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Welcome to the home of Noah Brier. I'm the co-founder of Variance and general internet tinkerer. Most of my writing these days is happening over at Why is this interesting?, a daily email full of interesting stuff. This site has been around since 2004. Feel free to get in touch. Good places to get started are my Framework of the Day posts or my favorite books and podcasts. Get in touch.
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Conway's Law [Framework of the Day]
Thanks again for reading and for all the positive feedback. Please keep it coming. If you haven't read any of these yet, the gist is that I'm writing a book about mental models and writing these notes up as I go. You can find links at the bottom to the other frameworks I've written. If you haven't already, please subscribe to the email and share these posts with anyone you think might enjoy them. I really appreciate it.
Credit: Organizational Charts by Manu CornetI first ran into Conway's Law while helping a brand redesign their website. The client, a large consumer electronics company, was insistent that the navigation must offer three options: Shop, Learn, and Support. I valiantly tried to convince them that nobody shopping on the web, or anywhere else, thought about the distinction between shopping and learning, but they remained steadfast in their insistence. What I eventually came to understand is that their stance wasn't born out of customer need or insight, but rather their own organizational chart, which shockingly included a sales department, a marketing department, and a support department.
"Organizations which design systems (in the broad sense used here) are constrained to produce designs which are copies of the communication structures of these organizations." That's the way computer scientist and software engineer Melvin Conway put it in a 1968 paper titled "How Do Committees Invent?" His point was that the choices we make before start designing any system most often fundamentally shapes the final output.1 Or, as he put it, "the very act of organizing a design team means that certain design decisions have already been made."
Why does this happen, where does it happen, and what can we do about it? That's the goal of this essay, but before I get there we've got to take a short sojourn into the history of the concept. As I mentioned, the idea in its current form came from Melvin Conway in May of 1968. In the article he cited a few key sources as inspiration including economist John Kenneth Galbraith and historian C. Northcote Parkinson, who's 1957 book Parkinson's Law and Other Studies in Administration was particularly influential in spelling out the ever-increasing complexity that any bureaucratic organization will create.2 Finally, judging by the focus on modularity in Conway's writing, it seems clear he was also inspired by Herbert Simon's work, in particular his "Architecture of Complexity" paper and the Parable of Two Watchmakers (which I wrote about earlier).
Parkinson aside (who did so mostly in jest), very few have the chutzpah to actually name a law after themselves and Conway wasn't responsible for the law's coining. That came a few months after the "Committees" article was published from a fan and fellow computer scientist George Mealy. In his paper for the July 1968 National Symposium on Modular Programming (which I seem to be one of the very few people to have actually tracked down), Mealy examined four bits of "conventional wisdom" that surrounded the development of software systems at the time. Number four came directly from Conway: "Systems resemble the organizations that produced them." The naming comes 3 pages in:
Our third aphorism-"if one programmer can do it in one year, two programmers can do it in two years"-is merely a reflection of the great difficulty of communication in a large organization. The crux of the problem of giganticism [sic] and system fiasco really lies in the fourth dogma. This — "systems resemble the organizations that produced them" — has been noticed by some of us previously, but it appears not to have received public expression prior to the appearance of Dr. Melvin E. Conway's penetrating article in the April 1968 issue of Datamation. The article was entitled "How Do Committees Invent?". I propose to call my preceding paraphrase of the gist of Conway's paper "Conway's Law".
While most, including Conway on his own website, credit Fred Brooks' 1975 Mythical Man Month with naming the law, it seems that Mealy deserves the credit (though Brooks' book is surely the reason so many know about Conway's important concept).3Back to the questions at hand: Why does this happen, where does it happen, and what can we do about it?
Let's start with the why. This seems like it should be easy to answer, but it's actually not. The answer starts with some basics of hierarchy and modularity that Herbert Simon offered up in his Parable of Two Watchmakers: Mainly, breaking a system down into sets of modular subsystems seems to be the most efficient design approach in both nature and organizations. For that reason we tend to see companies made up of teams which are then made up of more teams and so-on. But that still doesn't answer the question of why they tend to design systems in their image. To answer that we turn to some of the more recent research around the "mirroring hypothesis," which (in simplified terms) is an attempt to prove out Conway's Law. Carliss Baldwin, a professor at Harvard Business School, seems to be spearheading much of this work and has been an author on two of the key papers on the subject. Most recently, "The mirroring hypothesis: theory, evidence, and exceptions" is a treasure trove of information and citations. Her theory as to why mirroring occurs is essentially that it makes life easier for everyone who works at the company:
The mirroring of technical dependencies and organizational ties can be explained as an approach to organizational problem-solving that conserves scarce cognitive resources. People charged with implementing complex projects or processes are inevitably faced with interdependencies that create technical problems and conflicts in real time. They must arrive at solutions that take account of the technical constraints; hence, they must communicate with one another and cooperate to solve their problems. Communication channels, collocation, and employment relations are organizational ties that support communication and cooperation between individuals, and thus, we should expect to see a very close relationship—technically a homomorphism—between a network graph of technical dependencies within a complex system and network graphs of organizational ties showing communication channels, collocation, and employment relations.
It's all still a bit circular, but the argument that in most cases a mirrored product is both reasonably optimal from a design perspective (since organizations are structured with hierarchy and modularity) and also cuts down the cognitive load by making it easy for everyone to understand (because it works like an org they already understand) seems like a reasonable one.4 The paper then goes on to survey the research to understand what kind of industries mirroring is most likely to occur and the answer seems to be everywhere. They found evidence from across expected places like software and semiconductors, but also automotive, defense, sports, and even banking and construction. For what it's worth, I've also seen it across industries in marketing projects throughout my own career.
That's the why and the where, which only leaves us with the question of what an organization can do about it. Here there seem to be a few different approaches. The first one is to do nothing. After all, it may well be the best way to design a system for that organization/problem. The second is to find an appropriate balance. If you buy the idea that some part of mirroring/Conway's Law is simply about making it easier to understand and maintain systems, than its probably good to keep some mirroring. But it doesn't need to be all or nothing. In the aforementioned paper, Baldwin and her co-authors have a nice little framework for thinking about different approaches to mirroring depending on the kind of business:
As you see at the bottom of the framework you have option three: "Strategic mirror-breaking." This is also sometimes called an "inverse Conway maneuver" in software engineering circles: An approach where you actually adjust your organizational model in order to change the way your systems are architected.5 Basically you attempt to outline the type of system design you want (most of the time it's about more modularity) and you back into an org structure that looks like that.
In case it seems like all this might be academic, the architecture of organizations has been shown to have a fundamental on the company's ability to innovate. Tim Harford recently wrote a piece for the Financial Times that heavily quotes a 1990 paper by an economist named Rebecca Henderson titled "Architectural Innovation: The Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms." The paper outlines how the organizational structure of companies can prevent them from innovating in specific ways. Most specifically the paper describes the kind of innovation that keeps the shape of the previous generation's product, but completely rewires it: Think film cameras to digital or the Walkman to MP3 players. Here's Harford describing the idea:
Dominant organisations are prone to stumble when the new technology requires a new organisational structure. An innovation might be radical but, if it fits the structure that already existed, an incumbent firm has a good chance of carrying its lead from the old world to the new.
A case study co-authored by Henderson describes the PC division as "smothered by support from the parent company". Eventually, the IBM PC business was sold off to a Chinese company, Lenovo. What had flummoxed IBM was not the pace of technological change — it had long coped with that — but the fact that its old organisational structures had ceased to be an advantage. Rather than talk of radical or disruptive innovations, Henderson and Clark used the term "architectural innovation".
Like I said before, it's all quite circular. It's a bit like the famous quote "We shape our tools and thereafter our tools shape us." Companies organize themselves and in turn design systems that mirror those organizations which in turn further solidify the organizational structure that was first put in place. Conway's Law is more guiding principle than physical property, but it's a good model to keep in your head as you're designing organizations or systems (or trying to disentangle them).
He was writing mostly about software systems, but as you'll see it's much more broadly applicable.↑
Here's how Conway explains Parkinson's complexity concept: "As each new brand is created it justifies itself by challenging the established order. Thus, after a while, the organization is fully occupied in internal political warfare."↑
As an aside, it's hard not to think that Mealy's third point about what one programmer can do versus two sounds a lot like Fred Brooks' "mythical man month" concept. Mealy worked with Brooks on OS/360 and in the book Computer Pioneers by J.A.N. Lee it's mentioned that Mealy's Law was also named at the 1968 symposium: "There is an incremental programmer who, when added to a project, consumes more resources than are made available." Sounds pretty similar to me.↑
There's a very interesting point about the role of "information hiding" in pushing companies into Conway's Law. Essentially the idea is that companies naturally hide information within teams or departments for the sake of simplicity across the rest of the company. It would only make things more complicated, for instance, if the finance team exposed the detailed rules of GAAP accounting instead of just distributing a monthly GAAP accounting report. "Information hiding as a means of controlling complexity is a fundamental principle underlying the mirroring hypothesis. With information hiding, each module in a technical system is informationally isolated from other modules within a framework of system design rules. This means that independent individuals, teams, or firms can work separately on different modules, yet the modules will work together as a whole (Baldwin and Clark, 2000)."↑
If you're interested in the idea you should check out the episode of Software Engineering Radio with engineering leader Kevin Goldsmith.↑
Arrow, K. J. (1985). Informational structure of the firm. The American Economic Review, 75(2), 303-307.
Brunton-spall, Michael (2 Nov. 2015.). The Inverse Conway Manoeuvre and Security – Michael Brunton-Spall – Medium. Medium. Retrieved from https://medium.com/@bruntonspall/the-inverse-conway-manoeuvre-and-security-55ee11e8c3a9
Colfer, L. J., & Baldwin, C. Y. (2016). The mirroring hypothesis: theory, evidence, and exceptions. Industrial and Corporate Change, 25(5), 709-738.
Conway, Melvin E. "How do committees invent." Datamation 14.4 (1968): 28-31.
Conway, Melvin E. "The Tower of Babel and the Fighter Plane." Retrieved from http://melconway.com/keynote/Presentation.pdf
Evans, Benedict (31 Aug. 2018.). Tesla, software and disruption. Benedict Evans. Retrieved from https://www.ben-evans.com/benedictevans/2018/8/29/tesla-software-and-disruption
Galbraith, J. K. (2001). The essential galbraith. HMH.
Harford, Tim. (6 Sept. 2018.). Why big companies squander good ideas. Financial Times. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/3c1ab748-b09b-11e8-8d14-6f049d06439c
Henderson, R. M., & Clark, K. B. (1990). Architectural innovation: The reconfiguration of existing product technologies and the failure of established firms. Administrative science quarterly, 9-30.
Hvatum, L. B., & Kelly, A. (2005). What do I think about Conway's Law now?. In EuroPLoP (pp. 735-750).
Lee, J. A. (1995). International biographical dictionary of computer pioneers. Taylor & Francis.
MacCormack, A., Baldwin, C., & Rusnak, J. (2012). Exploring the duality between product and organizational architectures: A test of the "mirroring" hypothesis. Research Policy, 41(8), 1309-1324.
MacDuffie, J. P. (2013). Modularity‐as‐property, modularization‐as‐process, and 'modularity'‐as‐frame: Lessons from product architecture initiatives in the global automotive industry. Global Strategy Journal, 3(1), 8-40.
Mealy, George, "How to Design Modular (Software) Systems," Proc. Nat'l. Symp. Modular Programming, Information & Systems Institute, July 1968.
Newman, Sam. (30 Jun. 2014.). Demystifying Conway's Law. ThoughtWorks. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtworks.com/insights/blog/demystifying-conways-law
Parnas, D. L. (1972). On the criteria to be used in decomposing systems into modules. Communications of the ACM, 15(12), 1053-1058.
Software Engineering Radio. Kevin Goldsmith on Architecture and Organizational Design : Software Engineering Radio. Se-radio.net. Retrieved from http://www.se-radio.net/2018/07/se-radio-episode-331-kevin-goldsmith-on-architecture-and-organizational-design/
Van Dusen, Matthew (19 May 2016.). A principle called "Conway's Law" reveals a glaring, biased flaw in our technology. Quartz. Retrieved from https://qz.com/687457/a-principle-called-conways-law-reveals-a-glaring-biased-flaw-in-our-technology/
Framework of the Day posts:
Conway's Law
Known Unknowns
Pace Layers
Parable of Two Watchmakers
Pareto Principle (aka 80/20 Rule)
Variance Spectrum
October 9, 2018 // This post is about: architectural innovation, carliss baldwin, complexity, Conway's Law, Framework of the Day, herbert simon, innovation, john kenneth galbraith, melvin conway, mirroring, mirroring hypothesis, org chart, parable of two watchmakers, parkinson's law, rebecca henderson, tim harford
Normalization of Deviance & The Growing Organization
A really interesting concept from this blog post on the recent very-avoidable crash of a private jet:
Social normalization of deviance means that people within the organization become so much accustomed to a deviant behavior that they don't consider it as deviant, despite the fact that they far exceed their own rules for the elementary safety. People grow more accustomed to the deviant behavior the more it occurs. To people outside of the organization, the activities seem deviant; however, people within the organization do not recognize the deviance because it is seen as a normal occurrence. In hindsight, people within the organization realize that their seemingly normal behavior was deviant.
This is a pretty good explanation for what happens inside organizations. At the small and relatively harmless end, you have the slow growth of meetings that happens in every organization (hence Percolate's meeting rules) and in the large and dangerous end you have something like Enron or VW. The phenomena is essentially about feedback loops: The deviant behavior slowly slips in and over time becomes more and more acceptable, meaning that the intensity can also increase. In the case of meetings what starts as a one-off meeting to discuss something, becomes a weekly meeting for 15 minutes, eventually with more people involved, and eventually you have 15 people spending an hour together without any real sense for what they're talking about or why.
This is a pretty good picture of what makes it so tough to scale organizations: It's hardly ever the big stuff you're watching out for, it's almost always the small stuff that is built up over time. (As an aside, although I'm not crazy about him, this is also why Clayton Christensen's boiling frog analogy is such a good one. It's a perfect way to understand that it's the slow rolling boil that kills you, not the big explosion.)
January 11, 2016 // This post is about: innovation, meetings, normalization of deviance, organizational psychology
Harbinger of Things to Come
While I don't agree with Paul Krugman's Bitcoin is Evil post from the weekend, his next post on Bitcoin did include this nugget I had never considered:
It occurs to me that part of the disconnect is that Bitcoin solved a major technical problem, one that people had been thinking about for about 20 years, and we nerds just can't believe that it doesn't also solve an economic problem. The technical problem is double spending–if I have some digital money, it's easy enough to verify cryptographically that it's real, but if I give it to you, how can you tell that I haven't also given it to someone else? Until Bitcoin, the answer was to have a bank that knew which coins were valid, so you'd present my coin to the bank, which would check its database and if it's valid, cancel it and give you a new one. Bitcoin has its decentralized blockchain which is a very clever recasting of the problem so that the state of the "bank" is whatever the majority of bitcoin miners agree that it is. Getting enough of the miners to agree is known as the Byzantine Generals problem, and has a technical history of its own.
As simple as it seems, splitting out the technical achievement from the economic one is a really interesting way to think about it. I haven't really spent enough time thinking about Bitcoin to have a strong opinion about it specifically, but I do think the idea of a crypto-currency not attached to a specific nation is something bound to happen. In a way, I feel like Bitcoin and Google Glass have a lot in common: Early experiments in form and style that signal what's to come.
January 1, 2014 // This post is about: Bitcoin, google glass, innovation, Technology
Setting the Stage for Innovation
There is an interesting little article on innovation and Picasso over at Medium. Basically it suggests that radical innovation happens when the market is most receptive to it:
Sgourev's analysis of Cubism suggests that having an exceptional idea isn't enough: if it is to catch fire, the market conditions have to be right. That's a question of luck and timing as much as it is of genius. The closest modern analogy to Picasso's Paris is Silicon Valley in the early days of the dotcom boom, with art dealers as venture capitalists and entrepreneurs as artists.
This reminded me a lot of Duncan Watts' research on influence on the web, where he concluded, "large scale changes in public opinion are not driven by highly influential people who influence everyone else, but rather by easily influenced people, influencing other easily influenced people." In fact, Watts also used a fire to explain the dynamic in his conclusion:
Some forest fires, for examples, are many times larger than average; yet no-one would claim that the size of a forest fire can be in any way attributed to the exceptional properties of the spark that ignited it, or the size of the tree that was the first to burn. Major forest fires require a conspiracy of wind, temperature, low humidity, and combustible fuel that extends over large tracts of land. Just as for large cascades in social influence networks, when the right global combination of conditions exists, any spark will do; and when it does not, none will suffice.
The challenge, of course, as Watts points out in his research, is that consistently finding and predicting this environment is all but impossible. We may understand some of the factors, but the situation is just too complex to be anywhere near accurate. As much as we give credit to innovators who capture those radical moments, we also need to appreciate the role of luck in their success.
August 14, 2013 // This post is about: influence, innovation, Picasso, watts
The Apple Org Structure
Yesterday James, my co-founder at Percolate, sent me over a really interesting nugget about how Apple structures its company about 35 minutes into this Critical Path podcast. Essentially Horace (from Asymco) argues that Apple's non-cross-functional structure actually allows it to innovate and execute far better than a company structured in a more traditional, non-functional, way. As opposed to most other companies where managers are encourages to pick up experience across the enterprise, Apple encourages (or forces), people to stay in their role for the entirety of their career. On top of that, roles are not horizontal by product (head of iPhone) and instead are vertical by discipline (design, operations, technologies) and also quite siloed. He goes on to say that the only parallel he could think of is the military, who basically operates that way. (I know I haven't done the best job articulating it, that's because as I listen again I don't necessarily think the thesis is articulated all that well.)
Below is my response back to James:
While I totally agree with what he says about the structure (that they're organized functionally and it works for them), I'm not sure you can just conclude that's ideal or drives innovation. The requirement of an org structure like that is that all vision/innovation comes from the top and moves down through the organization. That's fine when you have someone like Jobs in charge, but it's questionable what happens when he leaves (or when this first generation he brought up leaves maybe). Look at what happened when Jobs left the first time as evidence for how they lost their way. Apple is a fairly unique org in that it has a very limited number of SKUs and, from everything we've heard, Jobs was the person driving most/all.
My question back to Horace would be what will Apple look like in 20 years. IBM and GE are 3x older than Apple is and part of how they've survived, I'd say, is that they've built the responsibility of innovation into a bit more of a cross-functional discipline + centralized R&D. I don't know if it matters, but if I was making a 50 year bet on a company I'd pick GE over Apple and part of it is that org structure and its ability to retain knowledge.
Military is actually a perfect example: Look at the struggles they've had over the last 20 years as the enemy stopped being similarly structured organizations and moved to being loosely connected networks. History has shown us over and over centralized organizations struggle with decentralized enemies. Now the good news for Apple is that everyone else is pretty much playing the same highly organized and very predictable game (with the exception of Google, who is in a functionally different business and Samsung, who because of their manufacturing resources and Asian heritage exist in a little bit of a different world).
Again, in a 10 year race Apple wins with a structure like this. But in a 50 year race, in which your visionary leader is unlikely to still be manning the helm, I think it brings up a whole lot of questions.
August 12, 2013 // This post is about: apple, innovation, management, organization, structure
© Noah Brier. Thanks for coming. Don't fake the funk on a nasty dunk.


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首页 > Party Building Online > Party Building Concept
Party construction ideaParty Building Concept
Since its establishment in 2008, the Party committee closely combines with the strategic goal of the company, always adheres to the principle of "Party Cohesion and Integration to Achieve Win-win", and make full use of the advanced concept of "Four Grasps", in order to extensively and distinctively carry out the Party building work, so that the healthy and harmonious enterprise development is promoted. Therefore, it has become the banner of party building in Chongqing non-public enterprises.
Closely Grasp the Enterprise Development Goal
Have Party Building Grow the Root for Enterprise Development
Implement the Project Party Building Law, which means wherever there is our industry, there is party branch. The Party building is closely related to the pace of company development. The specific measures are One Building, Two Examinations and Three Contacts".
One Building: build the project Party branch to ensure the penetration of the party to the front line;
Two Examinations: adopt regular evaluation mechanism to include daily work performance of the branch secretary into the annual assessment for advanced worker, so that the basic branch plays the role;
Three Contacts: establish the system that the party secretary contacts the branch secretary, the branch secretary contacts the party team leader, and the party team leader contacts the key Party members, so as to ensure the linkage and responsibility of the party building work.
Closely Grasp the Building of Enterprise Culture
Have Party Building Grow the Spirit for Enterprise Development
One: standardize the cultural logo of the enterprise Party building
Two: expand the cultural carrier of the enterprise Party building
Three: build up and perfect the position of Party building activities
Four: enrich the leisure life of the party members and employees
Closely Grasp the Two Roles Playing
Have Party Building Grow Effectively for Enterprise Development
Six mechanisms for Party organization and Party members playing their roles
1, Decision-making mechanism: establish and perfect the mechanism that Group Party committee participates in the decision-making for enterprise major problems;
2, Communication mechanism: establish the mechanism that the Party committee secretary communicates with the board of directors in a regular way, so that the major problems can be timely responded and resolved, and the reasonable proposals can be adopted.
3, Double training and double recommendation mechanism: train outstanding talents as Party members and train Party members as talents, and recommend them to the enterprise management and the party leadership.
4, Personnel selecting and employing mechanism: the Group Party committee actively participates in the decision-making mechanism of selecting and employing personnel by the human resources department, and ensures the talent reserve of the company;
5, Co-building mechanism of the Party, the Communist Youth League and the Trade Union: perfect the mechanism that the Party leads the Youth League and the Trade Union, to strengthen the harmony in and out of the enterprise;
6, Performance evaluation mechanism: adhere to the performance evaluation mechanism, and the party building work is also included in the company's monthly and annual assessment.
Closely Grasp the Corporate Social Responsibility
Have Party Building Grow Responsibility for Enterprise Development
1, Adhere to the core values of "the value of a man is greater than the value of an object, the value of a team is greater than the value of the man, the value of the society is greater than the value of an object"
2, Comply with the principle of "It's better to teach a man fishing than to give him fish"


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Home / Mystery, Crime & Thriller / Jefferson's Wall
Jefferson's Wall
While waiting for his date, Harvard law student and second-generation Iranian-American Jeff Shadid is stopped by men from the anti-terrorist unit of the Department of Homeland Security and arrested for being a terrorist sympathizer. After weeks of interrogation, Shadid is told that in order to avoid further torture, he must become a spy for the government. At the same time, veteran Washington journalist Jason Palani is sent to cover a news story about a court case involving a statue of Moses and the Ten Commandments that has been erected on a Texas courthouse lawn. The location of the religious statue on government property potentially violates constitutional law. Contained in the First Amendment is the Establishment Clause, which prohibits the government from doing anything to sponsor a particular religion. Soon Palani finds himself in the middle of a heated violent conflict, and he discovers that a secret association of men is plotting behind the scenes to control political issues and appointments, including the upcoming presidential election. In order to protect the constitution and save Shadid, Palani must rely on a knowledgeable Harvard law school professor, an attractive Justice Department lawyer and a sympathetic senator.
Jefferson's Wall is an action-packed thriller that will keep readers up late into the night. Author Jonathan Neff is a lawyer, businessman and entrepreneur with an interest in politics. There is no need to have a legal background in order to enjoy the story. Neff lays out everything readers need to know about the historical, political, and legal ins and outs of the principle of separation of church and state. Through dialogue between characters, Neff explains common law, stare decisis and the use of precedents. At times the text feels like something taken right out of a constitutional law school lecture or history book, but it is quite fascinating. This intriguing story is a great read by a talented author.
Reviewed By: Kathryn Franklin
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Based in Meadow Lane, Loughborough, Woodform Manufacturing is a business.
Woodform Manufacturing is in Meadow Lane Loughborough. You can view a list of neighbouring businesses by going to the Meadow Lane page.
If you would like a list of other wood products, except furniture - manufacturers factories & manufacturing listings throughout Loughborough, please visit the Wood Products section of this website.
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Der Immerwährende Reichstag war von 1663 bis 1806 die Bezeichnung für die dauerhafte Versammlung der Reichsstände im Heiligen Römischen Reich. Die Versammlung tagte im Reichssaal und in anderen Sälen des Alten Rathauses in Regensburg. Die Säle sind im ursprünglichen Zustand erhalten und im Rahmen von Führungen zugänglich.

Während der Reichstag zuvor in unregelmäßigen Abständen in verschiedenen Städten getagt hatte, fand er ab 1594 nur noch in Regensburg statt. Nach der 1663 beginnenden Sitzung wurde die Versammlung nicht mehr aufgelöst und daraufhin als Immerwährender Reichstag bezeichnet.

Die letzte Tagung des Immerwährenden Reichstags begann im März 1803. Verhandelt und angenommen wurde der sogenannte Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, in dem die Neuordnung des Reiches vereinbart wurde. 1806 erfolgte dann die endgültige Auflösung des Reiches.

Geschichte

Der Reichstag von 1663 war vorab nicht als "immerwährender" geplant gewesen. Die Reichsstände kamen am 20. Januar 1663 zusammen, um über die Gefahr, die durch die Türken an der östlichen Reichsgrenze entstanden war, zu beraten. Kaiser Leopold I. benötigte für die Verteidigung Geld. Daneben wurde der schon länger schwelende Streit zwischen der Kurie der Reichsfürsten und der Kurfürsten thematisiert. Die zusammengeschlossenen Reichsfürsten drängten auf eine Beteiligung an der Ausarbeitung der Wahlkapitulation, lateinisch ius adcapitulandi, und der Königswahl. Im Kern ging es um die Frage, ob die Kurfürsten exklusiv die Kapitulation mit dem zukünftigen Kaiser aushandeln durften und damit faktisch die Reichsverfassung ändern konnten, ohne dass der Reichstag mit seiner nach Meinung der Fürsten alleinigen Gesetzgebungskompetenz eingebunden war.

Aufgrund der langen Reichstagsdebatten sollte der Einfachheit halber eine Kapitulation verabschiedet werden, die dann für alle späteren Könige und Kaiser gelten solle, eine Capitulatio perpetua. Dieser Streit, der vordergründig den Führungsanspruch der Kurfürsten negierte, war aber auch von grundlegender Bedeutung. Denn in solch einer Kapitulation ließen sich theoretisch alle möglichen Fragen regeln, wie zum Beispiel die Modalitäten über die Erklärung der Reichsacht. Der Streit um die Wahlkapitulation war also ein Streit um das Recht, Gesetze zu erlassen, und um deren Inhalte. Daneben sollte der Reichstag auch liegengebliebene Probleme des Dreißigjährigen Krieges beraten, die im Jüngsten Reichsabschied des vorhergehenden Reichstages von 1653 nicht vollständig gelöst worden waren.

Daraus erwuchs nun die Permanenz des Reichstages. Der Kaiser drängte im dritten Jahr des Reichstages die Stände zu größerer Eile. Im fünften Jahr drängten die Stände den Kaiser, dass dieser einen Schlusstermin benennen sollte. Als dieser Schlusstermin im sechsten Jahr nahte, entschloss man sich den Termin erneut aufzuschieben, um nicht zu der ganzen Nation Schimpf und Schande auseinanderzugehen. Letztendlich fand man sich damit ab, dass man noch länger zusammensitzen würde. Als in den 1670er Jahren die Verteidigung der westlichen Reichsgrenze gegen Frankreich auf die Tagesordnung kam, war die Versammlung schon längst zu einer immerwährenden geworden, auch wenn man noch auf einen reputirlichen Reichsabschied hoffte. Da es keine förmliche Beendigung des Reichstages mehr gab, wurden Beschlüsse auch nicht mehr in Reichsabschiede gefasst – der letzte Abschied von 1654 ging als Jüngster Reichsabschied in die Geschichte ein –, sondern in Form von Reichsschlüssen verabschiedet.

Beachtenswert ist, dass seit der Umwandlung des Reichstags in den Immerwährenden Reichstag die regierenden Landesherren kaum noch selbst vor Ort anwesend waren, sondern sich durch sogenannte Komitialgesandte vertreten ließen, die in Regensburg häufig mit Familien sesshaft wurden. Damit handelte es sich also um einen Gesandtenkongress. Der Kaiser selbst wurde ebenfalls durch kaiserliche Prinzipalkommissare vertreten, die ab 1748 durchgehend der Familie Thurn und Taxis angehörten. Auf diese Weise wurde Regensburg zum Sitz von etwa 70 Komitialgesandtschaften von Staaten, die Landbesitz im Heiligen Römischen Reich hatten und von reichsunmittelbaren deutschen Fürstentümern, Reichsstädten und Reichsklöstern. Viele besonders der protestantischen Gesandten lebten mit ihren Familien in der Stadt und wurden im Todesfall, wie auch ihre Ehefrauen und Kinder, im Stadtgebiet  auf dem protestantischen Gesandtenfriedhof hinter der Dreieinigkeitskirche begraben, 20 von ihnen in Grabstätten mit großen Barockepitaphien.
Die katholischen Gesandte wurden in den Kirchen von Klöstern bestattet, viele im Kloster Sankt Emmeram.

Als die in Europa im Jahr 1713 ausgebrochene Pest auch Regensburg erfasste, wurde der Immerwährende Reichstag in den Jahren 1713 und 1714 vorübergehend in Augsburg abgehalten. Seit 1740 begannen die beiden größten Territorialkomplexe des Reiches, das Erzherzogtum Österreich und Brandenburg-Preußen, immer mehr aus dem Reichsverband herauszuwachsen. Die zwei Schlesischen Kriege gewann Preußen und erhielt Schlesien, während der Österreichische Erbfolgekrieg zu Gunsten Österreichs endete. Während des Erbfolgekrieges kam mit Karl VII. ein Wittelsbacher auf den Thron, was die Verlegung der Sitzungen nach Frankfurt am Main auslöste.

Im Ersten Koalitionskrieg zwischen 1792 und 1797 war auch das Reich Kriegsteilnehmer gegen das revolutionäre Frankreich. Kaiser Franz II. hatte nach der Niederlage im Ersten Koalitionskrieg zwar in seiner Eigenschaft als König von Ungarn und Erzherzog von Österreich gehandelt und Territorien seiner Erblande an das revolutionäre Frankreich abgetreten. Er hatte allerdings auch die Zusage gegeben, linksrheinische Territorien des Reichs  abzutreten. Der Rastatter Kongress, der von 1797 bis 1799 tagte, sollte die Ausführung dieser Beschlüsse des Friedens von Campo Formio bringen. Hierzu entsandte der Reichstag eine Reichsdeputation. Angesichts der paradoxen Situation, dass mit Preußen und Österreich die beiden größten und mächtigsten Reichsstände bereits Frieden geschlossen hatten, sah sich die Reichsdeputation gezwungen, dem Abtretungs- und Entschädigungsplan zuzustimmen. Deren Aufgabe war nur noch, zu beschließen, welche weltlichen Fürsten entschädigt werden sollten und welche geistlichen Territorien als Verfügungsmasse dienen sollten. Beim Ausbruch des Zweiten Koalitionskrieges gegen Frankreich wurde der Rastatter Kongress 1799 abgebrochen, und es kam zu keinem rechtskräftigen Friedensschluss. Der Zweite Koalitionskrieg wurde 1801 durch den Frieden von Lunéville beendet, in dem Franz II. nun auch als Reichsoberhaupt der Abtretung der linksrheinischen Gebiete zustimmte. In diesem Frieden traf man aber keine genauen Festlegungen für die anstehenden "Entschädigungen". Der Reichstag stimmte dem Frieden zu und billigte auf seiner Sitzung am 25. Februar 1803 den ausgehandelten Reichsdeputationshauptschluss, der zu seinen tiefgreifendsten Beschlüssen zählte und den fortschreitenden Niedergang des Heiligen Römischen Reichs während der ersten drei Napoleonischen Kriege (1800–1806) besiegelte.

Am 11. August 1804 verkündete Kaiser Franz II. in Reaktion auf französischen Druck zusätzlich zu seinem Titel als Kaiser des Heiligen Römischen Reiches "für Uns und Unsere Nachfolger […] den Titel und die Würde eines erblichen Kaisers von Österreich" anzunehmen, der Reichstag wurde in diesen Schritt nicht offiziell eingebunden. Er arbeitet dennoch bis zur Auflösung des Reichs 1806 weiter. Am 12. Juli 1806 gründeten aber Kurmainz, Bayern, Württemberg, Baden, Hessen-Darmstadt, Nassau, Kleve-Berg und weitere Fürstentümer mit Unterzeichnung der Rheinbundakte in Paris den Rheinbund, als dessen Protektor Napoleon fungierte, und erklärten am 1. August den Austritt aus dem Reich. Am 6. August verkündete der Kaiser den Verzicht auf die Reichskrone. In der Abdankung heißt es, dass der Kaiser sich nicht mehr in Lage sehe, seine Pflichten als Reichsoberhaupt zu erfüllen, dementsprechend erklärte er:

Auflösung des Reichstags

Die Gesandten des Reichstags in Regensburg gingen in der Folgezeit auseinander, ohne noch einen Beschluss zu fassen. Die meisten Gesandten verließen mit ihren Familien Regensburg, was die Bevölkerungsstruktur der Stadt, die Wohn- und Beschäftigungsverhältnisse erheblich veränderte und Einkommensstruktur und Wirtschaftskraft der Stadt verschlechterte. In der Stadt wohnhaft blieben nur wenige Gesandte wie z. B. der preußische Gesandte Johann Eustach von Görtz oder, wie im Fall verstorbener Gesandter, deren Ehefrauen, wie z. B. im Fall des verstorbenen schwedischen Gesandten Magnus Olof Björnstjerna. Die Grabstätten und Denkmäler der in Regensburg verstorbenen protestantischen Gesandten haben sich alle auf dem sog. Gesandtenfriedhof erhalten.

Literatur
 Walter Fürnrohr: Der Immerwährende Reichstag zu Regensburg. Das Parlament des Alten Reiches, Zur 300-Jahrfeier seiner Eröffnung 1663. In: Verhandlungen des Historischen Vereins für Oberpfalz und Regensburg, Band 103, 1963, S. 165–255 (online; PDF; 7,7 MB). Neuauflage: 2. Auflage. Laßleben, Kallmünz  1987, ISBN 3-7847-1107-3.
 Karl Härter: Der Immerwährende Reichstag (1663–1806) in der historischen Forschung. In: zeitenblicke 11 (2012), Nr. 2 = Michael Rohrschneider (Hrsg.): Der Immerwährende Reichstag im 18. Jahrhundert. Bilanz, Neuansätze und Perspektiven der Forschung.  Zum 350. Jubiläum der Eröffnung des Immerwährenden Reichstags (online; PD0; 218 KBF).
 Peter Claus Hartmann: Kulturgeschichte des Heiligen Römischen Reiches 1648–1806. Verfassung. Religion. Kultur. Böhlau, Wien 2011, ISBN 978-3-205-78684-9.
 Gerhard Oestreich: Verfassungsgeschichte vom Ende des Mittelalters bis zum Ende des alten Reiches. In: Herbert Grundmann (Hrsg.): Gebhardt Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte. Band 11. dtv, München 1974 u. ö., ISBN 3-423-59040-8.
 Anton Schindling: Die Anfänge des Immerwährenden Reichstags zu Regensburg. Ständevertretung und Staatskunst nach dem Westfälischen Frieden (= Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz, Abteilung Universalgeschichte 143; Beiträge zur Sozial- und Verfassungsgeschichte des Alten Reiches. 11). Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1991, ISBN 3-8053-1253-9 (Teilweise zugleich: Würzburg, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 1982/83).
 Klemens Unger (Hrsg.): Regensburg zur Zeit des Immerwährenden Reichstags. Kultur-historische Aspekte einer Epoche der Stadtgeschichte. Begleitband zur Ausstellung "Von Prinzen, Bürgern und Hanswursten …" Regensburg zur Zeit des Immerwährenden Reichstags, Historisches Museum Regensburg, 2013–2014. Schnell und Steiner, Regensburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-7954-2807-5.

Weblinks

 Reichstagsmuseum im Alten Rathaus
 Satyrische Beschreibung des Reichstages zu Regensburg als Digitalisat der Staatsbibliothek Bamberg
 Räumlichkeiten des Immerwährenden Reichstags im Alten Rathaus Regensburg - Online-Sammlung im Kulturportal bavarikon

Anmerkungen

Reichstag (Heiliges Römisches Reich)
Historische Organisation (Regensburg)
Leopold I. (HRR)
Gegründet 1663
Aufgelöst 1806

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: asp.net c# allowing users to search string using multiple terms I am trying to add a search feature to my application which will allow someone to enter several words and search for those in my data.
Doing single words and phrases is simple:
if (x.Title.ToUpper().Contains(tbSearch.Text.ToUpper()) || x.Description.ToUpper().Contains(tbSearch.Text.ToUpper()))

BUT how do I work out if someone entered a search for "red car" and the title was "the car that is red"? I know I could split on SPACE and then search for each term but this seems over complicated and I would also need to strip out non word characters.
I've been looking at using RegExes but am not sure if it would search for items in order or any order.
I guess I'm trying to basically create a simple google search in my application.

A: Have you considered using a proper search engine such as Lucene? The StandardAnalyzer in Lucene uses the StandardTokenizer, which takes care of (some) special characters, when tokenizing. It would for example split "red-car" into the tokens "red car", thereby "removing" special characters.
In order to search in multiple fields in a Lucene index, you could use the MultiFieldQueryParser.

A: I think you are looking for something like this:
    public static bool HasWordsContaining(this string searchCriteria, string toFilter)
    {
        var regex = new Regex(string.Format("^{0}| {0}", Regex.Escape(toFilter)), RegexOptions.IgnoreCase);
        return regex.IsMatch(searchCriteria);
    }

Usage:
someList.Where(x=>x.Name.HasWordsContaining(searchedText)).ToList();

A: You might use CONTAINSTABLE for this. You can use a SPROC and pass in the search string.
USE AdventureWorks2012
GO

SELECT
    KEY_TBL.RANK,
    FT_TBL.Description
FROM
    Production.ProductDescription AS FT_TBL
INNER JOIN
FREETEXTTABLE
    (
    Production.ProductDescription,
    Description,
    'perfect all-around bike'
    ) AS KEY_TBL
 ON FT_TBL.ProductDescriptionID = KEY_TBL.[KEY]
 ORDER BY KEY_TBL.RANK DESC
 GO

https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms142583.aspx

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Q: Run WCF Service with its routing in separated application domain in ASP.NET Web application on IIS I've a WCF service which must be executed in a separated application domain (not in ASP.NET app domain).
I'd like to decouple my WCF service from my web server (IIS) because of various deployment scenarios of my application. (Note: This is a primary benefit of Owin when you're working with OWin & Web API).
I can run WCF Service without routing service in separated application domain, or I can run WCF Services with routing configured in the ASP.NET app domain and the service in a separated app domain within customized SynchronizationContext for WCF dispatch runtime.
But I'd like to use better methods.
Is it possible to run WCF service with routing in separated application domain?


The match you're talking about was Tasmania's encounter with Queensland in Brisbane in 1987-88. There have been a few instances like this one, but the record - an unbeatable one, I would suggest - is held by the Glamorgan fast bowler Peter Judge, who was dismissed twice in about a minute during a match against the touring Indian team at Cardiff Arms Park in 1946. Judge was bowled by Chandu Sarwate to end the first innings, and the Indians asked Glamorgan to follow on. There wasn't much time left in the match, so Glamorgan's captain Johnny Clay (who was the not-out batsman) decided to give the crowd some fun, didn't bother with the usual 10 minutes between innings, and reversed his batting order... and Judge was promptly bowled by Sarwate's first ball of the second innings.
The South African slow left-armer Nicky Boje had figures of 0 for 221 from 65 overs in that record-breaking match in Colombo in July 2006. Wisden reported that Boje was nonetheless "the most effective of the bowlers, operating over the wicket for much of the innings and directing the ball into the rough". Rather surprisingly, Boje's figures are not quite the worst for a bowler failing to take a wicket in a Test innings - and perhaps even more surprisingly, the record-holder is a fast bowler rather than a spinner. When Garry Sobers set the then-record Test score of 365 not out in Kingston in 1957-58, Pakistan's Khan Mohammad finished with 0 for 259 from 54 overs as West Indies piled up 790 for 3. Pakistan's opening bowler Mahmood Hussain pulled a thigh muscle after sending down only five balls of the first over, increasing the workload of the others. Khan, a charming man who sadly died recently, would later recount the tale with a whimsical smile: "Everyone always asks me about my 0 for 259. They never ask about the time I got Len Hutton out for a duck at Lord's!" For a full list of the most runs conceded in a Test innings, click here.
Australia's Marcus North became only the second man to play first-class cricket for five different counties when he made his debut for Hampshire on April 22 this year, having already played for Durham (2004), Lancashire (2005), Derbyshire (2006) and Gloucestershire (2007-08). He was beaten to the five-county landmark by just a week - fast bowler Andrew "AJ" Harris made his debut for Leicestershire on April 15, after having previously played for Derbyshire (1994-99), Nottinghamshire (2000-08), Gloucestershire (2008) and Worcestershire (2008).
Two old friends lead the way in both categories here. In Test matches Muttiah Muralitharan has so far claimed 45 wickets through stumpings, while Shane Warne had 36. In third place is another Australian legspinner, Clarrie Grimmett, whose 216 Test wickets included 28 stumpings (that's 12.96% of his dismissals). In fifth place, India's Subhash "Fergie" Gupte had 20 stumpings in 149 dismissals, an even higher ratio of 13.42%. Anil Kumble lies fourth (24 out of 619). In one-day internationals Murali leads the way with 55, just ahead of Warne (50), with Sanath Jayasuriya a rather surprising name in third place with 42.
The left-hand batsman Jeff Moss did indeed play one Test for Australia, against Pakistan in Perth in 1978-79, scoring 22 and 38 not out (he was in at the end as Australia completed a series-levelling seven-wicket victory) to give him an average of 60.00. This was at the end of the divisive conflict with Kerry Packer's World Series Cricket, which kept most of Australia's first-choice players out of the Test team, and when they returned later that year Moss could not earn a recall. He did play one match in the 1979 World Cup in England, when Australia tried (and failed) to cope without their Packer players. Moss, who played most of his club cricket for Melbourne, continued in first-class cricket for Victoria until 1982, finishing with 3416 runs at the respectable average of 43.79. His highest score was 220, which came not long before his one and only Test cap, against South Australia at the MCG at the end of January 1979.
The highest score by anyone in his last Test innings is 258, by West Indies' Seymour Nurse against New Zealand in Christchurch in 1968-69. There have been two other last-innings double-centuries: Aravinda de Silva signed off with 206 for Sri Lanka against Bangladesh in Colombo in 2002, while Jason Gillespie made 201 not out as a night-watchman for Australia against Bangladesh in Chittagong in 2005-06. The highest score by a batsman in his final Test is 325, by England's Andy Sandham against West Indies in Kingston in 1929-30, but he batted again in the second innings (and still had enough energy to make 50).
"With regard to bowlers bowling with both their left and right arms, Sri Lanka's Hashan Tillakaratne did this during a big World Cup win over Kenya in Kandy. during the 1995-96 World Cup. He bowled three deliveries of his only over with his right arm, then switched to his left for the remaining three." Tillakaratne had earlier been run out for a duck in Sri Lanka's total of 398 for 5. Another bowler who occasionally changed from his normal right-arm variations to slow left-arm was the extrovert Australian Colin "Funky" Miller.


text:
Q: Cannot swap values in for loop in python in the first iteration I am trying to find the minimum swaps to sort an array without duplicates in python.I have the following code and i am using the greedy approach where i sort the array and compare and swap accordingly
def minimumSwaps(arr):
    totalswapcount=0
    sortedarr=sorted(arr)
    for x in range(0,len(arr)-1):
        if (arr[x]!=sortedarr[x]):
            totalswapcount+=1

            arr[x],arr[arr.index(sortedarr[x])]=arr[arr.index(sortedarr[x])],arr[x]

    print(totalswapcount)

minimumSwaps([2,3,4,1,5])

The code does not swap on the first iteration with this dry run for some reason.The array is repeated and hence it adds an iteration to the final result.Here is the result of this dry run

I was expecting that after the first repetition the array would become [1,3,4,2,5] where 1 and 2 is swapped since 2 occupies 1's real position but it stays the same instead

A: When you assign to
arr[x],arr[arr.index(sortedarr[x])]=

it calculates the subscript arr.index(sortedarr[x]) after it has already assigned to arr[x]. Get the index outside the spread assignment, so it will use the new index of the element if the element has been moved into a lower index.
        if (arr[x]!=sortedarr[x]):
            totalswapcount+=1
            y = arr.index(sortedarr[x])
            arr[x], arr[y] = arr[y], arr[x]


text:
John Ira Bailey,  (born August 10, 1942) is an American cinematographer and film director known for his collaborations with directors Paul Schrader, Lawrence Kasdan, Michael Apted, and Ken Kwapis. In August 2017, Bailey was elected president of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. He was succeeded by casting director David Rubin in August 2019.

Early life
John Ira Bailey was born August 10, 1942, in Moberly, Missouri, and raised in Norwalk, California. He attended Pius X High School in Downey, California, and briefly studied chemistry at Santa Clara University before transferring to Loyola University, Los Angeles, where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1964. He earned a graduate degree from the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts (SCA) in 1968.

Career
Bailey spent 11 years apprenticing as a crew member with cinematographers such as Vilmos Zsigmond and Néstor Almendros, working on Two-Lane Blacktop, The Late Show, 3 Women, Winter Kills, and Days of Heaven. He earned his first credit as director of photography for Boulevard Nights, followed by Ordinary People and American Gigolo.

In 1985, Bailey shared the Cannes Film Festival Best Artistic Contribution Award with Eiko Ishioka and Philip Glass for Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters. He was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Cinematography for Tough Guys Don't Dance and the Camerimage Golden Frog Award for Best Cinematography for Forever Mine. He is a member of the American Society of Cinematographers and member of the jury at the Venice Film Festival in 1987. He worked on numerous comedy films such as Groundhog Day, As Good as It Gets, and The Producers. He is a veteran documentary cameraman.

Bailey's credits as a director include The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe, China Moon, Mariette in Ecstasy, and Via Dolorosa.

He has been married to film editor Carol Littleton since 1972. They reside in Los Angeles.

Filmography

As director of photography

As director
 The Search for Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe (1991)
 China Moon (1994)
 Mariette in Ecstasy (1996)
 Via Dolorosa (2000) (stage play)
 NSync: Bigger Than Live (2001) (short film)

Awards and nominations

References

External links

1942 births
American cinematographers
Living people
People from Moberly, Missouri
Presidents of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
Loyola Marymount University alumni
Santa Clara University alumni
USC School of Cinematic Arts alumni
Film directors from Missouri


Garment dyeing by various dyeing chemical and washes is one of our strength. We have our set-up well equipped to do tie and dye as well as dip dyes. GAP is our regular customer where we can handle volumes for garment dying and washing. Our washing plant is well equipped to do all kind of garment dying and washes.


text:
The war on public education; Time to organize
On March 13, 2018 By TheGypsyProfessorIn Academia, Adjunct, Education, Higher Education, Labor, Monday, Motivation
Here we go, a lesson from over the pond. A few of our states are showing promise in the K12 scene… progress is long overdue. The American Higher education scene has been bled out.
Why I'm a striking lecturer: I want to stop the slow death of public education
Becky Gardiner
On the picket line I've seen how much widespread support there is, by those fighting against broader attacks on education
Mon 12 Mar 2018 02.00 EDT Last modified on Mon 12 Mar 2018 12.46 EDT
'Under the 'defined contribution' scheme, the typical lecturer would lose about £10,000 a year in retirement.' Photograph: Jeff J Mitchell/Getty Images
Iam a lecturer, currently on strike. I am also a part-time MA student, whose lecturers are on strike. And I am the mother of a student whose lecturers are on strike. There have been attempts by many vice-chancellors to pit students and their parents against striking staff, often by positioning staff as selfish and greedy, and students as the consumers whose livelihoods they harm. But even though I dread the hole in my next pay packet, and know exactly what it is like to see classes disappear when I have an essay to write, and though I feel for my daughter, who worries about the impact this will have on her degree – and therefore her future – for me there has been no moment of doubt, no internal war.
The problems we face – debt, increasing workloads, precarity, mental health issues – are not only shared, but systemic
This unity of purpose is mirrored on the picket lines, where the active support of students has made even the coldest days feel like high summer. They arrive at 8am daily to brew us "solidari-tea", they make banners, art and music, they occupy buildings, and march alongside us, even in heavy snow. And the support is broad: a YouGov poll conducted on the eve of the strike showed that 61% of students supported it, and only 2% blamed the strikers for the disruption to their studies.
The issue that has led to this dispute is pensions, and yet large numbers of casualised staff are on the picket line too – part of a growing cohort of young academics for whom the only jobs on offer are paid hourly, and meagrely, with no security and very little opportunity to do research. Viewed from the precarious position of many staff and most students, pensions of any sort must seem like an impossible dream. So why do the majority of them support us?
Partly, because they can see the injustice. Often presented as if a gift, like some fat cat's golden handshake, pensions are in fact part of our pay. People who choose to teach in universities do so because they believe that teaching and research are a public good, and worth doing in return for modest pay and a decent pension. So when the vice-chancellors, represented by Universities UK (UUK), announced their intention to switch from a "defined benefit" scheme to a "defined contribution" scheme, the betrayal was keenly felt.
Under the "defined contribution" (aka "die quickly") scheme, the typical lecturer would lose about £10,000 a year in retirement. It is a deeply cynical move by people with vested interests, which if successful, would mark the end of higher education as a public service.
Why are university staff striking?
The fact that the majority of vice-chancellors involved have now publicly distanced themselves from UUK's position, including Oxford, Cambridge, and others who appeared implacably hostile to the strikers' demands only days ago, is a sign of the weakness of their argument, as well as the strength of the strike. Many universities have expressed dismay at how their own contribution to UUK's "consultation" was presented. UUK also claimed that defined benefits have become prohibitively expensive – a claim that turned out to rest on an implausible scenario in which every university went bust tomorrow, and which has been challenged even by the Daily Mail. Meanwhile, universities enjoy record surpluses, vice-chancellors are being given obscene salaries and lavish expenses, and cash is poured into trophy buildings to make the "brand" easier to "sell". And all while junior staff struggle to pay their rent, and students in huge debt sit in overcrowded seminars.
The university pension strike will only end when we're listened to
Sally Hunt
But, like most strikes, this one is about much more than money. My favourite banner on the picket line reads "Against the slow cancellation of the future", a phrase popularised by the late cultural theorist, Mark Fisher. In the grip of neoliberalism, we begin to believe that there is no alternative, Fisher told us.
In universities, this slow draining of hope began with the introduction of tuition fees in 1998, and gathered pace when they were tripled in 2010. Successive governments, enthusiastically aided by overpaid senior management drawn from outside the university sector, have turned higher education into a utilitarian and consumer-driven activity that students buy in exchange for skills for the job market. The raid on pensions fits this pattern – it is an attempt to shift the risk of volatility in the market from the employer to the individual, to pave the way for further privatisation and rid universities of any remaining sense of responsibility for the long-term health and dignity of their workforces.
The real reason for the widespread support for the strike is that these broader attacks on education as a public service affect the entire academic community – the full-time staff, the casualised staff, and, of course, the students.
The problems we face – debt, increasing workloads, precarity, mental health issues – are not only shared, but systemic. Students understand that staff working conditions are their learning conditions; staff understand that students' financial stress is an assault on their freedom to learn. On the picket lines, the conversation has not been about pensions, but how we can democratise universities, and restore them to their real purpose. Every member of the academic community knows education is potentially life-enhancing, liberating, world-changing. That is something worth fighting for.
• Becky Gardiner is a senior lecturer at Goldsmiths, University of London, and former comment editor of the Guardian
AcademiaEducationHigher EducationLaborMotivationPoliticsStudents
Wildcat strikes and progress!
Ford To buy Michigan Central Station?!


text:
Romney's African American Appeal
by Washington Informer June 14, 2012 October 30, 2020
By Cynthia Griffin
Special to the NNPA from Our Weekly Newspaper
Outreach seen as must
California Republicans Tuesday overwhelmingly voted for Gov. Mitt Romney as their choice for the party's presidential nominee. More than 1.1 million (or 79.6 percent) of votes cast went to the politician from Massachusetts. Ron Paul came in a distant second, winning only 10.2 percent of ballots.
Bear Flag state Republicans followed the actions of four high-profile Black Republicans, including former presidential candidate Herman Cain, who have also endorsed the former Massachusetts govenor for president.
Two of those individuals—South Carolina Congressman Tim Scott and former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice—have even had vice presidential contender attached to their names by various sources.
Scott, who threw his endorsement behind the Republican nominee in late April, is a freshman legislator described as a "Tea Party favorite." Just prior to the South Carolina primary, he was heavily courted by the Republican presidential candidates, but in the end chose Romney.
"It's time for the Republican party and all conservatives to rally behind our nominee. We have our nominee. His name is Mitt Romney. We're very excited to be on the Mitt train," Scott was quoted saying on Fox News.
Scott has been mentioned as a possible vice presidential candidate but said in early May that he had not had any "serious conversations" with the Romney team.
Rice, the first African American woman to become secretary of state, endorsed Romney at a Bay Area fundraiser at the end of May.
"We care about the future of this country and the future of the world, and I'm delighted to join so many friends here in supporting and, in my case, endorsing Gov. Mitt Romney for president of the United States," Rice said.
"If America is going to rebuild its strength at home, rebuild its sense of who we are, it needs a leader that also understands how really exceptional the United States of America is, and is not afraid to lead on the basis of that exceptionalism. The only thing that people dislike more than unilateral American leadership is no American leadership at all," Rice said to the 300 donors present at the fundraiser.
Rice, also had earlier been touted by some as a vice presidential candidate. But decisively rejected such a notion.
"He'll find a fine vice president. Somebody who actually wants to run for office would be a good start," Rice told one news outlet in early May.
Cain endorsed Romney in mid-May, after first suspending his own bid for the nomination due to fallout from claims of sexual harassment and an extramarital affair, and then throwing his support to former House Speaker Newt Gingrich.
"The numbers are on Mitt Romney's side, and yes, I am always saying I will support whoever the nominee is, and it looks like Mitt Romney's going to be that nominee, and we do need to get behind him," Cain said in April.
Although he has secured the 1,144 delegates needed to win the Republican nomination, Romney will not be officially named the party's choice until the Republican convention this August in Tampa, Fla.
So who is Romney and how do his beliefs resonate with African American voters?
Romney was born in Detroit, Mich., and his father, George, would later go on to serve as governor of the state.
The junior Romney graduated from Brigham Young University in 1971. He subsequently earned dual degrees from Harvard Law and Harvard Business School. After working as a business consultant for several years, Romney founded the investment firm Bain Capital in 1984. Under his leadership, Bain Capital helped to launch or rebuild hundreds of companies, including household names such as Staples, Bright Horizons, and Sports Authority.
In 2002, he was elected governor of Massachusetts, and was, according to Democratic state legislator Benjamin Swan, a much more moderate Mitt Romney than he sounds today.
"He tried to be as moderate as he could be. He wouldn't have come close to getting elected in Massachusetts talking about the kinds of things he's talking about now," said Swan, adding that he believes Romney has swung very far to the right in an effort to win the Republican nomination.
Swan, who is African American and represents the Springfield region of the state, described Romney as a "lousy governor, who used the governorship as a means of enhancing his resume."
During his term as governor, among the acts he took that alarmed African American legislators was signing an executive order that eliminated the state's Office of Affirmative Action (OAA) and replaced it with the Office of Diversity and Equal Opportunity. He also formulated a Diversity and Equal Opportunity Advisory Council on which Swan served.
The elected official described the council as a body that was supposed to advise the administration, but in his opinion just held meetings.
The OAA was responsible for investigating discrimination complaints and litigating those that had merit, but Swan said that under Romney, there was a "de-emphasis" on the office and its activities.
As governor, Romney did have a few African Americans in his cabinet, including Jennifer Davis Carey, head of Elder Affairs. (Editor's note: OW contacted Carey about on her tenure with Romney, but she refused to comment.)
Another high-ranking African American woman, Jane C. Edmonds, as head of Workforce Development, reported to the cabinet-level Commonwealth Development Department.
Diversity is one issue that has surfaced in relation to Romney's campaign staff, but according to Tara Wall, senior communication advisor with the campaign and the most senior African American on staff, the racial makeup of the senior staff is diverse.
Wall described Romney as a family man, a man of God, a compassionate leader whose No. 1 goal is listening.
In fact, the candidate has embarked on listening tours where he will talk with experts and ordinary people on issues of concern.
She said, he particularly wants to examine the disparities between Blacks and Whites that continue to exist and will rely on experts like former Secretary of Education Rod Paige to help understand how and why the disparities exist and to determine how they can be eliminated.
Paige, selected by George W. Bush as the first African American to serve as secretary of education, held the post from 2001-2005.
Romney just recently named Paige to his Education Roundtable Advisory Board.
Wall counts Paige as among the African American advisors the Republican candidate will turn to for assistance in crafting his education policy.
A centerpiece of Romney's approach to education is listening to what parents want for their children, said Wall, adding that one thing he has heard urban school parents and educators talking about is the need for school choice.
" . . . the money should follow the students, whether it is to public, charter or whatever school, the money should follow the student," said Wall.
Additionally, Wall said Romney intends to make reforms to the "No Child Left Behind Act" that will incorporate the concept of choice.
Another agenda Romney would push, if elected president, is reforming the tax code, including cutting the corporate tax rate by 25 percent; cutting the individual tax rate by 20 percent, and broadening the tax base.
He is also in favor of removing some of the onerous regulations that he believes are weighing down business, particularly small firms
When it comes to the criminal justice system, Wall said Romney again will look at the areas where there are huge disparities for Blacks and incorporate expert advice on developing policies. But she could not specifically detail what he would do.
Wall said the Romney campaign recognizes the challenges it faces in trying to bring African Americans to seriously consider its candidate. "Overall, we are going to focus on coalition-building and tapping into the base of Black Republicans and undecided voters."
According to one Howard University professor, reaching out to African Americans and other minorities is a must for Romney, not because of the actual votes that might be won but because of the message it sends.
"He has to show the capability of building coalitions by a symbolic and substantial appeal to those who might be considered way out of range," said Lorenzo Morris, a political analyst and professor of political science.
This outreach, shows moderate Whites that a candidate and by extension, a president, is willing to work with everyone, noted the professor.
"I remember well that Herbert Walker Bush had affinity associations, campaign and interest groups (among minorities), but I don't see that with Romney," said Morris.
The political analyst notes that there are a number of states where minorities comprise enough of the electorate to change an election outcome—Ohio, Michigan, Nevada and Florida.
Morris also points out that Romney does not want to alienate Black voters to the point that they feel the need to go out and vote for Barack Obama. Nor does he want to anger Hispanic voters by ignoring them, because of their growing numbers.
If he so chooses, Romney will have opportunities to appeal to African American voters in the coming months, because there are a number of major Black organizations that will hold national conventions, and some of them—the NAACP and National Urban League—have already extended invitations to both presidential candidates to address their gatherings or will soon do so.
Obama and Romney: how they stand on five issues
Agreeing to disagree
Obama has achieved major success in overhauling the nation's healthcare system, provided the Supreme Court upholds the administration's plan that almost everyone obtain insurance. Under Obama's plan, insurers can no longer deny coverage to those with pre-existing medical conditions. The plan would aid small businesses in providing coverage and would provide tax credits for low-income and middle-income people to subsidize premiums, among other provisions.
Romney believes such healthcare laws should be in the province of individual states, not the federal government. But he supports protections for those who have been covered continuously for a certain period of time so that they would not lose coverage due to illness. Romney prefers medical savings accounts that can be used for insurance premiums as well as personal medical costs.
Obama has presided over a term marked by high unemployment, a recession begun during the Bush administration and high rates of joblessness. He instituted a roughly $800 billion stimulus plan that cut significantly into the jobless rate, but unemployment continues to hover above 8 percent nationally. He continued the Wall Street and auto industry bailouts begun under Bush. In attempting to bring jobs back to the U.S. from abroad, he has proposed tax breaks for those who have exported jobs, as well as for U.S. manufacturers that have kept jobs in the states.
Romney proposes lower taxes, less regulation, a balanced budget, more trade deals, and replacing jobless benefits with unemployment savings accounts. He would like to see the repeal of tough laws instituted to reign in the financial industry after the nation's banking disaster. He would also repeal the law tightening accounting regulations put into place after the nation's corporate scandals, to ease the accountability burden on smaller businesses.
Obama has approved waivers that relieve states of the many requirements of Bush's "No Child Left Behind" law in effort to improve preparation and evaluation of students. He also instituted competitive rewards for states with billions of dollars for pursuing his administration's education policies. He has won approval for a college tax credit worth up to $10,000 over four years and more money for Pell grants for low-income college students.
Romney was a supporter of "No Child Left Behind" law, but admits that Obama's competition between states, called "Race to the Top," of student testing, charter-school incentives and teacher evaluation standards have merit.
Abortion, birth control
Obama is a firm longtime supporter of abortion rights. His healthcare plan requires that contraceptives be available for women as part of their workplace health plans, including morning-after pills. The plan has received staunch opposition from conservatives, both political and religious.
Romney previously supported abortion rights, but now opposes them. He believe such issues should fall under the purview of the individual states. He says Roe v. Wade should be reversed, but the government should abide by it until such time as it is reversed.
Obama, who once only supported civil unions, recently came out in support of same-sex marriage. He also opposes the Defense of Marriage Act, which he once supported. The law prevents federal recognition of same-sex marriages and gives states the right to refuse to recognize such marriages.
Romney believes gay marriage should be banned and he would favor a constitutional amendment that does just that. Marriage, he feels, is a policy that falls within the purview of the federal government and not the states.
Pan African Women of Faith Advocate for Global Nutrition
In "Faith"
NMAAHC to Hold Virtual Symposium on African Diaspora
'Heroes: Principles of African Greatness' Opens at National Museum of African Art
In "D Kevin McNeir"
Tagged: 2012 presidential election, african-americans, mitt romney, republican party


Monthly Webinar. The ABC-UTC is continuing the free monthly webinars with featured presentations that the ABC Center at Florida International University first hosted in early 2011.
Monthly Webinar Archives. Recordings, presentation pdfs, and Q&A session pdfs are available.
In-Depth Web Training. Annual in-depth web training was initiated in 2014 to provide more detailed coverage of select projects and topics related to ABC.
In-Depth Web Training Archives. Recordings and pdfs are available.
Research Seminar. Begun in January 2016, the web-based quarterly Research Seminars highlight ABC-UTC research products and the graduate students' contributions to the research projects on which they worked.
Research Seminar Archives. Recordings, presentation pdfs, and Q&A session pdfs are available.
Research Day. Semi-annual one-day webinars provide updates by Principal Investigators on progress in their ongoing ABC-UTC research projects.
Research Day Archives. Recordings and pdfs are available.


Announcing the 2019 OPUS Chamber Music Camp!
Date: July 28 – August 3 at North Central College in Naperville, IL.
For more information, check out our 2019 Camp brochure.
We will be posting more details on the website starting in February and will be able to accept applications around that time too, so be sure to visit again around that time.
Teaching assistants; you can go to our TA application form to apply. The deadline is March 31, 2019.


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Workers' Party: AIM terminated software contract
Jan 5, 2013, 4:12 pm SGT
http://str.sg/ZcR3
Andrea Ong
The Workers' Party (WP) has fired the latest salvo in the ongoing war of words over the termination of Aljunied-Hougang Town Council's computer system and the contract between the People's Action Party-run town councils and the firm appointed to manage their computer systems.
In a statement issued on Saturday, WP chairman Sylvia Lim also addressed IT firm Action Information Management (Aim)'s statement that Aljunied-Hougang Town Council (AHTC) had wanted to develop its own computerised management system after the WP took over the council following the general election in May 2011.
She said: "To allay any doubts about whether Aim had indeed terminated the software agreement with AHTC, a copy of the termination notice is attached for public scrutiny."
The letter, dated 22 June 2011, is signed by an Aim director. It states that the firm would cease to allow the town council the use of the intellectual property and system functions related to the existing software, "owing to material changes to the membership of the Town Council". The software would be terminated on 1 August 2011, it added.
Aim last month did reveal that it had sent such a letter on June 22. But it also said that the letter was in response to a June 10 letter from AHTC, in which AHTC had said it was developing its own computer system and sought to have an extension to the current system until its system was ready. Aim later released an exchange of letters, which showed this letter - 12 days earlier than the termination letter released by WP - was from the town council's interim secretary and thanking Aim for its assistance. Ms Lim's statement yesterday made no reference to this June 10 letter by her town council.
Ms Lim, who is the chairman of AHTC, also criticised Dr Teo Ho Pin's explanation earlier this week of why the 14 PAP-run town councils under his charge sold the rights of their computer system to Aim, a company owned by the PAP, saying it still did not answer the question of whether public interest had been served in the transaction.


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Q: Doubt in derivation of Snell's law using Huygen's principle When we derive Snell's law using Huygen's principle, after refraction, we draw a perpendicular line from the point of intersection of the second light ray with the refracting surface to the first, writing the distance intercepted on the first light ray as $ v_2t $.
I'm having trouble understanding the reason behind the intercepted distance being $ v_2t $. I know it has got something to do with the the two points on the respective light rays lying on a wavefront, but I cannot fully grasp the reason.

A: Here is a diagram that Huygens produced (page 35) to illustrate what happens when light is refracted.

CHHHA represents a wavefront part of which is about to enter the block travelling at a speed $v_1$.
LKO represent wavefronts part of which have entered the block where the speed of the wave is $v_2$ which is less than $v_1$
BN is a wavefront which is entirely in the block but would have been wavefront BMMMO if the block had not been there.
In the time that point N on the wavefront in the block travelled at distance AN it would have travelled a distance AO (which is equal to CB) if the block had not been there.
You have two triangles ABC and AOB with a common side AB.
$CB = v_1t$ and $AN = v_2t$ so now Snell's law can be derived in terms of the sines of the appropriate angles and the velocities in the two different mediums.
This is a nice simulation which might help?


Whether you're planning a long overdue makeover or simply staying keeping up with the trends, you need to know what's hot and what's not. With interior design changing rapidly from one year to another, here are a few trends that we feel are here to stay.
#1 The ceiling is where it's at: While the concept of painted ceilings are certainly not new, the 2018 ceiling is here to raise the roof, literally. Wallpaper, painted, tiled or decorated, ceilings are making people look up and take note. For best results, keep the rest of the walls minimally decorated or lightly painted to avoid a cluttered look.
#2 Spa it up: We cannot emphasise the trendiness of spa bathrooms this season. Opulent, lush and sophisticated, spa bathrooms are hot on the list of everyone who wishes to create a restful sanctuary in their home. Think deep jacuzzi baths, earthy tones and metallic fixtures.
#3 The other marble: Move over marble, terrazzo is where it is at! Just as durable and colourful, terrazzo is the in marble replacement that your home needs for its backsplashes, countertops, floors and more!
#4 Tactile textures: 2018 is the year of the texture and there is no doubt about it! From embellishments to rattans, wickers, velvet upholstery and leather, tactility is in in a huge way. So if you've been planning to invest in that deep forest green velvet sofa, go ahead!
#5 The saturation point: The time for pale pastels are over, the trend this year is to go dark. Saturated hues such as emeralds, rich blues, purples and reds are making their way into the it lists. So look for deep red sofas, dark walls and more.
#6 Into the deep dark wood: With the Scandi trend and its pale wood on it's way out, it's time for your wood to go dark. Invest in darker woods like mahogany, oak and textured walnut pieces to give your home a sense of depth and a look that is straight out a gothic novel.
#7 In a field of flowers: Florals never really go out of style, but the trend this year has exaggerated proportions, contrasting colours and warm accents.
#8 Bold as brass: 2018 is the year we finally say goodbye to stainless steel and welcome brassy accents back into our lives. The retro warmth of brass is a wonderful way to add an unexpected touch of vintage glamour to your home. Try it in your bathroom and living room accents like lamps, mirror frames and more.
#9 The concrete home: A classic case of bringing the outside in, the concrete trend takes inspiration from the concrete jungle we live in to create a minimalistic, crisp look. Think of concrete chairs, tabletops and stools as a way of adding industrial chic to your home.
#10 By vintage light: Vintage lighting, like florals, are hard to push out of style, but instead of the Edison bulb, this year's trend focuses more on scones, holders, pendants and chandeliers with copper accents.


A great place to make a wedding film!
Woodstock exemplifies the breathtaking vivacious charm that Vermont is famous for.
Awe-inspiring views, multiple ceremony and reception sites, mouthwatering on-site catering, and assortment of lodging accommodations create the perfect destination for your wedding celebration. Woodstock's charming looks always makes for wonderful wedding film and videography. After all, didn't they once call it "the prettiest town in north America.".
You can stroll Woodstock's two main streets in about an hour or so and see at least half a dozen art galleries, boutiques, coffee houses, bakeries, museums and real estate firms. Tour Billings Farm and the Marsh Billings Rockefeller estate.
If you have your wedding at the Woodstock Inn, this charming facility offers a variety of lodging options to suit the needs of all of your family and friends.
The area's premier wedding venue, able to accommodate 250 wedding guests or more. Has a beautiful garden setting in the rear.
This intimate Woodstock, Vermont wedding venue and social-event site is set on over 3 acres of property which evoke joyous celebration and comfort.
Tour the Village of Woodstock Vermont, view colorful pages on fine inns, bed and breakfasts, restaurants and art galleries in one of Vermont's most historic towns.
There are approximately 50 Inns and Bed & Breakfasts in the area around Woodstock and adjacent Quechee Village.
Woodstock, Vermont is an internationally renowned ski town and four-season destination with inns and bed and breakfasts scattered throughout the area and in neighboring towns such as Quechee and Killington. Woodstock, with its majestic Ottauquechee River is filled with activities for every season; golf, hiking, skiing, snowboarding, cross-country skiing and snowshoeing, shopping, spas and much more. Woodstock's historic village combined with nearby Killington peak creates the quintessential New England getaway either for a weekend or a week. Most area inns and b&bs offer you discounted Killington ski lift tickets. Don't forget to ask if you are a skier!


en-net | Can design effect be less than 1 in cluster surveys?
Can design effect be less than 1 in cluster surveys?
Can design effect for GAM be less than 1 in cluster surveys?
The design effect reflects the sum total of all the influences introduced by various sampling techniques on the statistical variance for a certain outcome in a specific sample. Cluster sampling increases the design effect if the outcome you are looking at (for example, wasting) is grouped in the population and not evenly spread throughout. This means that the prevalence of the outcome is different in different clusters. On the other hand, stratified sampling (that is, intentionally picking portions of the sample from different subgroups in the population) often leads to a decrease in the design effect. After you have input the data and told the computer that you did cluster and stratified sampling, the effects of these two different sampling schemes is taken into account when the computer calculates the variance of the outcome, and hence the design effect. If your outcome is spread evenly in the population, so there is little clustering, and if the prevalence of the outcome differs among the sample strata, then it is likely the design effect will be less than 1.0.
I'm no statistician, so if anyone knows better, please correct me, but I believe that if only cluster sampling is done with no stratified sampling or other sampling technique which might decrease the design effect, the design effect theoretically cannot be less than 1.0.
In a two-stage cluster survey where, at the first stage, clusters are selected randomly, and at the second stage, individuals randomly selected, the variance is comprised of two components: variability within clusters and variability between clusters.
With PPS sampling, the variance formula is simpler and based on the variability between clusters (the within variance drops out of the formula). Unless provided additional details, most statistical programs analyze cluster data as a one-stage cluster survey where the only variance component is the variability between clusters.
The variance for simple random sampling (srs) is based on individuals, [pq/(n-1)] ignoring the finite population correction.
The DEFF is calculated as: variance accounting for cluster design / variance assuming srs.
Therefore, with PPS and 1-stage cluster sampling, what drives the variance is the difference in estimates between clusters. If the clusters are more similar than expected assuming random variability, the DEFF can be less than 1.


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Welcome To ScoopB.com The Official Website of Brandon RobinsonBlogNBA 2K19 News: Why does Paul George, Donovan Mitchell, Jayson Tatum & Ben Simmons have similar ratings? "We're not a reputation-based game," says Ronnie2K
NBA 2K19 News: Why does Paul George, Donovan Mitchell, Jayson Tatum & Ben Simmons have similar ratings? "We're not a reputation-based game," says Ronnie2K
NBA 2K's Ronnie2K chats with Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson on the Scoop B Radio Podcast. Press Play Below To Listen!
September will be here before you know it.
Guess what? That means that NBA 2K19 will soon be here, too!
Ahead of the release of next month's game, NBA 2K's Ronnie Singh, better known to the digital world as Ronnie2K checked in with Scoop B Radio and discussed what we can expect from 2K Sports' NBA2K19 release on September 7th.
In the Q&A, which you can watch below via Scoop B Radio, Ronnie2K discusses the game's rating process which has puzzled many.
** Last year, Scoop B Radio garnered 2 million downloads and has been mentioned on sites like Breitbart, New York Post,COMPLEX, ESPN, CBS Sports Radio, People Magazine, Philadelphia Inquirer, FORBES, Billboard, UPROXX, Fansided, Awful Announcing,Bleacher Report,Fox Sports & more. **
Check out the transcript of the Scoop B Radio Q&A between Ronnie2K and Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson below:
Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson: Donovan Mitchell, Ben Simmons and Jayson Tatum all have an 87 rating and then you look at Paul George who has a rating of 89. When those numbers are factored in I think of Paul George on the level of Damian Lillard so why are those guys an 87 but Paul George only an 89?
Ronnie2K: We're not a reputation-based game. Paul George and I are extremely close, but for those second-year guys those ratings really spoke to what they did throughout the season and into the playoffs. Donovan turned into an absolute animal, Ben can do absolutely anything even though he's got to work on his jump shot a little and Tatum was a machine in the playoffs. I think that's one of the biggest sticking points like a lot of the older guys are like why are these young kids coming up on our ratings and it's tough thing because they do deserve it, but you could also make the argument that they have to earn it a little more too, so I see it either way.
Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson: To the instance of reputation somebody could be a 90 and somebody else could be a 94 and they're comparing, and you can't compare.
Ronnie2K: Everyone is always doing comparisons with all these ratings and naturally I think we all understand it however, there are a lot of tangibles and intangibles that go into rating the 28 attributes that make up an overall rating. Whatever that formula is we don't have any way to buffer it up or down and we wouldn't want to do that anyway so ultimately there is no reputation rating. There's a lot of tangible and intangible ratings and they add up to a final rating and it is what it is but obviously the players I think that's the biggest deal I think a lot of the older guys are not understanding the younger guys ratings and it's challenging for them.
Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson: When you look at the Lakers, where you have Kyle Kuzma, Lonzo Ball, and Rajon Rondo who all have a 78 rating…
Ronnie2K: That build had old ratings that haven't been updated and we were just trying to get the gameplay right. I'll tell you right now Kyle Kuzma isn't a 78 I confirmed that on Twitter a couple times and I also told him his rating at the event so it's kind of funny that he still thinks he's a 78. I don't remember off the top of my head where Lonzo and Rondo rank, but it is probably within a few points here or there, but we were just trying to get that build going.
Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson: How excited are you for NBA 2K19?
Ronnie2K: Oh my god, so excited we learned so much from 2K18 and the first instance of the neighborhood. Everybody knows that I play neighborhood games all the time so I'm super psyched for that but ultimately, it's gameplay. We talked about it this past week, gameplay was something that we wanted to focus on because we felt like we could do a lot better than 2K18 and all the reviews coming out of that Thursday event were positive and we still have 7 weeks left and with that time we're still grinding and trying to make it even more perfect. I think this is going to be our best one yet after so many leaps and bounds and I can't wait to talk about it more in the coming weeks.
Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson: What's the biggest difference between 2K18 and 2K19?
Ronnie2K: Our games always have something for everyone MyTeam has made some dramatic changes as well as MyGM and MyLeague which we'll have a blog on next week so whatever you like in that game has been really enhanced and as we get out the info in the next couple of weeks you'll see that. It's super impressive.
Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson is the host of the Scoop B Radio Podcast. A senior writer at Basketball Society, he's had stops as a staff writer at The Source Magazine, as a columnist and podcast host at CBS and as an editor at RESPECT. Magazine. In his downtime, he enjoys traveling, swimming and finding new sushi restaurants.
Follow Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson on Twitter: @ScoopB, Instagram: @Scoop_B & Facebook: ScoopB.
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Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson is a columnist at Basketball Society. Follow him on Twitter: @ScoopB and Instagram: @Scoop_B. As a 12 year old, he was a Nets reporter from 1997-1999, co-hosting a show called Nets Slammin' Planet with former Nets legend, Albert King, WFAN's Evan Roberts and Nets play-by-play man Chris Carrino. Scoop B has also been a writer and radio host at CBS, a staff writer at The Source Magazine and managing editor/columnist at RESPECT Magazine. He's a graduate of Don Bosco Prep, Eastern University and Hofstra University. You can catch him daily on the Scoop B Radio Podcast. Visit ScoopBRadio.com to listen. For inquiries and to contact Brandon 'Scoop B' Robinson visit ScoopB.com
\"I\'ve known Brandon for over 20 years, and he is passionate about his profession now as he was back when I first met him. As an interviewer, he is one of the best. He\'s engaging and has the ability to relate to the people he is interviewing, which is rare in the sports world.\" -Keith Van Horn, Retired NBA veteran
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Location: 3km S of Moëlan-sur-Mer (market, restaurants, shops), 40km SE of Quimper (shopping, cathedral).
On Brittany's south west coast, this 15th-century cottage is set within the 90 hectare grounds of a manor house hotel, along with one other cottage. It enjoys its own garden near to the owners' stable yard and property, surrounded by the forests of the estate, while just below is the Belon River, perfect for leisurely walks. Nearby is the village of Moëlan-sur-Mer and the ports of Merrien and Brigneau. The local market is held on Tuesdays, with fresh produce and an array of locally caught seafood. The ancient city of Quimper is worth a visit, full of charm with cobbled streets, cathedral and museums. There are crêperies and interesting shops to browse, where the famous hand-painted traditional pottery can be found.