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Cochise College
Redesign Coordinator: Robert Hall
Formerly, the developmental math course sequence at Cochise College consisted of four four-credit courses: Developmental Math, Fundamental Math, Elementary Algebra and Intermediate Algebra. Intermediate Algebra had the highest average enrollment with roughly 900 students annually. Elementary Algebra usually enrolled around 750 students annually. Annual enrollments for Fundamental and Developmental Math were roughly 350 students and 150 students respectively. Over 60% of all math students (2,200 students annually) were enrolled in these developmental math courses. Students engaged in three hours of traditional classroom/lecture time per week plus one hour of non-lecture learning. Math practice time was usually delivered using cooperative learning techniques or Hawkes Learning Systems software.
The developmental math sequence should be the gateway to success in college-level mathematics, but too often it became an insurmountable barrier to educational attainment. A former departmental review at Cochise showed that, of the 5,782 students enrolled in developmental math courses between 2007 and 2010, nearly 43% received a D, F or W. Almost 25% of the students never completed the developmental math sequence, a rate that had not changed significantly since 2004. Half-measures could not overcome this problem; redesign was needed to improve the success rate of developmental math students. For recent high school graduates, redesign was critical to remediating deficiencies in mathematics skills. For returning adult students, redesign provided critical flexibility by allowing them to progress through the developmental math sequence without being tied to the pace of a single class.
The Cochise developmental math program was redesigned into three courses (Developmental Math I, II and III). Fifteen modules--each corresponding to a desired learning outcome--were distributed evenly across the courses. Students were able to move at their own pace through the courses and were given three semesters to complete them successfully. Students were required to spend four hours per week in class where the focus was on using interactive software and receiving individualized attention to help students actually do math; lecture requirements were eliminated.
The redesign significantly enhanced the quality of the developmental math students' experiences. They had a high-touch, modularized experience where feedback and assistance were available instantaneously (software) and on-demand (instructors and tutors). Time and attention were directed only where the student needed it, with extra instruction and practice in areas of difficulty and the ability to move rapidly through areas of demonstrated mastery. MyMathLab software engaged the students in every session, and the ratio of instructors/tutors in the lab classrooms was calibrated based on the size of class and level of need. Students had multiple ways to reinforce their learning experiences: online tutorials, individualized instruction, collaborative learning and software-based practice. The use of technology supported immediate feedback on progress (exercise, homework, quizzes, tests, etc.) so that both the students and the instructors knew how students were progressing.
The groundwork had been laid for assessing the impact of redesign on student learning prior to the beginning of the redesign project. The campus and instructors selected for the pilot had experience with implementing new models and assessing impact. The redesign team included members with substantial expertise in developmental mathematics, and they were given the authority to closely examine outcomes. The department as a whole had been involved in assessing developmental math outcomes for over 10 years. A significant element of that assessment was the exit exam; Cochise had four semesters of data on this exam, which allowed the department to perform both parallel and baseline comparisons against the redesigned courses. All students (those taking traditional or redesigned courses) were tested in comparable settings.
Prior to the redesign, Cochise offered 71 traditional sections of developmental math on the main campus with an average section size of 21 students each. After the redesign, the average section size increased to 38 students. The increase in section size meant that each of ten full-time faculty members carried on average an additional 33 developmental students each year. The percentage of full-time faculty teaching the developmental sections increased from 53% in the traditional courses to 73% in the redesign. The cost-per-student declined from $351 in the traditional format to $306 in the redesign, a reduction of 13%.
To assess the impact of redesign on student learning outcomes, Cochise compared common items from exams given throughout the semester to both traditional and redesigned cohorts. Each problem was evaluated as right or wrong. The numbers portrayed below represent the percentage of questions answered correctly in each condition.
Fundamentals of Math
Redesign students in the first two courses outperformed traditional students, although the difference was not significant. Traditional students in Intermediate Algebra outperformed redesign students in Intermediate Algebra, although again the difference was not significant.
Course-by-Course Completion
Course completion rates (grades of C or better) were higher under the redesign. In the case of Elementary Algebra, the difference was statistically significant
Grade of C or Better
Spring 2005-2010 Traditional
There are other indications that redesigned students completed at an even higher rate. Cochise analyzed fall 2011 course grades by considering a what-if "Making Progress" (MP) grade. Students receiving an MP grade must have completed at least 60% odf the modules with 80% or better mastery. When taking into account MP grades, completion rates were even higher in the redesign. In the case of the first two courses, those differences were statistically significant.
Fall 2004-2009 Traditional
Student attitudes. Student attitudes toward the redesign were positive overall. Students found it very helpful that they could work at their own pace and learn independently with the help of the instructors and tutors. Students' text anxiety and math phobia greatly diminished. Student surveys showed approximately 95% of students would recommend the new course to others.
Continual progress. Allowing students to flow from one module to the next allowed the students to make continual progress. Students were able to take the time they needed to learn the material instead of having to forge ahead and repeat coursework over the next semester. Similarly, students who could complete the courses faster have taken advantage of the redesign. During the past year, 93 students completed two or more developmental math courses in one semester and 30 students completed all three levels in one semester.
Student completion of the developmental math program. The number of students exiting the developmental math program increased somewhat. In previous years, 51% exited the program compared with 54% in AY 2011-2012, the first year of the redesign.
Prior to the redesign, Cochise College offered 71 traditional sections of developmental math on the main campus with an average section size of 21 students each. After the redesign, the average section size increased to 38 students. The increase in section size meant that each of ten full-time faculty carried on average an additional 33 developmental students each year. The percentage of full-time faculty teaching the developmental sections increased from 53% in the traditional courses to 73% in the redesign. The cost-per-student declined from $351 in the traditional format to $306 in the redesign, a reduction of 13%.
Cochise also used the "one-room schoolhouse" approach to deal with low-enrollment sections at their extended learning sites, producing both institutional cost savings as well as clear benefits to students. Section sizes did not increase because the labs were too small. Previously, when small sections did not "fill," they had to either be cancelled, (interrupting student progression through the sequence and incurring lost revenue to the college) or offered at a relatively high cost. Using the one-room schoolhouse meant that the college offered multiple developmental math courses in the same computer classroom or lab at the same time. Students worked with instructional software, and instructors provided help when needed. Even though students were at different points in the developmental sequence, they could be in the same classroom. This strategy enabled the extended learning centers to offer each level of developmental math each semester and avoid cancelling classes, which, in turn, reduced scheduling roadblocks for students and enabled them to complete their degree requirements sooner. Since fewer sections were needed to accommodate the same number of students, the overall cost-per-student was lowered. These savings are not included in the cost-per-student comparisons cited above.
Cochise faculty and staff believe in the redesign project and are committed to continue the new format for students. The labs are in place with plans for continuing improvements to facilities and training for instructors and tutors. Many college-level classes, especially online courses, are now using the same software and parts of the redesign concept.
The administration continues to fully support the math department's efforts to improve student learning. A 50-station lab was constructed on the Sierra Vista campus at the beginning of fall 2011. A similar lab is now under construction on the Douglas campus. Plans are also being made to construct a lab in the new facilities on Ft. Huachuca. The college's IT department deserves special recognition in its support of the redesign effort. Without their assistance, this change would not have been possible.
The goal of the math department is to continually improve the redesign effort. Sessions have been scheduled during upcoming faculty and staff convocations to receive feedback from center directors and associate faculty members. Part of the discussion will be devoted to improving the facilities at the extended learning centers.


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The Athlete's Two Bodies:
Reflections on the Ontology of Celebrity
By Brian L. Frye
This essay appears in the print version of INCITE #7/8: Sports.
Detail of frontispiece of Thomas Hobbes' Leviathan (1651). Etching by Abraham Bosse with creative input from Hobbes. From the internet. (Click for full image)
In his seminal study of medieval political theology, The King's Two Bodies, Ernst Kantorowicz observed that in the medieval era legal scholars conceptualized the king as the union of two "bodies"—the "body natural" or physical body, and the "body politic" or sovereign body—which together formed a "body corporate."1 Echoing the theological duality of the body of Christ, the king's body natural was tangible and mortal, but the king's body politic was intangible and immortal. The demise of the king's body natural simply caused the migration of the body politic from one body natural to another. The king is dead; long live the king.
Among other things, the duality of the king's body affected the legal status of the king's actions. For example, the king could take personal possession of property in the capacity of the body natural, but not the body politic. The property of the body politic belonged only to the state. Moreover, in the union of the king's two bodies, the perfection of the body politic cured any imperfection in the body natural, even its mortality, for the union of the body natural and the body politic conveyed at least legal immortality on every incarnation of the king. While the soul passed from the body natural, the sovereign essence of the king's body corporate was eternal.2
When the people reclaimed their sovereignty in the Glorious Revolution, they split asunder the king's two bodies, taking for themselves the body politic, and leaving behind the king's body natural, at most. The body corporate was no more, as the body politic was no longer contained by any one body natural.
And yet, the creation of the "right of publicity" in the 20th century imposed a mimetic duality on celebrities, by refashioning them as the union of two "bodies": a person and an identity. The right of publicity grew out of the "right to privacy," which confers an inalienable "right to be let alone."3 The right to privacy enables people to prohibit the use of their name and likeness under certain circumstances, by creating a cause of action for invasion of privacy. But it is a personal right, not a property right, because it cannot be transferred, and terminates at death.4 By contrast, the right of publicity is a property right, because it confers an alienable right to prohibit the commercial use of a person's name and likeness under certain circumstances.5
Of course, in the absence of celebrity, the right of publicity is but a peppercorn, and as readily discarded; but in the presence of celebrity, it is a philosopher's stone, and coveted accordingly. It transmogrifies the person become celebrity into a "body corporate" consisting of a tangible, mortal person and an intangible, immortal identity. Unlike the personal right of privacy, which only empowers a person to avoid the public eye, the property right of publicity empowers a celebrity to shape public discourse.6 Where the right of privacy enabled a person to demand silence, the right of publicity empowers celebrities to control speech about themselves and to delegate that power to others. The 13th Amendment provides that living persons are inalienable.7 And federal law also prohibits the sale of a corpse and its constituent parts.8 But the right of publicity encourages celebrities to sell their identities by making them alienable, at least in part.9 The celebrity identity protected by the right of publicity may pass from one person to another, and survive them all, enduring until the kingdom in which it reigns has come to naught.
Just as medieval political theology conceptualized the king's body corporate as the union of a body natural and the body politic, so too does the right of publicity conceptualize the celebrity body corporate as the union of a person and a celebrity identity. Just as the body politic survived the demise of the king's body natural, passing from one person to another, so too may the celebrity identity survive the death of its original vessel, passing either to a new owner in the form of a property right, or to its former subjects, the fans who collectively conjured it from the ether of popular culture.10 Just as the body politic cured any defect in the body natural, so too does the celebrity identity transform the person into an icon, perfect even in its imperfection.11 Just as the body politic empowered the king's body corporate to exercise and delegate the sovereign power of the state, so too does the celebrity identity empower the celebrity to exercise and delegate the mysterious power of fame.
The origin of the king's body corporate lay in the gradual secularization of theology, which transmogrified power into right and created the medieval concept of sovereignty. But what was the origin of the right to privacy and how did it beget the right of publicity? How did the right of publicity create the celebrity body corporate and how did celebrities come to claim that power for their own? The story begins with two ingenious law professors, continues with an especially cussed baseball player, and comes to fruition in a dispute between competing baseball card manufacturers. In short, it is a story about how baseball cards transformed celebrity.
Brooklyn Atlantics baseball card, circa 1860. From the internet.
The Creation of the Right to Privacy
Legendarily, the right to privacy was created from whole cloth by one of the most influential law review articles ever written.12 In 1890, Samuel Warren and Louis Brandeis published an article titled "The Right to Privacy" in the Harvard Law Review.13 At the time, the common law recognized causes of action in tort for slander and libel, or the dissemination of false statements that harm a person's reputation.14 But Warren and Brandeis observed that true statements can also cause harm when they improperly intrude into a person's private life, and argued that the common law should recognize a cause of action in tort for invasion of privacy in order to prevent those harms.15 They characterized the "right to privacy" as "the right to be let alone," and explained:
The design of the law must be to protect those persons with whose affairs the community has no legitimate concern, from being dragged into an undesirable and undesired publicity and to protect all persons, whatsoever; their position or station, from having matters which they may properly prefer to keep private, made public against their will. It is the unwarranted invasion of individual privacy which is reprehended, and to be, so far as possible, prevented.16
In fact, Warren and Brandeis did not invent the concept of a "right to privacy," or even coin the phrase, but they did show how it was consistent with a smorgasbord of existing common law doctrines.17 In 1905, the Georgia Supreme Court became the first state supreme court to recognize a common law right to privacy, and many others soon followed.18 And where it was not recognized as a common law right, state legislatures often created a statutory right.
For example, in 1902, an 18-year-old girl named Abigail M. Roberson sued the Rochester Folding Box Co. and the Franklin Mills Co. for using a photolithograph of her to advertise Franklin Mills Flour.19 The New York Court of Appeals dismissed the lawsuit, holding that the common law did not create a "right of privacy," but observing that the legislature "could very well interfere and arbitrarily provide that no one should be permitted for his own selfish purpose to use the picture or the name of another for advertising purposes without his consent."20 In response, the New York Legislature enacted the New York Privacy Law of 1903, which provided that the commercial use of a person's name or likeness without their written consent was both a misdemeanor and a tort.21
However, some courts held that the common law right to privacy only prohibits the improper public disclosure of private facts, and therefore does not necessarily prohibit the commercial use of a person's name or likeness without permission.22 And most courts held that the right to privacy is an inalienable personal right, not an alienable property right.23 While people could waive the right to privacy by contract, they could not transfer the right itself. Consequently the recognition of the right to privacy provided only a qualified right to control the use of a person's name and likeness, and limited the ability of celebrities to capitalize their identities.
Gilbert & Bacon cabinet card photo of Deacon McGuire of the Philadelphia Quakers, circa 1885-88. From New York Public Library Digital Collections.
A Potted History of Baseball Cards
Baseball originated in English bat-and-ball games dating from time immemorial. The first known reference to "base-ball" appeared in 1744, but the term referred to a congeries of bat-and-ball games until the mid-19th century. In 1845, Alexander Cartwright of New York's Knickerbocker Club created modern baseball by codifying the "Knickerbocker Rules," and within a decade baseball became the most popular sport in America.24
Proto-baseball cards appeared soon afterward, in the form of "cartes de visite," or small photographs mounted on cardboard. Cartes de visite were invented in 1854, and became wildly popular in the United States during the Civil War because they provided an inexpensive way for soldiers and their families to exchange photographs. But photographers also sold commercial cartes de visite featuring assorted celebrities, including politicians, authors, and baseball players.
In the late-17th century, businesses began using "trade cards," or cardstock with an image printed on one side and information printed on the other, to advertise their products and services. In the late-1860s, as baseball became professionalized, businesses began using images of baseball players and teams on trade cards.
In the early-1870s, tobacco companies started using cardstock to stiffen paper cigarette packages. At first, "cigarette cards" were blank, but in 1875, the Allen & Ginter tobacco company of Richmond, Virginia started using trade cards, so they could do double duty as advertisements. Among other things, Allen & Ginter's cigarette cards featured images of baseball players, making them the first true baseball cards. They were popular, and other cigarette companies soon started using baseball cards. In 1888, the G&B Chewing Gum Company of New York included baseball cards in its packages of gum, and other candy manufacturers sporadically followed suit.
These early baseball cards predated the right to privacy, so baseball players could not control the use of their names and likenesses. But as courts and legislatures increasingly began to recognize the right to privacy, companies began to ask permission from players to use their names and likenesses.
For example, between 1909 and 1911, the American Tobacco Company ("ATC") of Durham, North Carolina issued the so-called "T206" series of cigarette cards featuring 524 different baseball-related subjects, primarily portraits of players.25 ATC hired an assortment of sports journalists in different cities to offer baseball players $10 for permission to use their names and likenesses on its cards. While the state Supreme Court did not explicitly recognize a right to privacy until 1938, ATC distributed its cigarettes nationally, and presumably sought permission in order to avoid liability for violation of the right to privacy in other states, including New York.26
T206 PSA 5 (MC) Honus Wagner baseball card, 1909. From the internet.
At some point, Pittsburgh Pirates shortstop Johannes Peter "Honus" Wagner either refused or rescinded his permission to use his name and likeness on a cigarette card, and returned his $10 fee to ATC, because he "did not care to have his picture in a package of cigarettes."27 While ATC immediately stopped issuing Wagner cards, it had already released about 200. Because of Wagner's belated withdrawal of permission to use his name and likeness, the T206 Honus Wagner card is quite rare, and is currently the most valuable baseball card.28
After the First World War, tobacco companies gradually stopped issuing cigarette cards, but gum and candy manufacturers continued to issue occasional sets of baseball cards. In 1933, five bubblegum companies issued sets of varying sizes, the largest being a 239-card set issued by Goudey Gum of Boston. Goudey briefly dominated the baseball card business, but its sales gradually declined, and Gum, Inc. of Philadelphia dominated the market from 1939 to 1941.
During the Second World War, baseball card production stopped due to wartime rationing of cardboard. But after the war, the popularity of baseball skyrocketed, and in 1948, the Bowman Gum Company (formerly Gum, Inc.) and the Leaf Gum Company of Chicago resumed producing baseball cards.
Bowman signed 106 baseball players to exclusive contracts and issued a set of 48 black and white baseball cards. In exchange for "the 'exclusive right to print, publish, exhibit, display and sell' the ballplayer's photograph together with his name, signature or facsimile thereof" in connection with the sale of chewing gum, the player received $10, plus an additional $90 "if he was a member of a major league baseball club for the first 31 days after the opening of the official baseball season."29
By contrast, Leaf signed baseball players to nonexclusive contracts, and issued a set of 98 color baseball cards. At least 24 of the cards in the Leaf set depicted players who had exclusive contracts with Bowman. Bowman sued Leaf for interfering with its exclusive contracts, and they quickly settled, with Leaf agreeing not to issue any baseball cards until 1951.30
As Bowman continued to sign more baseball players to exclusive contracts and started issuing larger sets of baseball cards, its profits quickly increased.31 And competitors took notice. In 1951, the Topps Chewing Gum Company of Brooklyn entered the baseball card business, signing contracts with baseball players and issuing a 104-card set packaged with a caramel candy. In response, Bowman signed its baseball players to new exclusive contracts that covered both chewing gum and "confections."
1952 Topps Jackie Robinson (#312) baseball card. From the internet.
The Creation of the Right of Publicity
In 1952, Bowman was purchased by Haelan Laboratories, Inc., and Topps issued a set of 407 baseball cards, packaged with chewing gum. Hundreds of the players depicted in the set had signed exclusive contracts with Haelan. So Haelan sued Topps in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, alleging unfair competition, trademark infringement, and interference with contractual relations. Topps responded that Haelan failed to state a claim because under New York law the "statutory right of privacy is personal, not assignable."32 In other words, Topps argued that the baseball players could waive their right to privacy, but could not assign it in an exclusive contract. The district court agreed with Topps and dismissed the complaint, and Haelan appealed.
The Second Circuit reversed, holding that Haelan's exclusive contracts provided not only a release from liability for invasion of the right of privacy, but also a promise not to provide a such a release to third parties, and that Topps interfered with those contracts by inducing baseball players to breach their promise.33 But it also held that celebrities possess an assignable "right of publicity":
We think that, in addition to and independent of that right of privacy (which in New York derives from statute), a man has a right in the publicity value of his photograph, i.e., the right to grant the exclusive privilege of publishing his picture, and that such a grant may validly be made 'in gross,' i.e., without an accompanying transfer of a business or of anything else. Whether it be labelled a 'property' right is immaterial; for here, as often elsewhere, the tag 'property' simply symbolizes the fact that courts enforce a claim which has pecuniary worth.
This right might be called a 'right of publicity.' For it is common knowledge that many prominent persons (especially actors and ball-players), far from having their feelings bruised through public exposure of their likenesses, would feel sorely deprived if they no longer received money for authorizing advertisements, popularizing their countenances, displayed in newspapers, magazines, busses, trains and subways. This right of publicity would usually yield them no money unless it could be made the subject of an exclusive grant which barred any other advertiser from using their pictures.34
As a result, the Second Circuit effectively created a new kind of intellectual property, the "right of publicity," which gives people an alienable right in the commercial use of their name and likeness.35 After Haelan, not only could people prevent the commercial use of their name and likeness without permission, but also they could transfer the right to control the commercial use of their name and likeness to someone else.36
Ironically, Haelan was a pyrrhic victory. The Second Circuit remanded the case to the district court, where it became clear that Haelan had failed to sign exclusive contracts with enough players to monopolize the baseball card business, and had bungled the renewal of many of its contracts.37 As a consequence, both Haelan and Topps continued to issue baseball cards until January 20, 1956, when Topps bought Haelan's baseball card and bubble gum business for $200,000, and became the dominant manufacturer of baseball cards.
The Baseball Card Monopoly
But Topps wasn't satisfied with dominance, it wanted a monopoly. After purchasing Haelan, it signed exclusive contracts with as many major and minor league baseball players as possible, and focused on signing minor league players before they made the majors. The Topps form contract "guaranteed the player a lump-sum payment of $125 for each season in which either his picture was used or the player was an active member of a major league club" and "ran until Topps had made five years of payments to the individual player."38 Within a few years, they had signed exclusive contracts with almost every professional ballplayer.
In 1965, the Federal Trade Commission filed an antitrust action against Topps, alleging that it had monopolized the baseball card business by forming exclusive contracts with about 414 of 421 major league baseball players, and "practically all minor league players having a major league potential."39 While the hearing examiner ruled against Topps, the Commission reversed, primarily because the Topps contracts were limited to baseball cards sold alone or in connection with gum and candy, so competitors could sell baseball cards in connection with other products. But the Commission also observed that the FTC could not interfere with the ability of baseball players to alienate their right of publicity.40 After the FTC decision, Topps bought out Fleer, its only remaining competitor, and consolidated its control of the baseball card business.41
In 1966, the Major League Baseball Players Association hired Marvin Miller as its Executive Director. Miller created a group licensing program, under which players authorized the Players Association to negotiate group licenses of their right of publicity, but retained the right to negotiate individual licenses. It avoided conflict with Topps' exclusive contracts by explicitly excluding publicity rights that players had already conveyed. As a consequence, the Players Association could not negotiate group licenses for baseball cards sold alone, or in connection with gum or candy. The first group license authorized Coca-Cola to put pictures of baseball players on the underside of bottlecaps. It was quite successful, and the Players Association soon negotiated group licenses with many other companies.42
The Players Association also focused on increasing compensation under Topps's exclusive contracts with individual baseball players. Miller persuaded players not to renew their exclusive contracts with Topps, which eventually enabled him to renegotiate the terms of Topps's contracts. On November 18, 1968, Topps formed a new agreement with the Players Association that "increased the players' lump sum license payments from $125 to $250 per year" and provided each player "a pro rata share of 8% of Topps' sales up to four million dollars and 10% of Topps' sales over four million."43
In 1974, Fleer decided to re-enter the baseball card business, but quickly ran afoul of Topps and the Players Association. Fleer tried to obtain a group license to sell large (5" x 7") patches and cards, but after consulting with Topps, the Players Association refused. Fleer responded by filing an antitrust action against Topps and the Players Association in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.44
The district court found that Topps and the Players Association had conspired to monopolize the baseball card business. It observed that Fleer effectively could not obtain individual licenses to sell baseball cards alone or with gum or candy, because Topps had exclusive contracts with substantially all professional baseball players, and that it could not obtain a group license to sell baseball cards with other products, because the Players Association refused to negotiate one. As a result, Topps and the Players Association exercised monopoly power over the baseball card business. The district court awarded only nominal damages to Fleer, but enjoined Topps from forming or enforcing exclusive contracts with baseball players, and ordered the Players Association to grant at least one group license to sell baseball cards.45
Pursuant to the district court's order, the Players Association granted Fleer a non-exclusive group license to sell baseball cards, which Fleer immediately used.46 Both Topps and Fleer appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. Topps appealed the judgment, and Fleer sought an expanded injunction banning Topps from the baseball card business for one year and forcing Topps to obtain group licenses through the Players Association, rather than exclusive contracts with individual baseball players. The Third Circuit reversed the district court, holding that neither Topps' exclusive contracts nor the Players Association's group licenses were unreasonable restraints of trade, and that Fleer had failed to prove that Topps and the Players Association actually exercised monopoly power, because competitors could negotiate their own exclusive contracts with individual baseball players.47
An autographed 1969 Topps Sporting News All Star Curt Flood (#426) baseball card. From the internet.
The Rise and Demise of the Reserve Clause
The Players Association not only helped baseball players claim a larger percentage of the value of their right of publicity, but also helped them claim a larger percentage of the value of their labor. The first labor union representing baseball players was the Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players, formed in 1885. It was followed by the Players' Protective Association in 1900, the Fraternity of Professional Baseball Players of America in 1912 and the American Baseball Guild in 1946. The prime target of those unions was the hated "reserve clause," a part of every player's contract that gave the team a unilateral option to renegotiate and assign the contract. Any player who breached the reserve clause was blacklisted. As a consequence, players were bound to their team, unless they obtained an unconditional release.48
The reserve clause originated in an 1879 agreement among the National League teams, and it was soon a standard feature of a baseball player's contract in all the leagues. The owners loved it, because it reduced the cost of operating a successful baseball team by reducing player salaries. Unsurprisingly, baseball players objected from the get-go, because it reduced not only their salaries, but also their freedom. In 1887, baseball player cum lawyer John Montgomery Ward of the New York Giants published a widely-read article comparing the reserve clause to chattel slavery: "Like a fugitive-slave law, the reserve-rule denies him a harbor or a livelihood, and carries him back, bound and shackled, to the club from which he attempted to escape."49
Between 1890 and 1914, the enforceability of the reserve clause was tested in a series of breach of contract actions filed by baseball teams against errant players who defected to competing leagues. Typically, the players won, as courts held that the common law neither obligated teams to hire players, nor obligated players to stay with their teams, absent defined contractual terms. But the reserve clause persisted, as the competing leagues failed and teams knew that players lacked options.50
The alternative was to challenge the reserve clause on antitrust grounds. But the Supreme Court repeatedly rejected those challenges, on increasingly implausible grounds. In 1915, the owner of the Baltimore Terrapins filed an antitrust action against the National League and American League, alleging that they violated the Sherman Antitrust Act by conspiring to destroy the former Federal League, but the Court held that professional baseball was exempt from federal regulation under the Sherman Act because it was not "interstate commerce."51 In 1950, George Earl Toolson filed an antitrust action against the New York Yankees, alleging that the reserve clause was an improper restraint of trade under the Sherman Act, but the Court reaffirmed its holding that professional baseball was exempt from the Sherman Act, essentially because the leagues had reasonably relied on its previous ruling.52 And in 1970, Curtis Charles Flood filed an antitrust action against Major League Baseball Commissioner Bowie Kuhn, alleging that the reserve clause violated the Sherman Act and comparing it to slavery. While the Court finally acknowledged that professional baseball was indeed interstate commerce, it nevertheless held that baseball was exempt from federal regulation under the Sherman Act, based on precedent.53
But the reserve clause was already on its way out. In 1968, the Players Association had negotiated the first-ever collective bargaining agreement in professional sports, which increased the minimum salary from $6,000 to $10,000, among other things. In 1970, it negotiated the right for players to arbitrate grievances. In 1972, the players went on strike and forced the owners to accept binding arbitration. And in 1975, Dave McNally and Andy Messersmith challenged the perpetual reserve clause in binding arbitration and prevailed. When the arbitrator's decision was affirmed by the federal courts, the reserve clause was no more.54 While baseball retained its unique antitrust exemption, players could become free agents and negotiate their salaries.
The Athlete's Two Bodies
Medieval political theorists unwittingly enabled the creation of the modern concept of sovereignty by defining the king as the union of two bodies. If the body politic could pass from one body natural to another, it could also pass to the body corporate constituted by the people as a whole.
Likewise, Warren and Brandeis unwittingly enabled the creation of the modern concept of celebrity by creating the right to privacy, which implicitly recognized the existence of an intangible identity in every tangible person. And the creation of the right of publicity in Haelan realized that concept by implicitly defining a celebrity as the union of two bodies: a tangible and mortal person, and an intangible and immortal celebrity identity.
Just as the king's body politic could pass from one body natural to another, so too could the celebrity's persona pass from one person to another. And just as sovereignty went from being the property of the king to the property of the nation, so too did celebrity go from being a personal right to a property right. While not every element of celebrity identity is alienable, many of them are, and more often than not, property will become public.55
Initially, professional baseball players were deprived of both of their bodies. They lost their persons to the reserve clause, and their personalities to the right of publicity. But through collective action, they eventually reclaimed both. And yet, their bodies remain bifurcated, their personalities long outliving their persons. Indeed, Honus Wagner's fame lives on, 60 years after his death.
Courts created the right of publicity to enable athletes to sell their personalities, holding that baseball players could convey an exclusive right to use their name and likeness on a baseball card. In theory, the right of publicity enabled athletes whose capital consisted of their bodies to capitalize their celebrity. But in practice, at least for a time, it allowed sporting leagues to hire people, but sell their identities.
Baseball cards transformed the athletes who performed the ritualized labor of the game into secular icons. And the right of publicity enabled companies to capitalize their identities, even as the league capitalized their bodies. Eventually, baseball players reclaimed both their bodies and their identities. But the conceptual duality of the celebrity corporate body persists.
Thanks to Daniel Sherer for inspiring and informing the development of this article, and to Katrina M. Dixon, Jennifer E. Rothman, Jeffrey Levine, and Christopher Bradley for helpful comments and suggestions. Thanks to Michel Yang, Tina Brooks, and Franklin Runge for invaluable research assistance.
1. See generally Ernst H. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957).
2. See Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies, 3-23.
3. Samuel D. Warren & Louis D. Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, 4 Harv. L. Rev. 193 (1890).
4. Melville B. Nimmer, The Right of Publicity, 19 Law & Contemp. Probs. 203, 209 (1954) ("In most jurisdictions it is well established that a right of privacy is a personal right rather than a property right and consequently is not assignable.").
5. See 2 J. Thomas McCarthy, The Rights of Publicity and Privacy § 10:13 (2d ed. 2011) (stating that the "rule of free assignability in gross of the right of publicity has never been seriously questioned") and Restatement (Third) of Unfair Competition § 46 cmt. g (1995) (stating that "[t]he interest in the commercial value of a person's identity ... is freely assignable to others"). But see generally Jennifer E. Rothman, The Inalienable Right of Publicity, 101 Geo. L.J. 185 (2012) (arguing that "the alienability of the right of publicity is far from universal and is limited in a number of significant ways").
6. Melville B. Nimmer, The Right of Publicity, 19 Law and Contemporary Problems 203, 204 (1954) ("Indeed, privacy is the one thing they do 'not want, or need.' Their concern is rather with publicity, which may be regarded as the reverse side of the coin of privacy.").
7. U.S. Const. Amend. 13 ("Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.").
8. 42 U.S.C. § 274e(a) ("It shall be unlawful for any person to knowingly acquire, receive, or otherwise transfer any human organ for valuable consideration for use in human transplantation if the transfer affects interstate commerce.").
9. See, e.g., Melville B. Nimmer, The Right of Publicity, 19 Law and Contemporary Problems 203, 213 (1954) ("The pecuniary worth of publicity values will be greatly diminished if not totally destroyed if these values cannot be effectively sold."); but see Jennifer E. Rothman, The Inalienable Right of Publicity, 101 Geo. L.J. 185, 186 (2012) (arguing that "the alienability of the right of publicity is far from universal and is limited in a number of significant ways").
10. See generally Jennifer E. Rothman, Rothman's Roadmap to the Right of Publicity, at http://www.rightofpublicityroadmap.com (observing that some states have created a post-mortem right of publicity and others have not).
11. See, e.g., Greil Marcus, Dead Elvis: A Chronicle of a Cultural Obsession (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).
12. See, e.g., Melville B. Nimmer, The Right of Publicity, 19 Law and Contemporary Problems 203, 213 (1954) ("Louis Brandeis and Samuel Warren in their essay 'The Right to Privacy' produced what is perhaps the most famous and certainly the most influential law review article ever written."). In fact, the concept of a right to privacy predated the article, but, "When the legend becomes fact, print the legend" (The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance [1962]).
13. Samuel D. Warren & Louis D. Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, 4 Harv. L. Rev. 193, 205, 207, 211 (1890).
14. The tort of slander applies to oral statements and the tort of libel applies to written statements. See, e.g., Pollard v. Lyon, 91 U.S. 225, 228 (1875) ("[T]here is a marked distinction between slander and libel, and that many things are actionable when written or printed and published which would not be actionable if merely spoken, without averring and proving special damage.").
15. Interestingly, Charles Colman has recently suggested that the impetus for the article was Samuel Warren's concern for protecting the privacy of his gay younger brother Edward "Ned" Warren. Charles E. Colman, About Ned, 129 Harv. L. Rev. F. 128 (2016).
16. Samuel D. Warren & Louis D. Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, 4 Harv. L. Rev. 193, 214–15 (1890).
17. Dorothy J. Glancy, The Invention of the Right to Privacy, 21 Ariz. L. Rev. 1, 2-3 (1979).
18. See, e.g., Pavesich v. New England Life Ins. Co., 122 Ga. 190, 50 S.E. 68 (1905).
19. Roberson v. Rochester Folding Box Co., 171 N.Y. 538, 545 (1902).
21. 1903 N.Y. Laws 308 (codified at N.Y. Civ. Rights Law §§ 50, 51 (2016)).
22. See Melville B. Nimmer, The Right of Publicity, 19 Law and Contemporary Problems 203, 204-06 (1954).
23. See Melville B. Nimmer, The Right of Publicity, 19 Law and Contemporary Problems 203, 209-10 (1954) (citing O'Brien v. Pabst Sales, 124 F.2d 167 (5th Cir. 1941), among other cases). But see Jennifer E. Rothman, The Inalienable Right of Publicity, 101 Geo. L.J. 185 (2012) ("Privacy rights themselves also originated from a property-based rubric.").
24. See generally Francis C. Richter, Richter's History and Records of Base Ball: The American Nation's Chief Sport (Philadelphia: F.C. Richter, 1914). Cf. The Common Law Origins of the Infield Fly Rule, 123 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1474 (1975).
25. The series was named "T206" in 1939 by baseball card collector Jefferson Burdick. See Scot A. Reader, "Inside T206: A Collector's Guide to the Classic Baseball Card Set," at http://www.oldcardboard.com/t/t206/insidet206-centennial-edition.pdf
26. Flake v. Greensboro News Co., 212 N.C. 780, 195 S.E. 55, 64 (1938).
27. Ralph S. Davis, "Wagner a Wonder: One Player in Game Who is Not Money Mad," The Sporting News, October 12, 1912. It is unclear whether Wagner refused his permission to use his name and likeness because he disapproved of cigarettes or because he wanted a larger fee. While Wagner had previously appeared in other tobacco advertisements, including a 1909 cigarette advertisement, one of his teammates claimed that he would not license his name and likeness to cigarette companies:
"Wagner's only bad habit is his love of chewing tobacco, but he detests cigarettes, and does not smoke in any form. I have seen him refuse several checks of $1000 by cigarette companies who want to use his name."
From San Jose Mercury News, October 22, 1914. See Michael O'Keeffe & Teri Thompson, The Card: Collectors, Con Men, and the True Story of History's Most Desired Baseball Card (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 32-39; and Reader, "Inside T206."
28. In 2007, a collector paid $2.6 million for a T206 Honus Wagner cigarette card. See generally O'Keeffe & Thompson, The Card.
29. Matter of Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 67 F.T.C. 744 (1965).
31. Bowman issued a 240-card set in 1949, a 252-card set in 1950, and a 324-card set in 1951, reaching almost $1 million in revenue.
32. Haelan Labs., Inc. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 202 F.2d 866, 867 (2d Cir. 1953). See generally J. Gordon Hylton, Baseball Cards and the Birth of the Right of Publicity: The Curious Case of Haelan Laboratories v. Topps Chewing Gum, 12 Marq. Sports L. Rev. 273 (2001).
33. Haelan Labs., Inc. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 202 F.2d 866, 867 (2d Cir. 1953).
34. Ibid., 866, 868.
35. Of course, as Jennifer Rothman has observed, the right of publicity created by Haelan redounded to the benefit of the baseball card publishers, not the baseball players:
"Despite the court's claim to the contrary, Haelan's lawsuit against Topps had little to do with protecting the ballplayers' interests. Instead, the court protected Haelan's corporate interests, not those of the players. Under the logic of Haelan, Haelan was given power not only over the competing company, but also against the players. Now that the right of publicity had been converted from a personal interest to a property right, it could be transferred from the players to Haelan. Although preventing a baseball player from appearing on other baseball cards may appear minor, especially if one operates on a purely economic plane, there is a significant dignitary harm from having a third-party publicity-holder wield the power to stop an identity-holder from choosing how and when to publicly exhibit himself or images of himself."
From Jennifer E. Rothman, The Inalienable Right of Publicity, 101 Geo. L.J. 185 (2012).
36. The Supreme Court eventually ratified the Second Circuit's recognition of the right of publicity in Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broad. Co., 433 U.S. 562 (1977), holding that the First Amendment did not preclude Hugo Zacchini's right of publicity action against a television station that broadcast his entire "human cannonball" act without permission.
37. Haelan Labs. Inc v. Topps Chewing Gum Co, 112 F. Supp. 904 (E.D.N.Y. 1953). Specifically, Haelan inadvertently terminated many contracts by revising them to cover both gum and confections, thereby enabling Topps to establish priority.
38. Fleer Corp. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 658 F.2d 139, 142 (3d Cir. 1981).
41. Topps paid $395,000 for all of Fleer's contracts with baseball players. Fleer Corp. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 658 F.2d 139, 142 (3d Cir. 1981).
44. Fleer Corp. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 501 F. Supp. 485 (E.D. Pa. 1980), rev'd, 658 F.2d 139 (3d Cir. 1981).
46. Fleer Corp. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 539 A.2d 1060, 1061 (Del. 1988).
47. Fleer Corp. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 658 F.2d 139, 146 (3d Cir. 1981). Topps filed an unjust enrichment action against Fleer in Delaware state court, seeking Fleer's net profits from the sale of baseball cards under the district court's order, and eventually prevailed. Fleer Corp. v. Topps Chewing Gum, Inc., 539 A.2d 1060, 1062 (Del. 1988).
48. See generally Richard B. Blackwell, Baseball's Antitrust Exemption and the Reserve System: Reappraisal of an Anachronism, 12 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 859 (1971).
49. Stuart Banner, The Baseball Trust: A History of Baseball's Antitrust Exemption (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013), 4-5 (citing John Montgomery Ward, "Is the Base-Ball Player a Chattel?," Lippincott's Magazine [August 1887]).
50. Ibid., 11-13.
51. Federal Baseball Club of Baltimore, Inc. v. National League, 259 U.S. 200 (1922). See also the Sherman Antitrust Act, 26 Stat. 209 (1890).
52. Toolson v. New York Yankees, 346 U.S. 356 (1953).
53. Flood v. Kuhn, 407 U.S. 258 (1972). Justice Blackmun's majority opinion in Flood is notorious not only for its unconvincing rationale, but also for its seven-page paean to the history of baseball.
54. Kansas City Royals Baseball Corp. v. Major League Baseball Players Ass'n, 409 F. Supp. 233, 261 (W.D. Mo. 1976) aff'd, 532 F.2d 615 (8th Cir. 1976).
55. But see Jennifer E. Rothman, The Inalienable Right of Publicity, 101 Geo. L.J. 185, 186 (2012). While Rothman correctly observes that some elements of a celebrity identity are not alienable, many elements are alienable, and that alienability necessarily creates a bifurcated "celebrity corporate body."
Brian L. Frye is the Spears-Gilbert Associate Professor of Law at the University of Kentucky College of Law. His scholarship focuses on intellectual property, nonprofit organizations, art law, and legal history, among other things. He is also a filmmaker and film programmer.
INCITE Journal of Experimental Media
issue #7/8: sports
issue #1: manifest
issue #2: counter-archive
issue #3: new ages
issue #4: exhibition guide
issue #5: blockbuster
issue #∞: forever
takahiko iimura
anders weberg
jim finn
jacqueline goss
benj gerdes and jennifer hayashida
oliver laric
thorsten fleisch
jennifer montgomery
bill brown
evan meaney
sabrina ratté
john lurie
stephen broomer
vanessa renwick
jake barningham
mike stoltz
molly surno
gwen trutnau
pablo marin
margaret rorison
leslie supnet
ojoboca
jesse mclean
kelly gallagher
jenni olson
taravat khalili
nazlı dinçel
mary helena clark
jim hubbard
margaret honda
alee peoples
jesse malmed
paul clipson
stephanie barber
sonya stefan
arnait video productions

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Награду «Књига године» додељује жири Радио Београда 2. Ова награда се додељује за најбољу теоријску књигу године. Жири је, 2006. г пред собом имао 44 дела из области теорије књижевности и уметности, естетике и филозофије

У Ужи избор 2006. г су ушли Слободан Грубачић за «Александријски светионик», Слободан Дивјак за «Проблем идентитета» и Јован Аранђеловић за «Животни значај филозофије»..

Награда се додљује по пети пут. Досадашњи добитници су:
Милан Брдар
Милош Арсенијевић
Миле Савић и
Часлав Д. Копривица

Прве две године, када награда још није била профилисана за област теорије, већ се односила на целокупну годишњу продукцију, награду су добили и Михаило Ђурић и Владимир Тасић.

Награде

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How can I change all the draft videos on youtube to unlisted using the youtube api? I am trying to change the visibility status of all the videos on my youtube channel to unlisted from draft but there are 300+ videos.
I am using a JS code in console but it takes a lot of time. How can I do this using the yt data api?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Gainesville is a city in Northern Florida. As of the 2000 census, its population was 95,447.
The city is perhaps best known for being the home of the University of Florida.
Perhaps the most famous educational institution in Gainesville is the University of Florida, which is public research university that traces its origins back to 1853. The University of Florida is in fact the 3rd largest in the United States, with over 50,000 students (as of 2006).
Gainesville's nicknames include "Gator Country", "Hogtown", and "The Tree City".


Pity though it is not to hear the majesty of Gershwin's unifying symphonic vision of Porgy and Bess, it's easy to understand the universal appeal of the beautiful melodies in the musical theatre arrangement performed on Saturday 5 August 2017, by the Basement Orchestra as part of Arcola Theatre's Grimeborn season. "I am not ashamed of writing songs at any time so long as they are good songs". There's an understatement.
On Saturday evening in a small sweaty studio, under the musical direction of Guy Jones with a forty five piece orchestra, we were given a forty five minute whistle stop tour of some of the most recognisable hits of the twentieth century with the voices of Talia Cohen and Masimba Ushe.
Talia Cohen all laid back charm, and the sonorous and charismatic bass-baritone of Masimba Ushe were at their best in 'It ain't necessarily so' and 'Bess you is my woman now'. But put under pressure by the size and over exuberance of the orchestra, in such a small venue, they were often swamped. Still, wrapped in such glorious music it was one of the most fleeting forty five minutes of my life.


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You are at:Home»Author: Kyle Walker (Page 2)
Author: Kyle Walker
The Best Spiritual Tattoos for Protection
By Kyle Walker 2021-10-08
Tattooing is a venerable practice that dates back to ancient times. This age-old art was regarded as a befitting way of protection against hexing and evil…
Rotary vs. Demolition Hammer – How To Know Which One to Use
Currently, there is an endless checklist of tools on the market suitable for various tasks that you would want to perform. Some of these tools have…
Outward RDC Volumetric Acceptance – Your A-Z Guide
The Royal Mail is a reliable and efficient mailing company in the UK. According to Statista, Royal mail delivered a whopping 14.4 billion letters and 1.2…
Networking Technology And How It Works
Computer network technology allows institutions, businesses, and even individuals to transfer data digitally with the help of information systems. Transmission of data can be done in…
How To Fix Ndis.sys failed BSOD Windows 10 Quickly & effectively
Network Driver Interface Specification(NDIS) is a programming interface for network interface cards. ndis.sys is a critical system file that is developed by Microsoft for the Windows…
How Safe Is It To Order Groceries Mid Pandemic
One year after surviving the Coronavirus pandemic, the restrictive public health recommendations are now our way of life. Even though they're important in eradicating the pandemic,…
How Much Do 0333 Numbers Cost?
Have you ever received a call from a new number? You can just imagine how anxious it made you. It is difficult to pinpoint the location…
How Does Gross Misconduct Affect Future Employment
Do you know of a friend who lost their job because of gross misconduct? How has this influenced their career? Losing a job is one of…
Enterprise Technology and How it Works
Today's organizations are only as dynamic as the technology systems that support and enhance their business functions. Enterprise technology streamlines workflows, improves communication, and provides access…
Who Is Gerald Ratner and What Did He Do?
Have you ever heard of the 'Ratner effect'? Or come across the term 'doing a Ratner'? These terms essentially mean to mess up badly. They come…
Starting a Game design career: How does it work?
Virtual Assistant vs. Answering Service: Which Is Right for Your Business
The Best Ways to Develop Your Small Business
Biggest Rocks Managers Face when Starting a Business
About Business Cobra
Business Cobras is an online newspaper that provides updates and news on Business, Marketing, Lifestyle, Finance and Tech from our blog.
We're currently accepting new contributors so if you're interested in writing for us please get in touch.
Email Us: kylebusinesscobra@gmail.com
20 Radio Advertising Ideas To Try – Yes! Radio still works
How much does it cost to buy and run a food truck business
10 Most Famous Entrepreneurs of 2020
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Each Way Sniper Review | Mike Cruickshank | Does it Still Work?
Does NOT rely on Bookmaker Offers!
I found Each Way Sniper late one night when I was searching for a profitable horse racing system. Initially, I was looking for 'Market Movers', but deep research led me to believe that your accounts would be restricted pretty quick.
As soon as I saw Mike Cruickshank was involved in Each Way Sniper, I knew that it would be a profitable system. How right I was!
Mike has products such as Bonus Bagging, Profit Maximiser & Accumulator Generator which are profitable systems, but these all rely on Bookmaker Promotions & Bonuses.
With Each Way Sniper, no bookmaker offers are required to profit.
I tested this, in-depth for just over 6 months where I had profitable results, averaging around £500 a month (which is amazing considering I didn't use one promotion for this money).
How does Each Way Sniper work?
Each Way Sniper involves explaining how to extract guaranteed profit from Each-way Bookmaker bets, using specialist tools which are provided with your membership.
You are given access to a catalogue of walkthrough videos, explaining exactly how you can make money with this system. Making money is exactly what this sytem is about.
The system is based on a small loophole, exploiting the odds that bookies use on their 'Each-Way' Odds markets. It teaches you to find these holes, and fill your pockets with Risk Free cash.
The best thing about this system, as the Win odds aren't an 'ARB', there is absolutely minimal chance your account can be flagged.
It's as if you are making profit, on a Mug-Bet!
You are given access to Explainer videos & Information, aswell as the Each Way Calculator so you can calculate these bets.
What is the Each Way Sniper Matcher?
The Each Way Sniper matcher is a tool created to make this process even easier.
This software is an additional extra, but this product is so great it will pay for itself in a day!
This matcher is Real-Time, meaning you are given access to the latest odds, so you never miss an opportunity.
It is designed to save you time working out the odds, as it auto-populates every figure you need.
All that is needed is for you to enter your stake for it to calculate everything.
It finds the best, most profitable horses to bet on and displays this with a rating box.
A rating above 100 is profitable, for example a rating of 117.50 means that you get 17.5% profit on your 'Investment/Stake'. So if you stake £100, that's £17.50 HARD profit!
What are the Disadvantages to Each Way Sniper?
In 6 months of trialling & reviewing this fantastic product, I made one mistake, but thought I should share this in the Disadvantages column.
Mainly because it's the only negative experience I have had over the 6 months, but I pride my reviews on 100% Honesty.
Now, with this system of guaranteeing profits regardless, I would advise you not to jump straight in at large stakes.
I reached the point where I was very confident in placing £400 bets mid-week, securing a good profit.
The Problem – I hadn't built up 'A Profile', looking into my history with this bookmaker, my bets before Each Way Sniper were £20-£30 maximum. I think this must have stood out to the bookmaker, who limited me after just short of 4 months.
I have been more careful with all of my other accounts, increasing stakes at a steady rate.
This being said, Each Way Sniper is a fantastic system, it's actually one of my favourites as it disregards offers & promotions, meaning 'Life After Matched Betting' exists!
What are the benefits of Each Way Sniper?
1. You don't require the use of any Bookmaker Free bets, or promotional offers. This means that if you are 'promo restricted' you can continue making good money!
2. The bookmaker can't tell its 'arbing' as such! As you only hit the Each Way market for profit, bookmakers struggle to find out this is arbing as they base their prices off their 'To win' market and use 1/4 or 1/5 odds for place odds. I have good reason to believe that Each Way Sniper will not affect bookmaker account health.
3. Profits are limitless. Unlike bookmaker promotions, for example bet 10, get 10, where £10 is the max profit, Each Way Sniper has limitless profits. There are always bets to be placing!
Mike Cruickshank believes that with just 30 Minutes to 1 hours work, you can be guaranteed to earn £300-£500 per month. This is an incredible return, especially as Your money is NEVER at risk!
Keith, above, was jubilant earning £160 in one single race. It just shows how fantastic this system is, If you didn't have this software you would think he was crazy, celebrating a Horse for NOT WINNING!
This is the fantastic thing, as soon as you have placed your bets, your profit is guaranteed. Regardless of the Outcome of the race.
Membership is open again, but it's selling out FAST! Click here & Secure your space.
It's easy to make profit with Each Way Sniper, that's why I love it!
It gets tedious placing bets like bet £10, get £10, so to be able to place 1 bet and make around £30-£50 is a real positive for me!
Each Way Sniper has recently re-opened it's membership doors. The owner of this website, Mike, limits membership so that the markets do not get saturated, enabling profits of £500+ monthly to be an easily achievable target.
I have seen no product that compares to Each Way Sniper, and I've been on the block for quite a while!
Pick up the Software and see for yourself how good this is.
The doors are open (for now), for the Each Way Sniper.
It's a fantastic piece of kit to have alongside a Matched Betting Service, this will allow your profits to enter the next level.
We have managed to get access for a Free Trial for our readers.
Previous ArticleProfit Maximiser ReviewNext ArticleMug Betting | What Is A Mug Bet?


It seems that these tags are used very often to refer to the same thing (see here). In fact (unless I read the search results wrong) there are 1,860 questions that use both mac and osx, and 212 that use both osx and osx-lion.
Is there a way to stop people from automatically using these tags together, provide some kind of warning, something?
As it is, the mac tag is pretty clear. It relates to hardware. It is just that people seem to be ignoring the wiki.
Not currently. If using two tags together leads to ambiguous tagging or is otherwise very bad, I'd maybe write a feature-request to address this and point out why it would be useful to have.
It's good we already have the MAC address confusion in there, but I don't see a way to fit another sentence like "Use the osx tag for questions about the operating system". That would be too much clutter.
We can't cover any possible case of confusion, and even the way Apple sells their products is ambiguous with regards to how they use the term "Mac". Then there's Microsoft. They only sell "Mac" products like office-for-mac and not "Office for OS X".
That being said, I don't think it's a huge problem to have osx and mac together. I believe that anybody who is interested in Apple questions on Super User will favorite both tags, since with Apple products that are on-topic here (i.e. Macs), using OS X is almost exclusively implied.
However, if you see a post where the usage is wrong, I think the best we can do is to remove the tag, replace it with osx if necessary, and leave a custom message. If (and only if) you do this, the user will be informed of the edit. Sooner or later, they will probably learn.


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The Mentalist Exclusive: Rockmond Dunbar Promoted to Series Regular
By Michael Ausiello / October 18 2013, 3:39 PM PDT
Rockmond Dunbar's first Mentalist episode hasn't even aired yet, but the Sons of Anarchy actor has already earned a permanent place on the show's call sheet.
Dunbar, who was initially hired for a three-episode arc, has been promoted to a full-fledged series regular on the CBS procedural, TVLine has learned exclusively.
PHOTOS | Fall TV Spoiler Spectacular: Exclusive Scoop on The Mentalist, Plus 44 Other Returning Favorites
As we previously reported, he will play Dennis Abbott, a no-nonsense FBI Supervisory Agent who isn't impressed by Patrick Jane's skills or charm. His first episode is slated to air on Nov. 10.
RELATED | The Mentalist Preview: Red John Twist Is Coming
Abbott is one of two new characters being added for Season 6, in preparation for these two midseason exits. The other is FBI agent Kim Fischer (Monday Mornings' Emily Swallow), a thirtysomething ex-homicide detective from Dallas who is not afraid to stand up for herself.
TAGS: CBS, Rockmond Dunbar, The Mentalist
GET MORE: Casting News


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Victorious Congressional Challengers 2012
in Elections · Government · National
WASHINGTON, D.C. (Nov. 7, 2012) — On Tuesday, six new Asian American and Pacific Islander leaders were elected to serve in the 113th United States Congress.
The Asian Pacific American Institute for Congressional Studies (APAICS) congratulates all the candidates who ran this historic cycle, and celebrates the victories of the winners as they prepare to serve in their new leadership roles:
Mazie Hirono
• Sen-elect Mazie Hirono (HI)
• Rep-elect Tammy Duckworth (IL-08)
• Rep-elect Tulsi Gabbard (HI-02)
• Rep-elect Grace Meng (NY-06)
• Rep-elect Mark Takano (CA-41)
Ami Bera
• Rep-elect Ami Bera (CA-07)
The election of 2012 is historical in the sense of the number of AAPI candidates and the impact of AAPI voters in swing states," said Floyd Mori, incoming APAICS Interim President and CEO. "APAICS welcomes this overwhelming participation and welcomes the new AAPI Members of Congress. This election broadens the pipeline for future participation by new candidates for all elected offices."
The result is the largest caucus of Asian American and Pacific Islander Members in any single congressional session, reflecting the increasing political power of the fastest growing demographic group.
"I congratulate all of the newly elected Asian American and Pacific Islander Congressional candidates on their hard won victories," said Rep. Judy Chu (CA-32), Chair of the Congressional Asian Pacific American Caucus (CAPAC). "Many have broken barriers and established historic firsts for their states and for their communities, and it moves me to see our nation's elected leaders beginning to look more like the diverse constituencies that they represent. I am honored to chair CAPAC during this period of tremendous political momentum, and I look forward to working with all of my new colleagues in the 113th Congress to move our nation forward."
All six of these winners made history this election. Hirono will be the first Asian American woman to serve in the U.S. Senate. Duckworth and Meng will be the first Asian Americans to represent their states of Illinois and New York, respectively. Gabbard will be the first Hindu American in the US Congress, as well as the first Samoan American elected as a voting member in Congress. Takano will be the first openly gay minority Member of Congress.
"Tonight, we break all the records. The diversity of this incoming class represents everything that I've worked to create," said Rep. Mike Honda, Chair Emeritus of CAPAC. "I'm thrilled to see Congress more diverse than the day I started. Congress is slowly, but surely, starting to look more American."
The incoming group joins eight returning CAPAC members. These are: Senator Daniel K. Inouye (HI), Rep. Judy Chu (CA-32), Rep. Mike Honda (CA-15), Rep. Eni Faleomavaega (AS), Rep. Colleen Hanabusa (HI-01), Rep. Doris Matsui (CA-05), Rep. Gregorio Kilili Camacho Sablan (CNMI), and Rep. Robert C. "Bobby" Scott (VA-03).
APAICS is a national non-partisan, non-profit 501(c)(3) organization dedicated to promoting Asian Pacific American participation and representation at all levels of the political process, from community service to elected office.
Tags: Asian American PressFeatured
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Today, trace analysis operates with concentrations in the range of ng/g (ppb) and pg/g (ppt). Thus, all modern processes require a corresponding trace analytical laboratory hygiene. However, the analytical accuracy of the measurement depends not only on the accuracy of the analytical instrument, but also directly on the judicious selection of container materials and the preparation of the samples themselves. Under these conditions, the fluoroplastic PFA truly shows its worth.
Labware made from polyolefins, such as polypropylene (PP) or polyethylene (PE), has found broad application in modern laboratories. Since catalysts (e.g., Ziegler-Natta or Philipps) are used during the manufacturing process, the constituent elements (frequently Al, Cr, Mg, Si, Ti or Zn) can still be detected in the ultra-trace range, and thus might affect the analysis results. In direct comparison to these manufacturing processes, PFA is especially suitable for trace element analysis because it is manufactured without the use of additives, and therefore cannot become contaminated by the additive components.
In addition to this advantage, PFA has other remarkable properties. PFA can be used for a broad range of applications by virtue of its resistance to almost all organic and inorganic compounds. PFA is one of the most resistant materials after platinum, and is practically chemically inert. Moreover, PFA stands apart with extraordinarily high thermal stability, making it possible to operate in the temperature range of -200 to +260 °C.
For all PFA products, VITLAB uses only high-purity PFA, which is particularly well-suited for trace analysis. For less critical uses, e.g. if the main requirement is a high chemical resistance, VITLAB offers bottles of "economy grade" PFA, which are partly made of recycled PFA. These are favourably priced and also environmentally friendly.
Pictures of the surface structure of PTFE, PFA, and PE-HD with a scanning electron microscope (8000 times magnification).
VITLAB's PFA vessels have unique, extremely smooth, liquid- repellent surfaces that are made possible through modern manufacturing processes and acknowledged expertise (see pictures on "Surface Structure"). This is especially significant in the illustrative comparison. The pictures taken in a scanning electron microscope show uneven and irregular surfaces for PE-HD and PTFE, and deep pores and concavities can be identified in the PTFE surface. In contrast to the uneven surfaces, PFA evaporating dishes had to be marked (X) and exhibit a completely smooth, even and uniform surface structure.
Due to this characteristic, all PFA labware is particularly easy to clean and presents hardly any interactions with samples as compared to conventional container materials. With these advantages combined with the minimal water absorption by PFA (< 0.03%), even samples at very low concentration can be stored for long periods of time in PFA containers without changes in their concentration (see the application example on Mercury Standards).
The valuable properties of PFA, primarily the near absence of memory effects, ensure the reliability of trace analytical results. In comparison with a commercially available glass flask, the simple cleaning after contamination with lead (Pb) solution at a concentration of 1000 ppb (ng/g) is a telling example (see the section on Cleaning of Volumetric Flasks). The cleaning of the glass and PFA volumetric flasks was conducted by shaking with 65% HNO3 *Suprapur® (Pb < 0.005 ppm) at room temperature. With PFA volumetric flasks, the minimum concentration of 0.003 ppb is reached after three rinses, while substantially higher lead concentrations can be measured in glass flasks even after four rinses. The experiment also shows that PFA labware does not require the usual time-consuming boiling.
*Suprapur® is a trademark of Merck KGaA.


text:
Gosnell is a teachable moment about access
Emmily Bristol / May 13, 2013
The verdict is in on Kermit Gosnell, the back-alley butcher who preyed on poor women's lack of access to affordable, safe abortions. Gosnell was convicted of involuntary manslaughter after giving a woman a fatal overdose of sedatives and pain killers as well as found guilty of first degree murder for three of four infant deaths.
While the anti-choice crowd has been quick to seize an opportunity to portray all clinics that provide abortions as similar to the "house of horrors" — blood and urine soaked floors, fetal remains stacked in freezers — found at Gosnell's Philadelphia clinic, we must remind them and the public how far that is from the truth. The truth is that Gosnell was a monster. He was the black market alternative to safe, legal health care — the very same that is getting farther and farther out of reach to women all across America thanks to hundreds of new laws, regulations, and bans that place an undue burden not only on the women who seek abortions but the doctors who provide them as well. NARAL lists 781 new laws designed to block access.
If you are faced with the choice of taking time off work to do mandated but unnecessary ultrasounds, sit through waiting periods and mandated counseling lectures, after you've driven across state lines to the nearest provider … a ghoul like Gosnell starts to look like the only option. It seems like something out of a movie about terrible Third World conditions. But it's happening right here in America, in the birthplace of America, no less.
We can do better. We must do better.
Let this be a teachable moment, America. Let this be the moment that you open your eyes and realize that shoving your so-called morality down people's throats is hypocritical. You want to save people? Start by saving the women who you would rather force to have unwanted babies or, as we've seen in the Gosnell story, force them to make a deal with the devil.
This is the moment. Wake up.
And if you want to see less abortions, if you want them to become more rare — then start supporting comprehensive sex education. Anything less — you have blood on your hands.
May 13, 2013 in Feminist, health care, politics, reproductive rights, sex ed, uterus politics. Tags: Gosnell, prochoice
The Choice Ultimatum: Navigating the expanse between 'brochoice' and Gosnell
NV lawmaker gets death threats after telling her abortion story during sex ed hearing
[Updated] If you think Roe makes us safe, think again
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Web development is an area of brisk activity for companies in the business circle. It can range from developing the simple statistic page of plain text to the most complex web-based internet application, electronic businesses and social network services. It can also be a collaborative effort between departments rather than the domain of a designated department.
Due to a rapid shift towards mobile devices, there is a continuous need for updates to the technologically accessible websites. In this extremely competitive and continuously growing spectrum, there are multiple options available ranging between a high school web masters to fortune 500 firms. These opportunities can either delight you or can dismay you with the process of web development and its outcome. The results do not fall solely on the shoulders of the vendor; you can be an equal partner in this process. Therefore you must important steps to ensure that your partnership with a web development firm is as success as it can be. The key here is to real specific and try to understand what you are looking for from this relationship so that you are able to convey that to your partner. It is a good way of attracting potential customers and web development helps businesses to make an online presence more visible. It has also impacted personal networking as well as marketing. Web developers can be found working in all types of organization, small and medium-sized companies or can work alone as freelancers.
By enabling IT skilled labor demographics to earn more income, web development has integrated at such a huge platform that now even the skilled workforce from developing countries have started carving the niche to project their presence in the online business domain. This transformation has made its way to Pakistan as well. For expanding targets, firms are now focusing more on their virtual business system. Or we can say that it is becoming a requirement of business industries within Pakistan and owners expect a lot from their website for a rise in the growth rate. These services are working very efficiently in different sectors. Numbers of web development services are easily available in almost all the major cities of the country. Due to commercialization of web, web development has appeared as a growing industry and this growth is driven by businesses wishing to use their website for selling products and services to customers.
Freelance web development is a huge life and a career change and one needs to look into exactly how it will change life before diving in. Freelancer's vast experience of working with varied clients built their own skill set. You are able to earn a good living by working on something you are interested in. You can become an expert in customizing content and management systems. Being a Pakistani freelancer requires a bit more responsibility for business and management than other parts of the world due to unsteady economic patterns. This is because web development by freelancers is a one-person business and the responsibility for workflow, finance and relationship management falls on one's own shoulders.
Due to the quality of work and affordable prices, web development services have become preferable by all the companies. In Pakistan, the cost of these services is much affordable and reliable. A normal statistic website can cost around 7000 PKR which is quite less than compared to other parts of the world.
In Pakistan, outsourcing is conceivable and has arrived at its peak so who would mind setting aside a few minutes income out of it. Office environment is expected to reduce at the end of this decade resulting in 70% of the organizations working on web. The Multi-National Corporations have outsourced some of their specializations officially and companies have started procuring freelance web developers with minimal effort on constant premise. The demand for mobile app developers has increased in recent years with continued growth in demand for iOS, Android and HTML skills.
By keeping few points in mind, freelancers can make a website that effectively appeals to the business and firms in the online market. The absolute first step into freelancing web development career is to do required research ahead of time. Have as much of the content ironed out as you can before you bring them in. The preparation for working is really important. Contribution to open source projects and building a technical portfolio can help to form a successful freelance web development profession.
The web development industry is constantly progressing; it's easy for us to look back at the past few months and realize that a lot of things we now do are much different than what we have been doing before. With a fast-paced evolution of information technology, it is important for us to predict and learn about the future risks of being abandoned in the web development dust.
In Pakistan, freelance web development has the proven potential to enable the underprivileged yet skilled masses to become self-sufficient and this valuable workforce can contribute a lot to the overall country's employment marketplace and economic autonomy.


text:
School compared to Nazi prison camp Colditz by pupils over alleged attacks
Two teachers are accused of a variety of assault offences, one of them of various counts of sexual abuse
A pupil who attended a Derbyshire school has compared it to an infamous Second World War Nazi prisoner of war camp after a teacher apparently broke his nose there, a court has heard.
It was known by pupils as Colditz, a German castle used as a POW camp, due to the way they were treated, including being allegedly punched and struck with weapons.
Derby Crown Court was told that one pupil kept a penknife on him "for his own protection".
Two teachers, who worked at Overseal Manor School in Moira Road, Overseal, are accused of a variety of offences - one of them of various counts of sexual abuse. The school closed in 1997.
Terence Butler, 73, of Beech Lane, Stretton, faces six charges of actual bodily harm against former pupils, and two charges of false imprisonment, all alleged to have been committed between 1977 and 1985.
His co-accused, 71-year-old Christopher May, now of Dan Y Coed, Llanfyllin, in mid-Wales, is charged with five offences of indecent assault, two counts of indecency with a child, four charges of attempting to commit a serious sex assault, one charge of grievous bodily harm and eight of causing actual bodily harm. Both men deny all the charges.
Colditz Castle, which was used as a prisoner of war camp in the Second World War (Image: Mirrorpix)
Graham Huston, prosecuting, said Butler was known as a "dead leg specialist" by children. He taught there from 1972 to 1982, while May was there from 1973 to 1987.
The first witness in the trial, who is now aged 52, said he saw the boy with the penknife try to stab May in retaliation for having being allegedly punched by him the day before.
Mr Huston asked the witness what he called the school and he replied: "Colditz because of the way we were treated by some of the staff."
Ex-teachers deny charges of historical abuse at former Derbyshire school
The court also heard another boy covered his bedroom wall at home with writing pleading with his parents not to send him to the school any more and to burn the place down. Mr Huston said this boy alleges he was not allowed home one weekend so that bruising would fade, having allegedly been hit around the legs with a weapon by May.
May taught history at the school and Butler maths, the court was told.
The school catered for 30 boys at a time, aged between eight and 14, who had been expelled from mainstream school or who had behavioural or learning difficulties. They were a mixture of borders and day pupils.
One boy, who was expelled from the school aged 14 and has struggled in life with anger issues and drug dependency, had described the school as an "evil place", said Mr Huston.
Derby killer who enjoyed inflicting 'pain, suffering and humiliation' may never be released from jail, says judge
The court was told one boy, who had wet the bed, was made to stand in the dining room with his wet sheets and pants.
Mr Huston said: "He was routinely humiliated because he was a bed wetter. The treatment that he complained of is just another example as to how the atmosphere was such that teachers forgot that who they were in charge of were children or human beings."
The man later told a psychiatrist that his time at the school was "the most terrifying experience of my life", he said.
Derby Crown Court
The court was told that the boy who had the penknife said "the teachers were hostile" and pupils were "slapped, punched, chucked every day".
Mr Huston said: "The attacks became so frequent that he carried a penknife for his own protection."
Following an alleged beating from May, the boy had tried to attack him with the knife. He was expelled and was made to pay the teacher £25 compensation and made the subject of a two-year supervision order, said Mr Huston.
Mr Huston said another boy alleged he was queueing for a snack in the dining room when Butler slapped him so hard that "he lifted off the floor and flew into a chair".
Derby shooting: police make SIX more arrests
During police interviews May said he was "flabbergasted" by the accusations and felt there was a conspiracy.
Mr Huston said: "He [May] told police it was unpleasant that he was assaulted [by the children] and he couldn't retaliate. He said he did his best but wasn't rewarded."
He also told police the allegations of sexual assaults were "sickening", the court heard.
He said he didn't know about children being kept back but said that sometimes the boys were prevented from doing an activity if they hadn't behaved.
Mr Huston also said Butler admitted to police he would give children "the odd clip around the ear but not often", but said there was no way he would have punched boys.
Creepy sex pest sneaked into homes and watched women while they slept
He also told police that the boys' bad behaviour would prevent them from going home at the weekend, but not because of any injuries, said Mr Huston.
The court heard from the first witness for the prosecution, who stayed at the school most weekends. He described one of the female teachers, who has now since died, as "loose with her hands" while they were bathing.
He alleged that May broke his nose during one incident, and that he saw a boy try to stab May, saying in court: "He went for May and tried to attack him with a knife from a previous situation the day before."
Of Butler, the witness alleges: "I had sworn so he grabbed me around the neck and I ran off and threw something at them. He gave me a good hiding."
However, Deborah White, defending May, alleged that the witness was making the events up.
Arsonist jailed after torching Derby home with people inside
Describing the activities the school held, such as camping, outdoor sports, hill-walking, Mrs White said: "This was a school that allowed the children an activity, looked after the children; looked after the children the best they could in the circumstances."
She told the witness: "You knew that Mr May was never violent to you or any other children. He never struck you with anything.
"How do you know your nose was broken?"
The witness answered: "It was bleeding and it wasn't straight after."
She countered: "You're just assuming your nose was broken."
The witness replied: "I had two black eyes."
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text:
Torqx Capital Partners invests in Folat, a leading producer of party products
Torqx Capital Partners ("Torqx") is pleased to announce that it has entered into a partnership with the current owners of Folat Group B.V. ("Folat" or "the Company"). Folat is the largest designer, manufacturer, and distributor of decorated party goods and party accessories in the Benelux. Key customer segments are dedicated party goods stores, webshops and large retailers. Folat also operates its own B2C e-commerce platform www.feestwinkel.nl.
Marc Mulckhuyse, founder and director of Folat, comments: "Managing the complete process from product design to production and distribution enables us to keep our leading position and develop new markets, like our B2C e-commerce platform. Joining forces with Torqx provides us not only with financial support, but also with the knowledge and expertise to develop and scale our business."
Alex Adrichem, founder and director of Folat, comments: "We are delighted to enter into a partnership with Torqx. This will allow us to continue our strong momentum and build a market leading position in Europe. We are looking forward to realise our business ambitions together with the Torqx team."
Peter Kroeze, Managing Partner at Torqx comments: "We are impressed by the passion and dedication of the Folat team to provide their customers with the best party products and excellent delivery and service. Folat has developed a strong market position, based on their innovative product range, retail expertise and thorough understanding of their customers' needs. We look forward to supporting Folat in further building the company internationally and driving its performance."
About Folat
Folat was founded in 1993 by Alex Adrichem and Marc Mulckhuyse. With an innovative and fresh approach of the market, the company has realised continuous growth since the start. Folat offers a broad range of party products, incorporating a variety of themes and licenses, and develops concepts in order to have a total solution for any store, product or theme presentation. Folat organises the complete distribution chain, from design and product development to production, sales and distribution. The Company is headquartered in Haarlem (NL), has sales offices in Belgium and Germany and operates a state-of-the-art 12.000 m² warehouse in Velsen. Folat employs ca. 70 FTE. For more information, please visit www.folat.eu.
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text:
Q: Adding values of Multiple dataframe to the main dataframe This is my main data
API             Close        Date     Dividends    High      Low
@3MIndia       25981.7    2018-09-03     0.0      26662.0   25807.8
@Adani_Gas     25454.0    2018-09-04     0.0      26000.0   25010.0
@AdaniOnline   25307.1    2018-09-05     0.0      25519.2   25015.0
Affle          25790.3    2018-09-06     0.0      25950.0   25200.0
AGC            25383.9    2018-09-07     0.0      25747.8   25200.0

Now i want to calculate the twitter sentiments of different values of API column on different values of Date Column.
def mytweet(tweet_text,number,days):
    import tweepy
    from tweepy import Stream
    from tweepy import OAuthHandler
    from tweepy.streaming import StreamListener
    from tweepy.cursor import Cursor
    from datetime import datetime, timedelta
    import json
    import pandas as pd
    #import preprocessor as p
    import re
    from nltk.tokenize import WordPunctTokenizer
    #from nltk.corpus import stopwords
    from nltk.tokenize import sent_tokenize
    import string
    from pandas.io.json import json_normalize
    from textblob import TextBlob
    import os
    os.chdir("C:\\Users\\HP\\UntitledFolder2")

    dataf1 = pd.DataFrame()

    cons_key = 'xxxxxxxxx'
    cons_secret = 'xxxxxxx'
    acc_token = 'xxxxxxxx'
    acc_secret = 'xxxxxxx'

    keyword = tweet_text + '-filter:retweets'
    total_tweets = number

    auth = tweepy.OAuthHandler(cons_key, cons_secret)
    auth.set_access_token(acc_token, acc_secret)
    api = tweepy.API(auth)

    today_datetime = datetime.today().now()
    yesterday_datetime = today_datetime - timedelta(days=days)
    today_date = today_datetime.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
    yesterday_date = yesterday_datetime.strftime('%Y-%m-%d')
    #api = authentication(cons_key,cons_secret,acc_token,acc_secret)
    search_result = api.search(q=keyword,since=yesterday_date,until=today_date,count=total_tweets,tweet_mode='extended',lang = 'en')
    for tweet in search_result:
        dict = {'Screen Name': tweet.user.screen_name,'Tweet Created At': tweet.user.name,'Tweet Created At': str(tweet.created_at),'Tweet_Text': str(tweet.full_text),'User Location': str(tweet.user.location),'Tweet Coordinates': str(tweet.coordinates),'Retweet Count': str(tweet.retweet_count),'Retweeted': str(tweet.retweeted),'Phone Type': str(tweet.source),'Favorite Count': str(tweet.favorite_count),'Favorited': str(tweet.favorited),'Replied': str(tweet.in_reply_to_status_id_str)}
        dataf = pd.DataFrame([dict])
        user_removed = re.sub(r'@[A-Za-z0-9]+','',str(dataf.Tweet_Text))
        link_removed = re.sub('https?://[A-Za-z0-9./]+','',user_removed)
        number_removed = re.sub('[^a-zA-Z]', ' ', link_removed)
        lower_case_tweet= number_removed.lower()
        tok = WordPunctTokenizer()
        words = tok.tokenize(str(lower_case_tweet))
        clean_tweet = (' '.join(words)).strip()
        #clean_tweet = p.clean(status['Tweet_Text'])
        dataf['Clean Tweet'] = clean_tweet
        blob = TextBlob(str(dataf['Clean Tweet']))
        sentiment = blob.sentiment
        PO1 = sentiment.polarity
        SU1 = sentiment.subjectivity
        #dataf['Sentiment'] = sentiment
        dataf['PO1'] = PO1
        dataf['SU1'] = SU1
        dataf['PO1'].between(-0.5, 0.5, inclusive=False)
        dataf['SU1'].between(-0.5, 0.5, inclusive=False)
        dataf1=dataf1.append(dataf)
        filename = tweet_text + ".xlsx"

    #dataf1.to_excel(filename)
    P1 = dataf1.PO1.mean()
    S1 = dataf1.SU1.mean()
    d1 = {'PO': [P1], 'SU': [S1]}
    return pd.DataFrame(d1)

I have written this code to calculate the polarity and subjectivity.Now i just facing two problems with further operation:

*

*i want to calculate polarity and subjectivity of different api values in API column.and want to append it to the main dataframe as two columns PO and SU.

2.i want to specify the date to my above function(from my main data Date column) so that it give me polarity and subjectivity of that api on its respective date.
Any help would be appreciated.


We like to think of ourselves as cyclist or perhaps as bike people. Perhaps that we are even a little superior to most retailers in that we thrive by giving personal customer service above and beyond. That's what got us where we are today, and most of us "dance with who brought us…".
But the music is changing. Drive down the street and see the bill boards and bus signs filled with consumer messages, many of them enticing you to take the next step… "log on to our website at www". Turn on the TV and we are told every five minutes "check us out at www", "visit us on the web".
My point? The consumer is being trained to go virtual. You are left with the feeling that if you are not shopping and buying by computer that somehow you are less informed and perhaps you are even paying too much.
The "I don't need that www thing" is the "My horse and buggy will get my goods to market as good as any auto-mo-bile" cop out, only revisited 100 years later.
If you see your market share dwindling because some virtual retailer has hooked your customer, what's the solution? How about get on the phone and see if you can stop his entire line of supply so that he will won't have any merchandise?
Whine, complain, and threaten suppliers. Write letters, send faxes (but for God sakes don't email… that's the whole problem to begin with). Spend thousands of hours and dollars to "STAMP OUT E COMMERCE". Now, when this "foolproof" plan utterly fails, I hope you are saying to yourself… "I have had enough, I am not going to take it anymore." If you can't beat them, then you need to out "dot.com" them!
brought in. You uploaded it to your website and invite your customers (you have customers you know, because you have something new every day online so they come back to see what it might be and you are a good retailer, remember?) to place an advanced order at a special price. Two hours later you have your first order for your new product, and the only difference is there is now 4 feet of snow outside.
Maybe the order came from one of MY good customers, a bunch of MTB happy GI's stuck on Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean. (Its a 1/4 mile wide, 30 mile long island with nothing more than a landing strip for B52's and a 14 foot climb).
They ride the island every day then they buy stuff… on the internet.
Welcome to the first completely level playing field ever constructed – the internet. bikenuke.com might someday build a 30 000 foot retail store that you can't build, but they will never have more than 17" x 15" of display screen space in front of any online consumer. The same screen space you have. What you put on that screen can differentiate you from all the .coms and from other retailers. Very simple formula. Just like retail, what you get out of this depends on what you are willing to put in to it, and also like retail, its not just money, it's heart and soul.


My brother Chris called on his way home from work, as he does most days, wanting to float an incendiary remark about how liberals need to listen to the word of god. I'm convinced he says these things to get me riled up, knowing I'll argue for tolerance and thought and discussion rather than relying on some preacher to tell me the path to goodness. Today, though, Chris had something different to say. He had just been awarded a Stanley Management prize for his good work; a $1000 check accompanied the award, and Chris says he'll invest that prize money in real estate. Watch out! Chris is on a roll, and he intends to be self-sufficient within five years. I just hope that by the time he makes his first million he's lost the urge to argue from the far right.


text:
Q: ms sql select/combine both tables and sort using inner join re: ms sql select inner join show records for both based on phone sort by date/time
I have two tables: SMS_INBOX and SMS_OUTBOX
They each have the same fields: ID, DATE, MESSAGE, FROMPHONENUMBER
The DATE format is like this: 10/25/2017 1:54:23 PM
I would like to have it select the records based on the FROMPHONENUMBER
and the DATE/TIME.
I tried using inner join but I don't think I'm doing it right, no error, no records being returned.
SELECT *
from SMS_OUTBOX
  INNER JOIN SMS_INBOX
    ON SMS_INBOX.FROMPHONENUMBER = SMS_OUTBOX.FROMPHONENUMBER
where SMS_OUTBOX.FROMPHONENUMBER='1234567890'
ORDER BY SMS_OUTBOX.ID DESC

A: Are you looking for something to show a sms conversation? Then you might be looking for a union/union all type of query.
select id, date, convert(bit,1) as received_msg, message, fromphonenumber
from sms_inbox
where fromphonenumber = '1234567890'
union all
select id, date, convert(bit,0) as received_msg, message, fromphonenumber -- not tophonenumber?
from sms_outbox
where fromphonenumber = '1234567890'
order by date desc