Here is an interesting fact: the D.C. Circuit has invoked Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu—better known as Charles de Montesquieu, the Baron Montesquieu, " the celebrated Montesquieu," or just Montesquieu—on at least nine separate occasions. Included in this list are some notable cases: Nixon v. Sirica, Buckley v. Valeo, and In re Sealed Case (rev'd sub nom. Morrison v. Olson, 487 U.S. 654 (1988)). At first blush, it is odd to see that many cites to a mid-18th century Parisian. On reflection, however, these citations should not be all that surprising.
More than any other circuit court, the D.C. Circuit is confronted with separation-of-powers cases, and Montesquieu's musings on that subject have long played an important role in the political philosophy of the United States. As Neomi Rao has demonstrated, Montesquieu was cited in the Supreme Court as early as 1810. And both the majority opinion and dissent in Myers v. United States cite Montesquieu.
PER CURIAM ORDER filed, on the courts own motion, that the parties be prepared to address at oral argument on April 12, 2016, the following questions: (1) What independent agencies now or historically have been headed by a single person? For this purpose, consider an independent agency as an agency whose head is not removable at will but is removable only for cause; and (2) If an independent agency headed by a single person violates Article II as interpreted in Free Enterprise Fund v. PCAOB, 561 U.S. 477 (2010), what would the appropriate remedy be? Would the appropriate remedy be to sever the tenure and for-cause provisions of this statute, see 12 U.S.C. 5491(c)? Cf. Free Enterprise Fund, 561 U.S. at 508-10. Or is there a more appropriate remedy? And how would the remedy affect the legality of the Director's action in this case? Before Judges: Henderson, Kavanaugh and Randolph.
The accumulation of all powers, legislative, executive, and judiciary, in the same hands, whether of one, a few, or many, and whether hereditary, self-appointed, or elective, may justly be pronounced the very definition of tyranny. Were the federal Constitution, therefore, really chargeable with the accumulation of power, or with a mixture of powers, having a dangerous tendency to such an accumulation, no further arguments would be necessary to inspire a universal reprobation of the system. I persuade myself, however, that it will be made apparent to everyone, that the charge cannot be supported, and that the maxim on which it relies has been totally misconceived and misapplied. In order to form correct ideas on this important subject, it will be proper to investigate the sense in which the preservation of liberty requires that the three great departments of power should be separate and distinct. The oracle who is always consulted and cited on this subject is the celebrated Montesquieu.
– United States v. Scurry: Here the court confronted several issues surrounding cell phone wiretaps. Judge Rogers, joined by Judges Pillard and Williams rejected several of defendant Scurry's arguments. But the trio reversed the denial of a motion to suppress, finding that a wire-tap order is facially insufficient when it fails to name the DOJ official who approved the application. It seems the orders at issue had asterisk marks instead of the name of the DOJ official. Since the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act requires the identity of the DOJ official who approves the application be listed on the order, and precedent limits the inquiry to the four corners of the order, Scurry argued that the omission rendered the order facially invalid. The government countered that the law shouldn't be read so strictly. The panel not only rejected the United States' argument, it found that suppression is required for a facially insufficient order. Further, and interesting from a separation-of-powers perspective, the panel counseled that the Criminal Resource Manual used by DOJ should be revised to prevent further errors of this type.
– Gordon v. Lynch: Gordon used to be involved in the business of selling cigarettes across state lines. He was previously granted a preliminary injunction against certain sales tax enforcement provisions of the Prevent All Cigarette Trafficking Act. However, the district court denied his motion for a permanent injunction because it found his case to be moot since he had said that "he had no intention to re-enter that business," and the agency in charge of the Act also said it had no intention to enforce the provisions against him. He argued on appeal that a permanent injunction wouldn't be moot because it would eliminate the possibility of "criminal and civil penalties for his past violations" and it "would shield him from collateral consequences in the form of civil actions by states in which he sold untaxed cigarettes." Judge Williams, joined by Judge Brown (Chief Judge Garland again did not participate), affirmed the determination of mootness, in large part because government counsel said during oral argument that the United States wouldn't seek to hold Gordon liable for past violations and because a permanent injunction in D.C. would not stop other jurisdictions from pursuing him.
– Nurriddin v. Bolden: Nurriddin brought various claims of retaliation and discrimination against his employer, NASA. The district court granted summary judgment to NASA on all the claims. In a per curiam opinion, Judges Brown and Randolph affirmed. For instance, the panel affirmed summary judgment on Nurriddin's Title VII claims because "there is no basis whatsoever for a reasonable jury to infer either discrimination or retaliation" from the evidence in the record. Judge Wilkins dissented with regard to one aspect of the Court's Title VII conclusion, contending that a jury could have sided with Nurriddin.
* John Locke, Alexis de Tocqueville, and Edmund Burke, for what it is worth, have been at least cited three times each. It appears that the D.C. Circuit has never cited Thomas Hobbes, though Thomas Paine has been cited at least twice. Benjamin Franklin has been cited a handful of times (by my count five). Plato has been cited a few times, as has Socrates, though they sometimes are cited together, as here: "I fear that Judge Bazelon is turning from Socrates, and his concern with the limits of knowledge, to Plato, and his quest for the ideal. Judges, however, must deal with the workaday world. In judicial review of administrative regulation courts have a dual role, of supervision of administrative agencies, and of responsible partnership in the public interest. They cannot fairly demand the perfect at the expense of the achievable." Charles Dickens—not much of a philosopher, I suppose, but a keen observer of the human condition—has been cited at least 7 times (usually Bleak House).


JLH100 Single Gas Monitor for Chlorine Gas has the function of detecting Chlorine concentration continuously and overrunning alarm. It is widely used in the area of metallurgy, power plant, chemicals, mines, tunnels, galley and underground pipeline and so on.
Alarm point can be set according to users' requirements.
Alarm is made according to secondary sound and light.
Imported sensors, with long service year.


text:
Q: Tunnel diode VI equation Does anyone know the equation that relates current to voltage for a specific tunnel diode(can be any tunnel diode)?
I know these are old tech but I can't seem to find a relationship anywhere, all the info on tunnel diodes seems to be about the quantum mechanics involved.

A: Try looking for eg

tunnel diode transfer function

You are unlikely to get a single tidy expression due to the non linear nature of the beast and its "discontinuous" stable transfer function - which is what it's all about.
Some equations here near 1st diagrams.
The "magic" part is the negative resistance region - shown in red below.

Below is the classic Esaki diode / Tunnel diode transfer function and you can try to fit formulae to that if you think it useful. Unlike most other devices you cxan have the same current at 3 different voltages - with two being stable, and the intermediate voltage being a transient one due to it being in a region of negative resistance.

You could model this as something like y=x^3 with some offsets and shape adjustments but that would be missing the main point of the device.

Related:
Useful comment in [oscillator applications](http://www.powerguru.org/crystal-oscillator-
design-and-negative-resistance/)

Here is a completely made up example.
The formula is shown below the graph.
This was made "by eye" solely on the basis of approximating an Esaki diode V/I curve. By adjusting parameters you could probably get a "close enough" fit to a real diode.
I doubt if this equation is especially useful but it does allow you to get a rough model of a real device. Axis units are semi arbitrary - adjust parameters to suit.
If you increase voltage above the maximum seen here you'll get a nasty shock due to the (5-Volts) term - no suggestion that this occurs in real life :-)

Off the Wall:
Plot an energy versus velocity curve for a mass approaching and exceeding light speed.
For mass use standard
M_relativistic = Rest_mass/(1- V^2/C^2)
Use Energy = 0.5 m x v^2.
Ignore (for now) complex-imaginary aspect for V>C.
eg assume for now that jE = E.
Plot energy against V.
Wow!
Ponder.
-> You get a tunneling type curve with two velocities > C that have the same energy as a point for V < C for values of V only above a certain % of light speed. E goes to infinity at V=C as expected. BUT the curve is suggestive of a tunnel effect across C with two velocities > C with the same energy. There's more, but that's enough OTW already :-).
Implications of the tachyonic jE are, of course, unknown.

A: Take a look at this paper right here.
It gives some closed-form equations describing the tunnel diode total current density.Including the negative resistance region. Hope that helps.

A: One of the simplest, V-I characteristic curves for the (Esaki) tunnel diode is given by the following equation:
I= I(p)*(V(p)/V) exp (1-(V/ Vp)) + I(s)*exp(qV/KT)
Where Ip is the Peak current, I(s) the saturation current, Vp is the Peak voltage, V is the Applied voltage, q the charge, K is Boltzmann constant, and T is the Temperature. When V(p)=V(as in DC), the tunnel diode current becomes equal to the ideal diode equation.
The negative resistance is given by the equation:
R= -1/ [((V/V(p))-1) (I(p)/V(p))*exp (1-(V/V(p)))]
Hope this helps.
Source:MEPITS.com Tunnel Diode

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


"What that means to China and Pakistan. It's quite helpful for me and also to explain how Afghanistan is tied into that," he said.
WASHINGTON: The top commander of US and allied forces in Afghanistan was on an unannounced visit to India recently to hold talks with senior Indian leadership on the country's role in the war-torn Afghanistan vis-a-vis Pakistan and China.
Commander of US and NATO forces in Afghanistan General John Campbell told members of the House Armed Services Committee during a Congressional hearing yesterday that he travelled to New Delhi to discuss Afghanistan's situation with Indian leaders.
"I did have the opportunity a couple of weeks ago to go to India to talk to some of the senior leadership in India to talk about Afghanistan, how they're tied in with Afghanistan," Campbell said.
Campbell said Afghan President Ashraf Ghani was reaching out to the entire region as part of his effort to push the country on the path of sustainable peace and development.
"I think it's quite helpful. Last Monday, I was in Germany for a day with General Austin. We brought the chiefs of defence from five other countries surrounding Afghanistan to bring them together to talk Pakistan, Turkestan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan," he said.
"All came together to talk about regional issues, border issues, drug smuggling, what they can do to enable each other to fight this common enemy so it was quite good," Campbell said.
India has strategic interest in war-torn Afghanistan and is undertaking a number of projects there for its rebuilding which Pakistan and China are sceptical about over influence in the region.
Pakistan, which has been jockeying for a larger role in the Afghan peace process, has often been accused of trying to create "strategic depth" in Afghanistan.
Islamabad accuses India of indulging in a proxy war in its territory through Afghanistan, a charge vehemently denied by New Delhi.


Video of 9-year-old losing soccer game went viral. Pros he idolized weighed in.
Allison Klein, The Washington Post Published 7:54 am PDT, Friday, August 24, 2018 Nine-year-old Harrison Ogle is a devoted professional soccer fan, and was excited to play in his first match with a new youth team in Sheffield, England. He played goalkeeper during the preseason game - and became visibly upset as the competing team scored again and again on him until the final tally was 11-0. His father, Allan Ogle, told him to ignore the score. But Ogle took note when his son became emotional: Harrison has faced a host of health and learning challenges in his short life and doesn't show his feelings readily, his father said. So a few days after the Aug. 12 game, when Harrison was still feeling low, Ogle put together a compilation of his son's best saves during the game, posted it on Twitter, and hoped some friends might say an encouraging word. He wrote: "He's overcome premature birth, swine flu, pneumonia and has educational challenges. Emotional for me to see my boy … [Read more...] about Video of 9-year-old losing soccer game went viral. Pros he idolized weighed in.


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3DS Getting a YouTube App
By Kevin Dunsmore on November 13, 2013
Nintendo has revealed that a YouTube app is on its way to the 3DS. This will allow users to view YouTube videos through that rather than using the handheld's internet browser to access the website. Nintendo noted that users will need a strong internet connection to smoothly run the app as it will require both screens.
The way the app will function on the 3DS is actually pretty cool. The top screen will be used for viewing the video, and the bottom will be used for searching. So now you can search and watch at the same time. Nintendo also confirmed that the Wii U YouTube app will also be updated to support these same features. You'll be able to watch the video on the TV while searching for your next video on the Wii U GamePad.
The 3DS YouTube app and the update to the Wii U YouTube app will launch sometime in December.
← Ubisoft: PS4 Pre-Orders Are Higher Than Xbox One
Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney — Dual Destinies 'Turnabout Reclaimed' DLC Priced, Dated →

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
What does rule 30 mean in this example? [closed]
Want to improve this question? Update the question so it's on-topic for Mathematica Stack Exchange.
This starts with the list given, then evolves rule 30 for four steps.
In[1]:= CellularAutomaton[30, {0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0}, 4]
Out[1]= {{0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0}, {0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0}, {0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1,
0}, {1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1}, {0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0}}
cellular-automata
$\begingroup$ Here's one way to specify your CA: stackoverflow.com/q/11326620/1725571 $\endgroup$ – bill s Mar 11 '14 at 21:38
$\begingroup$ Please do not change the question or ask different questions after you have gotten answers. Open a new question instead. $\endgroup$ – rm -rf♦ Mar 11 '14 at 22:55
$\begingroup$ I really think this is all explained in the documentation. Cellular automata are not particularly easy to understand, since the rule number is an encoded (i.e. obfuscated) form of the automaton. I always find it takes a bit of concentration and work to figure out how to specify the automaton I want, but the docs have always given me the principles I need to work it out. $\endgroup$ – Michael E2 Mar 11 '14 at 23:10
The "rule" for CAs defines the mapping that is used to calculate successive generations. When you have 3-neighborhoods (one to each side of the current element) there are 8 patterns that can occur: 111, 110, 101, 100, 011, 010, 001, 000. Each of these patterns must be mapped to some binary value. For example the rule that takes 111->0, 110->0, 101->0, 100->1, 011->1, 010->1, 001->1, 000->0 is called rule 30, since the sequence of numbers 00011110, interpreted in base 2, is 30. Accordingly, there are 256 possible 3-neighbor CAs, and this number increases rapidly as the neighborhood increases in size.
bill sbill s
Here is a visualization of what bill s told:
GraphicsRow[
GraphicsColumn[
{Style[2^#, Medium],
ArrayPlot[
{#, {0, CellularAutomaton[30, #, {{1}, {1}}][[1, 1]], 0}},
Mesh -> All] &@IntegerDigits[#, 2, 3]}
] & /@ Range[0, 7]]
First row of cells represents eight 3-bit binary values from 0 to 7. The middle cell on the second row displays the result of rule 30 generated by three cells above it. If you sum up numbers above these visualizations for every black cell, you end up with 30, and this holds also for other automaton rules numbered this way.
kirmakirma
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged cellular-automata or ask your own question.
Implementation of a new Game of Life Rule
Computing Reversible CA with CellularAutomaton
How to calculate CellularAutomaton rule numbers in higher dimensions?
How to Update a Finite-Width Cellular Automaton
How to run a CellularAutomaton until a configuration is repeated?
Specify rules for 2D cellular automaton?
How to encode this rule (for visualization, etc) similar to cellular automata?


text:
Index - Search
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Online manuscript submission and review system
A.B.J. Groeneveld. Neth J Crit Care April 2015;20(2): 4
Abstract - PDF
Cholesterol as an inflammatory marker: cheap but valuable?
E. Ewalds, P. Pickkers. Neth J Crit Care April 2015;20(2): 5
Neuromonitoring of patients with severe traumatic brain injury at the bedside
M.J.H. Aries, J. van der Naalt, W.B. van den Bergh, M. van Dijk, J.W.J. Elting, M. Czosnyka, J.G. Regtien. Neth J Crit Care April 2015;20(2): 6-12
Cholesterol in the ICU: a cheap and reliable marker for illness severity?
H.G. Kreeftenberg, A.N. Roos, A.J.G.H. Bindels, V. Scharnhorst. Neth J Crit Care April 2015;20(2): 17-20
Unexplained high lactate levels after long bone fractures: consider cerebral fat embolism syndrome
R. van Vugt, B.P. Ramakers, J.G. van der Hoeven. Neth J Crit Care April 2015;20(2): 21-5
Ischaemic optic neuropathy in a blunt abdominal trauma patient with profound shock: a case report and concise review of possible risk factors
B.J. Snel, G.C. van Melsen. Neth J Crit Care April 2015;20(2): 26-8
Coma after levetiracetam overdose
S.E. Vellinga, M. van der Jagt, N.G.M. Hunfeld. Neth J Crit Care April 2015;20(2): 29-32
Performance of intensive care units, we all want to know!
E. de Jonge. Neth J Crit Care April 2015;20(2): 13-4
Transparency yes, public access to outcome data no
P. Bijlstra. Neth J Crit Care April 2015;20(2): 15-6
© Copyright 2020, Nederlandse Vereniging voor Intensive Care
NJCC | Phone: + (0)30 - 282 38 38 | e-mail: info@njcc.nl
NVIC | Phone: + (0)30 - 282 38 38 | e-mail: secretariaat@nvic.nl


text:
This article is about the Norwegian political movement that produced the Birkebeinerrennet cross-country ski race. For the American race equivalent, see American Birkebeiner.
Find sources: "Birkebeiner" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Skiing Birchlegs Crossing the Mountain with the Royal Child, painted by Knud Bergslien. Painting located at The Ski Museum. Holmenkollen, Oslo, Norway.
The Birkebein Party or Birkebeinar (Old Norse: Birkibeinar; Norwegian: Birkebeinarane (nynorsk) or Birkebeinerne (bokmål)) was the name for a rebellious party in Norway, formed in 1174 around the pretender to the Norwegian throne, Eystein Meyla. The name has its origins in propaganda from the established party that the rebels were so poor that they made their shoes of birch bark. Although originally a pejorative, the opposition adopted the Birkebeiner name for themselves, and continued using it after they came to power in 1184.
Today, the Birkebeins are popularly celebrated for having escorted the two-year-old Haakon Haakonsson, an heir to the Norwegian throne, safely from Lillehammer to Østerdalen to Trondheim, a long and perilous journey through treacherous mountains and forests. This is commemorated through cross-country ski races Birkebeinerrennet and Birkebeinerrittet, as well as the American Birkebeiner and Canadian Birkebeiner.
3 The rise of Sverre
4 1200 onwards
5 Birkebeiner traditions
6 Birkebeiner Run
8 Other sources
The Civil war era in Norway (borgerkrigstiden) is a term used for the period between 1130 and 1240 in the history of Norway. During this period there were several interlocked conflicts of varying scale and intensity. Although weak in the beginning, the Birkebeiners had the upper hand for most of the conflict's duration. King Haakon IV was the ultimate victor for the Birkebeiners in 1217. In the earlier part of the reign of King Haakon, much of the royal power was in the hands of Skule Bårdsson. In 1239, the conflict between the two erupted into open warfare, when Skule had himself proclaimed king in Nidaros. The rebellion ended in 1240 when Skule was put to death.[1][2]
The background for these conflicts was the unclear Norwegian succession laws, social conditions and the struggle between Church and King. There were then two main parties, firstly known by varying names or no names at all, but finally condensing into the parties of Bagler and Birkebeiners. The rallying point was regularly a royal son, who was set up as the figurehead of the party in question, to oppose the rule of the king from the contesting party.
FormationEdit
The Birkebein party was formed of some earlier groups with the original goal of deposing king Magnus V of Norway (Magnus Erlingsson) and his father Earl Erling Skakke. From a socio-historical perspective, scholars have interpreted the party as the result of the rapid increase in landless markamenn (meaning "border men"), who settled along the Swedish border and made their living by pillaging the rich old settlements. It was this lawless population that became the foremost basis of the Birkebeiner, even though it is questionable whether their leaders were paupers wearing shoes made of birch bark.[3]
Their leadership came from Trøndelag, a region where the social tensions were not as marked, and their motive was rather to stop the transition of power from Trøndelag to Viken and Vestlandet. The powerful Trønder families were simply being left behind by their peers in the south, who had acquired a strong leader in the Vestland earl Erling Skakke in the mid-12th century. In the early 1160s, Erling had taken control of Viken and the bishopric of Nidaros and had subsequently made his underage son Magnus Erlingsson the king of Norway. The party that was behind their rule was not called the Bagli party (Bagler) during their time, but only later. The rival forces against the Birkebeins were dubbed several names, successively Lendsmenn, Heklungs, Kuvlungs, Øyskjeggs and Bagler.
The rise of SverreEdit
After some initial victories for the Viken party, the tables turned when Sverre entered the political scene claiming to be the illegitimate son of king Sigurd Munn. Sverre sought assistance from the Swedish earl Birger Brosa who sent him Swedish forces after some hesitation. One of Birger Brosa's sons, Philippus Birgersson, became Sverre's earl.
Under Sverre's leadership, the Birkebeiner movement was re-organized and pruned and the most criminal elements were brutally purged from the party. The army consisted more and more of mercenaries from Sweden and England. As early as 1177, Sverre was proclaimed king by his followers, but in reality his power did not extend beyond the borders of Trøndelag and it took two decisive battles in 1179 and 1184 before he could be formally elected king. By then, both the main opponents were dead, i.e., earl Erling (1179) and King Magnus Erlingsson (1184), and the opposition was greatly reduced.
The Birkebeiner's political program was a continuation of earl Erling's centralization which underscores the geographical motivations behind the movement. Their leadership did not seek a social revolution, only to move the centre of power back to Trøndelag. The opposition around Viken organized in 1196 into a new faction called the Bagler.
1200 onwardsEdit
Around the year 1200, the rival groups shared the goal of controlling the entire country. In 1202, when King Sverre died, he had managed to acquire most of Norway, but in Østerdalen, the Baglers were still very powerful. Sverre's death meant some decrease in the power of the Birkebeins. His successor, King Haakon Sverresson, died only two years later, leaving his son Haakon Haakonsson as the ultimate target for the Baglers to get rid of the pretender to the throne. In 1206, the Birkebeiners set off on a dangerous journey through treacherous mountains and forests, taking the now two-year-old Haakon Haakonsson to safety in Trondheim. Norwegian history credits the Birkebeiners' bravery with preserving the life of the boy who later became King Haakon Haakonsson IV, ended the civil wars in 1240 and forever changing Northern Europe's history through his reign.[4] The events surrounding the journey are dramatised in The Last King (film).
The Birkebeins managed to hold some power, despite short reigns of their monarchs. In 1209, a resolution was made between Bagler and Birkebeiner. Bagler pretender Philip Simonsson was recognized as ruler of the eastern third of the country, Østlandet, without the title of king. Birkebeiner's Inge Baardsson was recognized to be King of Norway. They both died in 1217 and Birkebeiner-born Haakon IV ascended the throne, relatively unopposed, under the regency of Duke Skule.[5]
Birkebeiner traditionsEdit
The coat of arms of Lillehammer
The city arms of Lillehammer show a Birkebeiner skiing in honour of the historic rescue. The mascots Håkon and Kristin of the 1994 Winter Olympics are depicted as Birkebeiner children, bearing the names of the son and daughter of king Sverre.[6] Near Drammen, the sports association Idrettsforeningen Birkebeineren took their name from the party.[7]
Birkebeiner RunEdit
Today, the historic event of the rescue of Haakon Haakonsson is honoured in Norway by three annual sporting events, a run, Birkebeinerløpet; a mountain bike race, Birkebeinerrittet; a cross-country ski race, Birkebeinerrennet and, beginning in 2012, Landeveisbirken, a road bicycle race. Common for the bike and ski events is the requirement of carrying a backpack weighing 3.5 kg as a remembrance of the child the Birkebeiners had to carry on their journey. The bike and ski events start in Rena and all three events finish at Lillehammer. There are also sister cross-country ski races held in Hayward Wisconsin (United States) (the American Birkebeiner), in Edmonton (Canada) (the Canadian Birkebeiner) and in Falls Creek (Australia).[8]
^ "Håkon Håkonsson 1217-1263". Dokpro.uio.no. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
^ "Skule Bårdsson – Store norske leksikon". Snl.no. 2015-02-17. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
^ "Magnus 5 Erlingsson – Norsk biografisk leksikon". Snl.no. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
^ "Håkon 4 Håkonsson – Norsk biografisk leksikon". Snl.no. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
^ Nordens Historie, ved Niels Bache (Forslagsbureauet i Kjøbenhavn, 1884)[page needed]
^ "Kristin and Hakon images" (GIF). Aldaver.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
^ "Birkebeineren, IF". Ibk.no. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
^ "Canadian Birkebeiner Ski Festival". Canadianbirkie.com. Retrieved 2016-02-14.
Other sourcesEdit
Gjerset, Knut History of the Norwegian People (The MacMillan Company. 1915)
Helle, Knut Under kirke og kongemakt : 1130-1350 (Aschehougs Norgeshistorie. 1995) Norwegian
Holmsen, Andreas (Norges historie) fra de eldste tider til 1660 (flere nytrykk. 1939) Norwegian
Larson, Karen A History of Norway (Princeton University Press. 1948)
Lunden, Kåre Norge under Sverreætten, 1177-1319 (Cappelens Norgeshistorie.1976) Norwegian
Krag, Claus Sverre: Norges største middelalderkonge (Aschehoug. 2005) Norwegian
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birkebeiner&oldid=932749534"


Lava and Rose Quartz with Crystal Essential Oil Bracelet – Leanne & Co.
This listing is for our 8mm rose quartz bracelet with 10mm black lava beads and crystals on a stretch string.
Length of each bracelet comes as 7.5" standard. If you require shorter or longer, please make your request in the notes section at check out!
Rose quartz (pink): stone of universal love. Restores trust and harmony in relationships, encouraging unconditional love, purifies and opens the heart at all levels to promote love, self-love, friendship, deep inner healing and feelings of peace.
Directions: Drop 1-2 drops of your favorite essential oil or essential oil blend onto the porous lava stone bead and enjoy! Smell will last for a day or two depending on usage. Reapply as desired!


The Piaggia estate was created by Mauro Vannucci in the mid 1970's and is located in the gently rolling Tuscan hills, just about 10 miles west of Florence.
Although Mauro still influences the direction of the estate, today his daughter Silvia is the owner and a major force behind the family winery. We caught up with her and consulting winemaker Emiliano Falsini in one of the earliest interviews done at TuscanVines.
Primarily a producer of the DOCG wine Carmignano, which by law can be blended with Cabernet, Cabernet Franc, and Merlot, Piaggia also produces small lot wines outside the DOCG regulations.
The Piaggia Estate is situated in the province of Prato and extends for over 25 hectares, approximately 15 of which are under vine. A relatively young estate, their first Carmignano Riserva was produced in 1991, Piaggia has clearly become the leader in the Carmignano DOCG and with the skilled team at the helm, their wines continually garner Tre Bicchieri recognition. Today, we're focusing on one of their best wines; a wine that is a rare find in Tuscany.
The 2011 Poggio de'Colli is 100% Cabernet Franc from a single vineyard on the estate. It is mind blowing. It's a deep blackish purple in the glass with hardly any lightening to the color at the rim. Cabernet Franc can be finicky and display a lot of green vegetal aromas when it's not properly ripened and vinified correctly. There is no worry of that here!
The aromas are amazing and include a symphony of crushed black fruits, floral and lavender notes, spices, cured meat, and mocha that are captivating to smell. As wonderful and enticing as this wine is to smell, it eclipses any expectations when you taste it. Cascades of juicy, ripe, fresh black fruit come in clean waves on the palate and are joined with espresso bean, spices, fresh herbs and vanilla. Elegant and long, with integrated tannins and revitalizing acidity, this stays fresh and focused through the long finish. There's nothing more to want here, except more wine. 97 points and an amazing value around $40.
Poggio de'Colli is vinified in open topped wood vessels with natural yeasts and left to macerate for up to 2 weeks on the skins. The wine is then transferred to French barrique where it ages for 15 months and then is bottle unfined and unfiltered to complete at least 6 months bottle aging prior to release.
Have you ever had another CF you liked as much?
No, never. I've been impressed by Le Macchiole's Paleo and perhaps surprisingly, with Barboursville CF Reserve from Virginia. But this is very special. I've had a few vintages at Gambero Rosso, but this is the first I've owned in my cellar. I think the 2012 will be a must. It's not around locally – have to mail it in. But it's worth the extra effort.


text:
**Naam**: Rick Bruins

**Studentnummer**: 10647368

**Vak**: Programmeerproject, Minor Programmeren

###Beschrijving
Studenten nemen dagelijks dezelfde route met het OV. Het is daarom onnodig om je eindbestemming telkens in te voeren in je reisplanner. In deze app kan je van te voren routes opslaan. Wanneer de app wordt geopend worden deze routes automatisch gepland op basis van je huidige locatie. Hierdoor zie je gelijk wanneer jouw trein/tram/metro/bus vertrekt. Dit kan je doen voor meerdere routes. Wanneer je in de buurt van een voorkeurs station/halte komt krijg je een push bericht met de vertrektijden.

###Componenten
* Google Maps Directions API
* Google Places API
* Core Data
* Core Location
* MapKit

###Vergelijkbare Apps
De NS reisplanner kan ook voorgeplande reisinformatie weergeven. Echter biedt NS alleen maar reizen met de trein aan. Mijn app kan biedt reizen aan die mogelijk zijn met alle OV mogelijkheden.
In de 9292 app kan je ook je een reis voor in de toekomst plannen en opslaan. Het gaat hier wel om een specifieke reis in de toekomst. De app kan niet de reisdetails van die reis op dat zelfde moment ophalen. Daarmee onderscheidt de MijnOV app zich.

###Layout

#Copyright
[MIT License](https://github.com/rick020/MijnOV/blob/final/LICENSE)

#Credits
* Afbeeldingen in de app, [Icons Find](http://www.iconsfind.com/)
* [Google API's](https://developers.google.com/)
* Het gebruik van een Geofence, [Eugene Trapeznikov](https://www.appcoda.com/geo-targeting-ios/)
* Het gebruik van de huidige locatie, [The Swift Guy](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyiuX8jULF4)
* Het gebruik van Core Data voor opslag van de eindbestemming, [Ray Wenderlich](https://www.raywenderlich.com/145809/getting-started-core-data-tutorial)
* In het bijzonder wil ik Julian Jansen bedanken voor al zijn hulp.

[![BCH compliance](https://bettercodehub.com/edge/badge/rick020/MijnOV)](https://bettercodehub.com)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


A judicial activist advising U.S. President Donald Trump on potential nominees to the Supreme Court signaled Sunday that two of the candidates would be a tougher sell to conservatives. Trump tweeted on Sunday.
Trump is expected to unveil his choice during an 8 p.m. prime-time announcement. You can watch it LIVE on Fox8.com and FOX 8 News.
Trump and McConnell have been in frequent contact since Justice Anthony Kennedy announced he would be stepping down from the court. Trump is committed to placing an extreme ideologue on the Court, who could endanger environmental protections, overturn Roe v. Wade, and undermine protections for people with pre-existing conditions. So, yeah, those societies who vetted the justices are extremely conservative.
If as expected Trump nominates someone firmly to the right, conservatives could dominate the court for years.
"They're good judges", Blunt said on NBC's "Meet the Press". "It's about what country the United States of America is going to chart as its course in the future on this Supreme Court".
Trump had said he hoped to make his decision by the time he returned Sunday from a weekend in New Jersey, but he told reporters en route to the White House that he needed more time.
Former GOP Sen. Kelly Ayotte of New Hampshire helped shepherd Neil Gorsuch, Trump's pick to replace the late Justice Antonin Scalia in 2017, through his successful confirmation process.
Trump's success in confirming conservative judges, as well as a Supreme Court justice, has cheered Republicans amid concerns about his limited policy achievements and chaotic management style. A former White House aide under Bush who previously worked for Kenneth Starr, the independent counsel who investigated Democratic former President Bill Clinton in the 1990s, he faced a long confirmation battle when Bush nominated him to his current post. He also has a compelling personal story: He went to the University of Notre Dame as the first person in his family to go to college.
Kennedy's replacement also could be more willing to allow states to carry out executions and could support undoing earlier court holdings in the areas of racial discrimination in housing and the workplace. Dianne Feinstein of California said something to Barrett like "the dogma" - meaning Catholic teaching and faith - "lives loudly within you." Sen. The New York Times reported Sunday that Trump found Kethledge a little tiresome and anxious about his record on immigration.
The looming midterm elections in November also could be a factor. The White House said Monday that former Arizona Sen. Susan Collins of ME and Lisa Murkowski of Alaska, to oppose any nominee who threatens Roe v. Wade.
"He's a good man and I like him", Casey said of Hardiman. I'm open to voting no. And Trump, as we know, has some distrust of so-called "Bushies". "I don't think my role is to rubber stamp for the President, but it's also not an automatic knee-jerk no, either".
Bob Salera, a campaign spokesman for Senate Republicans, said Casey has "given up any pretense of being a moderate voice" by opposing Trump's nominee sight unseen. The president's nominee, if confirmed, will likely solidify a five-seat conservative majority on the nine-member court.
Chicago-based judge Amy Coney Barrett is the only female on Trump's short list.
Second Trump-Kim Meeting in NYC?
On Sunday there was no indication that he had yet made his decision, as speculation continued to swirl around the appointment. Trump has said he'll announce his selection Monday in a prime-time event from the White House East Room at 9 p.m.
Under the agreement, Syrian forces will not be allowed to remain in the area re-taken by the government, sources told Al Jazeera. Hezbollah was helping lead the offensive but keeping a low profile, pro-Damascus sources said.
Meanwhile, to the northeast in Lake County, firefighters maintained 92 percent containment on the 15,000-acre Pawnee Fire. Meanwhile, in Northern California, at least one person has died in the Klamathon Fire, which began near the OR border.
The teams have progressed through different means but each arrive with confidence after rousing wins in their last starts. He added: "From what I have seen, Brazil are compact everywhere". "We have to be united, go forward and apply pressure".
There's no need to recount the number of times critics have called the president a Nazi, or a fascist, or just plain cruel. But he said it's "heartening" that immigration policy in general "is at the forefront of the conversation ahead of 2020".
At least 200 counter protesters showed up to rally against trump outside the expo. "I have criticisms of our generation. He then went on to mock some of the potential 2020 Democratic candidates, including Sen.
Jordan asked him not to get him involved. "It was very common knowledge in the locker room that if you went to Dr. Strauss died in 2005, and it was ruled a suicide. "We all did", Dailey, 43, told NBC News , referring to Jordan.
Most of the 11,800 are tradition UAC whose parents sent them to the border, or who came on their own, without any parent. Because children can't be in jail with their parents, more than 2,300 families caught by Border Patrol were separated.
July 6, 2018 - The NAB court convicts Sharif of corruption and sentences him in absentia to 10 years in prison. After the conviction, it was not sure if Sharif and Maryam would come back to face rigorous imprisonment.
Martinez said: "When you play against Brazil , you have to understand you are playing against the best team in the competition". Players like Fellaini and teams like Japan certainly add to the magic of the World Cup .


text:
If Liverpool beat West Ham they will have won against every Premier League club this season, following Man United, Man City and Chelsea
By Damian Mannion
29th January 2020, 9:07 am
Updated: 29th January 2020, 9:21 am
Liverpool have beaten all 18 of the sides they've faced in the Premier League this season – the only side they are yet to record victory over is West Ham.
The game, which was originally supposed to be played on 21 December, has been rescheduled and another record beckons for the Premier League leaders.
Liverpool last beat every league side they faced in the 1895/96 season in the second tier – they won the league that year – and have never achieved the feat in the top flight.
And it does not look good for West Ham or manager David Moyes, with the Hammers winless in six Premier League matches against Liverpool since winning 2-0 in January 2016 under Slaven Bilic.
AFP or licensors
Moyes took charge of a club attempting to stay in the Premier League and must put out a team to try and stop Liverpool making it 40 league games unbeaten
Liverpool lost their first two away games – both at Upton Park – against West Ham under Jurgen Klopp in all competitions but have won two of their subsequent three (D1) – all at the London Stadium.
Liverpool are unbeaten in their last 21 Premier League matches played on Wednesday (W15 D6) since losing 1-3 against Stoke City in December 2012. Klopp has managed 14 games on the day without losing (W9 D5), more than any other manager in Premier League history has managed on a specific day without tasting defeat.
West Ham midfielder Mark Noble has scored three goals in four Premier League appearances under David Moyes this season – during the Scotsman's first spell in charge in 2017/18, Noble scored just four times in 22 games.
Liverpool surrendered a two-goal lead to draw 2-2 away at Shrewsbury Town in the FA Cup fourth round on Sunday – the Reds haven't gone two games without a win in all competitions since February 2019, drawing with Bayern Munich and Manchester United.
Among the 86 managers who have managed 10 or more away Premier League games in London, Klopp has the second-best win percentage of any manager (61 per cent, 14 wins in 23), behind only Pep Guardiola (74 per cent).
West Ham's Michail Antonio has scored in four of his five Premier League appearances against Liverpool, netting four goals; only Jamie Vardy (7) and Harry Kane (5) have scored more goals against Klopp's Liverpool than Antonio's tally of four.
Liverpool's Mohamed Salah scored in his first four Premier League games in London for the Reds (five goals) but has since failed to find the net in his last nine matches in the capital.
"West Ham fights for staying in the league and that's what it looks like. It will be a big fight, they will fight with all they have," Jurgen Klopp said.
"It will be a rather defensive line-up [from West Ham]. If it's four in the back or five in the back, I don't know, but we have to be ready for a big fight. They want to strike back, they have a tough programme coming up, everybody knows that. They have no points to waste, no time to waste.
"We have to keep up, if not set the intensity level and do some smart things with possession as well. That's a big challenge."
West Ham boss David Moyes, who has lost 16 Premier League games against Liverpool, said the challenge – the Reds are unbeaten in 39 league matches – is one the club should attempt to relish.
"Trying to be the first team to beat Liverpool is something we must try to do.
"There are very little [weaknesses] in a team that wins the Champions League."
Moyes has only lost more against Arsenal (17), with his 11 per cent win ratio against Liverpool (three wins in 27 games) his worst against any side he's faced more than once in the Premier League.
Other teams to have beaten every other club in a completed top-flight season
1888/89: Preston – 11 teams faced
1891/92: Bolton – 13 teams faced
1891/92: Sunderland – 13 teams faced
1909/10: Aston Villa – 19 teams faced
1969/70: Everton – 21 teams faced
2005/06: Chelsea – 19 teams faced
2010/11: Man United – 19 teams faced
2017/18: Man City – 19 teams faced


With their specialized insulation materials, GORE Space Cables ensure that power is delivered safely and reliably in the challenging environmental conditions of outer space.
Running cables in a spacecraft is time-consuming and difficult. GORE High-Voltage Cables reduce the frequency of this task by providing a minimum of 10,000 hours of reliable performance at maximum voltage ratings — ratings that are based on years of test data recorded under actual operating conditions.
Available as hook-up wire, ribbon cable or round cable, GORE High-Voltage Cables are specifically designed for applications that require high reliability for long periods of time, such as power supplies and amplifiers, traveling wave tubes, and high-voltage routing.
The key to the outstanding performance of GORE High-Voltage Cables is the proprietary material used in the cable insulation: expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). Using this proprietary technology, we have developed a specialized Corona-Resistant PTFE. Gas molecules trapped inside the insulation can ionize and cause corona discharge when high voltages are applied, ultimately causing damage to the insulation, which in turn causes more gas molecules to ionize.
GORE® CR-PTFE allows the gas molecules to escape through the membrane without damaging the insulation. Because PTFE fibers are chemically inert and thermally stable, GORE® High-Voltage Cables can be used even at cryogenic temperatures or as high as 300°C for short periods of time.
To protect against the excess gases that occur during ascent into orbit, an additional jacket made of microporous GORE-TEX® fibers can be added to the cables. This jacket allows gas molecules and air to flow completely out of the cable, thereby eliminating the possibility of damage to the cable.
For more than 25 years, we've provided highly reliable cable solutions for the space industry. The 100% success rate of our cables demonstrates our commitment to collaborating with customers when developing reliable and durable cables for these demanding applications.
All GORE High-Voltage Cables meet these technical specifications.
Learn more about GORE High-Voltage Cables in a thorough data sheet and a white paper discussing the properties of cables that ensure peak electrical performance.


Ted Rock was introduced into swimming by his children. He joined the Wolverhampton Swimming Club in 1974, served as a Committee Member and helped on the pool side in many capacities. He was made a Vice-President of the Swimming Club.
Ted was elected to the Staffordshire ASA Executive in 1976 and was elected as President in 1986. Ted and his wife Mary attended many official functions and made many new friends.
Ted Rock was a big man in stature, he was very unassuming but when he did speak people listened. He was a management expert and his skill was evident in any debate. Ted was always able to demonstrate his understanding of a problem and provided a solution.


Upon receiving your mission measurements, we schedule a discovery assembly to debate the imaginative and prescient to your rest room remodel. Updating your sink's hardware or different toilet fixtures — reminiscent of the bathtub handles, control knobs or bathe head — is a good way to offer your toilet a more moderen look with out spending some huge cash on a complete rework.
Effectively-designed lavatory job lighting surrounds vainness mirrors and eliminates shadows on faces: You look higher already. Call us at 571-336-5626 or fill out our online inquiry form to be taught more about WISA Solutions' providers and how we can help make your rest room transforming dream a reality.
A bathroom is designed for perform, will get a lot of use and has increased likelihoods of damage resulting from water and mould. Moreover, you'll be able to rest assured that each one of our merchandise are infused with Microban®, a revolutionary technology that helps preserve your new rest room cleaner and healthier each day!


text:
cd ~/solrdatasources/botgarden/gbif
cp ../4solr.botgarden.public.csv.gz .
gunzip 4solr.botgarden.public.csv.gz
mv 4solr.botgarden.public.csv botgarden.csv
# just to be clear: we are reparsing the determination field from the previous
# night's extract
cut -f17 botgarden.csv > scinames.csv
# this version of the script is a bit rude: it hits GBIF sequentially, but without pauses
python parseNamesGBIF4UCBG.py scinames.csv parsednames.csv names.pickle
# nohup python /usr/local/share/django/botgarden_project/gbif/parseNamesGBIF4UCBG.py scinames.csv parsednames.csv names.pickle &
# python /usr/local/share/django/botgarden_project/gbif/parseNamesGBIF4UCBG.py scinames.csv parsednames.csv names.pickle
# cut -f15 parsednames.csv | less
# cut -f12 parsednames.csv | less
# cut -f12 parsednames.csv | sort | uniq -c
rm botgarden.csv


text:
Work & School The Covid NineTEEN Project is filling a gap in online education
Sarah Kearns
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the closure of pretty much every school across the United States. Practically overnight, the traditional classroom experience was overhauled and in the days and weeks following, replaced with makeshift online classes hosted on Zoom. Inevitably, students and teachers have struggled to adapt.
High school students Skye Loventhal and Sarah Shapiro took notice, and founded Covid NineTEEN Project, a free, teen-run, online tutoring service for elementary school students. I spoke to Skye and Sarah about the project.
Adolescent Content: The coronavirus pandemic has led to the complete closure of schools across the country. Can you describe the process of recognizing the need for free tutoring and developing the Covid NineTEEN Project in response?
Sarah Shapiro: As we are both daughters of educators, we saw firsthand how students were struggling to adapt to distance learning. Since extracurriculars were canceled and students no longer had one-on-one support for academics, we wanted to provide programming for them to be connected to teen mentors who could guide them during these unprecedented times.
Skye Loventhal: Many schools aren't able to provide as much support for their students as they would like to, as they don't have access to the same resources. We realized how difficult it can be to learn new material without being in the classroom setting; we knew students were going to need additional support, and we wanted to be able to provide it for them.
Adolescent: There are currently seventy tutors volunteering, at the time of writing—truly a quick and immense mobilization that speaks to the goodwill of today's generation of high school students. How are tutors recruited? How can one volunteer to tutor or to provide help in other areas?
Skye: Our first groups of tutors found our program through social media. We posted promotional flyers to inform teens about the opportunity to volunteer.
Sarah: The new round of applications will open on Friday, May 22nd and teens will be able to apply through a Google Form that will be available on our website. Our volunteer recruitment team will read through these applications.
Adolescent: Who is eligible to receive tutoring?
Skye: Tutoring and activities are available for elementary school students in 1st-5th grade. Our students are typically ages 6-11.
Sarah: Since all of our programming is online, students from all over the world can join! Our sessions are hosted live in Pacific Standard Time.
Adolescent: How can a parent sign their child up for tutoring or activities? From there, how is a student matched with their tutor?
Sarah: Parents can sign up their children for tutoring and activities through the Google Forms available on our website. In terms of activities, all students enter the same Zoom call with the leaders of the activity and participate as a group. Parents receive the Zoom information in an email two hours before the session.
Skye: For tutoring, students receive the Zoom information for the main session in an email two hours before as well. However, these sessions are one-on-one. When they enter the main session, they tell the tutoring administrator what they need help with [and] are put into a breakout room with a tutor who can help them. If they have a language preference other than English, they can also inform the admin to make sure they're placed with a tutor who can best communicate with them.
Adolescent: What subjects are offered? And in what languages?
Skye: We mostly have students join our tutoring sessions for assistance in English, math, science, and history. However, we've had students join our sessions with questions on homework for art, technology, and other specialized classes, and our tutors are more than willing to help!
Sarah: Our language availability differs depending on which tutors are available that day; however, we have a schedule with all of our language options listed by session on the tutoring page of our website, [including] Spanish, Korean, Tagalog, Hebrew, Hindi, Italian, Armenian, Mandarin, Russian, and more.
Adolescent: An important part of the Covid NineTEEN Project's mission is to lend overworked parents a hand. In addition to academic tutoring, the project leads recreational and fitness activities such as yoga, painting, and filmmaking, among others. How did the realization that parents—just as much as students—need to be supported during the pandemic come about?
Skye: Seeing as our parents all work full-time, we've heard our parents express that they have no idea how they would've been able to keep up with their workload in a time like this if we were younger and required their supervision throughout the day. We realized that parents typically have time to work while their children are in school or participating in extracurricular activities, so the absence of these has placed additional stress on parents.
Adolescent: Remote learning definitely has its shortcomings, and schools have struggled to adapt to online classes. Some have renounced the semester entirely. Has the Covid NineTEEN Project encountered difficulties operating as a service that's generally offered in-person?
Skye: It's definitely been a unique experience figuring out how to build this online platform rather than sessions in person. It can be difficult to help a student understand something when we cannot be there in person, but the nature of this online program has actually allowed us to expand our scope.
Sarah: While an in-person program would have to be local, our online program allows us to reach out to students across the United States and even internationally. We actually just hosted a dance class today from our hometown of Los Angeles, California and had over 85 participants from a school in Argentina join.
Adolescent: If it's even possible to foretell anything in such uncertain times, how do you envision the Covid NineTEEN Project's development moving forward?
Skye: We hope to partner with schools who want to provide more opportunities for their students; we've already started discussing this with a few schools.
Sarah: We'll be expanding to a full-day schedule for the summer. Beginning on Monday, June 15th, our free activities and tutoring sessions will be from 9 AM to 5 PM PST. We know that a lot of camps have had to cancel as a result of the pandemic, so we want to be able to provide a similar experience for these students. We think this will be a great way to keep students engaged and motivated during the summer.
Follow the Covid NineTEEN Project on Instagram for more information on tutoring services and volunteer opportunities.
This interview has been edited and condensed for clarity.
Tags: pandemic quarantine learning kids school education online covid nineTEEN


Abstract—The marching cubes (MC) algorithm is a widely used routine to extract isosurfaces from volumetric data set. This method suffers from the exhaustive accessing cubes sequentially and the failure of directly separating the isosurfaces. To address this, an improved MC algorithm called AlutMC is proposed to track connected surfaces by combining a new adjacent lookup table and random sampling technique. AlutMC has a natural ability to separate the isosurfaces related to different components, which can efficiently segment 3D objects without extra expenditure and helpful for visualizing medical objects. Experimental results on three test data sets show the computational efficiency in identifying isosurfaces. Additionally, it is simple and efficient, not requiring complex data structure, and can be used as is into the MC and its improvements because it is quite cost-effective and self-contained.
Cite: Xuchu Wang, Yanmin Niub, Li-wen Tan, Shao-Xiang Zhang, "Improved marching cubes using novel adjacent lookup table and random sampling for medical object-specific 3D visualization," Journal of Software vol. 9, no. 10, pp. 2528-2537, 2014.


Five nights of performances curated by Randy Gibson and Megan Schubert, featuring some of the most talented young interpreters in New York in works that highlight the influence of the performer on experimental music from the 20th century and today.
Avant Media presented a week of new and avant-garde music that shows the role of the performer as a collaborator. A critical and vibrant part of the collaborative process is the interaction between the composer and performer. This festival celebrates that moment through direct collaboration and the role of the performer in realizing more abstract scores.
In residency at Wild Project, the festival was anchored by the world premiere of Randy Gibson's meditative evening-length work, Apparitions of The Four Pillars with special guests Tom Chiu (of FLUX quartet) and William Lang (of loadbang). The festival featured a night featuring works by John Cage performed by loadbang, the MIVOS quartet and others; an evening length performance of Karlheinz Stockhausen's Am Himmel wandre Ich by Megan Schubert and Jeff Gavett, and a night of solo performances from Nicole Camacho, Annie Lyle, Mariel Roberts, Megan Schubert, Jude Traxler and Kobe Van Cauwenberghe.
Special guest soloist: Tom Chiu.
The Apparition String Ensemble: Drew Blumberg, Catherine McCurry: violins.
Video projection by Oscar Henriquez.
Featuring performances by: members of loadbang, MIVOS Quartet, Megan Schubert, Jude Traxler and Randy Gibson.
One4 for Solo Drummer performed by percussionist and experimental composer Jude Traxler to open the concert.
The beautiful String Quartet in Four Parts, performed by MIVOS quartet, shows Cage's stunning sense of melody and structure that were so vital to his early work.
Closing the concert was a monumental performance of Song Books with solos from the Concert for Piano and Orchestra performed by members of loadbang with Megan Schubert and presented with videos of Solo for Voice 19 by Randy Gibson and Ana Baer-Carrillo originally created for Avant Media's celebrations of Cage's 95th Birthday: John Cage at 95 as well as i-Ching based video lighting created by Oscar Henriquez.
Solo performances by: Nicole Camacho, Annie Lyle, Mariel Roberts, Megan Schubert, Jude Traxler and Kobe Van Cauwenberghe.
Special guest soloist, avant-garde trombonist William Lang.


Trent is a small beige diamond pattern with a raised chenille soft yellow dot in the middle of the diamond. This is a great "ditzy" or small pattern that coordinates easily with other fabrics. Ideal for upholstery, bedding, pillows, cushions, table and window treatments.


text:
VOLUME VIII, No. 2 - Arts and Letters
CSARODA AND THE HUNGARIAN REFORMATION: A TRAVEL ESSAY – PART I
Gordon McKechnie
In 1946, a Hungarian poet stood in front of the Reformation Wall in the Parc des Bastions in Geneva. Gyula Illyés's poem – Before the Reformation Monument in Geneva – is now regarded as one of the most important Hungarian poems of the 20th century, alongside his better known 1950 poem One Sentence on Tyranny. In his poem, Gyula Illyés (1902–1983), in his Paris youth a left-wing activist from a Roman Catholic paternal background, asks the question "Do you believe there would be a Hungarian nation if there had been no Calvin?" His answer is "I do not think so."
You cannot climb the tower of the church in Csaroda. But if you could you would look out across a flat land stretching away from you in all directions. The horizon to the east is today in Ukraine. In every other direction you are looking at country that has been part of Hungary for more than a thousand years. This province is called Bereg. Only a small part of historical Bereg remains within Hungary today. The rest of it, including its capital – Beregszász – lies to the north and today within Ukraine. Beregszász has been outside the borders of Hungary since 1920 – first in Czechoslovakia, then in the Soviet Union, then in Ukraine. But its population, still majority Hungarian speaking, voted in 2010 to change the town's name from the Ukrainian "Berehove" back to the Hungarian "Beregszász".
In 895, forced westward from their homelands on the Pontic Steppe by a very unpleasant people known as the Pechenegs, the wandering Hungarian – or Magyar – tribes, under the leadership of Árpád, crossed the Carpathian passes into the Carpathian Basin. Later generations of Hungarians would frequently draw parallels between their own nation and the Children of Israel in the Old Testament, an analogy that still finds a voice, sometimes a rather fanciful voice, in remote corners of the Internet.1
The Promised Land that the Magyars found in the Carpathian Basin is said to have reminded them of their homeland to the east. If you want to see why that might have been so, travel west from Debrecen across the utterly flat Great Hungarian Plain – the Pannonian Plain –, the Alföld in Hungarian. Some of the plain is now the Hortobágy National Park. Here is the largest continuous stretch of natural grasslands in Europe, the farthest west extension of the Eurasian steppe. At the end of a hot summer it looks like a desert. The upright timbers of "heron wells" – the ancient Middle Eastern sweep well known in Arabic as shaduf – dot the landscape and protected herds of long-horned Hungarian Grey Cattle raise far-off dust clouds as they roam among distant mirages. The ancestors of these iconic pale cattle probably arrived here with the incoming Magyar tribes in the 9th century. Az alföld, a poem by Sándor Petőfi (1823–1849), considered by many to be Hungary's national poet, did much to foster the image of the Great Plain as the quintessential Hungarian countryside.
On closer inspection, though, you do see water in this desert-like landscape. It comes as a surprise to see despondent earth-caked water buffaloes wallowing in muddy sloughs. We walked alongside the overgrown ponds of an abandoned fish farm that once exported its product as far as the markets of Amsterdam, and watched an ornithologist there ring a reed warbler before releasing it to continue its journey to Africa. "There are fewer of them now", he said. "Climate change is widening the Sahara and it becomes more difficult for these little birds to make it across to their winter habitats." Or else they are trapped, killed and eaten in Cyprus, where songbirds are an illegal delicacy, and never make it to Africa.
By contrast, the natural vegetation of the countryside around Csaroda is forest and still, between the orchards, fields and pastures that separate the tidy villages, woodland breaks up the views to the horizon. It is also a low-lying land that has long been prone to floods, often on a devastating scale. Levees have been built along the course of the River Tisza to protect the villages and farmland. Some of the many bicycle tracks that connect the villages of Bereg run along the tops of these dykes. When you cycle along the track past the church at Tivadar, you are level with its roof.
We dined one night on hearty bowls of catfish soup liberally seasoned with paprika. The fish had come from the Tisza. There was a recent season, however, when local fish was off the menu. In 2000, a tailings pond at a gold mine near Baia Mare in Romania burst its dam. The cyanide-laced muck made its way down the tributaries into the Tisza. All the fish died. Hungary has since then led the campaign to ban the use of cyanide in gold-mining operations, and the gold mine has recently been closed down.
Within ten years of arriving, the Magyars had conquered the entire Carpathian Basin and, from their new home, were raiding the settled lands to the west and south. Then, in 1000, King Stephen (a descendant of Árpád, later canonised, and now gracing the 10,000 forint note) adopted Christianity and Hungary became a settled Roman Catholic kingdom. This Christian coronation at the dawn of the millennium has become a seminal event in Hungarians' interpretation of their history. The 2011 Hungarian Constitution begins with a reference to it: "We are proud that our king Saint Stephen built the Hungarian State on solid ground and made our country a part of Christian Europe one thousand years ago."
Uniquely among all the tribes that invaded Europe from across the Pontic Steppe over the centuries – Huns, Avars, Mongols, Tatars – the Magyars founded an enduring nation, and established their impossible Uralic language in a sea of Indo-European – Germanic, Slavic, Romance – speakers. "Hungarian is actually a very easy language", I was told. "In Hungary even young children learn it." Give or take Croatia and the fracturing of the country during the conquest of the Ottoman Turks (1541–1686), the geographic extent of Hungary remained more or less as it was in the time of St Stephen until the Treaty of Trianon in 1920.
In adopting Roman Catholicism, Hungary also established itself as the south- eastern bulwark of Western Christendom. To its south and east, the populations faced Byzantium rather than Rome. In due course, and with one exception (Russia), all those Orthodox kingdoms – including Constantinople itself – fell to the Muslim Ottoman Empire. That put Hungary in the first line of defence against the rising power of the day.
In the summer of 1456, three years after the fall of Constantinople, the Ottoman armies sought to conquer the Kingdom of Hungary. A force of somewhere between 60,000 and 160,000, under the command of the Sultan, set out to besiege the strategic border fortress of Nándorfehérvár, now Belgrade in Serbia, then on the southern frontiers of Hungary. The defence fell to János Hunyadi, Voivode of Transylvania, who had spent most of his life battling Turkish encroachment. Alongside his troops were sling-and-scythe-wielding peasants enthused for, and led in, the cause of defending Christendom by Giovanni da Capestrano, a seventy- year-old Franciscan friar. In all, the Hungarian force numbered less than 30,000. Yet the siege was broken and in a spontaneous battle outside the walls the Sultan's troops were scattered and the Sultan himself wounded.
Of such significance was the looming siege of Belgrade to Western Christendom that the Pope ordered church bells everywhere to be rung at noon each day to remind the faithful to pray for the defenders of the fortress. The "noon bell" soon turned into a commemoration of the Hungarian victory, and in many churches across Europe the "noon bell" still rings.
In the weeks after the victory, Giovanni da Capestrano (later canonised) and János Hunyadi (now remembered as one of Hungary's greatest heroes) both died of the plague – a vicious side-effect of medieval warfare. But János Hunyadi's prestige as a scourge of the Turks was a key factor in the election of his son, Matthias Corvinus (whose portrait is on the 1000 forint note), as King of Hungary in 1457. The battle of Belgrade and the reign of Matthias Corvinus, one of Hungary's greatest kings, were key to keeping the Turks out of Central Europe for the next sixty years. The Preamble to the 2011 Hungarian Constitution: "We are proud that our people has over the centuries defended Europe in a series of struggles…"
Belgrade did, however, eventually fall to the Ottomans – in 1521. Then, in 1526, the Turks were back with a huge army, this time in an anti-Habsburg alliance with François Ier of France that shocked Christendom, and led by the greatest of all the Ottoman Sultans, Suleiman the Magnificent. At the fatal battle of Mohács, the much smaller Hungarian army was wiped out. The young king Louis II died in a flooded brook while retreating from the battle.
The battle of Mohács, on 29 August 1526, is one of the most significant in European history. It marked the end of the powerful medieval Kingdom of Hungary. It brought Muslim Turkish power into Central Europe. Hungary had to pay tribute to Istanbul and, from 1541, the country was in effect divided into three. The central part of the kingdom, including Buda, the royal capital, became a Turkish province, complete with mosques and hammams. The former are gone now, but the steamy successors to the Turkish baths still abound. The west and the north became Royal Hungary, paying tribute to the Ottomans, but under the rule of the Habsburgs in Vienna. The east became the Principality of Transylvania, under Turkish suzerainty but, within those bounds, pretty well an independent Hungarian state.
Mohács brought the Habsburgs, then aggrandising their domains through clever marriage alliances, into the non-German speaking lands of Bohemia and Hungary; for Louis II had been king not only of Hungary and Croatia but also of Bohemia. The Habsburgs eyed the empty thrones with interest. The crowns of both Hungary and Bohemia had been elective. The Habsburgs now insisted that they should be hereditary and therefore theirs. But Bohemia was largely Hussite, Hungary was increasingly Protestant, and the Habsburgs saw themselves as the bulwark of the Roman church and, as time progressed, of the Counter- Reformation. Problems loomed.
Take a step back: events that were taking place elsewhere in Europe would bring changes more profound than Mohács to Western Christendom and find a powerful and lasting echo in Hungary. On 31 October 1517, Martin Luther (1483–1546) nailed his ninety-five theses to a church door in Wittenberg and as early as 1523 Lutheran doctrines were being taught in Buda. In that year an edict was promulgated in Hungary with penalties of loss of life and property for Lutherans. Nonetheless, in the words of J. D. Wylie's History of Protestantism, an old leather- bound set of three nineteenth-century volumes that once belonged to my great- grandfather and that sat on the bookshelves of my childhood homes, "Perhaps in no country of Europe were the doctrines of the Reformation so instantaneously and so widely diffused as in Hungary". By 1600, 90 per cent of Hungary was Protestant. How do we account for this?
While in much of Western Europe feudalism was in retreat, in Hungary it was consolidating in the 15th and early 16th century. Hungary sits on some of the most productive agricultural land in Europe and the growing populations to the west represented an increasing source of demand for Hungary's grain, cattle and pigs. Big farming operations were needed to exploit the opportunities. G. R. Elton, Reformation Europe, 1517–1559 (1963): "Personal liberty gave way to serfdom; peasant farming to estate farming; and estate farming on that scale created effectively independent domains in the hands of great owners. A weak monarchy conceded rights of rule." Fear of a national strongman had led to less than fulsome support for János Hunyadi's 1456 defence of Belgrade and, after the authoritarian rule of his son, Matthias Corvinus, to the deliberate election of weak successors to the crown of St Stephen – the Apostolic Crown of Hungary. In 1526, much of the Hungarian nobility had declined to send troops to Mohács. After Mohács, there were two rival kings – the Habsburg claimant and János Zápolya – and a crisis of national identity.
The church, too, had lost its independent voice. G. R. Elton again: "The Hungarian Church, in fact, was effectively dead, controlled and staffed by king and nobles with virtually no spiritual life left in it at all." Only a few Franciscan voices spoke out against the status quo. A spiritual vacuum was waiting to be filled. With the fracturing of central power after the battle of Mohács, persecution of religious dissent became more difficult. The many German-speaking communities in Hungary and the advent of printing presses meant that there was ready access to the ideas of Luther, Melanchthon, Zwingli, Bullinger, Bucer and others.
Turkish rule was harsh. When it eventually ended in Hungary, the lands that had been under direct Turkish rule were largely depopulated. Twenty-two villages of Hortobágy and all their inhabitants had been wiped out, never to be resettled – contributing no doubt to the desert-like appearance of the area to this day. Others who lived in Turkish-ruled regions escaped to Transylvania or Royal Hungary. But the Turks were indifferent as to whether their Christian subjects were Roman Catholic or Protestant and this in itself gave an advantage to the Protestants. In fact, given their Muslim abhorrence of images, the Ottomans probably looked marginally more favourably at Protestant, and particularly Reformed, places of worship. When they realised that the Protestants were also opposed to the Habsburgs, the Ottomans sometimes encouraged Protestant preachers. "The Reformed gained their ascendancy in Hungary not least because Reformed Protestantism was an emphatic rejection of Habsburg allegiance" (Diarmaid MacCulloch, Reformation, 2003). In the late 18th century a worried member of the Council of State said, "If I ask a Calvinist peasant what his religion is, he answers: I am Hungarian by faith. The reign of the Hungarian language will mean Calvinist reign" (quoted in Botond Gaál, Calvinist Features on the Spiritual Face of the Hungarians, 2007). To be Hungarian was to be Reformed.
Over the next two centuries of conflict between Ottomans and Habsburgs, persecution of Protestants was at its most severe when the Habsburgs were in the ascendancy and waned when the Ottomans were more powerful. To this day, although there are Reformed congregations throughout Hungary, the geographic strongholds of the Hungarian Reformed Church are in those parts of the country farthest from Vienna – in the Great Plain, in the east of modern Hungary, and among the ethnic Hungarians in Romania.
The simple but beautiful little church in Csaroda is a Reformed church. (The Hungarian Református is often translated into English, as it is on the sign outside the church in Csaroda, as "Calvinist". Jean Calvin (1509–1564), the French-born, "second-generation" Reformer, who led the Reformation in Geneva, was the most prominent theologian of the Reformed party. But he was by no means the only one.) We stood, awaiting the keyholder, in the shade of one of the many trees in the green area that surrounds the church. Wasps hovered over a purple carpet of fallen plums fermenting in the heat. Beyond the whitewashed church, a thatched whitewashed house stood. In the other direction were long south-facing houses with their gable ends to the street. In the garden of one of them the upright timbers of a swing well preserved a memory of a bygone age. There has been a village here for a very long time. We reflected on its name: Csaroda.
Place names and the layers of memory they perpetuate are endlessly fascinating, and none more so than, despite their fierce exteriors, those of Hungary. Even if your map did not mark the River Tisza, you could trace its course through villages with the "Tisza-" prefix – Tiszabecs, Tiszakóród, Tiszaszalka, Tiszavid… The prefix "Kun-" marks places where Turkic-speaking Cuman refugees were settled in the 13th century on lands depopulated by the devastating Mongol raids of 1241 that killed possibly half of Hungary's population – Kuncsorba, Kunhegyes, Kunmadaras… Jászberény, Jászjákóhalma and Jásztelek tell of the Jassi people, who spoke an Iranian language and who retained a degree of autonomy until 1876. And what about Hajdúböszörmény? "Böszörmény" is an old Hungarian word for Muslim and we know that Muslims, migrants from the steppe, lived hereabouts until the 12th century. Early in the 17th century, István Bocskai ennobled 9,254 free peasants who had supported him against the Habsburgs. The prefix "Hajdú-" denotes their towns. Lurking beneath the name "Livada", a town in northern Romania where the population is still more than 60 per cent Hungarian, is its old Hungarian name, "Sárköz". A former President of France draws his name from here. It means "muddy alley". Csaroda derives its name from the Slavic tongue of its pre-Magyar inhabitants – čierna voda, "black water".
The Csaroda church dates from the 13th century. The wooden spire is more recent. The church's thick whitewashed exterior walls are pierced by only a few tall thin Romanesque windows. In front of you, as you enter the narrow door, are the smiling faces of Byzantine-style saints that date from the early years of the church. Another medieval (14th century) fresco covers the walls of the apse. In 1555, the church of Csaroda became definitively Reformed. The frescoes of the old religion were covered over with a white plaster and there they remained, hidden for more than 400 years. In 1642, the plaster was redecorated with the floral patterns and text lauding the church's patron that are still there. It was not until the 1970s that work was undertaken to uncover and display the medieval artwork.
Geometric, cross-stitch embroidery decorates the pulpit, the central table and some of the wooden pews. Despite the church being long and thin, built originally with a focus on the altar at its east end, the pews are now set out on three sides of a square around the central communion table and pulpit. An intricately carved hood hovers over the pulpit. The focus is now on the "Word" and the seating arrangement, that recognises equality before God, would not look out of place in a Presbyterian Highland kirk.
You would also see a similar seating plan in a Reformed church in the Netherlands. For instance, in the rather grander setting of the Great Church of Haarlem – the former cathedral church of St Bavo that became definitively Reformed in 1578, twenty-three years after Csaroda – the pulpit with its carved hood stands against a thick Romanesque column towards the west end of the towering Gothic nave. At the foot of the pulpit is the table and around it on three sides are rows of simple wooden chairs with straw seats. On a Sunday morning some will sit here with their backs to the site of the former altar from the church's Roman Catholic past, far away at the east end of the building.
We travelled along the empty back roads of Bereg, and those south of the River Tisza in the old county of Szatmár. Fields of maize and overripe sunflowers awaited harvest. Dry, dusty tracks led away between woods and field. All the houses seemed to cluster in villages. We saw no farmhouses in the fields between them. The villages were quiet, tidy and resplendent in late summer flowers – geraniums, canna, lilies, marigolds, petunias, black-eyed susans… If there were a village fleuri prize in these parts, it would be a serious competition; but in the end I would award it to Kömörő. Along the street that leads to the strange cemetery at Szatmárcseke, where the wooden headstones seem to be modelled on upended boats with a series of notches carved into them, the hot afternoon air smelled wonderfully of plum jam being made.
Every village here has a parish church in its centre. Every one of them is a Reformed church. Where they were unlocked we went in and saw the same Genevan lay-out of the pews around the pulpit that we saw at Csaroda, the same simple white-washed walls, the cross-stitch-embroidered linen decorating the simple furnishings, the painted or carved hood over the pulpit. We found a Greek Catholic church on the outskirts of Beregdaróc. It was a couple of hundred metres from the Ukrainian border, bore the date 1955, and its gate was padlocked. We passed an ill-kempt Roman Catholic church near Beregsurány. If there are other churches in the area that are not Reformed we did not find them.
The village of Tákos lies three kilometres west of Csaroda. Its peaceful, wide main street is flanked by substantial, solid houses, each almost of identical size, each fronted by flowers. The street is two streets really, so broad is the green area in its middle. The tiny (Reformed, of course) church here, on the long green, is one of the most charming we saw in Bereg. The floor is made of dull-red, baked-earth tiles. The ceiling is low and wooden panelled. In each panel is a painted floral design. Similar designs, all in colours muted by time, decorate the fronts of the pews and the balcony. The pews are arranged here too on three sides of a square, facing a round table. The table – and the tops of the front pews – are covered with linen cloths embroidered in red. A painted pottery vase with flowers in it stands on the table. In this simple place the art is straightforward, dignified, folk art. Gone are the elaborate painted images that were meant to aid worship but which had, in the Reformed view, ended up distracting from true worship of God. The walls were plain white.
Diarmaid MacCulloch says that "to step into a Transylvanian Reformed church building was often to find a riot of newly painted colour and even figure decoration that would alarm censorious western European Calvinists". We saw none of this, however, in the churches we visited in Bereg and Szatmár. Tákos was the most decorated among them and even it had no images.
The Reformation in Hungary began with Lutheran ideas, but as the rediscovered principle of studying the Bible to find out what it actually said gained ground, Hungary became open to a wide range of ideas from abroad and within Hungary home-grown theologies developed. By the 1550s, theological opinion among most Hungarian-speaking theologians was coalescing around a position similar to that of the Swiss, or Reformed, party. In 1562, Heinrich Bullinger (1504–1575), Zwingli's successor at the Grossmünster in Zurich, wrote out his personal statement of belief. When published a few years later, this became the Second Helvetic Confession and, together with the Heidelberg Catechism, the main statement of Reformed faith. The Hungarian Reformed Church willingly adopted the Second Helvetic Confession in 1567; and both it and the Heidelberg Confession remain its fundamental statements of faith to this day.
In parallel with Calvinism there was also a significant Unitarian voice in Hungary in Ferenc Dávid. Slovaks and the Saxon population of Transylvania continued to maintain a more Lutheran outlook. In 1568, the Diet of Torda granted freedom of religion – a first in Europe. The 1568 Edict renounced the idea of a national established religion and gave legal guarantees to Catholic, Lutheran, Calvinist and Unitarian congregations. Orthodox, Muslim and Jewish ones were to be formally tolerated, though without legal guarantees. In Transylvania, where the Edict had effect, the leading party was Calvinist – or Reformed.
Hand in hand with the reform in the Church, Hungarian Reformers sought to address what they saw as Hungary's backward state compared to western European countries. The key tool for national renewal that they adopted was education. Before the Reformation there were only some seventy schools in the whole of Hungary, all attached to monasteries, and no universities. Three major theological colleges were founded in the early stages of the Reformation: Pápa in Transdanubia (1531), Sárospatak (1531) and Debrecen (1538) in the east. Each is still functioning today.
Many Hungarian towns still trace the foundation of their local secondary school to the Reformation. Indeed, the entire Hungarian school system has its origin in the Hungarian Reformed Church. Debrecen alone founded 584 schools. In the words of Péter Melius Juhász (1532–1572), who, as Minister of the church in Debrecen, was one of the major Hungarian reformers of the second half of the 16th century, "Found a school from every church". The schools taught in Hungarian (which, with increasing pressures to Germanise, was almost seditious in itself) and, in order to ensure connection with the wider world, also taught Latin to their pupils. The place of Latin in Hungary remained for many years. Only in 1844 did the Hungarian Parliament and courts stop using Latin as their official language.
Reflecting the egalitarian trend in Reformed Protestantism, the new schools made particular provision for the poor. Márton Szilágyi Tönkő (1642–1700), for example, was a serf child educated by the new school system. He rose to become Professor of Physics at Debrecen Reformed College and was only liberated from serfdom after he had become a full Professor. In Scotland he would have been known as a "lad o'pairts".
Calvin's theology emphasised the unity of the Old and New Testaments, and the Reformed party in general had a higher view of the Old Testament than was accorded to it by either the Catholics or the Lutherans. Hungarians, under foreign rule and subject to persecution for their Reformed faith, took comfort in the Prophets' call for social justice and Old Testament stories of national liberation and renewal. In a theme that recurs from time to time in Hungarian history, they saw themselves as being in some ways similar to Israel of the Old Testament. In these circumstances, the Reformed views of authority, "tyrants" and liberty were significant.
For Calvin, the purpose of civil government included "to foster and maintain the external worship of God, to defend sound doctrine and the condition of the church" (Institutes, IV. 2). He opposed the growing absolutism that would culminate in the theories of the "divine right of kings" and thought that hereditary "monarchy is prone to tyranny" (Institutes, IV. 20). His favoured form of government was one in which the aristocracy, or lesser (possibly elected) magistrates, operated checks and balances on the king's power. His political philosophy gave the power of rebellion to these lesser magistrates when the king commanded what was contrary to God's revealed word. But, because tyranny was ultimately preferable to anarchy, Calvin did not accord this right to the common people. Others – John Knox, Theodore Beza, Philippe du Plessis-Mornay (probable author of the 1579 tract Vindiciae, Contra Tyrannos) – in the emerging Reformed camp, however, went further, especially after the St Bartholomew's day massacre of Protestants in Paris in 1572. Bullinger, going beyond where Calvin himself ever went, discerned the condemnation of tyranny, and its source in evil, in Christ's words quoted in Luke 22:53: "But this is your hour, and the power of darkness" (Authorised Version). Bullinger had accepted the position as minister of the Grossmünster in Zurich only on the basis that he would be free to criticise the government from the pulpit.
Reformed political theory, and the Old Testament imagery that came so readily to it, had a marked impact too on the emerging nationalism of the Netherlands, then waging its own war against Habsburg tyranny. "In this Netherlandish addendum to the Old Testament, the United Provinces featured as the new Zion, Philip II as a king of Assyria and William the Silent as a godly captain of Judah" (Simon Schama, The Embarrassment of Riches, 1987). In Dutch literature and art of the time, Philip II is also frequently compared to Pharaoh. Simon Schama: "Of all the scriptural analogies for patriotic history, none was more obviously compelling than the Exodus."
In English-speaking countries Reformed thought on social order, tyranny and rebellion had its influence right down the very text of the English translations of the Bible itself. In a 2011 article, The Geneva Bible, Nick Spencer traces the history of English translations of the Bible in the 16th and 17th centuries. Henry VIII authorised a Bible translation to compete with Tyndale's version that was circulating illegally and being read widely throughout England. While Tyndale's translation was small and capable of easy and clandestine circulation, Henry's Great Bible (1539) was of large format, kept chained in churches and under the control of the clergy. Nick Spencer: "Its frontispiece depicted society as it ought to be. An enthroned Henry dominated. Above him God was squeezed rather uncomfortably into a tiny heaven, from where he blessed the monarch. The King then passed the Word of God to Archbishop Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell, who in turn passed it to clergy and the laity respectively, the picture reaching all the way down to a few, bedraggled traitors, languishing in Newgate Prison for their refusal to honour the king."
When Mary Tudor ("Bloody Mary") ascended the throne and began to execute Protestants in England, a number of Reformers fled the country, many finding refuge in Geneva. There, drawing on "the scholarship of Calvin and Beza and contemporary French versions" (Owen Chadwick, The Reformation, 1964) and making considerable use of Tyndale's work, they made yet another English translation of the Bible. The so-called "Geneva Bible", published in full in 1560, was in a small format, printed in easy-to-read font, cheap, and intended to be read by everyone. It was the first English Bible to use verse numbers, a 1551 innovation by Geneva printer Robert Estienne that has been followed in all subsequent translations. In contrast to the "busy, authoritarian image on the front of the Great Bible, the dominant image of the Geneva Bible depicted a key moment from Exodus" (Spencer, 2011) – liberation from slavery, a narrative that resonated, perhaps even more strongly than in England, in contemporary Hungary and the Netherlands. The text of the Geneva Bible famously used the word "tyrant", and was accompanied by extensive notes on the text, including "seditious notes" that "unapologetically discussed the many occasions in the Old Testament (and it was the Old: the New proved much less politically contentious) in which the people or their leaders had legitimately resisted or even overthrown tyrants…" (Spencer, 2011).
Elizabeth I disliked the Geneva Bible and commissioned the "Bishops' Bible", large in format and seen as a pillar of social order. But the Geneva Bible remained popular, and when James VI of Scotland, who had an even higher view of royal authority than Elizabeth, ascended the English throne as James I, he commissioned yet another translation, published in 1614, which has come to be known as the "King James" or "Authorised" version. The word "tyrant" was absent. In due course, the Geneva Bible was banned. Nick Spencer: "In the textual tussle between freedom and order, order had won."
But perhaps, outwith the text, not entirely. When the Mayflower Pilgrims sailed for the New World in 1620, it was the Geneva Bible that went with them. A hundred- and-fifty years later echoes of Geneva surfaced in the American Revolution and the founding documents of the United States. Benjamin Franklin proposed adopting for America's Great Seal the image from Exodus of Moses with his arm raised while Pharaoh and his army drown in the Red Sea surrounded by the words "Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to God". Thomas Jefferson, the new country's third President, took "Rebellion to Tyrants is Obedience to God" as his personal motto.
1 See http://hargita.awardspace.com/taltos/taltosen.html.
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Review – PC – House MD (the Game)
Legacy Interactive | Released: 5.26.2011
NOTE: This review mostly concerns itself with Chapter 1, I plan to go through at least one more chapter and if there are significant game play changes I'll note them but otherwise it can be assumed to be more of the same. Also this review is image heavy because I had too many good shots to narrow it down.
Occasionally something that seems slightly ridiculous shows up on my radar and I just can't help but give it a try. House MD the Game falls into this category. The company behind this isn't one I've ever heard of but judging by their website they specialize in this sort of point and click mini game based adventure game. They also have some games based on other popular prime time shows available.
I am a fan of the show, sort of. I really enjoyed it up through the end of Season 3. After they broke up the original team and started adding other subordinates things started slowly moving downhill. I can't say I've watched much past maybe halfway through Season 4. This game features most of the more current characters so it is at least based on the what's relevant now as far as the show goes. Everyone is there, House, Wilson, Cuddy, Thirteen, Foreman, Cameron, Chase, and Taub. The graphics on this are good enough that everyone is easily recognizable. I won't go so far as to say they are great though only because some of the facial expressions House gives are a little… odd…
The game itself does a decent job of replicating the general aspects of the show. There are 5 Chapters or cases to solve which must be solved in order. There is the basic set up, some inconspicuous situation leads to a person landing in the hospital. House and his team brainstorm and test for various illnesses. There's even the "side patient" clinic side of House's job that shows up. Eventually after several failed diagnosis, House has an epiphany moment (through the use of a bouncing ball mini game) and the solution presents itself to the world more or less out of nowhere.
This plot aspect actually annoys me but it's consistent with the show and much of modern television these days. They throw so many Red Herrings at you that there isn't any way to actually piece together the mystery even if you're paying attention. There is just an "ah-hah" moment and it's done. Not a complaint against the game mind you but that gimmick reeks of annoying writing.
The game play itself involves reading through the narrative and solving several tasks presented to you. These tasks are timed mini games. You do procedural tasks which are, slightly annoyingly, spelled out step by step, so no real challenge. These involve things like "whip the area with sponge, stick the needle in the arm, no slide up to insert the needle, put the vial on to the end of the needle".
There are also search and find the clues games. These involve panning around a scene looking for clues as to what may have caused the illness. These are a little weak because you mostly pick up random objects, none of which end up having much to do with anything. The third of the more common puzzles is the brainstorming sessions. Several different diseases float around on the screen. You must select the correct one to move on. As you select answers, letters that match will be revealed helping you to sole the answer. Also letters are revealed over time slowly. Generally you'll do 4 or 5 of these in a row as House tells you all the reasons you're wrong.
The whole thing reminds me a lot of the Pet Care style games my kids play. Basic mouse movement based tasks presented to the player with no true threat of loss. This is a very casual game in that it's meant to appeal to people who don't really play games. The type who don't want to get a game over screen ever, they just want play a house episode.
Much of the game is very dialogue heavy. I can't really decide if it's good or bad or just off. I have not really paid attention to the show the last few seasons so maybe house has turned into a "Sex one liner every other sentence kinda guy" but I don't remember him being quite this randomly nuts on the show. The worst comes from the clinic patient. House more or less mocks her the entire time telling her she needs to fatten up repeatedly only considerably more rudely. House is an ass but he's not really all that flat out MEAN. I've included several choice selections in the screenshots, you'll want to enlarge them to read it though.
The simplicity will probably turn off a lot of more hardcore gamer types. It'll likely turn off people who just like more action in their game. It's not real terrible for a mostly text based narrative style adventure game.
Here are some extra images I didn't have room for…. Click to make them larger…