text:
BERNAYS, CONSUMERISM AND THE PURVEYORS OF DEAD SOULS
Anglo 5EntertainmentOpinions
By Sergei Komarov
By Guest Author Last updated Sep 20, 2018
By Sergei Komarov, translated by Matfei Shaheen –
Do you remember how in Dead Souls1, the immortal story by Nikolai Gogol2 a man called Pavel Chichikov buys Dead Souls3? Gogol is a great mystifier, and in this buying and selling [of souls] a deep religious meaning is sewn. Many literary scholars reveal the image of Pavel Ivanovich Chichikov as an agent of the devil, who collects profit for his master.
It turns out that it is not the deceased serfs [whose souls, i.e. tax records/status, are being sold.—Trans.], who are dead souls, but these are in fact the bearers of various passions: Sobakevich [who sells dead souls], Korobochka, and others like them.
A traveling salesmen of the Evil One, who buys the souls that were lost to God, is in fact, a biblical idea. In the 18th Chapter of the Book of Revelations, certain Merchants of the Earth (Revelations 18:3) are mentioned, and there is a list of goods which include [the] bodies and souls of men. (Revelations 18:13).
The merchants conducted their trade in Babylon. Apocalyptic Babylon is a city of whores, a biblical symbol of an anti-Christian civilization. God destroys Babylon, and the merchants mourn the fall of their business, which included the buying and selling of the bodies and souls of humans.
And to whom could the text of Revelation be attituded today? Who is suitable for the role of "merchants of the earth"? For example, are the experts in PR-technology4 suitable? Especially those who in their work do not consider moral and religious principles? It seems that the massive manipulation of consciousness is the purchase and sale of human souls in our days.
I purpose to test this thought, by looking at the portrait of one of these types of modern merchants. This person can rightly be called a great acquirer of souls, just as bad as Chichikov.
Edward Bernays
Today, he is called the "Father of Public Relations". Born a Jew, by place of residence he was an American, by family connections a nephew of Sigmund Freud, and the great-great grandson of the chief rabbi of Hamburg, Isaac Bernays; this man lived a long life, 104 years from 1891 to 1995. He was a pioneer in the use of psychology and other social sciences in PR technologies. His name is Edward Bernays.
You could speak a lot about the projects of Bernays, who showed in his work a very devil-like whit and resourcefulness. For example, with Bernays help, smoking became a common standard for women. Freud's nephew convinced the world that a woman with a cigarette is cool, stylish, and beautiful. For the first time in the history of advertising, the effect of "star" authority was used.
The PR man brilliantly promoted the image of a smoking lady through individuals on the level of Marlene Dietrich. At the request of Bernays, numerous doctors were vying about the benefits of nicotine, famous opera singers about the beneficial effect of smoking on the voice. With the help of a paid team, Bernays overcame one of the biggest social taboos: a woman smoking in a public place.
Prior to Bernays, ladies were allowed to smoke only in special places, or were not aloud all with the possibility of arrest. The PR genius managed to break this psychological barrier by pressing only two buttons: the authority of the star, and the very popular movement of women's emancipation at the time. Models with cigarettes where called "Torches of Freedom", women's smoking became socially acceptable. The company Lucky Strike sent Bernays a massive sum of money.
It is interesting that Bernays worked on the masses through the news, rather than through advertising. He was pretty sure that the news is the best way to convey an advertisement. A person reading or watching the news does not suspect that at this very moment, he is under a psychological attack, therefore in this moment he is particularly vulnerable.
As it is, very few people think today about what criteria we use to select the news [that we consume]. There are thousands of news agencies in the world, yet we only recognize a few, and they are the ones that are purposed to hold our attention. It is clear that their news is served with a special sauce. The wording and headlines are decisive for perception. The frequency of the appearance of news today is similar to a powerful artillery barrage.
Also, for example, Bernays contributed to the fact that America began to eat more and become fat. Having been hired to raise the level of meat sales by bacon manufacturers, Edward conducted a small social study to find out what Americans eat for breakfast. It turned out it was coffee, bread rolls, and orange juice. The PR man heard from his doctor that during the night, the body loses a lot of energy, so a hearty breakfast may be preferable to a light one. Bernays asked the doctor for permission to send in his name a letter to five thousand doctors asking if they agreed with this statement.
Approximately 4,500 doctors answered yes, and so the enterprising PR man published articles with headlines in all the American newspapers saying "4500 doctors advise eating meat for breakfast". A choice of dishes was suggested: fried eggs and bacon. After the publication, the sales of bacon soared.
In general, the use of authority is Bernays' favorite method of influencing the public consciousness: "If you can influence the leaders, either with or without their conscious cooperation, you automatically influence the group they sway," he said.
Even in his youth, the PR man was asked to promote a new play about prostitutes. Let me remind you that this was not present day America, but the puritan America of the early twentieth century. Bernays got to work—he created a fund to combat STDs5, and after the charity fund declared the play instructive and highly moral, the people flocked to it.
There are noteworthy contributions of Bernays in the development of political PR [and/or outright propaganda.—Trans.] Working during WW1 in the Woodrow Wilson administration, he assured millions of people that the US military is establishing "democracy throughout Europe".
What kind of merchant is this? A real Chichikov, is he not?
Bernays was a genius and unique, but he is still not the only one. A huge army of PR technologists are working on public consciousness today. Advertising and news have for a long time ceased to be simply advertising and news, but have gone into a social channel. In fact, they artfully form the circle of interests and the image of one's thoughts, as well as the image of clothing, nutrition, communication, and etiquette.
"Don't you want to drink something that really quenches your thirst, like all kinds of Pepsis and Sprites? We'll make you! And you'll even say thank you! Do you want to wear some strange rags that certain people call clothes? You'll wear it my dears, and even stand in line to buy them for crazy money. You don't want to switch your smartphone for a new model? It's nothing, you'll change it, and be happy with the new thing. We will make you do everything that we need!"
PR technologists get into the very soul of a person today and change it from within. There are a few "Overton windows"6 for which advertising and news work, concerning matters more serious than women's smoking. On the agenda are gender issues, the rights of sexual minorities, the disintegration of traditional societies, and so forth. Political technologies are a whole separate discussion.
No one can hide from PR attacks today. The overwhelming majority of the population of European countries have a conscious life on the internet. Everything about our accounts is known: the history of our movements, the list of searches [search history], the frequency of visits to certain sites. Google Ads offers everything you even casually take an interest in recently in any of your social networks. The specialists have more and more opportunities and resources to promote ideas.
Social networks and the internet in general can be seen as a formalized alternative reality. It's amazing how Bernays's individual ideas have now been automated. The style works on the principle of "how to sell".
There exists a direct resale of souls through deception. There is a whole system of trade, carried out with the help of PR, an activity aimed at forming public opinion about something. This is a real, classic trade of souls. It's not just advertising, it is advertising ideology, imposing values. Most advertising now is not just advertising a product, but advertising sin, advertising the ideology of sin.7This is a conscious, classical sale of a certain way of thinking. All without exception, deadly sins are advertised now on our television, and propagated by billboards on the street." wrote Father Daniel Sysoev8
Yes—we should not fail to mention that it is possible and necessary to preach the Gospel on the internet. But on the other hand, you look at all this and understand that the snares are laid.
Why do we talk about such topics? Because today's War for Souls is conducted in the [battle] field of information9. The trappers of souls rely on human passions, and, as old as the world itself, man's craving for what is prohibited [forbidden fruit.—Trans]. What does a person live by, whom does he trust, what does he love, and what does he long for? The answers to these questions determine who owns his soul, and who he is.
The above passage from Revelation shows that before the end of the world, the level of the spiritual captivity of people will reach such a point, that there will no longer be any reason to continue the history of the world. Mankind will be divided into two categories: the merchants of the earth, and the consumers of their goods. All the rest will become the merchandise of the merchants of the earth10.
Today we have examined the handiwork of these traders. We should take care not to be added onto the list of dead souls…
1 Dead Souls is the legendary "epic poem in prose" by Nikolai Gogol. Dead Souls is about the illusive concept of Poshlost', a word which is often considered untranslatable in English, yet at the same time describes in many ways the issues the modern world. Poshlost' perhaps best defined, means: "A certain self-satisfaction with one's own vulgarity and very poor taste". If some say Dead Souls was almost a spiritual essay described as a novel, speaking about issues in 19th century Russia, then it's accompanying twin should be Demons by Dostoyevsky, which personifies the issues of Western nihilism and the culmination of heterodox philosophy, which was spreading to Orthodox Russia by way of foreign influence and Westernizers. Slavophiles like Gogol and Dostoyevsky, as well as the Russian Faith was always in perpetual conflict with the sinful ideas of Poshlost' and its bitter fruits – Trans.
2 The Great Russian Writer from a Cossack family from Poltava Ukraine, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol is considered one of the best Russian-Ukrainian authors, who had a great influence on many who came after, especially Dostoyevsky. His most notable works include the Cossack epic Taras Bulba, Dead Souls, Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka, The Overcoat, and The Nose.
He wrote a glorious speech about the Russian Soul in Taras Bulba, called "The Speech on Comradeship/Речь Тараса Бульбы о товариществе" delivered by Taras Bulba Russian-Ukrainian Cossack leader, saying, among many things "…There is no bond more sacred than comradeship. The Father loves the children, the Mother Loves the children, but this isn't enough…even beasts love their children. But to consider people family by the soul, and not blood… this only a human can do. No, noble brothers, to love as with the Russian soul, is to love not just with the mind, or something else, but with everything which God gave! To love like that… no one else can!" This is often shortened to "To Love like the Russian soul—no one else can!"—Trans.
3 To buy "Dead Souls" may indeed be a double entendre, however outwardly this does not refer to buying dead people or their literal souls. Souls refer to people in general, it was a unit of counting people (there are 20 souls on the boat). Sadly, under Serfdom, humans could be bought and sold, and a landowner would be taxed for the number of "souls" he had – surfs on his land. In the Novel, the character Pavel Chichikov buys the "dead" souls of serfs, meaning he traveled from town to town purchasing from land owners serfs who had already died, but whose deaths had not been reflected in non-frequently updated official tax records or censuses. Buying their souls relieved the land owners of having to pay taxes for dead surfs, and Chichikov does not explain why he needs them outright. To find out, you can read the monumental work: Dead Souls, which can also be found online. – Trans.
4 Public relations
5 Sexually transmitted diseases.
6 The Overton window, also known as the window of discourse, is the range of ideas tolerated in public discourse.
7 This brings us back the topic of poshlost', as mentioned in the above footnote, and in Dead Souls by Nicholai Gogol. Poshlost' is this "ideology of sin" which has caused man to look at what should be considered vile, bad, immoral, and sinful, and consider it beautiful like art. It is not simply lack of taste, it's the opposite of taste, in many ways. If it weren't for poshlost', we would reject many of these ads thrown in our face constantly, yet instead, they are very profitable, and our personal information is sold without our consent, as the author, as well as Father Sysoev noted.—Trans.
8 Eternal Memory to the martyred Russian Archpriest, assassinated by a radical terrorist for his Orthodox missionary work, particularly among Muslims. His book "A Protestant's Walk Through an Orthodox Church" provides an excellent defense of the Orthodox doctrine on the bible used in apologetics with Protestants. He addresses how to defeat the idea of "Sola Scriptura" among other things by pointing out to the Protestant a simple a provocative question. Essentially: What gave you the right to read the Bible? The book shows how it was not the Bible which developed the Church, but the Church in fact which developed the bible, through Holy Tradition and the Holy Spirit, pointing out the Bible is part of a covenant which certainly couldn't have been established with an English speaking American protestant church founded in the last 30 years, but this covenant was established with the Orthodox Church 2000 years ago, and therefore, the Bible is essentially the "copyright" of the church, its intimate property, and it has soul rights of interpretation. This invaluable book can be bought from Holy Trinity Bookstore (Jordanville) at their website, among other places. – Trans.
9 "…beauty is mysterious as well as terrible. God and the Devil are at war, and the battlefield is the hearts of men!" – Fyodor Dostoyevsky. Poshlost' causes us to mistake that which is evil for being beautiful, when it is in fact evil on the inside, and thinly disguised. – Trans.
10 In Taras Bulba, Gogol, the author of Dead Souls as well, writes in his "Speech on Comradeship/Речь Тараса Бульбы о товариществе" mentioned above "People sell each other out like soulless grain in a marketplace"
CapitalismconsumerismGogolLiteratureOrthodoxyPhilosophytheology
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text:
Avuncular American
America Town
America Town: Building the Outposts of Empire. By Mark L. Gillem (University of Minnesota Press, September 1, 2007, 350 pages, $24.95)
Reviewed by Gerald Loftus, "Avuncular American"
For a unique study of "American empire" from the perspective of an architect with a keen historical sense and a holistic approach to planning, America Town is a worthy addition to the corpus of work on the subject. It's not just the thoughtful prose; there are black & white photos, drawings, and maps aplenty in America Town. Mark Gillem is a professor of architecture at the University of Oregon, and his recent book about the footprint of American military installations around the world is a very interesting take on a subject that has gotten much less dispassionate and erudite focus over the past seven years in the hands of less rigorous authors.
Mark Gillem is an architect with a difference: Lt. Col. Gillem of the Air Force Reserve has spent upwards of twenty years on active duty and the reserves, and knows personally of what he writes. Though he continues to serve his country, he is not uncritical. Gillem is disturbed by the implications of the "empire" as it is seen by the foreign hosts of our numerous bases and forts.
A look at his bibliography shows that Gillem has gone far beyond journeyman architectural or planning tomes: Andrew Bacevich, Niall Ferguson, Chalmers Johnson, and Edward Said, among many others, inform his reading of empire, and his reach is encyclopedic. I found his study of British garrisons in the Indian Raj to be among the best-researched chapters of his book, especially the parallels between such eighteenth and nineteenth century colonial practices as "cantonment" of brothels to service His or Her Majesty's soldiers, and the modern "America Towns" (actually, the name of a South Korean honky-tonk neighborhood adjacent to an air base) that have sprung up in the wake of an expanding modern empire.
There are times when you want Dr. Gillem to use terms like "spatial impacts" and "density patterns" a bit more sparingly, but the book is mercifully free of too much technical jargon. There are some chapters — especially where he drills down into the minutiae of space planning at bases in Italy and East Asia — that bear skimming (unless you're an area specialist), but much of America Town makes fascinating reading.
Dr. Gillem is, I think, too self-deprecating when he says that his "intent is not to analyze grand imperial strategies." Yes, he is essentially embarrassed by what he sees as a massive U.S. land grab, where gated, armed suburbias proliferate in land-scarce countries. "Ever more expansive compounds," as he sees American bases, "with longer borders that will be more difficult to defend," will actually detract from security. The same could be said of the very notion of American Empire, where a multiplicity of commitments creates an exponential growth in targets — both physical and political — for America's enemies.
Consider the disturbing parallels for the United States in Gillem's view of the twilight of the British Empire: "For the British, the peak of their colonial power announced the decline of their global leadership. Paying the empire's bills, in terms of human lives and financial resources, became a challenge." He discusses the withering effect of a series of "small wars" (actually, the title of a 1940 U.S. Marine Corps manual, in vogue again in "low intensity conflict" and counterinsurgency circles): "As the British were overextending themselves in India and across Africa, another empire was preparing to wage war near Britain's back yard. World War I... in the victorious end, awarded the Crown with new colonies whose costs nearly drained the queen's coffers. Hence, by World War II, the British could barely afford to hold onto their island nation."
Many readers of American Diplomacy will be familiar with American bases overseas — sometimes as customers in the ubiquitous commissaries and "PXes" offering consumer goods (in dollars!). My experience with such facilities is largely limited to Western Europe, where the contrast between an American Army camp (mostly residential and administrative buildings) in, say, Stuttgart, is probably less striking than the impact of a U.S. Air Force base (fighter jets taking off and landing) in urban Japan. And yet, as Gillem shows, the cultural, architectural, and security assumptions that go into planning (and expanding) such facilities are common to all.
Whether or not the reader accepts the desirability of American bases ringing the globe — Why American camps and not Chinese, for example, scattered throughout the Pacific? How about Russian installations in former satellites? Or Indian outposts in the ocean surrounding the subcontinent? Does only the United States get to slice up the world map into "Areas of Responsibility" for its military? — one can sympathize with Gillem's discomfort at the reflexive implantation of cookie-cutter suburbs dedicated to consumerism in countries where we often preach "keep a low profile."
Then there's the almost complete disdain for the (insert Korean, Japanese, Italian) way of doing things, especially in terms of living space. While military planners pay lip service to local architectural tradition — a pagoda motif on a food court roof — perfectly acceptable local norms are discarded because they don't fit the worldwide service guidelines. The common denominator is waste of space in countries that don't have the American tradition of endless frontiers. "This may be why," says Gillem, "so many maps of military outposts do not show anything beyond an installation's borders except white space. These outposts might as well be islands."
Gillem is well aware of the sometimes unhappy juxtaposition of U.S. military installations and foreign civilian neighbors. He cites three incidents (the rape of a 12-year-old Japanese girl on Okinawa; the cowboy Marine aviator who sliced a gondola cable in an Italian alpine valley, killing twenty; and the crushing of two South Korean teenage girls by a U.S. armored vehicle on maneuvers) to illustrate how even these public relations disasters (and human tragedies) are turned to the seemingly never-ending goal of expanding the "white space" between base and host population.
Bothersome as some might find the notion of "empire" and its military manifestations, Gillem points to a trend that could be even more troublesome: the prospect that technology could obviate the need for overseas bases. The 2002 National Security Strategy says, "The presence of American forces overseas is one of the most profound symbols of the U.S. commitment to allies and friends." Why then would the United States build on the trend already seen with the basing of B-2 bombers in the continental United States, and avoid use of its foreign outposts? The answer might be seen in the imbroglio over the requested (and denied) use of Turkey for the invasion of Iraq in March 2003. U.S. bases on foreign soil require coordination with allies, permissions from hosts. "CONUS" based B-2s allow for unilateral action.
"America Towns" are in fact tripwires, with both negative and positive aspects for the practice of international relations. As Gillem shows, the United States has been reducing the exposure of American troops (surely a worthwhile goal) in the Korean peninsula, where troops have been removed from the DMZ in the event of a North Korean incursion into the demilitarized zone. The repositioning of the human tripwire therefore gives American policy makers more flexibility. But if there's no American tripwire on the ground at all — and if it is possible to rain down "shock and awe" from a continent away — will there be a consequent brake on the decision to use military force? Mark Gillem gives us much material for reflection, and his book is a valuable contribution to the study of American engagement with the world.
This appeared first in "American Diplomacy," January 15, 2008
Copyright © 2008 American Diplomacy Publishers Chapel Hill NC
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text:
Live in a European country for at least a year
(3) People Have This On Their Bucket List
Preferably one where English is not the primary language
hanna hwng
Live in New Zealand for 1 year - 09/14/10 (Cory Williams)
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Read for 60 minutes every day for a year. :) - (2) people
Live with an African tribe for a month - 05/13/11 (Kelsey Hicks)
The Narrows (Hill Country, Texas) - 07/28/16 (Susan F)
✔Learn 2 words of Spanish everyday for a year - 12/22/11 (j nadonza)
See Saturday Night Live in studio - 04/11/11 (Lindsay M.)
Watch live all 4 tennis Majors - 07/13/13 (Rosalie Ravago)
Travel for a year straight - 06/09/12 (Ceeya Bye)
Watch an opera live - 07/10/12 (Chowder Col)
see Brad Paisley sing live - 09/03/10 (Cassie Lindholm)
Get a job working for a charity in another country - 08/14/11 (Georgina Young)
Learn to speak another language and use it in it's home country - 10/22/10 (Crystal Allen)
live in Germany - 05/15/15 (Melissa Soon)
Watch The Lonely Island Live - 05/01/14 (Lance Garbutt)
give each other the traditional anniversary gifts each year - 08/24/11 (Megan T)
To live in Sydney - 04/10/11 (Maake-Ena Afitu)
✔See U2 live in concert - 08/10/10 (Nicole Freihof)
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See live whale - (2) people
Live by myself - (2) people
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See The Strokes live - 10/07/10 (Kyle Wood)
55th Year Anniversary – Emerald - 08/09/17 (Lance Garbutt)
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See P!nk live - 06/28/10 (Amanda Horne)
Attend a live taping of Saturday Night Live - (6) people
✔See Jet perform Live - 10/13/10 (Steph R)
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Waze is one of those rare apps that is free to download and use and is actually useful. Navigation apps are a dime a dozen, but this app distinguishes itself by incorporating other users' travelling data into the app to give users an up-to-date picture of current traffic situations.
It then helps users find their way to their destination by avoiding traffic jams, accidents and heavy traffic as much as possible.Waze is so widely-used that it was recently acquired by Google for reportedly US $1 billion.
Waze will also learn your preferred routes and departure times for home and work and adapt them if there's an unexpected jam or hold-up. If you invite your friends to join, you can keep track of their movements and coordinate arrival times at an event.
With real-time updates on current road speeds, Waze lets you avoid traffic with ease. The app is available for free for Android , iOS and Windows Phone mobile platforms.
Recent update for the app brought celebrities voices for driving directions, the first celebrity to the list is US comedian Kevin Hart.Interested users can enable Hart's voice commands by going through the app settings and under the Sound option, select "English – Ride Along" as your Voice Language.
Overall, we can call 'Waze' a Social GPS as it is free to use, and allows users to report various objects or occurrences. You can report traffic jams, police sightings, accidents, hazards and many others which you can also show by taking a picture. The report will then be given to all Waze users who are currently on the same route or just displayed on the map for everyone to see.


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Europhiles and Eurosceptics can argue until the cows come home about whether membership of the EU brings more benefits or disadvantages.
But both sides can agree that many, if not most, of the laws passed in the 27 member states stem from EU legislation.
In the old days, travellers in Europe had to put up with different currencies, regular border crossings and customs checks, and even trains of different gauges - you climbed out of a French train, walked across the border, and got into a Spanish train of a slightly different size. Now one currency, the euro, suffices for most European countries and border posts have been abandoned between the 15 countries that have implemented the Schengen accords. Holidaymakers are fully covered for any emergency hospital treatment they may need in another EU country, driving licences issued in one EU country are valid in any other, and any driver insured in one member state has at least third-party cover in the rest. If you are travelling with a tour operator, the company must have systems in place to get you home if it goes bust while you are away.
Europeans are generally free to go where they want within the EU to live or work, and some 15 million Europeans have moved across borders to exercise this right. For example, more than 300,000 people are drawing UK state pensions in other member states (mostly Spain and Ireland). Older member states have imposed temporary labour restrictions on workers from countries in Eastern Europe which joined in 2004 - but these will gradually be phased out. An EU citizen living in another EU country enjoys equal treatment with nationals of the host country in terms of welfare protection, and can stand for office in local and European Parliament elections.
The principle of equal pay for men and women was enshrined in the 1957 Treaty of Rome, which first established the European Community. The principle has been turned steadily into reality. A 1975 directive ensured that women paid less than men for the same job got the right of redress through the courts, and protection against dismissal. More recently EU legislation has awarded part-time employees, who are often women, the same rights as people working full-time. Discrimination on the basis of race or sexual orientation is also outlawed. And age discrimination laws which came into force in the UK and other member states in 2006 stemmed directly from legislation passed at EU level.
The EU Working Time Directive ensures that all Europeans get at least four weeks of paid holiday per year. In the US, there is no statutory minimum and many employees get only two weeks of paid annual leave. The same directive guarantees workers 11 hours rest in every 24 hours, one day of rest per week, and a rest break if the working day is longer than six hours. EU legislation also sets minimum standards for paid maternity and paternity leave throughout the EU.
Thousands of students take part in foreign exchanges ever year under the EU's Erasmus programme. In the 2003-4 academic year, 7,500 UK students spent between three and 12 months at a university in one of the other member states. The programme helps students learn foreign language, gain experience of another culture, and profit from the host country's expertise in their field of study. People who want to attend a university in another EU country can also apply to do their entire degree course there, without having to pay extra charges imposed on foreign students from outside the EU.
The EU swept away barriers to free competition in the air transport market in the 1980s and 1990s, paving the way for the emergence of budget airlines. Between 1992 and 2000 prices at the cheaper end of the market fell by 40%. At the same time, consumers benefited from a wider choice of both carriers and destinations, the number of routes linking EU member states increasing by nearly 50%.
During the 1990s, the EU broke the monopolies held by public telecoms operators. The result was a doubling of the number of fixed-line operators between 1998 and 2003, rapid introduction of new technology, and lower prices. According to the European Commission, the price of international telephone calls in the EU has fallen by 80% since 1984. The EU has now begun taking action to reduce the cost of roaming on mobile phones.
Consumers can send back a product bought anywhere in the EU if it breaks down within two years of purchase. People shopping on the internet, by telephone or mail order, can also change their mind within seven days, and cancel the contract without giving a reason. EU law prohibits misleading advertising and requires that all products put on the market are safe. Shoppers who buy goods for their own use in one EU country can take them to another EU country without paying excise duty, as long as they accompany them.
Under EU law, all ingredients used in food products must be listed. Any GM ingredients must be flagged up, as must colouring, preservatives, sweeteners and other chemical additives. Any ingredients that consumers may be allergic to, such as nuts, must be marked, even if the quantities used are very small. EU laws define the conditions food must meet to be described as organic, and ensure that a name associated with a high-quality product from a particular region, such as Parma ham, cannot be used to describe a product of lower quality, or one from a different region.
The EU is widely credited with forcing the pace on improvements to the quality of air, rivers and beaches. Member states might have done the job independently in their own time, but peer pressure upped the tempo when European ministers got together to pass laws. Measures such as the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive have led to dramatic improvements in the rivers over the last 30 years, making possible, for example, the return of otters to the British countryside. Other legislation has greatly reduced the problem of acid rain; the UK, once the "dirty man of Europe" cut sulphur emissions by 73% between 1990 and 2002. And if 30 years ago most British beaches failed the test of the EU Bathing Water Directive, now 98% of them get the thumbs-up.


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Voluntarily giving up a life of ease and comfort isn't easy for anyone. At my sister's place in rural Maryland we could sleep in late enjoying the comfort of a bed the size of our tent, wake up to a cup of freshly brewed Starbucks coffee, peruse the morning newspaper out on the deck while listening to the birds chirping away, dive into the pool for a late afternoon swim and raid the fully-stocked fridge at our leisure. Why leave? Well, the pull of the road is strong for those who know its freedoms, and, like the early pioneers, we need to make it over the Rockies before cold arctic winds start blowing down from Canada and the high passes over the Rockies get covered with snow.
With our panniers loaded down with chocolate chip cookies and potato salad we said goodbye to Lynn and Manuel and promised to meet up again in early September at my parent's place in Montana. Manuel has promised to treat us to more of his delicious Mexican cooking and maybe squeeze in a couple of tennis lessons during their visit to the Big Sky country. As we cycled down their drive, past the pond and back out into the world of the unknown we wondered what awaited us in America. We'd been warned that America had become a more insular place since I left in 1995. As cyclists we often rely on the kindness of strangers. Would farmers bolt their doors in fear when they saw us riding up? Would motorists blaze past when we tried to flag down a car to ask for directions? Would little old ladies slam the door in my face when I asked to fill our water bottles?
We were merrily on our way, trying to get the legs back in shape after almost six weeks of unbridled laziness, when I spotted a box of magazines on the curb. Oh, oh, something free to read. The first title, something like 'Gun Owners Weekly' should have put me off. But I kept flipping through until I found a couple of Smithsonian magazines and tucked them under my arm and started sauntering back to my bike. I was interrupted by fast footsteps and a booming voice, "You put that right down young lady."
Although the 'young lady' was quite flattering, the large man (followed by his wife and son) running frantically across his well-groomed lawn gave me a fright.
"You put that back right where you found it and you get off my property this minute."
Technically, I'd never been on his property, unless the American government has sold rights to streets and curbs. He didn't have a shotgun in hand so I tried to explain.
"I just wanted to read this magazine, sir, since I can see you've put it out for recycling I didn't think you'd mind."
"That magazine belongs to me and it's got my name and address printed on the cover and you better put it down now or else I'll call the po-lice."
Of course I didn't take kindly to his threats, but he looked to be on the verge of a heart attack and I didn't want that on my conscience so I complied. We rode off shaken and wondering what lay ahead. Fortunately, our first road encounter was entirely unrepresentative of our overall experience in the US.
Later in the day we started thinking about a place to spend the night. Since we no longer had a king size bed at our disposition and there were no campgrounds in sight, it was either ignore all the 'no trespassing' signs and take a chance of being surprised by an angry farmer with a loaded shotgun or ask a local for permission to camp. We took our chance on a gray-haired couple in rocking chairs on their front porch enjoying the cool evening air. They turned us down flat. "We're too old for that kind of stuff."
But just down the road their neighbor, a rugged looking man out washing his Dodge pick-up truck, told us to, "go on down to the creek (pronounced crik)". We were welcome to camp on his land. It was "real pretty down there". It was a lovely spot and I stripped off to bathe in the rushing water and then trudged back through the tall grass to the tent hauling water for cooking and washing up. After watching the fire flies flickering as the moon slowly rose, sleep got the best of us and we crawled into the tent, tired but contented.
A few days later we crossed into West Virginia, where we'd been advised to watch out for the 'hillbillies and hicks'. "What are hillbillies?" Eric asked, not having grown up with Uncle Jed and Ma on re-runs of the Beverly Hillbillies. Our couchsurfing hosts just smirked. One thing is for sure, they don't ride bicycles and they don't wear lycra.
In rural West Virginia, most people roared past us in big trucks. Many homes flew the Confederate flag. And a lot of locals eyed us suspiciously when we told them we'd cycled through Africa. "Africa, huh? Well I'll be." Telling people we'd rode out from New York got a much more enthusiastic reaction. "Wow! You rode all the way from New York on a bicycle. That's incredible." New York was a bit crazy, but believable. Tell people you're cycling around the world and they think you're completely insane or just pulling their leg.
The mountain folk of the Appalachians may have a simple way of life and be a bit rough around the edges, but they're as generous and welcoming as other people we've met around the world once you get past their tough veneer. Although we didn't push our luck by ringing the doorbell at the house with the No trespassing--Violators will be shot--Survivors will be shot again sign in their front yard, we did meet many people that sophisticated city dwellers might label as hicks or hillbillies. As Eric approached one slightly run down mobile home the woman on the porch called out, "whadda ya want?" After explaining our situation she left the crying baby and went off to fetch her husband, to see if it was okay to let the two foreigners from 'Canada' (we told her we were from France, but maybe that was just too far removed from her reality) camp on their property. Once he agreed they were as friendly and obliging as could be and even strung out an extension cord so we could charge the computer.
On another occasion, the local Methodist church came to our rescue. During a heavy rainstorm, the church secretary offered us overnight accommodation in the sanctuary. We wheeled in the bikes, unloaded our gear, dried off and made ourselves right at home amongst the pews and hymnals. When the prayer group members started showing up for their Wednesday evening bible study nobody even flinched when they found us barefoot stretched out on the plush red carpet laughing at a French film we were watching on the computer. Instead they showed us into the church kitchen and opened up an enormous fridge and told us to help ourselves. There was enough food in that kitchen to feed an entire African village for a week. The two slices of German chocolate cake, four brownies and bag of chips went down like a treat.
Independence Day was a scorcher in West Virginia and when we stopped off at a General Store and asked to fill up our water bottles, the man in overalls seated behind the cash register replied, "Water from the spigot ain't no good round here. You kin buy yerself one of them there bottles in the fridge." I declined (for environmental reasons) and his wife came running out from the back, "Give that girl some water. Take this honey," and she thrust an ice cold bottle of water into my hands. Simple people with big hearts.
We huffed and puffed our way up the Allegheney mountains and over the Eastern Continental Divide at 3,295 feet. When I emailed my parents to brag of this feat, my father wrote back unimpressed. My hometown of Missoula lies at over 3,000 feet and it's in a valley. What's in store for us as we battle our way over the Rockies? I keep reminding myself that according to the Adventure Cycling Association, the climbs in the Appalachians are the toughest in the country. Much more difficult than slogging up the gentle slopes of the Rockies out West. I hope they're right.
We love riding down main street in small town America. The streets are lined with little Mom and Pop shops, antique dealers, diners where the food is tasty, cheap and plentiful and a gas station on the corner where farmers huddle in groups catching up on the gossip and trying to predict the weather. We can picnic in front of the stately white pillars of the county courthouse and locals stop by to ask us where we're coming from and where we're headed to. It's a slower pace of life and much-needed relief from highways crowded with identical-looking strip malls and big-box shopping centers.
So far we've stayed with a wide range of people in the US-- all friendly, all interesting. Shelley and Steve, who hosted us in Maryland, live on a horse ranch and Shelley organizes the Hike the Tatas fundraising event to help in the fight against breast cancer. Kenny and Laurie are 'back to the land' people who live in a beautiful secluded spot called Sassafras Ridge growing their own food and living a simple, satisfying life. Jerry and Jane are two energetic early retirees who see the world whizzing by on their tandem bicycle. Rose is a twenty-something cycling enthusiast who's fighting for bike lanes in her town. And I'm writing to you from the home of Mary Ann and Blake in historic Lebanon, Kentucky. He's a Vietnam vet who turned into something of a hippy after a stint in corporate America and she's a motorcycle enthusiast who's done everything from building barns to repairing airplane engines and teaching yoga. We feel fortunate to be able to learn and share with those we meet on the road.
Next up is a short ride through Illinois and then into Missouri, a state we know little about. Then it will be on to the rolling wheat fields of Kansas where we're sure to be hampered by headwinds. We're enjoying the beauty and diversity of America's landscapes and can't wait to get 'out West' where we can explore the great outdoors without sharing them with so many others.
Don't forget to check out our fundraising page for World Bicycle Relief. WBR has provided bicycles to approximately 50,000 school children in rural Zambia and is working in many other developing nations. We support WBR because we've seen their program in action and know it works. Bicycles are simple technology that yield big results.
Many thanks to those who shared in the comments section of our last update. Please let us know what you're thinking or what you're up to in the space below.


It's no surprise, but with smartphones a ubiquitous part of everyone's life, tapping this online assistant to help with all aspects of party planning is a given. But which aspects? According to Allrecipes' 2016 Holiday Entertaining survey panel, all ages are tapping into online resources for inspiration for main and side dishes, appetizers and desserts, plus drinks. Younger hosts are tapping the wealth of information and convenience of the web as a source of ideas for entertainment, party themes, and décor, plus shopping assistance. Read more insights about home entertaining here in the latest Allrecipes Measuring Cup Trend Report.


This page contains links to all important files and forms necessary for use during the SSL season. Click on the links below to access the files you need. All files from the old site are being transferred and should be posted before the start of the season. If you need a file immediately please email Mike Devenney.


text:
RBA changes its tune on investor lending
By James Mitchell
Reserve Bank governor Glenn Stevens has toned down his language on investor lending.
Addressing the Committee for Economic Development of Australia (CEDA) Annual Dinner in Melbourne on Tuesday, Mr Stevens said it should not to be assumed that investor activity is problematic, per se.
"A proportion of the investor transactions are financing additions to the stock of dwellings, which is helpful," he said.
"It can also be observed that a bit more of the 'animal spirits' evident in the housing market would be welcome in some other sectors of the economy."
Mr Stevens stressed that the investor lending dynamics are not an immediate threat to financial stability.
"The bank's most recent Financial Stability Review made that clear," he said.
"So we don't just assume that all this is a terrible problem."
The central bank governor's language was markedly different from that used in the Financial Stability Review, where he stated that the "main risk" of strong investor activity is that extra demand may "intensify the housing price cycle" and "increase the potential for prices to fall later".
In the FSB, released in September, the RBA said the composition of housing and mortgage markets "is becoming unbalanced".
"This has been most evident in the current strength of investor activity in the housing market, and in its concentration in Sydney and Melbourne," it said.
"The apparent increase in the use of interest-only loans by both owner-occupiers and investors might also be consistent with increasingly speculative motives behind current housing demand."
"Accordingly, household credit growth has picked up, almost entirely driven by investor housing credit, which is growing at its fastest pace since late 2007," it said.
In his Tuesday speech, Mr Stevens pointed to property price rises in Sydney and Melbourne and double-digit credit growth in investor lending as reason to observe whether there "might be some overexcitement in the market".
"Such an observer might want to satisfy themselves that lending standards are being maintained," he said.
"And they might contemplate whether some suitably calibrated and focused action can help ensure sound standards, and that might lean into the price dynamic, [which] may be appropriate.
"That is the background to the much publicised comment that the bank was working with other agencies to see what more could be done on lending standards."
Mr Stevens stressed that the RBA's work with APRA is not a return to widespread attempts to restrict lending via direct controls.
"That era, that some of us remember all too well, was one in which the price of credit was simply too low and credit growth too high all round," he said.
"We don't have that problem at present."
The current level of interest rates, although very low, is well warranted on macroeconomic grounds, Mr Stevens said, adding that the economy has spare capacity.
"Inflation is well under control and is likely to remain so over the next couple of years," he said.
"In such circumstances, monetary policy should be accommodative and, on present indications, is likely to be that way for some time yet."
Last Updated: 03 October 2018 Published: 20 November 2014


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A journey to Asia and Africa
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y3011MMM-XXX
Scope and Contents A collection of albums, containing captioned black and white photographs, taken by one, or more, people travelling in the same group. The albums form a photographic account of a six-month long touring holiday.Of the albums, the first ten are all of the same style and manufacture and each has an embossed title on the front. They follow the journey chronologically. The remaining two contain a smaller selection of images from the same journey, again in chronological order. They are...
Dates: 1935-09 - 1936-03
Conditions Governing Access: Unless restrictions apply, the collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
Found in: Cambridge University Library
Articles from 'The Field'
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/RCMS 322
Scope and Contents Ten volumes of cuttings from 'The field', including a few articles from other publications, and loose cuttings concerning the Malay Peninsula. The volumes concern countries throughout the world, but in particular Australia, British East Africa (Kenya), Canada, India, New Zealand, Nigeria, Rhodesia, South Africa, Uganda, United States and the West Indies. The articles cover a wide range of subjects, including administration, agriculture, the British Empire, climate, colonisation,...
Breve e chiara Idea del regno di Napoli
Reference Code: GBR/0012/MS Add.4441
Prepared for the Comte de Daun, Viceroy of Naples.
Catalogues of Italian Libraries
Reference Code: GBR/0012/MS Add.565
Catalogues of various Italian libraries and collections. Includes the Vatican Library and the Medici Library at Florence.
Conditions Governing Access: Fragile - must be viewed on microfilm copy.
C.J.S. Faulder Vol. III 1876-80 [Faulder Album of India 1876-1880]
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y3022T
Disbound album, containing albumen prints of various sizes. The contents include family photographs, scenes of the outward voyage (including France, Italy and Egypt), views in India including the 1877 Delhi Durbar, portraits and groups, including theatrical ones, maps and newspaper clippings (non photographic items are unnumbered). Also included is an envelope containing some of, what appears to be the original captions cut from the album. The collection is well captioned.
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y3022PPP-YYY
Scope and Contents A collection of albums containing photographs, the majority taken by A.C. McKay but some by R.V. Kamath and by professional photographers.The collection consists of photographs mostly 85 x 60 mm, but with occasional enlargements, carefully mounted in large albums and described in some detail in clear white writing on the black leaves. Each album is numbered on the spine, and clearly formed part of a larger collection than has been received.McKay was a prolific photographer,...
Commentary on the Kingdom of France
Monsignor de Terracina, 'Commentarii dell' attioni del regno di Francia'; Michele Soriano, 'Commentarii del regno di Francia'; and other pieces, 409 folios.
Dates: 1650 (Circa)
Cronica dei Signori Bolognetti dalla Mercanzia
Transcribed from an original which was in the possession of the heirs of Count Girolamo Bolognetti in Rome at the time of the transcription, 182 folios. On p. 324 is a note of a leaf missing in the original. The initials 'MHC' are pencilled inside the front cover.
Cruise of H.M.S. 'Lancaster'
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y3011HHH
Scope and Contents Album of photographs by various photographers inscribed 'H.M.S. Lancaster; Mediterranean Photographic Album: Diary of Events and Important Places Visited during the Commission 1910-1912' on the cover. This album was the property of Sydney Harold Liddle, whose name also appears on the front cover.There are two unnumbered plates followed by 190 prints, 140 x 97 mm numbered from 9 to 197, followed by a further unnumbered print. There is no indication as to why numbers 1-8 are not...
David Binnie: World tour diaries and photographs
Reference Code: GBR/0012/MS Add.8558-8560
Descrittione fatta l'ann[o …] tutte l'anime che si trovano nella citta di Venetia (census of the inhabitants of Venice classed by rank or profession)
Scope and Contents A census, recording, under the heading of each sestiere, the number of persons in each category of the population (noblemen and women, boys and girls, servants, citizens, artisans, priests, monks, beggars, poor in receipt of alms; general total 148,640), followed by a list of the parish churches with the numbers of the 'capi di casa' (heads of houses) and 'boche' (mouths to be fed in each house). The islands of the Lagoon, such as Murano and Torcello, are not included.At the top...
Dates: Early sixteenth century (1536?)
Conditions Governing Access: The collection is open for consultation by researchers using the Manuscripts Reading Room at Cambridge University Library. For further details on conditions governing access please contact mss@lib.cam.ac.uk. Information about opening hours and obtaining a Cambridge University Library reader's ticket is available from the Library's website (www.lib.cam.ac.uk).
Diana Hartley Indian Collection
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y3022NNN
Scope and Contents Album of photographs relating to Miss Hartley's nursing activities in India, and places visited by her. These photographs are chiefly amateur snapshots taken by Miss Hartley or her friends and are 70 x 110 mm or smaller, unless otherwise stated; a few have been enlarged to post card size and there are also some commercially produced post cards which are so identified. Number 120 to 136 were taken by a missionary, and are her copyright. The descriptions of the photographs are drawn partly...
Diaries of John Laing in India and Europe
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Laing
Diaries with inserted photographs, drawings and other items.
Francisco Zazzera: Diarii del Governo del Duca d' Ossuna
Written in four hands, 312 folios: (fo. ii) title; (fo. 1) text. There is a change of hand at fos 269, 272v and 310. On fo. i is the bookplate of Sir T. Phillipps.
Harriet Susan Miller: Continental Tour Journal
Journal by Harriet Miller of tours on the continent with her husband, Professor W.H. Miller, 1856 and later.
I.C. Redwood Collection
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y3042E-J
Scope and Contents A collection of albums containing prints, in addition to a further 4 albums of photographs and postcards of World War I not listed here. The majority of the photographs are stuck in the albums, but there are also 69 loose ones. Many of these are Redwood's own enlargements from his smaller photographs, and have been removed from passe-partout framing and, in most cases, inserted in the album containing the smaller versions. There are some captions, but these vary in detail and it has been...
'Delle historie memorabili contiene le Guerre d'Italia de' nostri tempi', possibly in the author's own hand.
John Acton, 1st Baron Acton: Papers
Scope and Contents 1. Family papers The papers contain material relating to the Actons of Naples: Commodore John Acton, his nephew J.F.E. Acton and H. Acton, a midshipman; material concerning the Dalberg family, particularly the family property on the Rhine, at Herrnsheim; a few manuscripts relating to Lord Granville; and the 1st Lord Acton's personal papers, including those covering his early years, his parliamentary career and interest in Ireland, relations with his family, and the period of his life spent...
Dates: c. 1650 - 1900
Liturgical Devotions and Prayers
'Divoti affetti verso al Santissimo Sagramento', liturgical devotions to the exposed sacrament, and prayers for use during the Nine Days' Festival of the Immaculate Conception, in Italian, with further prayers to St Michael, St Andrew, the Magi, and St Francis, in Italian and Latin, 69 folios.
Lucattinis, Domenico de. Liber de elementis
Reference Code: GBR/0012/MS Add.10178
Scope and Contents Autograph manuscript on paper in Latin and Italian, small quarto, ff. [4 index], 14-237 (foliation skips from 89 to 100 without loss of text), including a few blanks; written in brown ink in a single hand, illustrated with 24 ink drawings, 8 inserted on slips. Illustrated compilation of notes on natural philosophy, cosmology, geography, and magnetism, composed by an Italian student (possibly Tuscany) apparently from lectures attended in 1670. The first part begins with the four elements,...
Newscuttings on Southern and East Africa
Four volumes of newscuttings, three relating to Southern and East Africa and one to the Native Question in South Africa, and loose cuttings on related subjects. Many of the articles concern the activities of the colonial powers in Africa, notably Great Britain, Germany, Spain and France.
Richard Frederick Rainsford collection
Reference Code: GBR/0115/RCS/Y304AA
Scope and Contents The collection comprises four small photograph albums and assorted loose photographs. The albums are labelled:1. Kafirs at Teluga, Natal (i.e. KwaZulu-Natal), Zululand 19062. Natal mounted police. RFR. Zululand 1907.3. RFR at Kisi, Lake Nyanza 1911-1912 and on to Nairobi 1912.4. My father's trip to Japan and Canada, 1934.The photographs have been grouped together loosely or in envelopes, labelled and arranged by year by R.F. Rainsford's daughter, Mrs Downend,...
Sir Richard Colt Hoare: Journals of tours in Italy and Europe
Journals and notebooks of Hoare's extensive European tours, mainly through Italy.
Thomas Brand: Letters to his Sister from the Continent
Scope and Contents A series of letters written by Brand while travelling on the Continent, some of which are incomplete. 38 of the letters are to Brand's sister Susan, addressed until October 1788 as Miss Brand of Newmarket, thereafter, from Nov. 1789, as Miss Carr of Hadstock, near Lincoln. There is one letter from Brand to the Rev. Joseph Hall, Rector of Bartlow, who was Brand's brother-in-law, and another from G. Pretyman to Miss Brand, apparently about the possibilities of preferment for Thomas. Most of...
Thornton Family: Letters and Papers
Scope and Contents Letters, diaries, legal documents, formal recollections, and odd scraps of personal information, chronicling the life of the Thornton family and reflecting the social life of the times. The bulk of the material covers the lifetime of E.M. Forster's great aunt Marianne Thornton. In addition to such letters of her own which have survived, she and other members of the family transcribed much of the family correspondence in several volumes of handwritten copies of letters. These include letters...
Dates: 1742-1881 (Circa)
Repository: Cambridge University Library X
ARCHON code (for CUL materials)
Archives and MSS Dept. (GBR/0012) 16
Royal Commonwealth Soc. (GBR/0115) 10
Africa (continent) 10
Italy (nation) 10
Asia (continent) 9
Egypt (nation) 9
Europe (continent) 9
France (nation) 8
United Kingdom (nation) 7
India (nation) 6
British Isles (island group) 4
Great Britain (island) 4
Sudan (nation) 4
Tanzania (nation) 4
Travel abroad 4
Cyprus (nation) 3
England (country) 3
Germany (nation) 3
Gibraltar (dependent state) 3
Japan (nation) 3
Malaysia (nation) 3
South Africa (nation) 3
Spain (nation) 3
Sri Lanka (nation) 3
Uganda (nation) 3
Australia (nation) 2
Catholicism 2
China (nation) 2
Congo (nation) 2
Cyprus (island) 2
Ethiopia (nation) 2
Greece (nation) 2
Indonesia (nation) 2
Israel (nation) 2
Kenya (nation) 2
Malay Archipelago (general region) 2
Morocco (nation) 2
New Zealand (nation) 2
Oceania (continent) 2
Pakistan (nation) 2
Palestine (historic region) 2
Portugal (nation) 2
Scotland (country) 2
Singapore (nation) 2
Turkey (nation) 2
Venice 2
Aden 1
Algeria (nation) 1
Arabian Peninsula (region (general)) 1
Ardennes (region (general)) 1
Argentina (nation) 1
Baden-Württemberg (state) 1
Balkan Peninsula (peninsula) 1
Bangladesh (nation) 1
Battersea Rise, London 1
Belgium (nation) 1
Black Forest (woods) 1
Bosnia and Hercegovina (nation) 1
Botswana (nation) 1
Brazil (nation) 1
British West Indies (general region) 1
Brittany (region) 1
Cameroon (nation) 1
Canada (nation) 1
Cape of Good Hope (general region) 1
Colonial administration 1
Colonialism 1
Colonization 1
Congo (general region) 1
Congo Republic (nation) 1
Crete (region) 1
Czech Republic (nation) 1
Ecuador (nation) 1
Egypt (former nation/state/empire) 1
Faeroe Islands (dependent state) 1
Florida (state) 1
Guatemala (nation) 1
Hungary (nation) 1
Indochina (region (general)) 1
Iran (nation) 1
Jamaica (nation) 1
Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg, 1834-1902 (1st Baron Acton and historian) 1
Acton, Sir John Francis Edward, 1736-1811 (Knight, 6th Baronet and Prime Minister of Naples) 1
Barttelot, Edmund Musgrave, 1859 - 1888 (Major) 1
Binnie, David Carr, fl. 1873 (traveller) 1
Brand, Thomas, 1751-1814 (Chancellor of Lincoln Cathedral) 1
British Association 1
British South Africa Company 1
Brusoni, Girolamo, 1610-1690? (Italian writer) 1
Charles, II, 1630-1685 (King of Great Britain and Ireland) 1
Döllinger, Johann Joseph Ignaz von (1799-1890) historian and theologian 1
Evans, Marian, 1819-1880 (novelist, pseudonym George Eliot) 1
Faulder, Cecil Joseph Salkeld, 1904 1
Forster, Edward Morgan, 1879-1970 (novelist and critic) 1
Gilmour, Thomas Lennox, 1859 - 1936 (journalist) 1
Gower, Granville George Leveson-, 1815-1891 (2nd Earl Granville, statesman) 1
Hartley, Diana, 1894 - 1986 (nursing administrator in India) 1
Hoare, Sir Richard Colt, 1758-1838 (2nd Baronet, historian and archaeologist) 1
Inglis, Sir Robert Harry, 1786-1855 (2nd Baronet, politician) 1
Laing, John William (b c 1846) 1
Lasaulx, Ernst von, 1805-1861 (German classicist and philosopher) 1
Lawrence, Peter Stafford Hayden, 1913 1
Liddle, Sydney Harold, fl1910 - 1912 1
Lucattinis, Domenico de, fl 1670 1
Macaulay, Zachary, 1768-1838 (philanthropist) 1
McKay, Alan Campbell, 1904 - 1984 (banker) 1
Miller, Harriet Susan, fl c 1856 1
Miller, William Hallowes, 1801-1880 (mineralogist) 1
Newman, John Henry, 1801-1890 (Cardinal) 1
Newton, John, 1725-1807 (slave trader and Church of England clergyman) 1
Pasha, Emin, 1840 - 1892 (governor of Equatoria) 1
Rainsford, Richard Frederick, 1888 - 1947 (Provost Marshal) 1
Redwood, Ivor Charles, 1891 - 1964 (engineer) 1
Royal Colonial Institute 1
Royal Geographical Society 1
Stanley, Sir (Henry Morton, 1841-1904, Knight, explorer, administrator, author and journalist) 1
Thornton family 1
Thornton, Henry, 1760-1815 (MP, Philanthropist and Economist) 1
Thornton, John, 1720-1790 (merchant and philanthropist) 1
Thornton, Marianne, 1797-1887 1
Wilberforce, William, 1759-1833 (politician, philanthropist, and slavery abolitionist) 1
Zazzera, Francisco, fl 1618 1


Prime Minister Imran Khan met Christine Lagarde on the sidelines of World Government Summit in Dubai, expressing his opinion afterward that both governments of Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund are on the same page as per structural reforms. In what he called "convergence of views" in a tweet, he hinted at the sustainable development aimed that keeping the most vulnerable sections of society in the loop.
"In my meeting today with IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde there was a convergence of our views on the need to carry out deep structural reforms to put the country on the path of sustainable development in which the most vulnerable segments of society are protected", the tweet read.
IMF, in a written statement issued after the meeting, has said that it is ready to help Pakistan strengthen its economy. Citing the PTI government's policy agenda, Lagarde said protecting the poor and strengthening governance were "key priorities to improve people's living standards in a sustainable manner". Though a broad understanding has been reached, still there is a lot which needs to be discussed and the proposed timeline for a bailout agreement is said to be reached by April with implementation starting from June.
The negotiations with IMF were run in the parallel with no clear insight into where both sides are standing vis-à-vis a bailout until the meeting between PM Imran Khan and Christine Lagarde.
PTI government inherited the balance of payment crisis once it assumed power. As predicted by most economic pundits, the IMF would have been the first destination to reach out for a bailout. Since it would have been the 22nd loan which Pakistan would have taken since its inception, the corresponding terms of the loan were likely to hurt the PTI government's long-term economic goals.
It pushed Prime Minister Khan and his finance Minister Asad Umar to look for other options while deferring the IMF bailout so that soft conditions may be negotiated. Due to a decades-long partnership between Gulf countries and Pakistan, coupled with the regional geopolitics, both Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates came to the rescue with $3 billion deposited in State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) to avert a balance of payment crisis for the time being.
Second relief which Pakistan got was deferred Oil payments, one of the largest imports of Pakistan, for up to $6 billion. The negotiations with IMF were run in the parallel with no clear insight into where both sides are standing vis-à-vis a bailout until the meeting between PM Imran Khan and Christine Lagarde.
Furthermore, the Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman is expected to visit Pakistan soon and it is speculated that he will be bringing the biggest Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the history of Pakistan. Saudi Arabia is planning to build a $10 billion mega oil refinery in Gwadar, which sits not far away from Iran recently functional Chabahar port, the archrival of Saudi Arabia. Other than the project itself, The Wall Street Journal reported last month that both Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Islamabad's biggest trading partner in the Middle East, have offered Prime Minister Khan some $30 billion in investment and loans.
Next fiscal year and budget would be the key to analyze the path which government might have adopted on the guidelines of IMF since by that time an agreement would be reached.
Political economic factors pushed the PTI government to pursue options which have certain geopolitical dimensions attached to it instead of an all-out IMF bailout which would have asked the government to limit its expenditure and it would have hurt the domestic political objectives.
Securing funds from Gulf countries also does not mean that the government will be able to pursue extensive welfare projects. As long as the economy does not get going and revenue generation via increased exports and broad tax base is streamlined, the government would not be able to undergo the sort of public welfare and social safety it has promised in the past.
Read more: How PML-N lies on economy?
But it has certainly allowed the national economy much-needed breathing space for the PTI government to work with. Next fiscal year and budget would be the key to analyze the path which government might have adopted on the guidelines of IMF since by that time an agreement would be reached.


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My colleagues have recently blogged about transcreation agencies damaging brands, managing the transcreation feedback and the impact of having the wrong transcreator on a job.
I would like to take a step back and look at how you can stop transcreation problems from happening in the first place. What is the best way of achieving good transcreation?
We know what it's like. Most of the time you're really busy, you're trying to juggle a hundred tasks at once, you need something done as soon as possible and you think that your transcreation agency should know what you know because it's obvious. But that's a dangerous line to tread. It's possible that your experience and familiarity with the subject matter might lead you to overlook some crucial things that your transcreator needs to know.
As a client, you have the ultimate power – and that power is information about your brand. It's down to you to communicate it in the right way, so it's important to give some serious thought about how you're briefing your transcreation agency.
Think of a brief as a "map" of where you want the transcreation to go. If a map is poorly signposted, you could well end up somewhere completely different from your intended destination. Similarly if your brief is incomplete, the transcreator has to guess the directions and can therefore produce a transcreation that isn't what you expected.
What is a perfect brief? What should it include?
The brief always needs to define the following: style of writing, medium, target audience, and subject matter. It includes other vital information such as timelines, deadlines and budgets. Writing an extensive brief helps you set your expectations towards the end result.
When it comes to transcreation briefs, the more information you give the better it is, however it needs to be neatly organised in order not to be confusing. It is good to start from the vague and move towards the more specific information, as set out in the following steps.
Begin with describing the background. What is the brand? Is this a new product or campaign launch? What is the rationale behind this campaign?
Background information sets the whole scene for the transcreation, and helps understand the context.
The next step would be to clarify the objectives. You should communicate to your transcreation agency what you want to achieve with your campaign and share the bigger picture.
Part of the brief will be composed of many important elements like target audience, media channel, subject matter expertise, source and target languages, format and volume of the copy. Unless you are crystal clear on who it is that you're trying to talk to, the language and the imagery might not be suited for your customer group. When you are defining your target audience include basic information like age, gender, social position and country. From this, your audience's response and attitude towards the communication can be predicted and assessed.
Last but not least will be to talk about the budget, timelines and reference materials. Be clear when you need it, how much you are paying, and supply any additional reference materials which will help your transcreator to do a great job.
What is it about? What brand/product/campaign does it concern?
Why does it exist, what is its purpose?
Who is the target audience? What should the tone-of-voice be? Is it internal or external material?
How Background info, reference material, brand guidelines, images, and previous transcreation.
Follow these steps and your transcreation brief should come back to you just as you planned. Share your knowledge and your expectations clearly, and the process will run smoothly.