It's been my experience that practices that use a lot of brochures, enjoy a lot of new patients. Yet, there are a sizable number of chiropractors who believe that handing out brochures to patients is a self-serving, egotistical, unprofessional or a desperate act of someone who can't deliver the goods. So he or she must resort to pandering and cheap promotional schemes to get new patients.
Nothing could be further from the truth. But if you believe any of these lies, even a little bit, you'll be constrained from helping more people, your practice won't have the significance you crave and you'll merely limp along, barely surviving rather than abundantly thriving. All this because of your wrongheaded beliefs about those colored pieces of paper in the Plexiglas compartments hanging on the wall of your reception room!
I'm going to assume you have a supply of chiropractic brochures (hopefully from either Patient Media), they reflect your philosophy, they have a contemporary look and feel that matches the tone of your practice and you have a way to conveniently access them during the course of your daily interactions with patients.
I know. Your consultation is spellbinding. Your examination is jaw dropping. Your reports are mesmerizing. And your adjusting skills are legendary. Thus, it can be assumed that patients are able to make a compelling case for chiropractic care without any visual aids.
If you have the courage, ask a couple of patients how they describe chiropractic to others. And if you're brave enough, ask them how they'd explain how chiropractic could help someone with stomach problems or some other visceral or organic health problem. The blank expressions or what you hear coming from their mouths should cure you of this wrong-headed notion instantly.
It's true. Some patients won't read them. But think about it. Why should they? They're already receiving chiropractic care! Your brochures are for people you haven't met—people that patients know, but you don't. Yet.
So sure, you'll find some of your brochures in your parking lot. Or they'll be tossed onto the backseat of their car. No problem. It's a numbers game. Some "seeds" will fall on rocky soil or be eaten by the birds. But others will land on fertile soil and produce a 10-, 30- or 100-fold return. You can't know where it will land in advance. Your responsibility is merely to broadcast seeds.
This is one of the most ridiculous arguments, yet one of the most effective at constraining chiropractors from giving brochures to patients.
This belief is often held by chiropractors who squander hundreds of dollars on ineffective yellow page listings, have an expensive website they rarely even mention to patients or "give away" their care by belonging to HMOs and insurance plans that steal valuable time and energy. These are the same chiropractors who go to Sam's Club or Costco and buy a lifetime supply of maraschino cherries or the institutional size container of olive oil—which will both spoil long before they're used.
When you consider how much energy goes into writing and producing brochures, they're quite a bargain. Especially when you buy in bulk. While sold in packages of 50, most of us who supply brochures extend discounts when you buy 200 brochures or more. This can lower the cost to less than 30¢ apiece. How many "seeds" at 30¢ each would you need to distribute to manifest into a new patient? Twenty? Fifty? Whatever number you choose, when you consider the typical case average in your practice, it's an incredible return on your investment.
This brilliant showstopper virtually guarantees your brochures become dog-eared and your rack rarely needs replenishment. It's a convenient excuse that keeps your practice from being too influential or successful.
If you aren't creative enough to put this simple message in your own words, it could mean you're using your creativity to imagine the worst-case scenario: patient rejection.
The fear of rejection is a mighty thing. It stopped us from asking that pretty girl to the high school dance and it helps keep your practice modest and unthreatening.
From a patient's point of view, it's easier to take your brochure than concoct an excuse. Nevertheless, many chiropractors won't even broach the subject for fear they will feel the same feelings they felt when rebuffed by the rejection we felt back in high school.
"Did I mention it's free?
Have some fun. After all these are just brochures!
You beast you, preying upon poor, defenseless patients to do your bidding and grow your practice. How could you?
If this myth has constrained you, then you're overlooking a critical detail. By making it more difficult for patients to refer others, you're denying them the profound joy of helping someone else. That's the right. You're denying patients a taste of the same high-octane fuel that motivates you! By being stingy with your brochures, patients lack the reminder, the language and the personal affirmation that comes from telling others about the best kept secret in health care.
If you want to change the world, make it easier for patients to change their world.
I'm not sure the source of this one. Perhaps it comes from the same place the If-You're-a-Good-Businessperson-You're-a-Poor-Adjuster myth comes from. Apparently, so the thinking goes, if you have to do anything to promote chiropractic or your practice, you must not be a very good chiropractor.
This belief is sure to keep your practice small. While you're at it, make your telephone number unlisted, remove all practice signage, get rid of your business cards and go back to chiropractic college. Because as we all know, if you have to promote yourself, you must not be very good.
You're sitting on a gold mine. Not to mention all those brochures you have taking up cupboard and closet space. The barrier to their use is purely emotional. This emotional subluxation blunts your impact and prompts you to seek less emotionally risky (and less effective) ways to advance your practice. Just remember, the health of your practice, like the health of a patient, comes from the inside-out.


text:
Overdose deaths skyrocket in N.J. as opioid epidemic proves unassailable
Stephen Stirling | NJ Advance Media for NJ.com
Drug overdose deaths soared to new heights in 2015, driven by the continued rise of heroin use in New Jersey and the alarming ascent of its chemical cousin, fentanyl, as one of the deadliest drugs in the state.
New data from the New Jersey Medical Examiner's Office shows there were 1,587 drug overdose deaths in 2015, up 21 percent from the year before. Heroin deaths also rose significantly, to 918, the highest level since accurate records have been kept in the Garden State.
Since 2004, more than 6,000 people have now died in New Jersey due to heroin.
But perhaps most alarming is the rise of fentanyl, a synthetic opioid up to 50 times more powerful than street heroin. The data shows 417 deaths attributed to fentanyl, more than eight times the total recorded just two years ago.
"This spike in fentanyl deaths starkly illustrates the tremendous challenge we face to stem the alarming growth in opioid abuse in New Jersey and across the nation," said Attorney General Christopher Porrino. "Drug abuse today too often takes the form of a tragic progression from prescription painkillers, to the cheaper alternative of heroin, to a deadly dose of fentanyl or a fentanyl knockoff, frequently disguised as or mixed with less potent opioids like heroin and oxycodone. We're taking action on multiple fronts to address this scourge."
The drug is so powerful that two Atlantic County law enforcement officials were hospitalized last year simply by accidentally opening a bag of it at a crime scene.
"All you need is a small grain of it and it can be lethal," Joseph Coronato, the Ocean County Prosecutor said in an interview with NJ Advance Media last month. "We definitely have fentanyl in Ocean County. I'm not saying it's in every single heroin pack, but it looks like more and more it's certainly there."
The new data is a confounding problem for New Jersey. It shows the heroin and opioid crisis in New Jersey has continued to grow unabated, despite myriad efforts to stymie its growth.
The use of Narcan, a drug that near-instantly reverses an opioid overdose, has been used more than 18,000 times since 2014. Gov. Chris Christie pledged $100 million toward drug and alcohol treatment last year. More than two dozen piece of legislation targeting the issue have been passed by the legislature.
All this, and still the death toll rises.
Last year, an NJ Advance Media investigation revealed there were least 128,000 people actively using heroin in New Jersey, a figure that has undoubtedly grown.
And the early returns for 2016 are not promising.
Ocean County recorded the second-highest total of overdose deaths of any county in 2015, at 157. While official data lags about a year, Coronato said Ocean had already passed that total by October of this year.
Worse still, Coronato and his team of investigators found that 17 of the 20 people who died of a drug overdose in March had a mix of fentanyl and heroin in his or her system.
Stephen Stirling may be reached at sstirling@njadvancemedia.com. Follow him on Twitter @sstirling. Find him on Facebook.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Special Session: System of Robotic Systems – Challenges for large scale systems
Our society is now facing major societal challenges in the fields of healthcare, transport and safety/security, requiring large-scale technological developments such as industry 4.0. To date, with the evolution of technology, modern systems are increasingly moving away from their monolithic (single) configuration. Classical engineering systems have undergone significant technological changes in recent decades. They have more autonomy in decision-making, because automated collaborative
systems called system of systems engineering (SoSE) are gradually evolving towards autonomous and human-collaborative systems.
Among these SoSE, there are robotic systems which are increasingly complex, not only due to their multi-domain internal components but also by their operability in variable and complex environment. Thus, these engineering systems, which can cooperate to perform global missions and can adapt to changes in their surrounding environment, can be described in the form of a concept known as System
of Robotic Systems (SoRS).
This concept describes a set of robotic, heterogeneous and independent component system (CS) at the managerial and operational scales. Component systems can coexist and cooperate in order to achieve missions that a component system cannot achieve alone. They can be geographically dispersed without physical connections, but only real-time and secure information exchange. Finally, component systems can be added, removed or reconfigured without modifying the scalability of SoRS.
The goal of this special section is to provide a forum for researchers to present their recent research results in the area of modeling, control and monitoring of SoRS. Contributions from industry are also encouraged, and both theoretical and experimental works are welcome. This section offers an important opportunity to present and discuss multidisciplinary works in related fields.
Topics of interest include:
Modeling for system of robotic systems
Simulation for system of robotic systems
Control for system of robotic systems
Monitoring for system of robotic systems
Prof. Rochdi Merzouki, CRIStAL- UMR-CNRS, Univ. of Lille, France.
Prof. Sergey Drakunov, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, USA.
Prof. Mo Jamshidi, University of Texas San Antonio, USA.
Prof. Arun Kumar Samantary, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, India.
Prof. Taha Boukhobza, University of Lorraine, France.


Strong German Team at Madeira Tournament!
Today Germany's juniors were the best artistic gymnastics team of the 11th MADEIRA TOURNAMENT 2006 in Funchal, on the island Madeira (POR).
All the Germans are candidates for the coming European junior Championships (Brian Gladow, Helge Liebrich, Max Finzel, Steve Woitalla). They ranked first, followed by the Portuguese host and the Spanish team.
Also in all-around the German's achieved a double success: Brian Gladow (Berlin; < photo, left), followed by Helge Liebrich (Wetzgau). On third place came the young Dutch Anthony van Assche.
Today, the all-around of men's artistic gymnastics competition took place in the Madeira Island. As expected, soon it was clear that some countries would be the ones ruling the competition, as is the case of Germany, Belgium, Spain and the host Portugal.
Germany made this afternoon an interesting performance, above all with rings, showing a clean work and good technical basis. They deserved the high rank they got and were rewarded for their efforts with the adequate placement.
Spain came to Madeira with a very young team, which really promises a nice future and develop possibilities. Their weak point was the pommel horse, where all gymnasts failed, but all in all the competition was interesting and a fulfilled work. The rotation in parallel bars was simply a highlight of the evening for them.
Portugal gives always its best in its host competition, showing the best of the best of their MAG, even when they now miss the presence of the local star Felipe Besugo, who eventually did it to Athens 2004.
Belgium impressed in the morning with a very clean and powerful competition, showing that they had some words to say in the final results.
GYMmedia correspondent Esther Teijeira reports directly after the end of the decisions.
>> ... have also a look at the Rhythmic Gymnastics Event in Funchal.


Our client has a large office building with 2 incoming electricity supplies, we recently negotiated a new supply contract for them via a competitive tender and were able to save them £1,050 compared to the market price.
We also provide a bill validation service for this client and upon receiving the first bill for the customer we spotted that one of the meters rates was incorrect (it matched the higher rates for the other meter).
We got this corrected by the supplier the same day so didn't cause any disruption to our client's payment cycles. If we hadn't spotted the error then this overcharge would have cost our client £4,230 over the life of the contract.
Clifford Talbot Partnership previously arranged a new supply contract for a supply which previously underwent a change of measurement class from Non Half-Hourly to Half-Hourly, as a result of a government mandate affecting certain sized supplies (P272).
Following the change in supplier, when the first invoice was received it was noticed by our experienced and knowledgeable team that the capacity being charged was incorrect, instead of a capacity of 69kVA the supplier was charging 500kVA!
Had this gone unnoticed the client would have paid an extra £3,791 over the course of the contract and who knows how long this could have continued. Upon finding this error, it was swiftly resolved with the supplier ensuring the account was billed correctly and the client was not put out.
An investment landlord client recently took back possession of a large unit, following vacation of the previous tenant. The electricity supply to the unit is half hourly metered, but a problem was discovered with the communications link to the meter. Therefore the meter was not sending the consumption data correctly to the supplier.
Following completion of the change of tenancy request, the supplier billed the landlord using estimated consumption data, which was estimated in line with the level recorded while the unit was fully occupied. Following a change of supplier, Clifford Talbot Partnership liaised with the new supplier in order to arrange for the meter operator to attend site and repair the communications link to the meter. The actual data then received from the meter showed a much lower consumption than was originally estimated (as would be expected given that the unit is now vacant). The new supplier billed their account in line with that actual data, but the previous supplier did not automatically do so.
CTP subsequently contacted the original supplier and arranged for them to rebill their account in line with the actual consumption data. This reduced the amount billed by the previous by just under £80,000 for the 3 month period that the supply was with them.
During a tender exercise for the gas supplies to a large, multi-use business park, Clifford Talbot Partnership recommended that the client agreed a 2 year contract instead of a standard 1 year agreement.
Subsequently the following year, the wholesale market had increased by 19% and a new contract would have cost the client at least £8,985 more across the portfolio.
This is in addition to the £22,091 saving achieved, compared to the original renewal offer received from the incumbent supplier – and a £10,391 reduction on their previous contract.
As a fully independent organisation – and unlike most utility brokers – we receive no hidden commission from suppliers, nor do we pass on hidden fees that may be inflating your energy or water costs. If, however, you would prefer us to work on a commission basis, then we will agree with you the amount of commission we will ask suppliers to include. Most of our clients are happy with a fee based service but the choice is yours.


This course highlight's EATON's Metalux SkyRidge Recessed 1x2, 1x4, 2x2, 2x4 Troffer which features WaveStream Technology for uniform and glare-free lighting. An upgrade from the LDI family, this LD2 family series is ideal for applications where optics are fundamental; office spaces, schools, hospitals, retail, and ambient settings.
In addition, the SkyRidge Series is available with an optional integrated sensor control system, optimized to meet energy codes or occupancy sensing and daylight harvesting.
You must complete the units "Metalux - SkyRidge Series Recessed LED Troffer | Video, Metalux - SkyRidge Series Recessed LED Troffer |Quiz"
You selected to get the course EATON | Metalux - SkyRidge Recessed LED .... Please Login or Signup to get it.


Awaken, awaken, The fight is at your door, take up the cause.
tag - this is open!
notes - It started on a different note than it ended on because I lost the idea I had in my head before I finished. I had seen something on a show that really stood out to me for Catherine and this whole piece changed midway through because of that. If it seems to find it's grounding later in with it, that's why! of all the pieces I've written, this is the one that I really hope someone picks up!
Art was a subjective thing in the world. For a lot of people it could give a myriad of feelings, and for others it was just a picture on a canvas, but to Catherine it was much more than that, which was why it was weird that the biggest part of her journey to Japan was to gaze at as much art as she could.
For the majority of her life she had wanted to go to France, visit the Louvre, and see the renown paintings of classical artists and unknown artists, to gaze at the Winged Victory of Samothrace, but at the same time, there was something about that dream that had just given her a bad feeling. It was like the idea of seeing something stagnant, that had lost its luster long ago, and for that she wasn't thrilled, because what could be derived from seeing something that everyone in the world had already known about from images online, and talked about so much that their time in the spotlight had already been outshone, so the next place on her artistic journey was Japan, a place that celebrated art and had a new modern wave of things, with a resurgence in the old style with modern affixes to them.
For the most part, she had felt a deep connection to the artistic style and themes that Yumisashi Kanji had been working with, specifically the mourning thematics. His art had called out to her intensely due to the fact that she couldn't shake the burdens that followed her from her past. It was like she was in constant mourning of the person she currently was, despite the fact that she wasn't actually deceased yet...though she very surely might as well be. It was accurate enough to say that her life had no real direction, and she wanted that to change. She was tired of the same endless cycles that had followed her with this dark depression that loomed over her.
She was tired of waking up, stuck in the same nightmare of being forced to drown without a way to fight back. She was tired of the intensity of the violent natured dreams she had and more than anything she was exhausted of the horrendous thought that despite the fact that she had done the right thing, she had made all the right calls, it was her life that had been torn to pieces...and while she had no real allure for the world around her, she was drawn to the world of creation, starting with prose. For a while, she cataloged all of her thoughts in a journal, though after some time that had become tedious...it wasn't a true reflection of her feelings, it was just a notion of things only she would see...she wanted something tangible, and while she was learned in certain subjects due to her schooling, she was never a real part of the artistic world, which is probably why she found it alluring now. Growing up all of the courses that she had taken were in other things, such as Drama, where she portrayed other creators works, she never had a real connection to art or making her own work, and she had found that it was what she needed.
She could almost taste the tepid water from that same day, that she had taken a quick sip of before using the cup for her brushes. To her, art was a method of control. Her ability to force things to exist when she put brush to canvas was exactly the therapy that she needed to move forward in her life, and why she was so drawn to it. The control that it had given her, the focus...all of it was beyond anything she had previously experienced, and was why she was so connected to other artists works now. It was true, in her life before she had endured abuse she was vapid. She cared very little for the works and creations of others...but now standing before the majesty of this painting, she couldn't help but feel everything all at once that she had felt the same time she had finished her first painting. It was exhilarating to know this community of creators, while vast in it's own right, was now including her, and helping her to heal. The feeling of gratification overwhelmed her as she realized that she was 5474 miles away from her home, but for the first time ever really felt connected to the world.
[attr="class","boneshatter3"]What is it that drives a simple individual to persue the arts so vehemently? Is it the eyes translating the external into the digestible information known as electrical impulse throughout the soft computer like organ lodged in our skulls? Could it be some are destined to be transfixed by the concept of creation? Is it related to the importance placed in this subject, from when an individual grows up in such a community? Or perhaps it is the desire to find meaning in a world that lacks any obvious evidence of a meaning to begin with?
All these questions and more often related to one common theme, and this was one of identity. It was inevitable really, for an artist who had inadvertently longed to be close to his mother, a woman who had been taken into the embrace of the unknown long before he could ever remember; It was only a matter of time before he pondered the other source of his reason for coming into this cruel, yet beautiful and mysterious life we call existence. His father, as well as who he was remained a mystery to him. Though it wasn't to say that he never actively thought of him, indeed there was always a man that appeared in his dreams, a man he himself did not recognize from any memories who could actively recall. Truth be told, it was no surprise if this journey of self-discovery leads to a dead end.
Yusuke would be lying to himself if he said that he didn't feel the unbearable weight of isolation when he thought of his family, it was something he never truly had, as the only man he had come to see as a fatherly figure now lay behind bars. And he had no intention of paying a visit to that scoundrel, it was best he was left there to rot, a fitting end for the man that had allowed the only person who truly cared for him to die as he stood by with idle hands. He was indifferent and incapable of compassion when it came to him and it was truly deserved, but even so he detested feeling such a strong negative sentiment.
Inner turmoil was always the reason he went out to explore the world around him, and it is precisely what drew him to the art. If he could not rid himself of negativity, he would never be able to truly create things of purity, and benevolence. Which was all he desired to portray, it was the only way he could feel the sort of warmth that emanated for Sayuri. But then again, contempt, sadness, and envy were all concepts of reality. He could see it so expertly portrayed within the choice of colors of this artist whose work had also drawn him in, all be it inexplicably, for this was not what the artist usually preferred. He examined every swirl, every evidence of the technique used to form such a powerful scene on canvas.
"It's evident as to what this is, and yet I am afraid I cannot grasp the complexities hidden beneath the obvious." He began to muse to himself as he placed a hand on his chin pensively, this wasn't foreign to him and yet at the same time it was. What he felt was not desire, nor was it longing, when he gazed into the scene upon the canvas the one word that popped into his mind was in the form of a simple question. 'Who?' All too soon Yusuke had lost any awareness of the on goings of the gallery, people seemed to meld into the background, like inky shadows devoid of individuality. They were unimportant, irrelevant and an unnecessary nuisance when he went into deep thought. It was for those very reasons that his mind tended to tune everything out, resulting in a moment of pure intimacy between himself and the aesthetic that caught his eye. A reflection of such profound focus was often seen in the way his grey pools seemed brighten towards a subtler blue hue. Within his gaze, two things were always identifiable, pure unadulterated affection which burned brighter than any flame, in addition to a Foxen curiosity.


Happy Warm Holidays Everyone !
In this post I presents to you my Secret Green Santa Gift .
Back in Late summer in August I started the Secret Green Santa 2014 for the green community. Pretty much its a gift swap among green bloggers & You-tubers. This was actually my first time organizing it but glad to say that it was full of fun ! Me & Five other green beauties team up to swap gifts. The gifts where to be a up to $35 value .
Note: Come back as I will update this page to links to the other Secret Green Santa box"s as soon as they get posted !!!
My Secret Green Santa was Linda Aka @lindaouk.
Note: Just to mention those that join the gift swap got to give a Five brand list to their Santa that they wanted to get .
In it was a lovely cute Leave note card (seen in Top Right) .
The first thing I notice when opening the box: Soaps!!
In my list I mention SOAPS & Linda got me just that 🙂 , a mix of soap scents form my favorite brands . The soaps where Osmia Organics : Lavender Pine & Ylang Springs. Meow meow tweet Fennel orange . I love the scents of each one , which makes sense now why the box smell so good! Even the the mail man was like " what a lovely smell box you got" LOL.
More Goodies …..these are Big !
Next up, I found in this green box where Two products by Caru Skincare Co. I got the Jojoba Facial oil , which I love due to its many form of use . This couldn't come in better time as I just finish my travel sample size :). It came pair up with Cucumber + Lime Facial Toner . Another products that I need as I just finish my current Toner. So excited to have these in my life as both where needed !
Next and Last Item is another Acure Organic product . This time its the Lip Lush in DAAANG! Super excited to get this color as its a great fall & winter lip color .
Santa LINDA Thank you So Much!!
Thank you so much Linda for the beautiful and exciting gifts . I love every think so much that I don't know what I will use first ,LOL . I also want to thank you for supporting a local business at my home Town in PA ; PemberleyJones.com online green store . That made this gift even more special to me to know that a Green & local business was supported !!!
Thanks to PJ for helping out Linda picking out the goodies , a PA love to another PA girl !!
Thank you everyone that took part in Secert Green Santa 2014 & for making it a special One !!
← Merry Christmas To All & Thank You !
It was so much fun shopping for you. Thanks for organizing and letting a non-blogger take part in the fun.
Your welcome Linda, so happy you took part. Thank you for. Taking part and for the amazing gifts that will be much use.


Using the maximum DirectX 10 visual quality settings makes Company of Heroes a very demanding real-time strategy game. We found that at 1920x1200 the Radeon HD 2900XT and GeForce 8800 GTS graphics cards both struggle, as they render just 22-23fps on average. The Inno3D 8800 GT is far more impressive as it produced an average of 30fps at the same resolution, making it just 2fps slower than the GeForce 8800 GTX.
Crysis is the latest and greatest first person shooter and again this is another demanding DX10 title. At 1680x1050 the Radeon HD 2900XT and GeForce 8800 GTS manage just 18-21fps, while the Inno3D 8800 GT was again significantly faster rendering 32fps, which made it just 4fps on average slower than the GeForce 8800 GTX.


At a recent Lunch and Learn, Adam Ziegele shared with Insiten teammates tricks and tips for producing stunning reports and dashboards using Microsoft's Power BI. Adam spoke enthusiastically about the storytelling power of BI, which allows him to pull business data, create awesome visualizations, and publish them into the cloud for sharing and collaboration. Lunch and Learns are a regular feature at Insiten, encouraging employees to stay up-to-date on the latest technologies and incorporate them into the company's business applications. Check out the link below to get all the tips and tricks you need to start building meaningful reports yourself.
Visiting EY India Developers Spice Things Up!


text:
MedStar Southern Maryland Hospital Center welcomes new interventional cardiologist Brian Case
MedStar Health News
CLINTON, Md. – MedStar Southern Maryland Hospital Center is pleased to welcome Brian C. Case, MD, FACC, a board-certified and fellowship-trained interventional cardiologist who joined the hospital in August 2021.
Dr. Case, a Montgomery County native, graduated cum laude from St. George's University School of Medicine in 2012 and then participated in an internship at NYU Langone Hospital-Long Island, formerly known as NYU Winthrop Hospital. Dr. Case completed an extensive residency at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and was selected as the chief medical resident in 2016 for internal medicine. He then obtained fellowship training through a joint program at both MedStar Georgetown University Hospital and MedStar Washington Hospital Center in Washington, D.C., where he was honored as a chief cardiology fellow in 2019, followed by two years of combined research and clinical interventional cardiology.
As part of the specialty care provided at MedStar Southern Maryland in Clinton, Maryland, Dr. Case treats patients with coronary artery disease through modern technological interventions such as intravascular imaging and invasive physiology to help guide stent selection, placement and deployment. His training includes performing intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography for intravascular imaging, as well as fractional flow reserves and instantaneous wave-free ratios for evaluation of physiological cardiac ischemia.
"My hope and goal is to incorporate my experience in training into the clinical practice and daily decision making for our patients here at MedStar Southern Maryland," Dr. Case said. "In the world of interventional cardiology, using intervascular imaging and invasive physiology on a daily basis will help guide treatment plans and allow us to provide more individualized, high-quality heart care. It's about having transparency and innovation that leads to the best possible outcomes for our patients. Because how we treat people is the heart of what matters."
For appointments with Dr. Case, please call 301-877-5677. To learn more, visit MedStarHealth.org/Case.
Cardiology MedStar Heart & Vascular Institute
Cheryl Richardson
cheryl.richardson@medstar.net


text:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<title>GtkTreeModelFilter</title>
<meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.78.0">
<link rel="home" href="index.html" title="GTK+ 3 Reference Manual">
<link rel="up" href="TreeWidgetObjects.html" title="Tree, List and Icon Grid Widgets">
<link rel="prev" href="GtkTreeModelSort.html" title="GtkTreeModelSort">
<link rel="next" href="GtkCellLayout.html" title="GtkCellLayout">
<meta name="generator" content="GTK-Doc V1.18.1 (XML mode)">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" type="text/css">

GTK+ 3 Reference Manual

Top
                   |
                  Description
                   |
                  Object Hierarchy
                   |
                  Implemented Interfaces
                   |
                  Properties

GtkTreeModelFilter

GtkTreeModelFilter — A GtkTreeModel which hides parts of an underlying tree model

Synopsis

#include <gtk/gtk.h>

struct              GtkTreeModelFilter;
gboolean            (*GtkTreeModelFilterVisibleFunc)    (GtkTreeModel *model,
                                                         GtkTreeIter *iter,
                                                         gpointer data);
void                (*GtkTreeModelFilterModifyFunc)     (GtkTreeModel *model,
                                                         GtkTreeIter *iter,
                                                         GValue *value,
                                                         gint column,
                                                         gpointer data);
GtkTreeModel *      gtk_tree_model_filter_new           (GtkTreeModel *child_model,
                                                         GtkTreePath *root);
void                gtk_tree_model_filter_set_visible_func
                                                        (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter,
                                                         GtkTreeModelFilterVisibleFunc func,
                                                         gpointer data,
                                                         GDestroyNotify destroy);
void                gtk_tree_model_filter_set_modify_func
                                                        (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter,
                                                         gint n_columns,
                                                         GType *types,
                                                         GtkTreeModelFilterModifyFunc func,
                                                         gpointer data,
                                                         GDestroyNotify destroy);
void                gtk_tree_model_filter_set_visible_column
                                                        (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter,
                                                         gint column);
GtkTreeModel *      gtk_tree_model_filter_get_model     (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter);
gboolean            gtk_tree_model_filter_convert_child_iter_to_iter
                                                        (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter,
                                                         GtkTreeIter *filter_iter,
                                                         GtkTreeIter *child_iter);
void                gtk_tree_model_filter_convert_iter_to_child_iter
                                                        (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter,
                                                         GtkTreeIter *child_iter,
                                                         GtkTreeIter *filter_iter);
GtkTreePath *       gtk_tree_model_filter_convert_child_path_to_path
                                                        (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter,
                                                         GtkTreePath *child_path);
GtkTreePath *       gtk_tree_model_filter_convert_path_to_child_path
                                                        (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter,
                                                         GtkTreePath *filter_path);
void                gtk_tree_model_filter_refilter      (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter);
void                gtk_tree_model_filter_clear_cache   (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter);

Object Hierarchy

  GObject
   +----GtkTreeModelFilter

Implemented Interfaces

GtkTreeModelFilter implements
 GtkTreeModel and  GtkTreeDragSource.

Properties

  "child-model"              GtkTreeModel*         : Read / Write / Construct Only
  "virtual-root"             GtkTreePath*          : Read / Write / Construct Only

Description

A GtkTreeModelFilter is a tree model which wraps another tree model,
and can do the following things:

Filter specific rows, based on data from a "visible column", a column
storing booleans indicating whether the row should be filtered or not,
or based on the return value of a "visible function", which gets a
model, iter and user_data and returns a boolean indicating whether the
row should be filtered or not.

Modify the "appearance" of the model, using a modify function.
This is extremely powerful and allows for just changing
some values and also for creating a completely different model based on
the given child model.

Set a different root node, also known as a "virtual root". You can pass in
a GtkTreePath indicating the root node for the filter at construction time.

The basic API is similar to GtkTreeModelSort. For an example on its usage,
see the section on GtkTreeModelSort.

When using GtkTreeModelFilter, it is important to realize that
GtkTreeModelFilter maintains an internal cache of all nodes which are
visible in its clients. The cache is likely to be a subtree of the tree
exposed by the child model. GtkTreeModelFilter will not cache the entire
child model when unnecessary to not compromise the caching mechanism
that is exposed by the reference counting scheme. If the child model
implements reference counting, unnecessary signals may not be emitted
because of reference counting rule 3, see the GtkTreeModel
documentation. (Note that e.g. GtkTreeStore does not implement
reference counting and will always emit all signals, even when
the receiving node is not visible).

Because of this, limitations for possible visible functions do apply.
In general, visible functions should only use data or properties from
the node for which the visibility state must be determined, its siblings
or its parents. Usually, having a dependency on the state of any child
node is not possible, unless references are taken on these explicitly.
When no such reference exists, no signals may be received for these child
nodes (see reference couting rule number 3 in the GtkTreeModel section).

Determining the visibility state of a given node based on the state
of its child nodes is a frequently occurring use case. Therefore,
GtkTreeModelFilter explicitly supports this. For example, when a node
does not have any children, you might not want the node to be visible.
As soon as the first row is added to the node's child level (or the
last row removed), the node's visibility should be updated.

This introduces a dependency from the node on its child nodes. In order
to accommodate this, GtkTreeModelFilter must make sure the necesary
signals are received from the child model. This is achieved by building,
for all nodes which are exposed as visible nodes to GtkTreeModelFilter's
clients, the child level (if any) and take a reference on the first node
in this level. Furthermore, for every row-inserted, row-changed or
row-deleted signal (also these which were not handled because the node
was not cached), GtkTreeModelFilter will check if the visibility state
of any parent node has changed.

Beware, however, that this explicit support is limited to these two
cases. For example, if you want a node to be visible only if two nodes
in a child's child level (2 levels deeper) are visible, you are on your
own. In this case, either rely on GtkTreeStore to emit all signals
because it does not implement reference counting, or for models that
do implement reference counting, obtain references on these child levels
yourself.

Details

struct GtkTreeModelFilter

struct GtkTreeModelFilter;

GtkTreeModelFilterVisibleFunc ()

gboolean            (*GtkTreeModelFilterVisibleFunc)    (GtkTreeModel *model,
                                                         GtkTreeIter *iter,
                                                         gpointer data);

A function which decides whether the row indicated by iter is visible.

<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>

model :

the child model of the GtkTreeModelFilter

iter :

a GtkTreeIter pointing to the row in model whose visibility
is determined

data :

user data given to gtk_tree_model_filter_set_visible_func(). [<acronym title="This parameter is a 'user_data', for callbacks; many bindings can pass NULL here.">closure</acronym>]

Returns :

Whether the row indicated by iter is visible.

GtkTreeModelFilterModifyFunc ()

void                (*GtkTreeModelFilterModifyFunc)     (GtkTreeModel *model,
                                                         GtkTreeIter *iter,
                                                         GValue *value,
                                                         gint column,
                                                         gpointer data);

A function which calculates display values from raw values in the model.
It must fill value with the display value for the column column in the
row indicated by iter.

Since this function is called for each data access, it's not a
particularly efficient operation.

<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>

model :

the GtkTreeModelFilter

iter :

a GtkTreeIter pointing to the row whose display values are determined

value :

A GValue which is already initialized for with the correct type for
the column column.

column :

the column whose display value is determined

data :

user data given to gtk_tree_model_filter_set_modify_func(). [<acronym title="This parameter is a 'user_data', for callbacks; many bindings can pass NULL here.">closure</acronym>]

gtk_tree_model_filter_new ()

GtkTreeModel *      gtk_tree_model_filter_new           (GtkTreeModel *child_model,
                                                         GtkTreePath *root);

Creates a new GtkTreeModel, with child_model as the child_model
and root as the virtual root.

<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>

child_model :

A GtkTreeModel.

root :

A GtkTreePath or NULL. [<acronym title="NULL is ok, both for passing and for returning.">allow-none</acronym>]

Returns :

A new GtkTreeModel. [<acronym title="Free data after the code is done.">transfer full</acronym>]

Since 2.4

gtk_tree_model_filter_set_visible_func ()

void                gtk_tree_model_filter_set_visible_func
                                                        (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter,
                                                         GtkTreeModelFilterVisibleFunc func,
                                                         gpointer data,
                                                         GDestroyNotify destroy);

Sets the visible function used when filtering the filter to be func. The
function should return TRUE if the given row should be visible and
FALSE otherwise.

If the condition calculated by the function changes over time (e.g. because
it depends on some global parameters), you must call
gtk_tree_model_filter_refilter() to keep the visibility information of
the model uptodate.

Note that func is called whenever a row is inserted, when it may still be
empty. The visible function should therefore take special care of empty
rows, like in the example below.

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16

static gboolean
visible_func (GtkTreeModel *model,
              GtkTreeIter  *iter,
              gpointer      data)
{
  /* Visible if row is non-empty and first column is "HI" */
  gchar *str;
  gboolean visible = FALSE;

  gtk_tree_model_get (model, iter, 0, &str, -1);
  if (str && strcmp (str, "HI") == 0)
    visible = TRUE;
  g_free (str);

  return visible;
}

<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>

filter :

A GtkTreeModelFilter.

func :

A GtkTreeModelFilterVisibleFunc, the visible function.

data :

User data to pass to the visible function, or NULL. [<acronym title="NULL is ok, both for passing and for returning.">allow-none</acronym>]

destroy :

Destroy notifier of data, or NULL. [<acronym title="NULL is ok, both for passing and for returning.">allow-none</acronym>]

Since 2.4

gtk_tree_model_filter_set_modify_func ()

void                gtk_tree_model_filter_set_modify_func
                                                        (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter,
                                                         gint n_columns,
                                                         GType *types,
                                                         GtkTreeModelFilterModifyFunc func,
                                                         gpointer data,
                                                         GDestroyNotify destroy);

With the n_columns and types parameters, you give an array of column
types for this model (which will be exposed to the parent model/view).
The func, data and destroy parameters are for specifying the modify
function. The modify function will get called for each
data access, the goal of the modify function is to return the data which
should be displayed at the location specified using the parameters of the
modify function.

<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>

filter :

A GtkTreeModelFilter.

n_columns :

The number of columns in the filter model.

types :

The GTypes of the columns. [<acronym title="Parameter points to an array of items.">array</acronym> length=n_columns]

func :

A GtkTreeModelFilterModifyFunc

data :

User data to pass to the modify function, or NULL. [<acronym title="NULL is ok, both for passing and for returning.">allow-none</acronym>]

destroy :

Destroy notifier of data, or NULL. [<acronym title="NULL is ok, both for passing and for returning.">allow-none</acronym>]

Since 2.4

gtk_tree_model_filter_set_visible_column ()

void                gtk_tree_model_filter_set_visible_column
                                                        (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter,
                                                         gint column);

Sets column of the child_model to be the column where filter should
look for visibility information. columns should be a column of type
G_TYPE_BOOLEAN, where TRUE means that a row is visible, and FALSE
if not.

<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>

filter :

A GtkTreeModelFilter.

column :

A gint which is the column containing the visible information.

Since 2.4

gtk_tree_model_filter_get_model ()

GtkTreeModel *      gtk_tree_model_filter_get_model     (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter);

Returns a pointer to the child model of filter.

<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>

filter :

A GtkTreeModelFilter.

Returns :

A pointer to a GtkTreeModel. [<acronym title="Don't free data after the code is done.">transfer none</acronym>]

Since 2.4

gtk_tree_model_filter_convert_child_iter_to_iter ()

gboolean            gtk_tree_model_filter_convert_child_iter_to_iter
                                                        (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter,
                                                         GtkTreeIter *filter_iter,
                                                         GtkTreeIter *child_iter);

Sets filter_iter to point to the row in filter that corresponds to the
row pointed at by child_iter.  If filter_iter was not set, FALSE is
returned.

<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>

filter :

A GtkTreeModelFilter.

filter_iter :

An uninitialized GtkTreeIter. [<acronym title="Parameter for returning results. Default is transfer full.">out</acronym>]

child_iter :

A valid GtkTreeIter pointing to a row on the child model.

Returns :

TRUE, if filter_iter was set, i.e. if child_iter is a
valid iterator pointing to a visible row in child model.

Since 2.4

gtk_tree_model_filter_convert_iter_to_child_iter ()

void                gtk_tree_model_filter_convert_iter_to_child_iter
                                                        (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter,
                                                         GtkTreeIter *child_iter,
                                                         GtkTreeIter *filter_iter);

Sets child_iter to point to the row pointed to by filter_iter.

<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>

filter :

A GtkTreeModelFilter.

child_iter :

An uninitialized GtkTreeIter. [<acronym title="Parameter for returning results. Default is transfer full.">out</acronym>]

filter_iter :

A valid GtkTreeIter pointing to a row on filter.

Since 2.4

gtk_tree_model_filter_convert_child_path_to_path ()

GtkTreePath *       gtk_tree_model_filter_convert_child_path_to_path
                                                        (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter,
                                                         GtkTreePath *child_path);

Converts child_path to a path relative to filter. That is, child_path
points to a path in the child model. The rerturned path will point to the
same row in the filtered model. If child_path isn't a valid path on the
child model or points to a row which is not visible in filter, then NULL
is returned.

<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>

filter :

A GtkTreeModelFilter.

child_path :

A GtkTreePath to convert.

Returns :

A newly allocated GtkTreePath, or NULL.

Since 2.4

gtk_tree_model_filter_convert_path_to_child_path ()

GtkTreePath *       gtk_tree_model_filter_convert_path_to_child_path
                                                        (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter,
                                                         GtkTreePath *filter_path);

Converts filter_path to a path on the child model of filter. That is,
filter_path points to a location in filter. The returned path will
point to the same location in the model not being filtered. If filter_path
does not point to a location in the child model, NULL is returned.

<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>

filter :

A GtkTreeModelFilter.

filter_path :

A GtkTreePath to convert.

Returns :

A newly allocated GtkTreePath, or NULL.

Since 2.4

gtk_tree_model_filter_refilter ()

void                gtk_tree_model_filter_refilter      (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter);

Emits ::row_changed for each row in the child model, which causes
the filter to re-evaluate whether a row is visible or not.

<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>

filter :

A GtkTreeModelFilter.

Since 2.4

gtk_tree_model_filter_clear_cache ()

void                gtk_tree_model_filter_clear_cache   (GtkTreeModelFilter *filter);

This function should almost never be called. It clears the filter
of any cached iterators that haven't been reffed with
gtk_tree_model_ref_node(). This might be useful if the child model
being filtered is static (and doesn't change often) and there has been
a lot of unreffed access to nodes. As a side effect of this function,
all unreffed iters will be invalid.

<colgroup>
<col align="left" valign="top">
<col>
</colgroup>

filter :

A GtkTreeModelFilter.

Since 2.4

Property Details

The "child-model" property

  "child-model"              GtkTreeModel*         : Read / Write / Construct Only

The model for the filtermodel to filter.

The "virtual-root" property

  "virtual-root"             GtkTreePath*          : Read / Write / Construct Only

The virtual root (relative to the child model) for this filtermodel.

See Also

GtkTreeModelSort

          Generated by GTK-Doc V1.18.1

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
March 22, 2019 December 2, 2020
Connecticut Magnet Schools Illegally Recruit White Students To Fill Racial Quotas
This article originally appeared in The Federalist, dated March 22nd, 2019.
A state audit of Hartford Public Schools in Connecticut found the district had been illegally recruiting white students to fulfill state-imposed race quotas.
The district, which is 81 percent black and Hispanic, has been accused of allowing white students to skip ahead of black students in the highly competitive Hartford magnet school lottery. According to legal briefs, the district rigged the lottery due to pressure from lawmakers for Hartford Public Schools to "integrate" its mostly minority school population.
In 1989, a Connecticut state court ruling called Sheff v. O'Neill mandated that public-school officials correct educational "inequities" determined by race. In response to this order, the state passed a law requiring that every public magnet school—schools designed to facilitate experimental curricula—admit students partially according to race, including a minimum 25 percent white population per magnet school. The goals were racial "integration" and "diversity."
Now the myriad magnet school programs in Hartford, designed specifically to allow randomly selected students from poor neighborhoods to get a good education, have been going out of their way to attract white students. Some of these magnet school administrators have resorted to illegal measures to bring white students into their schools, so they could meet the state's minimum 25 percent white quota.
The independent audit of Hartford Public Schools concluded that 15 white students were enrolled in a magnet school from outside the Hartford region, usually from a predominately white suburb. These students were enrolled illegally because of pressure on school administrators to attract white students to meet the state diversity quota.
The problem gets worse. Even with these illegal recruiting practices (after all, admission to Hartford magnet schools is ostensibly determined by lottery), these magnet schools were still not attracting enough white children to fulfill the state-mandated quota. After all, why would a white parent send his or her kid far away from home, into an economically depressed city, when a higher-quality public or private school typically exists nearby?
So these magnet schools are having to deliberately hold spots for white students who never come. In a district where more than 87 percent of Hartford's mostly-minority population applies to a magnet school, local black and Hispanic families are literally staring at empty chairs where their sons or daughters could be sitting, had a racial quota not reserved those spots for white children.
Members of the Hartford black community are taking action against the state, claiming unfair treatment and discrimination. Gwen Samuel, an African-American parent and founder of the Connecticut Parents Union, portrayed the withheld spots at the magnet schools, which remain empty due to forced compliance with the 75/25 ratio, as an insult to her community.
"You can't punish children because other parents don't want to send theirs [to the magnet school]," she said in an interview. She mentioned that the state's "compelling interest" to create a diverse student body "doesn't trump the Constitution," which mandates equal treatment by the law.
Instead, according to Samuel, black students from her Hartford community are being punished on the basis of their race alone, "perpetuating fear and hate" between the white and non-white communities in Hartford. When white students are allowed to illegally circumvent the magnet school lottery while black kids are denied entry due to an arbitrary race ratio, many in Samuel's community conclude their children's educations are considered to be worth less than that of the children of other races.
The Connecticut Parents Union is fighting to change this racial quota. They have filed a lawsuit against the state, represented by the Pacific Legal Foundation, alleging that the race-based quotas in Connecticut are unconstitutional and hurt black and Hispanic students.
The case is Robinson v. Wentzell, and will move to trial within the next year.
Posted in EssaysTagged Affirmative Action, African Americans, Connecticut, Hartford, Hispanic, Racial Quotas, StudentsBy adminLeave a comment
← College Admissions Bribery Scandal Shows How Higher Ed Culture Has Descended Into Signaling
Sri Lanka Attacks Highlight Growing Worldwide Persecution Of Christians →


text:
\section{I. Introduction}

Since graphene was successful produced, there has been numerous studies both theoretically \cite{1} and experimentally \cite{2} to modulate its properties, especially the electronic structures. Adatom doping on the graphene sheet with different types of elements such as oxygen, hydrogen, alumina, or alkali is one of the efficent methods for diversifying the band structure of graphene \cite{3}. The fluorinated graphenes are commonly synthesized using a two-step process, fluorination to obtain fluorinated graphite\cite{4} and then exfoliation to achieve monolayer one.\cite{5} Monolayer F-doped graphene could also be directly synthesized from the chemical reaction method by heating the mixture of graphene sheet and XeF$_2$.\cite{6}

Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) \cite{7} have emerged as the ideal nanomaterials to remove the unexpected gapless feature of 2D graphene due to the complex relations of 1D honeycomb lattices, one-atom thicknesses, finite-size quantum confinements and edge structures. GNRs are successfully fabricated by various experimental methods including both top-down and bottom-up schemes.\cite{8} From the geometric side, one of simplest and intuitive methods to create GNRs is cutting of 2D graphene sheet that covers lithographic patterning \cite{9}, graphene etching \cite{10}, sonochemical breaking \cite{11}, metal-catalyzed treatment.\cite{12}. Also, the massive amount of GNRs can be produced by the chemical vapor deposition or unzipping of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes.\cite{13} The essential properties of GNRs materials can lead to many potential applications in nano-electronic \cite{14} and spintronic \cite{15} devices, gas sensor. \cite{16} Furthermore, the special electronic properties of GNRs can be diversified by many different paths such as mechanical strain \cite{17,18}, layer number \cite{19,20}, curved surface \cite{21}, edge passivation \cite{22,23}, stacking configuration \cite{24}, electric \cite{25,26}; magnetic \cite{27,28} fields and adatoms adsorption \cite{29,30}. Chemical adsorption on the planar surface of GNRs is one of the effective routes that can result in the feature-rich properties. There are a lot of previous studies in terms of chemical doped GNRs. For example, the transition metal adatom-doped GNRs induce the spin-splitting metallic 1D energy bands with free electron density \cite{31}. Alkali-adsorbed GNRs in armchair and zigzag edges, respectively, exhibit the nonmagnetic and ferromagnetic metal with high electron density\cite{32}. The 1D semiconducting or metallic band structures are revealed in the ligand-protected aluminum clusters-adsorbed AGNRs.\cite{33}

Interestingly, fluorine possesses a very strong electron affinity among other halogen or atoms; they are thus expected to present the significant chemical bondings with carbon atoms and greatly diversify the essential properties. The feature-rich electronic properties of 2D graphene and 1D GNRs are investigated in detail for various F adatom-concentrations and distributions by the first-principles calculations. The geometric structures strongly depend on the top site F-C bonds and so do the electronic properties. The atom-dominated energy bands, the orbital-projected DOS, and the spatial charge distributions can be used to comprehend the critical multi-orbital hybridizations in C-C, F-C and F-F bonds which are responsible for the enriched electronic and magnetic properties. The up-to-date theoretical and experimental studies as well as the potential applications are also discussed.

\section{II. Computational methods}

Modeling simulation on computer schemes, providing an important prediction for further experimental studies, has been emphasized as a pioneering method in physics, chemistry and materials sciences in the recent years. A specific system can be fully described by the  quantum mechanic Schr{\"o}dinger equation. However, such equation is impossible to solve for many-body particle systems. Hence, possible approximations are utilized to deal with the problem. Up to now, the first-principles calculations have been considered as an ideal method for materials simulation since the complicated electron-electron and electron-ion interactions are thoroughly characterized by a series of approximations and simplifications. Furthermore, Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP) \cite{34} computes an approximate solution of many-body Schr{\"o}dinger equation, either within the density functional theory (DFT) to solve the Kohn-Sham equations, or within the Hartree-Fock approximation to solve the Roothaan equations.
In this study, the adatom-enriched essential properties are investigated by the first-principles DFT and VASP calculations. The exchange-correlation energy due to the electron-electron interactions is calculated from the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional under the gerneralized gradient approximation. \cite{35} The projector-augmented wave pseudopotentials are used to evaluate the electron-ion interations.\cite{36} The wave functions are built from the plane wave with a maximum energy cutoff of 400 eV, in which they are tested to achieve a very high accuracy. All the atoms in the relaxation process are subjected to the adjustments of their positions in order to have an optimized structures with the lowest total ground state energy. And then, the most stable configuration is used as the input parameters for further calculations on the fundamental physical properties.  The interactions between two neighboring images are eliminated by applying the vacuum distance along the \(z=15\) \AA \ and (\(z=15\) \AA \ , \(y=15\) \AA \ ) axes for 2D graphene and 1D graphene nanoribbons, respectively. To fully understand the surface adsorption effects on the magnetism, the spin configurations are taken into account for the fluorine adatoms-adsorbed graphene and graphene nanoribbons.  The first Brillouin zone is sampled in a Gamma scheme along the 2D and 1D periodic directions by \(12 \times 12 \times 1\)
 and \(12 \times 1 \times 1\) k-points for structure relaxation, and then \(100 \times 100 \times 1\) and \(100 \times 1 \times 1\) for accurate evaluations on electronic properties, respectively. Besides, the convergence criterion for energy is set at \(10^{-5}\) eV between two simulation steps, and the maximum Hellmann-Feynman forces acting on each atom is smaller than 0.01 eV/\AA \ during the ionic relaxations.

\section{III. Results and discussions}
\subsection{1. Fluorinated 2D graphene}

The stable adsorption position of F atoms on graphene is determined by comparing the binding energies, in which the lower value
corresponds to higher stability. The binding energy ($E_b$) of n adsorbed F adatoms is expressed as $E_b$ = ($E_{tot}$ - $E_{gra}$ - n$E_{Fluo}$)/n, where $E_{tot}$, $E_{gra}$, and $E_{Fluo}$ are the total ground state energies of the fluorinated graphene, pristine graphene, and isolated F adatom, respectively. Among the bridge-, hollow- and top-sites, our calculations show that the top-site is the most stable one, in agreement with previous studies. \cite{37} After self-consistent calculations, we found that all the fluorinated graphene systems, with various concentrations and distributions, have stable buckled structures as demonstrated in Fig. 1. The adatom distributions are divided into two main kinds, in one of which F atoms are absorbed at the same sublattice (Figs. 1(a); 1(c)-1(e)), in another of which adsorptions take place at two different sublattices simultaneously (Figs. 1(b) \& 1(f)). The latter is predicted to be more stable than the former because of the lower binding energy, e.g, the 25\% cases (Table 1). The nearest C-C bond lengths in graphene are expanded in the ranges of 1.45$-$1.58 $\mbox\AA$ with the increase of F-concentrations. As to the F-C bond lengths, they are shorten in the ranges of 1.57$-$1.38 $\mbox\AA$ with the increase of F-concentration, indicating the stronger F-C bonds at the high F-concentrations.

The two-dimensional band structures along the high symmetry points are useful in  examining the electronic properties. Monolayer graphene has a Dirac-cone structure at the K point (Fig. 2(a)), owing to the extended $\pi$ bondings of 2p$_z$ orbitals in a hexagonal sheet. The linear energy bands turn into the parabolic dispersions in the increase of state energy, e.g., the parabolic bands near the  $M$ point. Furthermore, the $\sigma$ bands, which arise from the sp$^2$ bondings, are initiated from the $\Gamma$ point at the deeper energy. When F atoms are adsorbed on graphene, the energy dispersion relations exhibit dramatic changes with the variations in F-concentrations and F-distributions. The linear isotropic Dirac cone of graphene is destroyed at high F-concentration, mainly owing to the strong F-C bonds (discussed later). Under the full fluorination (Fig. 2(b)), a direct energy gap of 3.12 eV appears at the $\Gamma$ point, in agreement with the previous theoretical calculations\cite{38} and experimental measurements.\cite{39} With the decrease of fluorination, the semiconducting or metallic behaviors are mainly determined by the C-dominated energy bands (Figs. 2(c)-2(f)), since the $\pi$-electronic structure (the 2p$_z$-orbital bonding) is gradually recovered. The F-F bonding quickly declines, while the strength of F-C bond is almost the same, as suggested by the weakly dispersive (F,C)-co-dominated bands. The fluorinated systems, as shown in Figs. 2(d) \& 2(e), have the spin-split energy bands across the Fermi level simultaneously; that is, they present the metallic ferromagnetism. Such bands are dominated by carbon atoms (2p$_z$ orbitals), but not F adatoms. The occupied/unoccupied carrier densities in the spin-up and spin-down bands differ from each other (the black and red curves in Figs. 2(d) \& 2(e)). There exist ferromagnetic spin configurations under the same sublattice adsorption, as observed in Figs. 3(a) and 3(b) for 16.7\% and 12.5\% F-concentration, respectively.

The charge density (Figs. 4(a)-4(c)) and the charge density difference (Figs. 4(d) \& 4(e)) can provide very useful information about the chemical bondings. The latter is obtained by subtracting
the charge density of pristine graphene and F adatoms from that of fluorinated graphene system. As F atoms are adsorbed on graphene, their orbitals have strong hybridizations with those of passivated C, as seen from the red region enclosed by the dashed black rectangles (Figs. 4(b) and 4(c)). Compared with pristine graphene (Fig. 4(a)), such strong F-C bonds lead to the deformed $\pi$ bonds and thus the serious distortion of the Dirac-cone structures (Fig. 2(a)). Between two non-passivated C atoms, $\rho$ shows a strong $\sigma$ bonding (black rectangles), which is slightly reduced after the formation of F-C bonds. There also exist the significant F-F bonds (purple rectangles) where the adatoms are sufficiently close to each other. These can create the (F,C)-co-dominated energy bands, the F-induced energy bands, the more complicated $\pi$ and $\sigma$ bands, and the seriously distorted Dirac cone (Figs. 2(b)-2(f)). The obvious spatial distribution variations on ${(y, z)}$ and ${(x, z)}$ planes clearly illustrate the multi-orbital hybridizations of (2p$_x$, 2p$_y$, 2p$_z$) in F-C bonds. The sp$^3$ bonding resulted in a buckled graphene structure is indicated from the deformations of the $\sigma$ bonding in the nearest C atom (orange arrows) and the $\pi$ bonding in the next-nearest one (purple arrows). Between the non-passivated C atoms, the $\pi$  and $\sigma$ bondings almost remain the same as pristine graphene. Only slightly deformations are presented as in the dashed purple rectangles (Fig. 4(d)).

The orbital-projected DOS can clearly illustrate the orbital hybridizations in F-F, C-F and C-C bonds. For pristine graphene, the low-lying structures, as shown in the upper inset of Fig. 5(a), are caused by the 2p$_z$-2p$_z$ bondings among C atoms (red curve). DOS presents a linear energy dependence near ${E=0}$ and vanishes there, illustrating the characteristic of a zero-gap semiconductor. The $\pi$ and $\pi^*$ logarithmic-form peaks arise from the saddle points of parabolic bands near the M point (the dashed curve in Fig. 2(a)). Moreover, the shoulder structures, which are associated with the (2p$_x$, 2p$_y$) orbitals, come to exist at deeper energy (${\sim\,-3}$ eV). They correspond to the extreme band-edge states of parabolic dispersions near the $\Gamma$ point (Fig. 2(a)). The lower-energy DOS is dramatically altered after fluorination. Under the full fluorination (Fig. 5(b)), the V-shaped structure and two prominent symmetric peaks are absent, since the overall F-C interactions thoroughly destroy the $\pi$ bondings of graphene. Instead, there exist an energy gap  of 3.12 eV centered at $E_F$ and several F-dominated special structures, a result of the F-F bondings. These clearly illustrate the coexistence of strong F-F, C-C and F-C bonds. In addition, the 2p$_z$ orbitals only make contributions at very deep energies (Fig. 5(a)). With the reduce of fluorination, there are more special structures in DOS, as indicated in Figs. 5(b)-5(f), being attributed to the narrower energy widths of F-dependent valence bands, the gradual recovery of carbon $\pi$ bondings (red curves), and the partial contributions of F-2p$_z$ orbitals (blue curves).

The possession of remarkable properties enables fluorinated graphenes in many promising applications. They have been used in lithium-related batteries. \cite{40} Edge-fluorinated graphene nanoplatelets could be used as high performance electrodes for lithium ion batteries and dye-sensitized solar cells. \cite{41} Fluorinated graphenes could also be utilized as an electrode material for supercapacitors. \cite{42} Moreover, the hybridized systems have potential performances in many other fields such as the ink-jet printed technologies, \cite{43} the biological scaffold for promoting neuro-induction of stem cells, \cite{44} and amonia detection. \cite{45}

\subsection{2. Fluorinated 1D graphene nanoribbons}

In this part, the detailed investigation on geometric, electronic and magnetic properties of fluorine adatom-doped graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are fulfilled by various concentrations and adsorption positions of adatoms for both armchair and zigzag edge-terminated shapes. The two-typical widths that can wholly represent for all AGNR and ZGNR are included in the studying model, as shown in Figs. 6(a) and 6(b). The unit cells are described by the number of dimers lines and zigzag lines (N\(_A \)
   and N\(_Z \)) along \(y\). The lattice constants along periodic direction \(x\), respectively, are
   \(3b\)
     and \( 2\sqrt 3 b \) (\(b\): C-C bond length) for AGNR and ZGNR. Besides, unnecessary dangling bonds in the GNRs are fully eliminated by hydrogen passivation. The geometric stability could be evaluated by the binding energy $E_b$ = ($E_{tot}$ - $E_{GNRs}$ - n$E_{A}$)/n, in which $E_{tot}$, $E_{GNRs}$ and $E_{A}$ account for the total energies of the combined system, pristine GNRs and the energy of all isolated adatoms; n displays for the number of adatoms, respectively. The fluorine adatoms-adsorbed GNRs can be effectively synthesized from experiment since the evaluated binding energy is lower than -2.5 eV (Table 2). The top site doping  results in the optimized structures of halogen adatoms-adsorbed GNRs regardless of any doping cases. The inhomogeneous buckled honeycomb lattice structures are revealed in the fluorine adatoms-doped GNRs among other halogen adatoms-adsorbed ones. C atoms closest to the F adatoms are deviated from the graphene plane, and  they are sensitively depended on concentrations and adsorption positions. For the single F adatom adsorption, the deviation of C atoms are \(0.053\) \AA \  and \(0.133\) \AA \  at the center and edge of GNR, respectively. They obviously increase with the adatom concentrations, e.g., \(0.204\) \AA \ for highest adsorption concentration. The shortest and longest F-C bond lengths (\(1.387\) \AA \ and \(1.55\) \AA \ ) correspond to the highest adsorption concentration and the ribbon center-positioned single F adsorption. Likewise, the C-C bond lengths nearest to F adatoms are extended in the range of ~0.05-0.11 \AA \ as compared with those of pristine GNRs. This demonstrates the obvious change of the critical chemical bonds owing to the significant fluorination effects.

The honeycomb lattice symmetry, finite-size quantum confinement and edge structure lead to many special 1D energy bands in the pristine AGNR (Fig. 7(a)). Specifically, there exist asymmetry between the occupied valence bands and the unoccupied conduction bands around the Fermi level (\(E_F\)), where the direct band gap of \( E_g^d  = 0.6  \)  eV emerges from the effect of the finite-size confinement at the \(\Gamma \) point. The  \(\pi\) bonds of parallel 2p\(_z  \) orbitals, and the \(\sigma\) bonds of (2p\(_x\), 2p\(_y\)) orbitals are responsible for the electronic states of \( E^{c,v}  \le 2  \) eV and the deeper ones, as indicated in DOS (Fig. 11(a)).  Most of dispersions in the 1D band structures are parabolic, while few of them have partially flat ones. All the energy dispersions depend on wave vectors monotonously except for the subband anti-crossings.  The band-edge states which appear at \(k_x=0,1 \) (in unit of \( \pi /3b \)), and other states are related to subband anti-crossings that create the van Hove singularities in DOSs.

The  energy bands are dramatically changed due to the adatom doping effects. For the single F adatom-adsorbed AGNR, it presents the metallic behavior with or without spin splitting, as shown in Fig. 7(b) and 7(c). The Fermi level is shifted to valence energy bands, namely a red shift. The free hole densities exist in the unoccupied valence states between two Fermi momenta (\(\pm k_F \)  related to two valence bands intersecting with \(E_F\)). The \(\pi\) bonds of C atoms create the low-lying energy bands, independent of adatom adsorption positions. Furthermore, the (F, C) co-dominated energy bands, accompanied with the \(\sigma\) bands, occur at \( E^v  \le  - 2.5\) eV. They possess the weak energy dispersions or the narrow energy band widths. The critical F-C bonds and the significant modifications of \(\pi\) and \(\sigma\) bands can be characterized by the special features of 1D energy bands.

The variations in the concentration, adsorption position, and edge structure can create the obvious change of the 1D energy bands.  With the gradual rise of adatom concentration, the Fermi-momentum states are drastically varied, as shown in Figs. 7(d)-7(f) for two-F adsorptions. The total free hole densities become higher [\((5,\, \textcolor{red}{18})_d\) in Fig. 7(e); \((5,\, 18)_s\) in Table 2] or remain the same [\((2,\, \textcolor{red}{24})_d\) in Fig. 7(d); \((2,\, 24)_s\) in Table 2], compared to that of the single adatom adsorption (Figs. 7(b) and 7(c)). Note that expressions, [\((5,\, 18)_s\) and \((5,\, \textcolor{red}{18})_d\) or \((2,\, 24)_s\) and \((2,\, \textcolor{red}{24})_d\)], stand for the adatom adsorption positions under the single-side (black number; subscript s) and double-side (black and red number; subscript d) adsorption. Furthermore, the metallic 1D band structures might be thoroughly turned into the semiconducting one for the very close adatom-adatom distances, e.g., an indirect gap of \(E_g^i  = 0.64  \)  eV for the \((2,\, \textcolor{red}{5})_d\) adsorption (Fig. 7(f)). This exhibits the termination of the extended \(\pi\) bonds in AGNRs. Specifically, most of the F-doped AGNRs become the large-gap semiconductors under the efficiently high F adsorption concentrations (Figs. 7(g) and 7(h)). There exist more F-dominated energy bands which are located in the valence bands. The energy bands determine the magnitude of energy gap, and \( E_g \)  also depends on the \(\sigma\) bonding of carbon atoms (DOSs in Figs. 11(b) and 11(c)). Under the \(100\% \) adsorption, the nonmagnetic wide-gap semiconductor of \(E_g^i  = 3.2 \)  eV is generated (Fig. 7(h)).

A clear examination on the free hole densities is worthy of the detailed calculations. Such free hole densities are expressed by the relation \(\lambda  = 2k_F /\pi\), and linearly proportional to the Fermi momentum for each partially unoccupied valence band. There are no linear relations between \(\lambda\) and F adatom concentration except for the single F adatom adsorption. The single F adatom-doped AGNR can only create one free hole for any adsorption positions (Table 2), i.e., one electron is absorbed by a fluorine adatom from the bonded carbon atom due to the strong electron affinity. The metallic 4-, 6-, and 8-adatom adsorptions can create two or one free holes in a unit cell corresponding to the spin-degenerate and spin-split energy bands, respectively (Table 2). The F adatoms-adsorbed GNRs are in sharp contrast with the alkali adatoms-doped ones. The latter belongs to n-type metals even for the \(100\% \)   adatom concentration. Independent of adatom distributions, each alkali adatom generates one conduction electron from the outermost s orbital by means of the significant alkali-C bond.  This makes conduction electrons very high.

The electronic and magnetic properties are diversified by the various edge structures. There exist a major difference in energy bands of AGNRs and ZGNRs. Pristine ZGNRs possess a pair of partially flat valence and conduction bands nearest to  \(E_F\) at small \(k_x\)'s (Fig. 8(a)), corresponding to wave functions localized at the zigzag boundaries.\cite{46} Moreover, these energy bands also exhibit the double degeneracy for the spin degree of freedom even if they are closely related to the anti-ferromagnetic configuration across the ribbon center and the ferromagnetic one at the same edge (Fig. 9(d)). Besides, the band-edge states of N\(_Z=8\) ZGNR create a direct gap of \(E_g^d  = 0.46\) eV. The partially flat 1D band structures with the localized charge distributions could be changed by F adatom doping such as energy dispersions, energy gap, and state degeneracy (Figs. 8(b)-8(f)). For the single F adatom-adsorbed ZGNRs, the number of edge-localized energy bands are reduced to a half of the spin splitting (Fig. 8(b)). Furthermore, the energy bands intersect with the Fermi level that exhibits the metallic behavior. Such behavior vanishes under the adsorption of  two-F adatoms which locate at both zigzag edges [\((3,\, 30)_s\) in Fig. 8(c) and \((3,\, \textcolor{red}{30})_d\) in Fig. 8(d)], leading to a direct-gap semiconductor (Table 2). Under the central adsorption of  two-F adatoms, the behavior of an indirect narrow-gap semiconductor is presented with spin splitting (Fig. 8(e)). Especially, the partially flat semiconducting band structures fully turn into the spin splitting metallic ones under the adsorption of two-F adatoms which situates at edge and center [\((3,\, \textcolor{red}{14})_d\) in Fig. 8(f)].

 There exist five kinds of spin-dependent electronic and magnetic configurations. The pristine AGNRs are confinement-induced semiconductors without spin-split energy bands and magnetism (the first kind in Fig. 7(a) and Table 2). The similar semiconducting properties are also revealed in the F adatoms-doped AGNRs (Figs. 7(f)-7(h)). Nevertheless, the metallic systems might present the spin-degenerate energy bands without magnetism (the second kind in Figs. 7(b) and 7(e)), or the spin splitting with the ferromagnetic configuration (the third kind in Figs. 7(c) and 7(d)). On the other hand, the pristine ZGNRs are the anti-ferromagnetic semiconductors without spin splitting (the fourth kind in Fig. 8(a)). Furthermore, the F adatoms-doped ones present the first kind (Figs. 8(c) and 8(d)), the third kind (Figs. 8(b) and 8(f)), or the fifth kind (the semiconducting behavior with the anti-ferromagnetic configuration (Fig. 8(e))).

The electronic and magnetic configurations could be clearly interpreted by the spatial spin densities and magnetic moments.  Third, fourth and fifth kinds of the electronic and magnetic configurations exhibit the different arrangements (Figs. 9(a)-9(d), Fig. 9(e) and Fig. 9(f)), in which the competition between the spin-up and spin-down configurations create the net magnetic moment in a unit cell (Table 2). The spin densities are mostly distributed near the edge structures except for the fifth kind (Fig. 9(f)). When only one F adatom is adsorbed at the edge of AGNR, this leads to the ferromagnetic spin-up configuration, as shown in Fig. 9(a), and results in a net moment of 0.47 \(\mu _B  \). For two-F adsorptions near both boundaries, AGNRs exhibit the enhanced ferromagnetism across the ribbon center with 0.76 \(\mu _B  \) (Figs. 9(b) and 9(c)), while magnetism is absent in ZGNRs (Figs 9(e) and 9(f)). These illustrate that F adatoms close to the armchair and zigzag edges, respectively, create and destroy the same-spin arrangement on the spot. Specifically, two F adatoms adsorption at edge and center of ZGNR creates to an unusual anti-ferromagnetic configuration with a zero magnetic moment(Fig. 9(f)).

 The multi-orbital hybridizations are analyzed by the spatial charge density \((\rho )\), the charge density difference \((\Delta \rho )\), and the partial charge density  \(
                           (\rho_P )
                           \). \((\Delta \rho )\)  is calculated by subtracting the charge density of GNRs and F adatoms from that of F adatom-doped system. Also, the chemical bonds as well as the charge transfer are clearly illustrated by \((\rho ) \). The \( \pi \) and \( \sigma  \) bonds in the planar GNRs are formed by the parallel  2p\(_z\) orbitals and the planar (2p\(_x\), 2p\(_y\)) ones, as shown in Fig. 10(a) for \(N_A=12\) AGNR (the solid and dashed rectangles). The high charge density between F and C could have obviously changes in \( \pi \) bonding and observable reductions in \( \sigma  \) bonding (Figs. 10(b) and 10(d)). The strong fluorination effects are also revealed in drastic density variations, especial for \((\Delta \rho ), \)  near F adatoms on \((x,z)\) and \((y,z)\) planes (Figs. 10(c) and 10(e)). These clearly indicate the complicated (2p\(_x\), 2p\(_y\), 2p\(_z\))-(2p\(_x\), 2p\(_y\), 2p\(_z\)) hybridizations in F-C bonds. When the distance between two fluorine adatoms is sufficiently short, there exist the significant (2p\(_x\), 2p\(_y\)) hybridizations in F-F bonds, as illustrated in Figs. 10(c) and 10(e) (red rectangles on  \((x,z)\) and  \((y,z)\) planes). As for the metallic and semiconducting behaviors, they are characterized by the distorted \( \pi \) bondings in the partially charge density related to electronic states very close to \(E_F\) (Figs. 10(f) \(\&\) 10(h), and Figs. 10(g) \(\&\) 10(i)).

 The diverse electronic and magnetic configurations can be verified by the orbital-projected DOSs (Fig. 11). There exhibit many special structures, in which the asymmetric and symmetric peaks emerge from the parabolic and partially flat energy bands. When the adatom concentration is lower than \(
                                          50\%\) (Figs. 11(b), 11(d) and 11(e)), the low-energy DOS is dominated by the \( \pi \) bonding of C-2p\(_z\) orbitals (red curves). Such bonding also makes contributions to the deeper-energy DOS. The peak structures owing to the \( \sigma  \) bonding of (2p\(_x\), 2p\(_y\)) orbitals occur at \(
                                           E <  - 2.5\)  eV (green curves). The similar features take place with the respect to the (2p\(_x\), 2p\(_y\)) and 2p\(_z\) orbitals of the F adatoms (dashed blue and pink curves). The former possess a sufficiently wide energy width of 2 eV, so that there exist the significant (2p\(_x\), 2p\(_y\)) orbital hybridizations in F-F bonds. All the orbitals can create the merged peak structures at deeper energy, clearly illustrating the ((2p\(_x\), 2p\(_y\), 2p\(_z\))-(2p\(_x\), 2p\(_y\), 2p\(_z\))) multi-orbital hybridizations in F-C bonds. Specifically, the energy width of the bands might be more than 5 eV under the highest adatom concentration (Figs. 11(c)). Furthermore, the corresponding peaks are stronger than those of the \( \sigma  \) bands. The occupied valence bands are closely related to the (2p\(_x\), 2p\(_y\)) orbitals of F and C, especially for the orbital hybridization in F-F bonds.

Five kinds of electronic and magnetic configurations are characterized by the specific peak structures near the Fermi level. A pair of anti-symmetric peaks near \(E=0\), which are divergent in the opposite direction, represent an energy gap in the absence of spin splitting (the first kind), as shown in Figs. 11(a)-11(c). But for non-magnetic metals (the second kind), the similar pair presents a blue shift (\(0.5 - 1.0\))  eV (Figs. 11(d)), and DOS is finite at the Fermi level. The spin-polarized peak structures are revealed in ferromagnetic metals (the third kind in Figs. 11(e) and 11(g)). The low-energy peaks are quite different for spin-up and spin-down configurations, in which they are asymmetric about \(E=0\), and the former predominates the occupied states of \(E<0\). Specifically, the partially flat energy bands in a pristine ZGNR can create a pair of symmetric peaks (blue circles in Fig. 11(f)), accompanied with an energy gap and one peak due to an extra band-edge state (Fig. 8(a)). This corresponds to an anti-ferromagnetic semiconductor with spin degeneracy (the fourth kind). There are more pairs of symmetric peaks centered about \(E=0\)  in the presence of spin splitting, as indicated in Fig. 11(h). The fifth kind of peak structure arises from the narrow-gap semiconducting band structure of two F adatoms-absorbed ZGNRs with the anti-ferromagnetic behavior.

\subsection{3. Experimental measurements}

On the experimental aspects, a scanning tunneling microscope (STM), an useful tool for imaging surfaces at atomic level with a good resolution, has been successfully utilized to identify the unique geometric structures of the graphene-related systems, including graphite, graphene, graphene compounds, carbon nanotubes, and GNRs.  The atomic-scaled observations clearly reveal the 2D networks of local defects,\cite{47} the buckled and rippled structures of graphene islands,\cite{48} the adatom distributions on graphene surface,\cite{49} the nanoscale width of GNR,\cite{50} and the chiral arrangements of the hexagons on the planar edges\cite{51} and a cylindrical surface.\cite{52} For fluorinated 2D and 1D graphene, the buckled structure, the adatom height, and the bond length (Table 1 and 2) are worthy of further STM verifications. Such measurements are very useful in identifying the significant multi-orbital hybridizations in F-C, F-F and C-C chemical bonds.

Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), a direct experimental technique to observe the distribution of electrons in the reciprocal space of solids, is one of the most powerful experimental methods to examine the wave-vector-dependent electronic structures. Besides, the feature-rich electronic structures within the distinct dimensions are revealed in the experimental measurements on graphene-related systems. For example, the verified energy bands include an isotropic Dirac-cone structure with linear energy dispersions in monolayer graphene,\cite{53} two pairs of parabolic bands in bilayer AB stacking,\cite{54} the bilayer- and monolayer-like energy dispersions, respectively, at \(k_z=0\) and zone boundary in AB-stacked graphite\cite{55} and 1D parabolic energy bands with a direct energy gap in AGNRs.\cite{56} In addition, an edge-localized partially flat band is deduced to have an association with the zigzag-like steps on graphite surface. The measurement on fluorinated graphene shows that the Fermi level is shifted 0.79 eV below the Dirac point, indicating the p-type doping. Up to now, the ARPES measurements on the adatom-enriched 1D energy bands of GNRs are absent. The ARPES and spin-resolved ARPES\cite{57} are available in verifying five kinds of predicted electronic and magnetic configurations in F adatom-absorbed GNRs.

The scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), an extension of STM, is used to provide information about the density of electrons in a sample as a function of their energy, with the tunneling differential conductance \((dI/dV)\) proportional to DOS, could serve as very efficient methods to identify the dimension-enriched special structures in DOS.  The measured DOSs show the splitting \(\pi\) and
                                 \(
                                 \pi ^ *\)   peaks and a finite value near  \(E_F\) characteristic of the semi-metallic behavior in graphite,\cite{58} a linear E-dependence vanishing at the Dirac point in monolayer graphene, the asymmetry-created peak structures in bilayer graphene,\cite{59} a prominent peak at \(E_F\) arising from partially flat bands in tri-layer and penta-layer ABC-stacked graphene.\cite{60} The geometry-dependent energy gaps and the asymmetric peaks of 1D parabolic bands in carbon nanotubes\cite{61} and GNRs. The STS and spin-resolved STS could be utilized to examine the orbital-projected DOSs of F adatom-absorbed 2D graphene and 1D GNRs, covering the finite value at \(E_F\), energy gap and spin-polarized peak structures.

\section{IV. Concluding remarks}

 The geometric structures, electronic and magnetic properties of F adatom-adsorbed 2D graphene and 1D GNRs are investigated using the first-principles calculations. Discussions on the  adatom-dominated band structure, the spin arrangement, spatial charge density, and the orbital-projected density of states (DOS) are useful to elucidate the feature-rich electronic and magnetic properties. The similar analyses could be further generalized to the emergent 2D and 1D layered materials, with nanoscale thickness and unique lattice symmetries, covering 2D and 1D silicene, germanene, tinene, phosphorene, MoS\(_2\) and so on. The fluorination-induced diverse effects mainly arise from the complicated relations among 2D and 1D honeycomb lattice symmetries, the top site F-C multi-orbital hybridizations, finite-size quantum confinements and specific edge structures. The metallic (with/without spin-splitting) or large-gap semiconducting behaviors can turn into the highly potential applications, such as electronic, optical, and spintronic devices.

           Each F adatom-adsorbed 2D and 1D graphene can create an inhomogeneous buckled structure, in which the adatom height and the change of C-C bond length are mainly determined by the significant fluorination effect. The multi-orbital hybridizations in F-C, C-C and F-F bonds of fluorinated graphene lead either to the metals (with/without magnetism) or to the large-gap semiconductors (without magnetism), depending on the adatom concentrations and distributions. The carbon-dominated magnetisms are revealed in the fluorination of 12.5\% and 16.7\%. Furthermore,  the critical multi-orbital hybridizations, and the edge-dependent spin distributions of the fluorinated GNRs are responsible for five kinds of electronic and magnetic properties, covering the non-magnetic and ferromagnetic metals, non-magnetic semiconductors, and anti-ferromagnetic semiconductors with/without the spin splitting. Besides, F adatom-doped AGNRs could create one or two holes per unit cell corresponding to the spin-split and spin-degenerate \(\pi\)-electronic energy bands (non-magnetism and ferromagnetism), respectively. However, F adatom-doped ZGNRs only exhibit the case with lower carrier density. The predicted geometric, electronic and magnetic properties of fluorinated 2D and 1D graphene could be verified by STM, ARPES and STS, respectively.

  \par\noindent {\bf Acknowledgments}

            This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 103.01-2017.74. Also, we would like to thank Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan for the computational support.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Let's FACE it, we all want to wake up looking refreshed, rejuvenated and like we actually got the 8 hours of sleep we crave and need, when in reality we may only have had a night interrupted by life's boisterousness: worries that pop up at 2 am, crying babies, hormonal shifts, restless kids, sick dog, snoring partner … you get my drift. Of course, we all must try to find ways to get better sleep, worry less, eat better, and drink more water BUT what if there was a small, quick way to enhance all of your existing efforts while adding self-care into your routine? Let us introduce you to the facial roller!
First thing's first: The Benefits! Facial massage has an abundance of beneficial properties. The muscles in the face are often tense and overworked, yet we do not tend to them regularly. We get massages all over our bodies to nurture our muscles, but rarely massage the face. Massaging the skin stimulates the circulation of blood, which leads to stimulating cell growth and preventing new fine lines and wrinkles. Increased blood circulation can also help detoxify the skin; think of it as do-it-yourself lymphatic drainage which helps drain fluid (lymph) out of skin and muscle tissues, leading to less puffiness and more glow! The stimulation of facial muscles helps to bring oxygen to that area which is a natural form of anti-aging treatment in itself. Collagen production is also enhanced by the increased blood flow.
Enhance the Experience! When doing a facial massage with the facial roller, amplify the benefits by applying serums and moisturizers 3 – 5 minutes before. Using the roller after the application of serums / moisturizers seals in all the goodness of your skin care regimen. This ritual is the least invasive and when performed regularly, can be very effective in making your skin look youthful and vibrant!
Quick Tips: Rolling from the midline of your face outward and up, then down the jawline will assist in smoothing out fine lines and wrinkles, while also directing lymphatic drainage away from your face. See the diagram for a visual representation of the most effective directions to roll.
Choose Your Treasure: Our facial rollers come in four different gemstones including rose quartz, amethyst, jade and crystal quartz. Pick a gemstone (either by intuition or from the direction below) and roll away!
Rose Quartz: Rose quartz is the ultimate love stone promoting self love in particular. It is also the ultimate beauty stone. Infuses your face with all the properties of rose quartz helping you accept your own beauty and radiate your inner beauty.
Jade: Jade is commonly used for making massage tools for the face. Jade represents wisdom, balance and peace. It is a highly calming stone which makes it great for irritated skin conditions. It helps improve skin elasticity, encourages lymphatic drainage and helps prevent wrinkles.
Quartz: The most powerful healing and energy amplifier on the planet. It absorbs, stores, releases and regulates energy and is useful for unblocking it. It works at a vibrational level attuned to the specific energy requirements of the person needing healing or undertaking spiritual work. Quartz is the master healer and can be used for any condition. It stimulates the immune system and brings the body back into balance.
Amethyst: Is extremely powerful and protective stone with a high spiritual vibration. Natural tranquilizer. Strong healing and cleansing powers and enhances spiritual awareness. Calms and synthesizes and aids transmission of neural signals through the brain. Balances out highs and lows promoting emotional centering. Dispels anger, rage, fear and anxiety, and sadness. Promotes love of the divine, giving insights into its true nature and encourages selflessness and spiritual wisdom.
This post written by Liza Jackson, Master Esthetician at Juut Salonspa in St Paul.
Gemstone property descriptions source: Aquarian Soul.