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«Сомалі» (F33) ( — військовий корабель, ескадрений міноносець типу «Трайбл» Королівського військово-морського флоту Великої Британії за часів Другої світової війни.

«Сомалі» був закладений 26 серпня 1936 на верфі компанії Swan Hunter, Тайн-енд-Вір. 18 грудня 1938 увійшов до складу Королівських ВМС Великої Британії. Есмінець брав активну участь у бойових діях на морі в перші роки Другої світової війни, бився у Північній Атлантиці, біля берегів Норвегії, на Середземному морі, супроводжував арктичні конвої. За проявлену мужність та відвагу в боях заохочений чотирма бойовими відзнаками. 20 вересня 1942 року під час супроводження арктичного конвою QP 14 торпедований у Гренландському морі німецьким підводним човном U-703; 25 вересня у ході буксування есмінцем «Ашанті» через суворі погодні умови затонув.

Дизайн і конструкція
HMS «Сомалі» (F33) належав до есмінців типу «Трайбл», що відрізнялися від своїх попередників помітно більш гострими обводами носової частини й кліперним форштевнем, які підкреслювали їхню стрімкість. Близько 40 % довжини корабля займав півбак, котрий трішки піднімався до форштевня. Корабель мав всього одну суцільну палубу — верхню. Так звана нижня палуба насправді була платформою і проходила лише на носі і в кормі, поза межами машинно-котельних відділень. 15 водонепроникних перегородок, що доходили до верхньої палуби, поділяли корпус на 16 відсіків. Теоретично при затопленні будь-яких двох з них есмінець повинен був зберігати плавучість. По всій довжині корпусу йшло друге дно, а в районі 20-24-го шпангоутів був виріз під антену «ASDIC», котра опускалась.

Корпус «Сомалі» мав загальну довжину між перпендикулярами — 115 м, бімс — 11,13 м та осадку до 3,43 м. Водотоннажність бойового корабля становила: стандартна — 1 891 та повна — 2 519 довгих тонн відповідно.

Головна енергетична установка становила три триколекторні Адміралтейських котли з пароперегрівником і два одноступінчатих турбозубчатих редуктори. Розміщення ГЕУ — лінійне. Котли розміщувалися в ізольованих відсіках, турбіни — у загальному машинному відділенні, при цьому редуктори були відокремлені від турбін водонепроникною перегородкою. Робочий тиск пару — 21,2 кгс/см² (20,5 атм.), температура — 327 °С (620 °F).

Проектна потужність становила 44 000 к.с., при частоті обертання 350 об/хв., що мало забезпечити максимальну швидкість ходу (при повному навантаженні) в 32,5 вузли (60,1 км/год). Однак на ходових випробуваннях есмінець досяг швидкості 36 вузлів. Запас палива зберігався у восьми паливних танках, ємністю 524 тонни мазуту, що забезпечувало дальність плавання 5 700 миль (10 556 км) 15-вузловим ходом (27,8 км/год) або 3 200 миль (5 926 км) 20-вузловим ходом. Дальність плавання на повному ході становила 1 200 миль. Екіпаж корабля становив 190 офіцерів та матросів.

Озброєння
Корабельна артилерія головного калібру (ГК) есмінця «Сомалі»: вісім 120-мм універсальних швидкострільних гармат QF Mk.XII з довжиною ствола 45 калібрів у подвійних баштах типу CP Mk.XIX 'A', 'B', 'X', та 'Y', загальною вагою до 25,9 тонн кожна. Башти розміщувалися по центральній осі корабля та утворювали дві передні й дві кормові вогневі позиції. Максимальний кут піднесення +40°, зниження на −10°. Кут горизонтального наведення установок становив 340°, мертва зона — 20°. Маса снаряда 22,7 кг, початкова швидкість — 808 м/с. Гармати мали швидкострільність 10-12 пострілів на хвилину на дальність — 15 520 м. Боєзапас становив 300 пострілів на ствол (200 — фугасних, 50 — осколкових з дистанційнім підривачем та 50 — освітлювальних). Живучість ствола — до 1 400 пострілів.

Зенітне озброєння корабля включало одна 40-мм автоматична зенітна гармата QF 2 Mark II з боєзапасом 14 400 снарядів та два 12,7-мм зчетверені зенітні кулемети Vickers .50 з боєзапасом 10 000 набоїв на установку. Окрім важких кулеметів, на есмінці були чотири 7,71-мм кулемети «Льюїс»

Торпедне озброєння складалося з одного чотиритрубного 21-дюймового (533-мм) торпедного апарату Mark IX, що розташовувався в кормовій частині корпусу на осьовій лінії й мав запас тільки чотири торпеди. Торпеди Mk.IX мали максимальну дальність дії 11 000 ярдів (10 055 м) зі швидкістю 41 вузол. Бойова головка мала 330 кг тринітротолуолу, але невдовзі після вступу корабля до строю, їх змінили на більш потужну торпеду з 367 кг торпекса.

Протичовнове озброєння есмінця складалося з сонара «ASDIC», 20 глибинних бомб, 1 бомбоскидача і двох бомбометів на кормі; за часів війни кількість глибинних бомб збільшили до 30.

Система управління вогнем складалася з командно-далекомірного поста (директора) Mk.I і комбінованого 12-футового (3,6 м) далекоміра/зенітного директора Mk.II, які розміщувалися на верхньому містку на окремих основах. Перший з них був візиром центрального наведення, але використовувався тільки для стрільби по морських цілях, другий слугував далекоміром при стрільбі по морських цілях і далекоміром-директором для зенітної стрільби. Серйозним недоліком була відсутність стабілізації ПКАВ (прилад керування артилерійським вогнем).

Історія

Передвоєнні роки
У січні 1939 року після введення до складу британського флоту корабель був зарахований до 6-ї флотилії есмінців типу «Трайбл» Флоту Метрополії, яка включала також однотипні кораблі «Тартар», «Бедуїн», «Ашанті», «Ескімо», «Панджабі», «Матабеле».

31 січня «Сомалі» здійснив перехід з підводним човном «Старфіш» з офіційним візитом португальської столиці Лісабона. Близько 5000 людей відвідали кораблі Об'єднаного Королівства. 9 лютого есмінець та підводний човен перейшли до Гібралтару, де Середземноморський та Домашній флоти Британії готувалися до спільних великих навчань.

З 3 по 8 травня есмінці «Ашанті», «Ескімо», «Матабеле» і «Сомалі» перебували з офіційним візитом у Шербурі у Франції.

1 червня 1939 року есмінець брав участь у рятувальних роботах в Ірландському морі з підйому затонулого підводного човна «Тетіс» поблизу Анґлсі. Однак, британцям вдалося врятувати лише чотирьох людей, решта — 99 членів екіпажу підводного човна — загинули на потерпілому кораблі.

Перші роки війни
З початком війни есмінець перебував у складі сил 6-ї флотилії. На час оголошення Великою Британією стану війни, 3 вересня, супроводжував британські та французькі лінійні крейсери на поході південніше Ісландії, що брали участь у спільних навчаннях. Невдовзі з борту «Сомалі» помітили невідоме судно, яке виявилося німецьким вантажним судном «Ганна Бьоге» (2 377 тонн) з Гамбурга, яке стало першим призовим судном, захопленим у Другій світовій війні.

Пізніше протягом 1939 року есмінець залучався до патрулювання та ескорту конвоїв у Північній Атлантиці.

22 жовтня 1939 року разом з есмінцями «Ашанті», «Тартар» і «Фейм» ескортував лінійний крейсер «Худ», котрий супроводжував конвой з Норвегії. 15 листопада з групою есмінців «Бедуїн», «Ашанті», «Машона» охороняв лінійні кораблі «Нельсон» та «Родні» на переході з Клайду, коли Флот Метрополії розосереджувався після зухвалого потоплення німецьким підводним човном U-47 корветтен-капітана Г.Пріна британського лінкора «Роял Оак» в бухті Скапа-Флоу 14 жовтня 1939.

24 листопада брав участь у пошуку двох німецьких лінкорів «Шарнгорст» та «Гнейзенау» після затоплення ними озброєного допоміжного крейсера «Равалпінді».

У лютому-березні 1940 року «Сомалі» перебував у доках на ремонті. З початком вторгнення німецького Вермахту до Норвегії включений до складу сил, що забезпечували перекидання та прикриття британського десанту. 9 квітня з есмінцями «Афріді», «Гуркха», «Сикх», «Могаук», «Машона» й «Матабеле» включений до складу оперативної групи на чолі з крейсерами «Манчестер» та «Саутгемптон», котрі висувалися на бомбардування Бергена, але операція була скасована й 11 числа есмінці вийшли з крейсерами «Глазго» та «Шеффілд» для патрулювання внутрішніх вод Норвегії.

Протягом квітня-травня вів інтенсивні бої проти німецьких окупантів. З 30 квітня допомагав в евакуації союзних військ з Ондалснеса.

12 травня «Сомалі» ескортував ударну групу наземних кораблів на чолі з лінійним кораблем «Резолюшн», що підтримувала артилерійським вогнем союзні війська при висадці в Буде.

14 травня піддався неподалік від берега Норвегії інтенсивній авіаційній атаці німецьких бомбардувальників. Рухаючись зигзагами на високій швидкості «Сомалі» ледве угортався від влучного потрапляння бомби в корпус корабля, доки остання не пошкодила серйозно есмінець. Однак, на швидкості 10 миль на годину той спромігся дістатися берегів Англії та встати на ремонт.

Тривалий час перебував на відновлювальних роботах, поки не повернувся восени 1940 року до строю. До кінця року продовжував нести службу на морських транспортних шляхах, забезпечуючи охорону та ескорт кораблям та суднам союзників у Північній Атлантиці.

1941
1 березня 1941 року «Сомалі» вийшов в море для участь у проведенні спеціальної операції з висадки загонів No. 3 та No. 4 британських командос на Лофотенські острови — операції «Клеймор». Під час операції «Тартар» потопив німецьке транспортне судно Bernhard Schulte та захопив німецький траулер «Кребс», на якому перебувала шифрувальна машина «Енігма» з таємною документацією, яка становила надзвичайну важливість для союзників. Уся захоплена апаратура та документи були негайно переправлені до Блечлі-Парк, де найкращі дешифрувальники билися над розгадуванням німецьких кодів та шифрів.

5 травня 1941 року з есмінцями «Нестор», «Ескімо» та «Бедуїн» ескортував крейсери «Единбург», «Манчестер», «Бірмінгем», що вийшли оперативною групою на перехоплення німецького погодного судна «Мюнхен». Метою операції Британське адміралтейство визначало захоплення на німецькому судні шифрувальної машини «Енігма». Однак німецький екіпаж встигнув викинути за борт кодувальну машину та втік з корабля. Британцям дісталися тільки документи, які не встигли потонути, з важливими інструкціями щодо користування кодами та шифрами.

22 травня «Сомалі» був включений до складу угруповання ВМС, що збиралося на прикриття головних сил британського флоту, яке, у свою чергу, планувалося на вихід на перехоплення німецького лінійного корабля «Бісмарк» у Данській протоці, котрий 24 травня потопив у бою гордість флоту Його Королівської Величності лінійний крейсер «Худ».

З червня до липня перебував на відновлювальних роботах у Саутгемптоні на судноверфі John I. Thornycroft & Company. З 4 серпня у супроводі лінійного корабля HMS «Принц Уельський» на якому прем'єр-міністр Великої Британії В.Черчилль повертався через Атлантику із зустрічі на Атлантичній хартії з Президентом США Ф.Рузвельтом.

30 серпня з есмінцями «Панджабі» й «Матабеле» в ескорті авіаносця «Аргус» та важкого крейсера «Шропшир», що здійснювали перехід до радянського Архангельська з метою постачання Червоній армії винищувачів «Харрікейн».

12 вересня «Сомалі» входив до сил прикриття авіаносця «Вікторіос» під час авіаційного нальоту палубної авіації на норвезький Буде. 23 числа у забезпеченні походу лінкора «Кінг Джордж V».

26 грудня взяв участь у проведенні спеціальної операції британських командос, під кодовою назвою операція «Анкліт» — рейд No. 12 Commando на Лофотенські острови за підтримки 22 кораблів та суден трьох флотів. У той час німецькі військовики переважно святкували наступне свято після Різдва — День подарунків. Протягом двох діб оперативна група флоту та командос утримували низку важливих об'єктів на островах, зокрема вивели з ладу 2 ворожі радіостанції та потопили декілька суден. За результатами рейду Гітлер був певен, що союзники розпочали вторгнення до Норвегії, й віддав наказ утримувати в країні значні сили та засоби.

1942
З січня 1942 року есмінець «Сомалі» продовжував нести службу у північних водах Атлантики, супроводжувати конвої до СРСР. Так, 11 січня він входив до океанського ескорту конвою PQ 8, разом з крейсером «Тринідад» та есмінцем «Матабеле». Під час походу «Сомалі» невдало спробував глибинними бомбами атакувати німецький підводний човен U-454, який торпедною атакою потопив «Матабеле». На зворотному шляху ескортував конвой QP 6.

10 квітня корабель увійшов до ескорту конвою PQ 14, який очолювали лінкори «Кінг Джордж V» та «Герцог Йоркський» і зворотного конвою QP 10.

29 квітня в супроводі PQ 15, що йшов до Росії під командуванням британського адмірала Д.Тові.

1 травня 1942 року на переході морем конвою через погану видимість трапилась морська аварія — лінкор HMS «Кінг Джордж V» на швидкості налетів на есмінець «Панджабі». Зіткнення призвело до вибуху глибинних бомб, що перебували на борту есмінця. У результаті інциденту «Панджабі» затонув відразу, а «Кінг Джордж V» отримав серйозні пошкодження носової частини. Лінкор зміг самостійно дістатися Скапа-Флоу, але наступні два з половиною місяці перебував у ремонті.

13 травня кораблі ескорту вийшли у зворотній шлях після розвантаження транспортного конвою в Мурманську, і крейсер «Тринідад», пошкоджений у попередніх боях, ішов під ескортом «Форсайт», «Форестер», «Сомалі» й «Матчлес». 15 числа на цю групу кораблів налетіли двадцять німецьких бомбардувальників Ju-88, якому вдалося завдати влучного удару по крейсерові. 63 чоловіки, зокрема 20 вцілілих із загиблого два тижні по тому крейсера «Единбург» загинули. Через неспроможність продовжувати свій шлях, крейсер був затоплений торпедою з «Матчлес».

Протягом червня «Сомалі» патрулював узбережжя Англії, а 1 липня разом з есмінцями «Рован» та «Вейнрайт» вийшов на ескортування важких крейсерів «Норфолк», «Лондон» і американські «Вічита» та «Тускалуза», що висувалися на прикриття арктичного конвою PQ 17 у ролі далекого крейсерського ескорту.

У серпні 1942 року есмінець взяв участь у проводженні сумнозвісного конвою WS 21S, який йшов з Гібралтару до обложеної Мальти. До складу ескортної групи конвою під командуванням віце-адмірала Е.Сіфрета входили 2 лінкори, 4 ескадрених авіаносці, 7 крейсерів і 32 есмінці. Ескортне з'єднання вважалося найпотужнішим за всю війну, що виділялося на супровід конвою. Британське адміралтейство повністю усвідомлювало, що доля острова залежить від того, скільки транспортів добереться до острова. Особливо важливим був американський танкер «Огайо», зафрахтований міністерством військових перевезень і укомплектований британською командою.

Загалом під постійними атаками німецьких та італійських кораблів, підводних човнів, торпедоносців та бомбардувальників, конвой втратив один авіаносець, 2 легких крейсери, ескадрений міноносець та дев'ять торговельних суден з чотирнадцяти. Ще 1 авіаносець і 2 легких крейсери були пошкоджені у наслідок безперервних нападів. Проте 32 000 тонн генерального вантажу і 15 000 тонн палива поповнили майже порожні сховища Мальти. Це дозволило острову не тільки відбивати атаки противника, а й відновити активні операції на італо-німецьких комунікаціях, що ведуть до Африки.

17 серпня есмінець повернувся до Британії, супроводжуючи з «Ашанті» лінійний корабель «Родні».

У середині вересня включений до складу сил ескорту для супроводу арктичного конвою PQ 18, що доставляв за програмами ленд-лізу озброєння, військову техніку і важливі матеріали та майно до Радянського Союзу, та зворотного QP 14. 20 вересня 1942 року під час руху конвою QP 14 есмінець «Сомалі» був торпедований у Ґренландському морі німецьким підводним човном U-703. Торпеда влучила в силове відділення та завдала великого збитку. П'ять матросів загинуло та ще чотири дістали серйозних поранень. 80 чоловіків екіпажу забрали на борт інші кораблі оперативної групи, а пошкоджений однотипний корабель узяв на буксир есмінець «Ашанті», який намагався дотягнути товариша до англійського берегу, однак 25 вересня у ході буксування через суворі погодні умови «Сомалі» розвалився навпіл та незабаром затонув. У наслідок катастрофи на кораблі загинуло 77 членів екіпажу. 33 вцілілих з води дістали «Ашанті» та рятувальне судно «Лорд Міддлтон».

Див. також
 HMS Ambuscade (D38)
 HMS Icarus (D03)
 HMS Lively (G40)
 HMS Foxhound (H69)
 Ескадрені міноносці типу V та W
 Ескадрені міноносці типу S та T
 Ескадрені міноносці типу U та V

Посилання

 HMS Somali (G33) (+1942)

Література

Примітки
Виноски

Джерела

Ескадрені міноносці Великої Британії часів Другої світової війни
Кораблі 1937

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


1832 Town House and adjoining early 19th century former house (now forming one building).
TOWN HOUSE: 2-storey, roughly 3-bay, piend-roofed block with stone forestair to N (side) elevation. Squared, coursed sandstone with raised sandstone ashlar dressings to principal (W) elevation. Eaves course. Front door to left of principal elevation; 2 ground-floor windows unevenly placed flanking former segmental-arched opening (now filled in); 3 first-floor windows evenly spaced with date panel beneath central cill. Rear (E) elevation with three small evenly spaced openings at first floor.
ADJOINING BUILDING: 2-storey, 3-bay, gabled block with 20th century garage entrance to S (side) elevation and later blocked-in brick forestair to rear (E). Symmetrical principal elevation with central flat-arched doorway. Squared, coursed red sandstone with raised red sandstone ashlar dressings to principal (W) elevation; whitewashed side elevation. Eaves course.
Predominantly 8-pane glazing in fixed timber windows. Ashlar-coped skews. Squat ashlar stacks. Grey slate.
Two early buildings situated prominently at the heart of Tarbolton and of significance to the history of the town. The 3rd Statistical Account (1951) mentions 'the unimposing Town House, a relic of the burgh of barony created by Charles II, where the annual New Year meeting of the 'Town Council' is still held'. Although the original function of the adjoining building is not known, it is designated 'School' on the 1st Edition Ordnance Survey map (1854-9), and the construction of the Town House attached to it suggests that it must have been in civic use by 1832. Its long, low proportions and stonework suggest an early 19th century date. The windows of both buildings are largely boarded up.
shown on 1st Edition Ordnance Survey map (1854'9). 3rd Statistical Account (1951), p583. Rob Close, Ayrshire & Arran (1992), p144.


text:
The West African crocodile, desert crocodile, or sacred crocodile (Crocodylus suchus) is a species of crocodile related to — and often confused with — the larger and more aggressive Nile crocodile (C. niloticus).

Taxonomy

Compared to the Nile crocodile, the West African crocodile is smaller: Adults are typically  long, and maximum is perhaps . The species was named by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1807, who discovered differences between the skulls of a mummified crocodile and those of Nile crocodile (C. niloticus). This new species was, however, long afterwards regarded as a synonym of the Nile crocodile. In 2003, a study resurrected C. suchus as a valid species, and this was confirmed by several other studies in 2011–2015.

Despite the long history of confusion, genetic testing has revealed that the two are not particularly close. The closest relatives of the Nile crocodile are the Crocodylus species from the Americas, while the West African crocodile is basal to the clade of Nile and American crocodiles.

Below is a cladogram based on a 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data, as revised by the 2021 Hekkala et al. paleogenomics study using DNA extracted from the extinct Voay.

Distribution and habitat
The West African crocodile inhabits much of West and Central Africa, ranging east to South Sudan and Uganda, and south to Democratic Republic of the Congo (in all three countries it may come into contact with Nile crocodiles). Other countries where it is found include Mauritania, Benin, Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Chad, Sierra Leone, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Gambia, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Gabon, Togo, Ivory Coast and Republic of Congo. As late as the 1920s, museums continued to obtain West African crocodile specimens from the southern Nile, but today the species has disappeared from this river.

In Mauritania it has adapted to the arid desert environment of the Sahara–Sahel by staying in caves or burrows in a state of aestivation during the driest periods, leading to the alternative common name desert crocodile. When it rains, these desert crocodiles gather at gueltas. In much of its range, the West African crocodile may come into contact with other crocodile species and there appears to be a level of habitat segregation between them. The Nile crocodile typically prefers large seasonal rivers in savannah or grassland, while the West African crocodile generally prefers lagoons and wetlands in forested regions, at least where the two species may come into contact. The details of this probable segregations remains to be confirmed for certain.  In a study of habitat use by the three crocodile species in Liberia (West African, slender-snouted and dwarf), it was found that the West African crocodile typically occupied larger, more open waterways consisting of river basins and mangrove swamps, and was the species most tolerant of brackish waters. In comparison, the slender-snouted crocodile typically occupies rivers within forest interiors, while dwarf crocodiles are distributed in smaller rivers (mainly tributaries), streams and brooks also within forested areas.

Relationship with humans
The West African crocodile is less aggressive than the Nile crocodile, but several attacks on humans have been recorded, including fatal ones. Mauritanian traditional peoples who live in close proximity to West African crocodiles revere them and protect them from harm. This is due to their belief that, just as water is essential to crocodiles, so crocodiles are essential to the water, which would permanently disappear if they were not there to inhabit it. Here the crocodiles live in apparent peace with the humans, and are not known to attack swimmers.

In ancient Egypt

The people of ancient Egypt worshiped Sobek, a crocodile-god associated with fertility, protection, and the power of the pharaoh. They had an ambivalent relationship with Sobek, as they did (and do) with C. suchus: sometimes they hunted crocodiles and reviled Sobek, and sometimes they saw him as a protector and source of pharaonic power. C. suchus was known to be more docile than the Nile crocodile and was chosen by the ancient Egyptians for spiritual rites, including mummification. DNA testing found that all sampled mummified crocodiles from the grotto of Thebes, grotto of Samoun, and Upper Egypt belonged to this species whereas the ones from a burial pit at Qubbet el-Hawa are believed on the basis of anatomy to consist of a mix of the two species.

Sobek was depicted as a crocodile, as a mummified crocodile, or as a man with the head of a crocodile. The center of his worship was in the Middle Kingdom city of Arsinoe in the Faiyum Oasis (now Al Fayyum), known as "Crocodilopolis" by the Greeks. Another major temple to Sobek is in Kom-Ombo; other temples were scattered across the country.

Historically, C. suchus inhabited the Nile River in Lower Egypt along with the Nile crocodile. Herodotus wrote that the Egyptian priests were selective when picking crocodiles. Priests were aware of the difference between the two species, C. suchus being smaller and more docile, making it easier to catch and tame. Herodotus also indicated that some Egyptians kept crocodiles as pampered pets. In Sobek's temple in Arsinoe, a crocodile was kept in the pool of the temple, where it was fed, covered with jewelry, and worshipped. When the crocodiles died, they were embalmed, mummified, placed in sarcophagi, and then buried in a sacred tomb. Many mummified C. suchus specimens and even crocodile eggs have been found in Egyptian tombs.

Spells were used to appease crocodiles in ancient Egypt, and even in modern times Nubian fishermen stuff and mount crocodiles over their doorsteps to ward against evil.

In captivity

The West African crocodile only received wider recognition as a valid species in 2011. Consequently, captives have typically been confused with other species, especially the Nile crocodile. In Europe, breeding pairs of West African crocodiles live in Copenhagen Zoo, Lyon Zoo and Vivarium de Lausanne, and offspring of the first pair are in Dublin Zoo and Kristiansand Zoo. A study in 2015 that included 16 captive "Nile crocodiles" in 6 US zoos (almost a quarter of the "Nile crocodiles" in AZA zoos) found that all but one were actually West African crocodiles.

References

Crocodylidae
Reptiles described in 1807
Reptiles of West Africa
Fauna of the Sahara
Crocodilians of Africa


The leasing company TK Leasing, an official dealer of the Belarusian mechanical engineering company OAO Minsk Automobile Plant (MAZ trademark), has finished shipping 100 vehicles to Kaliningrad GorTrans, the municipal mass transit enterprise of the Russian city of Kaliningrad, the press service of the Embassy of Belarus in Russia reported.
The sum of the contract exceeds 1.5 billion RUB. The model MAZ 203085 buses were handed over to the Kaliningrad enterprise in accordance with the signed contracts before July 25. The Kaliningrad city administration and the Embassy of Belarus in Russia intend to arrange a solemn event on July 28 to hand over the new buses to the mass transit enterprise, the press service noted.


text:
PACIFIC CREST TRAIL, WASHINGTON NORTH 1:75,000 *
CANADA TO SNOQUALMIE PASS
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC*
Mapas América del Norte
The Washington North Topographic Map Guide follows the Pacific Crest Trail (PCT) as it traverses the heart of the northern Cascades, a remote and rugged environment characterized by deep valleys, steep mountain peaks, and wet weather. The trail follows a torturous path across ridges and high mountain passes, dropping into valley bottoms only to—once again—climb above tree line.
The PCT spans 2,650 miles from the Canadian border, through Washington, Oregon, and California to the southern terminus on the Mexican border. The famous trail crosses some of the most wild and scenic landscapes of the western U.S., including six national parks, 25 national forests, 48 wilderness areas, the volcanic Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest, the snowcapped Sierra Nevada, and the Mojave and Sonoran deserts.
Each PCT Topographic Map Guide includes detailed topographic maps at a scale of almost 1 inch = 1 mile. Each page is centered on the PCT and overlaps with the adjacent pages so there is little chance of getting lost. Along the bottom of each page is a trail profile that shows the distance between shelters, camping areas, and trail access points. The map and trail profile provide a step by step visual guide to hiking the trail, mile by rugged mile. The Topographic Map Guide is built for all levels of hiking enthusiasts, from the day tripper to the multi month 'thru-hiker'. The front pages of the printed Topographic Map Guide include resupply information, camping options, and much more.
More convenient and easier to use than folded maps, but just as compact and lightweight, National Geographic's Topographic Map Guide booklets are printed on "Backcountry Tough" waterproof, tear-resistant paper with stainless steel staples. A full UTM grid is printed on the map to aid with GPS navigation.
Map Scale = 1:75,000
Folded Size = 4.25" x 9.38"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Are you a creative person? Well let me recommend something to you. Alpha wave sound or music. Just sit comfortably, turn it on. Start writing, drawing, painting, observing, thinking, dreaming, singing, playing; whatever you do to create. Now feel your creativity flow. I'm writing this, and the poem in my next post, whilst listening to some (look on youtube). Even if you're dubious, try it. Some work better for people than others, but look around until you find something that works.
That hold so much for me.
As I have nothing interesting to contribute at the moment i'll just say something really quick.
and before then, a pirate picnic-but who cares about the antics of eccentric teenagers? 😛 Aarrr. Yes, I have a tricorn hat.


No matter if it be rodents, insect pests, unwanted pests birds or any kind of other Pest problem none of us wants to share their own property or business with undesired pests. When unwanted pests enter into our properties or businesses they can lead to distress, destruction and furthermore present a serious health risk. Even though many Do-it-yourself pest remedies are on the market many are unsuccessful as used without the in depth understanding of the pest problem the treatment is usually carried out wrongly.
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In the early years following Israel's seizure of the Gaza Strip during the Six-Day War in June 1967, Palestinians, Israelis, and internationals routinely crossed the border between Israel and Gaza without much difficulty. Palestinian fishermen routinely sailed as far out to sea as necessary to secure a good day's catch. International freighters continued to arrive at Gaza Port to unload their goods and take on Palestinian fruits, flowers, and other products. Among the first casualties of the Israeli occupation was the loss of trade and tourism with Egypt, but life went on for most Gaza residents. Over the years, many would eventually find employment in Ashdod, Ashkelon, Be'er Sheva, Tel Aviv, and elsewhere inside Israel, mostly in construction and services -- 130,000 workers commuting from Gaza to Israel at its peak.
However, owing to the heightened tensions of occupation of both Gaza and the West Bank, illegal Israeli settlement activity, successive breakdowns in the peace process, and the Palestinian Intifadas, the situation of Gaza residents continued to deteriorate. Employment inside Israel for Gaza residents was largely cut off by Israel during the Second Intifada beginning in September 2000, and completely eliminated with the economic siege imposed on Hamas in Gaza in January 2006.
As part of the Oslo Process that began in 1993, the Gaza-Jericho Agreement of May 1994 established a fishing limit for Gaza fishermen at 20 nautical miles from the shore. A "Maritime Activity Zone K" 1.5 nautical miles wide was established as a "security" buffer from the Israeli sea boundary inside Gaza's territorial waters and extending out from shore to the 20-nautical-mile fishing limit. It would be a "closed area" patrolled by the Israeli Navy. A similar "Maritime Activity Zone M" one nautical mile wide was demarcated as a buffer on the sea border with Egypt. Zone M would be patrolled not by the Egyptian Navy, but exclusively by the Israeli Navy. The offshore area in between these security zones was designated "Maritime Activity Zone L" within which Palestinian fishermen were allowed to fish.
In the context of a surge in suicide bombings inside Israel and the comprehensive Israeli military assault on all the occupied Palestinian territories launched at the end of April 2002, Israel demanded tighter limits on Gaza fishermen, as if unarmed fishermen could be any sort of realistic threat to Israel's security. In August 2002, the Bertini Agreement restricted Gaza's fishing limit to 12 nautical miles from shore.
When the Israeli government forcibly evicted thousands of Israeli settlers from Gaza and then withdrew its own troops by September 2005, it labeled the move "disengagement." Many thought that the occupation of Gaza was coming to an end. But on January 25 2006, the day of Palestinian elections, Israel sealed off Gaza by closing the last open crossing at Erez citing "security concerns" relating to the anticipated strong polling for Hamas. The six functional crossings into Gaza have never been fully opened to anything but a trickle of people and goods since that time.
The final election results gave Hamas an absolute majority in the Palestinian Legislative Council, 74 seats out of 132. After the elections, Israel continued to severely limit the flow of people and goods into and out of Gaza in an attempt to destabilize popular support for Hamas and block Hamas' participation in the Palestinian government headquartered in Ramallah in the West Bank. It systematically arrested most of the newly-elected Hamas members. By default, Fatah leader Mahmoud Abbas took the reigns of government as president and appointed a Fatah colleague, Salam Fayyad, as prime minister, despite Hamas having won the parliamentary right to form a new government.
In April 2006, as part of the ever-tightening noose around Hamas-ruled Gaza, the Israeli Navy began enforcing a 10 nautical mile limit on Gaza fishermen. In October 2006, it changed its mind and reduced the limit to 6 nautical miles.
The drastic lack of employment, and the obstacles placed on the supply of food, drinking water, medicines, fuel, and electricity became a chronic collective punishment on all Gaza residents under occupation in full violation of the Geneva Conventions of 1949.
Gaza is a strip of land approximately 40 kilometers long by 7 kilometers wide. It includes cities, towns, 8 major refugee camps and several minor ones, agricultural land, and uncultivable sand dunes and saline intrusion areas. With nearly 1.5 million people, Gaza has an overall population density twice that of a typical suburban U.S. city. Gaza cannot possibly feed itself. It has no developed natural sources of energy -- neither fossil fuel extraction, hydroelectric potential, nor alternative energy sources. It has no natural aquifers to provide renewable fresh water. As a relatively unindustrialized territory, it is completely dependent on the outside for nearly all of its consumption needs. Lacking inputs and cut off from export markets, Gaza's two industrial export zones at the Erez and Karni crossings are now idled.
Israeli "disengagement" from Gaza changed nothing with respect to the wall and fence that completely encircle Gaza from its northern boundary with Israel to its southern boundary with Egypt. Even the Rafah crossing between Gaza and Egypt (primarily for people) is effectively controlled by Israel through remotely-controlled video cameras, European Union monitors, and Egyptian immigration authorities who have acceded to Israeli demands to exercise veto power over any person or baggage moving through the Rafah crossing. The Kerem Shalom crossing for goods from and to Egypt is controlled directly by Israel because trucks must cross Israeli territory to and from the al-Auja crossing far to the south on the Egyptian-Israeli border. The remaining checkpoints not only are opened by Israel very sparingly, but are each opened by Israel for very specific purposes. The Erez crossing in the north is the primary gateway for people, but not for goods. Nahal Oz crossing is the primary entry point for liquid fuels. Karni crossing is the main gateway for food, medicines, and manufactured goods. Sufa crossing was primarily for bulk aggregates and building materials, but like Kissufim and Ele Sinai crossings are now effectively closed.
Meanwhile, the border itself has been progressively expanding. What started as a border fence became a wall. A second parallel security barrier eventually enclosed a security patrol zone containing in some places two parallel security roads. After disengagement, a 500-metre-wide buffer zone was implemented by the Israeli Defense Forces on the Gaza side of the border, within which any Palestinian is frequently shot at. This deprives Palestinian farmers holding lands within the buffer zone of the ability to cultivate their lands. After the January 2009 Israeli invasion, the buffer zone was expanded to two kilometers.
Gaza had a commercial airport southeast of Rafah, but Israel severely bombed its runway. All Palestinian air traffic has been banned under Israeli occupation and after "disengagement." That leaves the sea. The Israeli Navy controls all waters around Gaza and does not allow any vessels in or out of Gaza's fishing limits. There are over 700 registered boats, mostly fishing boats, registered in Gaza. The boats provide a livelihood for 3000 Palestinian fishermen according to a United Nations survey. The wooden boats operate out of four wharfs at Gaza Port, Deir al-Balah, Mawasi Khan Yunis, and Mawasi Rafah. Of these, only the larger fishing boats at Gaza Port can sail far from shore; the smaller boats at the latter three wharfs are only capable of navigating along the coast. But after the Israeli military assault on Gaza in December 2008 and January 2009, even the larger fishing boats cannot venture more than 3 nautical miles from shore owing to the Israeli Navy enforcing a draconian new limit.
Not only has Gaza effectively become the world's largest open-air prison, but the walls of the prison have been progressively closing in on its inmate population. The only way to avert a humanitarian catastrophe is to lift the siege of Gaza and restore the ability to travel freely and engage in viable economic activity -- fundamental human rights presently denied.
Sharat G. Lin is president of the San José Peace and Justice Center and writes on global political economy, the Middle East, South Asia, and labor migration.


What Exactly Is Singles Golf?
No one will really tell. Our best guess is that it's a bunch of people who are single (i.e. never married, divorced, widowed, or legally separated), age 21 or over who really, really, really enjoy golf.
There are 70+ chapters of the American Singles Golf Association (ASGA) in the U. S. Generally speaking, they each meet during the second or third week of the month (because there are generally no holidays during those weeks throughout the year). They mostly meet on a week night, usually from 6-9 pm at a local restaurant. A good turnout for meetings is important because SINGLES WANT TO MEET OTHER SINGLES IN QUANTITY - - so members are always encouraged to BRING A FRIEND to the meeting, monthly social, golf outings, cookouts . . . anything the chapter is involved in.
The meetings are fun and informal. Most clubs have guest speakers occasionally (almost every meeting!), and these people speak about golf - about how to improve pace of play, how to buy golf clubs, etc. The members come away from the meetings with thoughts like "I really ate dinner with some nice people" and "I'm looking forward to going to the driving range." They know that playing golf once or twice each week with other singles will have a positive impact on their social life and look forward to this involvement.
Members and guests who show up at meetings and outings are there for the enjoyment of the chapter. But each chapter has to have some organization, and that comes in the form of a chapter president, four committee heads (golf, social, membership and communications, a secretary, treasurer, you know, the usual chapter stuff. Without this structure, your chapter will simply fall apart and people will stop having fun and renewing their dues. Run a good organization and your members will have fun renew their dues. They'll meet friends in quantity. SinglesGolf will FORCE you to have a social life. And after all is said and done in life, it's your friends and family that you remember the most.
That's kind of what SinglesGolf is all about . . . fun, fellowship and fairways!
If you're interested in playing a round, just click on JOIN / RENEW link on the left side of page. Take this opportunity and CHANGE YOUR LIFE!
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You can join as an At-Large Member . . . or start your own chapter!


text:
'She did not deserve to die like this': family seeks justice for Kenyan woman allegedly killed by UK soldier
Bygevoeg deur prem aan 09/11/2021
A vibrant sisal plant in a public cemetery on the outskirts of Nanyuki in Kenya marks the grave of Agnes Wanjiru, the woman allegedly murdered by a British soldier in March 2012.
It is easy to miss the grave due to heavy undergrowth in the unkempt cemetery.
But Wanjiru is not resting in peace. Recent media reports claiming that a British soldier had confessed to a fellow squad member to killing the 21-year-old woman and dumping her body in a septic tank at Lions Court hotel have reignited a fire that her family and friends thought was long extinguished.
Die eise, and subsequent global media interest in the story, have put Rose Wanyua, Wanjiru's eldest sister, on edge, not sure of what to make of this "new" information. She still has one question for the killer: "What did my sister do to you to deserve this?"
Wanyua is reserved, and would rather keep quiet when asked about the events that led to Wanjiru's death nine years ago. The death, Wanyua says, affected her more than their mother's, which occurred when Wanjiru was a small girl. "It's painful, very painful. Shiru did not deserve to die the way she did," says Wanyua, using a diminutive form of her sister's name. "We will never forget her."
She abhors the now "unanimous conclusions out there" that Wanjiru was a sex worker who frequented Nanyuki's entertainment hotspots looking for male clients. "A friend told my sister that there was some 'quick money' to be made that evening if only Wanjiru joined her in entertaining the Johnnies in town. She was a hair stylist who used to make my daughters' hair, never the prostitute as many would like the world to believe," says Wanyua, referring to soldiers who are part of the British army training unit in Kenya (BATUK).
The family is especially appalled by the apparent cover-up of the events that led to Wanjiru's death and the lacklustre manner in which previous investigations were conducted by those the family had put their hopes in. The family comes from a poor background – so poor that it took weeks to fundraise the 7,000 shillings needed to buy a coffin – and lacked the financial muscle to summon the strong legal representation needed to fight it out with the British government.
Wanyua and her husband, John Wachira, live in Majengo, Nanyuki, where most homes are made of rusty corrugated iron sheets and rickety wooden planks. Their one-bedroom house is dimly lit and it is difficult to make out the couple's facial expressions. The family moved here in 2013, in an attempt to wipe out the bad memories after Wanjiru's death. The houses contrast sharply with the high-end tourist lodges around Nanyuki, many foreign-owned, where guests pay close to a million shillings (£6,500) to spend a night.
Wanjiru's death has upset this delicate balance.
Apart from the training carried out jointly with Kenya's military, the UK soldiers' development activities, including infrastructure rehabilitation and drilling boreholes in Laikipia county's arid regions, portray them as "kind and compassionate".
The UK government pumps an average of 7.5bn shillings annually into the Kenyan economy through British military training. The money trickles down to motorcycle riders, taxi drivers and curio dealers in Nanyuki. Part of this money, in the pockets of British soldiers, has sustained the town's sex trade, reeling in young girls to the soldiers on a regular basis. "I don't think the 'business' will stop," says Wycliffe, a boda boda (motorcycle) rider and a former classmate of Wanjiru's. "The girls are just lying low to let the [storm] pass."
Others have accused the soldiers of soiling their reputation after numerous reports of "debauchery and lawlessness", especially when dealing with locals. In Maart 2021, British soldiers in a training excursion were blamed for a fire that razed part of the 49,000-acre Loldaiga conservancy with one soldier reportedly writing a Snapchat post about his role in the fire. "Two months in Kenya later and we've got only 8 days left … been good, caused a 4.5k fire, killed an elephant and feel terrible about it but heyho when in Rome …" read the soldier's message as berig in local and international media.
The British high commission in Nairobi promised to look into the unnamed soldier's allegations, stating: "We are extremely concerned by a social media post by a member of the British army and it is being investigated." The results of the investigations were never made public. Regarding Wanjiru's murder, Jane Marriott, the high commissioner, getwiet aan 3 November: "We will leave no stone unturned as we provide our full support to the investigation."
Military chiefs in the Verenigde Koninkryk have made similar pledges, with the head of the army, Gen Mark Carleton-Smith, sê: "I am sure you are all as appalled as I am at the recent allegations surrounding the murder of Agnes Wanjiru in Nanyuki, Kenya, in 2012. I want you to know I am determined we support the appropriate authorities to establish the facts of the issue as quickly as possible."
Noordin Haji, Kenya's director of public prosecutions, said the government would request the soldier's extradition to face murder charges in Kenya.
Despite the mounting assurances, some are sceptical about justice being served for Wanjiru. "It has been nine years of complicity by different levels of authority," says Irene Wangui, a woman in her 60s who has lived in the region for decades. "You mean nobody took note if indeed she was killed by a soldier in a hotel and thrown into a septic tank? Did the soldier carry her to the septic tank by himself?"
Wangui added: "If the reports about the manner of Wanjiru's death are true, it confirms what we have always suspected about the young soldiers. We have heard about how they treat young women in town. But there is nothing we can do about it. Wel, perhaps we should not condemn the whole army for the misdeeds of a few rotten potatoes."
Wanjiru had a five-month-old baby girl when she died, who has been under Wanyua's care. She is now 10 and had to undergo counselling sessions when she learned, a few weeks ago, that her mother was murdered. Wanyua goes blank when we ask her how she and her niece might feel when the face of the alleged killer is revealed for the first time. "I don't know. I just don't know."
na bewering, deserve, familie, justiceKenyan, vermoor, seeks, soldier, woman
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Home/Business/Why Facebook Stock Jumped 33% in 2020
Why Facebook Stock Jumped 33% in 2020
Read more at www.fool.com
Shares of Facebook (NASDAQ:FB) climbed 33% last year, according to data provided by S&P Global Market Intelligence. The social media titan saw its user base and engagement levels rise during the coronavirus pandemic, as people sought ways to remain in contact with family and friends while staying safe.
Facebook's daily active users increased by 12% year over year to 1.8 billion in the third quarter. Across its entire family of apps — which includes Instagram, WhatsApp, and Messenger — the social media giant's monthly active users rose 14% to a staggering 3.2 billion.
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That helped to drive a 22% jump in revenue to $21.5 billion. Net income, meanwhile, surged 29% to $7.8 billion, or $2.71 per share.
Facebook delivered handsome returns to investors in 2020. Image source: Getty Images.
These gains came despite an industrywide slowdown during the COVID-19 crisis, as many companies pulled back on ad spending in the early stages of the pandemic.
Facebook is not without challenges. Critics accuse it of not doing its part to halt the spread of misinformation on its apps. Regulators are trying to force it to divest Instagram and WhatsApp, in order to foster greater competition in the social media industry. And some of Facebook's largest customers staged a temporary boycott of its ad services in the summer to pressure it to do more to combat hate speech on its platform.
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Sanborn, S. J.
House 1877-78 (District 4)
Party when first elected: Republican
Counties Served: Mower
Birth Country: Canada
City of Residence (when first elected): Hamilton
State Legislative Staff: Minnesota Senate (Sergeant at Arms); 1869 to 1869
He moved to Wisconsin in 1844, with his parents. He went west to search for gold in California, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana in 1859. He came to Minnesota in 1865.
"Politically he is a Republican." (Biographical Sketches of the Officers of the State Government of Minnesota and the 19th Minnesota State Legislature by C.L. Hall, 1877, p. 51)
He was listed as a Republican on the list of members posted after the 1877 election. ("The Next Legislature." St. Paul Pioneer Press, November 10, 1877)
Residence: Hamilton
Counties Represented: Mower
Party: Republican Party Notes: He was listed as a Republican on the list of members posted after the 1877 election. ("The Next Legislature." St. Paul Pioneer Press, November 10, 1877)
State Library (Chair)
Party: Republican Party Notes: "Politically he is a Republican." (Biographical Sketches of the Officers of the State Government of Minnesota and the 19th Minnesota State Legislature by C.L. Hall, 1877, p. 51)
Articles & Books About
"Hon. S.J. Sanborn." Memoirs of the State Officers; and of the Nineteenth Legislature of Minnesota, by C.L. Hall. Minneapolis: Johnson & Smith, p. 51.


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Karl Wilhelm Hagelin (även känd som Karl Vasilievitj), född 27 september 1860 i Ryssland, död 4 mars 1955 i Kungsholms församling i Stockholm, var en svensk ingenjör. Han arbetade länge som ledande ingenjör vid bröderna Ludvig och Robert Nobels oljeanläggningar Branobel i Baku. År 1900 blev han ordförande i bolagets styrelse. Han är far till uppfinnaren Boris Hagelin.

Biografi

Tiden i Ryssland

Hagelins föräldrar var Wilhelm Hagelin (1828–1901) och Anna Lovisa Eriksdotter (1818–1870) från Norrköping. Paret flyttade 1861 till Volga där fadern arbetade som andre ingenjör på Volgas passagerarbåtar och bogserbåtar.

Efter skolgång och arbete som fartygsdesigner blev Hagelin anställd som mekaniker på Krustz & Mercuty-rederiet i Astrakhan. I april 1879 kom Karl Wilhelm Hagelin till Baku och började som mekaniker i instrumentverkstaden vid bröderna Ludvig och Robert Nobels oljeanläggningar Branobel. I slutet av 1887 utsågs han till transport- och lagerchef för olja och oljeprodukter i Volga-regionen. År 1891 blev han befordrad till teknisk chef och sedan till kontorschef i Baku. År 1900 blev han ordförande i bolagets styrelse. 1895–1905 var han svensk-norsk konsul i Baku och 1906–1911 svensk generalkonsul i S:t Petersburg där Branobel hade sitt huvudkontor.

Branobel stod för många innovationer, bland annat den första ryska oljeledningen och Rysslands första kraftverk för energi till annat än belysning. Först kring sekelskiftet 1900 blev bolaget riktigt lönsamt och växte till det största industriella företaget i Ryssland. Tiden i början av 1900-talet var präglat av oroligheter, strejker och armenisk-tartariska massakrer. Hagelin återvände till Sverige för att ta hand om familjen och godset Bränninge gård utanför Södertälje som han förvärvat 1905. På våren 1917, under första världskriget, återvände Hagelin till Astrakhan för att hantera frågor om fortsatt verksamhet på plats med företagets arbetstagare. I juli 1918 var han tillbaka igen för ett kort besök och konstaterade att verksamheten låg nere.

Efter ryska revolutionen förstatligades bolaget 1920. Hagelins sista försök att komma in i Ryssland via Konstantinopel misslyckades och den 3 juli 1920 tvingades han återvända till Stockholm. Branobel existerade på pappret fram till 1964 då bolaget slutligen likviderades i Stockholm.

Efter Branobel
Tillsammans med Emanuel Nobel (äldste son till Ludvig Nobel) blev han delägare i Arvid Damms företag AB Cryptograph, som hade bildats för att marknadsföra kryptografiska rotormaskiner baserade på Damms patent från 1919. I AB Cryptograph var även hans son, Boris Hagelin, anställd. 1923 blev han hedersledamot av Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademien i Sverige. Karl Wilhelm Hagelin hade dock svårt att ge upp Branobel i Ryssland och försökte komma tillbaka upprepade gånger fram till 1930, då man slutligen insåg att företaget var förlorat för alltid.

Personligt

Karl Wilhelm Hagelin gifte sig 1886 med Hilda Kinander (1859–1939), dotter till kapten Caesar Kinander och Emelie Wilhelmina Grapengiesser. Paret fick tre barn: Anna, Boris och Volodja. Boris Hagelin (1892–1982) var företagare och uppfinnare och konstruktör av krypteringsmaskiner.

Mellan 1905 och 1917 var Bränninge gård utanför Södertälje familjens residens. Godset bestod i början av 1900-talet av 2 7/8 mantal och en areal av 653 hektar, varav ungefär 165 hektar åker. Under Hagelin tiden genomgick huvudbyggnaden en omfattande om- och tillbyggnad och jordbruket moderniserades. Hagelin lät även uppföra de stora ekonomibyggnaderna vid bruksvägen samt ett mindre vattenkraftverk med tillhörande såg och hyvleri. Han fortsatte med tomtstyckning och exploatering i området som utgör nuvarande tätorten Pershagen.

Hagelin fann sin sista vila på Norra begravningsplatsen, där han gravsattes den 28 juni 1955. Här vilar även hustrun Hilda, dottern Anna och sonen Boris samt Boris son Bo. Gravstenen bär inskriptionen "Kärleken är allt".

Hagelin efterlämnade ett omfattande dokumentariskt material, bland annat minnesanteckningar, memoarer och två stora fotoalbum som finns på Tekniska museet i Stockholm.

Källor
 From mechanic to group manager: Karl Wilhelm Hagelin.
 Villa Petrolea: Karl Wilhelm Hagelin.

Från filare till storindustriell. I Naftabolaget Bröderna Nobels tjänst. Ett utdrag ur generalkonsul K W Hagelins memoarer av Ida Bäckmann. Bonniers förlag 1935.

Referenser

Externa länkar

Födda 1860
Avlidna 1955
Män
Svenskar verksamma i S:t Petersburg
Svenska ingenjörer under 1900-talet
Ledamöter av Kungliga Ingenjörsvetenskapsakademien


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Joey Batey Age, Bio, Married, Wife, The Witcher, Net Worth
The man walks on his feet, traveling around wherever a monster bounty hunter or as people call him The Witcher, whose name is Geralt, Geralt of Rivia. Who is the man? Thanks for asking. His name is Joey Batey.
Playing the role of Jasiker, a bard, in the 2020s most famous Netflix series The Witcher, Joey has gained a lot of attention from his appearance.
Here's everything you should know about Joey.
Joey Batey Bio, Age, Background
The actor who plays as Jasiker in the famous Netflix series The Witcher, Joey Batey, was born on January 1, 1989, in England.
At the moment, Joey Batey is 31 years old.
Born to white ethnicity parents in England, Joey is a British by nationality and grew up in Newcastle, England.
Joey is the only child of his parents, and he does not have any siblings. Moreover, Joey once stated that his family has a musical background that pulled him towards music as well.
For education, Batey went to the Robinson College, University of Cambridge. It was during his studying days when Batey got heavily involved in acting and writing as well.
After Cambridge, Batey joined the L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq located in Paris and lived there for quite a while.
Joey Batey Dating, Married?
Does the 31 years old young actor Joey Batey have anyone that he refers to as a significant other?
This question gets thrown around a lot because Joey is young, handsome, and charming. All the qualities that women love in a man.
That said, the fact if Joey has a girlfriend right now or married with a wife remains a pretty tricky question. Back in the day, Joey posted a picture on Instagram with the lead actress in The Witcher Anya Chalotra.
Joey Batey and co-star Anya Chalotra. (instagram.com)
The picture raised may question about Joey and Anya possibly dating and remaining as secretive boyfriend and girlfriend.
However, there are several other tabloid news that suggests Anya is dating another person. The photo seems like two close colleagues having fun together.
This unclear relationship status, however, leads to another question.
Is Joey Batey Gay?
As annoying as this question may seem, this remains a valid question to ask because of the circumstances.
Joey Batey does not talk about his relationship status, which means that he's very concerned about personal privacy.
Is that because of his sexuality? Is Joey Batey really of gay sexual orientation?
Well, many people think that this is a hoax born out of ignorance, and many agree to it as well.
At the moment, Joey does not clarify his sexuality because the actor does not feel like there's anything to clarify.
Till the day Batey says, otherwise, he's a straight man.
Joey Batey Career, Net Worth
Batey began his career as an actor back in 2013 when he appeared on Murder on the Home Front. Followed by that, Batey appeared in The Riot Club as Eager Chap.
Batey has also appeared in many shows like The White Queen, Whitechapel, In the Dark, Knightfall, Stan Lee's Lucky Man.
However, major recognition in Batey's acting career came when he began appearing as Jasiker in The Witcher since 2019.
Batey, as per producers, was the perfect actor for the role of Jasiker because of his musical background as well as his uncanny charm, good looks, and humor.
Talking about Batey's musical background, he plays an array of musical instruments and has a band.
Batey currently serves as a vocalist and musician for the indie-folk band called The Amazing Devil.
Working both as an actor and musician, Joey Batey enjoys the best of both worlds. When it comes to net worth, since bagging a role in a famous Netflix show, Batey earns a big chunk.
According to tabloids, Joey earns approximately $300,000 per episode from The Witcher which is a very handsome amount. However, the figures are not verified by Batey himself.
If the figures are correct then Batey is a millionaire by now. $300,000 per episode for eight episodes in season one got $2.4 million. That said, Batey's net worth is above the six figures according to the claim.
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Has your LinkedIn strategy fallen short?
Did you know that 93% of B2B marketers think LinkedIn is the best place to attract leads? Did you also realize B2B companies generate at least 80% of their social leads through LinkedIn?
How do your statistics stand up against these?
If they fall short, you've come to the right place.
If you're looking for heaps of recommendations to boost your LinkedIn marketing strategy in 2019, you've come to the right place.
Throughout this article, we offer bite-size techniques and LinkedIn marketing hacks. They'll boost your connection to your audience and get you more leads. Take what's new. Use what works for you.
If you're ready to improve your stats to match those of the leading B2B marketers, read on.
One of the most important LinkedIn marketing hacks is having a great LinkedIn profile!
After all, when people Google your name, your LinkedIn page will likely be one of the first search results they see. Don't squander your chances.
Let's get into some of the tips for making yourself stand out.
If you want to succeed in networking with others and mastering using LinkedIn, your profile should be as complete as possible.
What does that mean for you? Fill out every single section – even the ones that may seem nuanced.
Photos tell a thousand words, and that's no exception when it comes to your LinkedIn profile.
You want one that's clear, simple, and professional. If you're not sure what that looks like in your industry, take a look at your competition.
It's easy, but it's often overlooked. You have the option to customize your URL. Just click the "edit" button on the edit profile screen. Specify the new address and click set.
You're going to want to go with some kind of variation of your name.
Just like the title of a blog post, this is where you want to hook people in. Highlight your expertise and specialties, and make it unique! People want to know the person behind the smiling photo.
In 2017, BuzzSumo performed an analysis of LinkedIn articles. They found a few noteworthy items.
To start, articles posted on LinkedIn are on the rise. In 2014, users published 1,000 articles per month. In 2015, that number soared to 80,000. By 2016, it was up to 130,000.
How does that affect you? It should shape your LinkedIn Marketing Strategy in two way. First, the continued escalation of articles is a sign they're working.
Nowadays marketers are quick to analyze their strategies. If it doesn't work, they throw it out and hunt for something else. If it does, they double down on it.
LinkedIn articles are up because they doubled down.
Listen to the stats from the latest social media marketing report. 55% of respondents plan to increase their LinkedIn posting activities over the next year. 68% of B2B marketers and 48% of B2C marketers plan to increase their posting frequency.
So increase the number of your posts.
Next, BuzzSumo learned that the most shared posts were between 1,000 to 3,000 words long. Of those posts studied, 87% were less than 1,000 words.
Stand out. Create the likelihood your posts are among those most shared. Increase the length of your posts. Shoot for between 1,000 to 3,000 words.
The best-performing articles focused on one or more of the following: Practice, professional, personal, point (towards past experiences), portraying (a path for a change).
LinkedIn is the primary platform for these topics. It's no wonder then that users desire that type of content. To skyrocket your scores, focus your long-form content on your specialties. Personalize it.
Focus your content on the 5 P's.
We recommend you create at least 5-10 published posts that link back to your website. Commit to building at least 2 per month for your LinkedIn Marketing Strategy.
They say one conversion requires at least ten pieces of content. Ask yourself, how many more leads do you need? Now calculate how many articles you need to produce.
Another option to consider is your business website's blog. In 2019, blogging is essential for your site. As you create incredible content, you'll need to get it out to your audience via social media platforms.
It's still worthwhile to focus on long-form content. Rather than posting something separate on LinkedIn, offer viewers brief bits of content.
You're thinking, but you just said the opposite of that in the last section!
The trick is to link those brief bits of content back to the full articles on your blog. LinkedIn users will still share your content as often. They'll be linking back to your business blog instead.
Decide which marketing strategy works best for you. Where do you want visitors to go? Your LinkedIn profile, or your website?
Monday to Thursday at 7:45 a.m., 10:45 a.m., 12:45 p.m., and 5:45 p.m.
LinkedIn finally jumped on the bandwagon. In 2017, LinkedIn finally opened its platform up to video content.
A broad shift in how consumers ingest content has been happening since early 2000. Now it's huge. In 2018, 73% of U.S. adults use YouTube for product marketing purposes. Only 68% use Facebook.
It's the content medium of choice. Start including it as part of your LinkedIn Marketing Strategy.
Pro-Tip: The video player isn't as advanced as those on other platforms, so don't expect the same variety of functions.
In October 2017, LinkedIn released conference frames. You can use them to brand images and videos at your industry events.
Events attendees want to showcase their attendance on their social networks. It lets brands promote their functions to show people what's happening, who's attending, etc.
It's an excellent opportunity to for you to connect yourself to a brand, or link your brand to conferences and attendees.
It's worth noting that it isn't open to all conference organizers yet, but the technology is improving. Jump on now, and be a guru before the tech is widely used.
If you've been at the marketing game for a while, you know the importance of concrete, reliable feedback. It's critical. The only way you can know for sure which parts of your campaign work and which don't is by looking at the results.
Metrics are also the means by which to fine-tune your website, your posts, and your ads.
In July of 2017, LinkedIn created a tool you may not be familiar with: LinkedIn Website Demographics.
The demographics offer you crucial insight into the types of professionals visiting your site. They use LinkedIn data to determine who is who.
Let's assume that your LinkedIn Marketing Strategy focuses on reaching CEOs. This LinkedIn marketing hacks tool will show you whether you currently receive those visitors to your pages. Then you can improve and refine your tactics.
LinkedIn has a fantastic option that allows you to check out who's viewed your profile (this is one of our favorite LinkedIn hacks). Take advantage of this opportunity for building your networking and online lead generation opportunities.
On a regular basis, check out who's visited your profile. Commit to reaching out to all those people.
If you're messaging a current connection of yours, be sure to ask how he or she is doing and what's new professionally. Drop a quick line asking if there's anything you can possibly help them with.
If they're not a current connection of yours, it's wise to brush up on your researching skills. Are they in your industry? Potential competitor or potential client?
Whatever it is, get the story, and make a definitive choice about reaching out to him or her.
Your message doesn't have to be complicated. Simply make a note stating that you noticed they were viewing your profile and you were interested in reaching out and building a connection.
Another way to build connections is through LinkedIn Groups. It's come a long way from the confusing jumble it used to be.
Now when you open your Groups page, you'll find curated highlights. They give you a brief glimpse into whether your group is active. Join the conversations that are the most active.
The groups are a great way to connect and interact with like-minded people in your industry of choice. It's especially useful if you need to perform market research on a particular group of professionals.
You can also use them to learn about the newest hot-button topics in your industry. Share ideas and insights, or ask questions to others in your industry.
It's up to you to become proactive in these organizations.
Many people post questions seeking specific answers or wanting support. You can provide your expertise and begin the building blocks for forming networking relationships.
Keep in mind that LinkedIn has both public and private groups. For public groups, you only need to click the "ask to join" button, and you'll receive instant access. For private groups, you'll need to request an invitation from the group moderator to join.
It's smart to stay active in several different groups. Focus on the ones that are active, and spend time familiarizing yourself with the different content people share and the questions they ask.
Something you definitely want to avoid? Over-promoting yourself! It comes across as spammy and intrusive, and it's a surefire way for your online lead generation tactics to backfire.
Remember, groups, are all about trust and connection. Don't just come in strong expecting people to want to know your business.
To build long-term relationships, you need to connect. If your LinkedIn marketing strategy requires an association with a particular business (or type of business), focus on a specific person.
For instance, let's say your company creates "video walk-throughs" for local real estate companies. You're opening up a new branch in Austin, TX. When you go hunting for new connections on LinkedIn, spend some time playing around with your search filters.
First, look elsewhere online to find out which real estate companies operate in Austin.
Then narrow your focus in Austin by including those in your search criteria. Next, set your site on one specific individual at that company.
Next, learn as much as you can about that person. Try other social platforms as well as LinkedIn. You want to know as much about them as you can for the next step. Now comes time for the introduction.
Before blankly sending a cliched hello to a stranger on the Internet, you need to check your intentions. Why are you reaching out to him or her? What are you hoping to obtain?
Then, use that information to tailor your specific subject line. Wouldn't you be more likely to read a message titled, Loved Your Article? I Have a Question About It versus Thanks for the article?
You don't have to complicate this. In fact, 1-2 sentences max gets the job done. Just don't assume that any contact knows who you are or wants to click on your profile learn more.
Do yourself (and them) a favor by providing a brief introduction.
People are likely to scan your message at first. Just keep that in mind. Don't waste time with unnecessary fluff or details.
Instead, focus on your question or solution and create an ability to follow-up with him/her in a concise ending statement.
Nothing is more annoying than a pushy salesman. If, after two attempts, you don't get a response, leave the person alone. He or she may not respond to LinkedIn messages or they may not be active on their profile.
Regardless, it's best practice to just cut your losses and focus on all the other 500 million individuals available to you!
Fun Fact: Among Fortune 500 companies, LinkedIn is the most popular social media platform.
Now that you have all the best LinkedIn marketing hacks at your fingertips, have you considered which type of account you want for yourself? Sure, you can take advantage of all the awesome free tools LinkedIn has to offer. But that's just the tip of the iceberg.
From Premium Career to Premium Business to Recruiter Lite, there are plenty of options that can seriously help you achieve your goals.
And, don't forget LinkedIn Sales Navigator, a dynamic tool that taps into the platform's massive network to help you build relationships with prospects.
LinkedIn advertises that social selling leaders can expect 45% more opportunities created and 80% increased productivity.
You can request a demo or start a free trial today. See how it works and determines if it's worth the price. Chances are, you'll be sold.
Gathering interest and interacting by creating great content gives you the highest ROI. Unfortunately, you have significant competition in 2019. Businesses of all sizes are using similar strategies.
Implement these social media marketing hacks for LinkedIn and your 2019 marketing strategy will be ready for taking off!


A product with zero defects and zero liability, is impossible, but striving towards that goal, will help your business steer clear of potentially devastating claims.
Many companies have internal auditing systems in place to check products for faults, and make sure that defective products never make it into the market. However, not every audit is 100% and at some point, faulty merchandise will slip through quality control measures and into the hands of consumers.
Manufacturers and businesses of all sizes are vulnerable to producing and distributing faulty products, with some more susceptible than others. While your control over product liability depends on the stage in your product's life cycle, you can begin to protect your business by following the five steps of product liability protection.
Transfer risk through management of suppliers – A risk transfer program helps your company avoid financial vulnerability to claims and damages due to liabilities caused by others. Working with an attorney who is skilled in liability law to draft a risk transfer agreement at the start of a business relationship, can help assist your manufacturing business transfer risk. Having these decisions documented in writing, at the start of a business relationship helps avoid decisions of liability being made after the fact, in a courtroom.
Hold harmless agreements-In the case of a claim, hold harmless agreements will help ensure that your contractors and suppliers are the ones held contractually responsible for their own negligence.
Statements of financial responsibility-(certificates of insurance), help your business avoid financial responsibility for product-related claims by confirming that a contractor or supplier has adequate insurance.
Managing supplies and imported goods – Businesses that import products, parts, and raw materials that are later sent onto an end-user, may bear sole responsibility for certain safety requirements. They may be required to verify that the imported product complies with industry standards and government regulations, and confirming that proper safety warnings and instructions are provided for the end user. Importers should attempt to gather all pertinent information from their suppliers, in light of these responsibilities, in the event of a subsequent claim.
Think safety during the design phase – Hazards can be safeguarded against during the product design phase. A safety review built into the design process should take into account how the product will be used and any kind of hazards that could result from it's use. All products need to comply with industry and government safety standards. Instructions, labels and warnings should comply with these standards and be pronounced and understandable. A safety review should be conducted regularly to confirm that the products are up-to-date and compliant with the latest standards.
Keep essential records – Manufacturing businesses should establish documentation policies to meet applicable regulatory requirements and business objectives, while also being prepared for any possible product liability claims.
Keep copies of customer design specifications and product orders, including getting the customer to sign off on the final design. Establish an engineering change order system to document any changes, and document a clear and complete reason for the change.
Develop written procedures and instructions, that document the steps of the manufacturing process and quality control steps. Maintain documentation to verify the quality and conformity at each of the quality control steps.
Establish a document retention policy, to help preserve any documents that could be important to any future investigation or in defense of a product liability claim in the future.
Enable and review customer feedback- Each year, defective or faulty products cause serious injuries, property damage and cause business to be interrupted. In some extreme scenarios, product recalls, negative publicity and loss of goodwill may occur. However, many of these issues can be avoided if manufacturers and distributors regularly review customer feedback and complaints. Taking these precautions can help companies take positive steps at an early stage to minimize product issues and exposures. Allowing customers to voice their concerns, helps companies respond to consumer needs, and create opportunities for product improvement.
McSweeney & Ricci's Risk Specialists work with businesses in a wide range of industries to evaluate the liability of their business. Through our insight and expertise, we help businesses understand the liabilities they face, as they introduce products and services into the marketplace.


This page contains information about the most recent versions of several network tutorials that I have developed and frequently update. The tutorials come from workshops and invited talks I give for students, colleagues, and computationally curious bystanders. You can also find some of these materials (and other interesting bits and pieces) on my GitHub page.
If you find the materials on this site to be useful, please cite them in your work. This helps me (and the computational research community) to make the case that the open publishing of digital materials, data, and code is a meaningful academic contribution.
If you want to invite me to give a talk or a workshop at your institution, email workshop@ognyanova.net.
This is a comprehensive tutorial on network visualization with R. It covers data input and network formats, parameters and layouts for one-mode and bipartite graphs; interactive and animated visualizations, temporal networks and visualizing networks on geographic maps.
Downloads: Web version | Code & data | PDF tutorial.
This tutorial provides an introduction to the R language and its use to process and analyze network data. It includes an overview of network formats, input and cleaning of network data, and key graph metrics. The tutorial also covers basics of network visualization in R.
This tutorial focuses on network visualization with Gephi. It discusses formats and input modes for structural and attribute data, as well as visualization parameters and layout algorithms. It also covers dynamic visualization for longitudinal data; working with bipartite and multiplex graphs; and combining networks with geographic data.
Downloads: Code & data | PDF tutorial.
This tutorial provides a basic introduction to the R language and the igraph package for network analysis and visualization. It covers network generation, data input and processing in the package, as well as basics of graph analysis and visualization.


text:
Un messer (" cuchillo " en alemán ) es una espada de un solo filo con una empuñadura en forma de cuchillo. Si bien los diversos nombres a menudo se usan como sinónimos, los messers se dividen en dos tipos:

Lange Messer ("cuchillos largos") son espadas de una mano que se utilizan para la autodefensa.  Tenían alrededor de un metro de largo y pueden haber evolucionado de la Bauernwehr ("arma de mano de campesino"). También se les conoce como Großes Messer ("gran cuchillo").

Kriegsmesser ("cuchillo de guerra") son armas curvas de hasta 1,5 m de largo, utilizadas con una o dos manos, y normalmente empuñadas por guerreros profesionales del siglo XIV al XVI, como el Landsknecht .

Tipología
Hay una tipología  creada por James G. Elmslie para messers y bracamantes similar a la tipología Oakeshott para espadas caballerescas basada en investigaciones en curso.

Construcción

Cuchilla
Los messer se caracterizan por sus hojas de un solo filo. Las longitudes y formas de la hoja pueden variar mucho. Las hojas de Messer pueden ser rectas o curvas. Los ejemplos existentes de langes messer parecen tener una longitud total de  con un  hoja, y un peso entre  .

Empuñadura
La característica definitoria del messer es la fabricación de su empuñadura. Bastante notable en su fabricación fue la unión de la hoja a la empuñadura a través de una espiga intercalada entre dos placas de empuñadura de madera que estaban clavadas en su lugar. Los messer a menudo incluían una guarda cruzada recta y un Nagel : una protuberancia en forma de clavo que sobresale del lado derecho de la guarda cruzada lejos de la parte plana de la hoja, para proteger la mano de la espada del portador. La longitud de la empuñadura puede acomodar empuñaduras con una o dos manos.

Pomo
Los messer no necesariamente tienen pomo. A veces pueden tener tapas de extremo en su lugar. Sin embargo, los messer con pomo generalmente son del tipo que se 'extienden' o se curvan hacia un lado de la empuñadura (lado del borde), una característica conocida como "pomo en forma de sombrero".

Pelear con el messer
El messer formó parte del plan de estudios de varios Fechtbücher (manuales de lucha) de los siglos XIV y XV, incluido el de Johannes Lecküchner (que trata sobre los langes messer ), el Codex Wallerstein, Hans Talhoffer, Paulus Kal y Albrecht Dürer .

Véase también

 Espada
 Machete
 Nodachi

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Video interpretación de cuatro fuentes sobre el combate con Messer
 Videointerpretación de varias de las obras de teatro con Messer de Lecküchner
 IInvestigación de James Elmslie
 Tipología de Elmslie

Armamento renacentista
Espadas


text:
Q: Displaying JSON I am returning JSON from my controller to AJAX success response. The JSON look likes:
{
   "success": false,
   "errors": {
      "ConfirmPassword": [
         "'Confirm Password' and 'Password' do not match.",
         "Password does not meet the criteria.",
         "The Confirm Password must be at least 6 characters long."
      ],
      "Password": [
         "Password does not meet the criteria.",
         "The Password must be at least 6 characters long."
      ]
   }
}

Now I wan to display data in div tag with formatting. I have tried :

$('#info').append(JSON.stringify(data));

but this is just a dump of whole string, which doesn't look nice in my view. Any idea how to do it.
Ajax call :
 $.ajax({
            type: 'POST',
            url: '/Dashboard/UpdatePassword/',
            data: $("#password-update-form").serialize(),
            success: function (data) {
                if (data.success) {

                    //alert("test");
                }
                else {

                    $('#info').append(JSON.stringify(data));

                }

A: Thanks for all replies. I managed to sorted it.
  success: function (data) {
                if (data.success) {

                    alert("test");
                }
                else {

                    console.log(JSON.stringify(data.errors))

                    for (var prop in data.errors) {
                        //alert(prop + " is " + data.errors[prop]);
                         $('#val-form').append('<p>'+data.errors[prop]+'<p>');

                    }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Probing the environment along the protein import pathways in yeast mitochondria by site-specific photocrosslinking
Takashi Kanamori, Shuh Ichi Nishikawa, Injae Shin, Peter G. Schultz, Toshiya Endo
Artificially aminoacylated suppressor tRNAs were used to introduce photoreactive amino acids into model mitochondrial precursor proteins to probe the environment along the protein import pathway. Amino acids with benzophenone side chains of various lengths [DL-2-amino-3-(p- benzoylphenyl)propanoic acid (1) and DL-2-amino-5-(p-benzoylphenyl)pentanoic acid (2)] were incorporated at specific sites throughout the cytochrome b2- dihydrofolate reductase fusion proteins, pb2(220)-DHFR and pb2Δ19(220)- DHFR, which were destined for the intermembrane space and the matrix in mitochondria, respectively. In vitro import of pb2(220)-DHFR and pb2Δ19(220)-DHFR bearing 1 or 2 into isolated yeast mitochondria was arrested so that the N terminus reached the intermembrane space or the matrix, respectively, while the DHFR domain remained at the mitochondrial surface. The matrix-targeted pb2Δ19(220)-DHFR was photocrosslinked to Tom40 in the outer membrane, Tim44 in the inner membrane, and Ssc1p in the matrix, suggesting that the protein has an extended conformation in the import channels. On the other hand, incorporation of 2 at various positions in the 50-residue segment of intermembrane-space-targeted pb2(220)-DHFR gave photocrosslinks only to Tom40, suggesting that the segment is not in an extended conformation, but localized near Tom40. The N-terminal portion of pb2(220)-DHFR, but not pb2Δ19(220)-DHFR, was photocrosslinked to an as- yet-unidentified mitochondrial component to generate a 95-kDa crosslinked product.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.2.485
L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (Cytochrome)
Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase
Mitochondrial Proteins
3,2'-difucosyllactose
Kanamori, T., Nishikawa, S. I., Shin, I., Schultz, P. G., & Endo, T. (1997). Probing the environment along the protein import pathways in yeast mitochondria by site-specific photocrosslinking. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 94(2), 485-490. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.2.485
Kanamori, Takashi ; Nishikawa, Shuh Ichi ; Shin, Injae ; Schultz, Peter G. ; Endo, Toshiya. / Probing the environment along the protein import pathways in yeast mitochondria by site-specific photocrosslinking. In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1997 ; Vol. 94, No. 2. pp. 485-490.
@article{e3e7a5a0360b462b8032530debe21d21,
title = "Probing the environment along the protein import pathways in yeast mitochondria by site-specific photocrosslinking",
abstract = "Artificially aminoacylated suppressor tRNAs were used to introduce photoreactive amino acids into model mitochondrial precursor proteins to probe the environment along the protein import pathway. Amino acids with benzophenone side chains of various lengths [DL-2-amino-3-(p- benzoylphenyl)propanoic acid (1) and DL-2-amino-5-(p-benzoylphenyl)pentanoic acid (2)] were incorporated at specific sites throughout the cytochrome b2- dihydrofolate reductase fusion proteins, pb2(220)-DHFR and pb2Δ19(220)- DHFR, which were destined for the intermembrane space and the matrix in mitochondria, respectively. In vitro import of pb2(220)-DHFR and pb2Δ19(220)-DHFR bearing 1 or 2 into isolated yeast mitochondria was arrested so that the N terminus reached the intermembrane space or the matrix, respectively, while the DHFR domain remained at the mitochondrial surface. The matrix-targeted pb2Δ19(220)-DHFR was photocrosslinked to Tom40 in the outer membrane, Tim44 in the inner membrane, and Ssc1p in the matrix, suggesting that the protein has an extended conformation in the import channels. On the other hand, incorporation of 2 at various positions in the 50-residue segment of intermembrane-space-targeted pb2(220)-DHFR gave photocrosslinks only to Tom40, suggesting that the segment is not in an extended conformation, but localized near Tom40. The N-terminal portion of pb2(220)-DHFR, but not pb2Δ19(220)-DHFR, was photocrosslinked to an as- yet-unidentified mitochondrial component to generate a 95-kDa crosslinked product.",
author = "Takashi Kanamori and Nishikawa, {Shuh Ichi} and Injae Shin and Schultz, {Peter G.} and Toshiya Endo",
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Kanamori, T, Nishikawa, SI, Shin, I, Schultz, PG & Endo, T 1997, 'Probing the environment along the protein import pathways in yeast mitochondria by site-specific photocrosslinking', Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 94, no. 2, pp. 485-490. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.2.485
Probing the environment along the protein import pathways in yeast mitochondria by site-specific photocrosslinking. / Kanamori, Takashi; Nishikawa, Shuh Ichi; Shin, Injae; Schultz, Peter G.; Endo, Toshiya.
In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 94, No. 2, 21.01.1997, p. 485-490.
T1 - Probing the environment along the protein import pathways in yeast mitochondria by site-specific photocrosslinking
AU - Kanamori, Takashi
AU - Nishikawa, Shuh Ichi
AU - Shin, Injae
AU - Schultz, Peter G.
AU - Endo, Toshiya
N2 - Artificially aminoacylated suppressor tRNAs were used to introduce photoreactive amino acids into model mitochondrial precursor proteins to probe the environment along the protein import pathway. Amino acids with benzophenone side chains of various lengths [DL-2-amino-3-(p- benzoylphenyl)propanoic acid (1) and DL-2-amino-5-(p-benzoylphenyl)pentanoic acid (2)] were incorporated at specific sites throughout the cytochrome b2- dihydrofolate reductase fusion proteins, pb2(220)-DHFR and pb2Δ19(220)- DHFR, which were destined for the intermembrane space and the matrix in mitochondria, respectively. In vitro import of pb2(220)-DHFR and pb2Δ19(220)-DHFR bearing 1 or 2 into isolated yeast mitochondria was arrested so that the N terminus reached the intermembrane space or the matrix, respectively, while the DHFR domain remained at the mitochondrial surface. The matrix-targeted pb2Δ19(220)-DHFR was photocrosslinked to Tom40 in the outer membrane, Tim44 in the inner membrane, and Ssc1p in the matrix, suggesting that the protein has an extended conformation in the import channels. On the other hand, incorporation of 2 at various positions in the 50-residue segment of intermembrane-space-targeted pb2(220)-DHFR gave photocrosslinks only to Tom40, suggesting that the segment is not in an extended conformation, but localized near Tom40. The N-terminal portion of pb2(220)-DHFR, but not pb2Δ19(220)-DHFR, was photocrosslinked to an as- yet-unidentified mitochondrial component to generate a 95-kDa crosslinked product.
AB - Artificially aminoacylated suppressor tRNAs were used to introduce photoreactive amino acids into model mitochondrial precursor proteins to probe the environment along the protein import pathway. Amino acids with benzophenone side chains of various lengths [DL-2-amino-3-(p- benzoylphenyl)propanoic acid (1) and DL-2-amino-5-(p-benzoylphenyl)pentanoic acid (2)] were incorporated at specific sites throughout the cytochrome b2- dihydrofolate reductase fusion proteins, pb2(220)-DHFR and pb2Δ19(220)- DHFR, which were destined for the intermembrane space and the matrix in mitochondria, respectively. In vitro import of pb2(220)-DHFR and pb2Δ19(220)-DHFR bearing 1 or 2 into isolated yeast mitochondria was arrested so that the N terminus reached the intermembrane space or the matrix, respectively, while the DHFR domain remained at the mitochondrial surface. The matrix-targeted pb2Δ19(220)-DHFR was photocrosslinked to Tom40 in the outer membrane, Tim44 in the inner membrane, and Ssc1p in the matrix, suggesting that the protein has an extended conformation in the import channels. On the other hand, incorporation of 2 at various positions in the 50-residue segment of intermembrane-space-targeted pb2(220)-DHFR gave photocrosslinks only to Tom40, suggesting that the segment is not in an extended conformation, but localized near Tom40. The N-terminal portion of pb2(220)-DHFR, but not pb2Δ19(220)-DHFR, was photocrosslinked to an as- yet-unidentified mitochondrial component to generate a 95-kDa crosslinked product.
U2 - 10.1073/pnas.94.2.485
DO - 10.1073/pnas.94.2.485
Kanamori T, Nishikawa SI, Shin I, Schultz PG, Endo T. Probing the environment along the protein import pathways in yeast mitochondria by site-specific photocrosslinking. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1997 Jan 21;94(2):485-490. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.2.485
10.1073/pnas.94.2.485