film theory, film vienna, filmmaking, foreign cinema, foreign film, fritz lang, german expressionism, graham greene, graphic art, hard boiled, hays code, hitchcock, hollywood, independent american cinema, independent film, italian neo-realism, london film, mccarthyism, michael curtiz, neo-realism, neorealism, NIDA, paramount pictures, period films, politics, post production, post-war film, pre-war film, privilege of legends, propaganda film, screen adaptations, screenwriting, silent films, sonny syah, spy films, spy movies, the third man, thriller, Uncategorized, war films, warner brothers, world cinema
Published September 1, 2017 September 1, 2017 by Privilege Of Legends in 30's films, 40's film, 50's film, 60's film, 70's cinema, academy awards, acting, AFTRS, alfred hitchcock, art direction, art in film, ballet, best film design, bfi, black comedy, british cinema, cinematography, classic film, classical music, costume design, creative writing, criterion, cult film, directing film, directors, film art, film blog, film design, film essay, film genre, film music, film posters, film production, film scores, film studies, film theory, filmmaking, foreign cinema, foreign film, fritz lang, hays code, hollywood, hollywood satire, horror, howard hawks, independent american cinema, jack nicholson, jack palance, john huston, king vidor, kirk douglas, london film, marilyn monroe, marlon brando, marx brothers, mccarthyism, michael curtiz, musical theatre, musicals, NIDA, parody, period films, playwrights, post production, post-war film, pre-code hollywood, pre-war film, privilege of legends, robert aldrich, satire, screen adaptations, screenwriting, set design, shakespeare, silent films, sonny syah, symbolism in film, tennessee williams, the big knife, theatre in film, Uncategorized, world cinema
Take A Stroll Through S. Parajanov Museum
Published June 11, 2017 June 11, 2017 by Privilege Of Legends in 60's film, academy awards, andrei tarkovsky, anti-war film, armenian film, art direction, art in film, ashik kerib, auteurs, avant garde, best film design, bfi, blog essay, british cinema, cinematography, classic film, classical music, cold war, color of pomegranates, colour in film, costume design, creative writing, criterion, cult film, dadaism, directing film, director of photography, directors, eastern european film, experimental film, fascism, film art, film blog, film censorship, film design, film essay, film genre, film posters, film production, film scores, film sound, film studies, film theory, filmmaking, foreign cinema, foreign film, georgian film, hollywood satire, independent film, legend of suram fortress, london art, london film, neo-realism, neorealism, NIDA, parody, period films, poetic realism, politics, post production, post-war film, privilege of legends, propaganda, propaganda film, russian film, satire, screenwriting, sergei paradjanov museum, sergei parajanov, set design, shooting technique, sonny syah, soviet film, soviet montage theory, surrealism, symbolism in film, Uncategorized, world cinema
An Aragonian In Mexico
Published May 29, 2017 June 14, 2017 by Privilege Of Legends in 30's films, 40's film, 50's film, 60's film, academy awards, anti-war film, art direction, art in film, auteurs, avant garde, battle of algiers, best film design, bfi, black comedy, blog essay, british cinema, Buñuel mexico, cinematography, classic film, classical music, cocteau, colour in film, creative writing, criterion, cult film, dadaism, deutsche filmmuseum, directing, directing film, director of photography, editing, experimental film, fascism, film art, film blog, film censorship, film design, film editing, film essay, film genre, film music, film posters, film production, film scores, film studies, film theory, filmmaking, foreign cinema, foreign film, french new wave, hitchcock, hollywood, hollywood satire, independent film, ingmar bergman, italian neo-realism, jazz, jean-luc godard, john huston, london art, london film, luis bunuel, mexican cinema, mexico film, neo-realism, neorealism, NIDA, period films, poetic realism, politics, post production, post-war film, pre-war film, privilege of legends, propaganda film, salvador dali, screenwriting, set design, shooting technique, silent films, sonny syah, spain film, surrealism, symbolism in film, Uncategorized
A Kurosawa Retrospective: Interview With Franck Lubet
Published March 10, 2017 April 13, 2018 by Privilege Of Legends in 30's films, 40's film, 50's film, 60's film, 70's cinema, 80's film, academy awards, akira kurosawa, anti-war film, art direction, art in film, asian cinema, auteurs, best film design, bfi, british cinema, cinematography, classic film, crime fiction, crime film, criterion, cult film, directing, directing film, director of photography, directors, film art, film blog, film design, film essay, film genre, film noir, film posters, film production, film studies, film theory, filmmaking, foreign cinema, foreign film, francis ford coppola, gangster films, hollywood, independent film, japanese cinema, john ford, london film, melodrama, neo-realism, NIDA, period films, post production, post-war film, privilege of legends, pulp crime fiction, quentin tarantino, scorsese, screenwriting, set design, shakespeare, shooting technique, sonny syah, spielberg, symbolism in film, Toshiro Mifune, Uncategorized, world cinema
The Detailed Eye: Art Direction & Design In Film
Published February 27, 2017 September 1, 2017 by Privilege Of Legends in 30's films, 40's film, 50's film, academy awards, art direction, art in film, auteurs, best film design, bfi, billy wilder, blog essay, british cinema, cedric gibbons, cinematography, classic film, classical music, colour in film, costume design, creative writing, criterion, cult film, directing film, director of photography, directors, film art, film blog, film design, film essay, film genre, film noir, film production, film studies, film theory, filmmaking, foreign cinema, foreign film, hollywood, independent film, ingmar bergman, jazz, john ford, london art, london film, melodrama, NIDA, orson welles, painting, period films, politics, post-war film, pre-code hollywood, pre-war film, privilege of legends, russian film, screenwriting, set design, shooting technique, silent films, sonny syah, spain film, symbolism in film, Uncategorized
An International Tour With The Stanley Kubrick Exhibition
Published January 28, 2017 February 3, 2017 by Privilege Of Legends in 2001 space odyssey, 50's film, 60's film, 70's film, 80's film, academy awards, anti-war film, art in film, auteurs, barry lyndon, bfi, blog essay, cinematography, classic film, clockwork orange, cold war, colour in film, creative writing, criterion, cult film, deutsche filmmuseum, directing film, director of photography, directors, dr strangelove, eyes wide shut, film art, film blog, film censorship, film design, film essay, film genre, film noir, film production, film studies, film theory, film titles, filmmaking, foreign cinema, foreign film, full metal jacket, hitchcock, hollywood, hollywood satire, horror, independent american cinema, independent film, jack nicholson, kubrick, kurosawa, lolita, london art, london film, melodrama, nicolas roeg, NIDA, period films, politics, post production, privilege of legends, sci-fi, science fiction, screenwriting, shooting technique, sonny syah, spartacus, stanley kubrick, stanley kubrick exhibition, symbolism in film, thriller, Uncategorized
The Good Pulp Novelist Always Rings True
Published November 20, 2016 January 9, 2017 by Privilege Of Legends in 30's films, 40's film, 50's film, academy awards, AFTRS, art in film, auteurs, avant garde, bfi, blog essay, cinematography, classic film, creative writing, crime fiction, crime film, criterion, cult film, directing film, directors, fascism, femme fatale, film art, film blog, film censorship, film design, film essay, film genre, film noir, film production, film studies, film theory, filmmaking, foreign cinema, foreign film, france, french cinema, french new wave, gangster films, hard boiled, hays code, hollywood, italian neo-realism, london art, london film, michael curtiz, mildred pierce, neo noir, neo-realism, neorealism, period films, poetic realism, post production, post-war film, pre-code hollywood, privilege of legends, pulp crime fiction, raymond chandler, rko pictures, screenwriting, sonny syah, symbolism in film, Uncategorized, world cinema
Cinema Behind Bars
Published July 10, 2016 January 20, 2017 by Privilege Of Legends in 30's films, 40's film, 50's film, 60's film, 70's film, 80's film, academy awards, acting, adventure films, alan clarke, anti-war film, art in film, bfi, black comedy, blog essay, bresson, british cinema, cinematography, classic film, creative writing, crime fiction, crime film, criterion, cult film, directing film, directors, film art, film blog, film censorship, film editing, film essay, film genre, film noir, film production, film studies, film theory, filmmaking, foreign cinema, france, french cinema, french new wave, gangster films, hollywood, independent american cinema, independent film, john ford, london film, melodrama, neo noir, NIDA, period films, poetic realism, post production, post-war film, privilege of legends, pulp crime fiction, ray winstone, screenwriting, shooting technique, sonny syah, Uncategorized, world cinema
Art & The Avant-Garde
Published May 25, 2016 January 8, 2017 by Privilege Of Legends in 30's films, 40's film, AFTRS, art in film, auteurs, avant garde, bfi, blog essay, blood of a poet, cinematography, classic film, cocteau, color of pomegranates, creative writing, criterion, cult film, dadaism, directing, directing film, directors, dziga vertoz, eastern european film, experimental film, film art, film blog, film censorship, film design, film editing, film essay, film genre, film posters, film production, film studies, film theory, filmmaking, foreign cinema, foreign film, french cinema, hitchcock, independent american cinema, independent film, london art, london film, luis bunuel, man ray, man with a movie camera, marcel duchamp, max ernst, maya deren, meshes of the afternoon, NIDA, politics, post production, post-war film, pre-war film, privilege of legends, propaganda film, russian film, salvador dali, screenwriting, shooting technique, silent films, soviet montage theory, surrealism, symbolism in film, Uncategorized
Jewels Of The Czechoslovakian New Wave
Published May 18, 2016 January 9, 2017 by Privilege Of Legends in 50's film, 60's film, academy awards, acting, anti-war film, art in film, auteurs, bfi, black comedy, blog essay, cinematography, classic film, cold war, colour in film, creative writing, criterion, cult film, czech new wave, directing film, directors, eastern european film, editing, fascism, film art, film blog, film censorship, film design, film editing, film essay, film genre, film posters, film production, film studies, film theory, filmmaking, foreign cinema, foreign film, french new wave, german expressionism, independent film, italian neo-realism, jiri menzel, le bonbon uk, london art, london film, neo-realism, NIDA, parody, politics, post-war film, pre-war film, privilege of legends, propaganda film, satire, screenwriting, shooting technique, sonny syah, subtitles cafe, Uncategorized, world cinema
Colour In Film: A Journey Through The Spectrum
Published October 5, 2015 January 9, 2017 by Privilege Of Legends in 30's films, andrei tarkovsky, asian cinema, cinematography, colour in film, colour tints, d.w griffith, david lynch, duncan jones, eastman color, f.w murnau, film art, film blog, film essay, film genre, film production, filmmaking, foreign cinema, francis ford coppola, french new wave, george lucas, george melies, hollywood, jean-pierre melville, period films, post production, privilege of legends, robert altman, russian film, sci-fi, silent films, sonny syah, technicolor, three colors trilogy, toning, wong kar wai, world cinema
Saul Bass: Undisputed Title Holder
Published July 30, 2015 January 14, 2017 by Privilege Of Legends in 50's film, AFTRS, alfred hitchcock, bernard hermann, bfi, cinematography, classic film, coen brothers, criterion, cult film, directing, film art, film blog, film design, film essay, film genre, film posters, film production, film titles, filmmaking, foreign cinema, graphic art, hitchcock, independent film, jazz, kubrick, man with the golden arm, NIDA, north by northwest, otto preminger, privilege of legends, psycho, saul bass, schindler's list, scorsese, sinatra, sonny syah, spielberg, spike lee, the shining, title sequencing, vertigo
A Story Re-Told
Published February 19, 2015 January 10, 2017 by Privilege Of Legends in academy awards, adventure films, auteurs, bfi, cinematography, classic film, creative writing, cult film, directing, film production, foreign cinema, foreign film, independent american cinema, independent film, japanese cinema, screenwriting, shakespeare, shooting technique, vietnam war films
MCMLIX
Published July 21, 2014 March 28, 2016 by Privilege Of Legends in 50's film, bresson, camus, cassavetes, cinematography, classic film, creative writing, cult film, directing, fellini, film blog, film production, foreign cinema, french new wave, independent american cinema, neo-realism, privilege of legends, screenwriting, sonny syah, truffaut
The Politics Of Cinema
Published March 23, 2014 March 23, 2016 by Privilege Of Legends in anti-war film, auteurs, battle of algiers, cinematography, classic film, conformist, creative writing, cult film, directing, fascism, film blog, film production, foreign cinema, mccarthyism, neo-realism, politics, privilege of legends, propaganda film, salt of the earth, screenwriting, sonny syah, world cinema

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Film Screening & Discussion: Lost in Lebanon by Georgia and Sophia Scott
Thu, June 15, 2017 9:00 pm at IFC Center
Sponsored by Alwan for the Arts and 3rd i NY:
Lost in Lebanonby Georgia and Sophia Scott
Documentary | UK | 2016 | 80 min | Arabic, English
For film trailerclick here
JUNE 15 - 9:15 PM /IFC Center
Screening followed by discussion with filmmakers Georgia and Sophia Scott
JUNE 17 - 6:30 PM /Film Society of Lincoln Center
Screening followed by discussion with filmmakers Georgia and Sophia Scott.
"As the Syrian war continues to leave entire generations without education, health care or a state, Lost in Lebanon closely follows four Syrians as they struggle to rebuild their lives in Lebanon. The resilience of this Syrian community currently making up a fifth of the population in Lebanon is astoundingly clear as they work hard to collaborate, share resources and attempt to advocate for themselves in a new land. With the Syrian conflict continuing to push across borders, lives are becoming increasingly desperate due to the devastating consequences of new visa laws implemented by the Lebanese government, leaving families at risk of arrest, detention, and deportation. Despite these obstacles, the film encourages us to look beyond the staggering statistics of displaced refugees and focus on the individuals themselves."
About the Directors:
Georgia Scott
Georgia is an experienced producer, director and editor. Her first documentary film, set in Kenya explored the threats facing a unique Swahili community on Lamu Island on the border with Somalia. Georgia graduated with a BA (hons) degree in Production Design from the University of the Arts, London in 2011. She went on to manage a product design company before setting up GroundTruth Productions with Sophia. Georgia then made her first feature documentary In the Shadow of War in Bosnia in 2014 which was nominated for the Grand Jury Award at Sheffield Doc Fest and the First Appearance and Oxfam Global Justice Awards at IDFA. She recently completed her second feature film, Lost in Lebanon, filmed on the Syrian border during 2014-2016.
Sophia Scott
Sophia is an experienced producer, director and cinematographer, and has worked for organizations including the BBC and Channel 4. She has also worked extensively as a self shooting camerawoman across Africa and Asia on projects for the UN, PBS, CBC, The New York Times and Human Rights Watch among others. After completing a foundation year at the European Film College in Denmark in 2002 she went on to study Documentary Film and Television graduating with a BA (Hons ) from the International Film School of Wales before moving to Kenya where she spent the first 6 years of her film career. Sophia then made her first feature documentary In the Shadow of War in Bosnia in 2014 which was nominated for the Grand Jury Award at Sheffield Doc Fest and the First Appearance and Oxfam Global Justice Awards at IDFA. She recently completed her second feature film, Lost in Lebanon, filmed on the Syrian border during 2014-2016.
Co-Sponsor:
3rd i New York's monthly film/video/media salon is curated by local filmmakers and cultural producers to showcase the works of independent media artists of South Asian, Central Asian, and Arab descent. Providing alternative forums for these filmmakers who often have few venues to showcase their work and whose cultures and histories are often demonized or misrepresented in mainstream media, not only increases their visibility, but also provides a social forum for peers and audiences to participate in an ongoing discussion.
3rd i NY Film Programming is made possible in part with public funds from the Fund for Creative Communities, supported by New York State Council on the Arts, and the Manhattan Community Arts Fund, supported by the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs, both in partnership with the Lower Manhattan Cultural Council.
We thank Alwan for the Arts for hosting our film screenings and to the SINGH Foundation for acting as our fiscal sponsor.
Alwan for the Arts Film Programming is made possible in part with funds from the New York State Council on the Arts and the New York City Department of Cultural Affairs.
Lost in Lebanon by Georgia and Sophia Scott
IFC Center
323 Sixth Avenue at W 3rd Street


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Jimmy Warren
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Who is Jimmy Warren? Biography, gossip, facts?
James Davis Warren (born July 20 1939 in Ferriday Louisiana died August 9 2006) was a former American college and professional football cornerback who played twelve seasons of professional football with the American Football League's San Diego Chargers and Miami Dolphins and with the NFL Oakland Raiders. In 1992 he served as defensive backs coach for the Houston Cougars football University of Houston. Coach Warren later became head coach for Cohen High School in New Orleans LA.
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text:
Q: The supersonic bandwagon I happen to stumble upon this intriguing animation of a Tachyon, and immediately started to think about the same phenomenon, but with sound waves. I imagined a bandwagon B moving at a constant supersonic speed, and passing an stationary observer O.
                                                      <--- weeeeee
                         .                              .
                         O                              B

My understanding is, until B passes O, O would here nothing. Then, O would hear two bandwagons receding from her, after the sonic boom. One receding to the left, where the bandwagon has gone, and obviously redshifted. And one to the right, blueshifted. The sound to the right will also be heard as a receding bandwagon, because farther the bandwagon was, later the sound waves would arrive at O.
Is my understanding of this phenomenon correct? And do we have any real world examples of this?

A: It would appear to be correct. An example is a supersonic bullet fired over your head from a few hundred metres distance. You hear the crack of the bullet's shock wave as it passes, the sound of the round fired and (if your hearing is till up to it) the kind of sucking sound the bullet makes as it travels downrange. I imagine that a better setup would be to get your computer to record the sound and examine the waveform in detail. If you are in the USA with its gun laws this should be easy to do.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


re putting the tug onto the centerstand, it's actually really easy. Lower the stand till it touches the ground, place left foot on it to hold it in place. With both hands,grab under the rear fender support bar and lift the bike there, at same time pulling it towards the rear to lock the centerstand in place. I also bought a small bottle jack to do this but it's not needed, it'll come in handy for other things though.
I need to return my bottle jack and get the next size up. It can't lift the rig high to get the tug wheel up.
Thanks Chuck. It has been a great 2009, and I feel very lucky to have enjoyed nearly 15,000 trouble-free miles.
I hope your 2010 is just as good!
don't you just hate it when there is no visible sign of a puncture. How did the air come out ? What happened to me was the air was low and going over bumps it just leaked out from the rim seal. Tire got ruined when it went flat and got pinched while rolling.
Bob: yes! I still have no idea why the tube is leaking. When I replace it with an Heavy Duty tube, I'll take the old one into the bathtub and figure it out, so I can stop wondering.


Excellent products! We use 60+ bowls a day with reduced cost/resource use. A customer for life!
We started using the Kinn Kleanbowls in our doggie daycare & overnight suites and we LOVE them. We have reduced our staffing hours for clean-up by at least 50%. The bowls have helped decreased our feeding times and allowed for easier feeding communication as well. We will continue to use the refills and we are beginning to have interest from our clients when they see the retail set up.


text:
Maren Drake
Author has written 5 stories for Love, and Romance.
Come find me on:
I don't think the Buy Me A Coffee link is working correctly, so in case it's not, you can find me by clicking the link in my Twitter profile.
Completed Stories:
Last Minute Lullaby- Rocky called her older brother, from whom she had been estranged for the past couple years, to come home when their father had a heart attack and fell into a coma. When she couldn't get in touch with him she dialed the only person she could think of to help track her wayward brother down. Jesse was Rafe's best friend, though they were estranged now too, and, unable to find Rafe, he flew from California to Florida to be with Rocky while her father was in the hospital. Having known each other since they were teenagers, she didn't hesitate to offer to let him stay with her, just like he didn't hesitate to accept. It wasn't long before they were both noticing things about each other that they had never noticed before. Things kind of just blossom from there, much to her brother's anger and disappointment.
Rated: M for a reason!
Status: Complete.
Better Late Than Never- My take on the best friend's older brother story, mixed with a little friends-with-benefits. Nola lost her heart to her best friend's older brother at Bridget's tenth birthday party, and in the twelve years since, she had never gotten it back. At ten, being in love with an older man had felt heady and wonderful. At sixteen, annoyance had set in as she realized he simply did not think of her that way. Now, at twenty-two, she feels hugely pathetic that she's never gotten over him. But what happens when it turns out he might want her, too? Sex, idiocy, lying, & crying ensue.
Judge's Pick for Best Het and Runner-Up for Best Drama in Round 12 (summer 2012) SKoW AWARDS!!
Also, characters from Last Minute Lullaby make an appearance in Chapter 8 of this story, so if you haven't read that story, but plan on it, you might want to read it before we get to Chapter 8, because there are spoilers for the ending of LML.
One More Second Chance- After four years together, Noah thought he and Grace would grow old together. Until, one day, she packed up her things and left him. While Grace loved Noah with every ounce of her being, a girl could only take so much. Fed up with being taken for granted, she moved out. Can they find their way to back to each other, or is Noah out of second chances?
Rated: M for a reason
Keeping The Peace (Aspen Valley Book 1) by Hannah Hooton reviews
Perky London waitress plus inability to tell one end of horse from the other DOESN'T equal racing secretary to grumpy trainer Jack Carmichael. Useless racehorse plus cheating jockey DOESN'T equal Grand National hope... or does it? SKoW runner-up!
Fiction: Romance - Rated: M - English - Romance/Humor - Chapters: 47 - Words: 128,306 - Reviews: 383 - Favs: 277 - Follows: 141 - Updated: 12/31/2015 - Published: 7/2/2010 - Complete
Thoughtless by Cupid's Psyche reviews
PREVIEW ONLY! PUBLISHED BY GALLERY BOOKS! My boyfriend means the world to me. So why does Kellan Kyle make my heart race, my breath quicken? I feel so guilty, just being near him. But being apart...that feels even worse. *SKoW winner*
Fiction: Romance - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 26 - Words: 36,853 - Reviews: 383 - Favs: 698 - Follows: 92 - Updated: 6/17/2011 - Published: 8/12/2009 - Complete
Effortless by Cupid's Psyche reviews
PREVIEW ONLY! PUBLISHED BY GALLERY BOOKS! Love is easy...trust is hard. FOLLOW-UP TO THOUGHTLESS
Fiction: Romance - Rated: M - English - Romance/Angst - Chapters: 27 - Words: 40,226 - Reviews: 706 - Favs: 223 - Follows: 101 - Updated: 6/13/2011 - Published: 3/15/2011 - Complete
It's All Relative by Cupid's Psyche reviews
PREVIEW ONLY. NOW IN PRINT. Jessie was recovering from a bad breakup. Kai just got into town and was adjusting to his new life. Fate pulled them together, giving them a night that neither one would soon forget. But some obstacles are insurmountable. *SKoW Winner*
Never Alone: a Better Late Than Never Prequel reviews
Pre-ship, set four years before events in BLTN. The immediate aftermath of Nola's dad's death, and Gideon's part in helping her cope. She's beginning to realize her feelings are more real than is smart and he's beginning to realize he has feelings at all. Contains a brief cameo by Javi, who does what best friends do, and helps Gid see the light. For what little that's worth.
Fiction: Romance - Rated: M - English - Hurt/Comfort/Friendship - Chapters: 7 - Words: 22,159 - Reviews: 32 - Favs: 21 - Follows: 11 - Updated: 5/18/2014 - Published: 3/26/2014 - Complete
One More Second Chance reviews
After four years together, Noah believed he and Grace would grow old side-by-side. Until, one day, she packed up her things and left him. While Grace loved Noah with every ounce of her being, a girl could only take so much. Fed up with being taken for granted, she moved out. Can they find their way to back to each other, or is Noah out of second chances? Rated for Language & Sex.
Fiction: Romance - Rated: M - English - Drama/Romance - Chapters: 12 - Words: 26,749 - Reviews: 75 - Favs: 50 - Follows: 34 - Updated: 11/14/2013 - Published: 9/12/2013 - Complete
Better Late Than Never reviews
SKoW AWARDS ROUND 12- JUDGE'S PICK for BEST HET & RUNNER-UP for BEST DRAMA! At 10, being in love with an older boy felt heady and wonderful. At 16, annoyance set in as she realized he didn't think of her the same way. Now, at 22, she feels hugely pathetic that she never got over him. But what happens when it turns out he might want her, too? Sex, idiocy, lying, & crying ensue.
Fiction: Romance - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 35 - Words: 128,703 - Reviews: 651 - Favs: 1,008 - Follows: 432 - Updated: 2/19/2012 - Published: 9/8/2011 - Complete
Last Minute Lullaby reviews
Her father was sick, her brother was a mess, and she was suddenly seeing his best friend in a new light. Rocky should've been falling apart, but instead she was falling in love. Rated for Lang, and sex, plus mention of abuse. More detailed summary in profile
Fiction: Romance - Rated: M - English - Romance/Drama - Chapters: 25 - Words: 74,749 - Reviews: 110 - Favs: 253 - Follows: 62 - Updated: 8/4/2011 - Published: 7/17/2011 - Complete
Affliction reviews
Something that went through my head when I wanted someone I knew I couldn't have.
Poetry: Love - Rated: K - English - Angst/Romance - Chapters: 1 - Words: 66 - Reviews: 2 - Favs: 4 - Published: 12/5/2006 - Complete
Cupid's Psyche (11)


Greetings from the Tnduction Staff.
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The Roy heaters are the smallest for their power level, the easiest to use and the most reliable of any small induction heater available.
Roy is backed by a knowledgeable staff who actually answer their own phones. (no call centers from somewhere "over there").
In fact, the engineer who designed the Roy product is available when need be.
Custom jobs are no problem. Tnduction and its predecessor Fluxeon® have been doing custom configurations for years.
Best of all, the Roy heaters are backed by a no-nonsense 1 year limited warranty.
So buy one, already! Or if you have questions, feel free to write or call. Email is preferred.


Home > Before You Start > Is Crafts the Right Business for You?
So you want to start a business and you're considering entering the craft field. Whether you're thinking of selling your own handmade crafts, sell craft supplies or perhaps sell your teaching and demonstrating experience, how do you know that crafts is really the right business for you?
Running their own business and making a living doing something they enjoy, rather than being paid to do a tiresome job, is something many people dream of. The dream is great – you set up on your own, sales boom, you build up a lovely nest egg and live happily ever after. As nice as the dream is, the reality can be vastly different. Statistics show for example, that many new businesses fail within the first three years, which is a somewhat daunting thought.
Running your own business isn't a step to be taken lightly, so if it's something you're wondering about doing, you should ensure you give it plenty of thought, think through all the consequences, look at the market situation and work out whether it's really the best move for you.
If the idea of running a craft business is appealing to you, it helps in the first instance to work out why it appeals. In the majority of cases, having existing skills or experience in the craft arena is a common reason and something that will be highly beneficial. You may have personal interest and knowledge of the crafts arena, through participating in many creative and crafty hobbies.
Perhaps you've sold your handmade crafts previously to friends, family or at small craft events, or maybe you've worked within a job that had direct or indirect contact with crafts. It may even be that you have no existing knowledge, but have spotted a gap in the market and want to take advantage of it.
Do you have the necessary organisational skills to make this business work?
Do you like working alone or with other people?
How many hours a day would you be willing to work? If you have a family, would they mind you working long hours, evenings or weekends?
Do you believe in yourself and your ability to make this work?
Do you know the craft market?
Are you already a craft expert? Or do you have other relevant expertise?
Are you good at communicating and selling products or services?
Do you have any support? Is there anyone who could help you out?
Making lists and answering questions such as these is a really useful method to use in the early days of business planning, as well as during your business progression, as it helps get all your ideas on paper and helps you see your strengths and weaknesses. It will help you considerably if you're honest in your answers. It may be that starting a crafts business right now might be the wrong time, but starting in a year or two, when you've established financial backing, may be better.
If you feel uncertain about any of these issues, it doesn't mean you can't run a business – but it may mean you need to work on the areas in question. The main thing is that you feel happy with your choice and if you feel the crafts business is what you want to do and are willing to take the risk, then good luck!
I have been making jewelry over 7 yrs. My design inspirations come from everyday objects. I love creating a piece of jewelry with no idea how I want it to look. As I lay out my pieces and arrange them, the design pops in my head and I'm off and running. There has been times when nothing inspired me to create a piece. I arrange and rearrange the pieces many times and nothing comes to me for the design layout. I have gone as long as two weeks without a fresh idea. It worries me that If I start the business, I might get a design freeze. Is this something you hear business owners concerned about in the beginning?
This can be an issue. If you want to create a successful business, you will need a steady income stream from the business...perhaps you should focus on bespoke pieces? I.e work on ideas coming directly from your customer's needs. Try some of the craft makers or jewellery designers forums to see how other creative people have coped with this. If it's not feasible to create pieces on a regular basis, perhaps you could consider, doing this as a business on the side of a regular alternative employment.
I have been making jewelry over 7 yrs. My design inspirations come from everyday objects. I love creating a piece of jewelry with no idea how I want it to look. As I lay out my pieces and arrange them, the design pops in my head and I'm off and running. There has been times when nothing inspired me to create a piece. I arrange and rearrange the pieces many times and nothing comes to me for the design layout. I have gone as long as two weeks without a fresh idea. It worries me that If I start the business, I might get a design freeze. Is this something you hearbusiness owners concerned about in the beginning?
I have been doing crafts for over 40 years I know this can work for me it always has been a hobby why not get paid for my crafts.
We hope it goes and well and that you find this website useful.
I am not sure of the craft market nor do I particularly like to sell things generally but I love making crafts and and feel pretty confident about starting a business based on the information given in this lesson.


text:
Nigella deserti är en ranunkelväxtart som beskrevs av Pierre Edmond Boissier. Nigella deserti ingår i släktet nigellor, och familjen ranunkelväxter. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Nigellor
deserti

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


This quick start provides a brief overview of how Zulip uses Git and GitHub.
We use GitHub for source control and code review. To contribute, fork zulip/zulip (or the appropriate repository, if you are working on something else besides Zulip server) to your own account and then create feature/issue branches. When you're ready to get feedback, submit a work-in-progress (WIP) pull request. We encourage you to submit WIP pull requests early and often.
We use a rebase-oriented workflow. We do not use merge commits. This means you should use git fetch followed by git rebase rather than git pull (or you can use git pull --rebase). Also, to prevent pull requests from becoming out of date with the main line of development, you should rebase your feature branch prior to submitting a pull request, and as needed thereafter. If you're unfamiliar with how to rebase a pull request, read this excellent guide.
We use this strategy in order to avoid the extra commits that appear when another branch is merged, that clutter the commit history (it's popular with other large projects such as Django). This makes Zulip's commit history more readable, but a side effect is that many pull requests we merge will be reported by GitHub's UI as closed instead of merged, since GitHub has poor support for rebase-oriented workflows.
We have a code style guide, a commit message guide, and strive for each commit to be a minimal coherent idea (see commit discipline for details).
We provide many tools to help you submit quality code. These include linters, tests, continuous integration and mypy.
We use zulipbot to manage our issues and pull requests to create a better GitHub workflow for contributors.
We provide some handy Zulip-specific Git scripts for developers to easily do tasks like fetching and rebasing a pull request, cleaning unimportant branches, etc. These reduce the common tasks of testing other contributors' pull requests to single commands.
Finally, install the Zulip developer environment, and then configure continuous integration for your fork.
The following sections will help you be awesome with Zulip and Git/GitHub in a rebased-based workflow. Read through it if you're new to git, to a rebase-based git workflow, or if you'd like a git refresher.


1634: The earliest description of an 'ear trumpet' dates back to 1634, given by the French Jesuit priest and mathematician Jean Leurechonin.
1819: A London firm was commissioned to create a special acoustic throne for King John VI of Portugal. The chair's ornate arms were designed to look like the mouths of lions, and acted as acoustic receivers that transmitted sound to the king's ears.
1898: Using telephone-related technology, the first electronic hearing aid was constructed in 1898 by Miller Reese Hutchison. It was called the 'Akouphone'.
1970s and 80s: With the advent of microprocessors in the 1970s, hearing aids entered the digital age. They were miniaturised and, in 1987, the first commercial digital hearing aid was released by Nicolet Corporation. Unfortunately, their hearing aid wasn't successful and the company folded shortly after.


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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 <title>City CarShare Reservation System</title>

 <form <error>name</error>="loginForm" method="post" action="<%= request.getContextPath() %>/mlogin.do">

 Member ID:
 <input inputmode="latin digits" name="userid" value="" <error>CDATA</error>="aaa" <error>input</error>="zzz"/>

 </form>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


What Is Tinnitus And What Are The Symptoms?
Tinnitus is a condition that many suffer from that can drive them absolutely crazy if left unchecked. Tinnitus is likened to the ringing in the ears you get after a very loud concert. For sufferers this is putting it mildly. Many suffer a great deal of tinnitus symptoms in the form of "junk noise" all day. It's to the extent that it's causing quality of life to go down substantially and even making living a normal life very difficult.
Tinnitus isn't a one stop shop of symptoms;there are actually a range of types and degrees of symptoms. Some people are lucky to only have minor symptoms like a dull ringing in the ears, while others suffer a constant and loud ringing or other sounds that makes thinking near impossible. The question on most peoples minds at this point is does this ailment have a cure or is there a way to manage it so you can live a normal life?
Before you can answer that question you have to figure out what caused your tinnitus. Some forms of tinnitus are based on physically damaged parts of the hearing assembly, while others are temporary set backs.
Tinnitus isn't just caused by listening to music too loud for too long, although that is the most common cause of temporary forms. It can be caused by high blood pressure and even depression as well, causing all kinds of problems in the ears and mechanisms involved in hearing. Stress and depression also can cause tinnitus and if you already have it these can really escalate the symptoms.
Many with temporary tinnitus symptoms find that a simple wax buildup/blockage can be the problem (i.e. from listening to headphones too long). Others with the same build up find they can't get rid of it or stop the wax from building up. This is one of the differences between temporary tinnitus and permanent tinnitus.


The Application Controller is the central controller of every FPM UI.
It is defined in the general settings of the Floorplan and Tabbed UIBB configuration.
The FPM SPI Integration (FSI) offers a generic Application Controller that handles for example all transactional tasks, controls the buttons of the Floorplan toolbar (CNR) and implements default logic for many FPM events.
The usage of this Application Controller is mandatory for every application that uses the FSI.
So within the Floorplan configuration the Web Dynpro component /PLMU/WDC_FRW_APPL_CNTRL needs to be set as Application Controller.
The logic of the generic application controller can be enhanced by implementing an application specific controller.
The generic Application Controller of the FSI processes several events, which are listed below.
The application has the possibility to avoid the processing of those events by the Application Controller via either cancelling the event or setting the export parameter EV_SKIP_STANDARD of method PROCESS_EVENT of the application specific controller to ABAP_FALSE.
Raises a success message if no error message occurred during or before the event processing.
Raises a confirmation popup if error or warning messages are present or a message if there is no unsaved data. Otherwise the Service Provider methods CHECK_BEFORE_SAVE and SAVE are triggered.
Switches to application mode Change, controls the toolbar standard buttons accordingly and triggers a Service Provider CLEAN_UP call.
Raises a confirmation popup if unsaved data exists, sets the application mode to Display, controls the toolbar standard buttons accordingly, clears all previously raised messages (to avoid displaying e.g. obsolete error messages), sets all administered context nodes to read-only and triggers a Service Provider CLEAN_UP call.
Raises a confirmation popup if unsaved data exists, clears all previously raised messages (only when application is not in Display mode) and triggers a Service Provider CLEAN_UP call.
Sets navigation parameters to the event data.
Resets the application mode to its initial value and controls the toolbar standard buttons accordingly.
Adds the side-panel link to the UI.
Raises a confirmation popup if unsaved data exists and restarts the application in Change mode.
Raises a confirmation popup if unsaved data exists and restarts the application in Insert mode.
Raises a confirmation popup if unsaved data exists and restarts the application in Display mode.
Clears the complete Floorplan to end up on an empty screen (only supports OIF).
In case an error occurred during this round-trip while an Application Model performed the automatic flush of context data changes, all events will get cancelled and navigation will be stopped.
Some standard buttons that are used by most applications are automatically controlled depending on the mode of the application.
Additional application specific toolbar buttons can easily be controlled either directly in the UI (using the respective FPM interface) or from within the Service Provider (SP).
When using the FPM edit mode which can be set within the Floorplan configuration (if supported by the Floorplan) the FPM controls of the default buttons like 'Save' and 'Edit'.
If the FPM edit mode is not used, the Application Controller handles the standard toolbar buttons depending on the value of /PLMU/CL_FRW_APPL_CNTRL=>GV_MODE.
The possible values are I for insert, C for change and D for display, which is also the default value.
The mode can be set at design-time via application parameter FRW_MODE or at runtime via method /PLMU/CL_FRW_APPL_CNTRL=>SET_MODE.
If a toolbar button belongs to a SP operation it should be controlled by the SP.
If the button is triggering an action that is only processed in the UI (so this button doesn't affect the backend) the button should be controlled within the UI directly by accessing the FPM CNR interface (see FPM documentation).
To control toolbar buttons from within the SP you need to set the operation properties, which are explicitly foreseen for operation control.
Then it is required to define a mapping in the UI that maps the toolbar buttons to the SP operations.
The element ID of the button is mandatory if several toolbar buttons are using the same event ID, e.g. FPM_OPEN_DIALOG.
Whenever the FPM SPI Integration (FSI) receives operation properties from the Collector it will check the mapping table if the information is CNR relevant and then control those buttons automatically.
This approach only supports freestyle UIBBs and is not recommended anymore. Instead the operation properties shall be used as described above.
In the first release of the FPM SPI Integration (FSI) there was no functionality to control the operation properties directly.
So if the application still wanted to control the operations – which are in the UI represented by buttons most of the time – on Service Provider level and not in the UI, the approach was to create a dummy node which had the only purpose of controlling the operations. A typical name which was used for this node was 'ACTIONS'.
The SP was then able to control the field properties of this node via the Collector.
Additionally a mapping on UI level is needed to assign the fields of this node to the respective toolbar button.
To define this mapping the Web Dynpro Component needs to implement the interface /PLMU/WDI_FRW_CNR.
It is possible to create new or enhance an existing button choice item in the FPM CNR based on the context menu customizing. The action utilities interface provides a method /PLMU/IF_FRW_ACTION_UTIL->ADD_SERVICES_TO_CNR. You have to specify the item type(s) and the button choice element ID.
The item will be created or enhanced with context menu items based on the context menu customizing, which is explained in more detail in the navigation chapter.
Usually it is used for 'Additional Functions' button choice to provide customizing based navigation possibilities.
Enhancement spot /PLMU/ES_FRW_CONSUMER_APPCC contains a BAdIs to create an application specific controller.
The BAdI interface provides several methods which then will be called at defined points in time.
For every BAdI implementation a filter needs to be defined. The filter parameters are the Web Dynpro application name and the application configuration name.
The use case of the BAdIs in enhancement spot /PLMU/ES_FRW_CONSUMER_APPCC is to handle the central logic of the application UI i.e. logic that goes beyond one single UIBB. The BAdI was not built to enhance existing applications, so this means when it is misused to enhance an existing application certain limitations might apply.
After all failed event methods were executed this method runs.
Will be processed after a SPI CLEAN_UP call which is executed for example after a save or during a refresh.
Clear buffers that are owned by the application specific controller.
Will get called when an event was cancelled.
Here the changes that might have been done during the event processing (i.e. during PROCESS_EVENT method) need to be undone.
Allows processing after the flush has been called on every GUIBB.
Perform validation after data changes were made.
Allows modifying the list of created confirmation requests.
When several UIBBs request different confirmations the application controller can combine, remove or replace those requests.
Gives the possibility to evaluate and change the result of the event after every UIBB processed it.
Process logic after all UIBBs successfully processed the event.
Is called after a successful SPI save call.
Is called before the data of the GUIBBs is flushed to the SP via INSERT/UPDATE.
Perform validation before data changes are made.
Initializes the application specific controller.
A UI or backend buffer is initialized.
Allows raising a confirmation popup before a certain event gets processed.
When the popup is confirmed the event will be processed (PROCESS_EVENT is called by FPM), otherwise the event will fail (AFTER_FAILED_EVENT is called by FPM).
The user performs an action which is irreversible or has great impact and therefore the user should explicitly confirm the execution of this action.
When a tabbed component uses Web Dynpro component /PLMU/WDC_FRW_TAB_APPCC as its application controller (optional) this method gets called for every event before its processing and grants access to the interface IF_FPM_TABBED.
The tabbed UIBB layout is adjusted e.g. an UIBB is added or deleted.
The Floorplan layout is adjusted e.g. an UIBB is added or deleted.
Is called before all UIBBs retrieve their data.
Set up the necessary environment in the backend for retrieving the data.
Processes an event with the possibility to cancel it, too.
A tutorial on how to create an application specific Application Controller can be found in the tutorials section.
Contains the name of the Web Dynpro configuration ID that is currently running.
Helps to identify the application at runtime.
Contains the name of the FPM event that is currently being processed.
Get information about the current event ID where the event object is not available.
Set the title of the application UI depending on the UI mode.
Indicates that the root object is currently being deleted.
Skip some logic in case the root object is about to be deleted.
Is set if the messages are not processed during the next POST_PROCESSING.
Allows evaluating if the publishing of a new message will be delayed.
Contains the name of the Web Dynpro application that is currently running.
Cancels the navigation that is about to be processed.
The FSI itself uses this method whenever an update error occurred during the data flush.
Navigates to the error page.
Exit the application in case of a fatal error.
Reuse and communicate with a Web Dynpro component without the need of having an own Web Dynpro component (which is normally needed to create a component usage).
Evaluate the Floorplan state to process logic only when the main screen is visible but not on the initial screen.
Get access to various services the FPM offers.
If a UI consists of different ABBIDs one may be declared as leading ABBID.
Refreshes the content of the side-panel.
New parameters are available that need to be considered by the side-panel.
Resets all error buffers of the FSI.
The whole UI needs to be reset.
Link a CNR button with a backend operation which will result in changes of the button properties (visible, enabled) whenever the SP controls an operation.
Sets the mode of the application to I (Insert), C (Change) or D (Display).
After an object status change the application is supposed to be switched to display mode.
Triggers insert or update of changed data of freestyle UIBBs.
The FSI calls this method at the beginning of every round-trip of the main area of the Floorplan.
This method must never be called during an FPM event!
The FSI calls this method during the WDDOPOSTPROCESSING.
Processes all field properties that have not been passed to Web Dynpro yet.
This method is also called by service method POST_PROCESSING.
Processes all messages that have not been published yet.
Skips the message processing during the next POST_PROCESSING.
Allows delaying the processing of unpublished messages to the next round-trip.


It's called this because it's full of Colby cheese, right? Wrong. It was made by brother Colby, one of the originators of Sandwich Sundays. It's his take on a Juicy Lucy, a massive beef patty magically stuffed with cheese before being cooked into a gooey, greasy, delicious mess. He filled these babies with sharp cheddar, creating a lava flow of cheese when you cut or bite into them. We grilled 'em and plopped 'em on soft rolls with griddled ham, homemade spicy brown mustard, and yes, another layer of cheese … Colby Jack! There's no doubt that this is the cheesiest burger ever consumed.


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Die Liste der Landtagswahlkreise in Niedersachsen 2022 enthält alle Wahlkreise, in die das Land bei den Wahlen zum Niedersächsischen Landtag 2022 eingeteilt ist.

19. Wahlperiode (2022–2027)
Im Dezember 2021 trat eine erneute Überarbeitung der Wahlkreiseinteilung in Kraft. Diese wurde bei der darauf folgenden Landtagswahl wirksam, die am 9. Oktober 2022 stattfand. Gegenüber der letzten Wahl fanden, insbesondere in den östlichen und südlichen Landesteilen, einige erhebliche Veränderungen statt:

 Der einwohnerschwache Wahlkreis Seesen wurde aufgelöst und deren Gemeinden auf die umliegenden Wahlkreise aufgeteilt.
 Die Berg- und Universitätsstadt Clausthal-Zellerfeld und die Stadt Braunlage wurden dem Wahlkreis Göttingen/Harz zugeordnet.
 Die Stadt Bad Harzburg wurde in den Wahlkreis Goslar eingegliedert, ebenso das Gebiet der ehemaligen Samtgemeinde Lutter am Barenberge, welche 2021 in die Stadt Langelsheim eingegliedert wurde.
 Die Stadt Seesen wechselte in den Wahlkreis Einbeck, ebenso der Flecken Bodenfelde (bisher Wahlkreis Northeim).
 Der Wahlkreis Göttingen/Münden wurde verkleinert: Die Gemeinde Adelebsen wechselte in den Wahlkreis Northeim, der Göttinger Stadtteil Weststadt in den Wahlkreis Göttingen-Stadt.
 Es wurde ein neuer Wahlkreis Lüneburg-Land errichtet, dadurch änderte sich auch der Zuschnitt der umliegenden Wahlkreise. Zum neuen Wahlkreis gehören:
 die Samtgemeinde Ilmenau (bisher Wahlkreis Uelzen, dieser ist jetzt mit dem Landkreis Uelzen identisch),
 die Samtgemeinde Scharnebeck (bisher Wahlkreis Elbe),
 sowie die Samtgemeinden Amelinghausen, Bardowick und Gellersen (bisher Wahlkreis Lüneburg).
 Im Gegenzug erhielt der Wahlkreis Lüneburg die Gemeinde Adendorf und die Samtgemeinde Ostheide (bisher Wahlkreis Elbe).
 Der Flecken Ottersberg und die Gemeinde Oyten wechselten vom Wahlkreis Osterholz in den Wahlkreis Rotenburg.
 Die zum 1. November 2021 neu gebildete Samtgemeinde Weser-Aue wurde dem Wahlkreis Nienburg-Nord zugeordnet. Diese ging aus den Samtgemeinden Liebenau (bisher Wahlkreis Nienburg/Schaumburg) und Marklohe (bisher Wahlkreis Nienburg-Nord) hervor.
 Ferner wurde die Beschreibung der Braunschweiger Wahlkreise an die seit 2021 neu bestehenden Stadtbezirke angepasst, der Zuschnitt der Wahlkreise änderte sich dadurch aber nicht. Gleiches gilt für die Eingemeindung von Bomlitz nach Walsrode.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Landtagswahlkreise in Niedersachsen
 Liste der Landtagswahlkreise in Niedersachsen 1982–1998
 Liste der Landtagswahlkreise in Niedersachsen 2003
 Liste der Landtagswahlkreise in Niedersachsen 2008/2013
 Liste der Landtagswahlkreise in Niedersachsen 2017

Einzelnachweise

2022
Niedersachsen 2022


Following their recent meeting in the Division 2 final, Meath manager Andy McEntee questioned the star forward's apparent influence on Tipperary referee Derek O'Mahoney, who took charge of the Croke Park decider.
Murphy's impressive haul of seven points inspired Donegal to victory from a 1-06 to 0-01 deficit, but McEntee appeared to suggest that Murphy was perhaps fortunate not to get sent off in that tie.
"He's just very influential all around the field," the Irish News quoted him as saying after the final.
"The fouls Michael gets booked [for] and ticked on maybe three or four occasions? That possible? Maybe I'm exaggerating but I doubt it."
Murphy, however, has dismissed that theory and insists that his only aim on the pitch is to play football.
"What do you say to it?" he said at the launch of the 2019 Kellogg's Cul Camps.
"It wouldn't be a bad thing to have even though it's rubbish. There's sometimes and some instances where you commit a foul and you get a yellow card but I'm in no place to influence anything. I go out and play the game as best I can as an individual."
Murphy added that he can only block out these claims whenever they emerge, although he says he has never heard his name associated with that kind of behaviour on the field.
"Aye, what else can you do as a player? Your job is to go out and play on the football field. My job will be to get as fit as possible for the coming championship game against Fermanagh in seven weeks. That's all that will be in my head and the rest of the team.
Murphy at the launch of the 2019 Kellogg's Cul Camps in Croke Park.
"It's the first time I've ever been asked about it in an interview or anything like that. It's a difficult one to answer. It's the first time it's come up."
Murphy made a late return to the Donegal panel during the league campaign after undergoing surgery in January for a knee injury.
With the Ulster championship looming, he was thrilled to get some competitive game time in the legs.
"The speed of the National League now is gone through the roof. It's right up on par with what a championship game would be. It takes a little while longer, I'd hoped to be back a wee bit earlier in the league but the operation and recuperating from that took a wee while longer than normal.
"Touch wood everything's good at the moment and I'll push forward now towards championship."
Donegal collected their Division 2 silverware having already secured promotion to the top tier for next season. They will now prepare to turn their attention to an Ulster championship game against Fermanagh on 26 May with a place in the semi-finals up for grabs.
Key forward Paddy McBrearty recently made a return to club action after recovering from the cruciate ligament injury he sustained last year, and looks to be on course to rejoin the Donegal panel ahead of that crunch game in Brewster Park.
Inter-county players are currently observing the club-only month, and Murphy was thrilled to see McBrearty back on the pitch at the weekend.
"We played Patrick's club Kilcar on Sunday so it was brilliant for us all to see Patrick back.
"Obviously he suffered the dreaded cruciate and it's not a nice injury. He was at the peak of his powers last summer and was playing some really good stuff for us. We were disappointed to lose him coming into a crucial time of year but he's worked really hard to come back.
"For us all to see him out on the pitch for the last month or two gave us all a lift.
"Knowing Patrick and being a team-mate of his for the last number of years, I know he'll be mad hungry to get back out on the field and get the jersey back on and hit the form he had last year."
Declan Hannon, Sarah Dervan, Sean Wade, Sinead Ahearn, and Michael Murphy launched the 2019 Kellogg's Cul Camps campaign at Croke Park today. Open for registration now on www.kelloggsculcamps.gaa.ie Kellogg's Cul Camps is Ireland's biggest children's summer camp.


The bioeconomy increasingly concerns also the textile industry. Fulgar, an Italian company that operates worldwide in the synthetic yarns market and is a leader in the production and distribution of Polyamide 6.6 and covered spandex in the textile and technical sectors, has launched Evo, the latest generation hi-tech fibre combining high-performance personality and 100% biological heart. It is – the company says – a perfect synthesis of performance and environmental awareness.
The Flokser Group, a global leader in leather and suede fabrics, has successfully developed an innovative artificial leather fabric using bio-based materials supplied by DuPont Tate & Lyle Bio Products and BioAmber.
Bayer MaterialScience, a Bayer Group company among the world's largest polymer companies with 2014 sales of 11.7 billion euro, is introducing a range of waterborne, bio-based polyurethane (PU) dispersions under the Impranil® eco name. With a renewable content that reaches as high as 65 percent, this product class contributes to a further reduction of CO2emissions, thus further improving the sustainability of waterborne PU. The products are part of the INSQIN® program for waterborne PU for textiles.
Dyadic International, a global biotechnology company focused on the discovery, development, manufacture and sale of enzymes and other proteins for the bioenergy, bio-based chemicals, biopharmaceutical, food and feed industries, announced that it has launched Fibrezyme® G4, a high performance cellulase enzyme product designed to enhance paper and textile quality, while improving the economics of our customers' manufacturing processes.


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* DISCLAIMER The nature of 3D scanning is such that environments of harsh or reflected/refracted light (i.e. mirrors or ambient light) may cause deficiencies within the overall 3D modeling. We do our best to rectify these issues on-site, but sections of the model may not be completed due to unforeseeable circumstance with lighting conditions at the time of our appointment.
** DISCLAIMER: 90 days of free hosting of 3D Virtual Walk Through, and webpages is provided. Thereafter, there will be a monthly hosting fee of $19.95 cancellable at any time. The photography is realistic and does not allow to "touch up" photos as they are taken.


An Ecological Impact Assessment provides decision makers with information about the likely significant ecological effects associated with a project. Ecological Impact Assessment is a key component of the Environmental Impact Assessment, but may be undertaken in a wide range of situations, for example for developments on land which has been determined to have ecological value in a Preliminary Ecological Appraisal, or for changes to agricultural land and forestry.
Scoping is the first step of an Ecological Impact Assessment, and includes a data gathering exercise to inform the content of the report. An ecological data search is undertaken, whereby local record centres on a online sources are consulted as to any notable habitats and protected species in the surrounding area. A walkover over survey of the site is carried out in accordance with Phase 1 Habitat methodology, to identify the habitat types present, and the site's potential to support any protected or notable species.
When necessary we will carry out more detailed ecological surveys. This can include further botanical surveys, such as detailed surveys using the National Vegetation Classification, or surveys regarding a particular protected species, such as bats, badgers or reptiles.
Following the site surveys, we will assess the impact of a proposed development upon the ecological value of a site and its surrounding area. This will determine if a proposed development will have a negative ecological impact, and if so, the significance of the impact.
Following identification of any ecological impacts, we will suggest measures to reduce, avoid or mitigate these impacts. In accordance with the National Planning Policy Framework, we will also suggest measures which seek to improve the ecological value of a site upon completion of a development.


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While zapping i discovered that Ricky Martin was singing in Punta del Este. It's not like we are in 1999 and everyone is livin' la vida loca, he's definitely not in his top moment, but still one has to acknowledge that the guy had the whole world shaking his bon bon some years ago.
Anyway, seems to me the concert got no diffusion, no press, in fact this channel informing of the event is not even Uruguayan. From what I saw, it looked like he was doing playback bigtime.
After some research it seems that the Conrad hotel opened the 2006 summer season with a Ricky Martin's concert for 2000 thousand persons. I wonder if they managed to fill those empty seats.
LMAO! Don't you know that Ricky is on a World Tour - MAS (Musica+Alma+Sexo) which began back in March this year...The show in Punta del Este is "private" but Ricky is doing a show on Saturday in Montevideo!
MAS WORLD TOUR - RICKY MARTIN
March 25: San Juan (Puerto Rico)
April 8: Orlando (USA)
April 9: Miami (USA)
April 12: Montreal (Canada)
April 13: Toronto (Canada)
April 15: Atlantic City (USA)
April 16: Newark (USA)
April 17: Uncasville (USA)
April 19: Chicago (USA)
April 22: Dallas (USA)
April 23: Houston (USA)
April 25: Hidalgo (USA)
April 26: Laredo (USA)
April 28: El Paso (USA)
April 29: Albuquerque (USA)
April 30: Las Vegas (USA)
May 4: San José (USA)
May 6: Los Angeles (USA)
May 8: San Diego (USA)
May 14: Mexico City (Mexico)
May 18: Guadalajara (Mexico)
May 21: Monterrey (Mexico)
June 18: Istanbul (Turkey)
June 20: Bursa (Turkey)
June 23: Lisboa (Portugal)
June 24: Malaga (Spain)
June 25: Murcia (Spain)
June 28: Madrid (Spain)
June 29: Barcelona (Spain)
July 2: Rome (Italy)
July 4: Verona (Italy)
July 6: Montreaux (Switzerland)
July 8: Brussels (Belgium)
July 9: Mannheim (Germany)
July 10: Amsterdam (Holland)
July 12: London (England)
July 15: Pori (Finland)
August 26: Sao Paulo (Brazil)
August 27: Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
August 30: Porto Alegre (Brazil)
September 2: Punta del Este (Uruguay)
September 3: Montevideo (Uruguay)
September 5: Cordoba (Argentina)
September 6: Córdoba (Argantina)
September 9: Asunción (Paraguay)
September 11: Chaco (Argentina)
September 13: Rosario (Argentina)
September 14: Mar de Plata (Argentina)
September 16: Buenos Aires (Argentina)
September 20: Neuquén (Argentina)
September 22: Mendoza (Argentina)
September 24: Santiago (Chile)
September 27: Lima (Peru)
September 29: Guayaquil (Ecuador)
October 1: Caracas (Venezuela)
October 4: Valencia (Venezuela)
October 7: Maracaibo (Venezuela)
October 10: Panama City (Panama)
October 12: San Jose (Costa Rica)
Oct. 14: Managua (Nicaragua)
Oct 16: Tegucigalpa (Honduras)
Oct 18: San Salvador (El Salvador)
Oct 20: Guatemala (Guatemala)
Oct 23: Merida, Yucatán (Mexico)
Oct 25: Villahermosa, Tabasco (Mexico)
Oct 26: Veracruz (Mexico) *NEW*
Oct 28: Puebla, Puebla (Mexico)
Oct 30: Guadalajara, Jalisco (Mexico) - Closing Ceremony Panam Games
Nov 2: Mexico City, DF (Mexico)
Nov 4: Monterrey, Nuevo Leon (Mexico)
Nov 6: Tampico, Tamaulipas (Mexico)
Nov 12: San Juan (Puerto Rico)
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Wednesday, October 17th, 2018. Author : flatroofing. 22 views.
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text:
TRACEY BOULTON
Tracey is an established costume designer with over 25 years experience in the tv and film industry. Her recent credits include the acclaimed Hulu series, WOKE and the hit Freeform series MOTHERLAND: FORT SALEM (produced by Will Ferrell, Adam Mackay and Kevin Messick), now in its second season. Getting her start on films like Jumanji, Ace Ventura, When Nature Calls and the tv series Party of Five, Tracey quickly built her career around establishing unforgettable looks for genres from classic to comedy to fantasy to science fiction.
In 2000 Tracey took a break from her costume designing career to attend the Norman Jewison's prestigious Canadian Film Centre. She went on to produce many of her own projects including her multi-award winning feature, CHARLIE ZONE (2011). Notable other productions include MTV's MADE (2010), SABAH (2005) and the critically acclaimed and multi-award winning YOUNG PEOPLE F*CKING YPF (2007). Over the years Tracey produced multiple television projects for Global, CTV, Lifetime, OLN and Citytv. In 2007/2008, she produced the groundbreaking TV Series FLASHPOINT, which aired simultaneously on CTV and CBS.
Tracey truly enjoys working with some of the most creative minds in North America to help bring their visions to the screen.
Tracey splits her time between Vancouver, British Columbia; Point Roberts, Washington and Los Angeles, California, spends her off-hours with her husband, daughter and labradoodle, Mosley. They ski, hike and bike whenever they can. She is also a big fan of wine and cheese and believes them to be two important parts of a healthy lifestyle.
©2022 all rights reserved | Tracey Boulton
Portfolio of recent work
Midsummer's Nightmare
Beyond – Season 2


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At the occasion of the UIC General Assembly and the 9th world congress on Highspeed Rail organised in Tokyo, the International Union of Railways launches the 3rd edition of its Innovation Awards. The award ceremony will take place in Saint Petersburg, Russia on the 30th of November, in a frame of the UIC statutory meetings.
Anticipate the future and propose your ideas to make rail the backbone of a sustainable transportation and mobility tomorrow!
Rail transport faces present and future challenges for which research and step changes are necessary.
Research is a core value of the International Union of Railways (UIC) and is at the heart of the whole railway sector in order to provide the best answers and solutions to meet the challenges that will lead train to become the backbone of tomorrow transport through its innovations, especially in safety, energy efficiency or customer services.
It is in this double perspective of the development of efforts in research and innovation especially among students and young engineers, but also of the promotion of railways as a safe, sustainable and economically dynamic mode of transport, that have emerged the UIC Innovation Awards.
The UIC International Railway Research Board (IRRB) took initiative to establish these new UIC Innovation Awards following the objectives set out in its ambitious work programme adopted on December the 9th 2011.
Every two years, UIC holds these awards to support and promote:
the development of theoretical, experimental and applied research in the railway sector;
the development of international cooperation in the field of rail research and innovation;
the promotion and attraction of leading experts from different countries, research institutes, universities, railway operators, infrastructure managers,
railway suppliers, passenger transport agencies, government bodies in charge of transport and individual researchers to address the most important problems and challenges of modern railways.
The first edition of this event was held in Paris in December 2012 on the occasion of the 90th Anniversary of the founding of the UIC, the second in December 2014.
More details by visiting www.uic-innovation-awards.org


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Home Crime Brooklyn man 'infected with coronavirus' arrested for coughing on FBI agents investigating...
Brooklyn man 'infected with coronavirus' arrested for coughing on FBI agents investigating him
A Brooklyn man claiming to be infected with the coronavirus coughed on FBI agents who were investigating him for hoarding and selling medical supplies, the US Attorney's Office said Monday.
Baruch Feldheim, 43, is facing charges of assault and making false statements to the feds on Sunday outside his Borough Park home where he allegedly peddled and stored massive amounts of N95 respirator masks, federal officials said.
FBI agents said they approached Feldheim at his home after observing several individuals walking away from his door with boxes that they believed contained medical equipment.
"After identifying themselves as FBI agents, they told Feldheim that they wanted to stay a distance away from him given concerns over the spread of Coronavirus," the DOJ said in a statement. "When the agents were within four to five feet of him, Feldheim allegedly coughed in their direction without covering his mouth."
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The scene where 80,000 N95 face masks were confiscated during an FBI raid at a warehouse in New Jersey.
Feldheim then told the agents he was infected with COVID-19, according to DOJ.
As a result, Feldheim was arrested and charged with assaulting a federal officer, as well as making false statements after prosecutors said he repeatedly lied about his possession and sale of the equipment.
VIDEO: The science behind the coronavirus – symptoms and how the virus affects our body
Feldheim is also accused of price-gouging. According to the criminal complaint against him, Feldheim agreed to sell a New Jersey doctor "approximately 1,000 N95 masks" and other materials for $12,000, "an approximately 700 percent markup from the normal price," prosecutors said. When Feldheim told the doctor the location of the materials, the man went to a repair shop that held enough medical supplies "to outfit an entire hospital," the Justice Department said.
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The materials included hand sanitizers, Clorox wipes, chemical cleaning agents and surgical supplies.
By last Monday, Feldheim was operating from his Brooklyn home, offering to push surgical gowns to a nurse, the feds said.
Two days later, the suspected hoarder received a gigantic shipment at his home of about eight pallets of face masks.
FBI agents then staked out his house, first noticing empty boxes of N95 masks outside.
He falsely told the agents that he worked for a company that bought and sold PPE and that he never took physical custody of the materials, according to The Post.
Five Internet crimes you need to pay attention to and be safe online
Following Feldheim's arrest, the FBI on Monday night raided a warehouse on Pennsylvania Avenue in an industrial section of Linden, NJ, that housed Feldhim's suspected stash of 80,000 masks, a source said.
The super-rich are panicking over shortage of coronavirus ventilators – New report
READ ALSO FBI finds 25 guns, 10,000 rounds of ammunition in Ohio teen's bedroom
The arrest follows a nationwide campaign encouraged by the DOJ and FBI to crack down on those who may seek to use the current national emergency to hoard much-needed medical supplies and sell them at prices far above market value.
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