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And so, to the second edition of The BoSS double header. Yesterday, we talked YA. Today, we're back on the books for growed-ups, including two I've already read and several installments of series I've begun - all of which makes me feel a little less shitty about all the pretty books that come through the door and the dire lack of time of time I have to enjoy them. This week, by chance as much as any other thing, I made the grade.
Well... I would have had I not broken with tradition to put two of these posts up. *sigh*
For the moment, click through to Meet the BoSS for an introduction and an explanation as to why you should care about the Bag o' Speculative Swag, or read on for a sneak peek at some of the books - past, present and future - you can expect to see coverage of here on The Speculative Scotsman in the coming weeks and months.
The Black Prism
by Brent Weeks
Release Details:
Published in the UK on
26/08/10 by Orbit
Review Priority:
5 (Immediate)
Plot Synopsis: "Gavin Guile is the Prism, the most powerful man in the world. He is high priest and emperor, a man whose power, wit, and charm are all that preserves a tenuous peace. But Prisms never last, and Guile knows exactly how long he has left to live: five years to achieve five impossible goals. But when Guile discovers he has a son, born in a far kingdom after the war that put him in power, he must decide how much he's willing to pay to protect a secret that could tear his world apart."
Commentary: I'll confess to no small amount of excitement when I tore open the latest care package from Orbit to find a review copy of The Black Prism. Brent Weeks is, yes, another of the authors I've heard great things about, but never read; he made quite the splash, I'm given to understand, with The Way of Shadows last year. Thus, I jumped at the chance to get started on this, the first volume of a new trilogy entitled Lightbringer, and though my feelings on it are more mixed than I'd hoped, The Black Prism is a fun read at the very least. Expect a review within the week.
One question, though: why's it called The Black Prism? I read the whole thing and I'm no closer to grasping that. Anyone? Was it just a neat name?
by Eric Brown
14/10/10 by Solaris
Plot Synopsis: "Once they pushed bigships through the cobalt glory of the Nada-Continuum. But faster than light isn't fast enough anymore. The interfaces of the Keilor-Vincicoff Organisation bring planets light years distant a simple step away. Then a man with half a face offers ex-engineman Ralph Mirren the chance to escape his ruined life and push a ship to an undisclosed destination. The Nada-Continuum holds the key to Ralph's future. What he cannot anticipate is its universal importance – nor the mystery awaiting him on the distant colony world."
Commentary: A reissue, I believe, of one of Eric Brown's standalone sci-fi sagas, complete with a gorgeous new cover and "nine stories set in the Engineman universe, including the Interzone award winning The Time-Lapsed Man". Quite the package, then.
Sagas are one of my pet peeves, and one of the reasons I tend to read less sci-fi - though I suppose there are an equal number of serial narratives in fantasy fiction - so this looks to be right up my street. Doesn't hurt that it looks so purdy, either. I'll be reading Engineman just as soon as I can find time to.
The Usurper
by Rowena Cory Daniels
3 (Moderate)
Plot Synopsis: "Now a slave, Piro finds herself in the Merofynian Palace where, if her real identity is discovered, she will be executed.
"Meanwhile, Fyn is desperate to help his brother, Bryen, who is now the uncrowned King. Bryen never sought power but now he finds himself at the centre of a dangerous resistance movement as the people of Rolencia flee vicious invaders. How can Byren defeat the invaders, when half his warriors are women and children, and the other half are untrained boys and old men?"
Commentary: Solaris have outdone themselves with the untraditional publication schedule for these books; these books being The King's Bastard, The Uncrowned King and The Usurper, volumes one through three of King Rolen's King, which the aforementioned (small?) press have released one-a-month for the past three months. I'll be honest, I don't know that I'd have looked twice at Rowena Cory Daniels' series were it not for the way Solaris has opted to release it - but I'm glad they did. I've read the first book and started on the second, and King Rolen's King has been pretty fine fantasy so far. Saying that, though, I'm officially behind! Fancy that...
Dead Space: Martyr
by B. K. Evenson
Published in the US on
01/07/10 by Tor
Plot Synopsis: "We have seen the future: a universe cursed with life after death.
"It all started deep beneath the Yucatan peninsula, where an archaeological discovery took us into a new age, bringing us face-to-face with our origins and destiny.
"Michael Altman had a theory no one would hear. It cursed our world for centuries to come. This, at last, is his story."
Commentary: Ahhh. The inevitable Dead Space tie-in. Now don't get me wrong, guys and gals: I loved the game, and I had high hopes for the book given Brian Evenson's talent (as evidenced by Last Days). This is thus another of the week's arrivals that I've already managed to gorge on, but sadly, whatever my feelings about the game, Dead Space: Martyr ain't all that. Evenson has, despite his remarkable original fiction, turned in what amounts to hack work for hire, investing himself not at all in the world, nor indeed its characters, such as they are.
A damn shame, if you ask me; I'm dearly anticipating the day shared worlds fiction comes into its own. But you'll hear all about that, and this book, shortly. Stay tuned for the full review in the not-too-distant.
The Crowded Shadows
by Celine Kiernan
Plot Synopsis: "Wynter Moorehawke has fled the dangers of court for bandit-infested forests, seeking exiled prince Alberon. But more than just thieves lurk in these shadows. Every tyrant and zealot who has ever threatened the kingdom is sending emissaries to meet Alberon, whose motivations seem unclear. Razi and Christopher had also set out to track Alberon, and find Wynter as enemies close in. With a savage wolf clan on their heels, they must seek sanctuary with the nomadic Merron. But this leaves them enmeshed in a net of sinister black magics and forbidden ritual. Their safety and the kingdom's future will depend on a web of alliances and hostilities. And Alberon and his war machine sit at its heart."
Commentary: As per my review back in April, I had mixed feelings about The Poison Throne, which this book follows on from. As the second book in The Moorehawke Trilogy, The Crowded Shadows will have the hardest job of the lot in terms of telling a story worthwhile in and of itself, but The Poison Throne ended on a promising note, and if the energy and enthusiasm which pervaded it carry over, I don't doubt The Crowded Shadows will make for a fun few hours even if middle volume syndrome does the dirty.
The Technician
by Neal Asher
Published in the UK
on 20/08/09 by Tor
Plot Synopsis: "The Theocracy has been dead for twenty years, and the Polity rules on Masada. But the Tidy Squad consists of rebels who cannot accept the new order. Their hate for surviving theocrats is undiminished, and the iconic Jeremiah Tombs is at the top of their hitlist.
"Escaping his sanatorium Tombs is pushed into painful confrontation with reality he has avoided since the rebellion. His insanity has been left uncured, because the near mythical hooder called the Technician that attacked him all those years ago, did something to his mind even the AIs fail to understand. Tombs might possess information about the suicide of an entire alien race.
"The war drone Amistad, whose job it is to bring this information to light, recruits Lief Grant, an ex-rebel Commander, to protect Tombs, along with the black AI Penny Royal, who everyone thought was dead. The amphidapt Chanter, who has studied the bone sculptures the Technician makes with the remains of its prey, might be useful too.
"Meanwhile, in deep space, the mechanism the Atheter used to reduce themselves to animals, stirs from slumber and begins to power-up its weapons."
Commentary: What?
For an apparently standalone novel, The Technician sure does sound like it relies on a not insignificant amount of knowledge of the Polity universe Neal Asher has been working within for as long as I can recall. Which, I'm afraid, I do not have. Still, I'm interested. For one thing, the quote from The Daily Mail - or whichever of the UK's tabloid rags it was - that used to put me off Asher's books is, praise the lord, gone. And there's that giant insect alien on the cover (which reminds me of Lost Planet concept art) to consider. How could a giant insect alien not equal fun? We'll see about this one...
Oh, and if some kind soul wants to sell me on The Technician - explain whether it is or is not suitable for readers entirely unversed in the Polity, say - the odds of further coverage here on TSS are only going to get better.
The First Collected Tales of
Bauchelain and Korbal Broach
by Steven Erikson
on 19/09/09 by Bantam
Plot Synopsis: "Blood Follows" - In the port city of Lamentable Moll, a diabolical killer stalks the streets and panic grips the citizens like a fever. As Emancipor Reese's legendary ill luck would have it, his previous employer is the unknown killer's latest victim. But two strangers have come to town, and they have posted in Fishmonger's Round a note, reeking of death-warded magic, requesting the services of a manservant. "The Lees Of Laughter's End" - After their blissful sojourn in Lamentable Moll, the sorcerers Bauchelain and Korbal Broach - along with their manservant, Emancipor Reese - set out on the open seas aboard the sturdy ship Suncurl. Alas, there's more baggage in the hold than meets the beady eyes of the crew, and unseemly terrors awaken. For Bauchelain and Korbal Broach, and Emancipor Reese, it is just one more night on the high seas, on a journey without end. "The Healthy Dead" - The city of Quaint's zeal for goodness can be catastrophic, and no one knows this better than Bauchelain and Korbal Broach, two stalwart champions of all things bad. The homicidal necromancers - and their substance-addled manservant, Emancipor Reese - find themselves ensnared in a scheme to bring goodness into utter ruination. Sometimes you must bring down civilization... in the name of civilization."
Commentary: Once upon a time, I had planned to read and review all the novels of The Malazan Empire. After you all came out in force for it in my holiday reading poll, so very many moons ago, I began to put the pieces of a weekly feature series together. The Malazan Diaries, I was going to call it. I designed a banner, got properly stuck into Gardens of the Moon, and drafted the first month's four posts. I knew what a huge committment it would be, so I held off on publishing them till I had a little more headway behind me. Then a certain someone beat me to the punch.
Needless to say, the experience left me with a bitter taste in my mouth, but the hours I'd spent immersed in the Empire were hardly for naught. I very much enjoyed Gardens of the Moon, and I fully intend to catch up at some point... when I've a little more time to spare, perhaps. In the meantime, the Malazan novels keep on coming. The Crippled God, the last book in the series, is due out early next year, and to tide Erickson fans over till the curtain comes down, Bantam have released this collection of related novellas: The First Collected Tales of Bauchelain and Corbal Broach. It's a pretty package, and one of these days, I will get to it. Sadly, until I've made more progress with the series itself, I can't see myself digging into it in earnest. So.
Labels: The BoSS
Martin 5 September 2010 at 14:04
The Technician is the only Neal Asher novel I've read apart from The Skinner and I think it works fine as a standalone.
Celine 5 September 2010 at 16:18
Heee. It's always a jolt not to be listed with the YA titles. I keep forgetting I'm not being marketed that way in the US and UK.
Marduk 6 September 2010 at 02:02
Niall, even though you haven't read the majority of the MBotF series, I highly recommend you read the Bauchelain and Korbal Broach novellas now. You don't need to have read the main series to enjoy them and they are excellent! Worst case scenario is that you could read the first novella in the book and if you don't love it, then leave the rest. I would be shocked if that happens though. They are also quite short so it won't take hardly any of your time to get through one of them.... go on, you know you want to!
@Marduk - I totally do want to! So I shouldn't be worried about the novellas being so tied into the overarching continuity that they'll spoil something for me? Because I do mean to catch up on the Malazan books sometime...
@Celine - I'll admit, I did wonder whether or not to list The Crowded Shadows with yesterday's YA edition of The BoSS, but I figured The Poison Throne straddled the divide between the two markets well enough that it'd be as fine a fit in today's, um, growed-up thing. Looking forward to catching up with Wynter! :)
@Martin - Works fine, alright. This is good news. But otherwise, how was it?
LOL! Thanks, Niall. NO worries about where you list it! Honestly, it's always just a jolt is all.
Sure when it comes down to it the review its self is always going to be about the relationship between the book and the reviewer regardless of what the marketing category is.
I guess the only difference the marketing category makes is what reviewers get to give their opinion on a book( the school or youth librarians and teenage reviewers that make up the majority of the other territories' reviews being left out of the loop in this market)
Nathaniel Katz 6 September 2010 at 14:35
The Malazan novellas won't spoil any of the main plot for you. Though, as one of the few people who thought them totally inferior to the main series, I'd still recommend reading the novels first.
eee! Indeed
Infinite Update
Disappears Into The Ether
Video Game Review: Halo - Reach
Book Review: Halo - The Fall of Reach by Eric Nylu...
Holiday, Interrupted
A Capitol Competition: We Have Our Winners!
Book Review: Mockingjay by Suzanne Collins
Book Review: Catching Fire by Suzanne Collins
A Capitol Competition: Who Wants The Hunger Games?...
Book Review: The Hunger Games by Suzanne Collins
Let The Hunger Games Begin!
Wolves of the Cross Media
Video Game Review: Dead Rising 2 - Case Zero
Fruit Machine Fight
Book Review: Dead Space Martyr by Brian K. Evenson...
Bookerish Burbling
Video Game Review: Lara Croft and the Guardian of ...
The Way of Things


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What is the food culture of China?
Sep 22, 2020 Alissa BradleyTrending
What cultures influenced Chinese cuisine?
Where did Chinese food culture originated from?
What food is China known for?
What do Chinese foods represent?
What was the first Chinese food?
What is the most common food in China?
Chinese daily meals consist of four food groups: grains, vegetables, fruit, and meat. Because of lactose intolerance, Chinese do not consume large amounts of dairy products. Instead, Chinese substitute these with soymilk and tofu, which also contain large amounts of protein and calcium.
For example, during the Tang Dynasty, (618-907), traders from many areas and nations–Japan, Korea, Arabia, India, and Persia–thronged the ports of China, delivering their goods and trading for the many rich products of Asia.
Chinese cuisine is an important part of Chinese culture and includes cuisines originating from China. Because of the Chinese diaspora and historical power of the country, Chinese cuisine has influenced many other cuisines in Asia and beyond, with modifications made to cater to local palates.
What did ancient Chinese eat?
Food in Ancient China The rich in Ancient China ate very well. They ate grains like rice, wheat, and millet. They also ate plenty of meat including pork, chicken, duck, goose, pheasant, and dog. Vegetables included yams, soya beans, broad beans, and turnip as well as spring onions and garlic.
How important is food to culture?
People also connect to their cultural or ethnic group through food patterns. Food is often used as a means of retaining their cultural identity. People from different cultural backgrounds eat different foods. The areas in which families live and where their ancestors originated influence food like and dislikes.
10 Most Popular Chinese Dishes – Typical Chinese food
Sweet and Sour Pork. Sweet and Sour Pork.
Kung Pao Chicken. Kung Pao Chicken.
Spring Rolls. Spring Rolls.
Ma Po Tofu. Ma Po Tofu.
Chinese Dumplings. Dumplings.
Wonton. Wonton.
Fried Rice. Yangzhou Fried Rice.
Chow Mein. Chow Mein.
China is a country with a long history, and food has played an important role in the development of Chinese culture. Every year many traditional festivals and events are celebrated with special foods. Some of these foods have particular meanings, such as good luck, best wishes, unity, and commemoration.
People in China first started eating domesticated chicken around 5500 BC, which originally came from Thailand. Between 4000 and 3000 BC, pork made way as a delicacy. Sheep and cattle, came from West Asia during 4000 BC.
How did ancient China get food?
By around 2500 BC, people in China started growing and eating wheat, having previously relied on imports from West Asia, and wheat quickly became the main source of carbohydrate. Ancient Chinese people ate porridge but they didn't make wheat into bread.
When was Chinese food popular?
At the end of the 19th century, food from China began to attract a fast-growing non-Chinese clientele of diverse ethnic backgrounds in major cities across the nation, and by 1980 Chinese food had become the most popular ethnic cuisine in the United States, aided by a renewal of Chinese immigration to America.
Top 25 Most Popular Chinese Foods (in China)
Dumplings.
Proper Street Kebabs.
Spicy Crayfish.
Lamb Hot Pot.
Guilin Rice Noodles.
Lanzhou Hand-pulled Noodles.
Steamed Crab.
Fish with Sichuan Pickles.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Emotional Power of Theatre
May 30, 2020 By Jason Whisman Leave a Comment
by MAEVE KNEPPER
This piece was chosen as one of the Education Theatre Association's 2018 Democracyworks Essays, sponsored by Samuel French; the prompt for which asked high school students to answer: "Why is it important for all students to have arts education opportunities?" In their writing, essayists considered how theatre and other arts education has been of value to them, and why it's important that all students should be able to engage in arts education opportunities that are relevant to their own cultural and personal experiences. For more essays, click here.
"Art" can be defined as "the expression or application of creative skill and imagination, producing works to be appreciated primarily for their beauty or emotional power." When we think about art, we often think about the "beauty" part of that definition: the intricate set for a play or the colors of a painting, for example. What we don't consider, however, are the effects of all these aspects on an audience, the "emotional power" aspect. And that is where the true beauty of theatre and all other art forms lies. Art has an impact. Yet this potential for change is so often underestimated by art-appreciators and critics alike. As a result, we are missing out on one of the most important facets of art: its ability to promote social change, nurture dialogue and understanding, and to instigate globalization in a world with so many different perspectives.
Art in its simplest and purest form consists of telling a story by mentally and physically transforming something — whether it be a person, a voice, an object — into someone or something else. This process quite literally allows a person to step into another's shoes — to be more empathetic — and empathy is a fundamental trait that we must, as global citizens, be able to demonstrate in order to truly see another's perspective. The inherent nature of theatre and all other art forms allows for the creators to truly immerse themselves in another culture or another perspective, and this is then translated to an audience. By attending a performance or experiencing art in its multitude of forms, we as audience members allow ourselves to become vulnerable, and that vulnerability is what allows for the true impact of art to occur. We strip away all of our pre-conceived notions about the world around us and allow ourselves to be exposed, and it is this truly visceral experience that widens the circle of empathy for not only performers and creators, but for those that witness the art they create.
This concept of using the inherent nature of art to create a more understanding world is prominently demonstrated in the emergence of South African protest theatre during the time of apartheid. South Africa's Market Theatre was founded in 1976 at the height of the anti-apartheid struggle, and it soon became a window into an otherwise isolated world. Described as a "symbol of defiance" and a "theatre for the people," South African protest theatre was and is considered one of the primary forces behind the struggle against an oppressive regime.
The importance of using theatre as an instigator for social change cannot be underestimated, and it is also not something we should limit to political movements an ocean away that took place several decades ago, as it is something we can do here in the United States today. Five other students and I used devised theatre to create a show that spread awareness of the present-day use of child soldiers around the world. By combining various forms of art and media, including song, dance, poetry, research, and portions of our own writing, we were able to create a performance that spread awareness and promoted change regarding an issue that is often swept under the rug. And it is by sparking dialogue on a topic that is so easily ignored, that we promote globalization in a world that is so frequently divided.
The inherent natures of theatre and other art forms nurture dialogue and understanding, but they also integrate an otherwise divisive world and widen the circle of empathy of everyone who experiences them. Thorton Wilder once said, "I regard theatre…[as] the most immediate way in which a human being can share with another the sense of what it is to be a human being," and it is with this statement that I whole-heartedly agree: theatre and the arts are necessary if we want to live in a world where our differences can draw us together instead of tearing us apart.
Filed Under: Arts, Blogs, Education Tagged With: Art, power of art, theater, theatre


Any exhibit planning process has its fair share of curveballs; ESC Director of Experiences Patty Wagner's and Curator Meredith Nichter's process for the Center's latest exhibit "Home Plate Don't Move" was no exception. Go behind the scenes with the exhibit's creators to discuss the creative process, ideas, and problem-solving that went into this exhibit.
Bring a lunch or pre-order $10 boxed lunch and we will have it waiting for you!
All subs come with chips.
All prepared lunches come with a choice of bottled water or canned soda.


Hey Phoenix Film Fans! Opening this week is the latest film from "District 9" director Neill Blomkamp, "Elysium" stars Matt Damon, Jodie Foster and Diego Luna.
Set in the year 2154, the dystopian state that most of the Earth's population lives in is pretty gross. Most of the remaining inhabitants live in poverty, shanty sq housing and The wealthy elite live in space in a colony called Elysium, a star shaped paradise that orbits the Earth.
As a child, Max (Matt Damon) was told by the nuns at the orphanage that he had a special purpose in life. As an adult, his life so far has been less than ideal. On parole for stealing cars, Max works in a factory assembling droids that police the population. When he is injured in an accident at work, taking in a lethal dose of radiation, Max has less than 5 days to live.
Located up on Elysium, there is a healing technology that if one is a citizen of the wealthy utopia, enjoys the benefits of perfect health or rapid healing. Max, always wanting to go there, unfortunately, has a reason to go. The only one that can make it happen is human traffic smuggler Spider (Wagner Moura), who has been able to forge identities to get illegals on to Elysium to be healed.
If Max does one last job of stealing information out of Corporate giant John Carlyle (William Fichtner), Spider can get him up on Elysium, which would be beneficial not only for him but the world. The only person that could stop Max is Secretary of Defence Delacourt (Jodie Foster), who has arranged a military coup for the leadership of Elysium. Will Max be able to beat Delacourt at her own game or will he die a painful death?
If you ever wanted to see "Good Will Hunting", The Bourne Identity" and "District 9" all in one shot, check out "Elysium". This film is full of so many plot holes that it was difficult to get into the story. Another distracting aspect to the film was Jodie Foster's interpretation of a wealthy elite accent. It comes across as part robot, parch French and part snooty British. It was as if she was confused as whom she was playing. Foster is usually such a powerful actress that it is surprising that never quite finds her footing in her character. Matt Damon's character is a cross between Will Hunting and Jason Bourne which works decently. The story theme lacks originality as it feels like a recycled version of "District 9", pinning the poor against the wealthy. You be the judge when "Elysium" when it opens in theaters starting Friday August 9, 2013.


WASHINGTON, D.C. — U.S. Senators Kamala D. Harris (D-CA) and Lindsey Graham (R-SC) reintroduced a bill to reauthorize the Historically Black College and Universities (HBCU) Historic Preservation Program for fiscal years 2019 to 2025. Across more than 100 HBCUs around the country, historic buildings and sites—some more than 100 years old—have deteriorated over time and are at risk of being permanently lost if they are not preserved and protected.
The bill would authorize funding for grants to restore these historic buildings and sites, as well as improve accessibility on many HBCU campuses. The bill is a Senate companion of House legislation introduced by U.S. House Majority Whip James E. Clyburn (D-SC).
Brent Leggs, director of the African American Cultural Heritage Action Fund at the National Trust for Historic Preservation, also voiced his enthusiasm over the proposed legislation.


Vernon & Nicole Davis learn the proper way to install a backsplash, get a tutorial on the templating & fabrication of countertops and completely open up the entire space by removing a load bearing wall.
After a self-motivated demolition. Lea Bogdan learns the basics of electrical, plumbing and framing rough-ins and the not so expected problems that come along with them. Marc also helps her understand why a good foundation is so important.
After relocating into a historic home from the West Coast, Chris & Risako Robbins get some much needed help on finishing their kitchen. Layout is a huge problem with an old home that's not so ready for modern day appliances. And with Chris being so handy, Risako gets a crash course in a few of the basics including painting and mixing grout.
Marc helps Mike & Theresa Cheshire get rid of a massive island that has been taking up most of their kitchen. They also finally get some much needed cabinets & learn about soapstone countertops. Hiding an eyesore of a radiator & installing a tile floor are also on the list quick tips for these hardworking homeowners.
Marc teaches sean some modern techniques to keep a traditional kitchen up to date. By creating a pass-through, adding a faux tin ceiling & some other architectural details such as wainscoting he's able to bring a new feel to a historic home just intime for Sean and Becky's new baby.
Marc helps Dan & Barbara Brown join an outdated kitchen to a preexisting dining room to add some much needed space to their home. He also replaces a preexisting window and door into with a beautiful french style door.
Greg has a history of accidents while renovating that makes Kathy weary of allowing him to work on their new kitchen. Marc teaches him the right way to make their kitchen a safe and friendly environment for their three kids just in time.
Marc teaches Chris & Aileen how to fit modern appliances into a retro style kitchen by expanding the kitchen into an adjacent room. Adding a large style island for entertaining, a new hardwood floor and some much needed lighting is also on the agenda.
Marc teams up with Good Housekeeping Magazine to help newly weds Eric & Kathryn Hollenbeck have an up to date kitchen for their growing famiy. Hardwood floor and window install are explained as well as other features of the new appliances.


Logic is loaded with glazed over junk.
With presuppositions ALL your thoughts are thunk.
Being right is important . . . how we long to be right!
Do you know it's right . . . 'cause it tickles your ear?
They wouldn't hold water . . . those thoughts you had thunk.
Not laying the facts on the table . . . kerplunk!
We've got to trust Jesus to show us the way.
"God bless me, but the Elephant is very like a wall!"
"Tis clear enough the Elephant is very like a tree!"
Obviously, it is not a problem with logic. This is a human problem with the misuse of logic. God is logical in everything He says and does. Logic is part of the nature of God. God is not random and cannot be random because that would be outside of the nature of love. So logic is a gift of God to us, but we misuse it sometimes. Some people misuse it all the time.
We misuse logic by using it outside of the Anointing of the Holy Spirit. God says, "Come let us reason together." Fallen humanity says that it wants to reason alone without God. The human mind cannot successfully reason without the Holy Spirit. This is true whether a person is a follower of Christ, a Hindu, a Buddhist, an Atheist, or whatever the person is. The human mind doesn't work correctly without the Love of God (that God is) flowing through it. The person who is following Christ has the option to reason together with God. Those who don't follow Christ must first come to Him and be reconciled before they can experience this.
Without ongoing revelation of God to us, our logic is a vapor. The reason is simple. Logic basically says, "This is true if that is true." Now we have proved "this" but only if "that" is true, but how do we know "that" is true? So we need to prove "that." We do that by finding some other thing, which, if true, will prove "that." The trouble is that the other thing we find has then got to be proven. This proving the proof goes on until we come to our most basic source of belief. Most people never challenge their beliefs until they reach the foundation of their beliefs. For this reason, most people don't even know that logic lets them down in the end, because it fails to provide the ultimate proof of the proof. When they get all the way to the bottom, there is nothing there to support their basic beliefs.


Hi Daniel, since scvvm only support windows 2012 with sp1 but now still beta, so those questions are based on beta?
No sorry, but when i passed it, there had a lot of question about sccm, scvvm an 2 case study.
hi daniel_jackson, is it only 8 questions in exam?


Curt Surls is practicing law in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Wrongful Termination.
Trained as a mediator, Mr. Surls uses his negotiation skills to resolve his clients' conflicts without the need for court intervention. However, he will not hesitate to take a matter to court to achieve the positive results his clients expect and deserve. He has handled hundreds of cases before state and federal courts. In all cases, Mr. Surls fights hard to protect the rights and liberties of his clients, and his law firm has earned a reputation as one of the region's top employment law practices.
Curt Surls is a Fellow of the American Bar Foundation, a non-profit professional association honoring lawyers whose careers have demonstrated dedication to the welfare of the community and the traditions of the profession. Mr. Surls was also named as a "Southern California Super Lawyer" in Los Angeles Magazine for multiple years since 2007, and was listed among the "Best Lawyers in Southern California" by American Law Media/US News and World Report for multiple years, most recently in the 2018 Edition (Tier One).
Mr. Surls was inducted into the prestigious College of Labor and Employment Lawyers (see https://www.laborandemploymentcollege.org), after a vigorous nomination and peer review process (see https://www.laborandemploymentcollege.org/leadership/fellows). The College is a non-profit professional association honoring the leading lawyers nationwide in the practice of Labor and Employment Law, with an emphasis on high standards of professionalism and civility.
Mr. Surls is a member of the National Employment Lawyers Association and the California Employment Lawyers Association, both organizations that emphasize the practice of employment law on behalf of plaintiffs. He is also a member of the Association of Workplace Investigators.
He is a regular speaker on employment law panels for, among other organizations, California Employment Lawyers Association, National Employment Lawyers Association, Los Angeles County Bar Association, Continuing Education of the Bar, Beverly Hills Bar Association, Orange County Bar Association, Consumer Attorneys of Los Angeles and the South Bay Bar Association. He has also written many articles on employment law.
Mr. Surls received his B.A. from the University of Iowa and his J.D. from Loyola Law School (Los Angeles) in 1988. He was admitted to the California Bar in 1988.
Mr. Surls is on the Executive Committee of the Los Angeles County Bar Association Labor and Employment Section and served as Section Chair in 2015-2016. Mr. Surls was Chair of the Section's 2012 Labor and Employment Law Symposium. He also served on the Fair Judicial Election Practices Committee and the Judicial Election Evaluation Committee. Mr. Surls served as Vice President of the Board of Directors of the Disability Rights Legal Center (www.disabilityrightslegalcenter.org) from 2008 to 2010.
Prior to opening the Law Office of Curt Surls in July 2012, he was a partner with Bornn & Surls for over 15 years. Mr. Surls was also an attorney with the Oakland, California civil rights firm then known as Saperstein, Seligman & Mayeda, specializing in employment and civil rights class actions. Mr. Surls also worked for the State of California as counsel to the Director of the Department of Industrial Relations.
In this roundtable discussion, Phillip Maltin, an expert in employment law and a partner at Los Angeles-based Raines Feldman, LLP; Phyllis Cheng, a Los Angeles mediator, former partner at DLA Piper, and former director of the California Department of Fair Employment and Housing; Curt Surls, a plaintiff's lawyer and workplace investigator in Manhattan Beach, CA; and Bradley Rutt, vice president of Elkins Jones Insurance Agency, and an attorney licensed in the State of California, shared their advice their insight for employers to consider when addressing this timely issue. Editor-in-Chief Adam Schlagman serves as the Moderator.
Curt was very kind and honest with me about my case, I was referred to him by another attorney. I think he is definitely one of the most sympathetic and strongest lawyers out there.
I endorse this lawyer. While it is hard for me to choose favorites among the hundreds of labor and employment attorneys I have come to know in the last 20 years, I say without reservation that Curt is in the top 99.5% . . .he is off-the-charts smart, well-liked, and highly respected by his legal peers and adversaries. Curt makes a formidable expert witness in workplace investigations and employment cases. He does great volunteer work in the legal community. I would recommend Curt and his law partner Nancy Bornn in a heartbeat.
Mr. Curtis Surls was inducted into the prestigious College of Labor and Employment Lawyers (see https://www.laborandemploymentcollege.org), after a vigorous nomination and peer review process (see https://www.laborandemploymentcollege.org/leadership/fellows). The College is a non-profit professional association honoring the leading lawyers nationwide in the practice of Labor and Employment Law, with an emphasis on high standards of professionalism and civility.
Mr. Surls published several articles on CELA VOICE (http://celavoice.org/), a project of the California Employment Lawyers Association (CELA) dedicated to promoting the voices of workers' rights attorneys on issues that are important to California workers and the attorneys who represent them.
In continuing fall out from the United States Supreme Court's decision in Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis, the Ninth Circuit has followed suit in O'Connor and upheld the arbitration clause between Uber and Uber drivers. The lawsuit arose from claims by certain Uber drivers that Uber failed to remit the entire tips from customers to drivers as required by California law and for misclassifying Uber drivers as independent contractors.
Thus, the district court limited the effect of Uber's arbitration agreement and placed limitation on Uber's ability to communicate with the new or prospective drivers.
The Ninth Circuit reversed the district court's denial of Uber's motion to compel arbitration in Mohamed v. Uber Technologies, Inc., which covered the same arbitration agreement at issue in O'Connor. Thus, the O'Connor plaintiffs sought to avoid arbitration by raising new arguments as to why the arbitration agreement was unconscionable. First, O'Connor plaintiffs argued that the lead plaintiffs "constructively opted out of the arbitration on behalf of the entire class." Ninth Circuit noted that such argument only had a Georgia Supreme Court case as support and that case turned on matter of state law. Noting that there was no federal case law that supports the position that the lead plaintiffs could take such an action behalf of the entire class, the Ninth Circuit rejected this argument.
O'Connor plaintiffs' second argument in favor of unconscionability was a similar refrain of the argument made by the class plaintiffs in Epic Systems, that class action waivers violate the National Labor Relations Act. As Epic Systems settled that issue, Ninth Circuit rejected this argument as well. Thus, the district court's denial of the motion to compel arbitration was reversed and class certification was reversed as well.
The case is O'Connor v. Uber Technologies, Inc., Case 14-16078.
*** Curt Surls is an attorney in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Wrongful Termination. Located in Manhattan Beach, California, the Law Office of Curt Surls offers a complete range of employment law services to those living throughout Southern California, including all of Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange and San Bernardino counties. With nearly 30 years of experience focusing almost exclusively on this area of law, attorney Curt Surls and his law firm provide the personalized assistance and effective support his clients need.
California Governor Jerry Brown recent signed four bills that toughens the protection against sexual harassment in the workplace. The bills were part of a legislative package that received strong support from the entertainment industry, which had to deal with numerous cases of highly publicized cases of sexual misconduct in recent years.
Senate Bill 820 deals with confidentiality provisions in settlements relating to sexual misconduct. Specifically, settlement agreements "that prevents the disclosure of factual information related to a claim filed in a civil action or a complaint filed in an administrative action . . . is prohibited", if such agreement is regarding sexual assault, sexual harassment, workplace sexual harassment or discrimination, or sexual harassment or discrimination by owner of housing accommodation. The bill also prohibits courts from entering any order that prohibits the disclosure of such information. Interestingly, the bill does contain an exception that allows the claimant to request the inclusion of a confidentiality provision to keep such information private. While the purpose of such exception is understandable, it remains to be seen as to whether the exception could eventually swallow the whole, especially if most defendants or accused will simply require the claimant to request such a confidentiality provision as a condition of settlement.
Senate Bill 826 requires California public companies to have at least 1 female board of director by end of 2019. Then, by 2021, any public company with 5 board of directors must have at least 2 female directors and any public company with 6 or more board of directors must have at least 3 female directors. The presence of female decision makers on the board have been advocated by sexual harassment experts as a way of meaningfully impacting the corporate response to sexual harassment and discrimination problems.
Senate Bill 1300 and 1343 seek to broaden the scope of protection by sexual harassment laws. Specifically, Senate Bill 1300 strengthens employer liability where sexual misconduct is committed by independent contractors and non-employees in the course of business. This was viewed as a very important measure by the entertainment industry. Senate Bill 1343 strengthens employer requirements pertaining to sexual harassment training.
California's legislative actions are in line with a growing trend among states across the United States. Many states are enacting or amending laws to strengthen the protection against sexual harassment in recent years.
Curtis Surls is an Attorney in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment, and Wrongful Termination. Located in Manhattan Beach, California, the Law Office of Curt Surls offers a complete range of employment law services to those living throughout Southern California, including all of Los Angeles, Riverside, Orange and San Bernardino counties.
Curt Surls is an Attorney in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment.
U.S. Supreme Court opinion issued in Epic Systems Corp.
The U.S. Supreme Court recently issued an opinion that reverses Obama era National Labor Relations Board's interpretation of the National Labor Relations Act (hereinafter "NLRA") that individualized arbitration provision in employment contracts were not enforceable.
In Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis, the Supreme Court addressed whether employment contract provision requiring individual arbitration between the employer and employee, instead of collective or class action, is enforceable. In doing so, the opinion also decides two other cases presenting substantially the same issue, Ernst & Young, LLP v. Morris and National Labor Relations Board v. Murphy Oil USA, Inc. Ordinarily, Federal Arbitration Act requires that courts recognize and enforce the parties' arbitration agreement. The exception is where the agreement's provision violates another federal law. In these cases, the employees argued that the individualized arbitration requirement violates the NLRA.
Employees sought to avoid individualized arbitration due to the Arbitration Act's savings clause, which "allows courts to refuse to enforce arbitration agreements 'upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.'" Employees argued that "illegality under the NLRA is a 'ground' that 'exists at law . . . for the revocation' of their arbitration agreements, at least to the extent those agreements prohibit class or collective action proceedings.
Epic Systems Corp. and related cases signals a return to pre-2012 era when individualized arbitration provisions were enforced by the courts. Unless the law is amended by Congress, employers will be able to contract with employees to foreclose collective or class action when employment contract dispute arises. The case is Epic Systems Corp. v. Lewis, No. 16-285, decided May 21, 2018.
Curtis Surls is an Attorney in the areas of Employment Discrimination, Sexual Harassment.
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TRENTON — The Democratic National Committee this morning released a web video asking if "Chris Christie's political payback" was behind the closure of lanes to the world's busiest bridge on the first day of school in Fort Lee.
The two-minute spot, "Chris Christie's Bridge Scandal Explained," suggests an official connected to the governor at the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ordered up the traffic mess at the George Washington Bridge to punish the town's mayor for failing to endorse Christie's re-election bid.
The DNC video calls the agency's director of interstate capital projects, David Wildstein, "Christie's high school friend." Last week Wildstein submitted his resignation, saying he's leaving the agency earlier than planned because the lane closure snafu had become a distraction. The governor has said he had nothing to do with the lane closure.
Democrats continue to ding Gov. Chris Christie over George Washington Bridge lane closures. The governor has denied involvement.
Assemblyman John Wisniewski on Thursday subpoenaed Port Authority documents from seven officials, including Wildstein and Executive Director Bill Baroni, who has said the lane closures were part of a traffic study. The study has yet to surface.


Could you expand on what isn't working? What specific differences are you seeing between the beta dn release build?
Does it interact with the UI?
Is there a lag or delay?
Does changing any of the Windows Ink settings make a difference?
I assume you are seeing the crash only when you paint on the document?
I have the exact same tablet and don't have any problem, whatever the size of the page.
yes many of the photoshop brushes are this format.


text:
Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz
Professor Emerita, Director Emerita, Journal of Space Law Editor-in-Chief Emerita
jgabryno@olemiss.edu
Selected Media
Prof. Gabrynowicz has been teaching space law and remote sensing law since 1987 and was the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Space Law for 12 years. She was Research Professor and Director of the National Center for Remote Sensing, Air, and Space Law of the University of Mississippi School of Law (2001 – 2013) and Professor of Space Studies and Director of Graduate Studies at the Space Studies Department of the University of North Dakota (1987 – 2001). She currently lectures at various universities including the University of Vienna, the University of Warsaw, the Beijing Institute of Technology School of Law, the China University of Political Science and Law, the Beihang University (Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics), and, EUSPACE Summer School Law and Technology, University of Genoa.
Prof. Gabrynowicz recently served on The National Geospatial Advisory Committee, a Federal Advisory Committee sponsored by the Department of the Interior under the Federal Advisory Committee Act; the NASA Advisory Committee Planetary Protection Subcommittee; the U.S. Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Advisory Committee on Commercial Remote Sensing; and, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine Review and Assessment of Planetary Protection Policy Development Processes.
She is a Director of the International Institute of Space Law (IISL) (http://iislweb.org/index.html) and the Chaired its Publications Committee. Prof. Gabrynowicz serves as an official observer for the IISL to the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space Legal Subcommittee (http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/COPUOS/Legal/index.html). She was a member of the IISL delegation to the Unidroit Committee of Governmental Experts for the Preparation of a Draft Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters Specific to Space Assets and a delegate to the Group on Earth Observations (http://earthobservations.org/index.shtml). Prof. Gabrynowicz is also a member of the International Law Association Space Law Committee. She is a member of the Space Policy Editorial Board.
The UN Office of Outer Space Affairs invited Prof. Gabrynowicz to lecture on U.S. and international space law at all of its capacity building workshops for government officials and policymakers from new and emerging space capable nations (http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/workshops/index.html). She briefed U.S. Secretary of the Interior Gayle Norton as part of the Secretary's preparation for the Earth Observation Summit (http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2003/jul03/noaa03091.html). Prof. Gabrynowicz also briefed Deputy Assistant Secretary Frank A. Rose of the U.S. Department of State on the legal aspects of orbital debris.
Prof. Gabrynowicz was invited to serve as an expert member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration Advisory Group of Legal Experts on Optional Rules for Arbitration for Disputes Relating to Outer Space, The Hague (http://www.pca-cpa.org/shownews.asp?ac=view&nws_id=323&pag_id=1261). She previously served on the National Academy of Sciences Study on Assessment of NASA's Orbital Debris Programs (http://sites.nationalacademies.org/deps/aseb/deps_059556); the Eisenhower Institute study, The Future of Space-the Next Strategic Frontier (http://www.eisenhowerinstitute.org/events/past_events/old_events/112403SSWG.dot); and, was the organizer and chair of the Dept. of the Interior's Federal Advisory Committee for the National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive (http://eros.usgs.gov/archive/nslrsda/advisory/index.html).
Prof. Gabrynowicz was the principle organizer and developer of the Eilene M. Galloway Critical Issues in Space Law Symposia from 2006 to 2012 (http://www.spacelaw.olemiss.edu/events/notable/galloway.html). She was a founding faculty member of the Space Studies Department at the University of North Dakota, where she also served as its Director of Graduate Studies (http://www.space.edu/home/history.aspx).She taught traditional campus classes, on two U.S. Air Force bases, and, starting in 1995, via distance learning technologies. Her students include civilians, government, and industry aerospace professionals, and officers of the Air Combat, Air Mobility, and Space Commands. In 1999, she developed and taught a live, real-time, interactive Internet seminar, Landsat 7 Live: Past, Present, and Future that coincided with the satellite's launch. Speakers were the principals responsible for directing Landsat 7's science, technology, operations, and commercial activities. From 1992-94, Prof. Gabrynowicz was a member of The Congress of the United States Office of Technology Assessment Earth Observations Advisory Panel. From 1994-96, she was a member of the National Research Council Committee that produced Bits of Power: Issues in Global Access to Scientific Data (http://sites.nationalacademies.org/DEPS/ASEB/DEPS_059556). In 1994-95, Prof. Gabrynowicz was awarded a NASA/American Society of Engineering Education Summer Faculty Fellowship from Goddard Space Flight Center where she also served as the 1997 Dean of the NASA Space Academy. In 1996 she received a research fellowship from the USGS EROS Data Center. In 1999, the International Institute of Space Law invited Prof. Gabrynowicz to write and present the remote sensing law position paper at the Third UN Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (UNISPACE III http://www.iislweb.org/html/20130721_news.html). In 2000, she was invited by the National Research Council (NRC) to participate in a study on Diplomacy in a Transparent World: The Use of Civil Remote Sensing in the Development and Implementation of Foreign Policy. In 2003, the NRC asked Prof. Gabrynowicz to testify before the Committee on Licensing Geographic Data and Services and the Stepping Stones to the Future of Space Workshop on International Cooperation/Competition- Why, How, When? She was also asked to address the NASA Public Health Applications Program on Confidentiality and Geospatial Data. In 2001, Prof. Gabrynowicz was invited by the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics to participate in the working group on Contribution of Space Systems to the Development, Implementation and Verification of International Environmental Agreements. She was invited by the University of Cologne Institute of Air and Space Law and the German Aerospace Center to serve as an expert for Project 2001, which produced, Legal Framework for the Commercial Use of Outer Space Working Group on Remote Sensing.
Before beginning her academic career in 1987, Prof. Gabrynowicz was the managing attorney of a law firm in New York City. She is a member of the American Bar Association (ABA), Forum on Aviation and Space Law, the New York State Bar, and the IISL, among other groups. In 2008 Prof. Gabrynowicz was profiled in the ABA Journal article Making Space Matter (http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/making_space_matter/).
© 2021 Joanne Irene Gabrynowicz


It's about the cross It's about my sin It's about how Jesus came to be born once So that we could be born again. It's about the stone That was rolled away So that you and I could have real life someday It's about the cross. 🌿🌿🌿 Taking a moment to praise our risen Savior who gave the ultimate sacrifice of His life for our own. I love Easter and the meaning of what it is and I hope you got to spend time with your closest ones and enjoy the sweet day!


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Lifelong socioeconomic trajectory and premature mortality (35–65 years) in France: findings from the GAZEL Cohort Study
M Melchior1,
L F Berkman2,
I Kawachi2,
N Krieger2,
M Zins3,
S Bonenfant,
M Goldberg1
1INSERM U687-IFR69, St-Maurice, France
2Department of Society, Human Development and Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA
3Cetaf-INSERM US68-IFR69, St-Maurice, France
Correspondence to:
M Melchior
INSERM U687, HNSM, 14 rue du Val d'Osne, 94415 St Maurice, France; maria.melchior{at}st-maurice.inserm.fr
Background: Studies conducted in the UK and Scandinavia show an inverse association between lifetime socioeconomic position and adult mortality. However, there are virtually no data from other countries and few investigations have examined non-cardiovascular mortality in men and women.
Methods: Lifelong socioeconomic trajectories (father's occupation, own occupation in young adulthood and in mid-life) and premature (⩽65 years) mortality (all-cause, smoking-related cancer, diseases of the circulatory system and external causes) in the French GAZEL Cohort Study (14 972 men and 5598 women, followed up between 1990 and 2004) were studied. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox's regression models adjusted for age, marital status, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and fruit and vegetable consumption.
Results: Men and women who experienced lifelong disadvantage or downward intergenerational mobility were at high risk of dying prematurely compared with those with a favourable trajectory (age-adjusted HRs for all-cause mortality: cumulative disadvantage: HR 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26 to 2.06 in men and HR 1.95, 95% CI 1.10 to 3.47 in women; downward mobility: HR 1.87, 95% CI 1.35 to 2.58 in men and HR 2.05, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.75 in women). Associations were strongest for mortality due to chronic diseases (smoking-related cancers and diseases of the circulatory system). These associations were partly explained by marital status, body mass index, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and fruit and vegetable consumption.
Conclusions: In France, where the leading cause of premature death is cancer, lifelong socioeconomic position is associated with the risk of dying before the age of 65 years. Adult factors seem more relevant than childhood socioeconomic circumstances.
EDF-GDF, Electricité de France–Gaz de France
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.042440
In studies conducted in Scandinavia, the UK and the US, lifelong socioeconomic circumstances have been shown to predict adult mortality, particularly that due to cardiovascular causes.1–8 However, only a few of these examined non-cardiovascular causes of death.3,4,7 Yet, in OECD countries, cancer, suicide and injury account for 50% of deaths before the age of 70; therefore, additional data are needed on non-cardiovascular causes of death.9
To date, few studies in this area have included women. A recent investigation from the US reported that the degree of association between lifelong socioeconomic position and cardiovascular mortality in women is similar to that observed in men6; however, this may not be the case for other causes of death, and particularly for mortality due to cancer. Across industrialised countries, premature mortality due to cancer in men (aged 35–65 years) is primarily due to lung cancer,10 the rates for which are highest in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.11 Among women, the leading cause of mortality due to cancer is breast cancer, and although incidence rates are generally higher in affluent groups,12 data on mortality across socioeconomic groups seem inconsistent.13,14
Our aim was to investigate the association between lifelong socioeconomic circumstances and premature mortality in France, where premature mortality in men, and particularly premature mortality due to cancer, is among the highest in Europe (mortality among French men is especially high for cancers of the lung and the upper aerodigestive airways).15 Using data from the GAZEL Cohort Study, we studied all-cause and cause-specific mortality in men aged <65 years over a 15-year follow-up period.
The GAZEL Cohort Study is an occupational cohort of 15 015 men and 5623 women employed by the French national gas and electricity company (Electricité de France–Gaz de France (EDF-GDF)). In 1989, all male employees aged 40–50 years and all female employees aged 35–50 years were asked to participate in this long-term epidemiological study (women represent 20% of employees, which is why they were oversampled): 45% of those eligible agreed to participate. Since baseline, participants complete a questionnaire mailed yearly (average response rate 75%). In addition, certain data on sociodemographics and health are available from company records. As in other large cohorts, study participants were healthier than eligible non-respondents.16
EDF-GDF is a large public-sector company and guarantees all employees job security and opportunities for upward mobility. Most employees are hired at approximately 20 years of age, and stay with the company until retirement (very few leave voluntarily and they are never downgraded). After retirement, the company pays pensions to the former employees. Overall, the GAZEL cohort's follow-up is very thorough—less than 1% have been lost to follow-up since 1989.
We measured socioeconomic position at different points in time: in childhood (father's occupation), at entry into the job market (occupational grade at hire) and in mid-life (occupational grade at age 35–50). Father's occupation was reported in the 1989 GAZEL Study questionnaire ("What is, or was, your father's occupation?"); own occupational grade was obtained from EDF-GDF company records. Occupational grade, coded using France's national job classification, was dichotomised into high or low grade (managers, craftsmen, professionals and technicians v manual workers, clerks and farmers).17 French farmers are a heterogeneous group, but their average income and educational levels are comparable to those of manual workers, which is why we included them in the low-grade group.18 Among GAZEL cohort members, there were no farmers, craftsmen or self-employed, only among fathers. Adult occupational grade was available for the entire cohort, but 12% of participants did not report their father's occupation. Tables 1 and 2 show the sociodemographic characteristics of the entire sample ("father: job grade unknown"), but the analysis was restricted to those with valid data on father's occupation.
Baseline characteristics of GAZEL cohort men according to father's and own mid-life occupational grade
Baseline characteristics of GAZEL cohort women according to father's and own mid-life occupational grade
On the basis of these three measures, we identified six lifelong socioeconomic trajectories of father's job→own job at hire→job in mid-life19: (1) high→high→high, (2) high→low→high, (3) high→low→low, (4) low→high→high, (5) low→low→high and (6) low→low→low. Owing to their public-sector employee status, GAZEL cohort participants either remained in the same job or moved up. In cause-specific mortality analyses, to study a sufficient number of cases in each group, we used a summary measure based on father's and own mid-life occupational grade (four groups: (1) high→high, (2) high→low, (3) low→high and (4) low→low).
In additional analyses, we used three other measures of childhood socioeconomic circumstances: educational level (reported in 1989: ⩾high-school diploma v <high school diploma), height (reported in 1990 and dichotomised at the median: 1.73 m for men and 1.62 m for women) and birth during World War II (1939–45 v 1946–54).1 We also investigated the relationship between premature mortality and participants' detailed job trajectory (six categories: stable manager, technician or professional→manager, manual worker or clerk→manager, stable technician or professional, manual worker or clerk→technician or professional, and stable manual worker or clerk).
Sociodemographic and health characteristics
Data on age, marital status (married or living with a partner v single, widowed or divorced), cumulative tobacco smoking (never smoker, <10, 10–19.9, 20–39.9, ⩾40 pack-years) and alcohol consumption (0, 1–2, 3–4, ⩾5 drinks/day for men; 0, 1, 2–3, ⩾4 drinks/day for women)20 were obtained from the 1989 GAZEL survey. Data on the consumption of fruit and vegetable (daily v <daily), body weight and height were collected in 1990. Participants' body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/(height2 (m)2) was studied in four categories: <20, 20–24.9, 25–29.9, ⩾30 kg/m2. In secondary analyses, we additionally controlled for self-rated health in 1989 (good v poor), which had little effect on our overall results.
Study outcome
Mortality data were obtained from EDF-GDF company records (all causes: 1989–30 April 2004). The causes of death, recorded by the French national death registry (INSERM-CépiDC), were matched with GAZEL records for the period 1 January 1989 to 31 December 2001. Underlying diagnoses were coded using the International Classification of Disease, 10th version.21 In men, we distinguished smoking-related cancers (oral cavity: C01–C14, oesophagus: C15, pancreas: C25, larynx: C32, lung: C34, respiratory airways: C39, bladder: C67) and diseases of the circulatory system (I00–I99) and external causes (V01–X84). In women, owing to the small number of cases, we grouped all deaths due to cancer together (C00–C97). To reduce the possibility that the association between lack of occupational mobility and premature mortality was due to pre-existing illness. Participants were aged 35–65 years during the study period and all deaths occurred before age 65 years (in France, deaths that occur before age 65 years are considered premature,15 and we refer to it as "premature mortality" throughout the paper).
Mortality hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated using Cox's regression models, with age in 1989 as the time offset. The proportional hazards assumption was met. The fully adjusted models were controlled for marital status, cumulative tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, and fruit and vegetable consumption. The following formula was used to estimate the difference between age and fully adjusted models: (% change = (HRage−1)−(HRfully adjusted−1)/(HRage−1)). In additional analyses, we tested the main effect of childhood socioeconomic position (the full range of father's occupation, educational level, height and birth during World War II) and of career trajectories.
Data were analysed separately for men and women, using SAS V.8.02.22
The GAZEL Cohort Study was approved by France's national ethics committee (Commission Nationale Informatique et Liberté, CNIL). This study was also approved by the Human Subjects Committee of the Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
A total of 14 972 men and 5598 women were followed up from January 1990 to April 2004. During this period, 697 men and 118 women died; the underlying cause of death was known for all 530 male and 93 female deaths that occurred before 31 December 2001. The leading cause of death was cancer (men: 46%, women: 63%). The most frequent cause of death in men was smoking-related cancer (22% of deaths); in women it was breast cancer (26% of deaths). Other major causes of death included diseases of the circulatory system (18% in men and 8% in women) and external causes (eg, traffic accidents, intentional self-harm: men: 16%, women: 15%). The overall mortality was 332 per 100 000 pack-years for men and 148 per 100 000 pack-years for women, roughly half the rates observed in the French general population of the same age.15
About 45% of study participants reported that their father worked in a job we classified as low grade (tables 1 and 2); 82% themselves worked in a low-grade job when hired by EDF-GDF, but, by mid-life 81% of men and 68% of women had moved up to a high-grade occupation. Those whose fathers worked in a low-grade job were on average shorter, less likely to have completed high school and more likely to report poor health than those whose fathers worked in a high-grade occupation. However, baseline characteristics were principally associated with adult circumstances: men with low mid-life occupational grade were most likely to have remained single, smoke cigarettes, drink more than four glasses of alcohol per day, be obese and report being in poor health; women in the same group were especially likely to be divorced. Participants with low-grade jobs were most likely to fail to respond to questions pertaining to alcohol and tobacco consumption, BMI or diet.
Father's occupation and own occupational trajectory
Figures 1 and 2 show that compared with participants with the most favourable socioeconomic trajectory (father's and own entire career, both high grade), the risk of mortality was increased among men and women who experienced lifelong socioeconomic disadvantage (father's and own entire career, both low grade, age-adjusted HRs: men: HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.38 to 2.71; women: HR 1.63, 95% CI 0.65 to 4.07) or downward intergenerational mobility (father's occupation high grade, own entire career low grade, age-adjusted HRs: men: HR 2.24, 95% CI 1.15 to 3.34; women: HR 1.71, 95% CI 0.67 to 4.35). Among men, we observed a similar pattern among those who did not report their father's occupation (compared with participants with the most favourable trajectory, the age-adjusted HR for father's occupation unknown and entire low-grade career: HR 3.24, 95% CI 2.02 to 4.96).
Father's occupational grade, own occupational trajectory and all-cause premature mortality: men of the GAZEL Cohort Study (40–65 years of age; 1990–2004). Rate per 100 000 people and age-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs; 95% confidence interval).
Father's occupational grade, own occupational trajectory and all-cause premature mortality: women of the GAZEL Cohort Study (35–65 years of age; 1990–2004). Rate per 100 000 people and age-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs; 95% confidence interval).
In additional analyses, father's occupation was not associated with premature mortality in men; in women, this association was not significant (age-adjusted HRs for low compared with high grade: 1.09, 95% CI 0.93 to 1.28 for men; 1.41, 95% CI 0.95 to 2.09 for women). Educational level was associated with mortality in men but not in women (compared with ⩾high school, age-adjusted HRs for <high school: 1.47, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.79 for men and 1.33, 95% CI 0.80 to 2.21 for women) and this effect disappeared after adjusting for mid-life occupational grade. Height and birth during World War II did not predict premature mortality (data not shown).
By contrast, premature mortality was associated with participants' career trajectory: compared with stable managers, men who worked in non-managerial jobs since they were hired were at increased risk: age-adjusted HRs 2.28 (95% CI 1.23 to 4.20) for stable technicians and professionals, and 2.93 (95% CI 1.93 to 4.44) for stable manual workers and clerks (results not shown).
Father's and own adult occupational grade
Table 3 shows that compared with those with a favourable socioecononomic position throughout life, men who experienced lifelong disadvantage (father's and own mid-life occupation low grade) were at high risk of dying from smoking-related cancers and diseases of the circulatory system. For mortality due to smoking-related cancers and external causes, the risk was also increased among men who experienced downward intergenerational mobility (for external causes, the associated HRs did not reach statistical significance).
Father's and own mid-life occupational grade and premature mortality in the GAZEL Cohort Study: men (40–65 years old; 1990–2001)
Adjusting for marital status, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, BMI, and fruit and vegetable consumption reduced the association between total mortality and cumulative disadvantage by 33%, and total mortality and downward intergenerational mobility role by 43% (tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption played the most important role).
In further analyses, men's mortality due to chronic diseases was related to career trajectory: compared with career-long managers, age-adjusted HRs for stable manual workers or clerks were 4.54, 95% CI 1.95 to 10.58 for smoking-related cancers and 2.18, 95% CI 1.39 to 3.40 for mortality due to diseases of the circulatory system.
Among women, both cumulative disadvantage and downward intergenerational mobility were associated with a high risk of mortality due to all causes and cancer (table 4).
Father's and own mid-life occupational grade and premature mortality in the GAZEL Cohort Study: women (35–65 years old; 1990–2001)
In additional analyses, compared with stable managers, both stable clerks and women who were promoted to managerial jobs seemed to be at high risk of premature mortality, but the associated HRs did not reach statistical significance (data not shown).
In this prospective study of French men and women, sustained socioeconomic disadvantage predicted premature mortality. Overall, occupational trajectory in adulthood played a greater part than socioeconomic circumstances in childhood. To our knowledge, this is one of only a few studies on this topic that has focused on non-cardiovascular causes of mortality and was based outside Scandinavia or the UK.2,7,23
Effect of childhood socioeconomic circumstances
Compared with previous studies, childhood socioeconomic circumstances were weak predictors of premature mortality in the GAZEL cohort.2,6,19,23 Father's occupation was obtained retrospectively and without reference to a specific time period, and coded into low or high grade, rather than manual or non-manual worker as in several previous studies.2,6,19 However, when we repeated the analyses using the "manual versus non-manual" classification, our results were unchanged, and other indicators of childhood socioeconomic circumstances1,24 yielded similar null results—only educational attainment predicted mortality, but this effect disappeared after adjusting for mid-life occupational grade. It may well be that educational attainment affects health partly through occupational exposures and experiences in adulthood. Our measures of childhood socioeconomic circumstances were associated with one another, and we believe that they are valid. However, we acknowledge that we used broad indicators that may have lacked precision.25
The distribution of father's occupation in the GAZEL cohort is comparable with the distribution of occupations in France in the 1950s and 1960s as reported by the national census. Yet, our study population comprised only working men and women, and did not include people who were excluded from the job market and who may have experienced the harshest childhood circumstances. This is the case in all occupational cohorts; yet in some, such as the Whitehall Study of Civil Servants, associations between childhood socioeconomic circumstances and adult mortality have been reported.26 Therefore, although the GAZEL Cohort Study is a selected population, our null findings with regard to father's occupation are probably not entirely due to selection effects.
The most plausible explanation has to do with mortality patterns. In the GAZEL Cohort Study, as in the French population, the leading cause of death in men was smoking-related cancer (cancers of the lung, upper aerodigestive airway, oesophagus, pancreas and bladder). Although there are reports of an association between childhood socioeconomic status and lung cancer,25 our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that these tumours are principally associated with adult exposure to tobacco and alcohol, and a stressful environment.27
In women, our data suggest a possible, albeit not statistically significant, association between father's occupation and premature mortality. The leading cause of death in women was breast cancer (26%), and an association would be consistent with mounting evidence that breast cancer reflects early-life influences (eg, birth weight, birth length, age at menarche, age at birth of first child28–32). We plan to re-examine that hypothesis when data on a sufficient number of site-specific cancer deaths have accrued.
Occupational trajectories in adulthood and premature mortality
In our study, premature mortality from all causes was chiefly associated with occupational trajectories in adulthood: the risk of dying prematurely was highest in men and women who worked in low-grade occupations throughout their career. This was most apparent for mortality due to chronic diseases. Similar to other investigations based on occupational cohorts, our study was also influenced by the "healthy worker" effect (ie, participants were healthier than the general population, as shown by lower mortality). In addition, men and women who agreed to participate in the GAZEL Cohort Study were healthier than eligible non-respondents.16
The association between occupational trajectory and mortality probably reflects both the selection of less healthy people into lower-grade occupational groups and an increase in mortality risk as a consequence of a disadvantaged occupational position. GAZEL Cohort Study participants were probably healthy when they joined EDF-GDF, and health-related selection at job entry is unlikely. However, as shown by previous reports from this cohort, health characteristics and health behaviours (eg, excessive alcohol consumption) influenced later career progress.20,33 The high risk of mortality from external causes among men employed in a lower-grade job than that of their fathers, which needs to be confirmed in studies with a larger number of cases, suggests shared common (and possibly omitted) causes of both a high risk of premature death and restricted socioeconomic attainment.
Health selection is unlikely to be the only explanation, however. People working in low-grade jobs are more likely to engage in health-damaging behaviours, to be exposed to physical and chemical hazards, stress and insufficient social support, and to have less access to quality healthcare, all of which increase premature mortality risks.34–36 The extent to which health selection and social causation contribute to socioeconomic inequalities in premature mortality requires further research.37
To date, few investigations on lifelong socioeconomic factors and mortality have included women and those that did primarily focused on cardiovascular mortality.6,7,23 In our study, 54% of female deaths were due to cancer, 48% of which were attributable to breast cancer. Our cause-specific analyses were restricted by a limited number of deaths, but overall, our results provide support for the hypothesis that sustained socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with increased mortality due to breast cancer.38 The underlying mechanisms are probably related to a worse prognosis, rather than a higher risk of occurrence, but incidence rates of breast cancer among socioeconomically disadvantaged women may be increasing over time, and require close monitoring.32,39
Overall, associations between occupational grade, educational level, and health and behavioural characteristics were weaker in women than in men. This could reflect a smaller number of deaths. In addition, occupational grade is probably a less salient indicator of socioeconomic position for women than for men. Even in our cohort of public-sector employees, women systematically work in lower-grade jobs, even accounting for age, educational attainment, the number of years with the company and part-time work. This is indicative of national trends in France, where despite strong female workforce participation (42% in 1990, 46% in 2000), occupational sex inequalities persist (in 1990, 7% of women worked as managers compared with 13% of men; in 2000, these figures were, respectively, 10% and 16%).40,41 Thus, researchers studying socioeconomic health disparities in women should consider using multiple measures that take into account household characteristics (eg, multiple roles, division of labour), husband's socioeconomic position, as well as work–family relationships.42,43
What is already known
Studies from Scandinavia and the UK report an association between mortality and socioeconomic status in childhood and adulthood.
Most of these studies focused on cardiovascular mortality.
Data from other countries regarding non-cardiovascular causes of death are scarce.
What this paper adds
In France, where cancer is the leading cause of death, cumulative disadvantage and downward intergenerational mobility predict the risk of premature death (age ⩽65 years) in men and women.
Adult factors have a stronger predictive effect than childhood circumstances, particularly for deaths due to smoking-related cancers.
Additional research on socioeconomic status during life and mortality in settings with diverse mortality patterns is needed.
Policy implications
This research implies that doctors need to be especially attentive to the health of men and women who experience lifelong disadvantage.
Health inequalities still exist despite decreases in mortality, and should be specifically targeted by policy makers.
In France, where the leading cause of premature mortality is cancer, men and women who experience unfavourable lifelong socioeconomic conditions, particularly in adulthood, are at high risk of dying before the age of 65 years. We studied employees of a large public-sector company who are healthier than the general population, and the associations we report probably underestimate the effects of lifelong socioeconomic disadvantage on mortality in the general population. Other studies in settings where cancer is the leading cause of premature mortality are needed.
We thank members of the GAZEL Cohort Study who contributed data for this study; and EDF-GDF (Service des Etudes Médicales, Service Général de Médecine de Contrôle) and the INSERM-CépiDC service who collected data on mortality and made them available to us. We also thank the GAZEL Cohort Study team responsible for overseeing data collection, as well as Alice Guégen and Annette Leclerc who provided valuable advice on previous versions of the manuscript.
Lynch JW, Kaplan GA, Cohen RD, et al. Childhood and adult socioeconomic status as predictors of mortality in Finland. Lancet 1994;343:524–7.
Davey Smith G, Hart CL, Blane D, et al. Lifetime socioeconomic position and mortality: prospective observational study. BMJ 1997;314:547–52.
Davey Smith G, Hart C, Blane D, et al. Adverse socioeconomic conditions in childhood and cause specific adult mortality: prospective observational study. BMJ 1998;316:1631–5.
Hart CL, Smith GD, Blane D. Social mobility and 21 year mortality in a cohort of Scottish men. Soc Sci Med1998;47:1121–30.
Smith GD, McCarron P, Okasha M, et al. Social circumstances in childhood and cardiovascular disease mortality: prospective observational study of Glasgow University students. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55:340–1.
Beebe-Dimmer J, Lynch JW, Turrell G, et al. Childhood and adult socioeconomic conditions and 31-year mortality risk in women. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159:481–90.
Heslop P, Smith GD, Macleod J, et al. The socioeconomic position of employed women, risk factors and mortality. Soc Sci Med 2001;53:477–85.
Pollitt RA, Rose KM, Kaufman JS. Evaluating the evidence for models of life course socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular outcomes: a systematic review. BMC Public Health2005;5:7.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Health at a glance. Paris: OECD, 2001.
World Health Organization. Cancer mortality database. 2004. http://www-depdb.iarc.fr/.
Hart CL, Hole DJ, Gillis CR, et al. Social class differences in lung cancer mortality: risk factor explanations using two Scottish cohort studies. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30:268–74.
Dano H, Andersen O, Ewertz M, et al. Socioeconomic status and breast cancer in Denmark. Int J Epidemiol 2003;32:218–24.
Steenland K, Hu S, Walker J. All-cause and cause-specific mortality by socioeconomic status among employed persons in 27 US states, 1984–1997. Am J Public Health2004;94:1037–42.
Mackenbach JP, Bos V, Andersen O, et al. Widening socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in six Western European countries. Int J Epidemiol 2003;32:830–7.
Haut Comité pour la Santé Publique. La santé en France. Paris: La Documentation Française, 2002.
Goldberg M, Chastang J-F, Leclerc A, et al. Socioeconomic, demographic, occupational and health factors associated with participation in a long-term epidemiological survey. A prospective study of the French Gazel cohort and its target population. Am J Epidemiol 2001;154:373–84.
Institut National de la Statistique et des Etudes Economiques. France, portrait social. Paris: INSEE, 2002.
Girard J-P. Les agriculteurs. Donnees sociales. Paris: INSEE, 1984:547–50.
Smith GD, Hart C, Blane D, et al. Adverse socioeconomic conditions in childhood and cause specific adult mortality: prospective observational study. BMJ 1998;316:1631–5.
Leclerc A, Zins M, Bugel I, et al. Consommation de boissons alcoolisées et situation professionnelle dans la cohorte GAZEL (EDF-GDF). Arch Malad Prof 1994;55:509–17.
World Health Organization. International classification of diseases: tenth revision. Geneva: WHO, 1992.
SAS Institute. SAS/STAT software: changes and enhancements through release 6.12. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, 1997.
Claussen B, Davey SG, Thelle D. Impact of childhood and adulthood socioeconomic position on cause specific mortality: the Oslo Mortality Study. J Epidemiol Community Health2003;57:40–5.
Krieger N, Okamoto A, Selby JV. Adult female twins' recall of childhood social class and father's education: a validation study for public health research. Am J Epidemiol 1998;147:704–8.
Dedman DJ, Gunnell D, Davey SG, et al. Childhood housing conditions and later mortality in the Boyd Orr cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001;55:10–15.
Langenberg C, Shipley MJ, Batty GD, et al. Adult socioeconomic position and the association between height and coronary heart disease mortality: findings from 33 years of follow-up in the Whitehall Study. Am J Public Health 2005;95:628–32.
Galobardes B, Lynch JW, Davey SG. Childhood socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality in adulthood: systematic review and interpretation. Epidemiol Rev2004;26:7–21.
Okasha M, McCarron P, Gunnell D, et al. Exposures in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood and breast cancer risk: a systematic review of the literature. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2003;78:223–76.
Vatten LJ, Nilsen TI, Tretli S, et al. Size at birth and risk of breast cancer: prospective population-based study. Int J Cancer 2005;114:461–4.
Trichopoulos D. Intrauterine environment, mammary gland mass and breast cancer risk. Breast Cancer Res2003;5:42–4.
De Stavola BL, dos Santos SI, McCormack V, et al. Childhood growth and breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159:671–82.
Krieger N. Exposure, susceptibility, and breast cancer risk: a hypothesis regarding exogenous carcinogens, breast tissue development, and social gradients, including black/white differences, in breast cancer incidence. Breast Cancer Res Treat1989;13:205–23.
Ribet C, Zins M, Guéguen A, et al. Occupational mobility and cardiovascular risk factors in working men: selection, causality, or both? Results from the GAZEL study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2003;57:901–6.
Emmons KM. Health behaviors in a social context. In: Berkman LF, Kawachi I, eds. Social epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000:242–66.
Brunner E, Shipley MJ, Blane D, et al. When does cardiovascular risk start? Past and present socioeconomic circumstances and risk factors in adulthood. J Epidemiol Community Health 1999;53:757–64.
OpenUrlAbstract
Lang T, Ducimetière P, Arveiler D, et al. Is hospital care involved in inequalities in coronary heart disease mortality? Results from the French WHO-MONICA Project in men aged 30–64. J Epidemiol Community Health 1998;52:665–71.
Hallqvist J, Lynch J, Bartley M, et al. Can we disentangle life course processes of accumulation, critical period and social mobility? An analysis of disadvantaged socio-economic positions and myocardial infarction in the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program. Soc Sci Med 2004;58:1555–62.
Martikainen P, Valkonen T. Diminishing educational differences in breast cancer mortality among Finnish women: a register-based 25-year follow-up. Am J Public Health2000;90:277–80.
Krieger N. Is breast cancer a disease of affluence, or poverty, or both? The case of African American women. Am J Public Health2002;92:611–13.
Marchand O. Les emplois féminins restent très concentrés. Données sociales. Paris: INSEE, 1993:495–503.
Grcic S, Morer N. L'activité féminine. Données sociales. Paris: INSEE, 2002:199–206.
Krieger N, Chen JT, Selby J. Class inequalities in women's health: combined impact of childhood and adult social class-a study of 630 US women. Public Health2001;115:175–85.
Berkman LF, Macintyre S. The measurement of social class in health studies: old measures and new formulations. In: Kogevinas M, Pearce N, Susser M, Boffetta P, eds. Social inequalities in cancer incidence. Lyon: IARC, 1997.
Funding: MM was supported by a fellowship from the French National Institute of Health Research (Programme Sciences Biomédicales, INSERM-CNRS).
Carlos Alvarez-Dardet John R Ashton
Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2006; 60 909-909 Published Online First: 19 Oct 2006.
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Q: Rails: Sass debugging behavior I have an application.css.scss file where I declare requirement for all of the vendor imports, as well as the main.scss file, which, in turn, serves as a centralised import for all of my styles. So it goes like this: application.css.scss < *=require main.scss < @import 'base/*'
And as long as the problem occurs on the first two levels everything works as expected: I get Rails error page with the backtrace of a problem which is very neat and helpful. But since I'm using first two levels merely to declare requirements\imports, problems tend to occur on the third level, in the partials of the actual Sass.
And in this case Rails processes an error and proceeds to render me a We're sorry, but something went wrong (500) page, instead of a page with the backtrace. I still can debug using the terminal output, but it's very uncomfortable. Here's the logs:
Started GET "/" for 127.0.0.1 at 2015-08-11 21:45:48 +0300
Processing by ApplicationController#index as HTML
  Rendered application/index.html.haml within layouts/application (0.2ms)
Completed 500 Internal Server Error in 4073ms (ActiveRecord: 0.0ms)

ActionView::Template::Error (Undefined mixin 'some-mixin'.
  (in /home/nh/test/app/assets/stylesheets/main.scss:5)):
    2: <html>
    3: <head>
    4:   <title>test</title>
    5:   <%= stylesheet_link_tag    'application', media: 'all' %>
    6:   <%= javascript_include_tag 'application' %>
    7:   <%= csrf_meta_tags %>
    8: </head>
  app/assets/stylesheets/base/_typography.scss:5:in `some-mixin'
  app/assets/stylesheets/base/_typography.scss:5
  app/assets/stylesheets/base:1
  app/assets/stylesheets/main.scss:3
  app/views/layouts/application.html.erb:5:in `_app_views_layouts_application_html_erb__133417964296302123_38393380'

The question is how can I make Rails monitor errors and show backtrace page when operating a deeper levels of Sass imports?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Le droit au retour des réfugiés palestiniens est un principe adopté dans la résolution 194 de l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies et une position politique, concernant les réfugiés palestiniens (estimés à ) à la suite de l'Exode palestinien de 1948 qui se produisit pendant la guerre israélo-arabe de 1948, ainsi que de leurs descendants (estimés à  en 2017) dans les territoires palestiniens et les pays voisins (Jordanie, Liban et Syrie).

Au fil des années, le droit au retour est devenu une des revendications fondamentales des Palestiniens au cœur du conflit israélo-palestinien. C'est aussi une des plus controversées et problématiques. Leurs descendants revendiquent « des liens intimes et durables » avec la région. Dans les négociations actuelles, les Palestiniens revendiquent un retour sur les territoires aujourd'hui en Israël et à l'effet de l'instauration d'un futur État palestinien.

Les autorités et l'opinion publique israélienes sont opposées à l'afflux des réfugiés palestiniens en Israël par crainte d'un déséquilibre démographique, notamment dans le contexte du conflit israélo-palestinien. Le Premier ministre israélien Ehud Olmert a affirmé en 2007 que l'État hébreu n'accepterait pas le retour de réfugiés palestiniens, qui est pourtant une des conditions de l'initiative de paix arabe avec Israël.

Négociations d'après guerre
Après le cessez-le-feu du , des négociations sont organisées avec les États arabes voisins, les États-Unis, la Grande-Bretagne et les Nations unies, concernant le rapatriement des réfugiés palestiniens dans les frontières d'Israël d'après-guerre. Les dirigeants israéliens à la tête du Mapai s'opposent au rapatriement, soutenus par l'opinion publique mais pas par le parti Mapam, ce qui mène le gouvernement à adopter des concessions.

David Ben-Gurion exprime ses positions lors d'une réunion de cabinet le  :

Moshe Sharett partage ses vues et s'attache à des considérations sécuritaires et militaires alors que l'état de guerre n'a pas été levé et qu'aucun traité de paix n'a été signé.

Le  au Conseil de Sécurité des Nations-Unies, Israël déclare qu'il n'est pas raisonnable d'envisager un retour des réfugiés alors même que la Ligue Arabe et le Haut Comité Arabe annoncent leurs intentions de poursuivre le combat et de reprendre les hostilités.

Une commission établie par le gouvernement israélien déclare le 26 octobre que la solution réaliste réside dans leur réinstallation et l'absorption par les pays arabes avec lesquelles les réfugiés partagent des affinités linguistiques, religieuses, culturelles et nationales : l'Irak, la Syrie et la Transjordanie.

Le , l'Assemblée générale des Nations-Unies adopte la résolution 194 (lire la section Résolutions à l'ONU) qui .

En 1949, après la signature d'un armistice, les Nations-Unies établissent une commission représentée par les États-Unis, la France et la Turquie pour assister les parties à atteindre un accord concernant les divers différents. Les États-Unis proposent l'absorption par Israël d'un quart des réfugiés. Le , David Ben-Gurion propose l'annexion de la bande de Gaza et l'acceptation de ses réfugiés. Finalement, sous la pression des États-Unis, Israël accepte la proposition d'absorber  réfugiés. De leur côté, les pays arabes demandent le retour de tous les réfugiés. Le royaume hachémite pour des raisons politiques annexe la Cisjordanie et en assimile les habitants. . L'Égypte revendique le désert du Neguev pour établir une continuité territoriale arabe.

Le , la Loi du retour est votée par la Knesset garantissant à tout Juif (ainsi qu'à son éventuelle famille non juive) le droit d'immigrer en Israël.

En 1955, le plan Alpha Anglo-américain prévoit qu'Israël accepte  réfugiés palestiniens et cède du territoire, le plan est rejeté par les parties.

Entre mars 1953 et , Israël débloque et restitue   millions de Livre sterling à leurs propriétaires palestiniens (90% des dépôts bancaires des réfugiés),  réfugiés sont acceptés dans le contexte de la réunification familiale et  réfugiés reçoivent des logements et des emplois par le gouvernement.

Propriétés des réfugiés palestiniens
Le gouvernement d'Israël introduit des ordonnances sur la « propriété des absents » permettant de confisquer les terres présumées abandonnées à la suite de la guerre et de les transférer aux autorités israéliennes. Il s'agit de la loi Regulations (Absentees' Property) Law, 5709-1948 remplacée en 1950 par la loi Emergency Regulations (Requisition of Property) Law, 5709-1949.

Selon Scott Leckie, le directeur du  :

Résolutions à l'ONU
La résolution 194 de l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies adoptée le  puis confirmée par plusieurs résolutions comme la résolution 394 ou 513 déclare :

Une agence de l'ONU, l'UNRWA, a spécialement été créée pour gérer le problème.

Le , l'Assemblée générale des Nations unies adopte la résolution 3236 qui réaffirme le « droit inaliénable des Palestiniens de retourner dans leurs foyers et vers leurs biens, d'où ils ont été déplacés et déracinés, et demande leur retour » et le droit à l'autodétermination du peuple palestinien.

Bibliographie

 Zilbershatz, Yaffa (2007), International Law and the Palestinian Right of Return to the State of Israel. Israel and the Palestinian refugees, Springer Publishers

Filmographie

 From The River to the Sea. Documentaire de Pierre Rehov sur la politique du « droit au retour » des Palestiniens, sélectionné pour le prix 2006 du  Liberty Film Festival

Autres lois du retour
 La Loi du retour votée le  par la Knesset qui garantit à tout Juif (ainsi qu'à son éventuelle famille non juive) le droit d'immigrer en Israël.

Liens externes
 Site web de l'UNRWA
  Le Droit au retour : le cas des Palestiniens Amnesty International Londres,

Références

Arabes de Palestine
Histoire de la Palestine
Droits de l'homme en Palestine
Droits de l'homme en Israël
Réfugié palestinien
Apatridie
Guerre israélo-arabe de 1948
Société post-conflit

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Gentry was born on July 25, 1902 in a house just a few hundred yards north of the Brice's Crossroads Museum and Visitors' Center. He was a Baldwyn native who possessed many talents.
"Mr. Claude," as he was known to many, dedicated much of his adult life to the historical preservation of the Battle of Brice's Crossroads. His log cabin museum, which stood next to his home in Baldwyn from 1961 until 1998, served as the forerunner to the current Brice's Crossroads Museum and Visitors' Center. He was instrumental in organizing anniversary celebrations for the battle in 1954 and 1964. He is responsible for the granite markers erected by an act of the Mississippi Legislature in 1957.
In addition to developing others' interest in Brice's Crossroads, Mr. Claude was a writer with many published works. The remainder of his books still in print are sold in the Visitors Center Bookstore.
Mr. Gentry died in December of 1992.
These battles, fought in the summer of 1864 in Northeast Mississippi, were part of the Atlanta campaign. For Major General William T. Sherman, the fighting in Mississippi in the summer of 1864 was to protect the railroad carrying food and ammunition from Tennessee to his army advancing on Atlanta. In the spring of 1864, the Federal plan for war in the West was to bisect the South and Gen. Sherman's task was to destroy the Army of Tennessee, occupy Atlanta and march to the sea. Early in the Atlanta Campaign, the Confederate high command contemplated attacking Sherman's main supply line. Maj. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest's mounted infantry set out on June 1, 1864 to Russellville, Alabama, but was alerted by Maj. Gen. Stephen D. Lee of Samuel Sturgis's intent to move from Memphis and eliminate Forrest. Brice's Crossroads was a brilliant tactical victory for Forrest on June 10, but the battle brought no relief to the Confederacy. Sherman forestalled an attack on the Railroad by sending small commands to northern Mississippi.On July 14-15 that summer, Forrest was held for a time in Tupelo at Harrisburg and Old Town Creek by Maj. Gen. A. J. Smith. Lee and Forrest made a series of uncoordinated charges against the Federal position both at Harrisburg and Old Town Creek, but was repelled. The Confederates did not fight with their usual skill.


text:
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