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Israel In UAE, Kushner Urges Palestinians to Negotiate
In UAE, Kushner Urges Palestinians to Negotiate
Monday, August 31, 2020 at 8:27 am | י"א אלול תש"פ
ABU DHABI (Reuters) -
President Donald Trump's senior adviser Jared Kushner speaks upon arriving at Abu Dhabi International Airport, in Abu Dhabi, Monday. (Reuters/Christopher Pike)
Senior U.S. and Israeli officials landed in the United Arab Emirates on Monday on a historic trip to finalize a pact marking open relations between Israel and the Gulf state, and told Palestinians it was now time for them to negotiate peace.
White House senior adviser Jared Kushner added on arrival that Washington could maintain Israel's military edge while advancing its ties to the UAE, the Arab world's second-largest economy and a regional power.
Announced on Aug. 13, the normalization deal is the first such accommodation between an Arab country and Israel in more than 20 years and was forged largely through shared fears of Iran.
Palestinians were dismayed by the UAE's move, worried that it would weaken a long-standing pan-Arab position that called for Israeli withdrawal from Yehudah and Shomron and acceptance of Palestinian statehood in return for normal relations with Arab countries.
Kushner said Palestinians should not be "stuck in the past."
"They have to come to the table. Peace will be ready for them, an opportunity will be ready for them as soon as they are ready to embrace it," said Kushner, part of a U.S. delegation that accompanied Israeli officials on the first official Israeli flight from Tel Aviv to the UAE.
Kushner and national security adviser Robert O'Brien head the U.S. delegation. The Israeli team is led by O'Brien's counterpart, Meir Ben-Shabbat.
Israel and the United Arab Emirates will discuss economic, scientific, trade and cultural cooperation on the visit. Direct flights between the two countries will also be on the agenda, an Israeli Foreign Ministry spokesman told al Arabiya after landing in Abu Dhabi.
Even before landing, the delegates made aviation history when the Israeli commercial airliner flew over Saudi territory on the direct flight from Tel Aviv to the UAE capital.
"That's what peace for peace looks like," Netanyahu tweeted, describing a deal for formal ties with an Arab state that does not entail handover of land that Israel captured in the 1967 Middle East war.
Israeli officials hope the two-day trip will produce a date for a signing ceremony in Washington, perhaps as early as September, between Netanyahu and Abu Dhabi's Crown Prince Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed al-Nahyan.
Israeli National Security Advisor Meir Ben-Shabbat, U.S. President's senior adviser Jared Kushner and Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Anwar Gargash hold a meeting in Abu Dhabi, Monday. (Government Press Office (GPO)/Handout via Reuters)
That could give Trump a foreign policy boost ahead of his reelection bid in November.
The Trump administration has tried to coax other Sunni Arab countries concerned about Iran to engage with Israel. The most powerful of those, Saudi Arabia, while opening its airspace to the El Al flight, has signaled that it is not ready.
Hours before the plane landed three people were killed and several others were injured in two separate explosions in Abu Dhabi and UAE tourism hub Dubai, police and local media said.
The Abu Dhabi government media office said two people were killed in the blast in the capital, which The National daily reported had hit KFC and Hardee's restaurants.
In a second incident, one person was killed when a gas cylinder exploded in a Dubai restaurant, local media reported.
Like all El Al 737s, the aircraft was equipped with an antimissile system, an Israeli spokesman said, and carried security agents of the U.S. Secret Service and the Israeli Shin Bet to guard the delegations.
On board the packed airliner, passengers were welcomed in Arabic as well as English and Hebrew, a gesture marking the historic flight. "Wishing us all salaam, peace and shalom, have a safe flight," the pilot, Captain Tal Becker, said on the intercom, in Arabic, English and Hebrew, using all three languages to also announce the flight number and destination.
Senior Palestinian official Saeb Erekat tweeted: "Peace is not an empty word used to normalize crimes and oppression. Peace is the outcome of justice. Peace is not made by denying Palestine's right to exist and imposing an apartheid regime. Apartheid is what Netanyahu means by "peace for peace."
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Home LPL Sri Lankan Cricket Board suspended the LPL league
Sri Lankan Cricket Board suspended the LPL league
The Sri Lankan Premier League (LPL) was scheduled to run from August 26 to September 20. It was learned that the 23-match T20 league is being held at three venues. The participating teams were five based in Colombo, Gaul, Jaffna, Dambulla and Kandy. However, the Sri Lankan Cricket Board suspended the LPL 2020 league before it started. The league has been suspended due to the Corona situation.
"We have discussed the matter with the health department," said Shammi Silva, president of the Lankan Cricket Board, over the suspension of the franchise-based league. They say 14 days quarantine is mandatory for anyone coming from abroad. In that case, it will be difficult to start the tournament at the end of August.
However, SLC has not completely deviated from the LPL plan. The SLC chief said they were keen to start the tournament in November after the end of the IPL.
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Home > Global News > The Superocean Was Once Gulped By Earth Itself, Would That Happen Again?
As per a recent research, the antiquated supercontinent of Rodinia is inside out since the Earth gulped its very own sea nearly 700 million years back. Rodinia was known to be a supercontinent which pre-shadowed the more renowned Pangea, which were in existence around 320 million and 170 million years back. In another research, experts driven by Zheng-Xiang Li from Curtin University in Perth, located in Australia, discuss that the superoceans of supercontinents develop and separate in rotating cycles that occasionally protect the sea outside layer and once in a while reuse it over into interiors of the Earth. Li explained that they recommend that the mantle structure of the Earth just gets totally rearranged each second supercontinent through the recovery of another superocean and another ring of fire. The "Ring of Fire" is known to be a chain of subducted sections surrounding the Pacific, where the outside layer of the sea crushes underneath the mainlands. Earthquakes and volcanoes are visit surrounding the Ring of Fire, obtaining it the name it has. The historical backdrop of supercontinents is somewhat dismal; however geoscientists are progressively persuaded that the mainlands converge into one monster landmass each 600 million years, averagely. First was Nuna, which existed between 1.6 billion and 1.4 billion years back. At that point Nuna broke separated; just to mix as Rodinia around 900 million years back. Rodinia separated 700 million years prior. At that point, around 320 million years back, Pangea was developed.


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Home > England > Suffolk > Historic Churches > Sudbury, All Saints Church
Sudbury, Suffolk, All Saints Church
HERITAGE HIGHLIGHTS: Burial place of Thomas Gainsborough's family
All Saint's Church, Sudbury
Sudbury has three historic churches, standing just a short walk from each other. In the centre of the town is St Peter's, now redundant and in the care of the Churches Conservation Trust. To the west of the town centre is St Gregory's, a 14th century church that counts among its treasures the mummified head of a bishop murdered by angry peasants.
The third historic church is All Saints, located near Ballingdon Bridge, in the south-west corner of the town. The church was begun in the Norman period, at a time when Sudbury was starting to expand and grow into a thriving centre of trade for thew wool industry. The location was carefully chosen, near a fort across the River Stour. The growing traffic brought by the wool trade meant that the ford was replaced by a bridge, with a chapel founded on Ballingdon Hill to offer a welcome place for travellers to stop and pray.
In 1150 both the chapel and church were purchased by Adam the Monk and granted to St Alban's Abbey. The Abbey remained patron of All Saints until the Dissolution of the Monasteries, when it passed to Thomas Eden, Clerk of the influential Court of Star Chamber.
In the early 14th century the Norman church was rebuilt in fashionable Decorated style, only to be rebuilt again in the 15th century in Perpendicular style.
The most striking feature is the 15th century Perpendicular tower, with a stair turret projecting from the south-east corner. Above the large west door with its beautifully carved tracery panels is a huge west window with glass by Walter Tower, cousin of CE Kempe and the head of Kempe studios after the founder's death.
Perhaps the most interesting historic feature is the tomb of Thomas Gainsborough's family on the north side of the churchyard. The artist himself is not buried here, but in St Anne's church in Kew, London.
The Gainsborough family memorial
The oldest part of the church is the 14th century chancel, though most of the furnishings are from a restoration in 1882. One exception is the communion table, which dates to the early 17th century. The reading desk are Victorian, but incorporate panels from the late medieval rood screen.
The north aisle is 15th century, built as a family chapel for the Waldegrave family. When Thomas Eden became patron of the church the Eden family used the aisle as their chapel. On the wall is a genealogical chart of the Eden family. Under the aisle is a burial vault to the Burkitt family. The family were staunch Puritans and entertained poet John Bunyan when he visited Sudbury. They were also distantly related to Oliver Cromwell.
The south aisle dates to around 1500 and was used as a chantry chapel for the Felton family. It features parclose screens with beautiful tracery.
Perhaps the most interesting historic feature is a beautifully carved wineglass pulpit, dated to around 1490. The pulpit escaped damage during the Reformation because it was boarded up and hidden behind with plaster. It was only discovered by accident hundreds of years later in 1850.
The octagonal 15th century font is in a traditional East Anglian style, with quatrefoil panels on each face of the bowl, and trefoil niches on the stem.
The church is usually kept locked, but there are contact numbers for keyholders on the door. It is very easy to reach on foot from the town centre.
About Sudbury, All Saints Church
Address: Church Street, Sudbury, Suffolk, England, CO10 2BN
Location: On Church Street (B1115) just north of Ballingdon Bridge
Website: Sudbury, All Saints Church
Thatched Cottage, Hemingford Abbots, Cambridgeshire
Gainsborough's House - 0.3 miles (Historic Building)
Sudbury, St Gregory's Church - 0.3 miles (Historic Church)
Sudbury, St Peter's Church - 0.4 miles (Historic Church)
Chilton, St Mary's Church - 1.4 miles (Historic Church)
Newton Green, All Saints Church - 3.2 miles (Historic Church)
Melford Hall - 3.2 miles (Historic House)
Long Melford, Holy Trinity Church - 3.5 miles (Historic Church)
Kentwell Hall - 4.3 miles (Historic House)
Nearest Accommodation to Sudbury, All Saints Church:
Stable Cottage, Sudbury - 0.1 miles
Sudbury, Suffolk
Friars Retreat, Sudbury - 0.2 miles
Pound Farm Annexe, Great Yeldham - 3.8 miles
Great Yeldham, Suffolk
More self catering near Sudbury, All Saints Church
Mill Hotel - 0.2 miles
The Case Restaurant with Rooms - 0.9 miles
The Crown Hotel - 2.4 miles
Long Melford, Suffolk
More Hotels near Sudbury, All Saints Church
The Bay Horse - 0.4 miles
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Standing Stone, Danby, Yorkshire Prints
Top Historic Attractions in Suffolk
Blythburgh, Holy Trinity Church
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Self Catering near Sudbury
Friars Retreat


Need a little pick-me-up after this week? This should help. Gary Skaggs of San Francisco says the best thing about his job riding a piano bike around town is the smiles it brings to people's faces. Undoubtably, I'd be very happy to see such a thing in person, and the story behind the piano bike is pretty darn cool. So check it out below, our thoughts are with all affected by this week's events, and I hope this brings a smile to your face.
The City Exposed: Piano Bike from San Francisco Chronicle on Vimeo.Via Grist.


What will be dangling from your ears as you ring in Christmas and the New Year? Don't tell us you were going to let your lobes fly solo…because that simply won't do. Oscar Wilde once wrote "never give a woman anything she can't wear in the evening," and we're backing that statement this week (and, let's face it, most weeks). Whether you're buying baubles for yourself or the woman in your life, peruse above for a shopping list sure to ensure her ears will never be lonely again.
Check out the top 12 jewelry gifts from Stellene Volandes or shop our favorite sequin pieces for the holiday season.


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Sarah Fox	July 10, 2019
Slanted > TV > Shondaland Series 'Bridgerton' Sets Cast at Netflix
Netflix's new series "Bridgerton" confirmed the cast for season one on Wednesday. The show is currently scheduled to launch in 2020 and Netflix ordered eight episodes for the first season. The show is part of Netflix's deal with Shonda Rhimes, who serves as an executive producer with Betsy Beers. Chris Van Dusen also serves as an executive producer and is the creator of the series.
The series is based on Julia Quinn's best-selling series of novels. If you like to read the original work before seeing the adaptation, you can find a collection of Quinn's work right here on Amazon.
Netflix's official description reads, "Bridgerton, is set in the sexy, lavish and competitive world of Regency London high society. From the glittering ballrooms of Mayfair to the aristocratic palaces of Park Lane and beyond, the series unveils a seductive, sumptuous world replete with intricate rules and dramatic power struggles, where no one is truly ever on steady ground." The company added, "At the heart of the show is the powerful Bridgerton family. Comprised of eight close-knit siblings, this funny, witty, daring and clever group must navigate the upper ten thousand's marriage mart in search of romance, adventure and love. "
"We could not have found a more gifted group of actors to bring Bridgerton to life" added Van Dusen. "When creating this series, the goal was to turn a very traditional genre on its head and make something fresh, smart, sexy and fun. That's exactly what this cast embodies and I'm ridiculously excited to see them inhabit these characters and captivate viewers in their own incredibly brilliant ways."
Netflix also released the official character descriptions with the castings.
Phoebe Dynevor (Younger, Dickensian) will play "Daphne Bridgerton."
The picture-perfect young debutante has been waiting her entire life to make her grand debut on the marriage mart. Poised to be the season of 1813's forthcoming Incomparable, Daphne's set to take the town by storm – but not everything goes exactly as planned for this diamond of the first water, especially after she meets a certain Duke.
Rege-Jean Page (For The People, Roots) will play "Simon Basset."
Having newly returned to London, the Duke of Hastings finds himself the primary topic of conversation amongst marriage-minded misses and ambitious mamas alike. Yet, for reasons of his own, our devastating Duke has zero interest in his title, society, or taking a wife.
Golda Rosheuvel (Silent Witness, Lady MacBeth) will play "Queen Charlotte."
The veritable tastemaker of London society, Queen Charlotte finds herself living for the sordid gossip that Lady Whistledown prints, though she'd swear she's above such mundane musings. It's only when the ton's newest gossip writer takes aim at the palace that Queen Charlotte knows she must do something about it.
Jonathan Bailey (W1A, Broadchurch) will play "Anthony Bridgerton"
The quintessential English nobleman, Anthony is the eldest Bridgerton sibling and dutiful head of the family since assuming his late father's title of Viscount. Endlessly handsome, charming and rich, he's quite the catch on this year's marriage mart. But if he has any hope of fulfilling his oftentimes overwhelming duty of marrying and producing an heir, Anthony must first learn to temper his pursuit of pleasure.
Luke Newton (The Lodge, The Cut) will play "Colin Bridgerton."
The dashing Colin Bridgerton is used to disarming his fellow society members with good-natured jokes, though a serious sense of adventure lurks behind those swoon-worthy eyes. Colin takes a liking to the newest young lady in town — but it's this infatuation that winds up giving him more than he may have bargained for.
Claudia Jessie (Vanity Fair, Doctor Who) will play "Eloise Bridgerton."
Whip-smart, brazen and rebellious, Eloise Bridgerton is definitely not here for turning into just another young simpering and mincing debutante. She believes she's destined for something much greater, though she's quite rapidly approaching marriageable age.
Nicola Coughlan (Derry Girls, Harlots) will play "Penelope Featherton."
A vastly intelligent girl with a sharp wit and kind heart, Penelope would prefer to quietly sway near the perimeter of any ballroom rather than take center stage. She's been born into a family who will never truly understand her–as if dealing with the cutthroat, mean girls of 1813 Regency London weren't enough.
Runy Barker (Wolfblood, Doctors) will play "Marina Thompson."
Having been sent from the country to live with her cousins, the Featheringtons, Marina never imagined being a part of London society. Yet the arrival of this resourceful young lady seems to make more than just a splash in our glittering, exclusive world.
Sabrina Bartlett (Victoria, Knightfall) will play "Siena Rosso."
The beautiful, captivating, and enterprising opera singer who's having a secret affair with a prominent lord. Fun and a bit impetuous, Siena secretly longs to be a part of our town's world.
Ruth Gemmell (Deep State, Penny Dreadful) will play "Lady Violet Bridgerton."
All warmth, wisdom and love, the Bridgerton matriarch manages to treat everyone with unmatched kindness and respect. But don't mistake her compassion for weakness – as she's an impressive match for anyone who dares comes close to interfering with her family. She'd like nothing more than for her children to marry – not for convenience or opportunity, but for love.
Adjoa Andoh (Thunderbirds Are A Go) will play "Lady Danbury."
The legendary, acerbic, lioness of a dowager who runs this town. Unconcerned with the rules of polite society, Lady Danbury is a straight shooter – both formidable and a little scary. And while her judgments may be sharp, they're always accurate. She is a friend of Simon's late mother, having shown the now Duke a rare kindness when he was a child.
Polly Walker (Pennyworth, Age Before Beauty) will play "Lady Portia Featherington."
Perhaps the most ambitious mama of all, Lady Featherington is determined to make advantageous matches for each of her daughters – and is forever pushing them on some rather disinterested parties. Cunning and ruthless, Lady Featherington hustles to get what she wants, no matter the cost.
Julie Andrews will play the voice of "Lady Whistledown."
Anonymous to readers, this mysterious, sharp-tongued gossip writer uses a curious mix of social commentary and scathing insult to send the season of 1813's ton into an all-out frenzy.
Tags : CastingNetflix


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text:
Asia | Banyan
The surprising choice to lead Vietnam's Communist Party
Nguyen Phu Trong wins an unprecedented third term at an unprecedented age
WHEN COMPARED with the vibrant bustle and chaos in the rest of Hanoi—where drag queens perform for rapturous audiences and break-dancers throw down moves on the city's pavements—the five-yearly congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam could not have stood in starker contrast. The exactly spaced potted palms and bouquets; the serried ranks of 1,600-odd delegates (few of them women) all dutifully raising red cards to vote; even the ban on delegates meeting to chat in the evening: everything was arranged to present a narrative of conformity, calm and consensual order within one of the world's most secretive political organisations.
And yet the main outcome of the congress appears, on the face of things, anything but orthodox. The party has tended to disapprove of the kind of personal power that Xi Jinping has gathered next door in China. Rather, authority is spread among the four "pillars" of the government: the general secretary of the party, the prime minister, the president and the speaker of the national assembly. At the previous congress in 2016 it was unusual enough that the general secretary, Nguyen Phu Trong, saw off a powerful reformist rival to secure a second term—especially since he was well over 65, the usual age limit for re-election to the Politburo. He then also assumed the position of president on the death of the incumbent in 2018, compressing four pillars to three.
Almost certainly the outgoing prime minister, Nguyen Xuan Phuc, fancied his chances of succeeding Mr Trong as general secretary, the most important of the top four posts. Mr Phuc has overseen an impressive campaign against the covid-19 pandemic, despite a recent spate of infections. He has extensive executive experience and a broad patronage network. Yet Mr Phuc comes from the centre of Vietnam, when all previous general secretaries have hailed from the communist heartland in the north. Moreover, says Le Hong Hiep of the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute in Singapore, that same patronage network, in Mr Trong's eyes, counted against him. It might have constrained Mr Phuc's ability to continue Mr Trong's "blazing furnace" campaign against corruption, which has brought down party bigwigs, business folk and others. Mr Trong maintains that rooting out corruption is the key to the party's survival.
In the event, Mr Trong and his allies succeeded in blocking Mr Phuc. But Mr Trong's protégé, Tran Quoc Vuong, also failed to win the job of general secretary. Mr Vuong, a party stalwart and former top prosecutor, heads the anti-corruption campaign. But he lacks his own network of allies, which seems to have diminished his standing among members of the party's powerful central committee.
A stinging blow for Mr Trong? Think again. For, having ruled out Messrs Phuc and Vuong as general secretary, and lacking a compromise candidate, the congress voted instead for the white-haired Mr Trong to remain for a third term. That is unprecedented, but it may have been Mr Trong's intention all along. His ability to stay in power is all the more remarkable given that he is thought to have suffered a stroke in 2019. Never, says Tuong Vu of the University of Oregon, make the mistake of underestimating Mr Trong.
Even so, he was no blazing furnace at the congress, appearing frail. Speculation is swirling about whether he might step down midway through his new term. If so, his successor is likely to be either the new speaker of the national assembly, Vuong Dinh Hue, an economics professor and former finance minister, or the new prime minister, Pham Minh Chinh. The promotion of this former police general and head of party personnel and organisation is also unusual. Until now the prime minister has been chosen from among the deputy prime ministers. (The 66-year-old Mr Phuc, meanwhile, has been kicked upstairs to the largely ceremonial post of president, restoring the four pillars.)
For now, the conservative writ of the 76-year-old Mr Trong, a Marxist theoretician, runs in a country of 96m, more than half of whom are under the age of 35. Mr Trong means not only to continue his anti-corruption drive. He also means to crack down further on Vietnam's relatively open social media. His enduring sway suggests the party's intolerance of dissent will continue, says Thao Dinh, a prominent young activist. A tight grip, Mr Trong seems to believe, is necessary to keep the country on course. Lighten up, the drag queens and break-dancers seem to be answering.
This article appeared in the Asia section of the print edition under the headline "The shock of the old"
Asia February 4th 2021
South Korea is preparing for a lonelier, scarier future
Few young Japanese want to study or work abroad
Business cards are going online in Asia
From the February 4th 2021 edition
China's put-upon maritime neighbours are pushing back
China can no longer count on getting its way in the South China Sea
Myanmar's civil war has moved to its heartlands
Two years after an army coup, a country that was once a democratic hope is falling apart
The Philippines' new president rewires the war on drugs
Bongbong Marcos has asked more than 900 police chiefs to resign


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text:
District 4 Supervisor Sue Hoek seeks re-election
by Sue Hoek January 22, 2022 January 22, 2022
Sue Hoek, District 4 Supervisor and Chair of the Nevada County Board of Supervisors, announced she will run for re-election in the June 7, 2022 Primary Election. Hoek was first elected in 2018.
"With COVID and the economy, you might wonder who in their right mind would want to serve another term," Hoek said. "But our county is worth fighting for. I've been recognized as a leader who is willing to listen to diverse viewpoints, whether at board meetings, my own town hall meetings, or during my daily office hours."
Hoek, who comes from a longtime Nevada County ranching family, said the county faces a series of challenges – but she has the energy, passion and drive to help turn those challenges into solutions.
"Being 'in politics' wasn't something I'd ever dreamed of doing before I became supervisor," Hoek said. "But in this position, I've been able to help people and I want to continue that work for another term. We will remain innovative and meet goals that benefit the community at- large, but it is just as rewarding to work on the small things with neighbors. Sometimes people just need help navigating the county system to get the right services."
Among the accomplishments in her first term, Hoek noted significant improvements in vegetation management throughout the county and along roadsides for evacuations. Hoek said she is also proud of her role in completion of the Bridgeport Bridge, opening the first senior low-income housing in Penn Valley, installing a crosswalk in North San Juan, and creating the first-ever Military Appreciation Week.
"I look forward to continuing my work on issues such as broadband, the cannabis industry, and affordable housing," said Hoek. "I want to see through to completion the transfer station renovation, fire suppression water availability in North San Juan, and a new animal shelter in my district."
Hoek describes herself as "Just a plain ol' country gal who loves her community." She is a fifth generation Nevada County resident who lives and works on the family ranch in Penn Valley that has been operated by her family since the late 1870's. She has been married to Robert Hoek for 36 years, and has four children and four grandchildren.
For information about 4th District Supervisor Sue Hoek or her campaign for re-election, call her directly at (530) 432-5811.


text:
Georg Friedrich Rhein (* 20. April 1815 in Holzhausen; † 23. Oktober 1876 in Oesdorf) war ein deutscher Kaufmann und Politiker.

Rhein war der Sohn des Restaurateurs Matthias Rhein (1764/1765–1842) und dessen Ehefrau Henriette, geborene Gumben. Er heiratete am 12. Februar 1839 in Münder Sophie Elise Christiane Wrede (1815–1898). Rhein war Kaufmann in Oesdorf wo er 1851 bis 1854 auch Bürgermeister war.

Von 1851 bis 1854 war er Abgeordneter im Spezial-Landtag für das Fürstentum Pyrmont. Vom 27. Juli 1851 bis 1855 war er Abgeordneter im Landtag des Fürstentums Waldeck-Pyrmont. Er wurde zunächst im XIV. Wahlkreis und dann im Wahlkreis Pyrmont gewählt.

Literatur
 Reinhard König: Die Abgeordneten des Waldeckischen Landtags von 1848 bis 1929 (= Schriften des Hessischen Staatsarchivs Marburg. Bd. 3 = Vorgeschichte und Geschichte des Parlamentarismus in Hessen. Bd. 3). Hessisches Staatsarchiv, Marburg 1985, ISBN 3-88964-122-9, S. 69–70.
 Jochen Lengemann: MdL Hessen. 1808–1996. Biographischer Index (= Politische und parlamentarische Geschichte des Landes Hessen. Bd. 14 = Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen. Bd. 48, 7). Elwert, Marburg 1996, ISBN 3-7708-1071-6, S. 308.
 Jochen Lengemann: MdL Waldeck und Pyrmont 1814–1929. Biographisches Handbuch für die Mitglieder der Waldeckischen und Pyrmonter Landstände und Landtage (= Politische und parlamentarische Geschichte des Landes Hessen. Bd. 24 = Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission für Hessen. Bd. 48, 16). Historische Kommission für Hessen, Marburg/Wiesbaden 2020, ISBN 978-3-923150-76-2, Nr. WA 224.

Weblinks

Landtagsabgeordneter (Fürstentum Waldeck-Pyrmont)
Landtagsabgeordneter (Fürstentum Pyrmont)
Deutscher
Geboren 1815
Gestorben 1876
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


A video of the Monday night festivities went viral where women, reportedly bar dancers, can be seen performing to Hindi film songs, while two men are seen joining in and handing them money.
Lucknow: A government-run primary school in Mirzapur was turned into a dance bar to celebrate the birthday of the village pradhan's son, prompting outrage and an investigation.
The primary school in Tetraihiya Kala Khurd in Jamalpur village was shut on Monday for Raksha Bandhan. When the teachers arrived the next morning, they found the place littered and had to clean it up with the students.
When the teachers enquired, it was found that Ramkesh Yadav, the gram pradhan, had organised a party to celebrate his son's birthday.
Assistant teacher Ashok Kumar informed Basic Shiksha Adhikari (BSA) Praveen Kumar Tiwari about the incident, following which Tiwari directed the Basic Education Officer to investigate.
"I will be requesting the District Magistrate and Chief Development Officer to take stern action against the pradhan," BSA Praveen Kumar Tiwari said.
According to Tiwari, the school was closed for three days from Saturday to Monday. The principal said the pradhan took the school keys from him after classes ended on Saturday.
The teachers reportedly didn't know about the party and were surprised to see the school premises littered the next morning.
The village pradhan admitted to having organised the birthday bash for a relative, but denied attending the function himself. He claimed he was visiting a relative's house in a nearby village.


text:
A hollókeselyű (Coragyps atratus) a madarak (Aves) osztályában újvilági keselyűalakúak (Cathartiformes) rendjébe sorolt újvilági keselyűfélék (Cathartidae) családjába tartozó Coragyps madárnem egyetlen élő faja, tehát típusfaja is egyben. Korai leírása már a maja kódexekben is megjelenik.

A ma is élő hét újvilági keselyűféle egyike. Előfordulási területe az Amerikai Egyesült Államok délkeleti részétől egészen Chile középső részéig, illetve Uruguayig tart – ez a terület kisebb, mint rokonáé, a pulykakeselyűé (Cathartes aura), ami egyaránt költ Kanadában és Dél-Amerika déli csücskén, a Tűzföldön is. Megjelenése és angol neve (black vulture) ellenére nem közeli rokona sem a barátkeselyűnek (Aegypius monachus) (angolul: Eurasian black vulture), sem bármily más óvilági keselyűformának (Aegypiinae), lévén az óvilági alcsalád a vágómadárfélék (Accipitridae) családjába tartozik. Főleg a nyíltabb területeket kedveli, mint például az olyan füves pusztákat, amelyeket ritkább erdők és bozótosok tarkítanak. Szárnyának fesztávolsága valamivel kevesebb, mint 150 centiméter. Bár meglehetősen nagytestű madár, a többi újvilági keselyűnél kisebb. Tollazata teljesen fekete. A feje és nyaka teljesen csupasz, szürke. Csőre rövid, de kampós.

A család többi tagjához hasonlóan elsődlegesen dögevő, azaz az elpusztult állatok tetemeivel táplálkozik. Emellett eszik tojásokat és zsákmányol újszülött állatokat is. Emberi lakóhelyek környékén étrendjét a szeméttelepeken egészíti ki. Táplálékkereséskor főképp éles látására hagyatkozik vagy más, jobb szaglású keselyűket követ. Mivel nincs alsó gégefője (syrinx), alig ad hangot, az is főképp sziszegés vagy mély torokhang. Tojásait barlangokba, odvakba, vagy ezek hiányában egyenest a talajra rakja le. Évente általában két fiókát nevel, őket visszaöklendezett táplálékkal eteti. Az USA-ban a vándormadarakról 1918-ban létrehozott szerződéssel (Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918) védetté nyilvánították.

Neve

Neve a legtöbb nyelven – angolul black vulture, spanyolul buitre negro stb. – "fekete keselyűt" jelent, ezért valószínű, hogy a hollókeselyű magyar név is a madár hollófekete színére utal. Egyébként a "vulture" és a "buitre" is  a "tépőt" jelentő latin vulturus alakból származik, és táplálkozásának módjára utalva. A tudományos fajneve, azaz az atratus szintén latin eredetű, ater = "fekete"; tehát atratus = "feketébe öltözött" – újból a madár színére utalva. A nemének a neve szintén tollazatának a színére utal, Coragyps = "holló-keselyű"; de ezúttal a görög nyelvből: koraksz = "holló" (latinosan corax) és gyps = "keselyű". Családjának tudományos neve, a Cathartidae, szó mely görög eredetű: kathartēs = "tisztító", "eltakarító".

Rendszertani besorolása
A hollókeselyűnek és hat élő rokonának, azaz az újvilági keselyűféléknek (Cathartidae) a pontos rendszertani besorolása még manapság is bizonytalan. Habár az újvilági keselyűfélék és az óvilági keselyűformák (Aegypiinae) megjelenésben igen hasonlítanak, sőt ugyanazt a dögevő életmódot folytatják, a két család nem áll közelebbi rokonságban egymással. Más-más ősökből fejlődtek ki, és a hasonlóság csak a konvergens evolúció műve. A két madárcsoport közti rokonsági kapcsolat jelenleg is vita tárgya. Korábban az újvilági keselyűféléket a gólyaalakúak (Ciconiiformes) rendjébe helyezték, mivel néhány gólyafajjal is mutatnak hasonlóságot úgy megjelenésben, mint életmódban. A közelmúltban olyan elmélet is született, mely szerint a újvilági keselyűféléket és az óvilági keselyűformákat a sólyomalakúak (Falconiformes) közé kéne besorolni, vagy új, azaz külön rendet megalkotni a számukra. Az Amerikai Madarászok Egyesületének (American Ornithologists' Union) a dél-amerikai rendszertani bizottsága kivonta az újvilági keselyűféléket a gólyaalakúak közül és incertae sedisnek, azaz "bizonytalan helyzetűnek" minősítette e madárcsoportot; de továbbá megjegyzésként odatette, hogy az újvilági keselyűfélék talán átmozgathatóak a sólyomalakúak rendjébe, vagy létrehozható számukra egy külön rend, az úgynevezett újvilági keselyűalakúak (Cathartiformes).

Kifejlődése és a fosszilis rokona

A Coragyps occidentalis (laikus nevein: pleisztocén kori hollókeselyű vagy nyugati hollókeselyű) a kora és a késő pleisztocén között élt ugyanott, ahol manapság kisebb rokona. Nagyon hasonlított a mai fajra, de 10-15%-kal nagyobb volt, emellett csőre szélesebb és laposabb volt a mai fajénál. Mivel megjelenésben és életmódban igen hasonlít a két faj egymásra, a kutatók szerint a fosszilis faj a mainak az őse. A pleisztocén megafauna a Würm-glaciális, ismertebb nevén a legutóbbi jégkorszak idején pusztult ki. A nehezebb körülmények között a Coragyps occidentalis nemzedékeken át egyre kisebb lett, amíg a mai hollókeselyűbe nem fejlődött. Ezt a feltételezést több jól megőrzött maradvány is alátámasztja, mint például az oregoni Celilo-vízesésnél és a kaliforniai La Brea-kátránytónál találtak is. Az átalakulásnak a legutóbbi folyamatát a kontinensre érkező paleoindiánok is láthatták, mintegy 8-9000 évvel ezelőtt.

A különböző fosszilis és szubfosszilis maradványok - további kutatások nélkül - nem tulajdoníthatók a pleisztocén kori vagy a mai fajnak. A fosszilis faj különböző állománybeli példányai között is ugyanolyan méretbeli eltérések vannak, mint a feltételezett utódának alfajai között is. Emiatt 1968-ban, Hildegarde Howard amerikai paleoornitológus szétválasztotta a Mexikóban talált – hollókeselyű méretű – maradványokat az Amerikai Egyesült Államokétól, ennek következtében a fosszilis fajnak létrejött két alfaja: a Coragyps occidentalis mexicanus és a Coragyps occidentalis occidentalis. A C. occidentalis déli példányai ugyanolyan méretűek, mint a mai északon élő hollókeselyűk, csak a fosszilis madaraknak laposabb és szélesebb volt a csőrük. Ez a megkülönböztetés is csak akkor érvényes, ha pontosan tudjuk a maradványok megtalálási helyét.

Más kutatók ezt a szóban forgó fosszilis fajt a mai hollókeselyű paleoalfajának vélik, hiszen nem egy faj vált ketté, hanem az egyik átalakult a másikba, azaz a kettő között alig van különbség.

Előfordulása

A hollókeselyűnek nearktikus és neotrópikus előfordulása van, ami azt jelenti, hogy ez a dögevő madárfaj az Amerikai Egyesült Államokbeli New Jerseytól kezdve az USA déli államain, Mexikón és a közép-amerikai országokon keresztül egészen Dél-Amerikáig lelhető fel. Az elterjedési területén belül nemigen költözik, vagyis nem vándorol; kivételt képeznek a legészakibb állományok, melyek a tél közeledtével valamivel délebbre vonulnak, és azok a példányok, melyeknek élőhelye különböző okok miatt már nem elégíti ki a fennmaradásuk igényeit, és emiatt arrább repülnek. Dél-Amerikában az előfordulási területe Chile középső részéig, valamint Argentínáig nyúlik le. Ritka kóborlóként a Karib-térség egyes szigetén is megfigyelhető. Az olyan nyílt terepeket részesíti előnyben, ahol ritkás erdők és bozótosok is vannak. Ezek hiányában megelégszik a láperdőkkel, a cserjésekkel, a füves pusztákkal, legelőkkel, láprétekkel, mocsarakkal és az erdőirtások maradványaival is. Mivel elsősorban az alföldeken levő élőhelyeket kedveli, a hegységekben ritkának számít. Amikor megpillantjuk, vagy a levegőben vitorlázik, vagy egy kerítésoszlopon vagy elhalt fán figyeli a környezetét.

A hollószerű megjelenése miatt egy uruguayi szorost Quebrada de los Cuervos-nak neveztek el, melynek magyar jelentése: "a hollók szorosa". Ebben az uruguayi szorosban a hollókeselyűk mellett pulykakeselyűk és kis sárgafejű keselyűk (Cathartes burrovianus) is élnek.

Alfajai

Coragyps atratus atratus Bechstein, 1793 – észak-amerikai hollókeselyű; az alfajt először 1793-ban, Johann Matthäus Bechstein német természettudós írta le, illetve nevezte meg. Ez az észak-amerikai elterjedésű állomány lett a faj törzsalfaja. Méretben majdnem azonos a C. a. foetens-szel, azonban a tollai nem annyira sötétek. Az előfordulási területe az USA-beli északon New Jerseytől és Pennsylvaniától délfelé az USA déli részéig, azaz Texasig, valamint Észak-Mexikóig tart.
Coragyps atratus brasiliensis Bonaparte, 1850 – dél-amerikai hollókeselyű; ezt az alfajt először 1850-ben, Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte francia természettudós írta le, illetve nevezte meg. Kisebb, mint a másik két alfaj. A szárnya alatti foltozások világosabbak, mint a C. a. atratusé és a C. a. foetensé. Közép-Amerikában és Dél-Amerika északi felén honos. A legdélnyugatibb elterjedése Peru tengerpartján van, míg a legkeletibb előfordulása Bolívia alföldjein található meg. Elterjedésének északi részeit nyugaton a Sonora-sivatag és keleten a mexikói San Luis Potosí nevű állam képezik. A magasabban fekvő helyeken is megél.

Coragyps atratus foetens Lichtenstein, 1817 - andoki hollókeselyű; ezt az alfajt először 1817-ben, Martin Hinrich Carl Lichtenstein német felfedező, zoológus és botanikus írta le, illetve nevezte meg. Nagyjából ugyanakkora, mint a C. a. atratus. A szárnya alatti mintázatok kisebbek és sötétebbek, mint a többi alfajé. Az Andok hegységei között él, északon Ecuadortól délre Perun keresztül, egészen Észak-Bolíviáig, Paraguayig, Uruguayig és Chile alacsonyabban fekvő részéig.

Megjelenése

Habár a családján belül a kisebb fajokhoz tartozik, mint ragadozó madár meglehetősen nagytestű. Átlagos hossza 56–74 centiméter közötti, míg szárnyfesztávolsága általában 150 centiméter, de 133–167 cm között változik. Az észak-amerikai és az andoki példányok átlagos testtömege 1600–2750 gramm, míg a kisebb trópusi, dél-amerikaié, mely az alföldeken él, csak 1180–1940 gramm. A Texasban lemért 50 hollókeselyűnek az átlagos testtömege 2150 gramm volt, míg Venezuelában 119 madáré 1640 gramm. A kinyújtott szárnycsontja 38,6–45 centiméter, a farokcsontja 16–21 centiméter és a lábfejcsontja 7–8,5 centiméter - eléggé hosszú egy ilyen madárnál. Tollruhája teljesen fekete, napsütésben fényes. Feje és nyaka teljesen csupasz; e testrészeket sötétszürke, ráncos bőr borítja. A szivárványhártyája (iris) barna színű. A felső szemhéján egy, részleges szempilla sor ül, míg az alsón kettő. A lábai szürkésfehérek. A két előre néző lábujja hosszú; tövüket kis hártya köti össze. Lábfejei lapítottak és gyengék, fogásra nemigen alkalmasak. A karmai sem alkalmasak fogásra, mivel nagyon tompák, kopottak.

Az orrlyukak között nincs orrsövény (septum nasi), emiatt oldalról át lehet látni a madár csőrén. Szárnyai szélesek, azonban rövidek. Az elsődleges tollak töve fehér, emiatt röptében a keselyű szárnyainak alulsó részei világosan mintázottak. A faroktollai rövidek és négyzetalakot vesznek fel, ritkán érnek túl a nyugalmi állapotban levő szárnytollakon. Bergmann törvénye szerint, ha egy faj – mi esetünkben a hollókeselyű – nagy és változatos elterjedési területtel rendelkezik, akkor a hidegebb élőhelyeken élő alfajok nagyobbak, mint a melegebb éghajlaton élők. Ugyanez a szárnyak alatti világos foltokra is érvényes. Mivel ennél az újvilági keselyűfélénél a különböző alfajok előfordulási területei nagyjából érintkeznek egymással, vannak, akik elvetik az alfajok létezését a hollókeselyűn belül.

2005-ben, az ecuadori Piñas kantonban leucisztikus, azaz részben fehér színű Coragyps atratus brasiliensis alfajt észleltek. Tollazatának nagy része fehér volt, kivéve a lábfejeit, a farktollait és egyes szárnytollakat, melyek feketék maradtak. Ez a példány nem volt albínó, mivel bőrének színe megfelelően sötét volt. Ez a C. a. brasiliensis, körülbelül 20 másik, átlagos színű példány társaságában tartózkodott.

Életmódja

Repülése nagyjából vitorlázó. Amikor táplálékot keres, vízszintesen széttárt szárnyakkal a magasban siklik. Repülés közben rövideket ver a szárnyaival, azután pedig rövid időre vitorlázik. Mivel többet ver, mint közeli rokonai – például a pulykakeselyű –, a hollókeselyű röpte nem annyira energiagazdaságos. Ehhez a rövidebb, tehát kisebb felületű szárnya is hozzájárul. Amikor egy jót lakmározott, akkor túl nehéz lesz a repüléshez, ha ilyenkor veszélyben érzi magát, akkor visszaöklendezi a fölös táplálékot, hogy megint repülhessen. Mint minden újvilági keselyűféle, a hollókeselyű is gyakorolja az úgynevezett urohidrózist, mely a párolgás hűtő hatását kihasználva lábukra ürítés útján hűtik testüket. E tevékenység miatt a madár lába gyakran fehér színű, mivel rajta húgysavréteg képződik. Mivel hiányzik az alsó gégefője, csak sziszegő- vagy mély torokhangot hallat. Általában csendben ül, kivéve, amikor táplálkozik vagy izgatott. A hollókeselyű több rokonától eltérően csapatokban repül, illetve pihen. Ott ahol az élőhelyeik fedik egymást, a hollókeselyűk gyakran a Cathartes-fajokkal társulnak, együtt pihenve a kiszáradt fákon. Viszont amikor táplálékról van szó, a csapatban járó hollókeselyűk elkergethetik a dögtől az általában magányos pulykakeselyűt.

Amint a pulykakeselyűt, a hollókeselyűt is meg lehet figyelni széttárt szárnyakkal álló helyzetben is. A széttárt szárnytartásnak több funkciója is lehet, mint például: a szárnyak szárítása, a test felmelegítése - a Nap által -, valamint a baktériumok "megsütése". Ilyen módon viselkednek a többi újvilági keselyűk, az óvilági keselyűfajok és a gólyafélék is.

Táplálkozása

A hollókeselyű a vadonban főleg dögökkel táplálkozik. Az emberi települések mellett a szeméttelepeket is felkeresi. Ezeken kívül tojásokat, fiókákat, frissen kikelt tengeri teknősöket (Chelonioidea), újszülött emlősöket és nagyon sebesült állatokat zsákmányol. Néha bomló növényi eredetű táplálékot is fogyaszt. Mint minden dögevő madár és emlős, ez a keselyűfaj is létfontos az élőhelyének egészségben tartásában, mivel a dögöket elfogyasztva meggátolja a betegségek terjedését. Táplálékát vagy a látása segítségével, vagy pedig a Cathartes-fajok követésével találja meg. A Cathartes-fajok közé tartozó pulykakeselyűk, kis sárgafejű keselyűk és nagy sárgafejű keselyűk (Cathartes melambrotus) a szaglásuk segítségével keresik táplálékukat - a szaglóképesség a madarak körében igen ritka tulajdonság. A Cathartes-fajok a talajhoz közel repülve megérzik a szétbomló dögökből áradó etil-merkaptán gáz szagát. E tulajdonságnak köszönhetően a hollókeselyű eme rokonai a fák lombozata alatt is rátalálnak az elpusztult állatokra. A királykeselyű (Sarcoramphus papa) és a szóban forgó újvilági keselyűfaj gyakran a Cathartes-fajokat követve töltik idejük nagy részét. E két madárnak nincs, vagy gyenge a szaglóképessége. Habár a pulykakeselyű valamivel nagyobb a hollókeselyűnél, az utóbbi agresszívabb habitusa miatt elkergetheti a dögök megtalálóját.

Ritkán vadászik is, ilyenkor főleg nagyobb emlősök, mint például szarvasmarha (Bos primigenius) és szarvasfélék (Cervidae) gyengébb egyedeivel táplálkozik. Ez az egyetlen újvilági keselyű, mely aktívan zaklatja az ember haszonállatait. Például amikor megellik a szarvasmarha, ez a keselyű az újszülött borjúra támadhat. Életének első heteiben a borjú – talán kíváncsiságból – magához engedi a keselyűket. Ha az anyaállat nincs a közelben, akkor a hollókeselyűk csapatosan rászállnak a borjúra, csípve annak szemeit, orrát és nyelvét. Ezek után a borjú sokkot kaphat és a rá támadó dögevők így el tudják ejteni.

A kutatók néha megfigyelték, amint ez a madár a pihenő vízidisznó (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) szőrzetéből a kullancsokat (Ixodidae) szedte ki.

Szaporodása

A különböző hollókeselyű állományok szaporodási időszaka a szélességi körtől függően változó. Az USA-ban, a floridai madarak kora januárban kezdenek költeni, míg az északibb Ohio államban ez csak márciusban következik be. Dél-Amerikában az argentínai és chilei példányok szeptember elején kezdik lerakni tojásaikat. Ugyanennek a kontinensnek az északibb egyedei megvárják az októbert. A Trinidadon élő hollókeselyűk ennél később, általában novemberben raknak fészket. Ecuadorban a fészkelés februárban van. A párválasztás a talajon történik meg. Ezt egy udvarlási szertartás előz meg, melyben több hím egy tojó köré gyűlve félig felemelt szárnyakkal körbejárják. Ezalatt a fejüket ide-oda mozgatják és felegyenesednek. Az új pár megerősítéséhez a madarak a kiválasztott fészkelőhely fölött, páros repülésbe kezdenek. Ennek keretében zuhanórepülést végeznek vagy egymást kergetik.

A tojásait főleg erdős területekre rakja le, általában faodvakba vagy egyéb kiemelkedésekre. A fészekalj a legtöbbször 3 méteres magasságban van. Habár nem épít igazi fészket, a fészek körüli térséget kidíszíti színes műanyag-, üveg- vagy fémdarabkákkal, mint például üvegdugókkal. Az átlagos fészekalj 2 tojásból áll, de lehet 1 vagy 3 is. A tojás ovális alakú, 7,56 centiméter hosszú és 5,09 centiméter átmérőjű. A sima felületű tojáshéj lehet: szürkés-zöld, kékes vagy fehéres, melyen változó elrendeződésben levendulakék foltok és pettyek láthatók; a tojás vastagabb végén halvány barna foltozás van. Mindkét szülő kotlik a tojásokon. A fiókák körülbelül 28–41 nap után kelnek ki. Kikelés után a fiókákat fehér pehely fedi. A fiókákat mindkét szülő eteti és gondozza. A fiókák két hónap után hagyják el a fészket, de csak 75–80 naposan válnak röpképessé. A tojásokat és a fiókákat mosómedvék, ormányosmedvék és rókák zsákmányolhatják. A felnőtt madárnak az agresszív mivolta és mérete miatt nemigen van közönséges ellensége, viszont néhány sasfaj, köztük a díszes vitézsas (Spizaetus ornatus) megölhetik a szóban forgó újvilági keselyűt; sőt ez utóbbi vágómadárfaj étrendjén eseti jelleggel szerepel a hollókeselyű.

A hollókeselyű és az ember

Mivel ez a keselyű időnként rátámad az újszülött borjakra, a szarvasmarha-tenyésztők nem nézik jó szemmel a farmjaik közelében. A hollókeselyű és más madarak ürüléke túl nagy adagban elpusztítja a fákat és más növényeket. A madár a légi forgalom számára is veszélyt jelent, főleg amikor a szeméttelepek közelében repülőterek vannak, mint amilyen például a brazíliai Rio de Janeiro-Galeão nemzetközi repülőtér. A szeméttelepeken e madarak nagyobb számban gyűlnek össze, tehát nagyobb az esélye a repülőknek velük összeütközni.

Az 1918-ban az Amerikai Egyesült Államokban létrehozott vándormadarakról szóló szerződés (Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918) szerint ez a madárfaj védelmet élvez és csak akkor tartható fogságban, ha megsebesült, vagy már nem tud alkalmazkodni a vadonhoz. Kanada (Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds in Canada) és Mexikó (Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals in Mexico) átvették ezt a védelemről szóló szerződést és beiktatták a saját állatvédelmi törvényeikbe. Az USA-ban törvénytelen befogni, megölni vagy tartani hollókeselyűt. A törvényszegők 15 ezer amerikai dolláros bírságot kell kifizessenek, továbbá 6 hónapos börtön is jár. A Természetvédelmi Világszövetség (IUCN) nem fenyegetett fajként tartja nyilván. Az előfordulási területe nagy és az állományok stabilak; a felmérések szerint az elkövetkezendő 10 évben, azaz a hollókeselyű szinten három nemzedéken keresztül, nem fog az állomány 30%-kal csökkenni, vagyis nem éri el a mérsékelten fenyegetett faj státuszt.

Nagy térigénye miatt állatkertekben nem könnyű tartani. A Berlini Állatkertben, azonban megtalálható, hiszen az Alfred Brehm Ház mesterséges sziklafalához monumentális méretű keselyűröpdét építettek. Itt számos más keselyűfaj mellett a hollókeselyű (Coragyps atratus) is megtekinthető.

A hollókeselyű számos maja kódexben és írásban szerepel. Általában a halállal vagy ragadozó madári mivoltával társítják. A keselyű hieroglifát gyakran az emberre támadva ábrázolják. Ennek a keselyűnek, a királykeselyűtől eltérően nincsen vallási kapcsolata. Habár egyes hieroglifákon tényleg látszanak a hollókeselyű nagy, nyitott orrlyukai, melyeken keresztül a csőrön át lehet látni; más ábrázolásokon meglehet, hogy valójában királykeselyű van, de nem rajzolták a fejére a rá jellemző dudort és lefestették feketére.

Két ország postabélyegére került fel: 1990-ben Guyanában és 1994-ben Nicaraguában.

Jegyzetek

Források

del Hoyo, J., Collar, N.J., Christie, D.A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L.D.C. 2014. HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Lynx Edicions BirdLife International.

Fordítás

További információk

Újvilági keselyűfélék
Madárfajok
Észak-Amerika madarai
Közép-Amerika madarai
A Karib-szigetek madarai
Dél-Amerika madarai


text:
<?php namespace ProcessWire;
/**
 * Class UI is the base class for all user interfaces. This file is the equivalent of the "controller" in traditional MVC (Model-View-Controller) lingo.
 *
 * A "user interface" in our case represents any collection of php logic, markup/html, css, and javascript used in generating the graphical user interface (GUI) or portion of the GUI that the end user interacts with.
 *
 * Classes extending the UI class should contain all logic for handling user input (http requests) and preparing data for output.
 *
 * UIs make use of a separate "view" file for html markup (TemplateName.php by default), which uses ProcessWire's native TemplateFile class. Only presentational logic should be contained in the view file. (e.g. if/thens for showing/hiding content and simple loops for lists and tables)
 *
 * Business logic should be handled by the "model", which in this case is represented by ProcessWire Pages. To add custom properties and methods to a page, the Page class should be extended using a custom module or added to a /site/templates/model folder.
 *
 * All css, js, and html for an interface are grouped together in a directory with the same name in the templates folder. (i.e. "feature folders")
 *
 * Interfaces are nestable (also known as HMVC), meaning any interface can call/instantiate another interface and assign its output to a variable which can be placed within its (the parent interface's) view. This allows for a modular architecture where each user interface "widget" can have its own controller, view, js, and css files.
 *
 *
 * Framework by Michael J Spooner for Solution Innovators (2015)
 *
 */
abstract class Ui extends Wire {

	/**
	 * Configurable properties included on each block - Feel free to set/override these in your UI subclass
	 */
	public $id; // A unique identifier for the particular instance of the UI (useful mainly for AJAX calls)
	public $version; // Update the version number of the UI to force browsers to reload cached js & css assets
	public $headScripts = [];
	public $footScripts = [];
	public $styles = [];
	public $minify; // Should assets be minified? (defaults to setting in UiBlocks.module)
	public $merge; // Should assets be merged? (defaults to setting in UiBlocks.module)
	public $wrapper = true; // Enable/disable the header and footer markup surrounding the block
	public $wrapperAttributes = []; // Associative array of attributes to add to the wrapper div
	public $classes = ''; // Classes to add to the wrapper todo: Change to wrapperClasses?
	public $debug; // Allows AJAX data to be output even if $config->ajax is false. May be used to switch on other debug data as needed. If not set, the value from PW's global $config->debug will be used

	/**
	 * Reserved properties, managed internally - Don't set manually
	 */
	protected $view; // The view file (HTML markup/template) this user interface will use for output
	protected $ajax = []; // An ajax data array to output instead of the view for ajax requests
	public $path; // Holds the directory path to this UI's file folder
	public $url; // Holds the URL to this UI's file folder
	public $uiName; // Holds the name of this UI block (based on the class name without the UI suffix)
	public $uiPath; // An array containing the name of this block and its ancestors, representing the position of this UI in the UI hierarchy.
	public $uiPathString; // The above uiPath in string format (e.g. layout.store.cart)
	public $depth; // Integer value representing how many blocks deep this block is in the current block hierarchy
	protected $uiBlocks; // holds reference to the UiBlocks module
	protected $uiProcessed = false; // Has the process() or render() method been called?

	function __construct(array $options = null) {
		$this->uiBlocks = $this->wire('modules')->get('UiBlocks');
		if($this->minify === null) $this->minify = $this->uiBlocks->minify;
		if($this->merge === null) $this->merge = $this->uiBlocks->merge;

		// Copy values from the options array to public properties
		if($options) {
			foreach($options as $key => $val) {
				$this->$key = $val;
			}
		}

		$this->path = $this->getPath();
		$this->url = $this->getUrl();
		$this->uiName = $this->getUiName();

		$this->view = new TemplateFile(); // Setup a view file so the controller can set variables to it

		$this->setup();

		if(!$this->uiBlocks->manageAssets || $this->requestIsAjax() || $this->requestIsAction()) {
			// No need to deal with assets if this is ajax or an action request, or if we've disabled asset autoloading completely
		}
		else {
			if(!$this->uiBlocks->isRegistered($this->uiName)) { // No need to search for assets if we've already used this block before
				$this->autoIncludeAssets();
			}
			$this->passAssets();
		}

		$this->uiBlocks->addToRegistry($this->uiName);
	}

	/**
	 * Factory for building UI objects. This is an alternative to using "new" directly. Allows for more compact code.
	 * @param $options - Configuration options to send to the UI's constructor function.
	 */
	public static function build($uiName, array $options = array()) {
		$lastTwo = substr($uiName, -2);
		if($lastTwo !== 'Ui' && $lastTwo !== 'UI') $uiName = $uiName . 'Ui';
		$uiName = '\\ProcessWire\\' . $uiName;
		return new $uiName($options);
	}

	/**
	 * Subclasses may use setup() as a constructor and it will be called when the class is instantiated
	 * This is a good place to set default properties and add js and css files to the headScripts, footScripts, and styles arrays
	 */
	protected function setup() {}

	/**
	 * @param string $className Optional name of class to get the UI name from (uses the current class otherwise)
	 * @return string The name of the current UI, without the namespace or "UI" suffix
	 */
	public function getUiName($className = null) {
		if(!$className && $this->uiName) {
			return $this->uiName;
		}

		if(!$className) $className = $this->className();
		$nameParts = explode('\\', $className);
		$className = array_pop($nameParts);
		$uiName = substr($className, 0, -2); // Remove "UI" from the class name to get just the name of the user interface
		return $uiName;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the file name of the current class, even if this is a child class. This is a workaround for the limitations of __FILE__
	 */
	public function getClassFile($className = null) {
		$class = $className ?: $this;
		$reflection = new \ReflectionClass($class);
		$file = $reflection->getFileName();
		return $file;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the path of the current UI directory
	 */
	public function getPath($className = null) {
		if(!$className && $this->path) {
			return $this->path;
		}

        return str_replace('\\', '/', dirname($this->getClassFile($className)))  . '/';
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the URL of the current UI directory
	 */
	public function getUrl($className = null) {
		if(!$className && $this->url) {
			return $this->url;
		}

		$path = $className ? $this->getPath($className) : $this->getPath();
		$pathAfterTemplatesFolder = str_replace($this->config->paths->templates, '', $path);
		return $this->config->urls->templates . $pathAfterTemplatesFolder;
	}

	/**
	 * Passes all public properties of the controller to the view for convenience
	 */
	protected function passPropertiesToView() {
		$excludedProperties = [
			'localHooks',
			'useFuel',
			'view',
			'ajax',
			'trackChanges',
			'changes'
		];

		foreach($this as $name => $value) {
			if(substr($name, 0, 1) !== '_' && !in_array($name, $excludedProperties)) { // Don't include properties that start with "_" or that are in the exclusions array
				$this->view->set($name, $value);
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * If there is a JS or CSS file with this UI's namesake, include it (if it isn't already added)
	 */
	private function autoIncludeAssets() {

		// Include any assets from parent UI classes first
		foreach(class_parents($this, false) as $parentClassName) {
			$parentClass = new \ReflectionClass($parentClassName);
			if($parentClass->isSubclassOf("\\ProcessWire\\Ui")) {

				if($this->uiBlocks->useFootScripts) {
					$this->autoIncludeAsset('js', 'footScripts', $parentClassName);
				}
				else {
					$this->autoIncludeAsset('js', 'headScripts', $parentClassName);
				}
				$this->autoIncludeAsset('css', 'styles', $parentClassName);
			}
			else break;
		}

		if($this->uiBlocks->useFootScripts) {
			$this->autoIncludeAsset('js', 'footScripts');
		}
		else {
			$this->autoIncludeAsset('js', 'headScripts');
		}

		$this->autoIncludeAsset('css', 'styles');
	}

	private function autoIncludeAsset($type, $destinationArray, $className = null) {
		$fileName = $this->getUiName($className) . '.' . $type;
		$filePath = $this->getPath($className) . $fileName;
		$fileUrl = $this->getUrl($className) . $fileName;

		$exists = false;
		if($type == 'js') {
			if(file_exists($filePath) && !in_array($fileUrl, $this->headScripts) && !in_array($fileUrl, $this->footScripts))
				$exists = true;
		}
		elseif($type == 'css') {
			if(file_exists($filePath) && !in_array($fileUrl, $this->styles)) {
				$exists = true;
			}
		}

		if($exists) {
			$this->$destinationArray[] = $fileUrl;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Removes external assets from the array you pass in and returns a separate array of external assets
	 * @return An array of external assets (absolute urls that cannot be minified/merged)
	 */
	protected function separateExternalAssets(array &$assets) {
		$externalAssets = [];

		foreach($assets as $key => $val) {
			if($this->isExternalAsset($val)) {
				$externalAssets[] = $val;
				unset($assets[$key]);
			}
		}

		return $externalAssets;
	}

	protected function isExternalAsset(string $asset) {
		return strpos($asset, 'http://') !== false || strpos($asset, 'https://') !== false;
	}

	/**
	 * Passes all local scripts and styles to the global assets arrays for inclusion in the html
	 */
	protected function passAssets() {
		$this->processAssets($this->headScripts, 'js');
		$this->processAssets($this->footScripts, 'js');
		$this->processAssets($this->styles, 'css');

		$this->uiBlocks->headScripts = array_merge($this->uiBlocks->headScripts, $this->headScripts);
		$this->uiBlocks->footScripts = array_merge($this->uiBlocks->footScripts, $this->footScripts);
		$this->uiBlocks->styles = array_merge($this->uiBlocks->styles, $this->styles);
	}

	/**
	 * Checks to see if this UiBlock contains any assets that are already part of the global asset arrays, and strips them out of the local assets if so.
	 * If the asset is not present, add it to the global rawAssets array so it won't be duplicated later.
	 * Minifies assets if enabled
	 * Adds version numbers for cache busting
	 */
	protected function processAssets(array &$assets, string $type) {
		// Remove any assets that are already in the global array by checking for it in the rawAssets global array
		foreach($assets as $key => $value) {
			if($this->uiBlocks->inAssets($value)) {
				unset($assets[$key]);
			}
			// If not in the global array, add to the global rawAssets array to avoid duplicating later on
			else {
				$this->uiBlocks->rawAssets[] = $value;
			}
		}

		if(count($assets)) {
			// If we want to minify/merge, do so now
			if($this->minify && ($this->uiBlocks->proCache || $this->uiBlocks->aiom)) {
				$this->minify($assets, $type);
			}
			else {
				// Add version number to non-external assets for cache busting purposes (not necessary if we're merging/minifying)
				if($this->version) {
					$versionSuffix = $this->version ? "?v={$this->version}" : '';
					foreach($assets as $key => $value) {
						if(!$this->isExternalAsset($value)) {
							$assets[$key] = $value . $versionSuffix;
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}

	protected function minify(array &$assets, string $type) {
		// Separate out the external assets so we can include them separately (they cannot be minified)
		$externalAssets = $this->separateExternalAssets($assets);

		// Determine whether to minify + merge or just minify
		if($this->merge) {
			$assets = [$this->minifyAssets($assets, $type)];
		}
		else {
			foreach($assets as $key => $value) {
				$assets[$key] = $this->minifyAssets([$value], $type);
			}
		}

		// Merge the external assets back into the minified/merged asset array
		$assets = array_merge($externalAssets, $assets);
	}

	/**
	 * Handles minification of an arbitrary array of js or css assets through the ProCache or AIOM (All In One Minify) module
	 * @param Array $assets to be minified and merged
	 * @param String $type 'js' | 'css'
	 */
	protected function minifyAssets($assets, $type) {

		// Remove templates path from beginning of file name, since ProCache and AIOM expects a templates-relative path
		foreach($assets as $key => $val)
			$assets[$key] = str_replace($this->config->urls->templates, '', $val);

		switch($type) {
			case 'js':
				if($this->uiBlocks->proCache) {
					$minifiedPath = $this->uiBlocks->proCache->js($assets);
				}
				elseif($this->uiBlocks->aiom) {
					$minifiedPath = \AIOM::JS($assets);
				}
				break;

			case 'css':
				if($this->uiBlocks->proCache) {
					$minifiedPath = $this->uiBlocks->proCache->css($assets);
				}
				elseif($this->uiBlocks->aiom) {
					$minifiedPath = \AIOM::CSS($assets);
				}
				break;

			default:
				$minifiedPath = '';
		}

		return $minifiedPath;

	}

	/**
	 * Child classes put their code in here. This is the main method, called when the UI block is rendered.
	 * You may optionally return an associative array of variables to pass to the view.
	 * If your block is executed using process() instead of render() (does not return a rendered view file), you may return any value you wish.
	 */
	protected function run() {}

	/**
	 * Called after the view is rendered. Child classes can use this to execute any controller logic post-view.
	 */
	protected function end() {}

	/**
	 * @return string to include before the contents of the view (feel free to override in subclasses)
	 */
	protected function getWrapperHeader() {
		$name = $this->getUiName();
		$id = $this->sanitizer->entities1($this->id);
		$uiId = empty($id) ? '' : "ui_$id";
		$htmlId = empty($id) ? '' : "id='ui_$id'";
		$path = $this->sanitizer->entities1($this->uiPathString);

		$url = '';
		if($this->uiBlocks->ajaxRequestUrl !== null && $this->isTargetBlock()) {
			$ajaxRequestUrl = $this->sanitizer->entities1($this->uiBlocks->ajaxRequestUrl);
			$url = "data-ui-url='$ajaxRequestUrl'";
		}

		$attributes = '';
		foreach($this->wrapperAttributes as $attrKey => $attrValue) {
			$attributes .= $this->sanitizer->entities1($attrKey) . '="' . $this->sanitizer->entities1($attrValue) . '" ';
		}

		return "<div $htmlId class='ui ui_$name $uiId {$this->sanitizer->entities1($this->classes)}' data-ui-name='$name' data-ui-id='$id' data-ui-path='$path' $url $attributes>";
	}

	/**
	 * @return string to include after the contents of the view (feel free to override in subclasses)
	 */
	protected function getWrapperFooter() {
		return "</div>";
	}

	/**
	 * Called by the client to run the user interface controller logic and output its markup (or ajax array, if this is an ajax call)
	 */
	final public function render() {
		return $this->process(true);
	}

	/**
	 * Determines how to process this block based on the type of request (ajax, action, or regular page view) and its position in the block hierarchy. Typically you would call render() instead, which simply calls this method with the renderView parameter set to true.
	 * @throws WireException
	 */
	final public function process($renderView = false) {
		if($this->uiProcessed === true) throw new WireException('You can only call process() or render() once per UI Block.');

		if($this->debug === null) $this->debug = $this->config->debug; // If debug mode is not set, use PW's global debug setting

		$this->uiPath = $this->uiBlocks->currentUiPath;
		$this->uiPath[] = $this->id ?: $this->getUiName();
		$this->depth = count($this->uiPath);
		$this->uiBlocks->currentUiPath = $this->uiPath;
		$this->uiPathString = implode('.', $this->uiPath);

		// See if we can skip processing this block
		if($this->uiBlocks->checkPath && (($this->requestIsAjax() || $this->requestIsAction()) && !$this->isInUiPath())) {
			//if(!$this->input->ui) throw new WireException('Missing UI path. Does your block have a wrapper?');
			//echo "skipped {$this->id} at depth {$this->depth} | ";
			array_pop($this->uiBlocks->currentUiPath); // Remove this block from the current UI Path since we're done with it
			return; // Do not run this block if this is an ajax request and the block is not in the ajax path
		}
		// Process the block
		else {
			// Process an AJAX or Action request
			if(($this->requestIsAjax() || $this->requestIsAction()) && $this->isTargetBlock()) {
				if($this->uiBlocks->checkPath && !$this->isInUiPath()) {
					throw new WireException('Invalid UI path.');
				}

				$this->uiBlocks->checkPath = false; // Since we hit the target block & method, blocks we process/render from here should not have their paths checked

				if($this->requestIsAjax()) {
					$method = 'ajax_' . $this->input->ajax;
				}
				else {
					$method = 'action_' . $this->input->action;
				}

				if(!method_exists($this, $method)) {
					throw new WireException("The method $method does not exist on the requested UI Block.");
				}
				else {
					// Pass the relevant input variables to the function we're calling
					$input = $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'POST' ? $_POST : $_GET;
					// Don't include these keys in the input array
					unset($input['ui']);
					unset($input['ajax']);
					unset($input['action']);

					// Call the function
					$return = $this->$method($input);

					if ($this->requestIsAjax()) {
						// If a return value is given, it will replace or be merged with the ajax array
						if ($return !== null) {
							if (is_array($return)) {
								$this->ajax = array_merge($this->ajax, $return);
							}
							else {
								$this->ajax = $return;
							}
						}

						$this->outputAjax();
					}
					else { // This is an action request
						// If a string is returned, we assume it's the url to redirect to
						if (is_string($return)) {
							$this->session->redirect($return);
						}
						// If an array is returned, we assume it's a set of get parameters to add to the current url, such as "success=1"
						elseif (is_array($return)) {
							$queryString = '?' . http_build_query($return);
							$this->session->redirect($this->input->url() . $queryString);
						}
						// Otherwise, just refresh the current page. This is to help enforce the post-reload-get pattern.
						else {
							$this->session->redirect($this->input->url());
						}
					}
				}
			}
			// Execute the run() method for a normal page view request
			else {
				if($renderView) {
					//echo "rendered {$this->id} at depth {$this->depth} | ";
					$return = $this->renderView();
				}
				else {
					$return = $this->run(); // Just run the controller
				}

				array_pop($this->uiBlocks->currentUiPath); // Remove this block from the current UI Path since we're done with it

				$this->uiProcessed = true;

				return $return;
			}
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Alias for render()
	 */
	final public function output() {
		return $this->render();
	}

	/**
	 * Sets up the view, passes variables to it and calls render() on it
	 * @return string output from view TemplateFile
	 */
	protected function renderView() {
		$result = $this->run(); // Run the controller

		// If the run method returned an associative array of variables, we pass them to the view
		if(is_array($result)) {
			foreach($result as $key => $value) {
				$this->view->set($key, $value);
			}
		}

		$this->view->ui = $this; // Pass the UI object to the view
		$this->passPropertiesToView();

		// Load the default view file for this controller, which is expected to be in the same folder as the controller file
		$viewFileName = $this->path . $this->uiName . '.php';
		if(file_exists($viewFileName)) $this->view->setFilename($viewFileName);

		$output = '';
		if($this->wrapper) $output .= $this->getWrapperHeader();
		$output .= $this->view->render();
		if($this->wrapper) $output .= $this->getWrapperFooter();

		$this->end(); // Execute any post-view logic

		return $output;
	}

	/**
	 * Directly outputs the UI's ajax data array in JSON format and halts further program execution (Used for AJAX calls)
	 */
	protected function outputAjax() {
		// Before outputting our JSON, we remove any markup that may have already been sent to php output buffers (e.g. if the UI Block was embedded inside of a view instead of pre-rendered in the controller, or the layout is not itself a UI Block)
		while (ob_get_level()) {
			ob_end_clean();
		}

		header('Content-Type: application/json');
		echo json_encode($this->ajax);
		exit;
	}

	/**
	 * Built-in ajax function to return the view of any UI
	 * Produces JSON array with single "view" element containing the html markup
	 */
	protected function ajax_reload() {
		$this->ajax['view'] = $this->renderView();
	}

	/**
	 * Was this UI loaded as part of an ajax request?
	 * If debug mode is off and the url is accessed directly, this will return false so that the result of an ajax request will not be shown in browser
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	protected function requestIsAjax() {
		return $this->input->ajax && $this->input->ui && ($this->config->ajax || $this->debug === true);
	}

	/**
	 * Was this UI loaded as part of an action request?
	 * Actions are non-ajax post requests that include a specific UI path and function name.
	 * They provide the efficiency of an ajax request but end in a redirect rather than returning markup or JSON
	 *
	 * @return bool
	 */
	protected function requestIsAction() {
		return $_SERVER['REQUEST_METHOD'] == 'POST' && $this->input->post->ui && $this->input->post->action;
	}

	/**
	 * For ajax and standard post requests, checks whether this block is in the UI path that was requested (?ajax=methodToExecute&ui=block1.block2.block3...)
	 * This allows us to avoid executing blocks that are not relevant to the ajax or post request
	 * @return bool
	 */
	protected function isInUiPath() {
		$uiRequestedAtCurrentDepth = $this->uiBlocks->uiRequestedAtCurrentDepth();
		if(!$uiRequestedAtCurrentDepth) return false;

		if($this->id === $uiRequestedAtCurrentDepth || (!$this->id && $this->getUiName() === $uiRequestedAtCurrentDepth)) {
			return true;
		}
		else {
			return false;
		}
	}

	/**
	 * For ajax requests, checks if this block is the target of the request (the final block in the path with the method we are executing)
	 * @return bool
	 */
	protected function isTargetBlock() {
		return count(explode('.', $this->input->ui)) === $this->depth;
	}

	/**
	 * @return mixed|null If a UI object is echoed directly to the page, it will automatically render itself
	 */
	public function __toString() {
		return $this->render();
	}

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Q: 5v signal to switch 3.3v input I have an arduino that has one of its inputs pulled high and 'listening' for when either of two push buttons are pressed by pulling it to ground.
I would like this signal to also be sent to a nearby raspberry pi on one of its GPIO pins, so that it's pulled high by default and when either of the push buttons are pressed it is also pulled to ground. As the rpi expects 3.3v I was wondering if a simple transistor would suffice here.

Would the above circuit work as expected? So when the transistor switches on it would pull the 3.3v away, leaving that input pin on the rpi reading 0 volts?
Lastly, if the circuit does make sense is the following calculation correct for the base resistor...

*

*current at collector = V/R = 3.3 / 10000 = 0.00033 A

*hfe = 35

*current at base... Ib = Ic / hfe = 0.00033 / 35 = 0.000009428 A

*R1 = V/I = (5 - 0.7) / 0.000009428 = 456000 Ohm

A: You have several problems with your schematic. S1 and S2 provide a direct short circuit on the 5 V supply. R1 is connected to GND - it will never switch high.
A simple solution is just to prevent the 5 V supply reaching the 3.3 V GPIO pin using a diode.

simulate this circuit – Schematic created using CircuitLab
Figure 1. A diode prevents 5 V reaching Raspberry Pi 3.3. V input.
For your PN2222 base resistor, the standard approach is to drive the transistor hard into saturation to give minimum power dissipation in the transistor and maximum voltage to the load. A much higher base current is used as a result. A 1k to 10k resistor would be a good choice.

Out of curiosity though can you explain how/if I could get the same result using a transistor?

simulate this circuit
Figure 2. Another way that doesn't work!
I can't think of a really clean way to step down from 5 V to 3.3 V logic while sharing a signal in this fashion. Figure 2 illustrates the problem.

*

*First note that the transistor will invert the signal logic feeding the RPi. When Ard GPIO is high RPi GPIO will be low.

*R1 is pulling the Arduino high but if we introduce R3 it will pull the Arduino input below 5 V. We could increase the value of R3 so that the Arduino input is high enough to read as a logic 1 but it's a little bit "vague" as a digital signal. You could probably get it to work.

*We can't leave out R3 as then the Q1 b-e junction will look like a diode connected across SW1 and SW2 pulling the Arduino input permanently low.

The solution of Figure 1 has advantages of simplicity, reliability, non-inversion and clear design intent. It won't confuse anyone.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


It was a rocking night of great music and style at the MEGA Man x Converse Fashion & Music Festival held at Burgos Park in Forbes Town Center, Fort Bonifacio last March 23. It was hosted by model-musician Julz Savard.
The event featured some of Manila's best college bands: St. Wolf from De La Salle-College of St. Benilde, The Subspring from Far Eastern University, Sour Cheeks from University of the Philippines, and Papapeta from University of Sto. Tomas while a performance by Young JV gave the festival some hip-hop flavor.
Headlining the festival were three of the country's biggest and most revered artists in the local music scene: Mayonnaise, Silent Sanctuary, and Kwjan. Another highlight of the event was a fashion show by Converse featuring their Spring-Summer 2017 collection and the 'Forever Chuck' campaign.


DISCLAIMER: This story and video chronicle an accident SIMULATION that was part of the "Every 15 Minutes" program, which occurred on campus Thursday March 22 and Friday March 23, 2018. The events seen are NOT REAL.
On March 22, a fatal head-on car collision occurred on campus involving five students. The Roseville Police department determined that the accident was drunk-driving related and announced that after an on scene sobriety test senior Megan Canchola was arrested and charged with driving under the influence. Senior Jacob Rotheram, who was driving the other vehicle, died immediately on the scene. Junior Katie Klein and senior Hope Jbeily were rushed to the hospital, where they later passed away after sustaining severe injuries. Junior Trevor Hilton, who was seated in the back seat of Rotheram's vehicle, survived the crash with a concussion.
Woodcreek students remain deeply affected by today's events and are grieving the loss of their fellow classmates. A makeshift memorial site sits in the quad to honor the lost. An on campus memorial service has been schedule for 11 am tomorrow morning.
The program was featured on ABC10 this morning. Click HERE to see the broadcast segment featuring Marcus Allen.


Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is the systematic delivery of oxygen at values two to three times greater than atmospheric pressure. Patients are placed in a chamber and breathe 100 percent oxygen while exposed to elevated ambient pressures.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy can be offered as a consultation service. Patients are evaluated through referral by their attending physician. Treatment regimens and other recommendations are communicated to the referring/primary care physician who remains responsible for the patient's general medical management. Successful therapy requires a multidisciplinary approach to care.
Oxygen delivered under increased atmospheric pressure becomes a potent drug. Hyperbaric oxygen must be administered carefully to avoid toxic effects.
The patient's clinical response often dictates the number of treatments that may be required. Non-healing wounds such as chronic refractory osteomyelitis, osteoradionecrosis or soft tissue radiation may require 20–40 treatments, while compromised surgical flaps/split thickness skin graft may require only ten.
Hyperbaric therapy treatments generally last about two hours. Treatments are administered once or twice a day on an inpatient or outpatient basis. During hyperbaric therapy, patients may watch television, listen to the radio or converse with visitors and staff. Relaxation techniques can be utilized to help ease confinement anxiety.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy utilizes a variety of action mechanisms. Some action mechanisms are related directly to elevated pressures; others are related to increased oxygen effects in the blood stream, tissues and cells.
A 200% surface equivalent of oxygen delivered to the patient through normal respiration. This significant increase in oxygen tension can allow a ten-fold increase to chronic wound tissues.
Our two monoplace hyperbaric chambers are staffed by hyperbaric-certified nurses and a board-certified hyperbaric physician. Therapeutic services are provided for electively referred outpatients and medically complex inpatients requiring long-term acute care.
Treatment Indications and Insurance CoverageThese cases are approved by CMS and are recognized by Medicare and most other third party payers. Preauthorization is obtained prior to initiation of treatment.